For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, March 6, 2024 USDL-24-0449 

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2024 

The number of job openings changed little at 8.9 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations

were little changed at 5.7 million and 5.3 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.4 million) 

and layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number 

and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 

establishment size class. This release also includes 2023 annual estimates for job openings, hires, and 

separations. 

Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the number of job openings changed little at 8.9 million; this 

measure is down from a series high of 12.2 million in March 2022. Over the month, the rate was 

unchanged at 5.3 percent. In January, job openings increased in nondurable goods manufacturing 

(+82,000) but decreased in private educational services (-41,000). (See table 1.) 

Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data

Effective with this release, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) estimates will 

incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment data and the JOLTS 

seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 

2019 forward are subject to revision. 

Also, with this release, the “education and health services” industry will be renamed “private education 

and health services.” In addition, “educational services” will be renamed “private educational services.” 

This change is being made to align the industry titles with those used in the Current Employment 

Statistics program.

 4.4

 4.8

 5.2

 5.6

 6.0

 6.4

 6.8

 7.2

 7.6

Jan-22 Jul-22 Jan-23 Jul-23 Jan-24

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

January 2022 - January 2024

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

Jan-22 Jul-22 Jan-23 Jul-23 Jan-24

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

January 2022 - January 2024
- 2 -

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.7 million and 3.6 percent, respectively. 

Hires decreased in state and local government education (-37,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 

workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 

by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 

to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations in January changed little at 5.3 million, and the rate was 3.4 percent 

for the third month in a row. Over the month, the number of total separations decreased in health care 

and social assistance (-86,000) and in federal government (-8,000). (See table 3.)

In January, the number and rate of quits were little changed at 3.4 million and 2.1 percent, respectively.

The number of quits increased in information (+23,000) but decreased in real estate and rental and 

leasing (-16,000). (See table 4.)

In January, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate was 1.0 

percent for the third month in a row. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in state and local 

government education (-19,000) but increased in mining and logging (+7,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in January at 384,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In January, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw little change in their job openings rate, hires rate, 

and total separations rate. The job openings rate decreased for establishments with 5,000 or more 

employees. (See table 7.)

December 2023 Revisions

The number of job openings for December was revised down by 137,000 to 8.9 million, the number of 

hires was revised up by 166,000 to 5.8 million, and the number of total separations was revised up by 

54,000 to 5.4 million. Within separations, the number of quits was revised up by 47,000 to 3.4 million

and the number of layoffs and discharges was revised down by 9,000 to 1.6 million. (Monthly revisions 

result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last published 

estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors. The annual benchmark process also contributes

to the December revisions.)

Annual Levels and Rates

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data each year

with the January news release. For details about how these estimates are calculated, see the technical 

note.

In 2023, the annual average job openings level was 9.4 million, a decrease of 1.8 million from 2022. The 

annual average job openings rate was 5.7 percent in 2023, compared to 6.8 percent in 2022. 

(See tables 15 and 16.)
- 3 -

In 2023, the annual hires level was 71.0 million, a decrease of 5.8 million from 2022. Annual total 

separations decreased by 4.2 million in 2023 to 68.1 million. Annual quits decreased by 6.1 million in 

2023 to 44.4 million and accounted for 65.2 percent of total separations. Annual layoffs and discharges 

increased by 2.1 million in 2023 to 19.8 million and accounted for 29.0 percent of total separations. 

Annual other separations decreased by 176,000 in 2023 to 3.9 million and accounted for 5.8 percent of 

total separations. (See tables 17 through 26.) 

The annual average hires rate for 2023 was 3.8 percent, down from 4.2 percent in 2022. The annual 

average total separations rate for 2023 was 3.6 percent, compared to 3.9 percent in 2022. The annual 

average rates for the components of total separations were 2.4 percent for quits, 1.1 percent for layoffs 

and discharges, and 0.2 percent for other separations. (See tables 17 through 26.) 

____________ 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2024 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, April 2, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET). 

Annual Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data

The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES 

employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual 

benchmarking process results in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment methodology creates a dependency of the 

not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment process. Therefore, the data series that are 

not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect the effect of the 

updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment process. 

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2023. The 

December 2023 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 

final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2019 through 

December 2023 will be available on the JOLTS website later in the day following the release. The 

website also contains all revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision 

tables and data can be accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/. 
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 10,425 8,889 8,863 6,374 5,787 5,687 6,017 5,419 5,341

Total private....................................... 9,348 7,884 7,963 5,932 5,384 5,323 5,671 5,060 5,020

Mining and logging............................. 33 32 29 26 18 23 23 19 24

Construction.................................... 293 434 413 386 357 380 349 335 372

Manufacturing.................................. 719 586 622 429 371 394 421 364 363

Durable goods............................... 468 408 360 226 199 222 219 192 206

Nondurable goods........................... 251 179 261 203 172 172 202 172 158

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,794 1,318 1,051 1,393 1,110 1,068 1,451 1,058 1,024

Wholesale trade............................. 311 230 199 176 180 170 161 173 167

Retail trade................................... 869 710 540 829 628 618 797 584 547

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 615 378 312 388 302 280 494 300 310

Information...................................... 109 177 211 69 83 82 103 67 75

Financial activities.............................. 434 482 539 218 209 211 208 203 191

Finance and insurance..................... 313 317 360 126 123 127 115 124 115

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 121 165 178 92 86 84 93 80 75

Professional and business services......... 2,042 1,579 1,633 1,083 1,086 1,101 1,091 1,054 1,089

Private education and health services. . . . .. 2,009 1,956 1,986 936 872 799 769 755 667

Private educational services............... 205 173 132 114 100 85 74 86 83

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,804 1,783 1,854 822 772 714 695 669 583

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,534 1,003 1,100 1,178 1,068 1,046 1,050 1,003 987

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 200 157 159 178 185 173 158 158 145

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 1,334 847 941 1,000 883 873 892 845 843

Other services.................................. 380 316 380 214 210 219 207 202 229

Government....................................... 1,077 1,005 900 442 403 364 347 360 321

Federal.......................................... 176 166 148 43 43 43 36 39 31

State and local................................. 901 838 752 399 361 322 311 321 290

State and local education.................. 323 280 250 219 180 143 157 164 139

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 578 558 502 180 181 179 154 156 151

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 6.3 5.3 5.3 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4

Total private....................................... 6.6 5.5 5.6 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.3 3.8 3.7

Mining and logging............................. 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.1 2.8 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.7

Construction.................................... 3.6 5.1 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.1 4.6

Manufacturing.................................. 5.3 4.3 4.6 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.8

Durable goods............................... 5.5 4.8 4.2 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.5

Nondurable goods........................... 4.9 3.6 5.1 4.2 3.6 3.6 4.2 3.6 3.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 5.9 4.4 3.5 4.8 3.8 3.7 5.0 3.7 3.5

Wholesale trade............................. 4.9 3.6 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.7

Retail trade................................... 5.3 4.4 3.3 5.3 4.0 3.9 5.1 3.7 3.5

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 7.9 5.0 4.2 5.4 4.2 3.9 6.9 4.2 4.3

Information...................................... 3.4 5.5 6.5 2.3 2.8 2.7 3.3 2.2 2.5

Financial activities.............................. 4.5 5.0 5.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1

Finance and insurance..................... 4.5 4.5 5.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 4.7 6.2 6.6 3.8 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.2 3.0

Professional and business services......... 8.2 6.5 6.6 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.7

Private education and health services. . . . .. 7.5 7.0 7.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.6

Private educational services............... 5.1 4.3 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.9 2.2 2.2

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 7.9 7.5 7.7 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.6

Leisure and hospitality........................ 8.6 5.6 6.1 7.2 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.0 5.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 7.6 5.7 5.7 7.4 7.1 6.6 6.5 6.1 5.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 8.7 5.6 6.2 7.2 6.2 6.1 6.4 5.9 5.9

Other services.................................. 6.2 5.1 6.1 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Government....................................... 4.6 4.2 3.8 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4

Federal.......................................... 5.8 5.3 4.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.0

State and local................................. 4.4 4.0 3.6 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4

State and local education.................. 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 5.9 5.6 5.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table B. Revisions in job openings data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2023

January........................ 10,563 10,425 -138 6.4 6.3 -0.1

February..................... 9,974 9,849 -125 6.0 6.0 .0

March........................... 9,745 9,623 -122 5.9 5.8 -.1

April........................... 10,320 9,904 -416 6.2 6.0 -.2

May.............................. 9,616 9,311 -305 5.8 5.6 -.2

June........................... 9,165 9,125 -40 5.5 5.5 .0

July.............................. 8,920 8,805 -115 5.4 5.3 -.1

August........................ 9,497 9,358 -139 5.7 5.6 -.1

September..................... 9,350 9,307 -43 5.6 5.6 .0

October........................ 8,852 8,685 -167 5.3 5.2 -.1

November..................... 8,925 8,931 6 5.4 5.4 .0

December..................... 9,026 8,889 -137 5.4 5.3 -.1

Year and month

Table C. Revisions in hires data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2023

January........................ 6,327 6,374 47 4.1 4.1 0.0

February..................... 6,150 6,058 -92 4.0 3.9 -.1

March........................... 6,066 5,955 -111 3.9 3.8 -.1

April........................... 6,101 5,951 -150 3.9 3.8 -.1

May.............................. 6,231 6,171 -60 4.0 4.0 .0

June........................... 5,940 5,895 -45 3.8 3.8 .0

July.............................. 5,822 5,733 -89 3.7 3.7 .0

August........................ 5,850 5,888 38 3.7 3.8 .1

September..................... 5,904 5,851 -53 3.8 3.7 -.1

October........................ 5,828 5,814 -14 3.7 3.7 .0

November..................... 5,554 5,569 15 3.5 3.5 .0

December..................... 5,621 5,787 166 3.6 3.7 .1

Year and month
Table D. Revisions in total separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2023

January........................ 5,900 6,017 117 3.8 3.9 0.1

February..................... 5,841 5,833 -8 3.8 3.8 .0

March........................... 5,994 5,917 -77 3.9 3.8 -.1

April........................... 5,660 5,569 -91 3.6 3.6 .0

May.............................. 5,925 5,846 -79 3.8 3.8 .0

June........................... 5,691 5,639 -52 3.6 3.6 .0

July.............................. 5,638 5,646 8 3.6 3.6 .0

August........................ 5,687 5,609 -78 3.6 3.6 .0

September..................... 5,595 5,522 -73 3.6 3.5 -.1

October........................ 5,632 5,630 -2 3.6 3.6 .0

November..................... 5,401 5,413 12 3.4 3.4 .0

December..................... 5,365 5,419 54 3.4 3.4 .0

Year and month

Table E. Revisions in quits data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2023

January........................ 3,878 3,882 4 2.5 2.5 0.0

February..................... 3,980 3,964 -16 2.6 2.6 .0

March........................... 3,842 3,809 -33 2.5 2.5 .0

April........................... 3,765 3,611 -154 2.4 2.3 -.1

May.............................. 4,067 4,009 -58 2.6 2.6 .0

June........................... 3,802 3,716 -86 2.4 2.4 .0

July.............................. 3,619 3,615 -4 2.3 2.3 .0

August........................ 3,663 3,595 -68 2.3 2.3 .0

September..................... 3,646 3,596 -50 2.3 2.3 .0

October........................ 3,628 3,634 6 2.3 2.3 .0

November..................... 3,524 3,516 -8 2.2 2.2 .0

December..................... 3,392 3,439 47 2.2 2.2 .0

Year and month
Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2023

January........................ 1,719 1,868 149 1.1 1.2 0.1

February..................... 1,557 1,571 14 1.0 1.0 .0

March........................... 1,845 1,825 -20 1.2 1.2 .0

April........................... 1,590 1,636 46 1.0 1.1 .1

May.............................. 1,546 1,531 -15 1.0 1.0 .0

June........................... 1,551 1,589 38 1.0 1.0 .0

July.............................. 1,681 1,698 17 1.1 1.1 .0

August........................ 1,682 1,664 -18 1.1 1.1 .0

September..................... 1,610 1,595 -15 1.0 1.0 .0

October........................ 1,643 1,653 10 1.0 1.1 .1

November..................... 1,531 1,546 15 1.0 1.0 .0

December..................... 1,616 1,607 -9 1.0 1.0 .0

Year and month

Table G. Revisions in other separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2023

January........................ 303 268 -35 0.2 0.2 0.0

February..................... 304 299 -5 0.2 0.2 .0

March........................... 306 283 -23 0.2 0.2 .0

April........................... 305 322 17 0.2 0.2 .0

May.............................. 313 307 -6 0.2 0.2 .0

June........................... 339 334 -5 0.2 0.2 .0

July.............................. 338 333 -5 0.2 0.2 .0

August........................ 342 349 7 0.2 0.2 .0

September..................... 339 331 -8 0.2 0.2 .0

October........................ 361 344 -17 0.2 0.2 .0

November..................... 346 351 5 0.2 0.2 .0

December..................... 358 373 15 0.2 0.2 .0

Year and month
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Starting with data for January 2023, 

industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 

North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

• A specific position exists, and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

• The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

• The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future;

positions for which employees have been hired but 

have not yet reported for work; and positions to be 

filled by employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 

dividing the number of job openings by the sum of 

employment and job openings—that is, all filled and 

unfilled jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability, and deaths.

Excluded from separations measures are transfers 

within the same location; employees on strike; and 

employees of temporary help agencies, employee 

leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. 

The sampling frame is made up of 

establishments from two sources: the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the 

Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The QCEW 

database contains establishments that cover 

approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in 

the United States. This database is a compilation of 

administrative data from state unemployment 

insurance (UI) programs and federal government 

establishments covered by the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) 

program. A frame of railroad establishments is 

provided by the FRA. This is added to the QCEW 

database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame.

The JOLTS estimation method involves the 

following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, 

item nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking 

and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and 

death model estimation, estimates review and outlier 

selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and 

variance estimates. Establishment size class levels are 

also produced. Detailed information about the 

estimation method can be found in the Handbook of 

Methods at 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through 

which the JOLTS weighted employment for each 

estimation cell is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells 

are benchmarked monthly to the current employment 

level from the BLS Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked

to ensure that JOLTS weighted employment is equal 

to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. In 

addition, many new establishments fail within the 

first year, referred to as a death. Because new and 

short-lived universe establishments cannot be 

reflected in the sampling frame immediately, the 

JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, 

and separations from these establishments during 

their early existence. BLS has developed a 

birth/death model that uses establishment birth and 

death activity from previous years as collected by the 

QCEW and projects forward to the present using 

over-the-year change in the CES. The birth/death 

model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate 

the amount of churn (meaning the rates of hires and 

separations) that exists in establishments of various 

sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 

with the projected employment change to estimate 

the number of hires and separations that take place in 

these establishments that cannot be measured through 

sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences between the two surveys, as well as 

sampling and nonsampling errors, historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.
Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the 

seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) 

is used to seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each 

month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment 

methodology uses all relevant data, up to and 

including the current month, to calculate new 

seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are 

used as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. 

JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive 

and multiplicative models, as well as regression with 

autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to 

improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 

beginning and end of the series and to detect and 

adjust for outliers in the series.

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The

JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the 

issuance of data for January. Five years of data are 

subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 

1) benchmarks based on CES employment estimates 

newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal 

adjustment factors, and 3) any needed special 

adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels for each data element by the

sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment 

levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error. 

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. Sampling error estimates are available 

at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Total............................................... 10,425 8,685 8,931 8,889 8,863 -26 6.3 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.3 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 9,348 7,718 7,932 7,884 7,963 79 6.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 0.1

Mining and logging......................... 33 24 31 32 29 -3 5.0 3.6 4.6 4.7 4.4 -0.3

Construction................................ 293 413 454 434 413 -21 3.6 4.9 5.3 5.1 4.8 -0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 719 576 553 586 622 36 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.6 0.3

Durable goods........................... 468 364 377 408 360 -48 5.5 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.2 -0.6

Nondurable goods....................... 251 213 176 179 261 82 4.9 4.2 3.5 3.6 5.1 1.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,794 1,306 1,336 1,318 1,051 -267 5.9 4.3 4.4 4.4 3.5 -0.9

Wholesale trade......................... 311 206 296 230 199 -31 4.9 3.2 4.6 3.6 3.1 -0.5

Retail trade............................... 869 581 596 710 540 -170 5.3 3.6 3.7 4.4 3.3 -1.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 615 520 443 378 312 -66 7.9 6.8 5.9 5.0 4.2 -0.8

Information.................................. 109 113 154 177 211 34 3.4 3.6 4.9 5.5 6.5 1.0

Financial activities......................... 434 410 427 482 539 57 4.5 4.3 4.4 5.0 5.5 0.5

Finance and insurance................. 313 287 288 317 360 43 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.5 5.1 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 121 124 138 165 178 13 4.7 4.7 5.3 6.2 6.6 0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 2,042 1,585 1,536 1,579 1,633 54 8.2 6.5 6.3 6.5 6.6 0.1

Private education and health services... 2,009 1,778 1,939 1,956 1,986 30 7.5 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.1 0.1

Private educational services........... 205 156 161 173 132 -41 5.1 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.3 -1.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,804 1,622 1,778 1,783 1,854 71 7.9 6.9 7.5 7.5 7.7 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,534 1,201 1,153 1,003 1,100 97 8.6 6.7 6.4 5.6 6.1 0.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 200 207 170 157 159 2 7.6 7.4 6.2 5.7 5.7 0.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,334 994 983 847 941 94 8.7 6.5 6.5 5.6 6.2 0.6

Other services.............................. 380 313 349 316 380 64 6.2 5.1 5.6 5.1 6.1 1.0

Government................................... 1,077 967 999 1,005 900 -105 4.6 4.0 4.2 4.2 3.8 -0.4

Federal...................................... 176 188 161 166 148 -18 5.8 6.0 5.2 5.3 4.7 -0.6

State and local............................. 901 779 838 838 752 -86 4.4 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.6 -0.4

State and local education.............. 323 288 289 280 250 -30 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.3 -0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 578 491 549 558 502 -56 5.9 5.0 5.5 5.6 5.0 -0.6

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,629 1,490 1,489 1,512 1,570 58 5.6 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 0.2

South........................................... 4,241 3,526 3,501 3,504 3,492 -12 6.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.6 0.0

Midwest........................................ 2,244 1,861 2,048 1,963 1,944 -19 6.4 5.3 5.8 5.5 5.5 0.0

West............................................ 2,313 1,808 1,893 1,909 1,857 -52 6.0 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.8 -0.1

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Total............................................... 6,374 5,814 5,569 5,787 5,687 -100 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 -0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,932 5,429 5,205 5,384 5,323 -61 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 26 21 19 18 23 5 4.1 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.6 0.8

Construction................................ 386 381 367 357 380 23 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.7 0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 429 377 352 371 394 23 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.9 3.0 0.1

Durable goods........................... 226 205 199 199 222 23 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.7 0.3

Nondurable goods....................... 203 172 153 172 172 0 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.6 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,393 1,137 1,090 1,110 1,068 -42 4.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 176 158 153 180 170 -10 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Retail trade............................... 829 671 638 628 618 -10 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 -0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 388 308 300 302 280 -22 5.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.9 -0.3

Information.................................. 69 50 70 83 82 -1 2.3 1.7 2.4 2.8 2.7 -0.1

Financial activities......................... 218 206 201 209 211 2 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 0.0

Finance and insurance................. 126 128 125 123 127 4 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 92 78 76 86 84 -2 3.8 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 0.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,083 1,116 964 1,086 1,101 15 4.8 4.9 4.2 4.7 4.8 0.1

Private education and health services... 936 894 934 872 799 -73 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.1 -0.3

Private educational services........... 114 98 94 100 85 -15 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.2 -0.4

Health care and social assistance. . .. 822 796 840 772 714 -58 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.2 -0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,178 1,047 993 1,068 1,046 -22 7.2 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.2 -0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 178 165 150 185 173 -12 7.4 6.4 5.8 7.1 6.6 -0.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,000 882 844 883 873 -10 7.2 6.2 5.9 6.2 6.1 -0.1

Other services.............................. 214 200 214 210 219 9 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 0.1

Government................................... 442 385 364 403 364 -39 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 -0.1

Federal...................................... 43 42 37 43 43 0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.0

State and local............................. 399 343 327 361 322 -39 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 -0.2

State and local education.............. 219 179 165 180 143 -37 2.1 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.3 -0.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 180 164 162 181 179 -2 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 0.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 934 886 892 852 906 54 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 0.2

South........................................... 2,604 2,391 2,368 2,557 2,400 -157 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.1 -0.2

Midwest........................................ 1,353 1,244 1,173 1,127 1,167 40 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 0.1

West............................................ 1,482 1,293 1,137 1,251 1,215 -36 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3 -0.1

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Total............................................... 6,017 5,630 5,413 5,419 5,341 -78 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,671 5,325 5,075 5,060 5,020 -40 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Mining and logging......................... 23 23 24 19 24 5 3.7 3.6 3.7 2.9 3.7 0.8

Construction................................ 349 349 342 335 372 37 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.6 0.5

Manufacturing.............................. 421 371 352 364 363 -1 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 0.0

Durable goods........................... 219 206 194 192 206 14 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 0.1

Nondurable goods....................... 202 165 157 172 158 -14 4.2 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.3 -0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,451 1,108 1,122 1,058 1,024 -34 5.0 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.5 -0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 161 148 141 173 167 -6 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.8 2.7 -0.1

Retail trade............................... 797 655 648 584 547 -37 5.1 4.2 4.2 3.7 3.5 -0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 494 305 333 300 310 10 6.9 4.3 4.7 4.2 4.3 0.1

Information.................................. 103 68 76 67 75 8 3.3 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.5 0.3

Financial activities......................... 208 217 217 203 191 -12 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 -0.1

Finance and insurance................. 115 143 145 124 115 -9 1.7 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.7 -0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 93 74 71 80 75 -5 3.8 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.0 -0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,091 1,148 981 1,054 1,089 35 4.8 5.0 4.3 4.6 4.7 0.1

Private education and health services... 769 827 796 755 667 -88 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.6 -0.3

Private educational services........... 74 105 86 86 83 -3 1.9 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 695 722 711 669 583 -86 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.6 -0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,050 1,014 982 1,003 987 -16 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.9 -0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 158 131 138 158 145 -13 6.5 5.1 5.4 6.1 5.5 -0.6

Accommodation and food services. .. 892 883 844 845 843 -2 6.4 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.9 0.0

Other services.............................. 207 202 183 202 229 27 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.9 0.5

Government................................... 347 305 338 360 321 -39 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 -0.2

Federal...................................... 36 36 38 39 31 -8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 -0.3

State and local............................. 311 269 301 321 290 -31 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 -0.2

State and local education.............. 157 134 159 164 139 -25 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 -0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 154 136 141 156 151 -5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 -0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 903 1,010 864 830 835 5 3.3 3.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 0.0

South........................................... 2,533 2,340 2,138 2,215 2,201 -14 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Midwest........................................ 1,227 1,095 1,160 1,132 1,098 -34 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 -0.1

West............................................ 1,354 1,186 1,252 1,243 1,206 -37 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 -0.1

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Total............................................... 3,882 3,634 3,516 3,439 3,385 -54 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 -0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,684 3,453 3,319 3,237 3,189 -48 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 16 14 15 11 10 -1 2.6 2.1 2.3 1.8 1.6 -0.2

Construction................................ 184 171 162 149 148 -1 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 0.0

Manufacturing.............................. 284 225 220 233 224 -9 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 148 126 126 123 131 8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 0.1

Nondurable goods....................... 136 98 94 110 93 -17 2.8 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.9 -0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 949 750 739 684 637 -47 3.3 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 -0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 101 88 73 122 100 -22 1.7 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.6 -0.4

Retail trade............................... 616 478 461 408 363 -45 4.0 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.3 -0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 233 184 205 154 173 19 3.2 2.6 2.9 2.2 2.4 0.2

Information.................................. 44 41 42 28 51 23 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.9 1.7 0.8

Financial activities......................... 142 129 126 134 119 -15 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 -0.2

Finance and insurance................. 94 91 85 83 82 -1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 48 38 41 52 36 -16 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.1 1.4 -0.7

Professional and business services. . . .. 536 677 594 594 570 -24 2.4 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.5 -0.1

Private education and health services... 595 594 572 540 492 -48 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.9 -0.2

Private educational services........... 39 72 58 62 59 -3 1.0 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 -0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 556 522 514 478 433 -45 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 -0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 807 742 739 738 781 43 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 91 63 69 77 70 -7 3.8 2.5 2.7 3.0 2.7 -0.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 716 679 670 660 711 51 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6 5.0 0.4

Other services.............................. 126 111 110 125 158 33 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.7 0.6

Government................................... 198 181 197 203 195 -8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 -0.1

Federal...................................... 18 16 17 18 15 -3 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 -0.1

State and local............................. 180 165 180 185 180 -5 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

State and local education.............. 96 78 97 101 93 -8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 84 87 83 84 88 4 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 506 523 510 510 519 9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 0.1

South........................................... 1,648 1,606 1,448 1,493 1,467 -26 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0

Midwest........................................ 801 748 793 698 663 -35 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.0 -0.1

West............................................ 927 757 765 738 736 -2 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.0

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Total............................................... 1,868 1,653 1,546 1,607 1,572 -35 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,774 1,570 1,462 1,508 1,507 -1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 5 7 8 5 12 7 0.8 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.9 1.1

Construction................................ 151 167 171 173 210 37 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.6 0.5

Manufacturing.............................. 115 128 109 110 117 7 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.1

Durable goods........................... 56 67 53 56 63 7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.1

Nondurable goods....................... 59 62 55 54 54 0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 452 286 317 318 297 -21 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 56 53 59 43 48 5 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.1

Retail trade............................... 151 130 145 142 136 -6 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 244 102 112 133 113 -20 3.4 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.6 -0.3

Information.................................. 46 15 24 32 17 -15 1.5 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.6 -0.5

Financial activities......................... 56 63 71 48 65 17 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.2

Finance and insurance................. 19 34 46 27 28 1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 37 29 26 22 37 15 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.5 0.6

Professional and business services. . . .. 509 397 325 361 446 85 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.9 0.3

Private education and health services... 154 189 166 161 121 -40 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 -0.1

Private educational services........... 28 28 23 20 21 1 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 126 161 144 141 99 -42 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 222 247 212 239 177 -62 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 -0.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 62 65 66 75 72 -3 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 160 182 146 163 104 -59 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.7 -0.4

Other services.............................. 65 72 60 61 45 -16 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 -0.2

Government................................... 93 83 84 99 65 -34 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 -0.1

Federal...................................... 5 9 8 8 5 -3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1

State and local............................. 88 74 76 90 61 -29 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 -0.1

State and local education.............. 42 45 42 44 25 -19 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 -0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 46 28 34 46 35 -11 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 -0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 345 411 264 245 267 22 1.3 1.5 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.1

South........................................... 786 578 568 589 592 3 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

Midwest........................................ 376 297 304 358 328 -30 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 -0.1

West............................................ 361 367 411 415 384 -31 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 -0.1

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Total............................................... 268 344 351 373 384 11 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 212 302 294 315 324 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 2 3 1 2 1 -1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Construction................................ 14 10 9 13 13 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Manufacturing.............................. 22 18 23 21 23 2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Durable goods........................... 15 13 15 12 12 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Nondurable goods....................... 7 5 8 9 10 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 50 72 67 55 90 35 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 5 7 9 8 19 11 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2

Retail trade............................... 29 47 41 35 47 12 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 17 19 16 13 24 11 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Information.................................. 13 12 9 6 6 0 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Financial activities......................... 9 25 19 21 7 -14 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Finance and insurance................. 2 18 14 14 5 -9 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 7 8 5 7 2 -5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 -0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 45 73 63 99 74 -25 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 -0.1

Private education and health services... 20 44 58 54 54 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Private educational services........... 7 4 6 3 3 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 13 40 53 50 51 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 22 25 31 27 30 3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 4 3 3 5 2 -3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 17 22 28 21 27 6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Other services.............................. 16 19 13 17 26 9 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1

Government................................... 55 41 57 58 60 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0

Federal...................................... 13 11 13 12 11 -1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

State and local............................. 42 30 44 46 49 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local education.............. 19 10 20 19 21 2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 24 21 24 27 28 1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 52 76 90 76 49 -27 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1

South........................................... 99 156 123 133 142 9 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Midwest........................................ 50 50 63 75 107 32 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

West............................................ 67 62 75 89 86 -3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec. 2023 -

Jan. 2024p

Jan.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec. 2023 -

Jan. 2024p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private.......................... 9,348 7,718 7,932 7,884 7,963 79 6.6 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.6 0.1

1 to 9 employees.................. 1,810 1,681 1,734 1,885 1,966 81 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.7 8.0 0.3

10 to 49 employees............... 2,883 2,182 2,352 2,070 2,206 136 6.2 5.0 5.3 4.8 5.1 0.3

50 to 249 employees............. 2,679 2,061 1,935 2,068 1,973 -95 6.6 5.0 4.8 5.1 5.0 -0.1

250 to 999 employees............ 1,020 1,002 1,083 1,018 1,021 3 5.8 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.9 -0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 649 566 589 577 549 -28 7.0 5.9 6.4 6.1 6.1 0.0

5,000 or more employees........ 307 226 240 266 247 -19 7.0 5.0 4.9 5.6 4.9 -0.7

HIRES

Total private.......................... 5,932 5,429 5,205 5,384 5,323 -61 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.0 0.0

1 to 9 employees.................. 841 857 947 981 886 -95 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.3 3.9 -0.4

10 to 49 employees............... 1,919 1,604 1,516 1,600 1,660 60 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 0.1

50 to 249 employees............. 1,965 1,767 1,531 1,681 1,627 -54 5.2 4.5 4.0 4.4 4.3 -0.1

250 to 999 employees............ 812 795 803 735 748 13 4.9 4.3 4.3 3.9 3.8 -0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 320 326 329 306 321 15 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.8 0.3

5,000 or more employees........ 74 79 79 82 80 -2 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 -0.1

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................... 5,671 5,325 5,075 5,060 5,020 -40 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.7 -0.1

1 to 9 employees.................. 726 800 725 745 815 70 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.6 0.3

10 to 49 employees............... 2,026 1,577 1,595 1,622 1,584 -38 4.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.9 -0.1

50 to 249 employees............. 1,780 1,759 1,584 1,596 1,520 -76 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 -0.2

250 to 999 employees............ 717 777 787 728 773 45 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.9 0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 359 358 317 308 263 -45 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.1 -0.4

5,000 or more employees........ 63 54 67 60 65 5 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 0.1

QUITS

Total private........................ 3,684 3,453 3,319 3,237 3,189 -48 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 371 502 453 483 516 33 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.3 0.2

10 to 49 employees............ 1,393 1,070 1,118 1,076 1,096 20 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 0.1

50 to 249 employees........... 1,223 1,113 1,049 1,051 929 -122 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.5 -0.3

250 to 999 employees......... 452 511 477 424 454 30 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.3 0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 203 225 179 164 153 -11 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.8 -0.1

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 41 32 44 40 40 0 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 -0.1

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private........................ 1,774 1,570 1,462 1,508 1,507 -1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 309 226 240 179 231 52 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.2

10 to 49 employees............ 581 409 348 445 353 -92 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.1 0.9 -0.2

50 to 249 employees........... 507 572 466 480 528 48 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.1

250 to 999 employees......... 228 240 271 268 287 19 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 136 110 121 123 91 -32 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.1 -0.3

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 14 13 16 14 16 2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private........................ 212 302 294 315 324 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 46 73 31 83 67 -16 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 -0.1

10 to 49 employees............ 52 98 129 101 134 33 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1

50 to 249 employees........... 50 75 70 65 64 -1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

250 to 999 employees......... 36 26 39 37 32 -5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 19 24 17 22 19 -3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 8 8 8 7 9 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Total..................................................................... 10,502 8,344 8,943 6.4 5.0 5.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 9,470 7,364 8,086 6.8 5.2 5.7

Mining and logging............................................... 32 33 28 4.8 4.9 4.3

Construction....................................................... 292 384 407 3.7 4.6 5.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 712 570 608 5.2 4.2 4.5

Durable goods.................................................. 474 404 362 5.6 4.7 4.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 238 166 246 4.7 3.3 4.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,660 1,260 928 5.5 4.1 3.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 315 203 200 5.0 3.2 3.2

Retail trade..................................................... 735 682 416 4.5 4.1 2.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 610 375 312 7.8 4.8 4.2

Information........................................................ 111 179 214 3.5 5.6 6.7

Financial activities................................................ 488 457 603 5.1 4.7 6.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 350 304 403 5.0 4.3 5.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 138 153 201 5.4 5.8 7.5

Professional and business services............................ 2,223 1,493 1,785 9.0 6.1 7.3

Private education and health services......................... 2,149 1,895 2,130 8.0 6.8 7.6

Private educational services.................................. 217 144 138 5.6 3.5 3.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,933 1,752 1,992 8.4 7.4 8.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,386 829 964 8.2 4.8 5.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 168 106 133 7.2 4.2 5.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,218 723 830 8.3 4.9 5.7

Other services.................................................... 416 263 418 6.8 4.3 6.7

Government.......................................................... 1,032 980 858 4.4 4.0 3.6

Federal............................................................. 173 155 142 5.7 5.0 4.6

State and local.................................................... 858 825 716 4.2 3.9 3.5

State and local education..................................... 290 259 224 2.7 2.3 2.0

State and local, excluding education........................ 568 566 492 5.9 5.7 5.0

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,654 1,435 1,591 5.7 4.9 5.4

South................................................................. 4,267 3,314 3,513 6.9 5.3 5.7

Midwest............................................................... 2,198 1,754 1,909 6.3 5.0 5.5

West.................................................................. 2,383 1,840 1,930 6.2 4.7 5.0

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Total..................................................................... 6,156 4,301 5,529 4.0 2.7 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,748 4,048 5,197 4.4 3.0 3.9

Mining and logging............................................... 26 13 23 4.2 2.0 3.7

Construction....................................................... 357 215 352 4.7 2.7 4.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 439 257 408 3.4 2.0 3.2

Durable goods.................................................. 240 138 238 3.0 1.7 2.9

Nondurable goods............................................. 200 119 170 4.1 2.5 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,211 933 935 4.2 3.1 3.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 188 133 184 3.1 2.2 3.0

Retail trade..................................................... 683 491 507 4.4 3.1 3.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 340 308 245 4.7 4.1 3.4

Information........................................................ 80 56 97 2.7 1.8 3.2

Financial activities................................................ 243 148 238 2.7 1.6 2.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 146 84 147 2.2 1.2 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 98 63 91 4.1 2.5 3.7

Professional and business services............................ 1,152 864 1,167 5.1 3.8 5.2

Private education and health services......................... 1,004 636 861 4.1 2.4 3.3

Private educational services.................................. 132 45 103 3.6 1.1 2.8

Health care and social assistance........................... 872 591 758 4.1 2.7 3.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,028 769 902 6.6 4.7 5.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 124 122 122 5.7 5.0 5.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 904 647 780 6.7 4.6 5.7

Other services.................................................... 209 158 215 3.7 2.7 3.7

Government.......................................................... 407 253 332 1.8 1.1 1.4

Federal............................................................. 38 40 37 1.3 1.4 1.3

State and local.................................................... 369 213 294 1.9 1.0 1.5

State and local education..................................... 218 89 143 2.1 0.8 1.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 151 123 151 1.7 1.3 1.6

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 846 593 826 3.1 2.1 3.0

South................................................................. 2,615 1,932 2,414 4.6 3.3 4.1

Midwest............................................................... 1,243 856 1,080 3.8 2.5 3.3

West.................................................................. 1,453 920 1,209 4.1 2.5 3.3

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Total..................................................................... 6,404 5,165 5,692 4.2 3.3 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,101 4,843 5,413 4.7 3.6 4.1

Mining and logging............................................... 26 16 31 4.2 2.5 4.9

Construction....................................................... 380 374 402 5.0 4.6 5.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 413 289 360 3.2 2.2 2.8

Durable goods.................................................. 221 146 210 2.7 1.8 2.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 192 142 151 4.0 2.9 3.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,715 1,107 1,286 6.0 3.7 4.4

Wholesale trade................................................ 176 151 180 2.9 2.4 2.9

Retail trade..................................................... 909 601 650 5.9 3.7 4.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 630 355 456 8.7 4.8 6.4

Information........................................................ 120 66 83 4.0 2.2 2.8

Financial activities................................................ 259 175 239 2.9 1.9 2.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 145 105 145 2.2 1.6 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 115 70 94 4.8 2.8 3.8

Professional and business services............................ 1,142 1,071 1,129 5.1 4.7 5.0

Private education and health services......................... 830 673 709 3.4 2.6 2.8

Private educational services.................................. 63 71 70 1.7 1.8 1.9

Health care and social assistance........................... 767 602 639 3.6 2.7 2.9

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,009 889 950 6.5 5.4 5.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 147 160 133 6.8 6.6 5.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 862 728 817 6.4 5.2 6.0

Other services.................................................... 205 184 223 3.6 3.1 3.8

Government.......................................................... 303 322 279 1.4 1.4 1.2

Federal............................................................. 38 46 32 1.3 1.6 1.1

State and local.................................................... 264 276 248 1.4 1.4 1.2

State and local education..................................... 125 129 110 1.2 1.2 1.0

State and local, excluding education........................ 139 147 138 1.5 1.6 1.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 992 810 926 3.7 2.9 3.3

South................................................................. 2,680 2,018 2,302 4.7 3.4 3.9

Midwest............................................................... 1,301 1,105 1,176 4.0 3.3 3.6

West.................................................................. 1,431 1,233 1,288 4.0 3.3 3.5

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Total..................................................................... 3,743 2,933 3,242 2.5 1.9 2.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,578 2,776 3,079 2.7 2.1 2.3

Mining and logging............................................... 16 8 10 2.6 1.3 1.6

Construction....................................................... 168 124 131 2.2 1.5 1.7

Manufacturing..................................................... 266 164 212 2.1 1.3 1.6

Durable goods.................................................. 142 84 127 1.8 1.0 1.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 124 80 85 2.6 1.7 1.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 909 665 604 3.2 2.2 2.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 92 101 92 1.5 1.6 1.5

Retail trade..................................................... 611 395 359 3.9 2.5 2.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 206 168 154 2.9 2.3 2.1

Information........................................................ 43 20 52 1.4 0.7 1.7

Financial activities................................................ 165 107 142 1.8 1.2 1.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 114 66 103 1.7 1.0 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 51 41 39 2.1 1.6 1.6

Professional and business services............................ 511 509 533 2.3 2.2 2.4

Private education and health services......................... 620 478 510 2.5 1.8 2.0

Private educational services.................................. 35 51 51 0.9 1.3 1.4

Health care and social assistance........................... 585 427 459 2.8 1.9 2.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 762 600 736 4.9 3.6 4.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 81 61 59 3.7 2.5 2.5

Accommodation and food services.......................... 681 540 677 5.1 3.8 4.9

Other services.................................................... 118 100 148 2.1 1.7 2.6

Government.......................................................... 165 156 163 0.7 0.7 0.7

Federal............................................................. 17 18 14 0.6 0.6 0.5

State and local.................................................... 148 138 149 0.8 0.7 0.7

State and local education..................................... 77 67 73 0.7 0.6 0.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 72 71 75 0.8 0.8 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 499 425 512 1.8 1.5 1.8

South................................................................. 1,588 1,265 1,398 2.8 2.1 2.4

Midwest............................................................... 751 588 611 2.3 1.7 1.8

West.................................................................. 906 655 720 2.5 1.8 2.0

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Total..................................................................... 2,329 1,829 2,003 1.5 1.2 1.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,247 1,730 1,946 1.7 1.3 1.5

Mining and logging............................................... 8 6 19 1.3 1.0 3.1

Construction....................................................... 199 237 259 2.6 2.9 3.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 116 102 117 0.9 0.8 0.9

Durable goods.................................................. 57 49 64 0.7 0.6 0.8

Nondurable goods............................................. 59 54 53 1.2 1.1 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 747 390 578 2.6 1.3 2.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 79 41 68 1.3 0.7 1.1

Retail trade..................................................... 262 175 236 1.7 1.1 1.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 405 174 275 5.6 2.4 3.8

Information........................................................ 58 41 22 1.9 1.3 0.7

Financial activities................................................ 72 45 83 0.8 0.5 0.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 22 25 32 0.3 0.4 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 50 20 52 2.1 0.8 2.1

Professional and business services............................ 583 446 516 2.6 1.9 2.3

Private education and health services......................... 173 140 127 0.7 0.5 0.5

Private educational services.................................. 22 18 16 0.6 0.5 0.4

Health care and social assistance........................... 151 122 111 0.7 0.6 0.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 221 256 177 1.4 1.6 1.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 62 94 71 2.8 3.9 3.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 160 162 105 1.2 1.2 0.8

Other services.................................................... 71 67 47 1.2 1.2 0.8

Government.......................................................... 82 99 57 0.4 0.4 0.2

Federal............................................................. 6 11 5 0.2 0.4 0.2

State and local.................................................... 75 88 52 0.4 0.4 0.3

State and local education..................................... 34 45 20 0.3 0.4 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 41 43 32 0.5 0.5 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 431 302 358 1.6 1.1 1.3

South................................................................. 959 625 727 1.7 1.1 1.2

Midwest............................................................... 492 429 444 1.5 1.3 1.3

West.................................................................. 447 473 474 1.2 1.3 1.3

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Total..................................................................... 331 404 447 0.2 0.3 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 276 336 388 0.2 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging............................................... 2 2 1 0.4 0.3 0.2

Construction....................................................... 13 14 13 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 31 22 31 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 22 14 19 0.3 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 9 8 12 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 59 52 103 0.2 0.2 0.4

Wholesale trade................................................ 5 9 21 0.1 0.1 0.3

Retail trade..................................................... 35 31 55 0.2 0.2 0.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 19 12 28 0.3 0.2 0.4

Information........................................................ 19 5 9 0.6 0.2 0.3

Financial activities................................................ 22 23 14 0.2 0.3 0.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 9 15 10 0.1 0.2 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 13 9 4 0.6 0.3 0.2

Professional and business services............................ 49 115 80 0.2 0.5 0.4

Private education and health services......................... 38 54 72 0.2 0.2 0.3

Private educational services.................................. 7 2 3 0.2 0.1 0.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 31 52 69 0.1 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 25 32 37 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 4 5 2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 21 27 35 0.2 0.2 0.3

Other services.................................................... 17 16 27 0.3 0.3 0.5

Government.......................................................... 56 67 60 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal............................................................. 15 17 12 0.5 0.6 0.4

State and local.................................................... 41 50 48 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local education..................................... 15 17 16 0.1 0.2 0.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 26 33 32 0.3 0.4 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 61 82 56 0.2 0.3 0.2

South................................................................. 133 130 177 0.2 0.2 0.3

Midwest............................................................... 58 87 120 0.2 0.3 0.4

West.................................................................. 79 104 94 0.2 0.3 0.3

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private............................................................ 9,470 7,364 8,086 6.8 5.2 5.7

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 2,152 1,695 2,314 9.1 6.9 9.4

10 to 49 employees................................................. 2,841 1,827 2,163 6.2 4.2 5.1

50 to 249 employees............................................... 2,535 1,975 1,844 6.4 4.9 4.7

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 986 996 978 5.7 4.9 4.8

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 653 595 545 7.1 6.3 6.1

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 303 276 242 7.0 5.8 4.9

HIRES

Total private............................................................ 5,748 4,048 5,197 4.4 3.0 3.9

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 1,015 718 1,080 4.7 3.1 4.8

10 to 49 employees................................................. 1,826 1,124 1,575 4.3 2.7 3.9

50 to 249 employees............................................... 1,751 1,277 1,443 4.7 3.3 3.9

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 762 591 697 4.7 3.1 3.6

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 315 278 317 3.7 3.1 3.8

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 81 60 85 2.0 1.3 1.8

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private............................................................ 6,101 4,843 5,413 4.7 3.6 4.1

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 928 677 990 4.3 3.0 4.4

10 to 49 employees................................................. 2,053 1,555 1,604 4.8 3.8 4.0

50 to 249 employees............................................... 1,864 1,454 1,618 5.0 3.8 4.3

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 734 736 807 4.5 3.8 4.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 452 361 323 5.3 4.1 3.9

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 69 60 72 1.7 1.3 1.5

QUITS

Total private.......................................................... 3,578 2,776 3,079 2.7 2.1 2.3

1 to 9 employees................................................. 419 399 559 2.0 1.8 2.5

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 1,324 897 1,030 3.1 2.2 2.5

50 to 249 employees............................................. 1,190 882 894 3.2 2.3 2.4

250 to 999 employees........................................... 415 385 417 2.5 2.0 2.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 191 177 141 2.2 2.0 1.7

5,000 or more employees....................................... 40 36 39 1.0 0.8 0.8

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private.......................................................... 2,247 1,730 1,946 1.7 1.3 1.5

1 to 9 employees................................................. 439 204 341 2.0 0.9 1.5

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 657 555 406 1.5 1.3 1.0

50 to 249 employees............................................. 616 494 658 1.7 1.3 1.8

250 to 999 employees........................................... 277 306 355 1.7 1.6 1.8

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 241 156 165 2.8 1.8 2.0

5,000 or more employees....................................... 18 15 21 0.4 0.3 0.5

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................................................... 276 336 388 0.2 0.2 0.3

1 to 9 employees................................................. 71 74 89 0.3 0.3 0.4

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 73 103 168 0.2 0.2 0.4

50 to 249 employees............................................. 57 78 66 0.2 0.2 0.2

250 to 999 employees........................................... 43 45 35 0.3 0.2 0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 20 28 18 0.2 0.3 0.2

5,000 or more employees....................................... 12 8 12 0.3 0.2 0.2

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 15. Annual average job openings levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 7,157 6,361 9,985 11,181 9,352

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 6,433 5,644 9,073 10,136 8,324

Mining and logging........................................................ 27 14 27 36 31

Construction............................................................... 319 256 345 399 384

Manufacturing............................................................. 437 410 822 845 613

Durable goods.......................................................... 273 227 466 527 392

Nondurable goods...................................................... 164 183 355 319 222

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 1,316 1,158 1,798 1,792 1,464

Wholesale trade........................................................ 212 171 284 308 267

Retail trade.............................................................. 782 680 991 964 722

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 322 306 523 520 475

Information................................................................. 141 111 177 224 144

Financial activities......................................................... 372 324 432 558 481

Finance and insurance................................................ 269 246 313 394 346

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 104 79 119 164 135

Professional and business services.................................... 1,271 1,180 1,866 2,149 1,647

Private education and health services................................. 1,306 1,198 1,788 2,172 1,925

Private educational services.......................................... 120 103 167 167 170

Health care and social assistance................................... 1,186 1,095 1,621 2,005 1,755

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 996 776 1,426 1,594 1,282

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 121 103 172 183 187

Accommodation and food services................................... 875 673 1,254 1,410 1,096

Other services............................................................. 246 216 392 367 353

Government.................................................................. 724 718 912 1,045 1,029

Federal..................................................................... 121 124 132 137 162

State and local............................................................ 603 593 780 908 866

State and local education............................................. 223 212 305 333 304

State and local, excluding education................................ 380 381 475 575 562

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 1,185 1,067 1,726 1,835 1,531

South.......................................................................... 2,692 2,468 3,879 4,372 3,775

Midwest....................................................................... 1,611 1,379 2,139 2,388 2,008

West........................................................................... 1,669 1,448 2,240 2,586 2,039

1 The annual average job openings level is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels divided by 12.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 16. Annual average job openings rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 4.5 4.3 6.4 6.8 5.7

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 4.8 4.5 6.8 7.2 5.9

Mining and logging........................................................ 3.6 2.2 4.6 5.7 4.6

Construction............................................................... 4.1 3.4 4.4 4.9 4.6

Manufacturing............................................................. 3.3 3.3 6.2 6.2 4.5

Durable goods.......................................................... 3.3 2.9 5.7 6.2 4.6

Nondurable goods...................................................... 3.3 3.8 7.1 6.2 4.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4.5 4.2 6.1 5.9 4.8

Wholesale trade........................................................ 3.5 2.9 4.7 4.9 4.2

Retail trade.............................................................. 4.8 4.4 6.1 5.9 4.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 4.9 4.7 7.2 6.8 6.2

Information................................................................. 4.7 3.9 5.8 6.8 4.5

Financial activities......................................................... 4.1 3.6 4.7 5.8 5.0

Finance and insurance................................................ 4.0 3.6 4.6 5.6 4.9

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 4.3 3.4 5.0 6.5 5.2

Professional and business services.................................... 5.6 5.5 8.0 8.7 6.7

Private education and health services................................. 5.1 4.9 7.0 8.2 7.1

Private educational services.......................................... 3.1 2.9 4.5 4.3 4.3

Health care and social assistance................................... 5.5 5.2 7.5 8.9 7.5

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 5.7 5.6 9.2 9.1 7.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 4.7 5.5 8.0 7.3 6.9

Accommodation and food services................................... 5.8 5.6 9.3 9.5 7.2

Other services............................................................. 4.0 3.9 6.7 6.1 5.7

Government.................................................................. 3.1 3.2 4.0 4.5 4.3

Federal..................................................................... 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.5 5.3

State and local............................................................ 3.0 3.0 3.9 4.5 4.2

State and local education............................................. 2.1 2.1 2.9 3.1 2.8

State and local, excluding education................................ 3.9 4.0 5.0 6.0 5.7

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 4.1 4.0 6.2 6.3 5.2

South.......................................................................... 4.6 4.5 6.7 7.1 6.1

Midwest....................................................................... 4.7 4.3 6.4 6.9 5.7

West........................................................................... 4.5 4.2 6.1 6.7 5.3

1 The annual average job openings rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES

employment levels and the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 17. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 69,959 72,555 76,170 76,816 71,024

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 65,537 68,372 71,765 71,986 66,353

Mining and logging........................................................ 304 198 229 275 290

Construction............................................................... 4,986 4,970 4,361 4,422 4,459

Manufacturing............................................................. 4,051 4,815 5,351 5,508 4,770

Durable goods.......................................................... 2,272 2,750 2,959 3,024 2,574

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,780 2,064 2,394 2,484 2,197

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 13,905 15,445 16,187 15,576 14,234

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,777 1,812 2,130 2,200 1,952

Retail trade.............................................................. 9,026 9,825 10,223 9,304 8,550

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 3,101 3,809 3,834 4,072 3,731

Information................................................................. 1,135 983 1,337 1,273 905

Financial activities......................................................... 2,653 2,656 2,744 2,904 2,462

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,681 1,667 1,822 1,908 1,522

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 974 988 920 997 941

Professional and business services.................................... 13,778 13,434 15,097 14,946 12,906

Private education and health services................................. 8,646 9,347 9,344 10,275 10,693

Private educational services.......................................... 1,160 1,128 1,244 1,177 1,153

Health care and social assistance................................... 7,489 8,219 8,101 9,099 9,541

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 13,466 13,483 14,350 14,123 13,091

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,999 1,634 1,979 2,011 2,072

Accommodation and food services................................... 11,467 11,849 12,370 12,111 11,017

Other services............................................................. 2,612 3,042 2,763 2,690 2,547

Government.................................................................. 4,421 4,183 4,405 4,828 4,671

Federal..................................................................... 502 886 524 501 533

State and local............................................................ 3,921 3,297 3,883 4,330 4,139

State and local education............................................. 2,029 1,643 2,080 2,136 2,131

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,889 1,653 1,801 2,194 2,008

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 10,861 11,641 11,528 11,329 10,800

South.......................................................................... 28,269 27,969 30,746 32,195 30,160

Midwest....................................................................... 14,891 15,793 16,371 15,815 14,693

West........................................................................... 15,941 17,149 17,522 17,478 15,371

1 The annual hires level is the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 18. Annual average hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 4.3 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.1

Mining and logging........................................................ 3.5 2.8 3.4 3.8 3.8

Construction............................................................... 5.5 5.7 4.9 4.7 4.6

Manufacturing............................................................. 2.6 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.1

Durable goods.......................................................... 2.4 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.6

Nondurable goods...................................................... 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.3 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4.2 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.1

Wholesale trade........................................................ 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.7

Retail trade.............................................................. 4.8 5.5 5.6 5.0 4.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 4.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.4

Information................................................................. 3.3 3.0 3.9 3.5 2.5

Financial activities......................................................... 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.2

Finance and insurance................................................ 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.4 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.2

Professional and business services.................................... 5.4 5.5 5.9 5.5 4.7

Private education and health services................................. 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5

Private educational services.......................................... 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.5

Health care and social assistance................................... 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 6.8 8.5 8.5 7.4 6.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 6.8 7.7 8.3 7.2 6.9

Accommodation and food services................................... 6.8 8.7 8.5 7.5 6.5

Other services............................................................. 3.7 4.8 4.2 3.9 3.6

Government.................................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7

Federal..................................................................... 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

State and local............................................................ 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.7

State and local education............................................. 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7

State and local, excluding education................................ 1.7 1.5 1.7 2.0 1.8

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.2

South.......................................................................... 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.7 4.3

Midwest....................................................................... 3.8 4.3 4.4 4.1 3.7

West........................................................................... 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.5

1 The annual average hires rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 19. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 68,039 80,898 68,886 72,231 68,062

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 63,803 75,760 64,901 67,737 64,038

Mining and logging........................................................ 351 334 209 228 276

Construction............................................................... 4,873 4,988 4,162 4,133 4,207

Manufacturing............................................................. 4,043 5,373 4,979 5,144 4,740

Durable goods.......................................................... 2,296 3,157 2,724 2,765 2,502

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,747 2,215 2,253 2,377 2,239

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 13,702 16,126 15,045 15,101 14,120

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,740 2,109 1,901 1,959 1,860

Retail trade.............................................................. 9,114 10,357 9,900 9,250 8,439

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2,847 3,658 3,243 3,891 3,821

Information................................................................. 1,104 1,166 1,075 1,151 992

Financial activities......................................................... 2,491 2,731 2,518 2,713 2,379

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,583 1,635 1,719 1,812 1,494

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 909 1,095 799 903 889

Professional and business services.................................... 13,518 13,923 13,743 14,261 12,727

Private education and health services................................. 8,071 10,384 8,824 9,402 9,625

Private educational services.......................................... 1,118 1,473 906 1,123 1,064

Health care and social assistance................................... 6,955 8,909 7,920 8,279 8,563

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 13,114 17,150 11,919 13,067 12,523

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,966 2,265 1,561 1,764 1,888

Accommodation and food services................................... 11,153 14,887 10,356 11,304 10,634

Other services............................................................. 2,533 3,582 2,429 2,538 2,445

Government.................................................................. 4,234 5,140 3,988 4,489 4,024

Federal..................................................................... 470 826 542 511 451

State and local............................................................ 3,765 4,310 3,445 3,982 3,572

State and local education............................................. 1,945 2,438 1,616 1,951 1,838

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,822 1,876 1,828 2,033 1,734

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 10,394 13,514 10,090 10,443 10,067

South.......................................................................... 27,024 30,246 28,255 30,252 28,626

Midwest....................................................................... 14,408 17,983 14,858 14,769 14,258

West........................................................................... 16,211 19,159 15,684 16,766 15,111

1 The annual total separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 20. Annual average total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 3.8 4.7 3.9 3.9 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 4.1 5.3 4.4 4.3 4.0

Mining and logging........................................................ 4.0 4.6 3.1 3.1 3.6

Construction............................................................... 5.4 5.7 4.7 4.4 4.4

Manufacturing............................................................. 2.6 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.1

Durable goods.......................................................... 2.4 3.5 3.0 2.9 2.6

Nondurable goods...................................................... 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4.1 5.0 4.5 4.4 4.1

Wholesale trade........................................................ 2.5 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.5

Retail trade.............................................................. 4.9 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 3.8 4.9 4.0 4.5 4.5

Information................................................................. 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.1 2.7

Financial activities......................................................... 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.2

Finance and insurance................................................ 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 3.3 4.1 2.9 3.2 3.0

Professional and business services.................................... 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.3 4.6

Private education and health services................................. 2.8 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.2

Private educational services.......................................... 2.5 3.5 2.1 2.5 2.3

Health care and social assistance................................... 2.8 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.3

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 6.6 10.9 7.0 6.9 6.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 6.7 10.6 6.6 6.4 6.3

Accommodation and food services................................... 6.6 10.9 7.1 7.0 6.3

Other services............................................................. 3.6 5.6 3.7 3.7 3.5

Government.................................................................. 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.5

Federal..................................................................... 1.4 2.3 1.6 1.5 1.3

State and local............................................................ 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.5

State and local education............................................. 1.5 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.5

State and local, excluding education................................ 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.6

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3.2 4.4 3.2 3.2 3.0

South.......................................................................... 4.1 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.1

Midwest....................................................................... 3.7 4.9 3.9 3.8 3.6

West........................................................................... 3.8 4.8 3.8 3.9 3.4

1 The annual average total separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly

CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 21. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 42,159 35,941 47,566 50,507 44,379

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 39,919 33,603 45,201 47,785 42,015

Mining and logging........................................................ 180 106 118 154 175

Construction............................................................... 2,082 1,602 2,124 2,215 1,979

Manufacturing............................................................. 2,488 2,345 3,487 3,559 3,006

Durable goods.......................................................... 1,396 1,274 1,895 1,896 1,560

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,091 1,068 1,594 1,662 1,446

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 8,906 8,323 11,119 11,207 9,592

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,030 1,003 1,321 1,252 1,178

Retail trade.............................................................. 6,229 5,657 7,745 7,338 6,179

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1,647 1,663 2,054 2,618 2,235

Information................................................................. 553 442 614 612 476

Financial activities......................................................... 1,549 1,316 1,581 1,815 1,554

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,003 903 1,046 1,187 998

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 545 412 535 627 559

Professional and business services.................................... 7,768 6,632 8,595 9,022 7,266

Private education and health services................................. 5,540 5,380 6,719 7,147 7,018

Private educational services.......................................... 650 491 603 732 672

Health care and social assistance................................... 4,891 4,891 6,114 6,414 6,348

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 9,222 6,414 9,309 10,340 9,444

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 942 543 839 903 997

Accommodation and food services................................... 8,279 5,872 8,469 9,436 8,447

Other services............................................................. 1,628 1,044 1,531 1,716 1,503

Government.................................................................. 2,240 2,338 2,366 2,721 2,364

Federal..................................................................... 210 238 258 254 212

State and local............................................................ 2,029 2,102 2,106 2,466 2,151

State and local education............................................. 1,099 1,194 1,002 1,238 1,144

State and local, excluding education................................ 930 907 1,103 1,228 1,010

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 5,700 4,804 6,378 6,871 5,956

South.......................................................................... 17,261 15,245 19,996 21,858 19,669

Midwest....................................................................... 9,193 8,022 10,355 10,179 9,140

West........................................................................... 10,005 7,872 10,839 11,597 9,617

1 The annual quits level is the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 22. Annual average quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 2.3 2.1 2.7 2.8 2.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.1 2.6

Mining and logging........................................................ 2.1 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.3

Construction............................................................... 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.1

Manufacturing............................................................. 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.3 1.9

Durable goods.......................................................... 1.4 1.4 2.1 2.0 1.6

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1.9 1.9 2.8 2.9 2.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 2.7 2.6 3.3 3.3 2.8

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.6

Retail trade.............................................................. 3.3 3.2 4.2 3.9 3.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2.2 2.2 2.6 3.0 2.6

Information................................................................. 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.3

Financial activities......................................................... 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.4

Finance and insurance................................................ 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.2 1.9

Professional and business services.................................... 3.0 2.7 3.4 3.3 2.7

Private education and health services................................. 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.3

Private educational services.......................................... 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.5

Health care and social assistance................................... 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.6 2.5

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 4.6 4.1 5.5 5.4 4.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 3.2 2.6 3.5 3.3 3.3

Accommodation and food services................................... 4.9 4.3 5.8 5.8 5.0

Other services............................................................. 2.3 1.6 2.3 2.5 2.1

Government.................................................................. 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

Federal..................................................................... 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6

State and local............................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9

State and local education............................................. 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.9

State and local, excluding education................................ 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.8

South.......................................................................... 2.6 2.4 3.1 3.2 2.8

Midwest....................................................................... 2.3 2.2 2.8 2.6 2.3

West........................................................................... 2.4 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.2

1 The annual average quits rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 23. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 21,878 40,847 17,082 17,622 19,759

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 20,622 38,957 16,189 16,644 18,743

Mining and logging........................................................ 151 207 73 59 82

Construction............................................................... 2,591 3,232 1,867 1,737 2,075

Manufacturing............................................................. 1,312 2,754 1,205 1,247 1,480

Durable goods.......................................................... 749 1,720 650 644 786

Nondurable goods...................................................... 564 1,031 555 603 696

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4,050 7,169 3,258 3,235 3,826

Wholesale trade........................................................ 609 1,030 477 570 575

Retail trade.............................................................. 2,419 4,373 1,781 1,618 1,874

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1,022 1,763 999 1,048 1,375

Information................................................................. 465 660 358 450 390

Financial activities......................................................... 637 1,109 525 589 599

Finance and insurance................................................ 321 493 316 372 333

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 317 615 209 216 266

Professional and business services.................................... 5,049 6,464 4,251 4,374 4,662

Private education and health services................................. 2,039 4,479 1,621 1,796 2,065

Private educational services.......................................... 403 927 247 316 331

Health care and social assistance................................... 1,637 3,551 1,373 1,481 1,731

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 3,564 10,439 2,270 2,458 2,799

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 983 1,694 684 835 844

Accommodation and food services................................... 2,577 8,746 1,587 1,624 1,954

Other services............................................................. 763 2,442 765 696 764

Government.................................................................. 1,256 1,890 892 975 1,012

Federal..................................................................... 121 438 121 94 86

State and local............................................................ 1,135 1,455 772 883 925

State and local education............................................. 554 821 377 400 466

State and local, excluding education................................ 583 631 394 483 460

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3,973 8,053 3,011 2,913 3,353

South.......................................................................... 8,256 13,485 6,587 6,776 7,481

Midwest....................................................................... 4,423 9,100 3,620 3,813 4,341

West........................................................................... 5,226 10,207 3,859 4,120 4,582

1 The annual layoffs and discharges level is the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 24. Annual average layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 1.2 2.4 1.0 1.0 1.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 1.3 2.7 1.1 1.1 1.2

Mining and logging........................................................ 1.7 2.9 1.1 0.8 1.1

Construction............................................................... 2.9 3.7 2.1 1.9 2.2

Manufacturing............................................................. 0.9 1.9 0.8 0.8 1.0

Durable goods.......................................................... 0.8 1.9 0.7 0.7 0.8

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.0 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 1.2 2.2 1.0 0.9 1.1

Wholesale trade........................................................ 0.9 1.5 0.7 0.8 0.8

Retail trade.............................................................. 1.3 2.5 1.0 0.9 1.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1.4 2.4 1.2 1.2 1.6

Information................................................................. 1.4 2.0 1.0 1.2 1.1

Financial activities......................................................... 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5

Finance and insurance................................................ 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 1.1 2.3 0.8 0.8 0.9

Professional and business services.................................... 2.0 2.7 1.7 1.6 1.7

Private education and health services................................. 0.7 1.6 0.6 0.6 0.7

Private educational services.......................................... 0.9 2.2 0.6 0.7 0.7

Health care and social assistance................................... 0.7 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 1.8 6.6 1.3 1.3 1.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 3.4 8.0 2.9 3.0 2.8

Accommodation and food services................................... 1.5 6.4 1.1 1.0 1.2

Other services............................................................. 1.1 3.8 1.2 1.0 1.1

Government.................................................................. 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4

Federal..................................................................... 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local............................................................ 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4

State and local education............................................. 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4

State and local, excluding education................................ 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 1.2 2.6 1.0 0.9 1.0

South.......................................................................... 1.2 2.1 1.0 1.0 1.1

Midwest....................................................................... 1.1 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.1

West........................................................................... 1.2 2.6 0.9 1.0 1.0

1 The annual average layoffs and discharges rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels as a percent of the sum of the

12 monthly CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 25. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 3,999 4,109 4,239 4,103 3,927

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 3,262 3,200 3,511 3,308 3,280

Mining and logging........................................................ 17 19 17 16 19

Construction............................................................... 202 154 170 179 154

Manufacturing............................................................. 243 279 284 339 252

Durable goods.......................................................... 152 165 179 226 155

Nondurable goods...................................................... 90 113 104 111 96

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 746 632 669 654 702

Wholesale trade........................................................ 100 78 101 135 105

Retail trade.............................................................. 466 325 376 294 387

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 177 232 190 227 207

Information................................................................. 86 64 102 90 126

Financial activities......................................................... 304 309 411 309 225

Finance and insurance................................................ 258 242 356 249 167

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 45 68 57 58 62

Professional and business services.................................... 701 827 896 866 799

Private education and health services................................. 494 523 488 460 543

Private educational services.......................................... 64 55 56 76 60

Health care and social assistance................................... 429 467 431 384 481

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 331 298 340 270 278

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 36 28 39 26 48

Accommodation and food services................................... 296 266 300 245 233

Other services............................................................. 141 98 135 125 178

Government.................................................................. 740 910 728 795 648

Federal..................................................................... 140 152 161 164 153

State and local............................................................ 599 755 568 633 493

State and local education............................................. 291 420 235 314 229

State and local, excluding education................................ 310 336 332 319 263

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 722 645 694 656 755

South.......................................................................... 1,504 1,527 1,677 1,620 1,483

Midwest....................................................................... 796 862 885 781 774

West........................................................................... 980 1,073 985 1,048 911

1 The annual other separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 26. Annual average other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Total.............................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging........................................................ 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Construction............................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing............................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.......................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods...................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade........................................................ 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Retail trade.............................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

Information................................................................. 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

Financial activities......................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2

Finance and insurance................................................ 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services.................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Private education and health services................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Private educational services.......................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Health care and social assistance................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Accommodation and food services................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Other services............................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Government.................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

Federal..................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4

State and local............................................................ 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

State and local education............................................. 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding education................................ 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

South.......................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Midwest....................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West........................................................................... 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 The annual average other separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly

CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.