For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, October 6, 2020 USDL-20-1883

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – AUGUST 2020

The number of job openings was little changed at 6.5 million on the last business day of August, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires were little changed at 5.9 million in August. Total 

separations decreased to 4.6 million. Within separations, the quits rate was little changed at 2.0 percent 

while the layoffs and discharges rate decreased to a series low of 1.0 percent. This release includes 

estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by 

industry, and by four geographic regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of August, the number and rate of job openings were little changed at 6.5

million and 4.4 percent, respectively. Over the month, the number of job openings edged down for total 

private (-242,000) and was little changed for government. Job openings decreased in construction 

(-68,000), and information (-25,000). The number of job openings decreased in the Midwest region. 

(See table 1.)

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on August 2020 JOLTS Data

Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-august-2020.htm.
- 2 -

The number of job openings in August (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the year to 6.6 million 

(-685,000) reflecting the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market. Job 

openings increased over the year for federal government reflecting recruitment efforts related to the 

2020 Census. Nondurable goods manufacturing job openings also grew since August 2019. Job 

openings decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in accommodation and food 

services and in transportation, warehousing, and utilities. The number of job openings decreased in all 

four regions. (See table 7.)

Hires

In August, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.9 million and 4.2 percent, respectively.

Hires increased in federal government (+246,000), largely because of temporary 2020 Census hiring. 

Hires also increased in durable goods manufacturing (+41,000). Hires decreased in accommodation and 

food services (-177,000), health care and social assistance (-73,000), and real estate and rental and 

leasing (-28,000). The number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 2.)

The number of hires in August (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed over the year. Hires

increased in a number of industries over the year, with the largest increases in federal government and 

retail trade. Hires decreased in accommodation and food services and in state and local government 

education. The number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 8.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 

referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 

the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 

discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 

due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In August, the number and rate of total separations decreased to 4.6 million (-394,000) and 3.3 percent, 

respectively. Total separations decreased in other services (-80,000) and in arts, entertainment, and 

recreation (-56,000). The number of total separations increased in federal government (+13,000). Total 

separations decreased in the West region. (See table 3.)

Over the year, the number of total separations (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 5.5 million 

(-1,248,000). Total separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in 

accommodation and food services and in professional and business services. Total separations increased

in federal government. The number of total separations decreased in all four regions. (See table 9.)

In August, the number of quits edged down to 2.8 million (-139,000) and the quits rate was 2.0 percent.

Quits decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in other services (-48,000), 

construction (-40,000), and arts, entertainment, and recreation (-18,000). The number of quits increased in 

finance and insurance (+36,000). The number of quits decreased in the Midwest region.

(See table 4.)

Over the year, the number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 3.6 million (-838,000). Quits 

declined in several industries, with the largest decreases in accommodation and food services and in 

professional and business services. Over the year, the number of quits decreased in all four regions. (See 

table 10.)
- 3 -

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased to series lows of 1.5 million (-272,000) and 

1.0 percent, respectively in August. Layoffs and discharges decreased in a few industries, with the 

largest decreases in professional and business services (-95,000), accommodation and food services 

(-62,000), and durable goods manufacturing (-42,000). The number of layoffs and discharges increased 

in federal government (+12,000). The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in the South and West 

regions. (See table 5.)

Over the year, the layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 1.6 million 

(-418,000). Layoffs and discharges decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in 

professional and business services and in other services. The number of layoffs and discharges increased 

in health care and social assistance and in federal government. The number of layoffs and discharges 

decreased over the year in the Northeast and South regions. (See table 11.)

The number of other separations was little changed in August at 328,000. Other separations decreased

in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-17,000) and nondurable goods manufacturing (-5,000).

Other separations increased in other services (+13,000). Other separations was little changed in all four 

regions. (See table 6.)

Over the year, the other separations level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed at 350,000. Other 

separations increased in other services and federal government. The number of other separations 

decreased in wholesale trade. The number of other separations was little changed in all four regions.

(See table 12.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in August, hires totaled 70.4 million and separations totaled 77.4 million, 

yielding a net employment loss of 7.0 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 

and separated more than once during the year.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for September 2020 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, November 10, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Changes to JOLTS Series Codes

JOLTS has changed the structure of its series codes to allow for the publication of establishment size 

class data, the future publication of state data, and potential publication of Metropolitan Statistical 

Area (MSA) data. These changes became effective today. For more information on these changes, 

please visit www.bls.gov/jlt/jlt_series_changes.htm.
- 4 -

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on August 2020 Job Openings and Labor Turnover 

Survey Data

Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 

42 percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 

respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due 

to the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate 

for August was 47 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent.

BLS modified the JOLTS estimation methods in March through August to better reflect the impact of 

the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes an alignment of 

monthly hires minus separations to the over-the-month change in the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) employment estimates. For August estimates, as in earlier months, BLS suspended the 

alignment process. The differing reference periods for the CES employment estimates (pay period 

including the 12th of the month) and the JOLTS hires and separations estimates (the entire reference 

month) led to substantially different measurement outcomes. More information about the impact of the 

COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including information about the JOLTS estimation 

methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-august2020.htm.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 7,166 6,697 6,493 5,839 5,903 5,919 5,660 4,988 4,594

Total private....................................... 6,429 5,879 5,637 5,443 5,569 5,349 5,312 4,729 4,325

Mining and logging1............................ 33 16 15 21 21 17 26 26 20

Construction1................................... 353 332 264 410 396 398 409 347 319

Manufacturing.................................. 445 430 460 334 341 392 320 359 332

Durable goods1.............................. 293 228 241 190 175 216 186 219 191

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 152 202 219 144 165 176 134 140 140

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,289 1,181 1,113 1,168 1,227 1,248 1,201 1,123 1,095

Wholesale trade............................. 188 179 182 144 123 136 148 143 139

Retail trade................................... 792 773 705 775 811 848 802 717 724

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 308 228 226 249 294 264 250 263 232

Information1

..................................... 131 106 81 92 67 77 94 56 57

Financial activities.............................. 376 291 278 238 235 208 242 197 199

Finance and insurance..................... 273 219 214 152 142 141 151 120 130

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 102 72 64 85 94 66 91 77 69

Professional and business services......... 1,288 1,178 1,182 1,142 1,152 1,129 1,113 986 884

Education and health services............... 1,315 1,288 1,216 690 788 710 635 632 628

Educational services1

....................... 122 111 108 93 100 95 94 71 61

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,193 1,177 1,107 597 688 615 541 561 567

Leisure and hospitality........................ 943 770 782 1,130 1,168 955 1,067 820 689

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 122 94 85 169 167 130 162 115 59

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 821 676 697 960 1,001 824 905 705 630

Other services.................................. 255 288 246 217 173 216 205 183 103

Government....................................... 738 818 857 396 334 569 348 259 269

Federal1

......................................... 116 281 281 69 72 318 42 45 58

State and local................................. 622 536 576 327 262 251 306 214 211

State and local education.................. 213 176 190 170 124 112 147 102 106

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 409 360 386 157 138 139 159 112 105

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.5 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.6 3.3

Total private....................................... 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.6

Mining and logging1

............................ 4.3 2.6 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.7 3.6 4.2 3.3

Construction1

................................... 4.5 4.4 3.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 4.8 4.4

Manufacturing.................................. 3.3 3.4 3.7 2.6 2.8 3.2 2.5 3.0 2.7

Durable goods1

.............................. 3.5 2.9 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.5

Nondurable goods1.......................... 3.1 4.3 4.6 3.0 3.6 3.8 2.8 3.1 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.1

Wholesale trade............................. 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.5

Retail trade................................... 4.8 5.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 4.8 3.8 3.7 4.0 5.1 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.0

Information1

..................................... 4.4 3.9 3.0 3.2 2.6 3.0 3.3 2.2 2.2

Financial activities.............................. 4.1 3.3 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.3

Finance and insurance..................... 4.1 3.3 3.2 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 1.9 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 4.2 3.2 2.8 3.7 4.3 3.0 3.9 3.5 3.2

Professional and business services......... 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.8 5.6 5.2 5.0 4.4

Education and health services............... 5.1 5.3 5.0 2.8 3.4 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.7

Educational services1

....................... 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.0 1.7

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.5 5.7 5.3 2.9 3.5 3.1 2.6 2.9 2.9

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.4 5.8 5.8 6.8 9.3 7.5 6.4 6.5 5.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 4.8 5.6 5.1 7.0 10.6 8.1 6.7 7.3 3.7

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.8 9.1 7.4 6.4 6.4 5.7

Other services.................................. 4.1 5.1 4.3 3.7 3.2 4.0 3.5 3.4 1.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Government....................................... 3.2 3.7 3.8 1.7 1.5 2.6 1.5 1.2 1.2

Federal1

......................................... 3.9 8.8 8.2 2.4 2.5 10.1 1.5 1.5 1.8

State and local................................. 3.0 2.8 3.0 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.1

State and local education.................. 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.1

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 4.2 3.9 4.2 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.2

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data

are identical.

p Preliminary
Technical Note

Special technical note: This technical note 

describes the procedures regularly used on a monthly 

basis to develop estimates from JOLTS survey 

responses. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of 

the procedures described in this technical note have 

been modified. The modifications are briefly 

described in the box note in the news release and are 

described in more detail at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemicon-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm.

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.
Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 

discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data 

elements.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 
annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected.

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total............................................... 7,166 4,996 5,371 6,001 6,697 6,493 4.5 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.4

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,429 4,332 4,736 5,347 5,879 5,637 4.8 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.5

Mining and logging3

....................... 33 10 10 16 16 15 4.3 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.6 2.5

Construction3............................... 353 247 315 244 332 264 4.5 3.6 4.3 3.3 4.4 3.5

Manufacturing.............................. 445 315 306 346 430 460 3.3 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.4 3.7

Durable goods3

.......................... 293 170 166 179 228 241 3.5 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.9 3.1

Nondurable goods3

...................... 152 146 141 167 202 219 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.6 4.3 4.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,289 883 997 1,075 1,181 1,113 4.4 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.0

Wholesale trade......................... 188 145 153 163 179 182 3.1 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.1

Retail trade............................... 792 521 670 669 773 705 4.8 3.8 4.7 4.4 5.0 4.5

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 308 217 174 243 228 226 4.8 3.7 3.0 4.1 3.8 3.7

Information3................................. 131 132 78 97 106 81 4.4 4.8 2.9 3.6 3.9 3.0

Financial activities......................... 376 251 264 298 291 278 4.1 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.1

Finance and insurance................. 273 185 215 232 219 214 4.1 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.2

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 102 66 49 65 72 64 4.2 3.0 2.2 2.9 3.2 2.8

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,288 982 976 1,077 1,178 1,182 5.7 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.6

Education and health services........... 1,315 1,051 975 1,089 1,288 1,216 5.1 4.6 4.2 4.6 5.3 5.0

Educational services3................... 122 102 78 90 111 108 3.1 3.0 2.3 2.5 3.1 3.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,193 949 896 999 1,177 1,107 5.5 4.9 4.5 4.9 5.7 5.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 943 314 622 838 770 782 5.4 3.5 5.9 6.6 5.8 5.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 122 41 101 113 94 85 4.8 3.4 7.8 7.1 5.6 5.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 821 273 521 725 676 697 5.5 3.5 5.6 6.5 5.8 5.9

Other services.............................. 255 147 194 268 288 246 4.1 3.1 3.9 4.9 5.1 4.3

Government................................... 738 664 635 654 818 857 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.8

Federal3

..................................... 116 114 70 112 281 281 3.9 3.8 2.4 3.7 8.8 8.2

State and local............................. 622 550 564 542 536 576 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.0

State and local education.............. 213 194 209 186 176 190 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9

State and local, excluding

education3

............................. 409 356 355 356 360 386 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.2

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 1,266 972 948 1,123 1,209 1,149 4.4 3.9 3.7 4.3 4.5 4.3

South........................................... 2,725 1,856 2,049 2,226 2,479 2,510 4.7 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.6

Midwest........................................ 1,552 1,067 1,123 1,329 1,561 1,400 4.5 3.6 3.7 4.2 4.9 4.4

West............................................ 1,623 1,101 1,251 1,323 1,448 1,434 4.4 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.2

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,839 4,047 7,199 6,970 5,903 5,919 3.9 3.1 5.4 5.1 4.2 4.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,443 3,812 6,952 6,688 5,569 5,349 4.2 3.5 6.2 5.7 4.7 4.5

Mining and logging......................... 21 13 16 11 21 17 2.9 2.1 2.6 1.8 3.4 2.7

Construction................................ 410 246 679 499 396 398 5.5 3.7 9.7 7.0 5.5 5.5

Manufacturing.............................. 334 326 523 432 341 392 2.6 2.8 4.5 3.6 2.8 3.2

Durable goods........................... 190 161 286 254 175 216 2.4 2.3 3.9 3.4 2.3 2.9

Nondurable goods....................... 144 166 236 178 165 176 3.0 3.8 5.3 3.9 3.6 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,168 1,025 1,341 1,362 1,227 1,248 4.2 4.2 5.4 5.3 4.7 4.7

Wholesale trade......................... 144 117 187 165 123 136 2.4 2.1 3.4 2.9 2.2 2.4

Retail trade............................... 775 723 886 911 811 848 5.0 5.4 6.5 6.3 5.5 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 249 185 268 286 294 264 4.0 3.3 4.8 5.0 5.1 4.5

Information.................................. 92 39 66 57 67 77 3.2 1.5 2.5 2.2 2.6 3.0

Financial activities......................... 238 162 201 189 235 208 2.7 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.4

Finance and insurance................. 152 129 113 134 142 141 2.4 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 85 34 88 56 94 66 3.7 1.6 4.1 2.6 4.3 3.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,142 800 938 1,175 1,152 1,129 5.3 4.2 4.8 6.0 5.8 5.6

Education and health services........... 690 545 1,093 899 788 710 2.8 2.5 4.9 3.9 3.4 3.1

Educational services.................... 93 69 98 116 100 95 2.5 2.1 2.9 3.4 2.9 2.7

Health care and social assistance. . .. 597 477 995 783 688 615 2.9 2.6 5.3 4.1 3.5 3.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,130 490 1,513 1,759 1,168 955 6.8 5.7 15.2 14.7 9.3 7.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 169 31 145 162 167 130 7.0 2.7 12.1 10.9 10.6 8.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 960 460 1,368 1,597 1,001 824 6.8 6.2 15.6 15.3 9.1 7.4

Other services.............................. 217 165 582 305 173 216 3.7 3.6 12.0 5.9 3.2 4.0

Government................................... 396 235 247 281 334 569 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 2.6

Federal...................................... 69 46 50 40 72 318 2.4 1.6 1.7 1.4 2.5 10.1

State and local............................. 327 189 197 241 262 251 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3

State and local education.............. 170 111 128 123 124 112 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 157 78 69 118 138 139 1.7 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.6 1.6

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 926 534 1,103 1,214 1,052 1,029 3.3 2.2 4.5 4.8 4.1 4.0

South........................................... 2,265 1,584 2,409 2,417 2,173 2,256 4.1 3.3 4.9 4.8 4.2 4.4

Midwest........................................ 1,265 914 1,628 1,682 1,307 1,305 3.8 3.2 5.6 5.6 4.3 4.3

West............................................ 1,382 1,015 2,059 1,656 1,371 1,328 3.9 3.3 6.7 5.2 4.2 4.1

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,660 9,975 4,236 4,899 4,988 4,594 3.7 7.6 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,312 9,536 3,935 4,656 4,729 4,325 4.1 8.8 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.6

Mining and logging......................... 26 67 31 28 26 20 3.6 10.2 4.9 4.4 4.2 3.3

Construction................................ 409 835 292 343 347 319 5.4 12.7 4.2 4.8 4.8 4.4

Manufacturing.............................. 320 762 285 392 359 332 2.5 6.6 2.4 3.2 3.0 2.7

Durable goods........................... 186 511 180 241 219 191 2.3 7.2 2.5 3.2 2.9 2.5

Nondurable goods....................... 134 251 105 152 140 140 2.8 5.8 2.4 3.4 3.1 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,201 1,953 936 1,077 1,123 1,095 4.3 8.0 3.8 4.2 4.3 4.1

Wholesale trade......................... 148 281 166 166 143 139 2.5 5.1 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.5

Retail trade............................... 802 1,267 530 640 717 724 5.1 9.5 3.9 4.4 4.9 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 250 405 240 271 263 232 4.1 7.2 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.0

Information.................................. 94 128 56 54 56 57 3.3 4.9 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2

Financial activities......................... 242 299 160 177 197 199 2.8 3.5 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3

Finance and insurance................. 151 112 104 122 120 130 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.9 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 91 187 57 55 77 69 3.9 8.8 2.7 2.6 3.5 3.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,113 1,359 875 926 986 884 5.2 7.1 4.5 4.7 5.0 4.4

Education and health services........... 635 1,323 538 603 632 628 2.6 6.1 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.7

Educational services.................... 94 277 58 55 71 61 2.5 8.3 1.7 1.6 2.0 1.7

Health care and social assistance. . .. 541 1,046 480 548 561 567 2.6 5.7 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,067 1,989 640 858 820 689 6.4 23.2 6.4 7.2 6.5 5.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 162 314 105 136 115 59 6.7 27.2 8.8 9.2 7.3 3.7

Accommodation and food services. .. 905 1,675 534 722 705 630 6.4 22.5 6.1 6.9 6.4 5.7

Other services.............................. 205 821 121 199 183 103 3.5 17.9 2.5 3.9 3.4 1.9

Government................................... 348 439 302 243 259 269 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.2

Federal...................................... 42 39 53 42 45 58 1.5 1.3 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.8

State and local............................. 306 400 248 200 214 211 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1

State and local education.............. 147 170 128 70 102 106 1.4 1.7 1.3 0.7 1.0 1.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 159 230 120 130 112 105 1.7 2.6 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 927 1,851 727 841 766 707 3.3 7.7 3.0 3.3 3.0 2.7

South........................................... 2,248 3,429 1,675 1,862 1,915 1,818 4.1 7.2 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.5

Midwest........................................ 1,173 2,170 900 1,080 1,121 1,028 3.6 7.6 3.1 3.6 3.7 3.4

West............................................ 1,312 2,525 933 1,115 1,185 1,040 3.7 8.3 3.0 3.5 3.7 3.2

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total............................................... 3,544 1,877 2,067 2,605 2,932 2,793 2.3 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,363 1,731 1,945 2,492 2,789 2,656 2.6 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.2

Mining and logging......................... 13 6 8 10 11 8 1.8 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.3

Construction................................ 173 86 104 131 143 103 2.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.4

Manufacturing.............................. 197 104 143 186 179 204 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.7

Durable goods........................... 114 49 83 101 104 116 1.4 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5

Nondurable goods....................... 83 55 60 85 75 87 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 771 447 484 613 753 716 2.8 1.8 1.9 2.4 2.9 2.7

Wholesale trade......................... 81 52 55 79 90 75 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.3

Retail trade............................... 547 305 306 410 524 509 3.5 2.3 2.2 2.8 3.5 3.4

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 144 90 122 123 140 132 2.3 1.6 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3

Information.................................. 49 28 22 28 31 29 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1

Financial activities......................... 157 70 87 84 87 119 1.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.4

Finance and insurance................. 95 48 69 60 47 83 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.7 1.3

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 62 21 18 25 40 36 2.7 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.8 1.6

Professional and business services. . . .. 650 337 411 441 533 529 3.0 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.7 2.6

Education and health services........... 462 356 286 394 438 413 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.8

Educational services.................... 54 43 23 23 37 37 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 408 313 262 371 401 376 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 780 255 369 487 501 470 4.7 3.0 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 82 30 31 29 32 14 3.4 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.9

Accommodation and food services. .. 698 225 338 457 469 455 4.9 3.0 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.1

Other services.............................. 111 44 32 117 113 65 1.9 1.0 0.7 2.3 2.1 1.2

Government................................... 181 146 122 113 143 137 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6

Federal...................................... 19 15 17 17 19 20 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6

State and local............................. 162 130 105 96 123 117 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6

State and local education.............. 84 69 67 31 59 59 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.6

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 78 62 37 66 65 58 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 535 275 272 392 410 398 1.9 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.5

South........................................... 1,429 791 919 1,054 1,160 1,183 2.6 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3

Midwest........................................ 737 418 443 599 703 616 2.2 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.3 2.0

West............................................ 842 394 433 560 658 596 2.4 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.8

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total............................................... 1,792 7,708 1,903 1,995 1,745 1,473 1.2 5.9 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,689 7,481 1,780 1,913 1,690 1,408 1.3 6.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.2

Mining and logging......................... 10 59 22 17 15 10 1.4 9.1 3.4 2.6 2.4 1.7

Construction................................ 220 709 177 197 192 200 2.9 10.8 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8

Manufacturing.............................. 104 635 121 184 154 105 0.8 5.5 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.9

Durable goods........................... 59 447 85 127 102 60 0.7 6.3 1.2 1.7 1.4 0.8

Nondurable goods....................... 46 188 37 57 52 45 1.0 4.3 0.8 1.3 1.1 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 361 1,458 419 419 317 341 1.3 6.0 1.7 1.6 1.2 1.3

Wholesale trade3

........................ 52 220 97 80 53 61 0.9 4.0 1.7 1.4 1.0 1.1

Retail trade............................... 219 940 221 203 171 194 1.4 7.1 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 90 297 101 135 92 87 1.5 5.3 1.8 2.4 1.6 1.5

Information.................................. 39 97 29 21 21 24 1.4 3.7 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9

Financial activities......................... 62 208 56 67 83 51 0.7 2.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.6

Finance and insurance................. 35 53 23 41 50 21 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 27 156 33 25 33 30 1.2 7.3 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 405 904 405 423 390 295 1.9 4.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.5

Education and health services........... 137 918 215 155 165 175 0.6 4.2 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.8

Educational services.................... 35 227 30 30 31 19 0.9 6.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5

Health care and social assistance. . .. 101 691 185 126 134 156 0.5 3.7 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.8

Leisure and hospitality.................... 266 1,722 257 351 293 191 1.6 20.1 2.6 2.9 2.3 1.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 77 281 74 103 81 39 3.2 24.3 6.1 7.0 5.1 2.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 189 1,441 183 248 213 151 1.3 19.4 2.1 2.4 1.9 1.4

Other services.............................. 86 770 80 81 61 15 1.4 16.8 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.3

Government................................... 104 227 123 81 55 65 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 11 12 24 14 12 24 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7

State and local............................. 93 215 100 67 43 42 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2

State and local education.............. 40 78 39 29 18 22 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 53 137 61 38 25 20 0.6 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 332 1,509 402 395 300 263 1.2 6.3 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.0

South........................................... 692 2,510 664 706 639 514 1.3 5.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.0

Midwest........................................ 373 1,650 408 416 355 337 1.1 5.8 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1

West............................................ 395 2,039 429 478 451 359 1.1 6.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.1

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total............................................... 323 390 266 300 311 328 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 260 324 209 251 250 261 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 3 2 1 1 1 2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Construction3

............................... 16 40 11 15 11 17 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 19 23 21 22 26 23 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 13 14 12 12 13 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods3...................... 6 8 8 9 13 8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 68 48 34 45 53 37 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 15 9 13 6 0 3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1

Retail trade............................... 36 21 3 27 22 20 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 17 18 17 13 31 14 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2

Information3................................. 6 3 4 5 4 3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Financial activities......................... 23 21 17 26 27 30 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 21 11 12 21 23 26 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 2 10 6 5 4 3 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 58 119 60 62 64 60 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Education and health services........... 36 50 37 53 29 39 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Educational services.................... 5 7 5 2 3 4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Health care and social assistance3

. .. 32 43 32 52 26 35 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 21 12 14 20 26 29 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation3

... 3 3 1 3 3 5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Accommodation and food services3... 18 9 13 17 23 23 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other services3............................. 8 7 9 2 9 22 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4

Government................................... 63 66 57 48 61 67 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 13 11 13 11 14 15 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

State and local............................. 51 55 44 37 48 52 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

State and local education.............. 23 23 22 11 25 25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 28 31 22 26 23 27 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 60 68 54 55 56 46 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

South........................................... 126 129 92 102 116 122 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest........................................ 62 102 49 66 63 76 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West............................................ 75 92 71 78 76 85 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 7,330 7,036 6,645 4.6 4.8 4.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,575 6,169 5,780 4.8 4.9 4.6

Mining and logging............................................... 33 16 15 4.2 2.5 2.4

Construction....................................................... 353 332 264 4.4 4.3 3.4

Manufacturing..................................................... 445 430 460 3.3 3.4 3.6

Durable goods.................................................. 293 228 241 3.5 2.9 3.1

Nondurable goods............................................. 152 202 219 3.1 4.2 4.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,400 1,318 1,222 4.8 4.8 4.4

Wholesale trade................................................ 178 211 177 2.9 3.6 3.1

Retail trade..................................................... 914 879 819 5.5 5.6 5.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 308 228 226 4.8 3.9 3.8

Information........................................................ 131 106 81 4.3 3.9 3.0

Financial activities................................................ 380 293 276 4.1 3.3 3.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 277 221 213 4.1 3.3 3.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 102 72 64 4.1 3.2 2.8

Professional and business services............................ 1,319 1,251 1,226 5.8 5.9 5.7

Education and health services.................................. 1,308 1,322 1,213 5.2 5.5 5.0

Educational services.......................................... 122 111 108 3.4 3.4 3.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,186 1,211 1,105 5.5 5.9 5.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 967 804 782 5.3 5.8 5.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 120 81 77 4.2 4.3 4.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 847 723 705 5.5 6.0 5.8

Other services.................................................... 240 297 239 3.9 5.2 4.2

Government.......................................................... 755 866 866 3.4 4.1 4.0

Federal............................................................. 116 281 281 3.9 8.8 8.1

State and local.................................................... 639 585 585 3.3 3.3 3.2

State and local education..................................... 230 225 199 2.4 2.6 2.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 409 360 386 4.1 3.8 4.1

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,320 1,256 1,183 4.6 4.7 4.4

South................................................................. 2,740 2,616 2,551 4.7 4.9 4.7

Midwest............................................................... 1,598 1,606 1,423 4.6 5.0 4.4

West.................................................................. 1,673 1,557 1,489 4.5 4.6 4.4

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 6,466 6,507 6,473 4.3 4.7 4.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,781 6,119 5,660 4.5 5.2 4.7

Mining and logging............................................... 23 23 18 3.1 3.6 2.9

Construction....................................................... 406 432 388 5.2 5.8 5.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 363 379 428 2.8 3.1 3.5

Durable goods.................................................. 200 193 230 2.5 2.5 3.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 163 185 198 3.4 4.0 4.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,232 1,261 1,309 4.5 4.8 5.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 155 141 139 2.6 2.5 2.5

Retail trade..................................................... 829 816 917 5.3 5.5 6.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 248 305 253 4.1 5.4 4.4

Information........................................................ 92 74 77 3.2 2.8 3.0

Financial activities................................................ 245 267 215 2.8 3.1 2.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 157 163 147 2.4 2.5 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 88 104 68 3.7 4.7 3.1

Professional and business services............................ 1,155 1,239 1,127 5.4 6.2 5.6

Education and health services.................................. 847 932 846 3.5 4.1 3.7

Educational services.......................................... 161 128 163 4.6 4.0 5.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 686 804 684 3.3 4.1 3.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,198 1,315 1,025 6.9 10.0 7.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 133 179 100 4.9 9.8 5.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,065 1,136 926 7.3 10.0 8.1

Other services.................................................... 220 199 225 3.7 3.7 4.1

Government.......................................................... 686 388 813 3.2 1.9 3.9

Federal............................................................. 70 72 321 2.5 2.5 10.1

State and local.................................................... 615 316 493 3.3 1.8 2.8

State and local education..................................... 457 152 352 4.9 1.8 4.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 158 164 141 1.7 1.8 1.6

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 961 1,271 1,058 3.5 5.0 4.1

South................................................................. 2,564 2,322 2,516 4.6 4.6 4.9

Midwest............................................................... 1,407 1,391 1,435 4.3 4.6 4.7

West.................................................................. 1,535 1,523 1,464 4.4 4.7 4.5

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 6,757 5,440 5,509 4.5 3.9 3.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,230 5,101 5,109 4.8 4.3 4.3

Mining and logging............................................... 30 27 23 4.0 4.2 3.6

Construction....................................................... 450 367 354 5.8 4.9 4.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 402 384 408 3.1 3.1 3.3

Durable goods.................................................. 238 237 240 2.9 3.1 3.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 164 147 168 3.4 3.2 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,357 1,154 1,219 4.9 4.4 4.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 169 153 157 2.8 2.7 2.8

Retail trade..................................................... 917 734 823 5.9 5.0 5.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 271 267 239 4.4 4.7 4.2

Information........................................................ 106 60 69 3.7 2.3 2.7

Financial activities................................................ 288 204 251 3.3 2.3 2.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 195 121 178 3.0 1.9 2.8

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 93 83 72 3.9 3.7 3.2

Professional and business services............................ 1,191 1,039 960 5.5 5.2 4.7

Education and health services.................................. 762 751 732 3.2 3.3 3.2

Educational services.......................................... 151 103 109 4.3 3.3 3.4

Health care and social assistance........................... 611 648 623 3.0 3.3 3.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,375 894 939 8.0 6.8 7.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 266 102 142 9.8 5.6 7.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,109 791 797 7.6 7.0 7.0

Other services.................................................... 269 222 155 4.5 4.1 2.8

Government.......................................................... 527 339 399 2.4 1.7 1.9

Federal............................................................. 48 45 64 1.7 1.5 2.0

State and local.................................................... 479 294 335 2.5 1.7 1.9

State and local education..................................... 215 174 172 2.3 2.1 2.0

State and local, excluding education........................ 264 120 163 2.8 1.3 1.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,158 801 903 4.2 3.1 3.5

South................................................................. 2,634 2,120 2,140 4.8 4.2 4.1

Midwest............................................................... 1,431 1,220 1,237 4.4 4.0 4.0

West.................................................................. 1,534 1,300 1,229 4.4 4.0 3.8

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 4,431 3,401 3,593 2.9 2.4 2.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 4,165 3,227 3,378 3.2 2.7 2.8

Mining and logging............................................... 17 13 12 2.3 2.1 1.9

Construction....................................................... 220 186 144 2.8 2.5 1.9

Manufacturing..................................................... 265 205 271 2.1 1.7 2.2

Durable goods.................................................. 153 119 155 1.9 1.6 2.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 112 85 117 2.3 1.9 2.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 931 818 857 3.4 3.1 3.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 99 96 92 1.7 1.7 1.6

Retail trade..................................................... 666 561 617 4.3 3.8 4.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 166 161 148 2.7 2.8 2.6

Information........................................................ 63 36 43 2.2 1.4 1.7

Financial activities................................................ 185 94 149 2.1 1.1 1.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 123 54 113 1.9 0.8 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 62 40 36 2.6 1.8 1.6

Professional and business services............................ 742 602 625 3.4 3.0 3.1

Education and health services.................................. 561 507 493 2.3 2.2 2.2

Educational services.......................................... 87 54 67 2.5 1.7 2.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 474 454 427 2.3 2.3 2.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,036 614 687 6.0 4.7 5.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 156 49 73 5.8 2.7 4.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 880 565 615 6.1 5.0 5.4

Other services.................................................... 145 152 96 2.4 2.8 1.8

Government.......................................................... 266 173 215 1.2 0.9 1.0

Federal............................................................. 23 19 24 0.8 0.7 0.8

State and local.................................................... 242 154 191 1.3 0.9 1.1

State and local education..................................... 130 82 103 1.4 1.0 1.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 112 72 88 1.2 0.8 1.0

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 675 469 539 2.4 1.8 2.1

South................................................................. 1,747 1,349 1,461 3.2 2.6 2.8

Midwest............................................................... 960 824 804 2.9 2.7 2.6

West.................................................................. 1,048 759 789 3.0 2.3 2.4

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 1,983 1,695 1,565 1.3 1.2 1.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,793 1,611 1,457 1.4 1.4 1.2

Mining and logging............................................... 10 13 9 1.3 2.0 1.5

Construction....................................................... 214 170 194 2.8 2.3 2.6

Manufacturing..................................................... 119 151 116 0.9 1.2 0.9

Durable goods.................................................. 73 103 73 0.9 1.4 1.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 46 49 43 0.9 1.1 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 352 276 321 1.3 1.1 1.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 52 53 61 0.9 1.0 1.1

Retail trade..................................................... 211 147 182 1.4 1.0 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 88 75 78 1.4 1.3 1.4

Information........................................................ 37 20 23 1.3 0.8 0.9

Financial activities................................................ 74 86 63 0.8 1.0 0.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 46 47 30 0.7 0.7 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 29 39 33 1.2 1.8 1.5

Professional and business services............................ 391 368 276 1.8 1.8 1.4

Education and health services.................................. 163 212 197 0.7 0.9 0.9

Educational services.......................................... 57 44 36 1.6 1.4 1.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 106 168 161 0.5 0.9 0.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 317 253 223 1.8 1.9 1.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 106 51 64 3.9 2.8 3.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 211 203 159 1.5 1.8 1.4

Other services.................................................... 115 61 36 1.9 1.1 0.7

Government.......................................................... 191 84 108 0.9 0.4 0.5

Federal............................................................. 12 12 25 0.4 0.4 0.8

State and local.................................................... 178 72 83 0.9 0.4 0.5

State and local education..................................... 57 52 39 0.6 0.6 0.5

State and local, excluding education........................ 121 21 44 1.3 0.2 0.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 414 266 312 1.5 1.0 1.2

South................................................................. 752 652 547 1.4 1.3 1.1

Midwest............................................................... 400 329 345 1.2 1.1 1.1

West.................................................................. 417 448 361 1.2 1.4 1.1

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Aug.

2019

July

2020

Aug.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 343 344 350 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 272 263 274 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 3 1 2 0.4 0.1 0.3

Construction....................................................... 16 11 17 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 18 28 21 0.1 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 11 15 13 0.1 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 6 13 8 0.1 0.3 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 74 60 41 0.3 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 17 4 4 0.3 0.1 0.1

Retail trade..................................................... 40 25 24 0.3 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 17 31 14 0.3 0.5 0.2

Information........................................................ 6 4 3 0.2 0.2 0.1

Financial activities................................................ 29 24 39 0.3 0.3 0.4

Finance and insurance........................................ 27 20 35 0.4 0.3 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 2 4 3 0.1 0.2 0.1

Professional and business services............................ 58 69 59 0.3 0.3 0.3

Education and health services.................................. 38 31 41 0.2 0.1 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 6 5 6 0.2 0.2 0.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 32 26 35 0.2 0.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 21 26 29 0.1 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 3 3 5 0.1 0.2 0.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 18 23 23 0.1 0.2 0.2

Other services.................................................... 8 9 22 0.1 0.2 0.4

Government.......................................................... 71 81 77 0.3 0.4 0.4

Federal............................................................. 13 14 16 0.4 0.5 0.5

State and local.................................................... 58 68 61 0.3 0.4 0.3

State and local education..................................... 27 41 31 0.3 0.5 0.4

State and local, excluding education........................ 31 27 30 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 69 67 52 0.2 0.3 0.2

South................................................................. 134 119 131 0.2 0.2 0.3

Midwest............................................................... 70 66 87 0.2 0.2 0.3

West.................................................................. 70 93 80 0.2 0.3 0.2

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.