Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-21-1799 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, October 8, 2021

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — SEPTEMBER 2021

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 194,000 in September, and the unemployment rate fell by 

0.4 percentage point to 4.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains 

occurred in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business services, in retail trade, and in 

transportation and warehousing. Employment in public education declined over the month. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate fell by 0.4 percentage point to 4.8 percent in September. The number of 

unemployed persons fell by 710,000 to 7.7 million. Both measures are down considerably from their 

highs at the end of the February-April 2020 recession. However, they remain above their levels prior to 

the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, respectively, in February 2020). 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

September 2019 – September 2021

Percent

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

155,000

160,000

Sep-19 Dec-19 Mar-20 Jun-20 Sep-20 Dec-20 Mar-21 Jun-21 Sep-21

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 

September 2019 – September 2021

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Sep-19 Dec-19 Mar-20 Jun-20 Sep-20 Dec-20 Mar-21 Jun-21 Sep-21
 

-2-

(See table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the household survey and its 

measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (4.7 percent), adult women 

(4.2 percent), Whites (4.2 percent), and Blacks (7.9 percent) declined in September. The jobless rates for 

teenagers (11.5 percent), Asians (4.2 percent), and Hispanics (6.3 percent) showed little change over the 

month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers declined by 236,000 to 2.3 million in 

September but is 953,000 higher than in February 2020. The number of persons on temporary layoff, at 

1.1 million, changed little in September. This measure is down considerably from the high of 18.0 

million in April 2020 but is 374,000 above the February 2020 level. The number of reentrants to the 

labor force decreased by 198,000 in September to 2.3 million, after increasing by a similar amount in 

August. (Reentrants are persons who previously worked but were not in the labor force prior to 

beginning their job search.) (See table A-11.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) decreased by 496,000 in 

September to 2.7 million but is 1.6 million higher than in February 2020. The long-term unemployed 

accounted for 34.5 percent of the total unemployed in September. The number of persons jobless less 

than 5 weeks, at 2.2 million, changed little. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate was little changed at 61.6 percent in September and has remained 

within a narrow range of 61.4 percent to 61.7 percent since June 2020. The participation rate is 1.7 

percentage points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio, at 58.7 percent, 

edged up in September. This measure is up from its low of 51.3 percent in April 2020 but remains below 

the figure of 61.1 percent in February 2020. (See table A-1.)

In September, the number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.5 million, was 

essentially unchanged for the second month in a row. There were 4.4 million persons in this category in 

February 2020. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part 

time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 6.0 million in September, 

little changed over the month but up by 959,000 since February 2020. These individuals were not 

counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks or were 

unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force edged up to 1.7 million in September, following a decline in the prior month. These 

individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 

months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged 

workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was 

450,000 in September, little changed from the previous month. (See Summary table A.) 

 

Household Survey Supplemental Data 

In September, 13.2 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, 

little changed from the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked at 

home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the pandemic. 
 

-3-

In September, 5.0 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer 

closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at 

some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 5.6 million in August. 

Among those who reported in September that they were unable to work because of pandemic-related 

closures or lost business, 15.5 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the hours 

not worked, little changed from the prior month. 

Among those not in the labor force in September, 1.6 million persons were prevented from looking for 

work due to the pandemic, little changed from August. (To be counted as unemployed, by definition, 

individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.) 

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 

help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 

with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm. 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 194,000 in September. Thus far this year, monthly 

job growth has averaged 561,000. Nonfarm employment has increased by 17.4 million since a recent 

trough in April 2020 but is down by 5.0 million, or 3.3 percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February 

2020. In September, notable job gains occurred in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business 

services, in retail trade, and in transportation and warehousing. Employment in public education 

declined over the month. (See table B-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the 

establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.) 

Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 74,000 in September, with continued job growth in 

arts, entertainment, and recreation (+43,000). Employment in food services and drinking places changed 

little for the second consecutive month, compared with an average monthly gain of 197,000 from 

January through July. Employment in leisure and hospitality is down by 1.6 million, or 9.4 percent, 

since February 2020. 

Professional and business services added 60,000 jobs in September. Employment continued to increase 

in architectural and engineering services (+15,000), management and technical consulting services 

(+15,000), and computer systems design and related services (+9,000). Employment in professional and 

business services is 385,000 below its level in February 2020. 

In September, employment in retail trade rose by 56,000, following 2 months of little change. Over the 

month, employment gains occurred in clothing and clothing accessories stores (+27,000), general 

merchandise stores (+16,000), and building material and garden supply stores (+16,000). These gains 

were partially offset by a loss in food and beverage stores (-12,000). Retail trade employment is 202,000 

lower than its level in February 2020. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 47,000 in September, in line with gains 

in the prior 2 months. In September, job gains continued in warehousing and storage (+16,000), couriers 

and messengers (+13,000), and air transportation (+10,000). Employment in transportation and 

warehousing is 72,000 above its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. 
 

-4-

Employment in the information industry increased by 32,000 in September. Gains occurred in motion 

picture and sound recording industries (+14,000); in publishing industries, except Internet (+11,000); 

and in data processing, hosting, and related services (+6,000). Employment in information is down by 

108,000 since February 2020. 

In September, social assistance added 30,000 jobs, led by a gain in child day care services (+18,000). 

Employment in social assistance is 204,000 lower than in February 2020. 

Employment in manufacturing increased by 26,000 in September, with gains in fabricated metal 

products (+8,000), machinery (+6,000), and printing and related support activities (+4,000). These gains 

were partially offset by a decline of 6,000 in motor vehicles and parts. Manufacturing employment is 

down by 353,000 since February 2020. 

Construction employment rose by 22,000 in September but has shown little net change thus far this 

year. Employment in construction is 201,000 below its February 2020 level. 

In September, employment in wholesale trade increased by 17,000, almost entirely in the durable goods 

component (+16,000). Employment in wholesale trade is down by 159,000 since February 2020. 

Mining employment continued to trend up in September (+5,000), reflecting growth in support activities 

for mining (+4,000). Mining employment has risen by 59,000 since a trough in August 2020 but is 

93,000 below a peak in January 2019. 

In September, employment decreased by 144,000 in local government education and by 17,000 in 

state government education. Employment changed little in private education (-19,000). Most back-toschool hiring typically occurs in September. Hiring this September was lower than usual, resulting in a 

decline after seasonal adjustment. Recent employment changes are challenging to interpret, as 

pandemic-related staffing fluctuations in public and private education have distorted the normal seasonal 

hiring and layoff patterns. Since February 2020, employment is down by 310,000 in local government 

education, by 194,000 in state government education, and by 172,000 in private education. 

Employment in health care changed little in September (-18,000). Job losses occurred in nursing and 

residential care facilities (-38,000) and hospitals (-8,000), while ambulatory health care services added 

jobs (+28,000). Employment in health care is down by 524,000 since February 2020, with nursing and 

residential care facilities accounting for about four-fifths of the loss. 

In September, employment showed little change in financial activities and in other services. 

Average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 19 cents to $30.85 in 

September, following large increases in the prior 5 months. In September, average hourly earnings of 

private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 14 cents to $26.15. The data for 

recent months suggest that the rising demand for labor associated with the recovery from the pandemic 

may have put upward pressure on wages. However, because average hourly earnings vary widely across 

industries, the large employment fluctuations since February 2020 complicate the analysis of recent 

trends in average hourly earnings. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

In September, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 

hour to 34.8 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.4 hours, and overtime 
-5-

edged up by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 

employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 34.2 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for July was revised up by 38,000, from +1,053,000 to 

+1,091,000, and the change for August was revised up by 131,000, from +235,000 to +366,000. With

these revisions, employment in July and August combined is 169,000 higher than previously reported.

(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies

since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for October is scheduled to be released on Friday, November 5, 2021, 

at 8:30 a.m. (ET). 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on September 2021 Household and 

Establishment Survey Data

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data 

continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the 

safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone 

interviews could not be done. 

As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as 

unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the 

share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the pandemic 

and has been considerably lower in recent months. Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of 

what the unemployment rate might have been had misclassified workers been included among the 

unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in September 

2021 would have been 0.1 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the upper 

bound of our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of the misclassification error.

More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-september-2021.htm .
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Change from:

Aug. 2021-

Sept. 2021

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 260,742 261,469 261,611 261,766 155

Civilian labor force........................................................... 160,078 161,347 161,537 161,354 -183

Participation rate.......................................................... 61.4 61.7 61.7 61.6 -0.1

Employed................................................................... 147,543 152,645 153,154 153,680 526

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 56.6 58.4 58.5 58.7 0.2

Unemployed............................................................... 12,535 8,702 8,384 7,674 -710

Unemployment rate.................................................... 7.8 5.4 5.2 4.8 -0.4

Not in labor force............................................................ 100,664 100,123 100,074 100,412 338

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 7.8 5.4 5.2 4.8 -0.4

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 7.3 5.4 5.1 4.7 -0.4

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 7.7 5.0 4.8 4.2 -0.6

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 16.3 9.6 11.2 11.5 0.3

White.......................................................................... 7.0 4.8 4.5 4.2 -0.3

Black or African American.................................................. 12.0 8.2 8.8 7.9 -0.9

Asian.......................................................................... 8.8 5.3 4.6 4.2 -0.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 10.3 6.6 6.4 6.3 -0.1

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 7.0 4.8 4.5 4.2 -0.3

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 10.7 9.5 7.8 7.9 0.1

High school graduates, no college........................................ 9.0 6.3 6.0 5.8 -0.2

Some college or associate degree........................................ 8.1 5.0 5.1 4.5 -0.6

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 4.7 3.1 2.8 2.5 -0.3

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 9,039 4,960 4,468 4,065 -403

Job leavers...................................................................... 808 930 822 788 -34

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,123 2,287 2,487 2,289 -198

New entrants.................................................................... 535 463 512 490 -22

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,552 2,257 2,083 2,237 154

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 2,754 1,861 2,066 1,872 -194

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 4,934 1,174 1,164 990 -174

27 weeks and over............................................................. 2,405 3,425 3,179 2,683 -496

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 6,283 4,483 4,469 4,468 -1

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 4,881 2,965 3,183 3,180 -3

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,120 1,116 1,032 975 -57

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 18,990 20,087 20,359 20,389 30

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,931 1,872 1,577 1,744 167

Discouraged workers........................................................ 590 507 392 450 58

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 1,091 366 194

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 816 332 317

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 74 37 52

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 6 4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 12 0 22

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 57 31 26

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 41 20 16

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 14.1 9.9 -6.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16 11 10

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841 742 295 265

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.9 15.0 -3.2 16.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5 -6.1 -3.8 56.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 56.1 54.5 47.3

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 0.3 -0.8 -0.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 19 29 32

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 31 11 2

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 91 85 60

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 18.6 -3.7 -5.2

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 84 51 -7

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.9 43.6 1.6 12.3

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 408 38 74

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 44 34 -16

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -216 275 34 -123

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,342 889 806 550

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174 726 652 488

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.3

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 34.7 34.6 34.8

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.50 $30.55 $30.66 $30.85

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,026.60 $1,060.09 $1,060.84 $1,073.58

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.8 108.8 108.8 109.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.8

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.9 158.9 159.5 161.8

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 1.0 0.4 1.4

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 70.0 66.9 61.7

Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 67.3 56.0 54.0

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,742 261,611 261,766 260,742 261,210 261,338 261,469 261,611 261,766

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,073 161,788 161,392 160,078 160,935 161,086 161,347 161,537 161,354

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 61.8 61.7 61.4 61.6 61.6 61.7 61.7 61.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,796 153,232 154,026 147,543 151,620 151,602 152,645 153,154 153,680

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 58.6 58.8 56.6 58.0 58.0 58.4 58.5 58.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,277 8,556 7,366 12,535 9,316 9,484 8,702 8,384 7,674

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 5.3 4.6 7.8 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,670 99,823 100,373 100,664 100,275 100,253 100,123 100,074 100,412

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,984 5,810 5,710 7,184 6,600 6,428 6,517 5,682 5,969

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,127 126,570 126,648 126,127 126,369 126,434 126,499 126,570 126,648

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,068 86,074 85,715 85,199 85,210 85,320 85,507 85,684 85,797

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 68.0 67.7 67.6 67.4 67.5 67.6 67.7 67.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,817 81,670 81,731 78,663 80,062 80,176 80,712 81,100 81,501

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 64.5 64.5 62.4 63.4 63.4 63.8 64.1 64.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,251 4,404 3,984 6,537 5,148 5,144 4,795 4,584 4,296

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 5.1 4.6 7.7 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,059 40,496 40,933 40,928 41,159 41,114 40,992 40,886 40,850

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,763 118,261 118,337 117,763 118,059 118,125 118,192 118,261 118,337

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,248 82,817 82,865 82,293 82,182 82,414 82,526 82,665 82,847

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 70.0 70.0 69.9 69.6 69.8 69.8 69.9 70.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,468 78,783 79,230 76,258 77,340 77,545 78,041 78,440 78,927

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.9 66.6 67.0 64.8 65.5 65.6 66.0 66.3 66.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,781 4,034 3,635 6,036 4,842 4,869 4,484 4,225 3,919

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 4.9 4.4 7.3 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,515 35,444 35,472 35,470 35,877 35,711 35,667 35,597 35,490

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,615 135,041 135,118 134,615 134,841 134,905 134,970 135,041 135,118

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,005 75,714 75,677 74,879 75,725 75,766 75,840 75,853 75,557

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 56.1 56.0 55.6 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.2 55.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,979 71,562 72,295 68,880 71,557 71,426 71,934 72,054 72,179

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 53.0 53.5 51.2 53.1 52.9 53.3 53.4 53.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,026 4,152 3,382 5,998 4,168 4,340 3,906 3,799 3,378

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 5.5 4.5 8.0 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,610 59,327 59,441 59,737 59,116 59,139 59,130 59,188 59,561

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,429 126,906 126,982 126,429 126,704 126,770 126,837 126,906 126,982

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,129 72,571 72,784 71,865 72,707 72,855 72,883 72,842 72,533

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 57.2 57.3 56.8 57.4 57.5 57.5 57.4 57.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,547 68,746 69,699 66,328 68,811 68,817 69,235 69,357 69,466

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.6 54.2 54.9 52.5 54.3 54.3 54.6 54.7 54.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,582 3,825 3,085 5,537 3,895 4,038 3,648 3,485 3,067

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 5.3 4.2 7.7 5.4 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,299 54,335 54,198 54,563 53,998 53,915 53,954 54,065 54,449

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,551 16,443 16,447 16,551 16,446 16,443 16,440 16,443 16,447

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,695 6,400 5,743 5,920 6,046 5,817 5,938 6,031 5,975

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 38.9 34.9 35.8 36.8 35.4 36.1 36.7 36.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,781 5,702 5,097 4,957 5,468 5,240 5,369 5,357 5,287

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.9 34.7 31.0 29.9 33.2 31.9 32.7 32.6 32.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914 697 647 963 578 577 569 674 687

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.0 10.9 11.3 16.3 9.6 9.9 9.6 11.2 11.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,856 10,044 10,704 10,631 10,400 10,626 10,502 10,412 10,473

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,515 201,968 202,057 201,515 201,743 201,814 201,888 201,968 202,057

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,095 124,329 124,134 124,202 123,897 123,800 124,413 124,332 124,222

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 61.6 61.4 61.6 61.4 61.3 61.6 61.6 61.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,603 118,601 119,154 115,510 117,553 117,320 118,428 118,697 119,023

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 58.7 59.0 57.3 58.3 58.1 58.7 58.8 58.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,492 5,728 4,980 8,691 6,344 6,480 5,985 5,635 5,199

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 4.6 4.0 7.0 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,420 77,639 77,923 77,313 77,845 78,013 77,475 77,635 77,835

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,919 64,844 64,939 65,001 64,492 64,478 64,858 64,856 64,996

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 70.0 70.0 70.4 69.7 69.6 70.0 70.0 70.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,904 62,142 62,471 60,780 61,182 61,122 61,701 61,980 62,295

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.9 67.1 67.4 65.8 66.1 66.0 66.6 66.9 67.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,014 2,702 2,467 4,220 3,311 3,357 3,157 2,875 2,700

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 4.2 3.8 6.5 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.4 4.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,696 54,494 54,690 54,568 54,698 54,800 54,993 54,816 54,578

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 56.0 56.2 56.3 56.3 56.4 56.6 56.4 56.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,917 51,930 52,666 50,813 52,079 52,084 52,538 52,496 52,571

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.5 53.4 54.1 52.4 53.6 53.6 54.0 54.0 54.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,779 2,564 2,024 3,755 2,618 2,716 2,455 2,319 2,007

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 4.7 3.7 6.9 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.2 3.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,481 4,991 4,505 4,633 4,707 4,522 4,562 4,661 4,648

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.9 41.4 37.4 38.2 39.0 37.5 37.8 38.7 38.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,782 4,530 4,016 3,917 4,292 4,114 4,189 4,220 4,157

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 37.6 33.3 32.3 35.6 34.1 34.7 35.0 34.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 462 489 716 415 408 373 441 492

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 9.2 10.9 15.5 8.8 9.0 8.2 9.5 10.6

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,420 33,645 33,673 33,420 33,572 33,595 33,619 33,645 33,673

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,907 20,823 20,588 19,942 20,439 20,679 20,430 20,717 20,634

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 61.9 61.1 59.7 60.9 61.6 60.8 61.6 61.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,609 18,934 19,063 17,558 18,584 18,769 18,757 18,892 18,996

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.7 56.3 56.6 52.5 55.4 55.9 55.8 56.2 56.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,298 1,889 1,524 2,385 1,854 1,910 1,673 1,825 1,638

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 9.1 7.4 12.0 9.1 9.2 8.2 8.8 7.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,513 12,822 13,086 13,478 13,133 12,916 13,189 12,928 13,039

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,133 9,544 9,394 9,124 9,460 9,607 9,402 9,491 9,399

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 67.1 66.0 64.7 66.7 67.7 66.2 66.7 66.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,031 8,700 8,696 7,975 8,533 8,648 8,609 8,628 8,644

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 61.2 61.1 56.6 60.1 60.9 60.6 60.7 60.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102 844 698 1,149 927 958 793 864 755

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 8.8 7.4 12.6 9.8 10.0 8.4 9.1 8.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,102 10,495 10,451 10,093 10,293 10,358 10,293 10,480 10,442

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 61.6 61.3 59.7 60.6 60.9 60.5 61.5 61.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,026 9,589 9,725 8,999 9,448 9,473 9,511 9,652 9,683

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.4 56.3 57.0 53.2 55.6 55.7 55.9 56.7 56.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,076 906 726 1,093 844 886 782 828 759

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 8.6 6.9 10.8 8.2 8.5 7.6 7.9 7.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 784 743 726 686 714 735 746 794

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.9 32.9 31.1 30.1 28.7 29.9 30.8 31.2 33.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 646 642 584 603 648 637 612 669

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 27.1 26.9 24.2 25.2 27.1 26.7 25.6 28.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 138 101 142 83 67 98 134 125

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 17.6 13.5 19.6 12.1 9.3 13.3 17.9 15.7

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,668 16,555 16,540 16,668 16,529 16,428 16,514 16,555 16,540

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,507 10,672 10,683 10,480 10,471 10,387 10,654 10,610 10,635

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 64.5 64.6 62.9 63.4 63.2 64.5 64.1 64.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,581 10,181 10,245 9,553 9,890 9,789 10,094 10,122 10,190

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.5 61.5 61.9 57.3 59.8 59.6 61.1 61.1 61.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 492 438 926 581 598 559 488 446

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 4.6 4.1 8.8 5.5 5.8 5.3 4.6 4.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,162 5,883 5,857 6,188 6,057 6,042 5,861 5,945 5,905

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 44,388 45,004 45,083 44,388 44,786 44,857 44,927 45,004 45,083

Civilian labor force................................ 28,771 29,449 29,577 28,804 29,243 29,367 29,529 29,534 29,617

Participation rate............................... 64.8 65.4 65.6 64.9 65.3 65.5 65.7 65.6 65.7

Employed....................................... 25,897 27,635 27,813 25,834 27,110 27,183 27,576 27,652 27,738

Employment-population ratio............... 58.3 61.4 61.7 58.2 60.5 60.6 61.4 61.4 61.5

Unemployed.................................... 2,874 1,814 1,764 2,969 2,133 2,184 1,953 1,882 1,880

Unemployment rate......................... 10.0 6.2 6.0 10.3 7.3 7.4 6.6 6.4 6.3

Not in labor force................................. 15,617 15,555 15,506 15,584 15,543 15,490 15,398 15,470 15,466

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,833 16,239 16,369 15,859 16,079 16,068 16,228 16,285 16,403

Participation rate............................... 79.0 79.8 80.3 79.1 79.5 79.3 79.9 80.1 80.5

Employed....................................... 14,529 15,374 15,488 14,463 15,006 15,005 15,225 15,318 15,411

Employment-population ratio............... 72.5 75.6 76.0 72.1 74.1 74.0 75.0 75.3 75.6

Unemployed.................................... 1,303 865 881 1,397 1,073 1,063 1,003 967 992

Unemployment rate......................... 8.2 5.3 5.4 8.8 6.7 6.6 6.2 5.9 6.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,602 11,902 11,938 11,575 11,928 12,071 12,020 11,977 11,915

Participation rate............................... 57.1 57.7 57.8 57.0 58.2 58.8 58.4 58.1 57.7

Employed....................................... 10,326 11,160 11,277 10,306 11,043 11,111 11,209 11,253 11,253

Employment-population ratio............... 50.8 54.1 54.6 50.7 53.8 54.1 54.5 54.6 54.5

Unemployed.................................... 1,276 742 661 1,270 884 959 811 725 662

Unemployment rate......................... 11.0 6.2 5.5 11.0 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.0 5.6

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,336 1,308 1,270 1,370 1,236 1,228 1,280 1,271 1,300

Participation rate............................... 33.2 32.3 31.3 34.0 30.6 30.4 31.6 31.3 32.0

Employed....................................... 1,042 1,101 1,048 1,066 1,061 1,066 1,142 1,081 1,074

Employment-population ratio............... 25.9 27.2 25.8 26.5 26.3 26.4 28.2 26.7 26.4

Unemployed.................................... 295 207 222 303 175 162 138 190 226

Unemployment rate......................... 22.1 15.8 17.5 22.1 14.2 13.2 10.8 15.0 17.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,946 9,188 9,263 8,811 8,790 9,142 9,254 9,158 9,127

Participation rate.................................. 44.2 45.9 45.9 43.5 42.8 44.1 46.7 45.8 45.3

Employed.......................................... 8,093 8,542 8,644 7,872 7,993 8,210 8,377 8,448 8,406

Employment-population ratio................. 40.0 42.7 42.9 38.9 38.9 39.6 42.3 42.2 41.7

Unemployed....................................... 853 646 619 939 797 932 877 710 721

Unemployment rate............................ 9.5 7.0 6.7 10.7 9.1 10.2 9.5 7.8 7.9

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,328 35,571 35,261 34,974 34,930 34,972 34,947 35,347 34,858

Participation rate.................................. 55.6 55.7 55.7 55.0 55.5 55.9 55.3 55.3 55.1

Employed.......................................... 32,284 33,473 33,351 31,835 32,543 32,517 32,735 33,232 32,838

Employment-population ratio................. 50.8 52.4 52.7 50.1 51.7 52.0 51.8 52.0 51.9

Unemployed....................................... 3,044 2,098 1,910 3,139 2,388 2,455 2,211 2,115 2,020

Unemployment rate............................ 8.6 5.9 5.4 9.0 6.8 7.0 6.3 6.0 5.8

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,921 35,502 35,840 35,969 35,917 36,079 35,896 35,845 35,826

Participation rate.................................. 63.5 63.0 63.1 63.6 63.4 63.1 63.0 63.6 63.0

Employed.......................................... 33,055 33,611 34,273 33,056 33,808 33,970 34,111 34,019 34,200

Employment-population ratio................. 58.4 59.7 60.3 58.4 59.7 59.4 59.9 60.4 60.2

Unemployed....................................... 2,866 1,890 1,567 2,912 2,108 2,109 1,785 1,826 1,626

Unemployment rate............................ 8.0 5.3 4.4 8.1 5.9 5.8 5.0 5.1 4.5

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 59,840 60,321 60,710 59,861 60,727 60,483 60,927 60,794 60,785

Participation rate.................................. 72.2 71.7 72.0 72.2 72.5 72.3 72.4 72.3 72.1

Employed.......................................... 57,021 58,441 59,213 57,024 58,802 58,392 59,027 59,077 59,246

Employment-population ratio................. 68.8 69.5 70.3 68.8 70.2 69.8 70.1 70.2 70.3

Unemployed....................................... 2,818 1,880 1,497 2,837 1,925 2,091 1,900 1,717 1,539

Unemployment rate............................ 4.7 3.1 2.5 4.7 3.2 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.5

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,389 18,011 16,482 16,091 1,907 1,920

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,814 8,485 7,705 7,345 1,109 1,141

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 47.1 46.7 45.6 58.1 59.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,246 8,181 7,209 7,078 1,037 1,103

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 45.4 43.7 44.0 54.4 57.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 304 496 266 72 37

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 3.6 6.4 3.6 6.5 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,575 9,526 8,777 8,746 798 779

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,579 4,641 3,827 3,876 752 765

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,643 3,651 3,114 3,084 529 567

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 78.7 81.4 79.6 70.4 74.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,371 3,522 2,872 2,966 499 555

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.6 75.9 75.1 76.5 66.4 72.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 129 242 117 30 12

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 3.5 7.8 3.8 5.7 2.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 990 713 792 223 198

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,011 3,085 2,494 2,548 517 537

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,147 2,200 1,807 1,855 340 345

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 71.3 72.5 72.8 65.8 64.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,017 2,135 1,701 1,804 316 331

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.0 69.2 68.2 70.8 61.2 61.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 65 107 50 24 14

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 2.9 5.9 2.7 7.0 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864 885 687 693 177 192

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,744 6,360 6,507 6,136 237 224

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,180 1,016 1,130 961 50 55

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 16.0 17.4 15.7 21.2 24.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,128 977 1,082 923 46 55

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 15.4 16.6 15.0 19.4 24.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 39 48 39 4 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.8 4.2 4.0 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,564 5,344 5,377 5,175 187 169

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,055 3,925 3,654 3,531 401 394

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,844 1,618 1,655 1,445 189 173

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.5 41.2 45.3 40.9 47.2 44.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,730 1,547 1,555 1,385 176 162

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 39.4 42.5 39.2 43.8 41.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 71 100 60 13 11

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 4.4 6.1 4.1 7.1 6.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,211 2,307 1,999 2,086 212 221

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,495 234,883 105,156 106,108 128,340 128,776

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,094 150,627 76,330 77,266 72,764 73,361

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 64.1 72.6 72.8 56.7 57.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,705 143,774 70,735 73,655 66,970 70,119

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 61.2 67.3 69.4 52.2 54.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,389 6,853 5,595 3,611 5,794 3,243

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 4.5 7.3 4.7 8.0 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,401 84,256 28,826 28,842 55,575 55,414

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,802 31,569 230,941 230,196

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,047 7,051 154,026 154,341

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.3 22.3 66.7 67.0

Employed............................................................................. 5,291 6,417 142,505 147,609

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 17.8 20.3 61.7 64.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 755 634 11,521 6,732

Unemployment rate............................................................... 12.5 9.0 7.5 4.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,755 24,518 76,915 75,855

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,563 2,965 76,550 76,646

Participation rate..................................................................... 34.4 38.0 81.5 82.1

Employed............................................................................. 2,259 2,710 70,944 73,102

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 30.3 34.7 75.5 78.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 304 255 5,606 3,544

Unemployment rate............................................................... 11.9 8.6 7.3 4.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,887 4,837 17,354 16,718

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,295 2,841 67,936 68,100

Participation rate..................................................................... 31.0 34.8 70.1 71.1

Employed............................................................................. 1,949 2,534 62,663 65,190

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 26.3 31.1 64.7 68.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 346 307 5,273 2,910

Unemployment rate............................................................... 15.1 10.8 7.8 4.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,117 5,320 28,990 27,733

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,188 1,244 9,539 9,596

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.0 8.0 23.8 23.4

Employed............................................................................. 1,082 1,173 8,898 9,317

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.2 7.5 22.2 22.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 105 72 642 279

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.9 5.8 6.7 2.9

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,752 14,362 30,571 31,404

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 41,810 43,111 20,159 20,904 21,651 22,207

Civilian labor force.................................................. 26,712 28,100 15,377 16,212 11,335 11,887

Participation rate.................................................. 63.9 65.2 76.3 77.6 52.4 53.5

Employed.......................................................... 24,419 26,816 14,350 15,540 10,068 11,276

Employment-population ratio................................. 58.4 62.2 71.2 74.3 46.5 50.8

Unemployed....................................................... 2,293 1,284 1,027 672 1,266 611

Unemployment rate............................................ 8.6 4.6 6.7 4.1 11.2 5.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,098 15,012 4,782 4,692 10,316 10,320

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 218,933 218,654 105,969 105,743 112,964 112,911

Civilian labor force.................................................. 133,361 133,293 69,691 69,503 63,670 63,790

Participation rate.................................................. 60.9 61.0 65.8 65.7 56.4 56.5

Employed.......................................................... 123,377 127,210 64,466 66,191 58,911 61,019

Employment-population ratio................................. 56.4 58.2 60.8 62.6 52.1 54.0

Unemployed....................................................... 9,983 6,083 5,224 3,312 4,759 2,771

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.5 4.6 7.5 4.8 7.5 4.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 85,572 85,362 36,278 36,240 49,294 49,121

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,309 2,385 2,272 2,270 2,293 2,318 2,305 2,329 2,249

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,480 1,606 1,504 1,482 1,534 1,604 1,584 1,606 1,519

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 816 744 743 799 737 692 708 712 724

Unpaid family workers........................... 12 34 26 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 145,487 150,847 151,754 145,454 149,397 149,329 150,481 151,115 151,693

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 136,709 141,181 142,210 136,493 139,799 139,873 140,487 141,168 141,768

Government..................................... 20,361 20,277 20,343 20,466 20,454 20,578 20,761 20,793 20,487

Private industries............................... 116,348 120,904 121,866 116,299 119,449 119,460 119,955 120,345 121,741

Private households.......................... 683 733 768 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 115,665 120,171 121,099 115,601 118,901 118,948 119,334 119,608 120,981

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,723 9,607 9,491 8,675 9,265 9,146 9,571 9,541 9,418

Unpaid family workers........................... 54 60 53 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,955 4,385 4,130 6,283 5,271 4,627 4,483 4,469 4,468

Slack work or business conditions............. 4,669 3,087 2,960 4,881 4,069 3,430 2,965 3,183 3,180

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,124 958 982 1,120 966 1,007 1,116 1,032 975

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,012 18,871 20,432 18,990 19,160 20,337 20,087 20,359 20,389

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,901 4,309 4,077 6,197 5,231 4,544 4,351 4,414 4,406

Slack work or business conditions............. 4,623 3,029 2,924 4,823 4,039 3,381 2,908 3,126 3,130

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,120 943 967 1,112 963 996 1,099 1,019 960

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 18,612 18,557 20,037 18,589 18,774 19,982 19,736 20,027 20,003

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,796 153,232 154,026 147,543 151,620 151,602 152,645 153,154 153,680

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,781 5,702 5,097 4,957 5,468 5,240 5,369 5,357 5,287

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,845 2,266 2,071 1,786 2,080 1,952 1,971 2,025 2,013

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,936 3,436 3,026 3,162 3,380 3,287 3,378 3,293 3,256

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143,015 147,530 148,929 142,586 146,151 146,362 147,277 147,797 148,393

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,561 13,462 13,448 12,641 13,157 13,399 13,342 13,238 13,498

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,454 134,068 135,481 130,040 132,898 133,068 134,135 134,652 134,958

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,026 97,881 98,702 94,738 97,172 97,331 98,131 98,289 98,346

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,405 34,575 34,780 33,293 34,406 34,284 34,589 34,742 34,664

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,844 32,828 33,085 31,687 32,491 32,612 32,923 32,914 32,915

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,777 30,479 30,837 29,758 30,275 30,436 30,620 30,633 30,767

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,428 36,186 36,778 35,302 35,726 35,737 36,003 36,363 36,611

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,817 81,670 81,731 78,663 80,062 80,176 80,712 81,100 81,501

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,349 2,887 2,501 2,405 2,722 2,631 2,670 2,660 2,574

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 1,085 997 849 1,013 942 944 949 974

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,476 1,802 1,503 1,546 1,707 1,679 1,720 1,691 1,584

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,468 78,783 79,230 76,258 77,340 77,545 78,041 78,440 78,927

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,477 6,982 6,846 6,512 6,719 6,737 6,713 6,769 6,868

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,991 71,801 72,384 69,718 70,798 70,955 71,479 71,690 72,046

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,918 52,406 52,634 50,723 51,664 51,804 52,220 52,348 52,398

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,882 18,523 18,598 17,808 18,352 18,167 18,472 18,535 18,516

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,232 17,741 17,891 17,146 17,525 17,616 17,707 17,699 17,793

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,804 16,142 16,145 15,769 15,787 16,021 16,041 16,115 16,090

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,073 19,395 19,751 18,996 19,134 19,150 19,259 19,342 19,647

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,979 71,562 72,295 68,880 71,557 71,426 71,934 72,054 72,179

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,432 2,816 2,596 2,552 2,746 2,609 2,698 2,697 2,713

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 1,181 1,073 937 1,067 1,010 1,027 1,076 1,040

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,460 1,635 1,523 1,616 1,673 1,608 1,658 1,602 1,672

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,547 68,746 69,699 66,328 68,811 68,817 69,235 69,357 69,466

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,085 6,480 6,602 6,129 6,438 6,662 6,629 6,469 6,630

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,462 62,266 63,097 60,322 62,100 62,113 62,655 62,962 62,912

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,108 45,476 46,069 44,016 45,508 45,527 45,911 45,941 45,948

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,523 16,052 16,182 15,485 16,054 16,117 16,116 16,207 16,149

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,612 15,087 15,194 14,541 14,966 14,995 15,216 15,215 15,122

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,972 14,337 14,692 13,989 14,488 14,415 14,579 14,519 14,677

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,355 16,791 17,028 16,306 16,592 16,587 16,744 17,021 16,964

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,845 43,637 43,821 43,598 43,647 43,533 43,823 43,641 43,593

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,350 34,485 35,044 34,321 34,950 34,891 35,208 35,043 35,013

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,109 9,642 9,618 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,998 128,664 128,484 122,569 126,384 126,201 127,466 127,436 128,027

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,798 24,568 25,542 25,067 25,202 25,610 25,360 25,783 25,747

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,482 6,783 7,032 6,491 7,269 7,109 7,026 7,041 7,045

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,275 6,091 6,146 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,540 10,351 10,234 9,473 10,002 9,837 10,279 10,253 10,142

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 12,535 8,384 7,674 7.8 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 963 674 687 16.3 9.6 9.9 9.6 11.2 11.5

16 to 17 years.................................. 371 264 258 17.2 8.9 9.6 9.7 11.6 11.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 593 407 429 15.8 9.5 10.1 9.4 11.0 11.6

20 years and over................................ 11,572 7,710 6,987 7.5 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,810 1,365 1,166 12.5 10.1 9.1 9.1 9.3 8.0

25 years and over.............................. 9,801 6,358 5,902 7.0 5.1 5.4 4.8 4.5 4.2

25 to 54 years............................... 7,280 4,870 4,566 7.1 5.2 5.5 4.9 4.7 4.4

25 to 34 years............................. 3,151 2,069 1,958 8.6 5.8 6.5 6.1 5.6 5.3

35 to 44 years............................. 2,098 1,512 1,374 6.2 5.0 5.3 4.7 4.4 4.0

45 to 54 years............................. 2,031 1,289 1,235 6.4 4.8 4.6 3.8 4.0 3.9

55 years and over........................... 2,513 1,489 1,349 6.6 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.6

Men, 16 years and over............................ 6,537 4,584 4,296 7.7 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.0

16 to 19 years..................................... 501 359 377 17.3 10.1 9.5 10.4 11.9 12.8

16 to 17 years.................................. 190 119 136 18.3 8.0 10.5 10.1 11.2 12.3

18 to 19 years.................................. 313 243 243 16.8 11.2 8.8 10.5 12.6 13.3

20 years and over................................ 6,036 4,225 3,919 7.3 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.7

20 to 24 years.................................. 966 727 706 12.9 10.9 10.2 10.4 9.7 9.3

25 years and over.............................. 5,081 3,515 3,238 6.8 5.3 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.3

25 to 54 years............................... 3,821 2,699 2,502 7.0 5.5 5.6 5.1 4.9 4.6

25 to 34 years............................. 1,694 1,159 1,120 8.7 6.2 7.0 6.2 5.9 5.7

35 to 44 years............................. 1,115 837 767 6.1 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.1

45 to 54 years............................. 1,012 703 614 6.0 5.0 4.7 4.1 4.2 3.7

55 years and over........................... 1,261 815 737 6.2 4.6 4.8 4.4 4.0 3.6

Women, 16 years and over........................ 5,998 3,799 3,378 8.0 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 462 314 310 15.3 9.0 10.4 8.7 10.4 10.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 181 145 122 16.2 9.7 8.8 9.3 11.9 10.5

18 to 19 years.................................. 280 164 186 14.8 7.7 11.3 8.3 9.3 10.0

20 years and over................................ 5,537 3,485 3,067 7.7 5.4 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 845 638 460 12.1 9.2 7.9 7.7 9.0 6.5

25 years and over.............................. 4,720 2,843 2,664 7.3 4.9 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.1

25 to 54 years............................... 3,459 2,171 2,064 7.3 4.9 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.3

25 to 34 years............................. 1,457 910 837 8.6 5.4 5.8 6.0 5.3 4.9

35 to 44 years............................. 984 675 607 6.3 4.7 5.5 4.7 4.2 3.9

45 to 54 years............................. 1,019 586 621 6.8 4.5 4.6 3.5 3.9 4.1

55 years and over........................... 1,259 674 604 7.2 5.0 5.0 4.3 3.8 3.4

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 2,195 1,464 1,279 4.8 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.2 2.9

Married women, spouse present1................. 2,154 1,035 1,040 5.9 3.7 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.9

Women who maintain families2.................... 1,012 828 698 10.0 6.6 8.1 8.5 7.9 6.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 10,301 6,972 6,589 7.8 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.2 4.9

Part-time workers4.................................. 2,286 1,418 1,135 8.4 5.1 5.4 5.0 5.2 4.2

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 8,738 4,547 3,728 9,039 5,841 5,787 4,960 4,468 4,065

On temporary layoff.............................. 4,280 1,283 786 4,624 1,823 1,811 1,239 1,252 1,124

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 4,457 3,264 2,943 4,415 4,019 3,976 3,721 3,217 2,941

Permanent job losers.......................... 3,704 2,545 2,270 3,661 3,234 3,187 2,930 2,487 2,251

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 754 719 672 754 785 789 791 730 689

Job leavers........................................... 869 905 852 808 778 942 930 822 788

Reentrants............................................ 2,139 2,514 2,301 2,123 2,149 2,298 2,287 2,487 2,289

New entrants......................................... 531 590 486 535 525 494 463 512 490

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 71.2 53.1 50.6 72.3 62.9 60.8 57.4 53.9 53.3

On temporary layoff.............................. 34.9 15.0 10.7 37.0 19.6 19.0 14.3 15.1 14.7

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 36.3 38.1 39.9 35.3 43.2 41.8 43.1 38.8 38.5

Job leavers........................................... 7.1 10.6 11.6 6.5 8.4 9.9 10.8 9.9 10.3

Reentrants............................................ 17.4 29.4 31.2 17.0 23.1 24.1 26.5 30.0 30.0

New entrants......................................... 4.3 6.9 6.6 4.3 5.7 5.2 5.4 6.2 6.4

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 5.5 2.8 2.3 5.6 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.5

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,518 2,051 2,209 2,552 2,023 1,981 2,257 2,083 2,237

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,518 2,269 1,565 2,754 2,126 2,166 1,861 2,066 1,872

15 weeks and over.................................. 7,241 4,236 3,593 7,339 5,013 5,314 4,599 4,343 3,674

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 4,806 1,042 889 4,934 1,262 1,329 1,174 1,164 990

27 weeks and over............................... 2,435 3,195 2,704 2,405 3,752 3,985 3,425 3,179 2,683

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 21.9 29.2 29.2 21.0 29.9 31.6 29.5 29.6 28.4

Median duration, in weeks......................... 18.2 14.3 13.9 17.8 19.3 19.8 15.2 14.7 13.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 20.5 24.0 30.0 20.2 22.1 20.9 25.9 24.5 28.7

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 20.5 26.5 21.2 21.8 23.2 22.9 21.3 24.3 24.1

15 weeks and over.................................. 59.0 49.5 48.8 58.0 54.7 56.2 52.8 51.1 47.2

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 39.1 12.2 12.1 39.0 13.8 14.0 13.5 13.7 12.7

27 weeks and over............................... 19.8 37.3 36.7 19.0 40.9 42.1 39.3 37.4 34.5

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 147,796 154,026 12,277 7,366 7.7 4.6

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 62,759 65,163 2,946 1,580 4.5 2.4

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 26,747 27,952 1,336 669 4.8 2.3

Professional and related occupations.......................... 36,011 37,211 1,611 911 4.3 2.4

Service occupations................................................ 23,428 25,674 3,200 1,758 12.0 6.4

Sales and office occupations...................................... 29,696 29,593 2,610 1,525 8.1 4.9

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,157 14,225 1,388 782 8.9 5.2

Office and administrative support occupations............... 15,539 15,368 1,222 743 7.3 4.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,683 14,295 1,023 700 7.0 4.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 966 1,024 61 71 5.9 6.5

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,038 8,332 702 427 8.0 4.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,679 4,939 261 202 5.3 3.9

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,231 19,301 1,953 1,298 9.7 6.3

Production occupations.......................................... 7,696 7,967 691 463 8.2 5.5

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,534 11,335 1,262 835 10.7 6.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 12,277 7,366 7.7 4.6

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 10,098 5,868 8.0 4.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 108 48 14.9 7.3

Construction.......................................................................... 700 444 7.1 4.5

Manufacturing........................................................................ 935 580 6.2 3.9

Durable goods..................................................................... 531 370 5.7 3.9

Nondurable goods................................................................ 404 210 7.1 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 1,545 1,102 7.8 5.7

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 753 447 9.8 5.4

Information............................................................................ 202 97 8.6 4.0

Financial activities................................................................... 442 246 4.4 2.5

Professional and business services............................................... 1,161 802 6.7 4.4

Education and health services..................................................... 1,250 805 5.1 3.3

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 2,436 1,019 19.0 7.7

Other services........................................................................ 566 278 9.2 4.2

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 76 77 5.0 5.0

Government workers................................................................... 884 497 4.1 2.4

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 688 438 6.7 4.1

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 4.5 2.6 2.2 4.6 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.3

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 5.5 2.8 2.3 5.6 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.5

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 7.7 5.3 4.6 7.8 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2 4.8

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 8.0 5.5 4.8 8.2 6.1 6.2 5.7 5.4 5.0

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 8.8 6.2 5.6 8.9 6.9 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.8

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 12.4 8.9 8.1 12.8 10.2 9.8 9.2 8.8 8.5

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

Sept.

2020

Sept.

2021

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 100,670 100,373 41,059 40,933 59,610 59,441

Persons who currently want a job................................ 6,984 5,710 3,367 2,479 3,617 3,232

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,921 1,732 1,016 887 905 844

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 556 409 341 246 214 163

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,365 1,323 675 642 690 682

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 6,482 7,032 3,054 3,530 3,428 3,502

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.4 4.6 3.9 4.3 5.0 4.8

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 3,711 3,904 1,959 2,148 1,753 1,757

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,586 1,690 530 636 1,056 1,054

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 256 352 141 222 115 130

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 891 1,055 412 510 479 545

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Change

from:

Aug.2021 -

Sept.2021p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,946 146,536 147,028 147,682 141,865 146,993 147,359 147,553 194

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,101 125,774 125,958 125,735 120,008 124,920 125,252 125,569 317

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,154 20,742 20,781 20,739 19,971 20,451 20,488 20,540 52

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 642 646 649 592 637 643 647 4

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 45.5 45.7 43.9 44.7 44.5 44.5 43.5 -1.0

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551.2 596.5 599.8 604.6 547.1 592.5 598.3 603.0 4.7

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.0 139.5 140.5 141.9 136.6 138.3 139.3 140.4 1.1

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.2 186.0 186.4 185.1 177.6 181.9 182.8 182.7 -0.1

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 41.4 42.4 42.3 40.8 41.4 42.2 42.3 0.1

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 43.0 42.7 42.2 41.8 42.7 42.5 42.4 -0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.3 101.6 101.3 100.6 94.9 97.8 98.1 98.0 -0.1

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.0 271.0 272.9 277.6 232.9 272.3 276.2 279.9 3.7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,419 7,640 7,651 7,628 7,256 7,425 7,425 7,447 22

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,644.5 1,732.0 1,724.5 1,719.7 1,626.3 1,692.9 1,690.6 1,696.9 6.3

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.9 897.1 894.2 887.3 826.1 880.3 880.1 882.3 2.2

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809.6 834.9 830.3 832.4 800.2 812.6 810.5 814.6 4.1

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,079.1 1,096.3 1,098.0 1,100.5 1,017.8 1,042.5 1,033.4 1,036.5 3.1

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,695.3 4,811.8 4,828.0 4,808.0 4,611.4 4,689.7 4,700.7 4,713.3 12.6

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,123.6 2,215.0 2,221.3 2,211.2 2,098.4 2,167.7 2,177.3 2,178.5 1.2

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,571.7 2,596.8 2,606.7 2,596.8 2,513.0 2,522.0 2,523.4 2,534.8 11.4

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,138 12,460 12,484 12,462 12,123 12,389 12,420 12,446 26

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,532 7,728 7,747 7,734 7,538 7,704 7,724 7,740 16

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.2 408.8 412.3 411.8 392.8 406.5 408.7 411.0 2.3

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399.1 403.0 403.6 402.6 394.8 395.7 396.2 397.0 0.8

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.7 357.4 354.7 353.2 344.2 354.7 354.7 355.2 0.5

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,373.2 1,421.1 1,416.5 1,419.5 1,375.8 1,411.8 1,416.6 1,424.8 8.2

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,045.5 1,081.3 1,081.3 1,080.0 1,051.3 1,076.1 1,079.0 1,085.3 6.3

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,067.8 1,090.7 1,091.2 1,088.1 1,070.1 1,086.1 1,087.3 1,089.3 2.0

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 161.3 165.8 166.6 166.8 161.5 165.9 165.9 166.6 0.7

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.7 86.1 85.1 85.1 85.9 85.9 85.0 85.5 0.5

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.6 374.8 374.7 373.8 368.6 372.0 372.9 374.0 1.1

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.6 429.3 429.9 428.4 421.0 427.9 429.3 429.4 0.1

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 34.7 34.9 34.0 33.1 34.4 34.2 33.8 -0.4

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 373.4 384.9 381.4 378.9 373.2 382.9 379.8 379.0 -0.8

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,590.6 1,587.6 1,615.5 1,610.8 1,589.5 1,599.6 1,613.6 1,608.5 -5.1

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895.3 886.6 915.0 911.6 895.7 902.8 912.7 906.6 -6.1

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350.9 362.6 360.7 362.8 351.2 362.1 361.8 363.1 1.3

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594.4 630.1 629.9 626.6 595.5 628.3 626.3 626.5 0.2

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,606 4,732 4,737 4,728 4,585 4,685 4,696 4,706 10

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,633.4 1,663.6 1,660.3 1,658.2 1,618.0 1,640.6 1,643.8 1,647.3 3.5

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 98.3 98.7 98.3 94.5 97.9 98.0 97.8 -0.2

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.7 107.3 107.3 108.0 104.5 106.5 107.1 107.5 0.4

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.5 93.1 93.1 93.4 89.4 92.9 92.5 92.5 0.0

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.9 353.1 353.1 352.7 356.1 351.7 352.3 352.8 0.5

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 367.9 373.6 375.6 378.7 366.8 373.1 373.0 377.2 4.2

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.5 103.1 103.3 103.1 103.1 100.3 100.8 100.9 0.1

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837.9 863.5 859.9 854.8 840.3 858.2 858.7 858.4 -0.3

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706.4 733.9 741.3 737.6 708.9 730.6 735.6 736.6 1.0

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.3 342.7 344.3 343.6 303.1 333.2 333.9 335.0 1.1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,947 105,032 105,177 104,996 100,037 104,469 104,764 105,029 265

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,512 27,338 27,328 27,422 26,662 27,409 27,456 27,576 120

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,575.7 5,744.9 5,737.4 5,735.6 5,578.4 5,722.1 5,718.9 5,735.8 16.9

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,043.7 3,150.4 3,149.1 3,150.6 3,044.0 3,138.4 3,135.7 3,151.2 15.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,055.2 2,113.9 2,108.0 2,106.8 2,056.8 2,105.8 2,105.2 2,107.0 1.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Change

from:

Aug.2021 -

Sept.2021p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.8 480.6 480.3 478.2 477.6 477.9 478.0 477.6 -0.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,891.9 15,347.5 15,303.9 15,267.8 15,025.3 15,355.3 15,351.5 15,407.6 56.1

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,922.6 1,992.1 1,991.0 1,986.4 1,917.4 1,978.7 1,982.5 1,985.3 2.8

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,217.1 1,254.8 1,255.0 1,252.7 1,214.2 1,252.2 1,254.6 1,255.0 0.4

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.6 172.2 171.7 168.4 151.0 163.8 165.0 166.2 1.2

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 552.9 565.1 564.3 565.3 552.1 562.7 562.9 564.1 1.2

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 412.5 441.6 441.0 440.8 418.7 447.6 447.3 447.1 -0.2

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 411.9 410.2 412.1 418.1 421.8 422.1 423.9 425.6 1.7

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,376.7 1,407.3 1,374.4 1,361.9 1,390.3 1,366.4 1,361.8 1,377.8 16.0

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,113.6 3,120.7 3,106.6 3,069.4 3,123.6 3,099.2 3,091.6 3,079.3 -12.3

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 947.5 1,000.2 997.1 1,005.5 958.7 1,005.6 1,006.2 1,011.3 5.1

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935.4 968.6 968.8 955.7 933.4 956.0 952.8 950.4 -2.4

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 930.5 1,047.1 1,046.2 1,041.9 959.4 1,051.4 1,048.0 1,075.3 27.3

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.3 485.2 495.2 491.4 467.0 495.7 501.9 499.6 -2.3

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,032.4 3,014.1 3,011.0 3,045.8 3,072.5 3,084.8 3,080.4 3,096.5 16.1

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942.1 965.7 967.5 969.8 973.1 1,005.9 1,003.5 1,008.9 5.4

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,090.3 2,048.4 2,043.5 2,076.0 2,099.4 2,078.9 2,076.9 2,087.6 10.7

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765.6 840.6 838.0 822.0 767.4 822.8 826.9 826.9 0.0

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.9 619.8 622.5 628.9 595.1 625.0 628.2 632.5 4.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,504.6 5,703.0 5,747.3 5,882.3 5,516.4 5,792.9 5,847.4 5,894.7 47.3

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409.4 441.6 449.8 456.1 409.5 436.7 446.0 455.7 9.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.7 143.6 142.5 142.5 145.4 143.5 142.2 141.7 -0.5

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.9 62.6 61.2 60.1 58.9 59.7 59.2 59.3 0.1

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,466.7 1,514.2 1,519.6 1,518.0 1,450.1 1,494.4 1,500.4 1,502.9 2.5

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.4 340.0 332.9 416.2 343.4 404.0 397.8 403.0 5.2

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.2 49.3 49.3 49.2 50.2 49.2 49.2 49.3 0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 25.2 40.3 41.5 38.4 21.5 31.0 31.5 32.4 0.9

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 681.6 716.7 724.5 724.8 682.3 715.3 723.3 724.5 1.2

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941.6 973.0 984.6 1,004.7 980.9 1,011.1 1,032.7 1,045.2 12.5

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,367.9 1,421.7 1,441.4 1,472.3 1,374.2 1,448.0 1,465.1 1,480.7 15.6

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539.6 542.3 539.6 536.1 541.6 538.9 538.1 537.6 -0.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,652 2,761 2,781 2,801 2,659 2,745 2,774 2,806 32

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 756.7 776.0 776.5 785.5 752.0 770.0 772.8 783.8 11.0

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.8 320.4 332.8 335.6 269.6 312.6 325.7 339.4 13.7

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245.7 236.3 238.2 239.7 244.7 238.7 239.9 239.5 -0.4

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680.9 677.0 671.1 673.4 684.2 676.1 674.0 672.9 -1.1

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349.1 370.0 377.2 381.8 351.7 368.4 379.5 385.8 6.3

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.0 381.5 384.9 385.2 356.3 378.7 382.1 384.8 2.7

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,710 8,897 8,900 8,847 8,712 8,837 8,848 8,850 2

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,497.7 6,561.6 6,559.7 6,529.5 6,509.3 6,545.1 6,546.1 6,541.0 -5.1

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.6 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.2 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,644.9 2,670.8 2,669.7 2,656.4 2,652.7 2,665.7 2,667.1 2,665.9 -1.2

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,753.1 1,733.9 1,729.9 1,715.8 1,761.8 1,726.3 1,724.7 1,723.3 -1.4

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,369.9 1,344.3 1,340.8 1,326.8 1,376.9 1,338.2 1,336.2 1,333.2 -3.0

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 585.5 612.5 615.4 618.9 583.7 615.0 616.7 620.5 3.8

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 306.3 324.4 324.4 321.7 307.2 324.4 325.7 322.1 -3.6

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 968.5 1,005.9 1,006.0 994.2 969.7 996.4 995.3 994.3 -1.0

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,864.0 2,864.3 2,863.7 2,858.7 2,866.6 2,862.8 2,863.5 2,860.6 -2.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,212.2 2,335.7 2,340.3 2,317.4 2,202.7 2,291.9 2,302.0 2,308.9 6.9

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,698.0 1,780.2 1,785.9 1,767.7 1,695.7 1,756.7 1,765.0 1,768.3 3.3

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491.9 533.0 531.9 527.6 484.6 513.1 514.8 518.4 3.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Change

from:

Aug.2021 -

Sept.2021p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.1 22.4 22.1 22.2 22.2 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,115 21,067 21,193 21,203 20,055 20,939 21,024 21,084 60

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,306.8 9,881.8 9,914.3 9,882.8 9,397.4 9,839.0 9,897.2 9,952.7 55.5

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,108.5 1,144.8 1,142.3 1,141.3 1,114.1 1,137.3 1,141.3 1,145.6 4.3

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 930.0 1,012.8 1,013.8 1,001.5 993.6 1,061.7 1,065.2 1,065.5 0.3

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,514.6 1,593.1 1,597.2 1,592.5 1,514.0 1,560.7 1,577.8 1,592.9 15.1

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.7 142.6 143.4 142.6 131.9 141.6 142.8 143.5 0.7

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,162.0 2,286.7 2,294.0 2,277.0 2,174.8 2,259.8 2,269.4 2,278.2 8.8

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,516.7 1,633.4 1,644.8 1,655.9 1,517.8 1,626.6 1,635.4 1,650.6 15.2

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765.5 833.1 836.4 829.0 770.4 824.2 831.1 836.3 5.2

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 436.0 447.5 449.9 450.9 437.8 445.0 447.6 452.1 4.5

Other professional and technical services. . . 741.8 787.8 792.5 792.1 742.9 782.1 786.6 788.0 1.4

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,328.6 2,346.6 2,347.3 2,340.3 2,333.0 2,329.8 2,336.2 2,339.3 3.1

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,479.8 8,838.3 8,931.6 8,979.4 8,324.5 8,770.3 8,790.2 8,791.9 1.7

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,032.9 8,383.5 8,475.6 8,522.8 7,880.1 8,322.2 8,340.4 8,339.0 -1.4

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 523.7 558.4 567.4 566.2 524.3 557.1 563.3 564.2 0.9

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.2 150.5 152.9 150.7 153.3 151.0 153.0 151.3 -1.7

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,052.0 3,283.2 3,352.3 3,430.8 2,987.6 3,335.0 3,335.2 3,330.1 -5.1

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,467.5 2,641.5 2,702.0 2,775.3 2,398.3 2,696.9 2,693.2 2,688.0 -5.2

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794.5 767.7 772.6 779.9 795.5 778.8 780.6 784.4 3.8

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.0 160.8 163.3 166.4 151.4 158.7 161.5 166.3 4.8

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 898.2 897.1 903.9 904.8 888.6 898.8 901.0 899.2 -1.8

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,166.8 2,255.8 2,245.6 2,200.9 2,090.0 2,127.8 2,127.4 2,124.8 -2.6

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.5 310.0 317.6 323.1 289.5 315.0 318.4 318.7 0.3

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.9 454.8 456.0 456.6 444.4 448.1 449.8 452.9 3.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,086 23,319 23,362 23,588 23,152 23,621 23,672 23,665 -7

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,375.1 3,292.9 3,326.4 3,575.0 3,403.9 3,576.1 3,625.3 3,606.4 -18.9

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,710.7 20,025.9 20,035.1 20,012.6 19,748.0 20,044.8 20,046.4 20,058.7 12.3

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,818.1 16,008.1 16,003.5 15,958.6 15,835.9 15,984.2 15,985.9 15,968.4 -17.5

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,570.8 7,839.5 7,846.3 7,859.5 7,587.0 7,831.9 7,842.3 7,870.5 28.2

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,631.1 2,704.1 2,709.5 2,708.6 2,638.9 2,703.7 2,711.2 2,711.6 0.4

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959.3 1,020.2 1,022.8 1,020.6 962.1 1,016.8 1,018.5 1,022.6 4.1

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 924.8 991.7 995.9 999.2 928.8 989.3 993.0 1,003.5 10.5

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977.6 1,007.0 1,008.1 1,010.2 981.2 1,006.8 1,009.0 1,011.5 2.5

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 280.4 294.7 297.1 296.6 280.1 295.5 297.0 297.9 0.9

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,492.7 1,503.4 1,497.9 1,507.2 1,492.3 1,503.0 1,498.1 1,506.3 8.2

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.9 318.4 315.0 317.1 303.7 316.8 315.5 317.1 1.6

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,109.0 5,151.8 5,153.4 5,145.5 5,109.7 5,148.6 5,152.3 5,144.2 -8.1

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,138.3 3,016.8 3,003.8 2,953.6 3,139.2 3,003.7 2,991.3 2,953.7 -37.6

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,457.9 1,374.9 1,365.8 1,346.0 1,456.6 1,371.0 1,360.7 1,344.9 -15.8

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 613.5 599.0 596.2 590.5 614.8 594.9 594.0 590.3 -3.7

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.8 893.3 891.4 866.8 911.8 889.8 887.1 867.6 -19.5

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 156.1 149.6 150.4 150.3 156.0 148.0 149.5 150.9 1.4

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,892.6 4,017.8 4,031.6 4,054.0 3,912.1 4,060.6 4,060.5 4,090.3 29.8

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,568.6 2,674.6 2,674.5 2,658.6 2,585.8 2,668.8 2,673.2 2,683.4 10.2

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 181.5 183.2 182.6 184.1 182.4 184.0 184.6 185.4 0.8

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 278.8 286.4 284.8 281.3 280.0 282.4 282.7 283.7 1.0

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863.7 873.6 889.7 930.0 863.8 925.4 920.0 937.8 17.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,446 15,864 15,827 15,414 13,357 15,209 15,247 15,321 74

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,760.1 2,390.8 2,379.8 2,221.1 1,735.2 2,093.4 2,142.7 2,185.7 43.0

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 301.6 428.5 451.6 474.2 290.7 408.3 432.2 455.9 23.7

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.5 157.5 153.5 145.7 130.3 142.6 143.0 145.4 2.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Change

from:

Aug.2021 -

Sept.2021p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,327.0 1,804.8 1,774.7 1,601.2 1,314.2 1,542.5 1,567.5 1,584.4 16.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,686.1 13,472.9 13,446.9 13,193.0 11,622.0 13,115.3 13,104.2 13,135.3 31.1

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,461.9 1,866.1 1,874.9 1,787.2 1,434.9 1,742.0 1,755.6 1,757.7 2.1

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 10,224.2 11,606.8 11,572.0 11,405.8 10,187.1 11,373.3 11,348.6 11,377.6 29.0

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,426 5,786 5,786 5,721 5,440 5,709 5,743 5,727 -16

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,293.5 1,371.3 1,378.2 1,373.2 1,293.5 1,360.4 1,369.6 1,369.7 0.1

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,283.1 1,420.5 1,430.7 1,421.7 1,283.3 1,406.7 1,425.8 1,416.8 -9.0

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,849.3 2,993.9 2,977.1 2,925.9 2,862.8 2,941.4 2,947.8 2,940.7 -7.1

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,845 20,762 21,070 21,947 21,857 22,073 22,107 21,984 -123

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,121 2,894 2,888 2,890 3,117 2,883 2,886 2,886 0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,519.9 2,292.5 2,289.2 2,286.5 2,513.9 2,276.1 2,278.9 2,277.9 -1.0

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601.2 601.9 599.2 603.3 603.0 606.4 606.6 607.6 1.0

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,066 4,737 4,791 5,091 5,010 5,074 5,068 5,046 -22

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,370.7 2,068.4 2,131.8 2,446.7 2,315.0 2,421.0 2,419.2 2,402.6 -16.6

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,695.5 2,668.3 2,658.8 2,643.8 2,695.0 2,653.4 2,648.8 2,643.7 -5.1

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,658 13,131 13,391 13,966 13,730 14,116 14,153 14,052 -101

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,383.7 6,624.3 6,925.5 7,643.8 7,443.5 7,848.1 7,863.6 7,719.4 -144.2

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,274.3 6,506.3 6,465.6 6,322.6 6,286.6 6,267.9 6,289.6 6,332.1 42.5

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.8 34.7 34.6 34.8

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.0 40.0 40.0 40.4

Mining and logging................................................................ 44.4 45.3 45.0 45.6

Construction....................................................................... 39.0 38.8 38.8 40.0

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.3 40.5 40.4 40.4

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.6 40.7 40.4 40.5

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.9 40.2 40.3 40.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.7 33.7 33.6 33.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 34.5 34.4 34.4

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.6 39.4 39.1 39.3

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.8 30.8 30.8 30.7

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.7

Utilities........................................................................... 42.8 42.7 42.8 42.3

Information......................................................................... 36.6 37.1 37.1 36.9

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.6 37.5 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 36.6 36.7 36.5 36.7

Education and health services.................................................. 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.1 26.5 26.2 26.2

Other services..................................................................... 32.4 32.1 32.0 32.1

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.3

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Total private............................................... $29.50 $30.55 $30.66 $30.85 $1,026.60 $1,060.09 $1,060.84 $1,073.58

Goods-producing....................................... 30.13 31.10 31.20 31.38 1,205.20 1,244.00 1,248.00 1,267.75

Mining and logging.................................. 34.89 35.33 35.53 35.62 1,549.12 1,600.45 1,598.85 1,624.27

Construction.......................................... 31.82 32.97 33.08 33.25 1,240.98 1,279.24 1,283.50 1,330.00

Manufacturing........................................ 28.90 29.78 29.87 30.02 1,164.67 1,206.09 1,206.75 1,212.81

Durable goods.................................... 30.31 31.32 31.45 31.60 1,230.59 1,274.72 1,270.58 1,279.80

Nondurable goods................................ 26.55 27.22 27.27 27.41 1,059.35 1,094.24 1,098.98 1,101.88

Private service-providing.............................. 29.35 30.42 30.54 30.72 989.10 1,025.15 1,026.14 1,032.19

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 25.55 26.48 26.55 26.67 876.37 913.56 913.32 917.45

Wholesale trade.................................. 32.52 33.71 33.75 33.77 1,255.27 1,328.17 1,319.63 1,327.16

Retail trade........................................ 21.44 21.98 22.11 22.27 660.35 676.98 680.99 683.69

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.42 26.82 26.85 26.95 983.75 1,037.93 1,039.10 1,042.97

Utilities............................................. 44.08 44.89 44.97 45.07 1,886.62 1,916.80 1,924.72 1,906.46

Information........................................... 43.93 44.25 44.32 44.30 1,607.84 1,641.68 1,644.27 1,634.67

Financial activities................................... 38.21 40.19 40.05 40.24 1,436.70 1,511.14 1,501.88 1,509.00

Professional and business services.............. 35.35 36.76 36.95 37.02 1,293.81 1,349.09 1,348.68 1,358.63

Education and health services..................... 28.70 29.82 29.93 30.37 961.45 993.01 996.67 1,014.36

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.10 18.58 18.85 18.95 446.31 492.37 493.87 496.49

Other services....................................... 26.58 27.32 27.44 27.49 861.19 876.97 878.08 882.43

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Aug.

2021 -

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Aug.

2021 -

Sept.

2021p

Total private..................................... 104.8 108.8 108.8 109.7 0.8 147.9 158.9 159.5 161.8 1.4

Goods-producing............................. 91.0 93.2 93.4 94.5 1.2 123.9 131.0 131.7 134.1 1.8

Mining and logging........................ 82.6 90.7 90.9 92.7 2.0 115.7 128.6 129.7 132.6 2.2

Construction................................ 97.5 99.3 99.3 102.7 3.4 134.9 142.3 142.7 148.3 3.9

Manufacturing.............................. 87.9 90.3 90.3 90.5 0.2 118.1 125.0 125.4 126.3 0.7

Durable goods........................... 86.2 88.3 87.9 88.3 0.5 116.0 122.8 122.7 123.9 1.0

Nondurable goods...................... 91.3 94.0 94.5 94.4 -0.1 123.0 129.8 130.7 131.3 0.5

Private service-providing.................... 108.5 113.3 113.3 113.6 0.3 154.8 167.6 168.2 169.6 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 99.8 103.2 103.1 103.5 0.4 137.5 147.3 147.6 148.9 0.9

Wholesale trade......................... 95.0 99.4 98.6 99.4 0.8 129.2 140.2 139.2 140.5 0.9

Retail trade.............................. 94.0 96.0 96.0 96.0 0.0 133.2 139.5 140.3 141.4 0.8

Transportation and warehousing...... 122.7 128.8 130.0 131.1 0.8 158.6 175.8 177.6 179.7 1.2

Utilities.................................... 100.3 99.6 99.6 98.4 -1.2 146.1 147.7 148.1 146.5 -1.1

Information................................. 88.9 93.0 94.0 94.6 0.6 139.0 146.5 148.3 149.2 0.6

Financial activities......................... 107.3 108.9 108.7 108.7 0.0 160.0 170.7 169.8 170.7 0.5

Professional and business services..... 115.1 120.5 120.3 121.3 0.8 164.7 179.3 180.0 181.9 1.1

Education and health services........... 126.6 128.4 128.7 129.1 0.3 174.9 184.3 185.3 188.6 1.8

Leisure and hospitality.................... 99.5 115.0 114.0 114.5 0.4 137.2 172.4 173.3 175.1 1.0

Other services............................. 101.6 105.7 106.0 106.0 0.0 148.0 158.2 159.4 159.7 0.2

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Total nonfarm............................................. 70,583 73,300 73,476 73,450 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.8

Total private............................................ 58,030 60,515 60,645 60,705 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.3

Goods-producing.................................... 4,516 4,648 4,666 4,680 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8

Mining and logging............................... 85 83 83 82 14.4 13.0 12.9 12.7

Construction....................................... 969 1,020 1,029 1,035 13.4 13.7 13.9 13.9

Manufacturing..................................... 3,462 3,545 3,554 3,563 28.6 28.6 28.6 28.6

Durable goods.................................. 1,840 1,879 1,884 1,890 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.4

Nondurable goods............................. 1,622 1,666 1,670 1,673 35.4 35.6 35.6 35.6

Private service-providing........................... 53,514 55,867 55,979 56,025 53.5 53.5 53.4 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 10,485 10,791 10,793 10,870 39.3 39.4 39.3 39.4

Wholesale trade................................ 1,672.3 1,727.3 1,729.2 1,731.0 30.0 30.2 30.2 30.2

Retail trade..................................... 7,315.3 7,435.8 7,429.6 7,469.6 48.7 48.4 48.4 48.5

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,362.6 1,493.7 1,499.2 1,533.2 24.7 25.8 25.6 26.0

Utilities........................................... 135.2 134.6 134.9 135.9 25.0 25.0 25.1 25.3

Information......................................... 1,062 1,087 1,099 1,099 39.9 39.6 39.6 39.2

Financial activities................................ 4,921 4,958 4,965 4,964 56.5 56.1 56.1 56.1

Professional and business services............ 9,188 9,682 9,736 9,730 45.8 46.2 46.3 46.1

Education and health services.................. 17,876 18,251 18,254 18,238 77.2 77.3 77.1 77.1

Leisure and hospitality........................... 7,096 8,058 8,068 8,075 53.1 53.0 52.9 52.7

Other services..................................... 2,886 3,040 3,064 3,049 53.1 53.2 53.4 53.2

Government............................................. 12,553 12,785 12,831 12,745 57.4 57.9 58.0 58.0

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Total private............................................................................... 97,686 101,707 102,010 102,199

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,192 14,606 14,629 14,652

Mining and logging.................................................................. 422 472 478 479

Construction.......................................................................... 5,380 5,517 5,510 5,518

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,390 8,617 8,641 8,655

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,106 5,270 5,299 5,304

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,284 3,347 3,342 3,351

Private service-providing.............................................................. 83,494 87,101 87,381 87,547

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 22,491 23,098 23,126 23,210

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,435.7 4,547.8 4,549.8 4,568.8

Retail trade........................................................................ 12,831.6 13,068.6 13,073.8 13,110.8

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,795.9 5,052.6 5,074.5 5,102.9

Utilities.............................................................................. 428.0 429.1 427.4 427.1

Information............................................................................ 2,103 2,183 2,201 2,233

Financial activities................................................................... 6,628 6,647 6,661 6,659

Professional and business services............................................... 16,079 16,721 16,820 16,889

Education and health services..................................................... 20,279 20,677 20,725 20,665

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 11,489 13,133 13,172 13,234

Other services........................................................................ 4,425 4,642 4,676 4,657

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.1 34.2 34.1 34.2

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.6 40.9 40.8 41.4

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.0 46.6 46.9 47.4

Construction....................................................................... 39.3 39.4 39.3 40.9

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.2 41.5 41.5 41.4

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.4 41.5 41.5 41.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.8 41.5 41.5 41.4

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.0 33.1 33.0 33.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 34.4 34.3 34.3

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.5 39.1 38.9 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.9 30.8 30.7 30.7

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.3 38.6 38.6 38.5

Utilities........................................................................... 43.1 42.6 42.8 42.4

Information......................................................................... 36.2 36.9 37.5 36.7

Financial activities................................................................ 37.3 37.4 37.3 37.4

Professional and business services............................................ 36.0 36.3 36.3 36.4

Education and health services.................................................. 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.7 25.2 25.0 24.9

Other services..................................................................... 31.3 31.2 30.9 31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Total private............................................... $24.79 $25.86 $26.01 $26.15 $845.34 $884.41 $886.94 $894.33

Goods-producing....................................... 25.49 26.61 26.74 26.92 1,034.89 1,088.35 1,090.99 1,114.49

Mining and logging.................................. 30.36 31.42 31.67 31.72 1,366.20 1,464.17 1,485.32 1,503.53

Construction.......................................... 29.09 30.58 30.70 30.79 1,143.24 1,204.85 1,206.51 1,259.31

Manufacturing........................................ 23.01 23.91 24.04 24.18 948.01 992.27 997.66 1,001.05

Durable goods.................................... 23.99 24.95 25.07 25.22 993.19 1,035.43 1,040.41 1,044.11

Nondurable goods................................ 21.46 22.26 22.39 22.55 875.57 923.79 929.19 933.57

Private service-providing.............................. 24.64 25.70 25.86 25.99 813.12 850.67 853.38 857.67

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 21.47 22.54 22.60 22.70 734.27 775.38 775.18 778.61

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.93 27.88 27.83 28.01 1,036.81 1,090.11 1,082.59 1,092.39

Retail trade........................................ 17.78 18.62 18.67 18.68 549.40 573.50 573.17 573.48

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.59 24.15 24.29 24.54 865.20 932.19 937.59 944.79

Utilities............................................. 38.98 39.92 39.98 40.00 1,680.04 1,700.59 1,711.14 1,696.00

Information........................................... 36.16 36.75 36.60 36.50 1,308.99 1,356.08 1,372.50 1,339.55

Financial activities................................... 29.48 30.39 30.55 30.65 1,099.60 1,136.59 1,139.52 1,146.31

Professional and business services.............. 29.50 30.66 30.83 30.94 1,062.00 1,112.96 1,119.13 1,126.22

Education and health services..................... 25.60 26.97 27.18 27.46 839.68 881.92 886.07 897.94

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.80 16.47 16.60 16.71 365.56 415.04 415.00 416.08

Other services....................................... 22.61 23.22 23.40 23.38 707.69 724.46 723.06 729.46

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Aug.

2021 -

Sept.

2021p

Sept.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021p

Sept.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Aug.

2021 -

Sept.

2021p

Total private..................................... 111.0 115.9 115.9 116.5 0.5 183.9 200.3 201.5 203.6 1.0

Goods-producing............................. 88.1 91.3 91.2 92.7 1.6 137.4 148.7 149.3 152.8 2.3

Mining and logging........................ 100.9 116.9 119.1 120.7 1.3 178.2 213.6 219.4 222.6 1.5

Construction................................ 105.9 108.8 108.4 113.0 4.2 166.3 179.7 179.7 187.9 4.6

Manufacturing.............................. 79.4 82.1 82.3 82.3 0.0 119.4 128.4 129.4 130.1 0.5

Durable goods........................... 79.4 82.2 82.6 82.5 -0.1 118.9 128.0 129.3 129.9 0.5

Nondurable goods...................... 78.9 81.8 81.7 81.7 0.0 119.7 128.7 129.3 130.2 0.7

Private service-providing.................... 117.4 122.8 122.9 123.1 0.2 198.4 216.5 217.9 219.4 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.6 111.1 110.9 111.3 0.4 165.0 179.0 179.2 180.6 0.8

Wholesale trade......................... 101.4 105.5 105.0 105.7 0.7 161.1 173.7 172.5 174.8 1.3

Retail trade.............................. 100.3 101.9 101.6 101.9 0.3 152.9 162.5 162.5 163.0 0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 139.0 147.6 148.2 148.7 0.3 199.9 226.9 229.2 232.2 1.3

Utilities.................................... 94.3 93.5 93.6 92.6 -1.1 153.5 155.8 156.1 154.6 -1.0

Information................................. 86.9 91.9 94.2 93.5 -0.7 155.5 167.3 170.7 169.0 -1.0

Financial activities......................... 116.4 117.0 116.9 117.2 0.3 211.0 218.8 219.8 221.0 0.5

Professional and business services..... 129.4 135.7 136.5 137.5 0.7 227.0 247.4 250.3 252.9 1.0

Education and health services........... 141.8 144.2 144.1 144.1 0.0 239.6 256.6 258.4 261.1 1.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 103.9 121.2 120.6 120.7 0.1 174.7 226.7 227.4 229.1 0.7

Other services............................. 97.1 101.6 101.3 101.9 0.6 160.0 171.8 172.8 173.6 0.5

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.