Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-21-0816

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, May 7, 2021

Technical information: 

Household data: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — APRIL 2021

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 266,000 in April, and the unemployment rate was little 

changed at 6.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains in leisure 

and hospitality, other services, and local government education were partially offset by employment 

declines in temporary help services and in couriers and messengers.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 6.1 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 9.8 million, 

were little changed in April. These measures are down considerably from their recent highs in April 

2020 but remain well above their levels prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (3.5 percent and 

5.7 million, respectively, in February 2020). (See table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

April 2019 – April 2021

Percent

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

155,000

160,000

Apr-19 Jul-19 Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 Oct-20 Jan-21 Apr-21

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 

April 2019 – April 2021

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Apr-19 Jul-19 Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 Oct-20 Jan-21 Apr-21
-2-

information about how the household survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus 

pandemic.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (6.1 percent), adult women 

(5.6 percent), teenagers (12.3 percent), Whites (5.3 percent), Blacks (9.7 percent), Asians (5.7 percent), 

and Hispanics (7.9 percent) showed little or no change in April. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of persons on temporary layoff, at 2.1 million, changed little in 

April. This measure is down considerably from the recent high of 18.0 million in April 2020 but is 1.4 

million higher than in February 2020. The number of permanent job losers, at 3.5 million, was also 

little changed over the month but is 2.2 million higher than in February 2020. (See table A-11.)

In April, the number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks increased by 237,000 to 2.4 million, while the 

number of persons jobless 15 to 26 weeks declined by 188,000 to 1.2 million. The number of long-term 

unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 4.2 million, was essentially unchanged in April but 

is 3.1 million higher than in February 2020. These long-term unemployed accounted for 43.0 percent of 

the total unemployed in April. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate was little changed at 61.7 percent in April and is 1.6 percentage 

points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio was also little changed in April 

at 57.9 percent but is up by 0.5 percentage point since December 2020. However, this measure is 3.2 

percentage points below its February 2020 level. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons decreased by 583,000 to 5.2 million 

in April. This decline reflected a drop in the number of people whose hours were cut due to slack work 

or business conditions. The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons is 845,000 

higher than in February 2020. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were 

working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See 

table A-8.)

In April, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 6.6 million, little 

changed over the month but up by 1.6 million since February 2020. These individuals were not counted 

as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks or were 

unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who currently want a job, the number of persons marginally 

attached to the labor force, at 1.9 million, was essentially unchanged in April but is up by 419,000 

since February 2020. These individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job 

sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The 

number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were 

available for them, was little changed at 565,000 in April but is 164,000 higher than in February 2020. 

(See Summary table A.)

Household Survey Supplemental Data

In April, 18.3 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, down 

from 21.0 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked 

at home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the pandemic.
-3-

In April, 9.4 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer 

closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at 

some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 11.4 million in the 

previous month. Among those who reported in April that they were unable to work because of 

pandemic-related closures or lost business, 9.3 percent received at least some pay from their 

employer for the hours not worked, little changed from the previous month.

Among those not in the labor force in April, 2.8 million persons were prevented from looking for 

work due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 3.7 million the month before. (To be counted as 

unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 

help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 

with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at

www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 266,000 in April, following increases of 770,000 in 

March and 536,000 in February. In April, nonfarm employment is down by 8.2 million, or 5.4 percent, 

from its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. In April, notable job gains in leisure and hospitality, other 

services, and local government education were partially offset by losses in temporary help services and 

in couriers and messengers. (See table B-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how 

the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

In April, employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 331,000, as pandemic-related restrictions 

continued to ease in many parts of the country. More than half of the increase was in food services and 

drinking places (+187,000). Job gains also occurred in amusements, gambling, and recreation (+73,000) 

and in accommodation (+54,000). Although leisure and hospitality has added 5.4 million jobs over the 

year, employment in the industry is down by 2.8 million, or 16.8 percent, since February 2020.

In April, employment increased by 44,000 in the other services industry, with gains in repair and 

maintenance (+14,000) and personal and laundry services (+14,000). Employment in other services is 

352,000 below its February 2020 level.

Employment in local government education increased by 31,000 in April but is 611,000 lower than in 

February 2020. Federal government employment increased by 9,000 over the month. 

In April, employment in social assistance rose by 23,000, with about half of the increase in child day 

care services (+12,000). Employment in social assistance is 286,000 lower than in February 2020. 

Employment in financial activities rose by 19,000 over the month, with most of the gain occurring in

real estate and rental and leasing (+17,000). Employment in financial activities is down by 63,000 since 

February 2020. 

Within professional and business services, employment in temporary help services declined by 

111,000 in April and is 296,000 lower than in February 2020. Business support services lost jobs in 

April (-15,000), while architectural and engineering services and scientific research and development 

services added jobs (+12,000 and +7,000, respectively). 
-4-

Within transportation and warehousing, employment in couriers and messengers fell by 77,000 in 

April but is up by 126,000 since February 2020. Air transportation added 7,000 jobs over the month. 

Manufacturing employment edged down in April (-18,000), following gains in the previous 2 months 

(+54,000 in March and +35,000 in February). In April, job losses in motor vehicles and parts (-27,000) 

and in wood products (-7,000) more than offset job gains in miscellaneous durable goods manufacturing 

(+13,000) and chemicals (+4,000). Employment in manufacturing is 515,000 lower than in February 

2020. 

Retail trade employment changed little in April (-15,000), following a gain in the prior month 

(+33,000). In April, employment declined in food and beverage stores (-49,000), general merchandise 

stores (-10,000), and gasoline stations (-9,000). These losses were partially offset by employment 

increases in sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores (+20,000); clothing and clothing accessories 

stores (+10,000); and health and personal care stores (+9,000). Employment in retail trade overall is 

400,000 lower than in February 2020. 

Employment in health care changed little in April (-4,000), as a job gain in ambulatory health care 

services (+21,000) was largely offset by a job loss in nursing care facilities (-19,000). Health care 

employment is down by 542,000 since February 2020. 

Employment in construction was unchanged over the month. Employment in the industry is up by 

917,000 over the year but is 196,000 below its February 2020 level.

In April, employment changed little in other major industries, including mining, wholesale trade, and 

information. 

In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 21 cents 

to $30.17, following a decline of 4 cents in the prior month. In April, average hourly earnings for 

private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 20 cents to $25.45. The data for 

April suggest that the rising demand for labor associated with the recovery from the pandemic may have

put upward pressure on wages. Since average hourly earnings vary widely across industries, the large 

employment fluctuations since February 2020 complicate the analysis of recent trends in average hourly 

earnings. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 35.0 

hours in April. In manufacturing, the workweek and overtime were both unchanged over the month, at 

40.5 hours and 3.2 hours, respectively. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 

employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.4 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised up by 68,000, from +468,000 

to +536,000, and the change for March was revised down by 146,000, from +916,000 to +770,000. With 

these revisions, employment in February and March combined is 78,000 lower than previously reported. 

(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies 

since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________

The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 4, 2021, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET).
-5-

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on April 2021 Household and 

Establishment Survey Data

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data 

continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the 

safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone 

interviews could not be done. 

As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as 

unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the 

share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the pandemic 

and has been considerably lower in recent months. Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of 

what the unemployment rate might have been had misclassified workers been included among the 

unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in April 2021 

would have been 0.3 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the upper bound of 

our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of the misclassification error. 

More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-april-2021.htm.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Change from:

Mar. 2021-

Apr. 2021

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 259,896 260,918 261,003 261,103 100

Civilian labor force........................................................... 156,478 160,211 160,558 160,988 430

Participation rate.......................................................... 60.2 61.4 61.5 61.7 0.2

Employed................................................................... 133,370 150,239 150,848 151,176 328

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 51.3 57.6 57.8 57.9 0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 23,109 9,972 9,710 9,812 102

Unemployment rate.................................................... 14.8 6.2 6.0 6.1 0.1

Not in labor force............................................................ 103,418 100,708 100,445 100,115 -330

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 14.8 6.2 6.0 6.1 0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 13.1 6.0 5.8 6.1 0.3

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 15.5 5.9 5.7 5.6 -0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 32.1 13.9 13.0 12.3 -0.7

White.......................................................................... 14.1 5.6 5.4 5.3 -0.1

Black or African American.................................................. 16.7 9.9 9.6 9.7 0.1

Asian.......................................................................... 14.5 5.1 6.0 5.7 -0.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 18.9 8.5 7.9 7.9 0.0

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 13.1 5.6 5.3 5.3 0.0

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 21.0 10.1 8.2 9.3 1.1

High school graduates, no college........................................ 17.3 7.2 6.7 6.9 0.2

Some college or associate degree........................................ 15.0 5.9 5.9 5.8 -0.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 8.4 3.8 3.7 3.5 -0.2

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 20,662 6,586 6,226 6,387 161

Job leavers...................................................................... 569 701 777 824 47

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,506 2,124 2,253 2,072 -181

New entrants.................................................................... 423 582 497 625 128

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 14,282 2,185 2,177 2,414 237

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 6,992 2,254 1,941 1,939 -2

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 763 1,407 1,391 1,203 -188

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,004 4,148 4,218 4,183 -35

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 10,899 6,088 5,826 5,243 -583

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 9,980 4,723 4,629 3,997 -632

Could only find part-time work............................................. 708 1,166 984 974 -10

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 12,365 18,369 19,102 19,057 -45

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 2,300 1,890 1,853 1,856 3

Discouraged workers........................................................ 576 522 523 565 42

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -20,679 536 770 266

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -19,731 622 708 218

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2,378 -20 166 -16

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -52 2 15 2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1,022 -57 97 0

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1,304 35 54 -18

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -899 27 31 -20

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -352.6 -0.1 1.2 -27.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -405 8 23 2

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17,353 642 542 234

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -390.6 7.7 20.6 7.8

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2,248.3 14.4 32.8 -15.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -573.6 36.4 44.8 -74.1

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -3.5 -0.2 0.8 0.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -265 6 8 1

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -254 -7 19 19

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2,236 93 67 -79

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -947.7 47.6 -7.9 -111.4

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2,625 57 104 -1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2,181.9 52.6 50.7 18.5

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7,442 413 206 331

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1,315 22 39 44

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -948 -86 62 48

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7,358 154 513 524

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7,037 157 484 516

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.2 49.8 49.7 49.7

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 81.5 81.4 81.2

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 34.6 34.9 35.0

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $30.07 $30.00 $29.96 $30.17

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,028.39 $1,038.00 $1,045.60 $1,055.95

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.0 105.8 107.3 107.8

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -15.1 -0.7 1.4 0.5

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.7 151.7 153.7 155.5

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -11.2 -0.4 1.3 1.2

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 61.7 74.7 60.1

Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 60.0 77.3 55.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,896 261,003 261,103 259,896 261,230 260,851 260,918 261,003 261,103

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,830 160,397 160,379 156,478 160,567 160,161 160,211 160,558 160,988

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 61.5 61.4 60.2 61.5 61.4 61.4 61.5 61.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,326 150,493 151,160 133,370 149,830 150,031 150,239 150,848 151,176

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3 57.7 57.9 51.3 57.4 57.5 57.6 57.8 57.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,504 9,905 9,220 23,109 10,736 10,130 9,972 9,710 9,812

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 6.2 5.7 14.8 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,066 100,606 100,723 103,418 100,663 100,690 100,708 100,445 100,115

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,761 6,576 6,466 9,917 7,331 6,957 6,933 6,850 6,647

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,707 126,266 126,316 125,707 126,367 126,192 126,224 126,266 126,316

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,820 84,728 85,112 83,166 85,175 85,149 85,061 84,917 85,410

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.9 67.1 67.4 66.2 67.4 67.5 67.4 67.3 67.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,810 79,188 79,965 71,892 79,481 79,714 79,666 79,681 80,017

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 62.7 63.3 57.2 62.9 63.2 63.1 63.1 63.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,010 5,540 5,146 11,274 5,694 5,434 5,395 5,236 5,394

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 6.5 6.0 13.6 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,887 41,538 41,204 42,541 41,192 41,043 41,163 41,349 40,905

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,330 117,949 118,003 117,330 118,010 117,864 117,902 117,949 118,003

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,379 81,992 82,275 80,490 82,244 82,173 82,095 81,978 82,333

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.5 69.5 69.7 68.6 69.7 69.7 69.6 69.5 69.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,041 76,872 77,447 69,975 77,004 77,204 77,193 77,194 77,348

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 65.2 65.6 59.6 65.3 65.5 65.5 65.4 65.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,338 5,120 4,828 10,515 5,240 4,969 4,902 4,784 4,985

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 6.2 5.9 13.1 6.4 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,951 35,957 35,728 36,841 35,767 35,691 35,807 35,972 35,670

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,189 134,737 134,787 134,189 134,862 134,660 134,694 134,737 134,787

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,010 75,670 75,268 73,312 75,392 75,012 75,149 75,641 75,577

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4 56.2 55.8 54.6 55.9 55.7 55.8 56.1 56.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,516 71,305 71,195 61,478 70,350 70,316 70,572 71,167 71,159

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.8 52.9 52.8 45.8 52.2 52.2 52.4 52.8 52.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,494 4,365 4,073 11,834 5,042 4,696 4,577 4,474 4,418

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 5.8 5.4 16.1 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,179 59,067 59,519 60,877 59,471 59,648 59,545 59,096 59,210

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,991 126,594 126,648 125,991 126,681 126,507 126,546 126,594 126,648

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,790 72,818 72,378 70,896 72,422 72,147 72,173 72,668 72,503

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.2 57.5 57.1 56.3 57.2 57.0 57.0 57.4 57.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,124 68,730 68,605 59,938 67,872 67,851 67,928 68,513 68,430

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.7 54.3 54.2 47.6 53.6 53.6 53.7 54.1 54.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,666 4,088 3,773 10,958 4,551 4,296 4,245 4,155 4,073

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 5.6 5.2 15.5 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,202 53,775 54,271 55,096 54,259 54,360 54,373 53,926 54,145

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,574 16,460 16,451 16,574 16,538 16,481 16,470 16,460 16,451

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,661 5,587 5,727 5,093 5,900 5,841 5,942 5,913 6,152

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.1 33.9 34.8 30.7 35.7 35.4 36.1 35.9 37.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,161 4,890 5,108 3,457 4,955 4,975 5,118 5,142 5,398

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 29.7 31.1 20.9 30.0 30.2 31.1 31.2 32.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,500 697 618 1,636 946 865 825 771 754

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 12.5 10.8 32.1 16.0 14.8 13.9 13.0 12.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,913 10,873 10,725 11,481 10,638 10,640 10,528 10,547 10,300

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,082 201,642 201,687 201,082 201,749 201,588 201,606 201,642 201,687

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,795 123,768 123,638 121,158 124,208 123,727 123,737 123,819 123,964

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.1 61.4 61.3 60.3 61.6 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,083 116,981 117,458 104,028 116,703 116,699 116,859 117,166 117,358

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.8 58.0 58.2 51.7 57.8 57.9 58.0 58.1 58.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,713 6,787 6,180 17,129 7,505 7,027 6,878 6,653 6,606

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 5.5 5.0 14.1 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,287 77,874 78,049 79,924 77,541 77,862 77,869 77,823 77,723

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,595 64,348 64,600 63,608 64,593 64,550 64,434 64,289 64,593

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 69.6 69.8 69.0 69.8 69.8 69.7 69.5 69.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,863 60,753 61,269 55,757 60,872 60,988 60,989 60,935 61,155

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 65.7 66.2 60.5 65.8 66.0 66.0 65.9 66.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,732 3,596 3,331 7,850 3,721 3,561 3,446 3,353 3,439

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 5.6 5.2 12.3 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,581 55,040 54,576 53,594 54,980 54,529 54,599 54,911 54,603

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 56.7 56.2 55.4 56.6 56.2 56.3 56.6 56.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,735 52,340 52,147 45,555 51,871 51,739 51,782 52,155 51,965

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 53.9 53.7 47.1 53.4 53.3 53.4 53.7 53.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,846 2,699 2,429 8,039 3,109 2,790 2,817 2,756 2,638

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 4.9 4.5 15.0 5.7 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,620 4,380 4,462 3,956 4,635 4,648 4,704 4,619 4,768

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.8 36.3 37.0 32.5 38.2 38.4 38.9 38.2 39.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,485 3,888 4,043 2,716 3,960 3,972 4,088 4,076 4,238

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 32.2 33.5 22.3 32.7 32.8 33.8 33.7 35.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,135 492 420 1,240 675 676 616 543 530

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 11.2 9.4 31.3 14.6 14.5 13.1 11.8 11.1

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,267 33,530 33,551 33,267 33,516 33,493 33,511 33,530 33,551

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,425 20,283 20,488 19,507 20,055 20,189 20,154 20,362 20,544

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 60.5 61.1 58.6 59.8 60.3 60.1 60.7 61.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,248 18,281 18,555 16,247 18,061 18,323 18,159 18,412 18,546

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.8 54.5 55.3 48.8 53.9 54.7 54.2 54.9 55.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,177 2,002 1,932 3,260 1,994 1,866 1,995 1,951 1,998

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 9.9 9.4 16.7 9.9 9.2 9.9 9.6 9.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,841 13,247 13,064 13,760 13,461 13,305 13,357 13,168 13,007

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,856 9,394 9,450 8,882 9,222 9,348 9,340 9,430 9,465

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 66.3 66.7 63.4 65.2 66.1 66.0 66.6 66.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,431 8,406 8,478 7,457 8,265 8,468 8,383 8,501 8,498

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.0 59.4 59.8 53.2 58.4 59.9 59.2 60.0 59.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,425 988 973 1,425 956 880 957 928 967

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 10.5 10.3 16.0 10.4 9.4 10.2 9.8 10.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,997 10,197 10,315 10,014 10,088 10,138 10,127 10,181 10,315

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.4 60.1 60.7 59.5 59.5 59.8 59.7 60.0 60.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,413 9,296 9,487 8,361 9,238 9,274 9,225 9,294 9,429

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.0 54.8 55.9 49.7 54.5 54.7 54.4 54.8 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,584 902 828 1,653 849 864 902 887 887

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 8.8 8.0 16.5 8.4 8.5 8.9 8.7 8.6

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 691 723 610 746 703 687 752 764

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.6 28.9 30.2 25.2 31.0 29.3 28.7 31.4 32.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 579 591 428 558 581 551 616 620

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 24.2 24.7 17.7 23.2 24.2 23.0 25.7 25.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 112 132 182 188 122 136 136 144

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.4 16.2 18.2 29.9 25.2 17.3 19.8 18.1 18.9

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,363 16,532 16,532 16,363 16,583 16,423 16,588 16,532 16,532

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,893 10,433 10,294 9,967 10,253 10,317 10,315 10,422 10,375

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 63.1 62.3 60.9 61.8 62.8 62.2 63.0 62.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,476 9,817 9,722 8,526 9,645 9,631 9,792 9,799 9,786

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.8 59.4 58.8 52.1 58.2 58.6 59.0 59.3 59.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,418 616 571 1,441 608 686 523 623 589

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 5.9 5.6 14.5 5.9 6.6 5.1 6.0 5.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,470 6,099 6,238 6,396 6,329 6,106 6,273 6,110 6,157

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 43,975 44,651 44,719 43,975 44,639 44,521 44,587 44,651 44,719

Civilian labor force................................ 27,752 29,232 29,110 27,842 29,150 28,920 29,174 29,273 29,199

Participation rate............................... 63.1 65.5 65.1 63.3 65.3 65.0 65.4 65.6 65.3

Employed....................................... 22,625 26,848 26,922 22,583 26,436 26,437 26,701 26,975 26,889

Employment-population ratio............... 51.5 60.1 60.2 51.4 59.2 59.4 59.9 60.4 60.1

Unemployed.................................... 5,126 2,384 2,189 5,259 2,714 2,482 2,473 2,298 2,310

Unemployment rate......................... 18.5 8.2 7.5 18.9 9.3 8.6 8.5 7.9 7.9

Not in labor force................................. 16,223 15,418 15,609 16,133 15,489 15,601 15,413 15,378 15,520

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,319 16,033 16,094 15,322 15,856 15,789 15,952 16,007 16,086

Participation rate............................... 77.2 79.5 79.6 77.2 78.6 78.5 79.2 79.3 79.6

Employed....................................... 12,817 14,733 14,928 12,769 14,462 14,578 14,727 14,804 14,882

Employment-population ratio............... 64.6 73.0 73.9 64.3 71.7 72.5 73.1 73.4 73.6

Unemployed.................................... 2,502 1,300 1,166 2,553 1,395 1,211 1,224 1,203 1,204

Unemployment rate......................... 16.3 8.1 7.2 16.7 8.8 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.5

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,341 11,869 11,768 11,363 11,906 11,779 11,794 11,909 11,790

Participation rate............................... 56.4 58.1 57.5 56.5 58.3 57.8 57.8 58.3 57.6

Employed....................................... 9,090 10,983 10,923 9,077 10,820 10,743 10,792 11,035 10,909

Employment-population ratio............... 45.2 53.7 53.3 45.1 52.9 52.7 52.9 54.0 53.3

Unemployed.................................... 2,251 886 845 2,286 1,086 1,036 1,002 874 881

Unemployment rate......................... 19.8 7.5 7.2 20.1 9.1 8.8 8.5 7.3 7.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,092 1,331 1,249 1,157 1,388 1,352 1,428 1,356 1,323

Participation rate............................... 27.3 33.0 31.0 28.9 34.3 33.6 35.4 33.6 32.8

Employed....................................... 719 1,133 1,071 737 1,155 1,116 1,182 1,135 1,098

Employment-population ratio............... 18.0 28.1 26.5 18.4 28.6 27.7 29.3 28.2 27.2

Unemployed.................................... 373 198 178 419 234 236 247 221 225

Unemployment rate......................... 34.2 14.9 14.3 36.3 16.8 17.4 17.3 16.3 17.0

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,688 8,835 9,039 8,675 9,147 9,169 8,942 8,936 9,020

Participation rate.................................. 43.3 43.9 44.3 43.2 45.0 44.9 45.9 44.4 44.2

Employed.......................................... 6,872 7,997 8,205 6,855 8,254 8,337 8,035 8,204 8,185

Employment-population ratio................. 34.2 39.8 40.2 34.1 40.7 40.8 41.2 40.8 40.1

Unemployed....................................... 1,816 838 835 1,820 893 832 907 731 835

Unemployment rate............................ 20.9 9.5 9.2 21.0 9.8 9.1 10.1 8.2 9.3

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 33,203 34,351 34,768 33,097 34,925 34,506 34,462 34,278 34,704

Participation rate.................................. 54.5 54.9 55.4 54.3 55.5 55.2 54.7 54.8 55.3

Employed.......................................... 27,557 31,902 32,451 27,371 32,198 32,051 31,977 31,984 32,307

Employment-population ratio................. 45.2 51.0 51.7 44.9 51.1 51.3 50.8 51.1 51.5

Unemployed....................................... 5,646 2,449 2,317 5,726 2,726 2,455 2,485 2,295 2,397

Unemployment rate............................ 17.0 7.1 6.7 17.3 7.8 7.1 7.2 6.7 6.9

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,935 35,782 35,627 35,782 35,676 35,440 35,450 35,771 35,485

Participation rate.................................. 62.6 63.3 63.2 62.3 62.5 62.3 62.7 63.3 63.0

Employed.......................................... 30,634 33,608 33,622 30,421 33,430 33,257 33,360 33,677 33,422

Employment-population ratio................. 53.4 59.5 59.7 53.0 58.6 58.4 59.0 59.6 59.3

Unemployed....................................... 5,301 2,174 2,005 5,361 2,246 2,183 2,089 2,094 2,063

Unemployment rate............................ 14.8 6.1 5.6 15.0 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.8

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 60,075 61,316 60,786 60,126 59,940 60,391 60,744 60,835 60,804

Participation rate.................................. 71.5 72.6 72.1 71.6 71.9 72.2 71.8 72.0 72.2

Employed.......................................... 55,151 59,086 58,757 55,087 57,665 57,969 58,417 58,612 58,662

Employment-population ratio................. 65.7 69.9 69.7 65.6 69.1 69.3 69.1 69.4 69.6

Unemployed....................................... 4,924 2,230 2,030 5,040 2,274 2,422 2,327 2,224 2,142

Unemployment rate............................ 8.2 3.6 3.3 8.4 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.5

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,544 18,879 16,644 16,870 1,900 2,009

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,944 9,186 7,854 8,024 1,090 1,162

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 48.7 47.2 47.6 57.4 57.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,894 8,706 6,956 7,594 938 1,111

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.6 46.1 41.8 45.0 49.4 55.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,050 480 898 430 152 51

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 5.2 11.4 5.4 14.0 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,600 9,693 8,790 8,846 810 847

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,453 4,634 3,710 3,824 743 810

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,478 3,733 2,949 3,194 530 538

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.1 80.5 79.5 83.5 71.3 66.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,025 3,544 2,601 3,036 424 508

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 76.5 70.1 79.4 57.0 62.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 189 347 158 106 31

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 5.1 11.8 5.0 20.0 5.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975 902 761 630 213 272

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,076 3,313 2,563 2,793 513 520

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,260 2,450 1,946 2,087 315 363

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.5 74.0 75.9 74.7 61.3 69.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100 2,323 1,817 1,970 283 353

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 70.1 70.9 70.5 55.1 68.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 127 129 117 32 10

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 5.2 6.6 5.6 10.1 2.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 863 617 706 198 157

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,907 6,771 6,666 6,509 241 262

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,294 1,148 1,262 1,118 31 31

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.7 17.0 18.9 17.2 13.0 11.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,073 1,102 1,043 1,071 31 31

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 16.3 15.6 16.5 12.7 11.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 47 220 47 1 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 4.1 17.4 4.2 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,613 5,623 5,404 5,391 210 231

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,108 4,161 3,705 3,744 403 417

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,912 1,855 1,698 1,625 214 230

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.5 44.6 45.8 43.4 53.1 55.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,696 1,736 1,495 1,517 201 219

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 41.7 40.4 40.5 49.9 52.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 118 203 108 13 11

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 6.4 11.9 6.6 6.2 4.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,196 2,306 2,007 2,119 189 187

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,724 233,521 104,740 105,022 127,985 128,499

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,311 149,093 74,246 76,069 71,065 73,024

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 63.8 70.9 72.4 55.5 56.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,330 140,575 64,288 71,452 60,042 69,124

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.4 60.2 61.4 68.0 46.9 53.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,980 8,518 9,958 4,617 11,023 3,901

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 5.7 13.4 6.1 15.5 5.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,414 84,428 30,494 28,953 56,920 55,475

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,846 30,360 230,051 230,743

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 5,923 6,176 149,907 154,203

Participation rate..................................................................... 19.8 20.3 65.2 66.8

Employed............................................................................. 4,805 5,585 128,520 145,575

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 16.1 18.4 55.9 63.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 1,117 592 21,387 8,628

Unemployment rate............................................................... 18.9 9.6 14.3 5.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,923 24,183 80,143 76,540

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,611 2,609 74,556 76,676

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.4 34.7 79.3 81.8

Employed............................................................................. 2,096 2,302 64,877 72,099

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 28.4 30.7 69.0 77.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 515 306 9,680 4,578

Unemployment rate............................................................... 19.7 11.7 13.0 6.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,764 4,901 19,431 17,010

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,157 2,543 66,201 68,049

Participation rate..................................................................... 30.0 32.6 68.2 70.7

Employed............................................................................. 1,731 2,314 55,927 64,436

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 24.1 29.7 57.6 66.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 426 229 10,275 3,612

Unemployment rate............................................................... 19.7 9.0 15.5 5.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,035 5,251 30,938 28,268

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,154 1,025 9,150 9,478

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.6 6.8 23.5 23.3

Employed............................................................................. 978 968 7,717 9,040

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 6.4 6.4 19.8 22.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 177 56 1,432 438

Unemployment rate............................................................... 15.3 5.5 15.7 4.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,124 14,031 29,774 31,262

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 42,504 43,046 20,489 20,660 22,015 22,386

Civilian labor force.................................................. 26,285 27,644 15,238 15,693 11,047 11,951

Participation rate.................................................. 61.8 64.2 74.4 76.0 50.2 53.4

Employed.......................................................... 21,961 25,886 12,908 14,751 9,053 11,135

Employment-population ratio................................. 51.7 60.1 63.0 71.4 41.1 49.7

Unemployed....................................................... 4,324 1,758 2,330 942 1,994 816

Unemployment rate............................................ 16.5 6.4 15.3 6.0 18.1 6.8

Not in labor force.................................................... 16,219 15,402 5,251 4,966 10,968 10,436

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 217,392 218,057 105,218 105,656 112,174 112,401

Civilian labor force.................................................. 129,545 132,735 67,582 69,418 61,963 63,317

Participation rate.................................................. 59.6 60.9 64.2 65.7 55.2 56.3

Employed.......................................................... 111,365 125,274 58,902 65,214 52,463 60,059

Employment-population ratio................................. 51.2 57.5 56.0 61.7 46.8 53.4

Unemployed....................................................... 18,180 7,462 8,680 4,204 9,500 3,258

Unemployment rate............................................ 14.0 5.6 12.8 6.1 15.3 5.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 87,847 85,321 37,636 36,238 50,211 49,084

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,303 2,109 2,196 2,379 2,461 2,466 2,308 2,228 2,292

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,585 1,429 1,466 1,644 1,569 1,552 1,519 1,518 1,527

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 693 623 674 698 823 827 712 635 688

Unpaid family workers........................... 25 57 56 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 131,023 148,384 148,964 130,982 147,351 147,535 147,895 148,598 148,942

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 123,485 139,161 139,929 123,374 138,971 138,941 139,243 139,382 139,825

Government..................................... 19,543 20,958 20,640 19,268 20,709 20,689 20,829 20,644 20,410

Private industries............................... 103,942 118,203 119,289 104,081 118,123 118,102 118,151 118,616 119,548

Private households.......................... 492 650 602 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 103,450 117,553 118,686 103,600 117,472 117,532 117,451 117,896 118,995

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 7,514 9,143 8,960 7,523 8,638 8,721 8,787 9,241 8,962

Unpaid family workers........................... 23 80 75 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 10,684 5,913 5,031 10,899 6,170 5,954 6,088 5,826 5,243

Slack work or business conditions............. 9,843 4,660 3,866 9,980 4,891 4,756 4,723 4,629 3,997

Could only find part-time work.................. 728 1,061 984 708 1,045 986 1,166 984 974

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 13,149 19,523 19,836 12,365 18,237 18,519 18,369 19,102 19,057

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 10,524 5,859 4,968 10,739 6,082 5,824 5,986 5,804 5,178

Slack work or business conditions............. 9,694 4,622 3,812 9,836 4,819 4,691 4,661 4,592 3,949

Could only find part-time work.................. 723 1,060 979 705 1,037 986 1,154 982 970

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 12,779 19,151 19,501 11,986 17,846 18,112 17,998 18,726 18,713

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,326 150,493 151,160 133,370 149,830 150,031 150,239 150,848 151,176

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,161 4,890 5,108 3,457 4,955 4,975 5,118 5,142 5,398

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,101 1,742 1,879 1,297 1,785 1,784 1,868 1,923 2,057

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,060 3,149 3,229 2,171 3,192 3,222 3,245 3,256 3,337

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,165 145,603 146,051 129,913 144,876 145,055 145,121 145,706 145,778

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,951 13,009 13,018 10,045 13,167 13,216 13,216 13,150 13,118

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,214 132,593 133,034 119,745 131,637 131,689 131,789 132,492 132,540

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,910 96,911 97,234 87,662 96,225 96,307 96,461 96,856 96,952

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,456 34,125 34,377 30,421 33,913 33,884 33,988 34,099 34,319

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,658 32,356 32,491 29,595 32,011 32,162 32,146 32,406 32,407

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,796 30,431 30,366 27,646 30,300 30,261 30,327 30,351 30,226

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,304 35,682 35,800 32,083 35,412 35,382 35,328 35,636 35,588

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,810 79,188 79,965 71,892 79,481 79,714 79,666 79,681 80,017

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,769 2,316 2,518 1,917 2,477 2,510 2,474 2,488 2,669

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 774 919 633 881 892 938 879 970

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,203 1,542 1,599 1,290 1,603 1,634 1,550 1,632 1,680

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,041 76,872 77,447 69,975 77,004 77,204 77,193 77,194 77,348

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,183 6,594 6,712 5,246 6,672 6,810 6,763 6,711 6,770

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,858 70,278 70,735 64,695 70,220 70,317 70,329 70,499 70,562

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,282 51,374 51,680 47,234 51,246 51,368 51,436 51,542 51,616

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,390 18,188 18,328 16,411 18,172 18,133 18,145 18,229 18,339

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,090 17,393 17,532 16,049 17,201 17,358 17,390 17,468 17,477

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,803 15,793 15,820 14,774 15,873 15,876 15,901 15,845 15,801

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,575 18,904 19,055 17,462 18,974 18,950 18,892 18,957 18,946

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,516 71,305 71,195 61,478 70,350 70,316 70,572 71,167 71,159

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,392 2,574 2,590 1,540 2,478 2,465 2,644 2,654 2,729

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 968 960 663 904 892 930 1,044 1,087

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 1,607 1,630 881 1,589 1,588 1,695 1,624 1,656

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,124 68,730 68,605 59,938 67,872 67,851 67,928 68,513 68,430

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,768 6,415 6,305 4,799 6,495 6,406 6,453 6,440 6,348

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,356 62,315 62,299 55,050 61,417 61,371 61,460 61,993 61,978

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,627 45,537 45,554 40,428 44,979 44,939 45,024 45,314 45,336

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,066 15,936 16,049 14,010 15,741 15,751 15,843 15,870 15,980

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,568 14,963 14,959 13,547 14,810 14,804 14,756 14,938 14,930

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,993 14,638 14,546 12,872 14,428 14,384 14,426 14,506 14,425

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,729 16,778 16,745 14,622 16,438 16,432 16,436 16,679 16,642

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,843 43,681 43,977 41,677 43,720 43,819 44,033 43,695 43,805

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,034 35,255 35,192 31,859 34,817 34,668 34,803 34,910 35,013

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,908 9,402 9,420 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,656 124,840 125,635 114,325 124,689 124,990 124,868 125,803 126,161

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,670 25,653 25,524 19,117 24,917 24,627 25,109 25,078 25,024

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,360 7,004 6,883 5,411 6,460 6,623 6,678 6,817 6,916

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,410 6,024 6,196 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,207 9,766 9,634 8,221 9,461 9,548 9,498 9,876 9,651

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 23,109 9,710 9,812 14.8 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.1

16 to 19 years..................................... 1,636 771 754 32.1 16.0 14.8 13.9 13.0 12.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 504 278 261 28.0 14.5 15.9 14.8 12.6 11.3

18 to 19 years.................................. 1,127 500 497 34.2 17.0 14.2 13.7 13.3 13.0

20 years and over................................ 21,473 8,939 9,058 14.2 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8

20 to 24 years.................................. 3,452 1,502 1,535 25.6 11.2 9.7 9.6 10.3 10.5

25 years and over.............................. 17,979 7,349 7,477 13.1 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.3

25 to 54 years............................... 12,921 5,639 5,600 12.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5

25 to 34 years............................. 5,186 2,454 2,365 14.6 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.7 6.4

35 to 44 years............................. 3,845 1,752 1,673 11.5 5.5 5.7 5.7 5.1 4.9

45 to 54 years............................. 3,890 1,433 1,561 12.3 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.9

55 years and over........................... 5,056 1,692 1,878 13.6 6.0 5.3 5.3 4.5 5.0

Men, 16 years and over............................ 11,274 5,236 5,394 13.6 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.3

16 to 19 years..................................... 759 452 409 28.4 15.5 15.7 16.6 15.4 13.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 173 143 126 21.4 15.3 15.0 15.7 14.0 11.5

18 to 19 years.................................. 572 314 275 30.7 15.8 16.0 17.6 16.1 14.1

20 years and over................................ 10,515 4,784 4,985 13.1 6.4 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,592 823 883 23.3 12.1 10.0 10.1 10.9 11.5

25 years and over.............................. 8,882 3,889 4,073 12.1 5.8 5.8 5.6 5.2 5.5

25 to 54 years............................... 6,471 2,986 3,031 12.0 5.8 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.5

25 to 34 years............................. 2,709 1,299 1,313 14.2 6.6 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.7

35 to 44 years............................. 1,868 939 843 10.4 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.1 4.6

45 to 54 years............................. 1,894 749 875 11.4 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.5 5.2

55 years and over........................... 2,411 903 1,043 12.1 5.9 5.4 5.6 4.5 5.2

Women, 16 years and over........................ 11,834 4,474 4,418 16.1 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 877 319 345 36.3 16.5 14.0 11.2 10.7 11.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 331 135 136 33.3 13.7 16.8 13.9 11.5 11.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 555 185 221 38.7 18.2 12.3 9.7 10.3 11.8

20 years and over................................ 10,958 4,155 4,073 15.5 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,860 680 652 27.9 10.1 9.5 9.1 9.5 9.3

25 years and over.............................. 9,098 3,460 3,404 14.2 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2

25 to 54 years............................... 6,450 2,653 2,569 13.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4

25 to 34 years............................. 2,477 1,155 1,052 15.0 6.6 6.6 6.2 6.8 6.2

35 to 44 years............................. 1,978 813 830 12.7 5.2 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.3

45 to 54 years............................. 1,996 685 687 13.4 5.7 5.1 5.3 4.5 4.5

55 years and over........................... 2,660 811 848 15.4 6.1 5.1 5.1 4.6 4.9

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 4,430 1,464 1,738 9.6 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.8

Married women, spouse present1................. 4,795 1,383 1,392 13.1 4.7 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8

Women who maintain families2.................... 1,495 822 746 15.9 7.2 8.3 7.7 8.0 7.3

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 16,813 8,156 8,221 12.8 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.1

Part-time workers4.................................. 6,191 1,544 1,515 24.5 7.0 6.4 6.0 5.8 5.7

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 20,384 6,448 6,092 20,662 7,210 6,997 6,586 6,226 6,387

On temporary layoff.............................. 17,878 2,202 1,944 18,047 3,039 2,746 2,229 2,026 2,114

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,506 4,246 4,148 2,615 4,171 4,251 4,357 4,200 4,273

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,951 3,462 3,438 2,029 3,370 3,503 3,497 3,432 3,529

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 555 784 710 586 802 749 860 768 744

Job leavers........................................... 520 754 775 569 743 653 701 777 824

Reentrants............................................ 1,329 2,295 1,896 1,506 2,250 1,963 2,124 2,253 2,072

New entrants......................................... 271 407 457 423 509 542 582 497 625

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 90.6 65.1 66.1 89.2 67.3 68.9 65.9 63.8 64.5

On temporary layoff.............................. 79.4 22.2 21.1 77.9 28.4 27.0 22.3 20.8 21.3

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 11.1 42.9 45.0 11.3 38.9 41.9 43.6 43.1 43.1

Job leavers........................................... 2.3 7.6 8.4 2.5 6.9 6.4 7.0 8.0 8.3

Reentrants............................................ 5.9 23.2 20.6 6.5 21.0 19.3 21.3 23.1 20.9

New entrants......................................... 1.2 4.1 5.0 1.8 4.7 5.3 5.8 5.1 6.3

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 13.1 4.0 3.8 13.2 4.5 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.0

Job leavers........................................... 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3

New entrants......................................... 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 13,880 1,876 2,028 14,282 2,904 2,278 2,185 2,177 2,414

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 6,728 2,142 1,665 6,992 2,222 2,528 2,254 1,941 1,939

15 weeks and over.................................. 1,897 5,886 5,527 1,767 5,529 5,369 5,555 5,609 5,386

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 968 1,610 1,426 763 1,572 1,346 1,407 1,391 1,203

27 weeks and over............................... 929 4,276 4,101 1,004 3,956 4,023 4,148 4,218 4,183

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 7.7 30.6 30.4 6.1 23.4 26.0 27.6 29.7 28.8

Median duration, in weeks......................... 4.0 21.6 22.2 1.9 16.8 15.3 18.3 19.7 19.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 61.7 18.9 22.0 62.0 27.3 22.4 21.9 22.4 24.8

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 29.9 21.6 18.1 30.3 20.9 24.8 22.6 20.0 19.9

15 weeks and over.................................. 8.4 59.4 59.9 7.7 51.9 52.8 55.6 57.7 55.3

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 4.3 16.3 15.5 3.3 14.8 13.2 14.1 14.3 12.4

27 weeks and over............................... 4.1 43.2 44.5 4.4 37.1 39.5 41.5 43.4 43.0

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 133,326 151,160 22,504 9,220 14.4 5.7

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 61,221 64,264 5,079 2,014 7.7 3.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 26,455 27,626 1,742 896 6.2 3.1

Professional and related occupations.......................... 34,766 36,638 3,337 1,118 8.8 3.0

Service occupations................................................ 18,034 24,203 6,723 2,098 27.2 8.0

Sales and office occupations...................................... 26,511 29,993 4,599 1,777 14.8 5.6

Sales and related occupations.................................. 12,223 14,056 2,519 943 17.1 6.3

Office and administrative support occupations............... 14,288 15,936 2,080 834 12.7 5.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 11,828 13,969 2,301 1,207 16.3 8.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,080 1,090 153 128 12.4 10.5

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 6,549 7,933 1,529 858 18.9 9.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,199 4,946 619 222 12.8 4.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 15,732 18,731 3,502 1,646 18.2 8.1

Production occupations.......................................... 6,358 7,691 1,457 578 18.6 7.0

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 9,375 11,040 2,045 1,068 17.9 8.8

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 22,504 9,220 14.4 5.7

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 19,166 7,550 15.6 6.0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 77 97 10.2 14.3

Construction.......................................................................... 1,531 768 16.6 7.7

Manufacturing........................................................................ 1,992 861 13.2 5.8

Durable goods..................................................................... 1,416 505 15.1 5.5

Nondurable goods................................................................ 576 357 10.2 6.3

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 3,223 1,222 17.1 6.2

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 988 530 13.6 6.8

Information............................................................................ 279 154 11.0 5.9

Financial activities................................................................... 545 269 5.4 2.7

Professional and business services............................................... 1,697 1,036 9.8 5.9

Education and health services..................................................... 2,555 846 10.9 3.4

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 4,857 1,372 39.3 10.8

Other services........................................................................ 1,421 395 23.0 6.2

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 163 139 9.6 8.9

Government workers................................................................... 2,018 492 9.3 2.3

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 886 582 9.7 5.6

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Dec.

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.2 3.7 3.4 1.1 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.3

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 13.1 4.0 3.8 13.2 4.5 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.0

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 14.4 6.2 5.7 14.8 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.1

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 14.8 6.5 6.1 15.1 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.4

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 15.6 7.2 6.8 16.0 7.9 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.2

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 22.4 10.9 9.9 22.9 11.7 11.1 11.1 10.7 10.4

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

Apr.

2020

Apr.

2021

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 104,066 100,723 42,887 41,204 61,179 59,519

Persons who currently want a job................................ 9,761 6,466 4,792 3,149 4,969 3,317

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 2,211 1,763 1,170 1,006 1,041 757

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 585 573 309 329 275 244

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,626 1,190 860 677 766 513

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 5,360 6,883 2,641 3,403 2,719 3,479

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.0 4.6 3.7 4.3 4.4 4.9

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 3,202 3,915 1,709 2,038 1,493 1,877

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,170 1,524 387 507 783 1,016

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 275 401 145 251 130 150

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 671 1,004 381 587 290 417

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Change

from:

Mar.2021 -

Apr.2021p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,251 142,133 143,309 144,398 130,161 143,272 144,042 144,308 266

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,032 120,369 121,415 122,407 108,335 121,791 122,499 122,717 218

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,436 19,803 20,084 20,232 18,571 20,201 20,367 20,351 -16

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 589 609 611 622 598 613 615 2

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.8 46.2 44.3 41.5 44.7 46.1 45.1 44.5 -0.6

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.1 542.5 564.8 569.8 576.8 551.6 567.8 570.9 3.1

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.5 130.7 133.6 134.3 135.3 133.3 135.7 137.2 1.5

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.7 174.5 177.8 180.9 174.5 178.9 179.7 182.6 2.9

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 43.2 43.4 42.3 38.0 42.8 43.3 42.5 -0.8

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.0 41.6 41.7 41.7 41.9 41.7 41.6 41.5 -0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.1 89.7 92.7 96.9 94.6 94.4 94.8 98.6 3.8

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.9 237.3 253.4 254.6 267.0 239.4 252.4 251.1 -1.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,452 7,008 7,204 7,375 6,535 7,355 7,452 7,452 0

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,434.3 1,620.9 1,653.7 1,668.6 1,456.2 1,669.8 1,685.2 1,686.5 1.3

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699.0 837.9 854.9 859.5 709.2 860.6 870.5 869.2 -1.3

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735.3 783.0 798.8 809.1 747.0 809.2 814.7 817.3 2.6

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 990.2 934.5 983.9 1,053.8 1,002.5 1,036.8 1,059.8 1,066.1 6.3

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,027.3 4,452.4 4,566.0 4,652.2 4,076.5 4,648.1 4,706.8 4,699.4 -7.4

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 1,781.8 2,051.5 2,097.4 2,141.8 1,803.1 2,135.2 2,154.0 2,158.4 4.4

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,245.5 2,400.9 2,468.6 2,510.4 2,273.4 2,512.9 2,552.8 2,541.0 -11.8

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,369 12,206 12,271 12,246 11,414 12,248 12,302 12,284 -18

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,049 7,590 7,633 7,613 7,062 7,608 7,639 7,619 -20

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.5 400.7 402.6 397.6 374.2 403.0 404.8 397.6 -7.2

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369.3 379.5 389.3 395.8 369.7 393.1 397.3 396.5 -0.8

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.4 346.4 349.6 349.5 349.0 346.0 347.7 348.6 0.9

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,344.8 1,384.1 1,398.1 1,396.7 1,345.2 1,386.4 1,396.8 1,393.9 -2.9

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,017.1 1,057.5 1,061.7 1,063.5 1,018.8 1,055.8 1,061.2 1,064.9 3.7

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,064.1 1,077.4 1,080.5 1,080.5 1,066.7 1,077.7 1,080.3 1,082.4 2.1

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 162.2 163.2 163.4 164.4 162.4 163.4 163.8 164.4 0.6

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.8 85.7 86.3 85.3 85.7 85.6 85.8 85.4 -0.4

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.4 369.3 370.5 368.9 370.3 369.2 370.2 370.4 0.2

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.8 425.4 426.6 428.0 416.9 425.2 426.2 427.6 1.4

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.9 33.8 33.7 33.9 31.5 34.3 34.3 34.6 0.3

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 376.8 370.7 372.9 373.8 378.4 370.6 373.9 375.1 1.2

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,326.4 1,611.6 1,614.4 1,579.9 1,328.4 1,610.6 1,610.0 1,582.0 -28.0

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626.5 909.7 915.9 882.4 626.3 904.3 905.5 878.5 -27.0

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.8 353.6 352.0 350.5 307.5 354.4 352.5 351.1 -1.4

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521.9 608.1 611.9 625.6 523.7 610.4 614.3 626.9 12.6

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,320 4,616 4,638 4,633 4,352 4,640 4,663 4,665 2

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,530.4 1,623.6 1,627.0 1,615.5 1,551.3 1,634.7 1,639.3 1,636.7 -2.6

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.7 94.5 96.3 95.4 84.8 94.5 96.5 95.4 -1.1

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.5 106.3 106.1 105.4 86.3 106.7 106.5 106.2 -0.3

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 91.9 91.6 93.5 70.4 92.6 92.0 93.0 1.0

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.3 355.0 357.2 355.3 353.9 355.7 356.7 355.1 -1.6

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 339.0 367.1 372.1 368.7 341.4 368.9 374.2 371.3 -2.9

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.0 99.9 99.5 101.3 105.2 103.6 102.7 102.4 -0.3

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831.3 851.2 852.6 856.9 832.3 850.0 851.4 855.7 4.3

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659.7 728.4 727.7 727.9 660.6 727.8 727.7 728.5 0.8

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260.7 298.1 307.5 313.5 265.9 305.7 316.0 320.3 4.3

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,596 100,566 101,331 102,175 89,764 101,590 102,132 102,366 234

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,311 26,803 26,899 26,849 24,513 27,081 27,180 27,099 -81

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,470.0 5,611.1 5,633.4 5,651.9 5,486.0 5,639.1 5,659.7 5,667.5 7.8

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,002.9 3,084.5 3,094.4 3,104.2 3,010.8 3,093.9 3,104.6 3,112.3 7.7

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,993.6 2,050.1 2,061.4 2,071.8 1,999.6 2,066.7 2,076.8 2,078.4 1.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Change

from:

Mar.2021 -

Apr.2021p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.5 476.5 477.6 475.9 475.6 478.5 478.3 476.8 -1.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,131.5 14,995.9 15,038.6 15,060.5 13,235.3 15,192.7 15,225.5 15,210.2 -15.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,660.4 1,941.6 1,960.2 1,972.2 1,662.2 1,953.2 1,969.6 1,973.2 3.6

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,018.3 1,239.6 1,246.1 1,246.7 1,020.3 1,238.5 1,249.8 1,248.9 -0.9

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.7 148.2 154.7 164.2 119.3 156.0 158.5 162.0 3.5

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 521.4 553.8 559.4 561.3 522.6 558.7 561.3 562.3 1.0

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 251.0 435.9 441.7 441.3 254.1 437.3 444.0 447.7 3.7

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 420.2 416.7 415.5 416.9 420.7 417.4 415.1 414.7 -0.4

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,307.4 1,339.7 1,376.8 1,417.3 1,268.1 1,393.9 1,378.6 1,382.0 3.4

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,006.4 3,141.0 3,130.4 3,088.5 3,029.8 3,162.5 3,161.9 3,112.5 -49.4

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 915.6 983.2 992.0 1,007.3 921.9 992.8 999.5 1,008.1 8.6

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899.3 924.0 928.5 924.8 905.3 937.2 939.4 930.5 -8.9

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 472.4 949.5 954.7 960.5 489.7 964.1 986.0 996.2 10.2

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.7 469.2 464.0 467.0 341.8 465.7 460.8 481.2 20.4

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,769.6 3,019.7 2,996.5 2,976.0 2,830.7 3,079.4 3,073.2 3,063.4 -9.8

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730.1 957.6 947.1 944.1 756.4 978.0 976.2 973.5 -2.7

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,039.5 2,062.1 2,049.4 2,031.9 2,074.3 2,101.4 2,097.0 2,089.9 -7.1

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.6 774.2 777.4 789.3 563.3 786.3 793.2 795.2 2.0

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540.9 601.2 600.9 599.4 547.7 602.9 604.2 605.5 1.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,168.3 5,659.0 5,687.3 5,598.2 5,248.5 5,710.4 5,755.2 5,681.1 -74.1

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438.0 404.4 411.0 418.4 438.7 407.1 412.5 419.0 6.5

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.3 142.2 143.0 143.0 153.9 142.5 142.4 142.3 -0.1

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.0 57.6 58.8 59.5 62.0 59.5 60.5 60.1 -0.4

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,411.7 1,453.5 1,461.0 1,465.1 1,428.4 1,478.4 1,481.8 1,480.3 -1.5

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.1 382.3 395.8 399.2 306.3 368.8 382.3 384.4 2.1

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 48.1 49.0 49.0 51.4 48.5 49.0 49.0 0.0

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 11.2 19.2 22.4 26.9 12.8 25.2 28.4 30.7 2.3

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 667.6 694.0 698.9 700.3 668.1 695.3 702.0 700.7 -1.3

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821.5 1,041.4 1,036.4 939.7 889.2 1,072.5 1,086.4 1,009.0 -77.4

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,230.5 1,416.3 1,411.0 1,397.1 1,237.7 1,412.6 1,409.9 1,405.6 -4.3

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541.0 537.3 539.7 538.4 543.5 539.2 540.0 540.4 0.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,630 2,672 2,681 2,689 2,633 2,678 2,686 2,687 1

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 757.6 761.6 766.9 762.2 762.6 764.1 770.9 767.2 -3.7

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.6 253.3 263.0 268.8 213.2 261.3 268.7 265.6 -3.1

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.8 250.3 241.0 238.9 247.1 248.6 240.0 238.7 -1.3

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698.0 690.2 688.2 690.7 699.0 687.8 686.3 689.6 3.3

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359.8 356.0 357.9 360.6 357.6 354.7 355.9 357.5 1.6

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.3 361.0 363.8 367.6 353.6 361.7 364.6 368.0 3.4

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,555 8,732 8,751 8,773 8,596 8,774 8,793 8,812 19

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,452.7 6,534.7 6,541.8 6,533.0 6,473.5 6,542.5 6,548.8 6,551.9 3.1

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.0 20.2 20.1 20.2 20.1 20.3 20.2 20.3 0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,629.0 2,671.4 2,668.0 2,667.5 2,637.8 2,672.5 2,668.9 2,673.8 4.9

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,767.7 1,741.7 1,739.2 1,733.8 1,771.0 1,742.2 1,739.7 1,738.1 -1.6

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,383.7 1,356.9 1,353.7 1,348.0 1,387.8 1,356.5 1,354.2 1,353.2 -1.0

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 569.3 610.0 608.2 611.9 573.8 611.1 608.5 613.2 4.7

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 292.0 319.7 320.6 321.8 293.0 319.2 320.7 322.5 1.8

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 957.2 974.2 973.8 978.6 962.7 977.5 977.9 983.0 5.1

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,846.5 2,868.9 2,879.9 2,866.7 2,852.9 2,872.2 2,881.8 2,874.8 -7.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,102.7 2,197.6 2,209.0 2,239.7 2,122.0 2,231.0 2,243.7 2,260.2 16.5

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,625.1 1,697.6 1,704.8 1,721.9 1,636.8 1,716.0 1,727.0 1,734.4 7.4

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.3 478.1 482.3 495.9 462.6 492.7 494.5 503.6 9.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Change

from:

Mar.2021 -

Apr.2021p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.3 21.9 21.9 21.9 22.6 22.3 22.2 22.2 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,053 20,449 20,546 20,714 19,082 20,733 20,800 20,721 -79

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,198.2 9,656.3 9,681.3 9,752.9 9,164.1 9,603.1 9,641.2 9,683.8 42.6

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,086.4 1,122.5 1,123.9 1,127.1 1,092.1 1,128.8 1,128.9 1,132.7 3.8

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,042.2 1,112.7 1,123.1 1,117.2 966.6 1,006.8 1,011.0 1,015.1 4.1

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,465.6 1,514.5 1,520.3 1,537.5 1,476.9 1,530.6 1,538.3 1,549.9 11.6

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.7 134.0 134.1 135.9 123.0 134.9 135.1 135.7 0.6

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,164.1 2,223.0 2,211.3 2,237.4 2,171.8 2,227.1 2,233.6 2,239.8 6.2

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,467.5 1,570.2 1,572.9 1,589.4 1,476.8 1,583.1 1,591.6 1,597.8 6.2

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741.2 790.9 797.6 803.2 744.5 794.7 798.3 805.1 6.8

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 440.4 437.5 438.7 440.6 441.8 438.8 441.1 442.4 1.3

Other professional and technical services. . . 668.1 751.0 759.4 764.6 670.6 758.3 763.3 765.3 2.0

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,315.6 2,326.4 2,332.2 2,336.7 2,329.4 2,339.5 2,341.3 2,347.0 5.7

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,539.6 8,465.8 8,532.1 8,624.6 7,588.2 8,790.5 8,817.9 8,690.3 -127.6

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 7,107.8 8,025.6 8,088.3 8,178.7 7,153.9 8,342.4 8,367.7 8,241.2 -126.5

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.7 534.2 539.1 546.2 505.5 539.2 542.4 545.8 3.4

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.5 153.2 153.4 151.6 150.9 153.2 152.7 151.8 -0.9

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,432.0 3,252.4 3,271.9 3,221.9 2,470.7 3,387.6 3,393.4 3,278.2 -115.2

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,893.0 2,635.1 2,651.5 2,593.6 1,946.8 2,767.9 2,760.0 2,648.6 -111.4

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772.5 799.7 795.3 780.6 777.0 798.8 800.6 785.2 -15.4

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170.6 143.9 147.5 149.2 170.4 146.7 148.4 149.0 0.6

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 869.3 897.7 904.3 905.0 874.6 901.5 911.3 910.6 -0.7

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 1,926.5 1,954.5 1,982.1 2,125.1 1,924.3 2,123.7 2,122.6 2,122.6 0.0

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.7 290.0 294.7 299.1 280.4 291.7 296.3 298.0 1.7

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431.8 440.2 443.8 445.9 434.3 448.1 450.2 449.1 -1.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,880 23,388 23,520 23,571 21,722 23,292 23,396 23,395 -1

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,415.1 3,539.5 3,599.6 3,607.6 3,253.5 3,402.5 3,456.4 3,436.8 -19.6

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,465.3 19,848.7 19,920.3 19,963.4 18,468.5 19,889.2 19,939.9 19,958.4 18.5

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,847.4 15,882.1 15,925.8 15,928.6 14,875.5 15,925.6 15,954.4 15,950.3 -4.1

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 6,517.0 7,697.7 7,734.8 7,766.1 6,524.9 7,721.0 7,750.4 7,771.6 21.2

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,418.8 2,663.3 2,671.9 2,682.0 2,424.0 2,669.0 2,676.7 2,688.0 11.3

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.7 987.3 995.4 1,001.9 436.3 992.8 997.2 1,000.9 3.7

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 757.4 950.6 957.5 970.1 758.5 953.6 962.1 971.5 9.4

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916.0 993.0 1,000.5 1,004.5 916.0 994.7 999.4 1,002.8 3.4

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 261.1 292.3 292.7 293.8 261.7 291.5 292.6 293.7 1.1

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,432.9 1,493.9 1,500.7 1,499.1 1,433.3 1,501.2 1,506.3 1,499.6 -6.7

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1 317.3 316.1 314.7 295.1 318.2 316.1 315.1 -1.0

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,101.3 5,131.5 5,146.4 5,133.7 5,108.8 5,138.4 5,143.6 5,137.8 -5.8

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,229.1 3,052.9 3,044.6 3,028.8 3,241.8 3,066.2 3,060.4 3,040.9 -19.5

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,527.3 1,398.5 1,393.8 1,376.3 1,534.3 1,404.2 1,401.5 1,382.7 -18.8

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 611.5 608.1 607.6 609.4 613.3 610.3 609.4 611.3 1.9

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933.8 894.8 893.0 893.5 937.4 899.2 898.3 896.9 -1.4

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 156.5 151.5 150.2 149.6 156.8 152.5 151.2 150.0 -1.2

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,617.9 3,966.6 3,994.5 4,034.8 3,593.0 3,963.6 3,985.5 4,008.1 22.6

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,491.2 2,620.7 2,636.9 2,656.5 2,484.7 2,623.4 2,641.1 2,649.3 8.2

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 178.8 184.0 184.9 182.9 178.9 184.0 184.2 183.7 -0.5

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 254.9 274.4 276.6 282.1 256.1 276.4 278.0 281.4 3.4

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693.0 887.5 896.1 913.3 673.2 879.8 882.2 893.7 11.5

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,648 13,065 13,428 14,003 8,691 13,530 13,736 14,067 331

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,143.0 1,583.8 1,678.9 1,840.0 1,168.8 1,732.9 1,798.4 1,888.0 89.6

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 279.7 304.9 326.8 368.5 273.5 328.0 346.4 360.7 14.3

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.6 118.4 123.1 130.8 125.2 129.4 131.0 133.6 2.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Change

from:

Mar.2021 -

Apr.2021p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 740.7 1,160.5 1,229.0 1,340.7 770.1 1,275.5 1,321.0 1,393.7 72.7

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 7,505.2 11,480.9 11,748.6 12,162.7 7,522.6 11,797.0 11,937.1 12,178.5 241.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,158.0 1,378.7 1,431.0 1,495.4 1,189.2 1,441.4 1,481.8 1,536.2 54.4

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 6,347.2 10,102.2 10,317.6 10,667.3 6,333.4 10,355.6 10,455.3 10,642.3 187.0

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,519 5,457 5,506 5,576 4,527 5,502 5,541 5,585 44

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,118.6 1,302.9 1,321.2 1,338.8 1,116.5 1,305.3 1,324.4 1,338.2 13.8

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683.8 1,310.0 1,328.7 1,357.9 682.4 1,328.4 1,341.3 1,355.5 14.2

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,717.0 2,844.0 2,855.7 2,879.4 2,728.0 2,868.2 2,874.9 2,891.2 16.3

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,219 21,764 21,894 21,991 21,826 21,481 21,543 21,591 48

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,867 2,861 2,860 2,886 2,883 2,882 2,888 2,897 9

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,272.0 2,254.9 2,256.6 2,272.9 2,280.2 2,270.0 2,276.3 2,282.0 5.7

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595.1 606.0 603.8 613.2 602.9 611.6 611.4 614.8 3.4

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,239 5,088 5,132 5,142 5,074 4,955 4,970 4,977 7

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,541.4 2,419.0 2,460.4 2,466.6 2,374.2 2,275.4 2,292.0 2,297.9 5.9

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,697.4 2,669.4 2,671.3 2,675.5 2,700.0 2,679.9 2,678.0 2,679.0 1.0

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,113 13,815 13,902 13,963 13,869 13,644 13,685 13,717 32

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,892.9 7,648.5 7,705.4 7,741.0 7,571.9 7,359.7 7,387.7 7,418.8 31.1

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,220.2 6,166.6 6,196.1 6,222.0 6,296.7 6,284.4 6,297.2 6,297.8 0.6

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.2 34.6 34.9 35.0

Goods-producing.................................................................... 38.1 39.7 40.2 40.1

Mining and logging................................................................ 43.0 44.6 45.5 45.2

Construction....................................................................... 37.9 38.2 39.4 39.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 38.0 40.3 40.5 40.5

Durable goods.................................................................. 37.8 40.5 40.7 40.6

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 38.3 40.0 40.1 40.3

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.4 33.6 33.8 33.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.8 34.3 34.6 34.7

Wholesale trade................................................................ 37.7 38.7 39.1 39.1

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.5 30.6 30.8 31.0

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.3 38.8 39.3 39.5

Utilities........................................................................... 42.5 42.7 42.7 42.5

Information......................................................................... 36.5 37.2 37.2 37.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.7 37.7 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.0 36.5 36.8 37.0

Education and health services.................................................. 32.7 33.3 33.4 33.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.2 25.3 26.2 26.7

Other services..................................................................... 32.2 32.2 32.4 32.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 2.1 3.2 3.2 3.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 1.7 3.1 3.1 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 2.7 3.3 3.4 3.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Total private............................................... $30.07 $30.00 $29.96 $30.17 $1,028.39 $1,038.00 $1,045.60 $1,055.95

Goods-producing....................................... 30.24 30.43 30.45 30.69 1,152.14 1,208.07 1,224.09 1,230.67

Mining and logging.................................. 34.74 34.78 34.55 35.28 1,493.82 1,551.19 1,572.03 1,594.66

Construction.......................................... 31.38 32.28 32.25 32.57 1,189.30 1,233.10 1,270.65 1,273.49

Manufacturing........................................ 29.31 29.14 29.16 29.33 1,113.78 1,174.34 1,180.98 1,187.87

Durable goods.................................... 30.88 30.63 30.69 30.94 1,167.26 1,240.52 1,249.08 1,256.16

Nondurable goods................................ 26.78 26.66 26.61 26.68 1,025.67 1,066.40 1,067.06 1,075.20

Private service-providing.............................. 30.03 29.90 29.84 30.05 1,003.00 1,004.64 1,008.59 1,018.70

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 25.62 25.68 25.79 26.07 865.96 880.82 892.33 904.63

Wholesale trade.................................. 32.45 33.09 33.19 33.34 1,223.37 1,280.58 1,297.73 1,303.59

Retail trade........................................ 21.10 21.27 21.45 21.75 643.55 650.86 660.66 674.25

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.65 25.71 25.67 26.08 956.75 997.55 1,008.83 1,030.16

Utilities............................................. 43.11 44.12 44.22 44.46 1,832.18 1,883.92 1,888.19 1,889.55

Information........................................... 43.66 44.57 43.85 44.54 1,593.59 1,658.00 1,631.22 1,665.80

Financial activities................................... 37.37 39.51 39.75 39.83 1,405.11 1,489.53 1,498.58 1,497.61

Professional and business services.............. 35.83 35.83 35.87 36.03 1,289.88 1,307.80 1,320.02 1,333.11

Education and health services..................... 28.41 29.35 29.16 29.54 929.01 977.36 973.94 983.68

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 18.00 17.38 17.59 17.88 435.60 439.71 460.86 477.40

Other services....................................... 27.79 27.11 26.81 26.99 894.84 872.94 868.64 874.48

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2021 -

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2021 -

Apr.

2021p

Total private..................................... 93.0 105.8 107.3 107.8 0.5 133.7 151.7 153.7 155.5 1.2

Goods-producing............................. 80.6 91.4 93.3 93.0 -0.3 110.2 125.7 128.4 129.0 0.5

Mining and logging........................ 84.0 83.8 87.6 87.3 -0.3 117.2 117.0 121.6 123.7 1.7

Construction................................ 85.4 96.9 101.2 100.4 -0.8 116.4 135.8 141.8 142.1 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 78.0 88.8 89.6 89.5 -0.1 106.4 120.3 121.6 122.1 0.4

Durable goods........................... 75.2 86.8 87.5 87.1 -0.5 103.1 118.0 119.3 119.7 0.3

Nondurable goods...................... 83.2 92.6 93.3 93.8 0.5 113.1 125.3 126.0 127.0 0.8

Private service-providing.................... 96.5 109.9 111.1 111.7 0.5 140.9 159.7 161.2 163.2 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 90.4 101.4 102.6 102.6 0.0 124.9 140.4 142.7 144.3 1.1

Wholesale trade......................... 91.2 96.3 97.6 97.7 0.1 123.8 133.2 135.5 136.3 0.6

Retail trade.............................. 82.0 94.4 95.2 95.7 0.5 114.3 132.7 135.0 137.6 1.9

Transportation and warehousing...... 112.5 127.3 130.0 128.9 -0.8 146.8 166.5 169.7 171.1 0.8

Utilities.................................... 99.9 99.6 99.8 99.4 -0.4 142.3 145.2 145.8 146.0 0.1

Information................................. 87.8 91.0 91.3 91.8 0.5 136.4 144.4 142.5 145.5 2.1

Financial activities......................... 105.9 108.4 108.6 108.6 0.0 154.4 167.0 168.4 168.7 0.2

Professional and business services..... 107.7 118.7 120.0 120.2 0.2 156.3 172.1 174.3 175.4 0.6

Education and health services........... 116.0 126.6 127.6 127.2 -0.3 158.5 178.8 179.0 180.8 1.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 60.0 97.7 102.7 107.2 4.4 87.1 137.0 145.7 154.6 6.1

Other services............................. 84.0 102.1 103.5 104.3 0.8 128.0 151.8 152.1 154.3 1.4

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Total nonfarm............................................. 64,104 71,360 71,620 71,781 49.2 49.8 49.7 49.7

Total private............................................ 51,543 59,000 59,234 59,350 47.6 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,182 4,596 4,624 4,638 22.5 22.8 22.7 22.8

Mining and logging............................... 88 82 85 84 14.1 13.7 13.9 13.7

Construction....................................... 884 993 1,001 1,010 13.5 13.5 13.4 13.6

Manufacturing..................................... 3,210 3,521 3,538 3,544 28.1 28.7 28.8 28.9

Durable goods.................................. 1,707 1,866 1,866 1,870 24.2 24.5 24.4 24.5

Nondurable goods............................. 1,503 1,655 1,672 1,674 34.5 35.7 35.9 35.9

Private service-providing........................... 47,361 54,404 54,610 54,712 52.8 53.6 53.5 53.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 9,357 10,645 10,682 10,638 38.2 39.3 39.3 39.3

Wholesale trade................................ 1,613.7 1,689.6 1,698.0 1,699.9 29.4 30.0 30.0 30.0

Retail trade..................................... 6,314.4 7,373.1 7,386.6 7,359.9 47.7 48.5 48.5 48.4

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,295.8 1,448.6 1,463.7 1,443.7 24.7 25.4 25.4 25.4

Utilities........................................... 132.8 133.6 133.8 134.1 24.4 24.8 24.8 24.8

Information......................................... 1,049 1,067 1,068 1,074 39.8 39.8 39.8 40.0

Financial activities................................ 4,879 4,968 4,964 4,965 56.8 56.6 56.5 56.3

Professional and business services............ 8,647 9,571 9,602 9,556 45.3 46.2 46.2 46.1

Education and health services.................. 16,637 18,013 18,049 18,069 76.6 77.3 77.1 77.2

Leisure and hospitality........................... 4,545 7,208 7,306 7,456 52.3 53.3 53.2 53.0

Other services..................................... 2,247 2,932 2,939 2,954 49.6 53.3 53.0 52.9

Government............................................. 12,561 12,360 12,386 12,431 57.6 57.5 57.5 57.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Total private............................................................................... 87,038 99,221 99,753 99,700

Goods-producing....................................................................... 12,935 14,330 14,475 14,378

Mining and logging.................................................................. 433 433 443 445

Construction.......................................................................... 4,726 5,413 5,518 5,466

Manufacturing........................................................................ 7,776 8,484 8,514 8,467

Durable goods..................................................................... 4,656 5,159 5,182 5,143

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,120 3,325 3,332 3,324

Private service-providing.............................................................. 74,103 84,891 85,278 85,322

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 20,550 22,896 22,953 22,820

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,346.3 4,479.7 4,503.0 4,495.9

Retail trade........................................................................ 11,232.0 12,988.4 12,989.0 12,952.4

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,537.4 5,000.1 5,032.6 4,940.9

Utilities.............................................................................. 434.2 428.1 428.5 430.3

Information............................................................................ 2,091 2,122 2,130 2,133

Financial activities................................................................... 6,589 6,648 6,650 6,651

Professional and business services............................................... 15,158 16,731 16,751 16,610

Education and health services..................................................... 18,970 20,385 20,477 20,482

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 7,121 11,643 11,826 12,105

Other services........................................................................ 3,624 4,466 4,491 4,521

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.5 34.0 34.4 34.4

Goods-producing.................................................................... 38.6 40.5 41.2 41.1

Mining and logging................................................................ 43.1 45.4 46.9 46.6

Construction....................................................................... 38.3 38.6 40.1 39.8

Manufacturing..................................................................... 38.5 41.4 41.7 41.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 38.1 41.5 41.9 41.8

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.1 41.4 41.3 41.5

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.6 32.9 33.2 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.6 34.3 34.6 34.6

Wholesale trade................................................................ 37.0 38.5 38.9 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.5 30.9 31.1 31.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.2 38.6 39.0 39.2

Utilities........................................................................... 42.3 42.6 42.8 42.7

Information......................................................................... 35.6 36.5 35.9 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 36.9 37.4 37.4 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 35.2 35.9 36.3 36.5

Education and health services.................................................. 31.8 32.6 32.7 32.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 22.3 24.1 24.8 25.3

Other services..................................................................... 31.2 31.0 31.4 31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 2.8 4.2 4.2 4.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 2.5 4.2 4.2 4.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.2 4.1 4.1 4.2

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Total private............................................... $25.16 $25.21 $25.25 $25.45 $842.86 $857.14 $868.60 $875.48

Goods-producing....................................... 25.19 25.83 25.97 26.17 972.33 1,046.12 1,069.96 1,075.59

Mining and logging.................................. 30.98 30.66 30.68 31.29 1,335.24 1,391.96 1,438.89 1,458.11

Construction.......................................... 28.69 29.65 29.77 30.21 1,098.83 1,144.49 1,193.78 1,202.36

Manufacturing........................................ 22.72 23.29 23.33 23.38 874.72 964.21 972.86 974.95

Durable goods.................................... 23.56 24.30 24.32 24.41 897.64 1,008.45 1,019.01 1,020.34

Nondurable goods................................ 21.49 21.72 21.75 21.78 840.26 899.21 898.28 903.87

Private service-providing.............................. 25.15 25.08 25.10 25.30 819.89 825.13 833.32 842.49

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 21.59 21.72 21.79 22.02 725.42 745.00 753.93 761.89

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.87 27.30 27.35 27.40 994.19 1,051.05 1,063.92 1,068.60

Retail trade........................................ 17.63 17.91 18.02 18.39 537.72 553.42 560.42 571.93

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.82 22.96 22.89 23.00 848.90 886.26 892.71 901.60

Utilities............................................. 38.00 39.63 39.89 39.79 1,607.40 1,688.24 1,707.29 1,699.03

Information........................................... 35.76 36.87 36.86 36.85 1,273.06 1,345.76 1,323.27 1,341.34

Financial activities................................... 28.82 29.86 30.00 30.08 1,063.46 1,116.76 1,122.00 1,128.00

Professional and business services.............. 29.86 29.88 29.98 30.15 1,051.07 1,072.69 1,088.27 1,100.48

Education and health services..................... 25.35 26.20 26.17 26.52 806.13 854.12 855.76 864.55

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.68 15.05 15.27 15.68 327.36 362.71 378.70 396.70

Other services....................................... 23.50 23.00 23.01 23.07 733.20 713.00 722.51 724.40

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2021 -

Apr.

2021p

Apr.

2020

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021p

Apr.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2021 -

Apr.

2021p

Total private..................................... 97.2 112.4 114.3 114.3 0.0 163.4 189.4 193.0 194.4 0.7

Goods-producing............................. 76.3 88.7 91.1 90.3 -0.9 117.7 140.3 144.9 144.7 -0.1

Mining and logging........................ 99.2 104.5 110.4 110.2 -0.2 178.7 186.3 197.0 200.5 1.8

Construction................................ 90.6 104.6 110.8 108.9 -1.7 140.4 167.5 178.1 177.7 -0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 68.7 80.6 81.5 81.1 -0.5 102.1 122.8 124.3 123.9 -0.3

Durable goods........................... 66.6 80.4 81.6 80.8 -1.0 98.0 122.0 123.8 123.1 -0.6

Nondurable goods...................... 71.9 81.1 81.1 81.3 0.2 109.1 124.5 124.6 125.1 0.4

Private service-providing.................... 102.9 119.0 120.6 121.1 0.4 177.6 204.7 207.7 210.1 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 96.6 109.8 111.1 110.4 -0.6 149.0 170.5 172.9 173.8 0.5

Wholesale trade......................... 95.4 102.4 104.0 104.1 0.1 151.4 164.9 167.8 168.3 0.3

Retail trade.............................. 86.7 101.6 102.2 101.9 -0.3 131.0 155.9 157.9 160.6 1.7

Transportation and warehousing...... 127.7 146.1 148.5 146.6 -1.3 185.5 213.5 216.4 214.6 -0.8

Utilities.................................... 93.9 93.3 93.8 94.0 0.2 149.0 154.3 156.2 156.1 -0.1

Information................................. 85.0 88.4 87.3 88.6 1.5 150.4 161.4 159.3 161.7 1.5

Financial activities......................... 114.4 117.0 117.1 117.4 0.3 202.9 215.0 216.0 217.2 0.6

Professional and business services..... 119.3 134.3 136.0 135.6 -0.3 211.8 238.6 242.4 243.0 0.2

Education and health services........... 128.6 141.7 142.8 142.4 -0.3 215.2 245.0 246.6 249.2 1.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 58.2 102.8 107.4 112.2 4.5 97.0 175.7 186.3 199.8 7.2

Other services............................. 79.3 97.1 98.9 99.6 0.7 135.8 162.7 165.8 167.4 1.0

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.