For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, April 26, 2012 USDL-12-0771 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES — 2011

In 2011, 11.5 percent of families included an unemployed person, falling from a peak of 12.4 percent in 

2010, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Of the nation's 78.4 million families, 79.8 

percent had at least one employed member in 2011. 

These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are collected as part of the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households. Families are 

classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses 

present. For further information about the CPS, see the Technical Note. 

Families and Unemployment 

The number of families with at least one member unemployed decreased from 9.7 million in 2010 to 9.0 

million in 2011. The proportion of families with an unemployed member also declined from a peak of 

12.4 percent in 2010 to 11.5 percent in 2011. In 2011, black and Hispanic families remained more likely 

to have an unemployed member (18.9 and 16.3 percent, respectively) than white and Asian families 

(10.4 and 10.9 percent, respectively). (See table 1.) 

Most families with an unemployed member also have at least one family member who is employed. 

Among families with an unemployed member in 2011, 67.2 percent also had an employed family 

member, about the same as in 2010. (See table 1.) 

Among married-couple families with an unemployed member in 2011, 79.2 percent contained at least 

one employed family member. Among families maintained by men (no spouse present) with an 

unemployed member, 53.6 percent had an employed member in 2011; for families maintained by 

women (no spouse present), the proportion was 45.9 percent. These proportions were little changed from 

2010 for the three family types. (See table 3.) 

Families and Employment 

The share of families with an employed member edged down from 80.0 percent in 2010 to 79.8 percent 

in 2011. The likelihood of having an employed family member declined to 74.2 percent in 2011 for 

black families. The share for Asian families rose to 88.0 percent, while the likelihood for white and 

Hispanic families showed little or no change at 80.2 and 84.2 percent, respectively. (See table 1.) 
- 2 - 

In 2011, families maintained by women with no spouse present remained less likely to have an 

employed member (71.7 percent) than married-couple families (81.9 percent) or families maintained by 

men with no spouse present (80.2 percent). Both the husband and wife were employed in 47.5 percent of 

married-couple families in 2011. The husband was the only worker in 19.9 percent of married-couple 

families, and the wife was the only worker in 8.3 percent. (See table 2.) 

Families with Children 

Forty-four percent of all families included children (sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children) 

under age 18. Among the 34.3 million families with children, 87.2 percent had an employed parent in 

2011, compared with 87.4 percent in 2010. The mother was employed in 65.9 percent of families 

maintained by women with no spouse present in 2011, down from 67.0 percent in 2010. The father was 

employed in 79.6 percent of families maintained by men with no spouse present in 2011, up from 75.8 

percent in 2010. Among married-couple families with children, 95.8 percent had an employed parent in 

2011, little changed from the prior year. The share of married-couple families where both parents 

worked edged up to 58.5 percent in 2011 from 58.1 percent in 2010. (See table 4.) 

Mothers 

The labor force participation rate—the percent of the population working or looking for work—for all 

mothers with children under age 18 was 70.6 percent in 2011, little different from 70.8 percent in 2010. 

In 2011, the participation rate for married mothers with a spouse present (68.7 percent) remained lower 

than the rate for mothers with other marital statuses (74.6 percent). (Other marital status refers to 

persons who never married or are widowed, divorced, separated, or married but living apart from their 

spouse.) Married mothers were about as likely to be employed as mothers with other marital statuses in 

2011, but their unemployment rate was substantially lower—6.0 percent, compared with 15.0 percent 

for mothers with other marital statuses. (See table 5.) 

Mothers with younger children are less likely to be in the labor force than mothers with older children. 

In 2011, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under 6 years old (63.9 percent) was 

lower than the rate of those whose youngest child was 6 to 17 years old (76.1 percent). The participation 

rate of mothers with infants under a year old was 55.8 percent. Among mothers with infants, there was 

little difference in the participation rate of married mothers (56.9 percent) and those with other marital 

statuses (53.2 percent). However, the unemployment rate for married mothers of infants, at 6.4 percent, 

was considerably lower than the rate for mothers with other marital statuses (24.2 percent). 

(See tables 5 and 6.) 
Technical Note 

The estimates in this release are based on annual average 

data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, 

which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 

eligible households that provides information on the labor force 

status, demographics, and other characteristics of the nation's 

civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. 

The data for 2011 presented in this release are not strictly 

comparable with data for 2010 and earlier years because of the 

introduction in January 2011 of revised population controls used 

in the CPS. The effect of the revised population controls on the 

family estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the new 

controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to decrease the 

December 2010 employment level by 472,000 and the 

unemployment level by 32,000. The updated controls had little 

or no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. Additional 

information is available from the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

Information in this release will be made available to sensory 

impaired individuals upon request: Voice phone: (202) 691-

5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. 

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the "true" population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is 

measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 

90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based 

on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from 

the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. 

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the 

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain 

information for all respondents in the sample, inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, 

and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. 

A full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and 

information on estimating standard errors is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability. 

Definitions 

Definitions of the principal terms used in this release are 

presented below. 

Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing 

together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. The 

count of families is for "primary" families only, that is, the 

householder and all other persons related to and residing with 

the householder. Families are classified either as marriedcouple families or as families maintained by women or men 

without spouses. Families include those without children as 

well as those with children under 18. 

Householder. The householder is the family reference 

person. This is the person (or one of the persons) in whose 

name the housing unit is owned or rented. The relationship of 

other individuals in the household is defined in terms of 

relationship to the householder. The race or ethnicity of the 

family is determined by that of the householder. 

Married, spouse present; other marital status. These terms 

denote the marital status of individuals at the time of interview. 

Married, spouse present, refers to husbands and wives living 

together in the same household, even though one may be 

temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a 

hospital, or for other reasons. Other marital status includes 

persons who are never-married; married, spouse absent; separated; widowed; or divorced. Separated includes persons with 

legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining 

a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily 

separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, 

includes married people living apart because either the husband 

or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from 

home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had 

moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for 

any other reason except separation as defined above. 

Children. Data on children refer to own children under age 

18 that live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, 

step-children, and adopted children of the husband, wife, or 

person maintaining the family. Not included are nieces, 

nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated 

children living in the household. 

Employed. Employed persons are (a) all those who, during 

the survey reference week, did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their 

own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers 

in a family-operated enterprise; and (b) all those who did not 

work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, child-care 

problems, labor disputes, or personal reasons, whether or not 

they were paid for the time off and whether or not they were 

seeking other jobs. 

Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who had no 

employment during the reference week, were available for work 

at that time, and had made specific efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference 

week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from 

which they had been laid off need not be looking for work to be 

classified as unemployed. 

Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all 

persons classified as employed or unemployed. 

Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number 

unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. 

Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation 

rate is the labor force as a percent of the population. 
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010-2011 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2010 2011

EMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................. 78,246 78,362

With at least one family member employed....................................................................... 62,560 62,529

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 80.0 79.8

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 56,471 56,498

With no family member employed.................................................................................. 15,686 15,833

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 20.0 20.2

White

Total families............................................................................................................. 63,551 63,635

With at least one family member employed....................................................................... 51,048 51,030

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 80.3 80.2

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 46,150 46,203

With no family member employed.................................................................................. 12,502 12,605

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 19.7 19.8

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................. 9,404 9,370

With at least one family member employed....................................................................... 7,030 6,954

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 74.8 74.2

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 6,222 6,105

With no family member employed.................................................................................. 2,374 2,416

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 25.2 25.8

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................. 3,531 3,559

With at least one family member employed....................................................................... 3,081 3,131

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 87.3 88.0

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 2,863 2,932

With no family member employed.................................................................................. 450 427

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 12.7 12.0

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................. 10,561 10,902

With at least one family member employed....................................................................... 8,897 9,178

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 84.2 84.2

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 7,934 8,201

With no family member employed.................................................................................. 1,664 1,724

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 15.8 15.8

UNEMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................. 78,246 78,362

With at least one family member unemployed.................................................................... 9,695 9,043

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 12.4 11.5

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 6,566 6,079

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed.................................. 67.7 67.2

Some family member(s) employed full time1

............................................................... 5,572 5,211

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 57.5 57.6

White

Total families............................................................................................................. 63,551 63,635

With at least one family member unemployed.................................................................... 7,202 6,608

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 11.3 10.4

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 5,069 4,627

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed.................................. 70.4 70.0

Some family member(s) employed full time1

............................................................... 4,289 3,964

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 59.6 60.0

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................. 9,404 9,370

With at least one family member unemployed.................................................................... 1,807 1,767

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 19.2 18.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010-2011 annual

averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2010 2011

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 1,009 985

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed.................................. 55.8 55.7

Some family member employed full time1

.................................................................. 862 835

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 47.7 47.3

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................. 3,531 3,559

With at least one family member unemployed.................................................................... 400 389

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 11.3 10.9

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 308 298

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed.................................. 76.8 76.4

Some family member(s) employed full time1

............................................................... 267 270

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 66.7 69.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................. 10,561 10,902

With at least one family member unemployed.................................................................... 1,841 1,781

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 17.4 16.3

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 1,262 1,226

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed.................................. 68.6 68.8

Some family member(s) employed full time1

............................................................... 1,060 1,030

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 57.6 57.8

1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.

NOTE: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned

or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all

races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release

of January data.
Table 2. Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2010-2011 annual

averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2010 2011 2010 2011

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES

Total......................................................................................... 57,524 57,290 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed......................................... 47,238 46,910 82.1 81.9

Husband only......................................................................... 11,311 11,426 19.7 19.9

Wife only............................................................................... 4,937 4,764 8.6 8.3

Husband and wife.................................................................... 27,501 27,229 47.8 47.5

Other employment combinations................................................... 3,489 3,491 6.1 6.1

With no family member employed.................................................... 10,286 10,379 17.9 18.1

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN1

Total......................................................................................... 14,913 15,147 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed......................................... 10,715 10,867 71.9 71.7

Householder only..................................................................... 6,189 6,248 41.5 41.2

Householder and other member(s)................................................. 2,603 2,683 17.5 17.7

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 1,923 1,937 12.9 12.8

With no family member employed.................................................... 4,198 4,280 28.1 28.3

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN1

Total......................................................................................... 5,809 5,926 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed......................................... 4,607 4,752 79.3 80.2

Householder only..................................................................... 2,215 2,399 38.1 40.5

Householder and other member(s)................................................. 1,525 1,506 26.2 25.4

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 867 847 14.9 14.3

With no family member employed.................................................... 1,202 1,174 20.7 19.8

1 No spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type,

2010-2011 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2010 2011 2010 2011

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES

With at least one family member unemployed, total.................................. 6,147 5,576 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 4,884 4,413 79.4 79.2

No family member employed.......................................................... 1,263 1,162 20.6 20.8

Unemployment of family members

Husband unemployed.................................................................. 2,813 2,387 45.8 42.8

Wife employed........................................................................ 1,783 1,497 29.0 26.9

Wife unemployed........................................................................ 1,697 1,610 27.6 28.9

Husband employed................................................................... 1,455 1,350 23.7 24.2

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................. 1,637 1,579 26.6 28.3

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN1

With at least one family member unemployed, total.................................. 2,446 2,498 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 1,094 1,146 44.7 45.9

No family member employed.......................................................... 1,351 1,352 55.3 54.1

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed.............................................................. 1,227 1,268 50.2 50.8

Other member(s) employed......................................................... 254 275 10.4 11.0

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................. 1,218 1,229 49.8 49.2

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN1

With at least one family member unemployed, total.................................. 1,102 970 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 587 520 53.3 53.6

No family member employed.......................................................... 515 450 46.7 46.4

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed.............................................................. 680 575 61.7 59.4

Other member(s) employed......................................................... 259 231 23.5 23.8

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................. 422 394 38.3 40.6

1 No spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2010-2011 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2010 2011 2010 2011

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Total families............................................................................... 34,513 34,269 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed..................................................................... 30,153 29,891 87.4 87.2

No parent employed.................................................................... 4,359 4,379 12.6 12.8

Married-couple families

Total....................................................................................... 23,804 23,334 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................. 22,776 22,360 95.7 95.8

Mother employed.................................................................. 15,577 15,267 65.4 65.4

Both parents employed......................................................... 13,822 13,649 58.1 58.5

Mother employed, not father................................................... 1,755 1,618 7.4 6.9

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 7,199 7,093 30.2 30.4

Neither parent employed............................................................ 1,028 974 4.3 4.2

Families maintained by mother1

Total....................................................................................... 8,401 8,538 100.0 100.0

Mother employed..................................................................... 5,627 5,622 67.0 65.9

Mother not employed................................................................ 2,774 2,916 33.0 34.1

Families maintained by father1

Total....................................................................................... 2,308 2,397 100.0 100.0

Father employed...................................................................... 1,750 1,908 75.8 79.6

Father not employed................................................................. 557 489 24.2 20.4

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Total families............................................................................... 19,480 19,301 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed..................................................................... 17,224 17,027 88.4 88.2

No parent employed.................................................................... 2,257 2,274 11.6 11.8

Married-couple families

Total....................................................................................... 13,203 12,927 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................. 12,650 12,388 95.8 95.8

Mother employed.................................................................. 9,333 9,118 70.7 70.5

Both parents employed......................................................... 8,256 8,136 62.5 62.9

Mother employed, not father................................................... 1,076 982 8.2 7.6

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,318 3,270 25.1 25.3

Neither parent employed............................................................ 553 539 4.2 4.2

Families maintained by mother1

Total....................................................................................... 4,987 5,043 100.0 100.0

Mother employed..................................................................... 3,594 3,575 72.1 70.9

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,393 1,468 27.9 29.1

Families maintained by father1

Total....................................................................................... 1,290 1,330 100.0 100.0

Father employed...................................................................... 979 1,063 75.9 79.9

Father not employed................................................................. 311 267 24.1 20.1

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Total families............................................................................... 15,032 14,969 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed..................................................................... 12,930 12,864 86.0 85.9

No parent employed.................................................................... 2,103 2,105 14.0 14.1

Married-couple families

Total....................................................................................... 10,601 10,407 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................. 10,125 9,972 95.5 95.8

Mother employed.................................................................. 6,244 6,149 58.9 59.1

Both parents employed......................................................... 5,566 5,512 52.5 53.0

Mother employed, not father................................................... 678 636 6.4 6.1

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,881 3,824 36.6 36.7

Neither parent employed............................................................ 475 435 4.5 4.2

Families maintained by mother1

Total....................................................................................... 3,414 3,495 100.0 100.0

Mother employed..................................................................... 2,033 2,047 59.6 58.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2010-2011 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2010 2011 2010 2011

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,381 1,448 40.4 41.4

Families maintained by father1

Total....................................................................................... 1,018 1,067 100.0 100.0

Father employed...................................................................... 771 845 75.8 79.2

Father not employed................................................................. 247 222 24.2 20.8

1 No spouse present.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and

unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2010-2011 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2010 2011

Total Men Women Total Men Women

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................... 64,488 28,463 36,025 63,885 28,143 35,743

Civilian labor force................................................... 52,159 26,661 25,499 51,521 26,302 25,219

Participation rate................................................... 80.9 93.7 70.8 80.6 93.5 70.6

Employed........................................................... 47,863 24,653 23,210 47,578 24,619 22,959

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 40,282 23,176 17,106 40,275 23,245 17,029

Part-time workers2............................................. 7,581 1,477 6,104 7,303 1,374 5,930

Employment-population ratio..................................... 74.2 86.6 64.4 74.5 87.5 64.2

Unemployed........................................................ 4,296 2,008 2,289 3,943 1,683 2,260

Unemployment rate............................................. 8.2 7.5 9.0 7.7 6.4 9.0

Married, spouse present

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................... 50,868 25,820 25,049 49,999 25,392 24,607

Civilian labor force................................................... 41,600 24,332 17,268 40,783 23,873 16,911

Participation rate................................................... 81.8 94.2 68.9 81.6 94.0 68.7

Employed........................................................... 38,870 22,689 16,181 38,379 22,480 15,900

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 33,142 21,444 11,698 32,940 21,322 11,618

Part-time workers2............................................. 5,728 1,245 4,482 5,440 1,158 4,282

Employment-population ratio..................................... 76.4 87.9 64.6 76.8 88.5 64.6

Unemployed........................................................ 2,730 1,643 1,087 2,404 1,393 1,011

Unemployment rate............................................. 6.6 6.8 6.3 5.9 5.8 6.0

Other marital status3

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................... 13,620 2,643 10,977 13,886 2,751 11,135

Civilian labor force................................................... 10,559 2,329 8,230 10,737 2,429 8,308

Participation rate................................................... 77.5 88.1 75.0 77.3 88.3 74.6

Employed........................................................... 8,994 1,964 7,029 9,198 2,139 7,059

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 7,140 1,732 5,408 7,335 1,923 5,412

Part-time workers2............................................. 1,853 232 1,621 1,864 216 1,647

Employment-population ratio..................................... 66.0 74.3 64.0 66.2 77.8 63.4

Unemployed........................................................ 1,566 365 1,201 1,539 290 1,249

Unemployment rate............................................. 14.8 15.7 14.6 14.3 11.9 15.0

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................... 35,402 15,639 19,763 35,027 15,431 19,596

Civilian labor force................................................... 29,625 14,515 15,110 29,193 14,289 14,904

Participation rate................................................... 83.7 92.8 76.5 83.3 92.6 76.1

Employed........................................................... 27,421 13,482 13,939 27,178 13,422 13,756

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 23,239 12,725 10,514 23,186 12,735 10,450

Part-time workers2............................................. 4,182 757 3,425 3,992 686 3,306

Employment-population ratio..................................... 77.5 86.2 70.5 77.6 87.0 70.2

Unemployed........................................................ 2,204 1,032 1,172 2,015 867 1,148

Unemployment rate............................................. 7.4 7.1 7.8 6.9 6.1 7.7

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................... 29,086 12,824 16,262 28,858 12,712 16,146

Civilian labor force................................................... 22,534 12,146 10,388 22,328 12,013 10,315

Participation rate................................................... 77.5 94.7 63.9 77.4 94.5 63.9

Employed........................................................... 20,442 11,171 9,271 20,400 11,197 9,203

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 17,043 10,451 6,592 17,089 10,510 6,579

Part-time workers2

............................................. 3,399 720 2,679 3,311 687 2,624

Employment-population ratio..................................... 70.3 87.1 57.0 70.7 88.1 57.0

Unemployed........................................................ 2,092 975 1,117 1,928 816 1,112

Unemployment rate............................................. 9.3 8.0 10.8 8.6 6.8 10.8

WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population.................................... 173,342 86,711 86,631 175,732 88,175 87,558

Civilian labor force................................................... 101,729 55,324 46,405 102,096 55,673 46,423

Participation rate................................................... 58.7 63.8 53.6 58.1 63.1 53.0

Employed........................................................... 91,201 48,706 42,495 92,291 49,671 42,620

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2010-2011 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2010 2011

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Full-time workers1.............................................. 71,432 40,325 31,108 72,282 41,087 31,194

Part-time workers2

............................................. 19,769 8,381 11,387 20,010 8,584 11,426

Employment-population ratio..................................... 52.6 56.2 49.1 52.5 56.3 48.7

Unemployed........................................................ 10,528 6,618 3,910 9,805 6,002 3,803

Unemployment rate............................................. 10.3 12.0 8.4 9.6 10.8 8.2

1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs.

3 Includes never married; married, spouse absent; divorced; separated; and widowed persons.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and

unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest

child and marital status, 2010-2011 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2010 2011

With own children under 3 years old With own children under 3 years old

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

TOTAL MOTHERS

Civilian noninstitutional population....................... 9,503 2,968 3,351 3,184 9,259 2,893 3,353 3,013

Civilian labor force....................................... 5,770 1,908 2,062 1,800 5,613 1,848 2,083 1,682

Participation rate...................................... 60.7 64.3 61.5 56.5 60.6 63.9 62.1 55.8

Employed.............................................. 5,114 1,708 1,815 1,590 4,977 1,645 1,844 1,488

Full-time workers1

................................. 3,570 1,200 1,243 1,128 3,486 1,169 1,296 1,021

Part-time workers2................................ 1,543 509 572 462 1,492 476 548 467

Employment-population ratio........................ 53.8 57.6 54.2 49.9 53.8 56.9 55.0 49.4

Unemployed........................................... 656 199 246 210 635 202 239 194

Unemployment rate................................ 11.4 10.5 12.0 11.7 11.3 11.0 11.5 11.5

Married, spouse present

Civilian noninstitutional population....................... 6,642 2,055 2,344 2,243 6,488 1,999 2,381 2,109

Civilian labor force....................................... 3,941 1,275 1,403 1,263 3,854 1,220 1,434 1,200

Participation rate...................................... 59.3 62.1 59.8 56.3 59.4 61.0 60.2 56.9

Employed.............................................. 3,670 1,195 1,301 1,174 3,603 1,138 1,342 1,123

Full-time workers1

................................. 2,596 841 896 859 2,594 822 967 805

Part-time workers2................................ 1,074 354 405 315 1,009 316 375 318

Employment-population ratio........................ 55.3 58.2 55.5 52.3 55.5 56.9 56.4 53.3

Unemployed........................................... 271 80 101 89 251 82 92 77

Unemployment rate................................ 6.9 6.3 7.2 7.1 6.5 6.7 6.4 6.4

Other marital status3

Civilian noninstitutional population....................... 2,862 914 1,007 941 2,771 894 973 905

Civilian labor force....................................... 1,828 633 659 537 1,759 628 649 482

Participation rate...................................... 63.9 69.2 65.5 57.0 63.5 70.3 66.8 53.2

Employed.............................................. 1,444 514 514 416 1,375 508 502 365

Full-time workers1................................. 974 359 346 269 892 347 329 216

Part-time workers2................................ 470 155 168 147 483 161 173 149

Employment-population ratio........................ 50.4 56.2 51.1 44.2 49.6 56.8 51.6 40.3

Unemployed........................................... 385 119 145 121 384 120 147 117

Unemployment rate................................ 21.0 18.8 22.0 22.5 21.8 19.2 22.6 24.2

1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs.

3 Includes never married; married, spouse absent; divorced; separated; and widowed persons.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and

unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.