# Patent

## Title
Polariscope toy and ornament with accompanying photoelastic and/or photoplastic devices

## Abstract

A variety of toy polariscopes are simpler in design and less costly than precision instruments used in scientific research and stress analysis of materials and structures. The toy polariscopes are designed for a variety of objects that may exhibit photoelastic properties such as glass, plastic, Plexiglas, gel candle material and other gels, and even edible photoelastic objects. They are specially designed for objects of various sizes with a variety of purposes such as objects to enhance learning in a variety of conditions and experiences. Special objects are designed to go with the toy polariscopes such as edible and inedible photoelastic objects, photoelastic candle material, a variety of photoelastic/photoplastic stands capable of a variety of displays in interaction with other designed photoelastic objects capable of a variety of interaction and displays. Other optical phenomena may also be observed.

## Background
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 13/374,885, filed Jan. 20, 2012, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 12/316,237, filed Dec. 10, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,107,076, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility application Ser. No. 11/259,595, filed Oct. 26, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,477,386, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/621,660, filed Oct. 26, 2004, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Polariscopes are used for scientific research, particularly, for the study of stress analysis of materials and structures. Such polariscopes are precision instruments and cost thousands of dollars.
Needs exist for simpler, less costly polariscopes, as well as polarizing devices, designed specifically for amusement in a variety of contexts to entertain and to stimulate an interest in science and engineering in children and adults.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention includes a variety of toy polariscopes some of which are simpler in design and less costly than the precision instruments used in scientific research and stress analysis of materials and structures. While the invention is not restricted to low cost forms, all of the polariscope toys of the present invention are designed for purposes other than precision scientific measurements related to stress analysis. The devices are designed to amuse, add aesthetics, provide ornamentation, or add features on sports equipment. The devices of the present invention may also serve as a visual reward for completing tasks in learning games when working with both humans and animals. These toys allow children and adults to explore and observe photoplastic and photoelastic stress patterns in various objects. Objects that may exhibit these properties are glass, plastic, Plexiglas, and even edible photoelastic objects. Other optical phenomena may also be observed, such as optical phenomena in the sky, in bodies of water, or other environmental settings.
An embodiment of the present invention is composed of two polarizing films that are free to rotate with respect to one another to control transmission of light. The polarizing films are also located at an adjustable distance from one another. For larger sized toy polariscopes, the space between the films allows for placement of larger objects or multiple objects between the films. Additionally, a user's hands or arms and\or instruments for manipulation may fit between the films.
A stand may also be provided for holding an object or objects. The stand displays the photoelastic objects. Photoelastic objects may include building blocks, parts of construction kits, the display stand itself; objects that move mechanically, vibrate, rotate, are suspended or levitated by magnetic fields, or moving by other devices such as heat, light, solar energy, or electricity. The stand is placed between the polarizing films or other combinations of optical films, devices and mirrors. The stand itself may be cast to create fixed photoplastic stress patterns. Detachable or permanently attached hooks, platforms, frames and other devices enhance the viewing experience. The display stand/stands can come in a number of variable forms and can be assembled in a variety of patterns such that like the flexible photoelastic objects the stands/parts of stands are themselves another set of construction and display objects with photoplastic effects.
Specially designed photoelastic objects act as building kits. The edible or non-edible photoelastic objects can be assembled and disassembled in a variety of construction patterns. Furthermore, stands may also be assembled and disassembled in a variety of configurations.
The photoelastic objects show photoelastic fringes with or without the aid of a toy polariscope. The fringes may be enhanced when assembled. The objects may be cast such that the objects have permanent photoplastic fringes as well as fringes created by deformation. The objects may utilize magnets or other systems for assembly. The magnets may be completely embedded within the plastic, glass or Plexiglas. This produces an impression of the magnetic objects floating within the substrate. Alternatively, a ferromagnetic material may be incorporated into the photoelastic objects. The ferromagnetic material causes movement of the photoelastic objects when a magnetic field is applied to the photoelastic objects.
Other objects, such as lenses, prisms, polarizing films, quarter or half wave plates, springs and other objects may be embedded within the substrate for a similar effect. The magnetic objects may be embedded already magnetized or as unmagnetized metallic objects that are magnetized after being embedded. Polarizing films may be grafted onto regular or irregular plastic, glass, or Plexiglas shapes by cutting the film to size or by grafting the actual polarizing dye onto the shape.
Edible photoelastic objects that may be gelatin based or made of any other edible material may also be developed. As an example, a recipe may contain a mixture of gelatin, minimal water content, an artificial sweetener, and an optional flavoring. The mixture is heated, cooled and dried out. The final objects may be any size, shape, or color. They may be any degree of translucency, transparency, and degree of flexibility. The objects may also be enhanced with vitamins or minerals. The edible forms add amusement, learning and exploration to the eating experience. A further benefit is the increase in time for consumption adding health benefits. Moreover, the use of products such as gelatin creates a low or no carbohydrate snack if no sugar or carbohydrate flavorings or sweeteners are used. Slow consumption and lower carbohydrate intake have potential health benefits in behavioral management of obesity, diabetes and lipid levels. The edible photoelastic shapes may also be designed as puzzles or building kits.
A light source may be included as part of the toy polariscope. The light source can project an image or images from the observed object or objects between the polarizing films onto a screen that may also be a part of the device.
A plank or rod-like structure is attached to the polarizing films. The plank or rod-like structure may have grooves or other means to place other fixtures, such as mirrors, lenses, quarter and half wave plates and devices for holding objects in various positions of deformation. The polarizing films are detachable from the plank or rod and may be replaced with other devices for observing optical phenomena. For example, a mirror may replace one of the polarizing films so as to observe photoelastic stress patterns by reflection. Still further, objects that already have a mirrored surface as part of the objects may also display this effect. The screen and light fixtures may be detachable from the plank or rod-like structures for greater flexibility. The device is constructed so that it may be used with the plank or rod-like structure holding the polarizing films and/or with other fixtures in a horizontal or vertical position.
The present invention may be constructed in a variety of sizes. However, in a preferred embodiment, a smaller device is held in a hand held tube or cone shaped form. Small instruments for manipulating small objects are included. A battery-operated light is located at one and/or both ends of the device and a detachable screw on cloth like cap attached to the opposite end is used as a screen. The screen is removable for direct observation. Small photoelastic objects can be any shape, such as, but not limited to, insects, plants, fossils, or rock shapes. A number of versions may be constructed including an open format or individual hand held disks with handles, etc. A format for viewing gelatin-based edible forms of photoelastic objects allows for sanitary manipulation and viewing prior to consumption.
Photoelastic objects that function as transparent, translucent and photoelastic candles are described. Devices stress photoelastic candle material to facilitate photoelastic effects. Candleholders provide functions of a polariscope with well placed polarizing films, other optical films and devices. Reflective surfaces may be included or the photoelastic candle material may have polarizing layers directly on its surfaces. The candle material itself or the wick may produce scintillation in the flame or other optical effects due to chemical or other elements within or around it. Materials or objects may likewise be embedded in the candle material or on its surfaces for optical or other effects such as reflection from the flame, diffraction, magnification, focusing or dispersion of light. Optional scents may also be applied.
Edible forms of photoelastic or non-photoelastic candle material may be developed such that solid as well as melting portions may be consumed.
The present invention also includes a kaleidoscope of photoelastic displays. The kaleidoscope may be battery powered and have a light source and a motor for turning the display. Manuel manipulation and use of ambient light is also an option. The display has a stressed photoelastic piece or pieces sandwiched between polarizing films, or a mirror and a polarizing film or films. Mechanical manipulation may also be used. The device may be a flashlight-type device for projecting images on a wall or screen.
In another embodiment, a photoelastic object is mounted on an axel like device between two rotating polarizing films. An axel like device may have other films and devices on the axel for creating complex images.
In another embodiment, a box may be used to hold a photoelastic object. The box may include a light source. The photoelastic object is manipulated by screws or other devices extending into the box.
The present invention is a method of creating photoelastic objects or photoelastic films on objects. One method requires a user to pour prepared contents on a nonstick surface. The material is then cured and desired shapes are cut from the cured material. The objects may be edible or non-edible. The prepared contents may also be poured into molds.
In another method, an object is placed in a liquid. A polarizing material is placed on the top of the liquid and oriented. The liquid is then removed, leaving an oriented film on the coated object. Other sides of the object may then be coated with films. Alternatively, layers of materials that are optically active polymers may be stretched into desired forms. Edible polarizing films may be made of plasticized sugar, starch, gelatin with a non-toxic chiral dye or light absorbing optically active chemicals like gold, silver, iodine, hydrocarbons, certain vitamins, lipids, phospholipids, caroteniods, amino acids, lecithin, alcohols, potassium chloride or sorbate, sodium bicarbonate or benzoate, glycine, glycerine, or dicalcium, etc.
Other photoelastic objects are shaped as dolls or figurines. The objects are photoelastic in part or in whole and may have non-photoelastic counterparts. The objects may be designed such that only parts of the device are photoelastic. As an example, eyes on a doll may be photoelastic.
The present invention is also a kit for making photoelastic objects or accessories, particularly, edible photoelastic objects and accessories. Accessories may include lenses, fiber optics, filters, mirrors, prisms, etc. Pre-made edible supplies may also be provided.
The purpose of the present invention is to amuse as well as to stimulate an interest in science and engineering in children and adults.
A new photoelastic entertainment device includes photoelastic material molded into shapes and one or more light polarizing films for viewing fringe patterns within the photoelastic materials caused by stress. The photoelastic material may be made from biodegradable plastic. One or more of the shapes may be one or more mythological or fantasy creatures or their parts or shapes with holes or impressions shaped like one or more mythological or fantasy creatures or their parts. The mythological or fantasy creatures may be dragons, angels, devils, witches, monsters, ghosts, or spirits. The parts may be wings, horns, capes, hats, or masks. One or more of the shapes may be one or more rocks, raindrops, pebbles, mountains, clouds, rainbows, snowflakes, or fossils or shapes with holes or impressions shaped like one or more rocks, raindrops, pebbles, mountains, clouds, rainbows, snowflakes, or fossils. One or more of the shapes may be one or more rocks or fossils.
In one embodiment, one or more of the shapes may be one or more plants or plant parts or shapes with holes or impressions shaped like one or more plants or plant parts. The plants or plant parts may be fruits, trees, leaves, seeds, flowers, nuts, beans, branches, tree trunks, stems, or skeletons of diatoms. One or more of the shapes may be one or more plants. One or more of the shapes may be one or more dolls or figurines or doll eyes or other parts of dolls or shapes with holes or impressions shaped like one or more dolls or figurines or doll eyes or other parts of dolls.
The one or more light polarizing films may include polarizing glasses, a polarizing light source may be used in conjunction with the polarizing glasses to view the photoelastic material, and the polarizing light source may be the sky. In one embodiment, one or more of the shapes may be one or more weapon shapes or shapes with holes or impressions shaped like one or more weapons. The weapons may be guns, axes, darts, canons, bow and arrows, sling shots, bombs, or grenades.
The photoelastic material may be worn as clothing or jewelry. The photoelastic material may be used as game pieces. The shapes may be complementary and fit together like puzzle pieces. In this embodiment, the shapes may deform when fit together, imposing mechanical stress on the photoelastic material and causing a pattern of photoelastic stress patterns when viewed under polarized light.
The photoelastic entertainment device may also include a condenser lens and projector light source set up to even illuminate the polarizing films and photoelastic device and a projector lens setup on the opposite side of the photoelastic device from the projector light source to project an image of the fringes of the photoelastic material. The photoelastic entertainment device may include a device for vibrating or sonicating the photoelastic material for eliciting photoelastic stress patterns.
The photoelastic material may be a deformable photoelastic device or a preformed photoelastic object.
A new kit for making photoelastic or optical devices includes mixing materials, mixing supplies, and cutters or molds. The mixing materials are mixed using the mixing supplies and shaped using cutters or molds to create a shaped photoelastic or optical device. In one embodiment, the mixing materials and shaped photoelastic or optical device are intended to be eaten. In that embodiment, the mixing materials may include plasticized sugar, starch, gelatin or other polymer with a non-toxic chiral dye with light absorbing and non-toxic optically active chemicals like gold, silver, iodine, certain lipids, phospholipids, lecithin, alcohols, caroteniods, vitamins, hydrocarbons, iodine, potassium, calcium, amino acids, glycerine, glycine, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the mixing materials or shaped photoelastic or optical device are inedible.
In one embodiment, the kit includes reflective objects on which to cast photoelastic material, polarizing films, and mirrored surfaces or other optical supplies for viewing photoelastic stress fringes. The reflective objects on which to cast photoelastic material, polarizing films, and mirrored surfaces or other optical supplies can be used to conduct a playful mock photoelastic stress analysis for entertainment. In another embodiment, the mixing materials include a material that polarizes light that is intended to be eaten.
A new polariscope toy includes photoelastic objects containing ferromagnetic particles enclosed in a container lined with polarizing film and manipulated by a user with magnets outside the container, causing the photoelastic objects to move around inside the enclosure or to have smaller parts of them move while the main body is fixed.
A new polariscope toy for viewing photoelastic materials includes paper or cardboard frames holding polarizing films. At least one of the polarizing films may be rotatable. The paper or cardboard frames may be glasses. The paper or cardboard frames may include a mask.
The paper or cardboard frames may include a head gear and one or more of the polarizing films may be rotatable in front of a viewer's eyes. The frames may stand up on their own. The polariscope toy may include one or more stands and the frames may be made to stand by insertion into the one or more stands. The toy may also include a light source, and each of the stands may be sized such that it can be placed around the light source and support one of the frames in a position above the light source. Each of the stands may be folded for standing frames by insertion and unfold into a shape large enough to be placed around the light source and support one of the frames in a position above the light source.
The frames may be hung from another object. The polariscope toy may include props for holding up the frames. Each of the paper or cardboard frames may be cut from a single piece of paper or cardboard and folded so that it stands on its own and have fanciful designs on the paper or cardboard frames to enhance their value as a toy. The polariscope toy may also include a polarized light source that includes a non-polarizing light source with a regular or irregular plastic, glass, or Plexiglas cover and polarizing dye or a polarizing film grafted onto the cover.
A new polariscope toy apparatus includes a tubular structure, an end cap on a first end of the tubular structure, a light source within the tubular structure near the end cap, a power source, an opening at a second end of the tubular structure, a rotatable transparent cap covering the opening, a first polarizing film between the light source and the opening, an openable compartment for holding one or more photoelastic objects between the first polarizing film and the opening, and a second polarizing film attached to the rotatable transparent cap. The polariscope toy may also include a projector lens and images of photoelastic fringes from inserted photoelastic objects, deformable or rigid, within an opening in the polariscope can be projected on a wall or screen. The polariscope toy may include tools such as screws or magnets for manipulating the photoelastic objects.
A new camera device has a polarizing film in front of a lens, for the purpose of taking pictures of photoelastic objects in polarized light. A new photoelastic fringe photography device has a polarizing device and a connection structure holding the polarizing device for fitting on or over a camera lens for taking pictures of photoelastic objects in polarized light.
These and further and other objects and features of the invention are apparent in the disclosure, which includes the above and ongoing written specification, with the drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments and, together with the description, further serve to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use these embodiments and others that will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
FIG. 1 is a side view of a toy polariscope.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a stand for holding objects during observation.
FIG. 3 is a side view of another embodiment of a toy polariscope.
FIG. 4 is a side view of a toy polariscope showing assembly and disassembly.
FIG. 5 shows a casting process for embedding objects within photoelastic plastics.
FIG. 6 shows various other types of casting molds.
FIG. 7 shows a variety of forms of casted photoelastic objects and interactions.
FIG. 8 shows interactions between photoelastic shapes.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of a possible configuration of interacting photoelastic objects.
FIG. 10 shows a photoelastic kaleidoscope.
FIG. 11 shows molds for casting plastic.
FIG. 12 shows molds for casting plastic.
FIG. 13 shows molds for casting plastic.
FIG. 14 shows a dumbbell shaped plastic mold.
FIG. 15 shows a spherical photoelastic object with tailored polarizing film.
FIG. 16 shows a toy polariscope device for observing edible photoelastic objects.
FIG. 17 shows a photoelastic object with an enclosed light.
FIG. 18 shows a stand for observing photoelastic objects.
FIG. 19 shows a process for applying a polarizing film to a photoelastic object.
FIG. 20 shows a lamp or candleholder in a container.
FIG. 21 shows a candleholder and candle gel or wax material with photoelastic properties.
FIG. 22 is a side view of a shoe with photoelastic properties.
FIG. 23 shows jewelry with photoelastic properties.
FIG. 24 is a display of spherical photoelastic objects with embedded magnets forming a pattern of circular arches above and below a transparent, translucent, photoplastic and/or photoelastic stand piece.
FIG. 25 is a display of dumbbell shaped photoelastic objects with embedded magnets at each spherical shaped end forming an arched pattern above and below another type of transparent, translucent, photoplastic and/or photoelastic stand piece.
FIG. 26 is a display of dumbbell shaped and one spherical shaped photoelastic objects forming a chain-like pattern suspended by hooked structures from another type of transparent, translucent, photoplastic and/or photoelastic stand piece.
FIG. 27 is an interlocking construction of spherical objects with embedded magnets.
FIG. 28 is a candleholder that displays photoplastic effects due to residual stresses as well as stresses created by active heating and cooling from the light source.
FIG. 29 is a construction using photoelastic objects with embedded magnets on a stand piece that facilitates suspension in space of an object as a result of magnetic forces.
FIG. 30 is a photoelastic object suspended in space.
FIG. 31 is an hourglass shaped toy polariscope device.
FIG. 32 is a device using photoelastic fringes, visualization of digital output, sound, and animation to stimulate and motivate the user to exert a bending force on a photoelastic rod.
FIG. 33 is a process whereby polarizing films are cut out and graphed onto photoelastic/photoplastic objects in different patterns of orientation to create varying patterns of transmission of light on an object.
FIG. 34 is an ornamental lamp, light, or light source that may serve as holiday decorations or specialty lights or as a visual stimulus on games or instruments for humans and animals with polarizing films capable of rotation above and below a photoelastic/photoplastic layer fitted above the light source.
FIG. 35 is an illustration of mixing kits for edible and inedible photoelastic objects.
FIG. 36 shows a method of applying an edible or inedible polarizing film on an edible or inedible photoelastic or transparent object.
FIG. 37 shows a method of making an edible photoelastic film.
FIG. 38 is an example of a flash light form of a projecting polarizing device.
FIG. 39 is a transverse view of a photo elastic object mounted between rotating polarizing films in a device.
FIG. 40 is a sun catcher type device for viewing a plastic sheet with patterns of fixed fringes impressed within it.
FIG. 41 is a boxed photoelastic device with manipulating screws.
FIG. 42 shows various photoelastic objects with ferromagnetic material incorporated into the photoelastic objects in the form of dust filings, fibers, wires, or larger tubes or sheets with mirrored surfaces.
FIG. 43 shows a transparent box containing photoelastic objects with ferromagnetic material incorporated.
FIG. 44 shows polarizing glasses and the use of the sky as a polarizing light source.
FIG. 45 shows a mirrored surface with polarizing films and photoelastic material.
FIG. 46 shows a variety of ways polarizing films can be mounted in frames.
FIG. 47 shows photoelastic photography devices.
FIG. 48 shows a polarized light source.
FIG. 49 shows a photoelastic projection setup.
FIG. 50 shows photoelastic material formed in a variety of shapes.
FIG. 51 shows versatile stands for supporting polarizing films in vertical or horizontal positions.
FIGS. 52-56 are flowcharts illustrating processes for producing edible photoelastic objects.
FIG. 57 shows a flexible, edible photoelastic object being folded in half.
FIG. 58 shows a flexible, edible photoelastic object being stretched and exhibiting photoelastic stress fringes.
FIG. 59 is a color photograph showing the flexible, edible photoelastic object of FIG. 58.
FIG. 60 is a color photograph showing a photoelastic gel candy prepared according to the present invention, in an embodiment, viewed between polarizing lenses.
FIG. 61 is a photograph showing samples of gel candies prepared according to the present invention, in embodiments, illustrating their light transmissivity.
FIG. 62 is a color photograph showing a photoelastic gel candy prepared according to the present invention, in an embodiment, viewed between polarizing lenses while undergoing a compressive mechanical stress test.
FIG. 63 is a photograph showing samples of gel candies prepared according to the present invention, in embodiments, illustrating their light transmissivity.
FIG. 64 is a color photograph showing a photoelastic gel candy prepared according to the present invention, in an embodiment, viewed between polarizing lenses while being manipulated by hand.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention includes a variety of toy polariscopes that are simpler in design and less costly than the precision instruments used in scientific research and stress analysis of materials and structures. These toys allow children and adults to explore and observe photoplastic and photoelastic stress patterns in various objects. Objects that may exhibit these properties are glass, plastic, Plexiglas, candle gel or wax material and even edible photoelastic objects. Other optical phenomena may also be observed, such as optical phenomena in the sky.
FIG. 1 is a side view of a toy polariscope 1. The polariscope 1 may be of any size. Detachable fixtures 5 on a plank or rod structure 11 hold polarizing films 9. The number of detachable fixtures 5 may vary depending on the particular embodiment. The detachable fixtures 5 allow rotation 7 perpendicular to a central axis of the polariscope 1. This rotation controls the transmission of light 56 through the polarizing films 9. The plank or rod structure 11 holds fixtures in a set position. The plank or rod structure 11 may be held in either a vertical or horizontal position. An insert 18 may be provided to extend the length of the plank or rod structure 11. Holes 20 on the insert 18 with screws allow for fixation of various lengths of the plank or rod structure 11.
A light source 16 serves as either projecting light or diffuse light. The light source 16 may be detached and reattached from the plank or rod structure 11 as needed. Light may lie in a horizontal position and support a vertical position plank or rod structure 11 with its contents or sit vertically to project through a horizontally placed plank or rod structure 11 with its contents.
Another fixture 30, similar to the detachable fixtures 5, houses a quarter or half wavelength plate, mirrors, filters, lenses or other devices 31 for optical effects. More than one of these additional fixtures 30 may be used with one or more types of optical devices 31. Inserts 35 on the plank or rod structure 11 hold the additional fixtures 30. As an alternative to the inserts 35, the fixtures 5, 30 may be attached to the plank or rod structure 11 by means of fastening devices 32 attached to the fixtures 5, 30. Alternatively, fixtures 5, 30 may glide along the plank or rod structure by insertion into groves along its length.
Another type of fixture 45 allows for placement of photoelastic objects 57 in various positions of deformation. The fixture 45 has clamps 40 or other tools to hold, compress, stretch, deform, and/or otherwise manipulate a photoelastic object 57 in various positions of deformation. The clamps 40 may also hold other objects, such as lenses, mirrors, films, etc. Furthermore, there may be more than one of this type of fixture 45 on each polariscope 1.
A screen 50 may be used to view projected images. Images may be viewed on either side of the screen 50. The screen 50 may also be detachable for direct viewing. Other possible parts of a polariscope include a stand 54 to hold an object or objects. One or more stands 54 may be stacked, attached or otherwise connected together. The stands 54 themselves may be of various shapes and configurations, and may include hooks, frames, platforms and other devices to interplay with other objects displayed on the stand 54. The stands 54 may also be photoelastic. In a preferred embodiment, the stand 54 has a platform 52, legs 51, and a raised barrier 55 to prevent spherical or other mobile objects from falling or rolling off the stand 54.
Unpolarized light 56 travels from the light source 16 through a first fixture 5 polarizer, through a photoelastic object 57, and then through a second fixture 5 polarizer to an observer 53. The observer 53 may view projected fringes on either side of the screen 50 or directly without the use of the screen.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a stand 58 for holding objects during observation. The stand 58 may be designed with multiple areas 60 for placement of objects or may have hooks 59 for hanging objects. The stand 58 may be made of photoelastic or photoplastic material that is pre-stressed to contribute to the photoelastic display. Some parts of the stand 58 may be detachable and reattachable in various configurations. Feet 55 rest on a surface and support legs 57.
FIG. 3 is a side view of another embodiment of a toy polariscope 61. At the base of the polariscope 61 is a detachable screw or snap on compartment 62 with a battery operated light 64. A hollow tube or cone shaped structure 63 provides a frame for all attachments and inserts. Inserts 65 hold polarizing films that are free to rotate 85 perpendicular to a central axis of the polariscope 61. A user rotates 85 the inserts 65 with fingers, tools or other attachments.
Photoelastic objects 70 are observed. The photoelastic objects 70 may be of any shape, including, but not limited to fantasy shapes or shapes resembling real world objects. Tools 75 may be included for holding and manipulating the photoelastic objects 70. In a preferred embodiment, two pincher-like tools 75 for grasping are inserted into the hollow tube or cone shaped structure 63 through one or more holes 80. A fixation device 83 allows the tools 75 to be rigidly fixed in place. This frees the user's hands and allows the user to view the photoelastic effects of deformation. One or all of the tools 75 may be fixed, while other tools 75 are used to manipulate the object. The tools 75 may have sharp points or blunt ends to create various deformation effects. Each hole 80 may be opened to fully insert and move around the tools 75, loosely hold tools 75 in place with slight friction or rigidly hold the tools 75 in a fixed position.
Other inserts 90 may contain other devices, such as quarter or half wave plates, mirrors, filters, lenses or other optical devices that function like the inserts 65. The other inserts 90 are inserted, rotated and placed anywhere an insert space 95 is provided. Larger spaces 98 may be provided in the chamber 63 for larger optical devices, such as larger mirrors, lenses, prisms, crystals, etc. Note that lenses and mirrors may be any kind, including convex and concave or fresnel lenses. The larger insert 98 may be removed for placement of optical devices and re-inserted.
The polariscope 61 may also have an opening 100 for insertion and fixation of a battery operated light 105 on an upper part of the chamber for observation of photoelastic properties by reflection. The lower light source 62 is more suitable for observation of photoelastic objects by transmission. The opening 100 may be plugged when a light 105 is not in place. While this embodiment describes a battery operated light, an electrical connection is also an option.
The polariscope 61 includes a screw or snap on screen 110 to allow a user 107 to view projected images 115 generated by either transmission or reflection. The user may also observe the images directly by removing the screen and looking directly into the chamber.
FIG. 4 is a side view of a toy polariscope 64, similar to the polariscope 61 of FIG. 3, showing assembly and disassembly. Individual compartments 96 have snap on connections 67 that allow for rotation 86 of the compartments 96 perpendicular to the central axis of the polariscope 64. The individual compartments 96 may be detached from one another and reassembled in any order. Inserts 90, 65 may also be removed and interchanged with other compartments 96. A larger compartment 99 for larger optical objects is also detachable. A special compartment 101 may contain a light 105 and is detachable like the other compartments 96, 99. A blank compartment 116 may be added as a base for assembly.
FIG. 5 shows a casting process 130 for curing plastic photoplastic/photoelastic shapes. A lid 135 covers plastic in an impression 150 in a mold 145. The mold 145 is preferably made of Teflon. The impression 150 may be of any shape. FIG. 5 shows a spherical impression 150. To make a complete solid, two similar halves are pressed together in a semi-polymerized state. The lid 135 may have additional, smaller impressions 140 to create placements for embedded objects 155, such as magnets. The smaller impressions 140 may be of any shape, but are preferably slightly smaller than the objects 155 to be implanted. The smaller impressions 140 may be rounded 141, pointed 143 or a combination thereof 147. Prior to fixing the two halves together, the objects 155 are inserted into the smaller impressions 140, the photoelastic material stretches and creates enhanced stress patterns. If magnets are used, they may be pre-magnetized or magnetized after the casting process 130. In a preferred embodiment, spherical magnets 155 may be fitted into cone shaped objects 158 or star shaped objects 160.
FIG. 6 shows various other types of casting molds 175. The molds 175 are preferably made of Teflon. In one embodiment, a half sphere 180 has small spherical impressions 181 and another half sphere 185 has small spherical indentions 182. The two halves 180, 185 may be combined with a similar half or an opposite half. In another embodiment, a cast is made in the form of a lizard or worm 190. This may be simply a wavy half cylinder impression in which a lid 200 with small protrusions 210 to create impressions may be placed over it on the casted plastic for creation of space for placement of embedded magnets or other objects when the two halves are brought together. A cross section 195 shows varying depths of the mold 175 when a lizard or worm shape 190 is being made. As mentioned, a lid 200 forms other impressions 210. FIG. 6 shows a staggered set of impressions 210 for creating impressions in a wavy cylindrical shape.
FIG. 7 shows a variety of forms of casted photoelastic objects 300 and interactions. Different shapes 300 may interact by magnetic attraction 370 and by insertion 337 of one shape into another. Photoelastic objects 300 may have embedded spherical magnets 301, 302, and 305 with fitted star shaped coverings or fitted cone-like coverings 310 whose points make more significant fringes when the magnets move towards or away from one another due to magnetic attraction with magnets within an object or with magnets in other objects or simply by manual manipulation. A spherical object 312 may have zero, one or more magnets embedded. Other objects 315 may have inward facing pouches or objects may have outward facing pouches 316. This allows for objects 316 to be inserted 337 into objects 315. Objects may be dumbbell shaped 320 with embedded magnets that pull ends together. This causes deformation by bending and creates more fringes. Various shapes may interact 325 in various ways (i.e. 337, 370). Objects may be creature shaped 330 to add entertainment value. Circular 345 or other shaped polarizing film 340 may be embedded at opposite ends of a spherical photoelastic object 312 or other shaped object 335. In cylindrical photoelastic objects 360, magnetic attraction 370 causes the shape 360 to fold on itself. The folding may create a helical shape 365 that can be extended or enlarge by attaching other objects 365.
FIG. 8 shows interactions 400 between photoelastic shapes 392. Various shaped objects may be used. Dumbbell shaped objects 395 may have magnets 397 embedded in spherical ends 399. The magnets attract or repel 400 one another creating fringe patterns 410 as a result of stress and compression. A spherical photoelastic object 415 may have four embedded magnets 397 and fringes 410 caused by compressive forces 400 on the material generated by the magnets 397.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of a possible configuration of interacting photoelastic objects 420. The objects 430 may be in contact 431 with one another due to magnetic forces or other devices or inserted 433 into one another to create a display. Magnets 435 of a variety of shapes may also be included to create visual effects.
FIG. 10 shows a photoelastic kaleidoscope 450. The body of the kaleidoscope 455 may be cylindrical or another shape. A viewing port 460 allows a user 461 to see into the kaleidoscope 450. Several lighting options are available. A light source 470 may be provided outside or attachable onto the kaleidoscope 450 for viewing photoelastic effects by transmission or an alternate light source 465 may be provided for viewing photoelastic effects by reflection. A compartment 481 is rotatable 475 between two polarizing films 485 or between a polarizing film 485 and a mirror 490. The compartment 481 may be turned 475 manually or with a motor. A part 480 of the compartment 481 contains photoelastic material that is stressed and arranged for making fringes and may be accessed with tools or devices to alter the stress patterns. Polarizing films 485 and/or a mirror 490 are held in place by devices that allow rotation perpendicular to the central axis of the body of the kaleidoscope 455. This allows for control of the transmission of light. Light may be transmitted from a light source 470, through a polarizing film 485 below part 480, through part 480 containing stressed photoelastic material, through a polarizing film 485 above part 480, through the kaleidoscope body 455, out the port 460 and to the observer 461. Alternatively, a mirror 490 below part 480 receives light from light source 465 and reflects it back through part 480 containing stressed photoelastic material and through a polarizing film 485 above part 480, through the kaleidoscope body 455, out the port 460 and to the observer 461.
FIG. 11 shows molds 500 for casting plastic. A mold 500 may have opposing impressions 505, 510. These may form spherical shapes with smaller out pouches or in pouches or similar cylindrical shapes. A lid 515 has half-spherical or other shaped impressions 517 to create space for embedding magnets and/or other objects into opposing impressions 505, 510. Alternatively, a long cylindrical photoelastic plastic object 520 with smaller cylindrical out pouches 527 is cast between two half cylindrical molds 523. Corresponding long cylindrical photoelastic plastic object 535 with smaller cylindrical in pouches 521 is cast between two half cylindrical molds 533. Precast 520 is poured into two of the molds 523. The molds 523 are bound together to form a hollow tube that can be separated once the plastic is cured. The objects 520, 535 may be sliced 525, 540 perpendicular to the central axis to create slices 530 and 545, respectively. The slices 530, 545 interlock, causing stretching and compressing that results in fringes.
FIG. 12 shows molds 560 for casting plastic. In one embodiment, a half cylindrical impression 565 with tapered ends is used to cast a full cylinder when the two halves are brought together. A lid 570 covers the plastic mold 560 and leaves impressions 571 of half spherical shapes for insertion of magnets into a complete cylindrical object when two halves are brought together. In another embodiment, a wavy half cylindrical impression 575 with tapered ends is used to cast a full cylinder when the two halves are brought together. A lid 580 covers the plastic mold 560 and leaves impressions 581 of half spherical shapes for insertion of magnets into a complete wavy cylindrical object when two halves are brought together.
FIG. 13 shows a mold 590 for casting plastic. A dumbbell shaped cylindrical impression 595, with a thin body 597 and spherical ends 599, is used to cast a full cylinder and full spherical ends when the two halves are brought together. A lid 600 covers the plastic mold 590 and leaves impressions 601 of half spherical shapes for insertion of magnets into a complete dumbbell shaped cylindrical object when two halves are brought together. A horizontal view 605 of lid 600 is shown.
FIG. 14 shows a dumbbell shaped plastic object 610. The dumbbell shaped object 610 is removed from the mold 590 and two halves are brought together 620 around embedded spherical magnets 625 to create a final object 630.
FIG. 15 shows a spherical photoelastic object 650 with tailored polarizing film 655. The pieces of polarized film 655 are placed 660 on the spherical object 650 in predetermined positions 665. The polarizing film 655 may be edible or inedible.
FIG. 16 shows a toy polariscope device 669 for observing edible photoelastic objects 670, 671. The edible photoelastic objects 670 may be observed and/or eaten and may be formed into interlocking shapes 671, such as puzzles or building blocks. The objects 670, 671 may have a stickiness when water is applied, providing means for sticking objects together. A light source 675 within a compartment 677 may be polarized or unpolarized. A frame 679 holds an optical film 680, such as polarizing film, half or quarter wave plates, filters, mirrors, fresnel or other lenses, other optical devices or combinations thereof. Frame or frames 679 are attached to the light source compartment 677 or placed above the light source or above or below dish 685. The dish 685 is a translucent, transparent or mirror reflective dish where the objects 670, 671 are placed. The dish 685 may also have a polarizing film incorporated into it away from the surface exposed to edible material or to physical handling. The dish 685 may have fixed photoelastic properties that add to the display. A user 712 may rotate 697 the compartment 677 holding the light source 675, rotate 698 the polarizing film 680 or rotate 699 the dish 685. This is to facilitate control of the transmission of light 711. Toy polariscope 669 as well as other embodiments may be edible or inedible in whole or in part.
A stand 695 may be bowed to allow minimal obstruction to user's hands and the placement of the dish 685. The stand 695 may be moved 696 in a circular path to control orientation of a mounted optical film 690, which may be a polarizing film with respect to another polarizing film 680 for controlling the amount of light 711 reaching an observer 712. The mounted optical film 690, such as polarizing film, half or quarter wave plates, filters, mirrors, fresnel or other lenses, or other optical device, is located on the top of the stand 695. The mounted optical film 690 may be replaced with polarized glasses on the observer 712. The glasses may have other optical devices as well. A polarizing light source 675, a first polarizing film 680, and the dish 685 may be rotated with respect to the mounted optical film 690. An alternate light source 700 may be used for observation by reflection off a mirrored surface on or below the dish 685.
Various instruments 705 allow the user 712 to hold, pull, stick, press and/or squeeze the photoelastic objects 670, 671. Instruments 705 may include tweezers 701, sharp instruments 702 or blunt instruments 703. A brush 706 may also be provided to add water or syrup or other substances to surfaces of the objects 670, 671 to make the objects 670, 671 sticky and capable of adhering to other objects. A cup 707 for water may also be provided along with other edible substances, such as, but not limited to, honey, syrup, or other flavorings. These substances may also be provided.
An alternative method of mounting optical devices, such as polarizing films, mirrors, quarter and half wave plates, filters, lenses, fresnel lenses, etc uses a circular mount 710 attached to a handle 713 for the observer 712 to hold. This device may hold one or more optical devices that can rotate with respect to one another and can be used to observe the sky. This may likewise be an edible polarizing disc made of edible plasticized sugar and other edible optically active chiral chemicals and polymers mounted on a stick like a lollypop 710, 713. Light from a light source 718 provides illumination in dimly lit areas. The light travels up from the light source 718 and through a device 715 with two polarizing films 714 attached to a handle 719. A photoelastic object 716 is placed between the two polarizing films 714. The user 712 may hold the handle 719 with one hand and manipulate the object 716 with the other hand. The polarizing films 714 rotate 717 with respect to one another.
Mixing, casting and play stress analysis kits may accompany this embodiment or the other embodiments using edible and/or inedible materials. For example, pre-cast mixtures or materials may be made for pouring into molds that form a variety of shapes or even cast onto a variety of mirrored shapes to play like real stress analysis is being performed.
Other embodiments may include forms with optical films mounted in stackable devices such as polarizing films mounted on devices with legs that fit on top of each other. This format can allow films to be rotated with respect to one another as the legs insert into a continuous groove or a series of holes through which to rotate or reinsert the legs.
Other edible, photoelastic embodiments are possible. Edible photoelastic objects may be cut or molded into various shapes and designs. The objects may have various flavors or colors and the objects may be hard or gummy. The packaging of the edible photoelastic objects may substitute for the toy polariscope. The packaging may contain polarized films, highly reflective surfaces or other optical devices. The edible photoelastic objects are observed through the packaging, with the fringes visible.
FIG. 17 shows a photoelastic object 725 with an enclosed light 730. The object 725 may be a toy, such as, but not limited to, robots, dolls, or toy weapons made from translucent or transparent material with photoelastic and/or photoplastic properties. Photoplastic effects are formed when certain plastics, such as acrylic or polyurethane are stressed and/or unevenly heated and cooled during a curing phase. This leaves fixed fringes that may be viewed with polarized light. The light 730 is powered with a battery and may be designed to flicker or have a sustained emission. A polarizing film 735 is applied to the outer surface of the material and a polarizing film 740 is applied to the inner surface of the material. Light 745 travels from the interior of the object 725 through the polarizing film 740, through the material, through the polarizing film 735 and to an observer 750. If the polarizing films 735, 740 are not applied, the observer 750 may utilize a device similar to those previously described to observe fringe patterns.
FIG. 18 shows a stand 760 for observing photoelastic objects. The stand 760 may either hold the photoelastic objects to be observed through a device previously described or be used to observe such objects with polarizing films attached to them as described previously. The stand itself may have photoelastic/photoplastic fringe patterns observed through a device previously described or have a polarizing film, dye or other polarizing device applied to an outer surface 770 and/or inner surface 765 of the material. Light 775 from an ambient source or another light source passes through the stand 760 and to an observer 780.
FIG. 19 shows a process 800 for applying a polarizing film to a photoelastic object 805. A buffing device 810 fits around the photoelastic object 805 and creates fine polishing grooves 815 in one direction on the photoelastic object 805. An applicator 820 applies droplets of dye 825 to the photoelastic object 805 and the dye 825 moves into the grooves 815. The dye 825 may be edible or inedible. The dye 825 is spread on the surface of the photoelastic object 805 by rotating 835 the photoelastic object 805 around on a fixation device 830. The photoelastic object 805 is held in place on the fixation device by stops 831. A heat source 840 facilitates drying of the dye 825.
FIG. 20 shows a lamp or candleholder 900. A light source 905 is either a candle flame or a light bulb. A candle 910 may be made of transparent, translucent, photoelastic or photoplastic materials that create fringe patterns when stressed. However, traditional opaque candles 910 may also be used. In a preferred embodiment, a protective glass barrier 915 surrounds the light source 905 to protect the plastic and polarizing films from heat. A first polarizing film 920 is attached to an inner surface of transparent or translucent glass, Plexiglas or plastic 921, which forms an open-ended enclosure around the light source 905. Transparent or translucent photoelastic material 925 is shaped into a cylindrical display between the first polarizing film 920 and a second polarizing film 930 on the outer surface of the glass, Plexiglas or plastic 921. The shapes 925 have fixed photoelastic fringes and may also change in display due to stress caused by heat, resulting in uneven expansion and contraction from a flame or lamp. The lamp or candleholder 900 may include a reflective surface 935 beneath the light source 905 to aid in visualization of the fringes from the candle 910 material itself if it is also photoelastic or it may simply enhance the visual effects of 925. Light 940 travels from the light source 905, through the barrier 915, polarizing film 920, glass, Plexiglas or plastic 921, the photoelastic material 925 within 921, the polarizing film 930 and to a user 945. Light 940 may also travel from the light source 905, through a translucent/transparent/photoelastic or even non-photoelastic candle material 910 and reflects off a reflective surface 935 back through the translucent/transparent/photoelastic or even non-photoelastic candle material 910 through polarizing film/films 920 and/or 930 as well as 921 and/or 925 to the observer 945.
FIG. 21 shows a candleholder 950 that is designed for transparent or translucent candles that are also photoelastic. Gel candles or candles formulated with other suitable materials may be specially formulated such that the candle material itself may display prominent photoelastic properties when stressed. A flame 955 provides illumination from within a depression 956 within candle material 957. A bowl shaped structure 960 holds the candle material 957 and is itself transparent or translucent. A mirrored surface 965 covers a portion or all of an inner surface of the bowl 960. A polarizing film 970 covers a portion or all of an inner and/or outer surface of the bowl 960. Light 973 from the flame 955 is reflected off the mirrored surface 965 and travels through the candle material 957, through the bowl 960 and polarizing film 970 and to a user 980. And open lid 975 may be provided whose inner and/or outer surface is covered with a polarizing film to provide another viewing angle particularly if the entire surface of the bowl 960 is covered with a mirrored surface 965. Light 973 from the flame 955 is reflected off the mirrored surface 965 and travels through the candle material 957, through the lid covered with polarizing material 975 to the observer 980. The user 980 may observe the candleholder 950 from various angles.
FIG. 22 is a side view of a shoe 985 with photoelastic properties. Part or the entire shoe may be made from photoelastic materials. In a preferred embodiment, a high heel 986 is made of transparent or translucent photoelastic or photoplastic material. A cross section 987 of the heel 986 shows an inner portion 988 with transparent or translucent photoelastic material, a polarizing film 989 circling the inner portion 988, and a protective transparent or translucent material 990 surrounding the polarizing film 989. The body of the shoe 984 may also be made of transparent or translucent photoelastic or photoplastic material. A cross section 991 of the body 984 shows a first layer of highly reflective material 992 visible from the exterior of the shoe 985, an inner portion 993 with transparent or translucent photoelastic material, a polarizing film 994 circling the inner portion 993, and a protective transparent or translucent material 990 surrounding the polarizing film 994. Ambient light 995 is reflected off the mirrored surface 992 and travels through the inner layer 993, polarizing film 994 and outer protective layer 990 before reaching a viewer 999. Light is transmitted by transmission or reflection.
FIG. 23 shows jewelry 1000 with photoelastic properties. Jewelry includes bangles, necklaces, bracelets, pens, earrings, rings, body piercing objects, etc. A bracelet or necklace 1005 is made of a series of spherical or other shaped objects 1006. Note that objects 1006 may have embedded magnets to hold the objects together or be held together by string/wire or other device. A cross section 1010 of the objects 1006 shows that each object 1006 is made of a central region 1011 of transparent or translucent photoelastic material surrounded by a polarizing film 1012 and a protective covering 1014. Jewelry 1015 may be formed in a single piece that is flexible or rigid. A cross section 1020 shows that the jewelry 1015 is made of a central region 1022 of transparent or translucent photoelastic material surrounded by a polarizing film 1023 and a protective covering 1024. Light is transmitted by transmission or reflection.
FIG. 24 is a display 1027 of spherical photoelastic objects 1026 with embedded magnets 1028 forming a pattern of circular arches above and below a transparent, translucent, photoplastic and/or photoelastic stand piece 1016. The arching connected objects 1026 above and below the stand piece 1016 form a construction due to magnetic attractions between objects 1026. The photoelastic effects are due to stress patterns created by the magnetic forces between the objects as well as between the objects and the stand piece. The stand piece 1016 may be circular and may be supported by a vertical rod 1029. Photoelastic and/or photoplastic effects are visible as residual stress patterns as well as stress patterns caused by the interaction of magnetic forces between the objects 1026 and between the objects 1026 and the stand piece 1016.
FIG. 25 is a display 1030 of dumbbell shaped photoelastic objects 1040 with embedded magnets 1031 at each spherical shaped end 1032 forming an arched pattern above and below another type of transparent, translucent, photoplastic and/or photoelastic stand piece 1035. The arching connected objects 1040 above and below the stand piece 1035 form a construction due to magnetic attractions between objects 1040. Photoelastic effects 1045 are due to stress patterns created by the magnetic forces between the objects as well as between the objects 1040 and the stand piece 1035. The stand piece 1035 may be circular and may be supported by one or more vertical rods 1033. Photoelastic and/or photoplastic effects 1045 are visible as residual stress patterns as well as stress patterns caused by the interaction of magnetic forces between the objects 1040 and between the objects 1040 and the stand piece 1035. The bending of the dumbbell shaped photoelastic objects 1040 causes other stress patterns 1045.
FIG. 26 is a display 1050 of dumbbell shaped 1060 and one spherical shaped 1065 photoelastic objects forming a chain-like pattern suspended by hooked structures 1067 from another type of transparent, translucent, photoplastic and/or photoelastic stand piece 1055. The interlocking chain like pattern forms a construction due to magnetic attractions between the objects. Photoelastic effects 1070 are due to stress patterns created by the magnetic forces between the objects 1060, 1065, by stress caused by bending the cylindrical parts of the dumbbell shaped objects 1060, by gravitational forces from the weight of the hanging chain like construction on the hooked parts 1067 of the stand 1055 as well as on the objects themselves, and by residual stress patterns.
FIG. 27 is an interlocking construction 1080 of spherical objects 1081 with embedded magnets 1082. Some of the spheres 1081 having out pouches 1083, some having in pouches 1084, and some have neither in nor out pouches. Various shapes can be used together. Though not shown here, embedded magnets 1082 may be absent in some of these objects that can connect and create stress patterns from the mechanical forces caused by the interlocking parts alone. Photoelastic stress patterns 1085 are caused in part from mechanical forces of interlocking parts on each other as well as interaction of magnetic forces.
FIG. 28 is a candleholder 1090 that displays photoplastic effects 1125 due to residual stresses as well as stresses created by active heating and cooling from a light source. The photoelastic effects are further exaggerated by opposing materials connected or embedded together that vary in properties such as coefficients of thermal expansion. The light source may also be made of photoelastic/photoplastic/translucent/transparent material that is deformed by a device that compresses it. The burning material 1120 with photoelastic properties is also capable of burning gradually and producing light in a controlled steady manner. This material may be edible or inedible. The burning material 1120 may also be standard candle wax, gel, oil, alcohol, kerosene based material, or similar material that can be opaque, translucent, or transparent in part or in whole.
A lid 1095 of the candleholder 1090 allows for viewing photoelastic patterns 1125 from the holder material by transmission or from photoelastic candle material or from both from above making use of reflection from a mirrored surface 1130 from below. An opening 1100 in the lid 1095 allows gases to escape.
A bottom 1110 of the candleholder 1090 has photoelastic patterns 1125 from the holder material that can be viewed by transmission. Photoelastic stress patterns from photoelastic candle material can be viewed making use of reflection from a mirrored surface 1130 from the bottom and partially on the sides of the candleholder 1090.
Photoelastic stress patterns 1125 created in a photoelastic candle holder 1090 or candle material 1120 can vary as a result of differential heating and cooling. Photoelastic candle material 1120 is preferably made from an oil-based material with thermoplastic resins that forms a gel. A gel with an embedded wick can be molded into any desired shape that can then be placed in a deforming device to create stress patterns. A simple example of such a device is a clear band tied around the gel candle to compress it or two halves of a transparent irregular cup like structure that envelops and compresses the shape of a gel candle when clamped together around the candle. The photoelastic/photoplastic stress patterns in the candle holder and/or candle material may be due to residual stresses within the photoelastic/photoplastic material of the candle holder and/or candle material or caused by deformation from heating and cooling caused by heat from the light source which may be further increased if the photoelastic material is furthered stressed by mechanical forces exerted by differential expansion of combined materials with different thermal properties such as different coefficients of thermal expansion.
The mirrored surface 1130 on the bottom and possibly part of the sides of the candleholder facilitates observation of photoelastic stress patterns 1125 by means of reflection through the candleholder 1090 and candle material 1120 from the mirrored surfaces 1130. Photoelastic material 1135 may be embedded within the candleholder 1090.
Cross sections 140 of candleholder bottom 1110 and lid 1095 show the layering of materials. Inner surfaces 1150 of candleholder lid and bottom protect the outer layers from excessive heat exposure. Inner layers of polarizing film 1155 facilitate viewing of photoelastic stress patterns within layers of photoelastic embedded materials 1157 by transmission of light. Outer layer of polarizing film 1155 aide viewing of photoelastic stress patterns within layers of photoelastic embedded materials 1157 by transmission as well as the viewing of photoelastic stress patterns of a photoelastic candle and photoelastic embedded materials 1157 by reflection from mirrored surfaces 1130 through the candle material. Finally, a protective outer surface 1160 protects the outer polarizing film 1155 from erosion caused by the elements and handling.
FIG. 29 is a construction 1165 using dumbbell shaped 1170 and spherical shaped 1180, 1190, 1195 photoelastic objects with embedded magnets on a stand piece 1200 that facilitates suspension in space of an object as a result of magnetic forces. A dumbbell shaped photoelastic object 1170, with embedded magnets in spherical shaped ends, is suspended in midair due to a balanced relationship of magnetic attraction between itself and other photoelastic objects with embedded magnets in balanced relationship to gravity and their respective positions on a stand piece 1200.
A spherical photoelastic object 1180 is held firmly against a stand piece 1200 that supports it in an elevated position due to magnetic attraction through the stand piece 1200 to another photoelastic object 1195 with an embedded magnet on the other side of the stand piece 1200. A spherical photoelastic object 1190 with an embedded magnet holds the dumbbell shaped photoelastic object 1170 with embedded magnets in its spherical ends by magnetic attraction through the stand piece 1200 to one end of the dumbbell shaped photoelastic object with an embedded magnet. The suspended end of the dumbbell shaped photoelastic object 1170 is attracted to the objects 1180, 1195 out of reach on the other side of the stand because of the embedded magnets in each of the objects. If the attraction is greater than the gravitational forces, but less than the magnetic forces pulling it in the opposite direction, the free end of the dumbbell shaped object 1170 is suspended. The stand 1200 is a transparent/translucent/photoelastic/photoplastic piece with two vertical disc-like structures with circular planes facing each other, vertical rod like structures supporting the disc-like structures, as well as a horizontal circular platform below.
Photoelastic/photoplastic stress patterns 1205 are caused by residual stress in the stand piece and objects, by forces caused by magnetic interactions, and by bending on the cylindrical part of the dumbbell shaped object suspended in space.
FIG. 30 is a display 1220 of a photoelastic object 1225 with embedded magnets suspended in space. The photoelastic object 1225 may be spinning or stationary. A variety of levitating devices 1230 are known. In the present case, photoelastic effects 1240 are added to the levitation. In this embodiment, the photoelastic object 1225 or the embedded magnets may have spikes that create residual stress patterns. Other photoelastic displays 1235 compliment the visual effect 1240 of the levitated photoelastic object 1225.
FIG. 31 is an hourglass shaped toy polariscope device 1250. An hourglass shaped translucent/transparent/photoplastic/photoelastic container 1255 is partly or entirely covered with polarizing film. The container need not be photoplastic/photoelastic if emphasis is on the photoelastic/photoplastic effects of the contents of the container. A narrow segment 1257 various in diameter and constriction shape. The container 1255 also varies in flexibility and can be edible or inedible. Photoelastic/photoplastic/translucent/transparent bead-like structures 1260 are placed within the container 1255. The size and shape of the bead-like structures 1260 are designed in conjunction with the size and shape of the container 1255 and the narrow neck 1257. The bead-like structures 1260 may be edible or inedible and vary in flexibility, hardness, or firmness. The bead like structures or other type of contents need not be photoelastic/photoplastic if emphasis is on the photoplastic/photoelastic effects of the container. The beads 1260 flow through the constriction 1257 like sand through an hourglass and may or may not have timing characteristics. The bead-like structures 1260 may flow through the constriction over and over by turning the hourglass container 1255 over after the bead-like structures 1260 move to the lower half of the container 1255 from the upper half of the container 1255. This may also be accomplished with a motor. A light source may be included. This embodiment of the present invention may further include one or more removable lids 1270 so that contents of the container 1255 are accessible to a user. If the contents of the container 1255 are edible or inedible they can be sold separately as replacements for the container 1255.
Light 1275 from any source, including ambient light, travels through one side of the device, though a polarizing covering on one side of the container 1255, through the photoplastic/photoplastic/translucent/transparent beads 1260 and/or container 1255, through a polarizing covering on the other side of the container 1255, and onto an observer 1280. This embodiment functions due to observation of the photoelastic/photoplastic effects by transmission. If the inner surface of one side of the device 1250 is a mirrored surface, then light 1275 is reflected off the inner surface, passes through the photoelastic/photoplastic/translucent/transparent beads 1260 and/or container 1255, through the other side of the container 1255, through the polarizing covering on the other side of the container, and onto the observer 1280. This embodiment functions due to observation of the photoelastic/photoplastic effects by reflection. This embodiment may be turned or tilted with a motor and involve shapes other than hourglass shapes with any size or shape of beads. It may also involve pouring beads from side to side, spinning the beads around, or having them flow through tube structures or channels within a container of a variety of shapes. This format can enhance other effects such as phosphor or plasma light displays.
The hourglass shaped polariscope device 1250 may also involve any type of passage with flowing beads.
FIG. 32 is a device 1300 using photoelastic fringes, visualization of digital output, sound, and animation to stimulate and motivate the user to exert a bending force on a photoelastic rod. This embodiment not only encourages an interest in science, physics, and engineering, but also motivates the user to do physical exercise. The device 1300 is also applicable to rehabilitation situations and may be modified to work other muscle groups. A bending force 1320 created by a user acts upon a photoelastic rod 1310. The bending force 1320 creates fringes 1330 in the photoelastic rod 1310. A cylinder of polarizing film 1380 surrounds the photoelastic rod 1310 within a chamber housing 1350.
The chamber housing 1350 surrounds the photoelastic rod 1310. A device 1340 within the chamber housing 1350 prevents bending of the photoelastic rod 1310 beyond the strength of the rod 1310. Additional features may include a light illuminating chamber 1360 within the chamber housing 1350 connected to a battery or other power source 1370 for the light 1360. A strain gauge 1390 measures strain on the photoelastic rod 1310. A signal from the strain gauge 1390 is proportional to the force applied 1320. Wires 1400 connect the strain gauge 1390 to an output recorder 1410. The output recorder 1410 converts the signal from the strain gauge 1390 into a usable form. In a preferred embodiment, the output is converted into a visual representation of the force 1320 along with sound and animation.
FIG. 33 is a process 1450 whereby polarizing films 1460, 1470 are cut out and graphed onto photoelastic/photoplastic objects 1490 in different patterns of orientation to create varying patterns of transmission of light on an object 1490. Cut out portions 1465 of a polarizing film 1460 are created in a variety of patterns. A second polarizing film 1470 is oriented at an angle with respect to the first polarizing film 1460 to specify the amount of light that is transmitted between the two polarizing films 1460, 1470. After an angle of orientation 1480 has been fixed, portions are cut out 1475 of the second polarizing film 1470 in patterns congruent to the cut out portions 1465 in the first polarizing film 1460. Parallel dashed lines 1476 illustrate congruency between the first polarizing film 1460 cutouts 1465 and the second polarizing film 1470 cutouts 1475.
After the first polarizing film 1460 cutouts 1465 and the second polarizing film 1470 cutouts 1475 have been removed, a different angle 1480 may be fixed and new corresponding shaped cutouts 1465, 1475 may be cut in a variety of patterns from the same films or different films. This creates a patchwork of paired films.
The patchworks of various paired cutout films are placed on photoelastic/photoplastic objects 1490. The paired cut out polarizing films 1465, 1475 are placed on the front and back of the photoelastic/photoplastic object 1490 in congruent alignment with each other in terms of their shapes, but at a different orientation with respect to light when the angle 1480 is not zero, 180 degrees or 360 degrees. The cutouts 1465 are placed 1500 on the back of an object 1490, while the cutouts 1475 are placed 1510 on the front of an object 1490.
Modified films 1520 may also involve filters, mirrored surfaces, half and quarter wave films, lenses, fresnel lenses, and other optical films and devices to enhance effects. The additional optical films and devices may be applied below, on top of, or any where with respect to polarizing films or other optical films. Other films, optical devices, or cut portions of polarizing films may also be arranged randomly on a surface of a photoelastic/photoplastic object 1490 or other cylindrical or rounded shaped photoelastic/photoplastic 1530. The devices 1465, 1475 need not be paired or congruent in terms of shape and still create a pattern of varying transmission of light from varying points of view of the object 1490, 1530. Patchwork devices 1465, 1475 may also be incorporated as a patchwork polarizing film and/or other optical film design for amusing effects in or on a device similar to those shown in FIGS. 1-4, 7-10, 15-32, and 34. Device 1540 containing patchwork devices 1465, 1475 parallels device 5 in FIG. 1 that can rotate 1550 and can operate singly or in pairs.
FIG. 34 is a lamp, holiday ornamental light, flash light, projecting light, strobe light, visual reward light 1600 on games or instruments for humans and animals, or other light source using a layer of photoplastic\photoelastic material with a display pattern with polarizing films capable of rotation above and below the photoelastic/photoplastic layer fitted above a light source.
A light source 1615 is located in chamber 1610. The light source 1615 may be a steady or flickering light source. The inner surface of the chamber 1610 may also be mirrored to allow for observation by reflection. A polarizing film 1620 is located directly above the light chamber 1610, but below a layer of photoelastic/photoplastic material 1630. Other optical films may likewise be placed here to enhance effects. The layer of photoelastic/photoplastic material 1630 may involve mixed substances that interact with different thermal coefficients of expansion. Different rates of expansion between adjoining, attached substances create stress and stress pattern fringes 1635 on the combination of materials due to effects of heating and cooling from the light source 1615. Fixed stress patterns may also be the result of heating and cooling during the original curing process of the photoelastic/photoplastic material 1630.
Another polarizing film 1640 is located above the layer of photoelastic/photoplastic material 1630. Other optical films may likewise be placed here to enhance effects. The polarizing films 1620, 1640 and the photoelastic/photoplastic material 1630 are capable of rotation 1650 with respect to one another. This controls the transmission of light and the photoelastic/photoplastic display.
Light 1660 travels from the light source in 1615, through the first polarizing film 1620, through the photoplastic/photoelastic layer 1630, through the second polarizing film 1640, and to an observer 1670. This is observation by transmission. To observe by reflection the light from the light source in 1615 is reflected off an inner surface of the chamber 1610, travels through the photoelastic/photoplastic layer 1630, through the polarizing film 1640 above the photoelastic material 1630, and to the observer 1670. Other optical films and devices may be applied anywhere in, on, or around the device to enhance the effect described.
FIG. 35 is an illustration of mixing kits 2000 for edible and inedible photoelastic objects 2060. A container 2010 has a spout for pouring, mixing, oven heating or microwaving materials while making photoelastic objects 2060. Prepared contents from the container 2010 are poured onto a nonstick surface 2020 for curing into a large object 2030. The nonstick surface 2020 may be modified to allow for controlled heating and measured even thickness. Instead of being in direct contact with the prepared contents, sheets of Teflon or cellophane may serve as an intervening surface to allow cured or partially cured contents to be lifted up and cast onto another object.
A cookie cutter like device 2040 or other similar device may be used to cut out shapes from the large object 2030. The cookie cutter like device 2040 may be a variety of shapes and sizes. The cookie cutter like device 2040 is placed 2045 on the large object 2030 to cut a desired object 2060 out of the large object 2030. The desired object 2060 is removed 2055 from the large object 2030 and leaves a hole 2050.
The resulting photoelastic object 2060 removed from the hole 2050 may be edible (i.e. gelatin based) or inedible (i.e. plastic based).
Prepared contents 2070 on the nonstick surface 2020 are lifted up 2075 and removed from the nonstick surface 2020 for use in casting. An object 2080 on which the prepared contents 2070 are casted is shown.
Alternatively, prepared contents are poured from the container 2010 into a rigid or flexible mold 2090. The rigid or flexible mold 2090 has shaped depressions 2100. After full or partial curing, molded shapes 2110 are lifted or punched out 2120 of the rigid or flexible mold 2090.
FIG. 36 shows a method of applying an edible or inedible polarizing film on an edible or inedible photoelastic or transparent object 3010. A container 3020 holds the edible or inedible photoelastic or transparent object 3010 and other contents. Water or oil based fluid 3040 is placed in the container 3020. The water or oil based fluid 3040 may be covered with a fine powder. Layers of molecules 3045 have optical electromagnetic and bifringent properties and spread out forming a thin film on the surface of the water or oil based fluid 3040. The resulting film pushes the fine powder out to the edges on the surface of the liquid making the boundaries of the film visible. An electric current or electromagnetic field 3030 is used to orient the layers of molecules 3045 in a desired direction. A drain 3050 near a base 3051 of the container 3020 is used to remove the water or oil based fluid 3040. As the water or oil based fluid 3040 is drained, the oriented layers of molecules 3045 come to rest on the photoelastic or transparent object 3010.
A resulting coated photoelastic object or transparent object 3055 may in turn be coated on its other sides using a similar process with polarizing orientation at any angle of orientation to the other sides. If the materials involved are edible, an edible photoelastic object may be made, or if applied to the surface of an edible transparent object, the coated edible object may be used as a polarizing device to view objects or even the sky and other environments prior to consumption. If only the polarizing film is edible, it may be licked off inedible surfaces.
FIG. 37 shows a method of making an edible polarizing film 3110. The process is started with an edible polymer material 3060. The edible polymer material is preferably, but not limited to, starch and protein based materials. Edible chiral molecules 3070 have optical bifringent electromagnetic properties. The edible chiral molecules 3070 may involve doped gold and/or silver or other similar materials, e.g. potassium chloride or sorbate, iodine, dicalcium, sodium bicarbonate or benzoate, carotinoids, alcohols, glycine, glycerine, lecithin, lipids, phospholipids, hydrocarbons, amino acids, certain vitamins, etc.
The edible polymer material 3060 is stretched into a stretched out position 3080. Arrows 3090 show the direction of stretching of the edible polymer material 3060. The edible chiral molecules 3070 are aligned in one orderly direction 3100 determined by the alignment polymers 3060 brought about by stretching to create the stretched out position 3080. The result is the edible polarizing film 3110 that can be used to view objects, the sky, and other environments prior to consumption.
FIG. 38 is an example of a flash light form 3200 of a projecting polarizing device. A tube 3210 holds contents of the device 3200. The tube 3210 is opened and closed at an end cap 3215 or other device to insert batteries 3220 and other objects. A projecting light source 3230 is located in the tube 3210. A first polarizing film 3240 may rotate in front of the projecting light source 3230 but behind a compartment 3250 for placement of objects to be manipulated and viewed. A second polarizing film 3260 may be located in front of the first polarizing film 3240 and the compartment 3250 and may rotate. A projecting lens array 3270 allows focusing. A portal 3280 allows projected light and its created image to pass out of the tube 3210 in the form of projected light rays 3290.
Photoelastic or other objects 3330 are placed 3320 and manipulated in the compartment 3250. Slide like photoplastic sheets 3310 with fixed fringes may also be placed in the compartment 3250. A hinged door or other opening 3255 allows access to the compartment 3250.
Alternative photoelastic devices 3340 within the device 3200 allows for mechanical manipulation and fixation. A photoelastic object 3350 within device 3200 may have deformities or holes 3355 to enhance photo-stress fringes. A ring or other shaped mounting device 3360 holds the photoelastic objects 3350 and screws and other manipulating devices 3370. The screws and other devices 3370 mechanically stress the photoelastic object 3350. Otherwise photoelastic devices may be manipulated manually or through some other means.
The device 3200 may be formed as a hand held flash light 3400 projecting an image 3401 on a screen or wall for an observer 3405 to see.
FIG. 39 is a transverse view of a photo elastic object 3530 mounted between rotating polarizing films 3520 in a device 3500. The device 3500 may be partly or completely edible. The rotating polarizing films 3520 are mounted like wheels on an axle type device 3510. The photoelastic object 3530 is mounted on the axle 3510 between the rotating polarizing films 3520. The photoelastic object 3530 is manipulated either manually or mechanically and observed at one end of the device 3500 by an observer 3540. The axle device 3500 is also shown from an oblique angle 3600.
FIG. 40 is a sun catcher type device 3700 for viewing a plastic sheet 3730 with patterns of fixed fringes 3731 impressed within it. The patterns 3731 are designed by imprinted forms or impressing plastic sheets with metallic or other heat tolerant substrates formed into patterns to make the embossed designs. This is a compact view of the device. The device 3700 may be mounted on a light source, or provided with a stand or mounting device to be exposed to sunlight or use ambient light before observance by an observer 3900. An expanded view 3705 of the sun catcher like device 3700 shows details of the layers.
Protective transparent plastic coverings 3710 protect and mount polarizing films 3720, 3740 and the embossed plastic sheet 3730 with fixed photoelastic patterns 3731. The polarizing film 3720 is oriented in a fixed position behind the embossed plastic sheet 3730 with fixed photoelastic patterns 3731. A polarizing film 3740 in front of the embossed plastic sheet 3730 is oriented 90 degrees in a fixed position with respect to the polarizing film 3720.
Additional devices 3750 such as Fresnel lenses, filters, wave plates etc. may be included.
A smaller polarizing film 3760 rotates with respect to a corresponding portion on 3720 through an exposed cut out portion 3745 of the polarizing film 3740.
A knob 3765 allows turning 3771 of the smaller polarizing film 3760 and rotation 3770 of an axel type configuration 3775.
FIG. 41 is a boxed photoelastic device 4000 with manipulating screws 4040. The boxed photoelastic device 4000 has sides of a box 4010. A photoelastic device 4020 is located inside the box 4010. The photoelastic device 4020 may have holes or deformations 4030 to enhance photoelastic stress patterns. The screws 4040 that screw into the box press against the photoelastic device 4020, deforming the photoelastic device 4020 and creating stress patterns.
An oblique and transverse view 4045 of the boxed photoelastic device 4000 shows a first polarizing film 4050 above the photoelastic device 4020 and oriented at 90 degrees with respect to an opposite polarizing film 4060. The first polarizing film 4050 is oriented 4055 at 90 degrees with respect to the orientation 4065 of the opposite polarizing film 4060. The opposite polarizing film 4060 is located below the photoelastic object 4020, but above a light source 4070. A lid 4080 closes the box 4010 from view of an observer 4085.
FIG. 42 shows various photoelastic objects 2000 with ferromagnetic material incorporated into the photoelastic objects in the form of dust filings, fibers, wires, or larger tubes or sheets with mirrored surfaces. The larger tubes may be straight, bent or hinged. Other photoelastic objects with large forms of ferromagnetic material of any shape may also be used. An example of ferromagnetic material is preferably, but not limited to, iron.
Smaller photoelastic objects 2001 have fixed photoelastic fringes 2002 and with ferromagnetic material 2003 incorporated within the smaller photoelastic objects 2001. An image is amplified 2010 when the smaller photoelastic objects 2001 are embedded 2008 inside a translucent/transparent spherical ball 2005. The ferromagnetic material 2003 is preferably, but not limited to, ferromagnetic dust or filings.
Other embodiments 2020 include a photoelastic object 2001, in this example spherical, with ferromagnetic dust or filings 2003 incorporated within the photoelastic object. The object can be of any shape and the ferromagnetic material can be of any size and configuration and shape in other embodiments.
Other embodiments 2030 may include spikes 2035 for creating fringes 2002.
Other embodiments 2040 may include long projections 2045 that may be flexible strands or more rigid, bent or hinged strands or projections. Projections 2055 with hinges 2050 and ferromagnetic dust or filings, or projections 2058 with incorporated fibers or wires, or projections 2060 with larger tubes or sheets with mirrored surfaces may be part of the projections 2045. The projections 2045 may come in a variety of shapes including spiral or spring-like shapes. The projections 2045 may have fixed fringes 2002 as well as produce more fringes on deformation.
Other alternative embodiments of the present invention 2080 use a magnetic wand 2100 to cause movement of photoelastic objects, such as 2000, 2020, 2030 or 2040, with incorporated ferromagnetic material 2002, and/or mirrored surfaces of a variety of configurations within a transparent/translucent box or container 2090 for holding photoelastic objects covered with polarizing film and/or partially covered with mirrored areas 2095. Sides of the container 2090 are covered with polarizing films only or mirrored surfaces with opposing sides with polarizing films or other combinations 2095 to allow for viewing of photoelastic objects by transmission and/or reflection. The magnetic wand 2100 that attracts the photoelastic objects that contain ferromagnetic material causes them to move 2110.
An alternative view 2200 of the container 2090 focuses on objects with projections that move 2040 or remain more stationary 2220. A transparent/translucent barrier 2210 with a polarizing film covers the top of the container 2090 and a transparent/translucent barrier 2215 with polarizing film or mirror covers the bottom of the container 2090. The photoelastic objects that are more stationary 2220 have projections that move in response to the magnetic field caused by the magnetic wand 2100 because ferromagnetic materials have been incorporated into the objects 2220.
FIG. 43 shows a transparent box 34 lined with polarizing films 35 on all sides containing photoelastic objects 36 with ferromagnetic material incorporated into them. These objects make a dazzling display of color as they are made to jump around with a magnet 37.
FIG. 44 shows polarizing glasses 4400 and a photoelastic object 4402 held up to the sky 4404 which is used as a polarizing light source.
FIG. 45 shows a mirrored surface 4500 with polarizing films 4502 and photoelastic material 4504.
FIG. 46 shows polarizing films held in various paper or cardboard frames. The polarizing films may be held in glasses 4600, a mask 4602, or a head gear 4604. One or more of the polarizing films in the headgear 4604 can be rotated in front of a viewer's eyes. The frames may be stand-alone 4606 or may be inserted into a stand 4608. The stand-alone frames 4606 may be single pieces of folded paper or cardboard. The frames may be hung from another object 4610 or be held up by props 4612.
FIG. 47 shows a camera 4700 that has a polarizing film 4702 over its lens and a polarizing device 4704 with a connection structure for fitting on or over a camera lens.
FIG. 48 shows a polarized light source 4800 and parts making up the polarized light: an unpolarized light source with base 4802, cover 4804, polarizing film 4806 and securing ring 4808.
FIG. 49 shows a condenser lens 4900 and projector lens 4902 set up to evenly illuminate polarizing films 4904 and a photoelastic device 4906 and projector lens 4908 on the opposite side for projecting images of fringes of the photoelastic device 4906.
FIG. 50 shows photoelastic material formed in a variety of shapes. The photoelastic material may be in the shape of a dragon 5000, angel 5002, devil 5004, witch 5006, monster 5008, ghost or spirit 5010, wing 5012, horn 5014, cape 5016, hat 5018, mask 5020, rock 5022, raindrop 5024, pebble 5026, mountain 5028, cloud 5030, rainbow 5032, snowflake 5034, fossil 5036, fruit 5038, tree 5040, leaf 5042, seed 5044, flower 5046, nut 5048, bean 5050, branch 5052, tree trunk 5054, stem 5056, diatom skeleton 5058, doll or figurine 5060, doll eye 5062, gun 5064, axe 5066, canon 5068, dart 5069, bow and arrow 5070, sling shot 5072, bomb 5074, grenade 5076, clothing or jewelry 5078, or complementary shapes that fit together like puzzle pieces 5080.
FIG. 51 shows versatile stands for supporting polarizing films in vertical or horizontal positions. These stands may be cardboard and can be used in a versatile cardboard polariscope. A polarizing film may be supported by a cardboard stand that folds or unfolds into a position that supports the film in an upright position or in an alternative horizontal position over a light source. In one position, a cardboard stand 5100 supports the film 5102 upright on a triangular base that has a slit 5104 to insert the film. This triangular base can unfold into a larger enclosure or simply be placed in a horizontal position if the triangular space is big enough for a light source 5106 to be inserted inside and to support the film 5102 lying horizontally over the stand 5100 now in a reclining position. Stand 5108 is a folded piece of cardboard. It unfolds into a larger square or diamond enclosure as shown.
The photoelastic material may be a soft plastic, 65 or less Shore A, which exhibits a watery fluid stress color effect. When gently manipulated, the stress colors produced by such a material appear to flow like water. On such soft plastic, manipulators such as clamps or screws could be used not for hard force but only to position, using gentle force. By fixing the material in place with a screw or clamp, the user's hands are freed to manipulate the material or other objects.
As discussed below, edible forms of rigid and/or flexible photoelastic materials may be developed. These photoelastic materials may be based on gelatin, or on an alternative gelling agent such as carrageenan or agar-agar. Commercial gelatin typically is made from pork, however it can be produced from other animal and fish sources as well. For example, gel produced when baking chicken can be very photoelastic, and this type of gel is also produced by turkey, fish and beef. Carrageenan and agar-agar are vegetarian products and appeal especially to Muslims and Jewish people (as may gelatin from sources other than swine), who object to the typical swine source of gelatin, and vegetarians. The edible photoelastic materials may have various flavors or colors, textures and hardness, and may be cut, molded and/or transformed into any desired shape or design. By adjusting various factors such as ingredient ratios and refrigeration time, a wide variety of elasticities and hardness can be obtained to create a variety of edible photoelastic toys and other objects for a variety of purposes. Flexible photoelastic objects that are easily stretched and manipulated, yet resilient, can be created. The photoelastic objects can be as hard as rock sugar crystal or as soft as standard custard or pudding. Each of the example methods described below produces about 1⁄2 cup of photoelastic material.
FIG. 52 shows a flow diagram for forming photoelastic materials according to at least one embodiment.
In S5200, gelatin may be placed in a first container, for example the first container may be a microwaveable bowl. In further example embodiments, the gelatin may be replaced by gelling agents such as Iota Carrageenan, Kappa Carrageenan and/or an agar-agar solution.
In S5210, water may be added to the first container with the gelatin to dissolve the gelatin. In a further example embodiment, one tablespoon of unflavored gelatin, one tablespoon of artificial sweetener (such as Splenda®) and a quarter cup of water may be mixed to form the dissolved gelatin.
In S5220, the first container may be placed in a microwave, and microwaved. For example, in at least one embodiment the first container may be microwaved between forty-five and sixty seconds. All microwave cooking times given are for high power in a standard microwave. Microwaving heats the mixture internally and evenly, as opposed to heating from a contact surface, which creates a temperature gradient where the material is hotter at the contact surface than at its center. Microwaving brings about polymerization of the material evenly and homogenously throughout the material. Using microwave heating, material amounts can be scaled up without greatly affecting heating time, limited by the capacity of the microwave used. In further example embodiments, instead of being microwaved the first container may be heated in any known manner. For example, the mixture may be heated on a stove by simmering on low heat for 5-10 minutes.
In S5230, the first container may be removed from the microwave and poured into a second container, such as a dish or a flexible mold. However, in other example embodiments, if the first container is a flexible mold, this step may be omitted.
In S5240, the second container may be placed in a refrigerator and cooled to form a gelled preparation. In at least one embodiment, the second container may be refrigerated for at least twenty minutes.
In S5250, the gelled preparation may be removed from the second container and cut into any desired or required shape. Then the molded or cut gelled preparation may be placed on a third container, such as a plate.
In S5260, the third container may be refrigerated. More so, the longer the third container is refrigerated the harder the gelled preparation may be. In other words, if the gelled preparation is refrigerated for a shorter period of time the gelled preparation may be manipulated. For example, gelled preparations that are refrigerated for a shorter period of time may be twisted, folded, stretched, and the like. Whereas, gelled preparations that are refrigerated for longer periods of time may be rigid, inflexible or hard. For the example processes and amounts of material discussed, twenty minutes to one hour of refrigeration is required to achieve a rigidity equivalent to that of a gummy worm. To reach the hardness of a sugar crystal, the material needs to be dried out using desiccation for several hours, which can be achieved in the freezer section of a standard home refrigerator or with the use of moisture absorbing material in a regular refrigerator. The material will also reach the hardness of a hard candy if allowed to sit in an unsealed container in a refrigerator for two days, with the exception of the preparation made using only Iota Carrageenan as the gelling agent, which results in a softer final product.
In S5270, the gelled preparation may be packaged as a candy or treat. For example, a stick may be inserted into a hard gelled preparation to form a lollipop. Furthermore, the candies or treats may be packaged between or behind polarizing film, and in front of polarizing light.
FIG. 53 shows a flow diagram for forming edible photoelastic materials according to another example embodiment.
In S5300, a gelled preparation may be formed. The gelled preparation may be formed of Kappa Carrageenan, Iota Carrageenan, water and/or sugar and/or other sweetener. More specifically, the gelled preparation may be comprised of a quarter teaspoon of Kappa Carrageenan, one to two tablespoons of Iota Carrageenan and half a cup to a cup of water. In even further example embodiments, the water within the gelled preparation may be cold water.
In S5310, the gelled preparation may soak for around hour. In other example embodiments, the gelled preparation may soak for other and desired or required lengths of time, such as thirty minutes to ninety minutes.
In S5320, boiling water may be added to the soaked gelled preparation, and then stirred until the gelled preparation is dissolved. For example, the gelled preparation may be added to one to two cups of boiling water in a pot on a stove, stirred, and dissolved in the mixture, and then the stove may be turned off.
In S5330, sugar and/or a sweetener may be added and mixed into the gelled preparation. More specifically, half a cup to one cup of sugar may be added and/or half a cup to one cup of artificial sweetener may be added to the gelled preparation. In further example embodiments, the gelled preparation may be further boiled until the sugar and/or sweetener is dissolved.
In S5340, the gelled preparation may then be poured into a container, such as a plate or a flexible mold. However, in other example embodiments, if the gelled preparation may already be disposed within a flexible mold, this step may be omitted.
In S5350, the gelled preparation disposed in the container may then be placed in a refrigerator and cooled. More specifically, the gelled preparation may be cooled for a period of one to two hours, however, the gelatin mixture may be cooled for any desired or required length of time.
In S5360, the gelled preparation may be removed from the container and/or cut into any shape. In S5370, the cut or molded gelled preparation may be refrigerated. More so, the longer the gelled preparation is refrigerated the harder the gelled preparation may be.
FIG. 54 shows a flow diagram for forming edible photoelastic materials according another example embodiment.
In S5400, a first mixture comprising agar-agar powder may be dissolved in boiling water. More specifically, half a teaspoon of agar-agar powder may be dissolved in half a cup of boiling water.
In S5410, a second mixture comprising Iota Carrageenan may be soaked in water, and then stirred. More specifically, one teaspoon of Iota Carrageenan may be soaked in half a cup of cold water for approximately thirty minutes, and then stirred until blended. In further example embodiments, the Iota Carrageenan may be soaked in cold water for any desired or required length of time. Soaking the material aids in the gelling process, hydrating all the particles of the material that form long polymer chains when exposed to heat. Dry polymers will not react and form the polymer chains which cause the material to gel. Therefore, if the material is not soaked adequately it will gel unevenly, have dry particles within it, and will take longer to gel.
In S5420, the first and second mixtures may be added and mixed with boiling water. More specifically, the first and second mixtures may be mixed with one cup of boiling water, and mixed until the mixtures dissolve.
In S5430, sugar and/or an additional sweetener, such as artificial sweetener, may be added to the dissolved mixer. More specifically, half a cup of artificial sweetener and/or half a cup of sugar may be added to the dissolved mixture in S5420, and stirred or mixed until the artificial sweetener and/or sugar is dissolved.
In S5440, the dissolved mixture may be poured into a container, such as a dish or a flexible mold.
In S5450, the container may be placed in a refrigerator to be cooled to form a gelled preparation. In at least one embodiment, the container may be refrigerated for at least two hours.
In S5460, the gelled preparation may be removed from the container and molded or cut into any shape.
In S5470, the molded or cut gelled preparation may be refrigerated. More so, the longer the gelled preparation is refrigerated the harder the gelled preparation may be. In other words, if the gelled preparation is refrigerated for a shorter period of time the gelled preparation may be manipulated. For example, gelled preparations that are refrigerated for a shorter period of time may be twisted, folded, stretched, and the like. Whereas, gelled preparations that are refrigerated for longer periods of time may be rigid, inflexible or hard.
FIG. 55 shows a flow diagram for forming edible photoelastic materials according another example embodiment.
In S5500, a mixture comprising agar-agar powder and a sweetener, such as artificial sweetener, may be dissolved in water. More specifically, half a teaspoon to one teaspoon of agar-agar powder and one tablespoon of artificial sweetener may be dissolved in half a cup of water within a first container. In further example embodiments, the first container may be a microwavable bowl.
In S5510, the mixture within the first container may be heated or microwaved. More specifically, the first mixture may be microwaved for approximately forty five to sixty seconds. However, in further example embodiments the mixture may be microwaved for any required or desired length of time.
In S5520, the first container may be removed from the microwave and poured into a second container, such as a dish or a flexible mold. However, in other example embodiments, if the first container is a flexible mold, this step may be omitted.
In S5530, the second container may be placed in a refrigerator to be cooled to form a gelled preparation. In at least one embodiment the second container may be refrigerated for at least one hour.
In S5540, the gelled preparation may be removed from the container and cut into any shape.
In S5550, the molded or cut gelled preparation may be refrigerated. More so, the longer the gelled preparation is refrigerated the harder the gelled preparation may be. In other words, if the gelled preparation is refrigerated for a shorter period of time the gelled preparation may be manipulated. For example, gelled preparations that are refrigerated for a shorter period of time may be twisted, folded, stretched, and the like. Whereas, gelled preparations that are refrigerated for longer periods of time may be rigid, inflexible or hard.
FIG. 56 shows a flow diagram for forming edible photoelastic materials according another example embodiment. This process results in a photoelastic soft dessert.
In S5600, a mixture comprising Iota Carrageenan, water, and sweetener, such as artificial sweetener or sugar may be soaked in water. More specifically, half to one teaspoon of Iota Carrageenan and one tablespoon of artificial sweetener or half a cup of sugar may be soaked in a quarter to one cup of water. In further example embodiments, the first container may be a microwavable bowl.
In S5610, the first container may be heated or microwaved. More specifically, the first container may be micro-waved for approximately forty five to sixty seconds. However, in further example embodiments the first mixture may be microwaved for any required or desired length of time.
In S5620, the first container may be removed from the microwave and poured into a second container, such as a dish or a flexible mold. However, in other example embodiments, if the first container is a flexible mold, this step may be omitted.
In S5630, the container may be placed in a refrigerator to be cooled to form a gelled preparation. In at least one embodiment, the second container may be refrigerated for at least an hour.
In S5640, the gelled preparation may be removed from the container and cut into any shape.
In S5650, the molded or cut gelled preparation may be refrigerated. More so, the longer the gelled preparation is refrigerated the harder the gelled preparation may be. In other words, if the gelled preparation is refrigerated for a shorter period of time the gelled preparation may be manipulated. For example, gelled preparations that are refrigerated for a shorter period of time may be twisted, folded, stretched, and the like. Whereas, gelled preparations that are refrigerated for longer periods of time may be rigid, inflexible or hard.
In the above embodiments as discussed in FIGS. 52-56, the molded or cut gelled preparations may be edible jellies, soft flexible candies, soft gel deserts, or hard candies or treats. The type of dessert or candy that results is determined by several factors. One is the portion of water to polymers in the material. Less water results in a harder material, while more water results in a softer material. Gelatin and Iota Carrageenan naturally form a softer and more flexible material, whereas Kappa Carrageenan and Agar Agar (also known as Agar or Agar-Agar, but referred to herein as Agar Agar) result in firmer, less flexible material. Agar Agar is frequently used with added pectin and wherever referred to herein, the Agar Agar may be used alone or with added pectin. Combining the various gelling agents, ratio of water to polymers, and refrigeration time can achieve any desired consistency.
Furthermore, the gelled preparations or mixtures as discussed in FIGS. 52-56 may show or display photoelastic colors under polarized light. More so, the gelled preparations may show or display the photoelastic colors if manipulated. For example, the gelled preparations may show photoelastic colors if twisted, folded, stretched, and the like. All but the softest and hardest such preparations can be stretched substantially—greater than 1% in any direction—without rupture, and can be folded in half one or more times. In a further example embodiment, hard, rigid or inflexible gelled preparations or mixtures may show or display photoelastic colors without manipulation because they shrink as they dry, retaining permanent stress patterns in the process. All of the preparations prepared by the methods described are strongly photoelastic, with large, multi-colored stress fringes visible to the human eye when manipulated by hand under polarized light. Application of stress elicits at least two fringes, including at least one color band, in the preparations. Often, multiple fringes, 2-6 or more, can be elicited. A variety of factors affect the appearance of fringes. Type of material is the primary factor, with gelatin and Iota Carrageenan making more fringes, which increase with firmness until the material is too hard to deform. When manipulated by hand, the preparations can produce photoelastic fringes at least double the surface area where stress is being applied having at least two colors. Iota carrageenan preparations in particular are highly photoelastic.
In further example embodiments, various flavorings or spices may be added to the gelled preparation or mixtures of FIGS. 52-56 including additives for a saltier, hotter, more sour, fruitier, alcoholic, spicy and/or sweeter taste at any of the above-mentioned steps. More so, in other example embodiments other gelling agents or compounds may be used to make the candies or treats. Additionally, in other example embodiments the above-mentioned steps may be repeated, omitted, performed in various orders, or new steps may be added.
In even further embodiments, the gelled preparation as discussed above in FIGS. 52-56 may be packaged as a candy or treat. For example, a stick may be inserted into a hard gelled preparation to form a lollipop. Furthermore, the candies or treats may be packaged between, adjacent to, or behind polarizing film, and in front of polarizing light.
FIG. 57 shows a flexible, edible photoelastic object 5701 being folded in half without tearing or being structurally compromised.
FIG. 58 shows a flexible, edible photoelastic object 5801 being stretched and exhibiting photoelastic stress fringes without tearing or being structurally compromised. FIG. 59 is a color photograph of this flexible, photoelastic object 5801 showing the colorful stress fringes.
Various new gel formulations have been developed, which result in gel candies having unique combinations of optical and physical properties. To prepare these candies, the gelatin and/or substitute substance is mixed in ice cold water and allowed to bloom for 5-10 minutes. Cold water, for example in a range of 32° F.-42° F., aids dissolution of the gelatin/substance into the water, reducing the necessary mixing time to ensure good results. The mixture is heated in a microwave until a foam head is produced and the mixture reaches a temperature of 150° F. to 220° F. Microwaving has unexpectedly been discovered to be significantly better than other known heating methods such as a burner or stove, and results in a product with significantly improved characteristics. The sugar/sweetener and any other flavorings are then mixed in and the mixture is chilled (e.g. refrigerated) for 30 minutes to one week. For optimal firmness, preparations including seaweed ingredients may be dried in a refrigerator overnight and up to one month, simmered on low in the microwave, or subjected to desiccation by vacuum (lyophilization) to remove up to 70% of water from the material. However, all formulations (described below) function acceptably with gelling overnight in a refrigerator. The preparations described below that use Iota/Kappa Carageenan, animal gelatin, or Iota Carageenan/Agar Agar/Calcium gel firm acceptably within one hour even at room temperature. Storage in a refrigerator is generally preferred in any case to avoid the potential for spoilage.
Resulting edible photoelastic objects have melting points from 95° F. to over 170° F. Melting point of a resulting object may be raised by increasing sugar content and/or dryness, and/or by choosing seaweed-based material for a gelling agent. Formulations for use with the above method of preparation to create the novel gel candies, in various embodiments, and their properties are described below.
Animal Gelatin Candy Embodiment
Ingredients: 8-11% w/vol (of mixture prior to dessication) porcine, beef, or fish gelatin, 35-80% w/vol sugar or 10-35% w/v Splenda or other sweetener, remainder water. When prepared according to the above procedure, the resulting candies have a melting point ranging from 95° F. to over 170° F. and can be held in a human hand and manipulated by the fingers (stretched gently, compressed, etc.) for over 15 minutes without degradation (melting, loss of rigidity, tearing, etc.). The modulus of elasticity of such candies ranges from 20 to over 100 kPa and they can endure compressive force significantly greater than 10 kPa without structural damage (e.g. permanent change in shape/structure). To test this, candies 15 mm thick and 40 mm in height and width were submitted to precise application of mechanical stress from 0 to about 10 Newtons via a compression testing machine, which gradually increased compressive force on a long dimension of the sample up to the maximum value over a period of several minutes. This stress produced a variety of easily visible, colorful photoelastic fringes in the candy, from 3 to 20 fringes ranging from 1 mm to 35 mm in width, and the candy returned to its original shape after the stress was removed without any apparent changes to their structure. By way of contrast, many prior art gelatin candies experience permanent structural damage when exposed to compressive force on the order of 1 kPa, and typically exhibit little if any visible photoelasticity. The candies are transparent, although use of beef gelatin may result in a noticeable color tint.
When force is applied to a surface evenly and dynamically, as in the mechanical testing described and illustrated, the number, size and color of fringes changes over time, but a “still picture” may reveal only one or two fringes (though often more) that cover most of the material. In contrast, application of asymmetric force (such as a point pressure, e.g. with a fingertip) tends to generate a large number of colorful fringes due to a more varied stress pattern arising from the points of force. A critical distinction between embodiments of the present invention and prior art compositions is that in the embodiments of the present invention many colorful fringes can be easily seen and generated with minimal force, yet the material is strong and can sustain significant forces such as 2 N/in2, 10 N/in2 or more, without being structurally compromised.
Iota/Kappa Gel Candy Embodiment
Ingredients: 10-15% w/vol Iota Carrageenan, 1-2% w/vol Kappa Carrageenan, with a ratio of Kappa Carrageenan to Iota Carrageenan of 25-40% by weight (e.g. 2.5 g-4 g Kappa Carrageenan to 10 g Iota Carrageenan), 20-50% w/vol sugar or 6-15% w/vol Splenda or other sweetener, remainder water. A combination of sugar and sweetener can also be used within the complementary ranges indicated, with or without calcium salt in a concentration of 0-0.04% w/vol. When prepared according to the above procedure, the resulting candies have a melting point ranging from 95° F. to over 170° F. and can be held in a human hand and manipulated by the fingers (stretched gently, compressed, etc.) for over 3 minutes without degradation (melting, loss of rigidity, tearing, etc.). The modulus of elasticity of such candies ranges from 70 to over 100 kPa and they can endure compressive force significantly greater than 11-12 kPa without structural damage (e.g. permanent change in shape/structure). Candies 15 mm thick and 40 mm in height and width were submitted to precise application of mechanical stress from 0 to about 10 Newtons via a compression testing machine, which gradually increased compressive force on a long dimension of the sample up to the maximum value over a period of several minutes. This stress produced a variety of easily visible, colorful photoelastic fringes in the candy, from 3 to 20 fringes ranging from 1 mm to 35 mm in width, and the candy returned to its original shape after the stress was removed without any apparent changes to their structure. The candies are transparent.
Iota/Agar Gel Candy Embodiment
Ingredients: 2-4% w/vol Iota Carrageenan, 0.1-0.7% w/vol Agar Agar, with a ratio of Iota Carrageenan to Agar Agar of 3-5% by weight (e.g. 0.3 g-0.5 g Iota Carrageenan to 10 g Agar Agar), 15-50% w/vol sugar or 5-15% w/vol Splenda or other sweetener, remainder water. A combination of sugar and sweetener can also be used within the complementary ranges indicated, with or without calcium salt in a concentration of 0-0.04% w/vol. When prepared according to the above procedure, with about 20-70% of water removed by desiccation, the resulting candies have a melting point ranging from 95° F. to over 170° F. and can be held in a human hand and manipulated by the fingers (stretched gently, compressed, etc.) for over 3 minutes without degradation (melting, loss of rigidity, tearing, etc.). The modulus of elasticity of such candies ranges from 19 to 30 kPa and they can endure compressive force of 1-21 kPa or more without structural damage (e.g. permanent change in shape/structure). Typically, more dessicated candies are stronger and can endure greater compressive forces. Candies 12 mm thick and 40 mm in height and width were submitted to precise application of mechanical stress from 0 to about Newtons via a compression testing machine, which gradually increased compressive force on a long dimension of the sample up to the maximum value over a period of several minutes. This stress produced a variety of easily visible, colorful photoelastic fringes in the candy, from 3 to 20 fringes ranging from 1 mm to 35 mm in width, and the candy returned to its original shape after the stress was removed without any apparent changes to their structure. The candies are transparent.
Locust Bean/Agar/Kappa Gel Candy Embodiment
Locust Bean from 0-1.5% w/vol or Pectin, Xanthan Gum or Guar Gum from 0-5% w/vol may be added to any of the above embodiments to enhance texture. Locust Bean in 0-1.5% w/vol may be combined with either Agar Agar or Kappa Carrageenan alone, or with a combination of Agar Agar and Kappa Carrageenan where the ratio of Agar Agar to Kappa Carrageenan is 1-50% by weight, 0.1-0.7% w/vol Agar Agar, 0.5-2% w/vol Kappa Carrageenan, 15-50% w/vol sugar or 5-15% w/vol Splenda or other sweetener, remainder water. A combination of sugar and sweetener can also be used within the complementary ranges indicated, with or without calcium salt in a concentration of 0-0.04% w/vol. When prepared according to the above procedure, the resulting candies have a melting point ranging from 95° F. to over 170° F. and can be held in a human hand and manipulated by the fingers (stretched gently, compressed, etc.) for over 3 minutes without degradation (melting, loss of rigidity, tearing, etc.). The modulus of elasticity of such candies ranges from 19 to 205 kPa and they can endure compressive force of 1-24 kPa or more without structural damage (e.g. permanent change in shape/structure). Candies 15 mm thick and 40 mm in height and width were submitted to precise application of mechanical stress from 0 to about 10 Newtons via a compression testing machine, which gradually increased compressive force on a long dimension of the sample up to the maximum value over a period of several minutes. This stress produced a variety of easily visible, colorful photoelastic fringes in the candy, from 3 to 20 fringes ranging from 1 mm to 35 mm in width, and the candy returned to its original shape after the stress was removed without any apparent changes to their structure. The candies are transparent as long as Locust Bean is at a concentration below 4.5%.
Other flavorings may be added to the above embodiments without deviating from the basic formula or substantially altering the optical effects or mechanical properties by boiling whole spices (e.g. cinnamon, cloves, red/green peppers, cardamom, bay leaves, black cumin seeds, white cumin seeds, nutmeg, mint, singly or in combinations of two or more) in water to be used for mixing with the gelatin/substitute that is subsequently strained and chilled to ice cold. The same can be done to add flavor from coconut chunks, pineapple, tomato, and other fruits.
The candies may be any height and width, but a thickness of between 1⁄4 and 2 inches thick is optimal for many optical viewing applications, allowing other objects to be seen through them and making the photoelastic fringes very visible.
Such candies may be provided pre-made alone or in kits with educational and other objects, or the basic ingredients may be provided with instructions as part of an educational/teaching kit to help students learn about polymers, polarization, and photoelasticity.
The candies may be viewed between two polarizing films, one of which may be polarizing glasses. The candies may also be viewed with a single polarizing film held by hand, mounted, or worn as glasses, along with another source of polarization such as the sky, a still surface of water, or a black or dark glossy surface (i.e. cardboard or plastic). The black glossy surface may also be candy, made with licorice, hard sugar, or chocolate.
FIG. 60 is a color photograph showing a photoelastic gel candy 6000 prepared according to the present invention, in an embodiment, viewed between polarizing lenses. A compressive force is being manually applied to the candy, resulting in a number of large photoelastic fringes of different colors. At least six such fringes having distinct colors 6010 (pink), 6020 (yellow), 6030 (green), 6040 (purple), 6050 (yellow), 6060 (purple) are clearly visible to the human eye.
FIG. 61 is a photograph showing samples of gel candies 6110, 6120, 6130, 6140, 6150, 6160 prepared according to the present invention, in embodiments, illustrating their light transmissivity. A mark 6100 of a crab above the wording “can you see and read me?” was printed on a piece of paper seven times. Six gel candy samples prepared according to embodiments of the present invention (19 mm thick iota+Kappa Carrageenan+calcium+Splenda 6110, 20 mm thick iota+Kappa Carrageenan+Splenda 6120, 19 mm thick fish gelatin+sugar 6130, 15 mm thick iota+Agar Agar+calcium+Splenda 6140, 16 mm thick porcine gelatin+sugar 6150, 16 mm thick beef gelatin+sugar 6160) were placed over six of the marks 6100. All the samples 6110, 6120, 6130, 6140, 6150, 6160 have very high light transmittance, and are transparent to varying degrees with the mark 6100 visible through each. Letters about 2 mm in height can be easily seen and read through the full thickness of the samples. The fish/porcine/beef gelatin samples are somewhat more transparent, but all are acceptable for general optical experiments and educational games, for example all display a number of clear photoelastic fringes when stressed and viewed between polarizing films. By way of comparison, prior art edible gelatin preparations are essentially opaque and the mark 6100 would not be visible behind them in a similar thickness.
FIG. 62 is a color photograph showing a photoelastic gel candy 6200 prepared according to the present invention, in an embodiment, viewed between polarizing lenses while undergoing a compressive mechanical stress test. Mechanical stressor 6260 compressed the candy 6200 slowly, gradually increasing the compressive force over several minutes (e.g. 2-4 minutes) until reaching a maximum of about 10 kPa. The sample shown 6200 is made of iota carrageenan, kappa carrageenan, calcium and Splenda and is 19 mm thick. At the point in the test illustrated, at least five distinct, large, different-colored photoelastic fringes can be seen with the naked eye 6210 (yellow), 6220 (orange), 6230 (purple), 62240 (blue), and 6250 (green). After the mechanical stress is removed, the compressed candy 6200 springs back into its original shape and exhibits no structural damage.
FIG. 63 is a photograph showing samples 6300,6310 of gel candies prepared according to the present invention, in embodiments, illustrating their light transmissivity. These samples are made from 1 g Kappa Carrageenan, 0.05 g Locust Bean, and 50 cc of water and the final solution was about 50 cc. This makes for a concentration of 0.1% volume to weight of Locust Bean and a ratio of about 5% by weight of Locust Bean to Kappa Carrageenan. The approximately 2 mm lettering below the samples is readable for both the 6 mm thick sample 6300 and the 15 mm thick sample 6310, with light transmissivity obviously reduced with greater thickness.
FIG. 64 is a color photograph showing a photoelastic gel candy 6400 prepared according to the present invention, in an embodiment, viewed between polarizing lenses while being manipulated by hand. At least eight visible, clearly colored fringes of at least 1 mm width can be seen 6410 (pink), 6420 (green), 6430 (pink), 6440 (yellow), 6450 (green), 6460 (pink), 6470 (yellow), 6480 (purple).
While the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, modifications and variations of the invention may be constructed without departing from the scope of the invention. The invention encompasses every possible combination of the various features of each embodiment disclosed. The invention is not limited to the particular embodiments illustrated in the drawings and described above in detail.

## Claims

1. A method of forming edible photoelastic material comprising:
mixing a gelling agent with a liquid to form a first mixture; and
performing the steps of:
heating the first mixture with microwave radiation until a foam head is produced and the mixture reaches a temperature of 150° F. to 220° F.;
adding at least one of a sugar and another sweetener to the heated first mixture to form a second mixture; and
allowing the second mixture to set for at least 30 minutes;

wherein as a result of performing the steps the set second mixture is optically transparent to a thickness of at least 1⁄4 in, has a melting point of at least 95° F., can be held in a human hand and manipulated by the fingers for at least 3 minutes without degradation, and exhibits multi-colored photoelastic fringes visible to the naked eye under polarized light under stress.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the set second mixture can endure compressive force of at least 2N/in2 without structural damage.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid is water in a temperature range of 32° F.-42° F.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising allowing the gelling agent to bloom in the liquid for 5-10 minutes prior to heating.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein allowing the second mixture to set comprises refrigerating the second mixture for 30 minutes to one month.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein allowing the second mixture to set comprises refrigerating the second mixture for eight hours to one week.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein allowing the second mixture to set comprises at least one of simmering the second mixture in a microwave and lyophilizing the second mixture, to remove 20% to 70% of water content of the second mixture.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising shaping the set second mixture into an edible photoelastic object.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the set second mixture is transparent to a thickness of at least 15 mm.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the set second mixture is transparent to a thickness of at least 2 inches.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the gelling agent comprises Iota Carrageenan and Kappa Carrageenan, and wherein the liquid is water and the gelling agent is mixed with the liquid in a ratio of 10-15% w/vol Iota Carrageenan and 1-2% w/vol Kappa Carrageenan, with a ratio of Kappa Carrageenan to Iota Carrageenan of 25-40% by weight, wherein the sugar is added in a ratio of 20-50% w/vol, remainder water.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising adding calcium salt to the first mixture in a concentration of 0-0.04% w/vol.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the set second mixture has a modulus of elasticity of at least 70 kPa, and wherein a 15 mm thick and 40 mm height and width piece of the set second mixture exhibits a minimum of three colored photoelastic fringes, each a minimum of 1 mm in width, when subjected to compressive force of 2 N/in2.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the gelling agent comprises animal-based gelatin, and wherein the liquid is water and the gelling agent is mixed with the liquid in a ratio of 8-11% w/vol, wherein the at least one of sugar and another sweetener comprises sugar added in a ratio of 35-80% w/vol or artificial sweetener added in a ratio of 10-35% w/v, remainder water.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the set second mixture has a modulus of elasticity of at least 20 kPa and can be held in a human hand and manipulated by the fingers for at least 15 minutes without degradation, and wherein a 15 mm thick and 40 mm height and width piece of the set second mixture exhibits a minimum of three colored photoelastic fringes, each a minimum of 1 mm in width, when subjected to compressive force of 2 N/in2.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the gelling agent comprises Iota Carrageenan and Agar Agar, and wherein the liquid is water and the gelling agent is mixed with the liquid in a ratio of 2-4% w/vol Iota Carrageenan and 0.1-0.7% w/vol Agar Agar, with a ratio of Iota Carrageenan to Agar Agar of 3-5% by weight, wherein the at least one of sugar and another sweetener comprises sugar added in a ratio of 15-50% w/vol or artificial sweetener added in a ratio of 5-15% w/v, remainder water.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising adding calcium salt to the first mixture in a concentration of 0-0.04% w/vol.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the set second mixture has a modulus of elasticity of at least 19 kPa, and wherein a 12 mm thick and 40 mm height and width piece of the set second mixture exhibits a minimum of three colored photoelastic fringes, each a minimum of 1 mm in width, when subjected to compressive force of 2 N/in2.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein the gelling agent comprises Locust Bean, Kappa Carrageenan and Agar Agar, and wherein the liquid is water and the gelling agent is mixed with the liquid in a ratio of 0-1.5% w/vol Locust Bean, with a ratio of Agar Agar to Kappa Carrageenan of 1-3% by weight, wherein the at least one of sugar and another sweetener comprises sugar added in a ratio of 15-50% w/vol or artificial sweetener added in a ratio of 5-15% w/v, remainder water.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising adding calcium salt to the first mixture in a concentration of 0-0.04% w/vol.

21. The method of claim 19, wherein the set second mixture has a modulus of elasticity of at least 19 kPa, and wherein a 13 mm thick and 30 mm height and width piece of the set second mixture exhibits a minimum of three colored photoelastic fringes, each a minimum of 1 mm in width, when subjected to compressive force of 2 N/in2.

22. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding 0-1.5% w/vol Locust bean to the first mixture.

23. The method of claim 1, further comprising adding 0-5% w/vol Pectin to the first mixture.

24. The method of claim 1, further comprising recognizing a need for an increased melting point and, responsive to that recognition, selecting at least one of a sea-weed based gelling agent, a higher sugar content, and a longer desiccation period.

25. The method of claim 1, further comprising at least one of steeping and boiling flavorings in the liquid prior to mixing with the gelling agent and straining the liquid prior to mixing with the gelling agent to remove the flavorings.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the flavorings comprise at least one of herbs, spices and fruits.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the flavorings comprise at least one of cinnamon, cloves, red/green peppers, cardamom, bay leaves, black cumin seeds, white cumin seeds, nutmeg, mint, coconut chunks, pineapple, and tomato.

28. The method of claim 1, further comprising passing polarized light through the set second mixture and then directing the polarized light to a second polarization source and to an observer's eye.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the second source of polarization is the sky, a still surface of water, or a dark glossy surface.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the second source of polarization is a dark glossy surface and the dark glossy surface is candy.

31. The method of claim 7, wherein 70% or more of water content of the second mixture is removed and the set second mixture becomes a hard candy consistency.

32. The method of claim 1, wherein the gelling agent comprises Locust Bean and at least one of Kappa Carrageenan and Agar Agar, wherein the at least one of sugar and another sweetener comprises sugar added in a ratio of 15-50% w/vol or artificial sweetener added in a ratio of 5-15% w/v, remainder water.

33. The method of claim 1, wherein allowing the second mixture to set comprises casting the second mixture in a mold.

34. An edible photoelastic object comprising:
a gelling agent;
a liquid; and
at least one of a sugar and another sweetener;
wherein the edible photoelastic object is optically transparent to a thickness of at least 1⁄4 in, has a melting point of at least 95° F., can be held in a human hand and manipulated by the fingers for at least 3 minutes without degradation, and exhibits multi-colored photoelastic fringes visible to the naked eye under polarized light under stress.