Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-21-1571

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, September 3, 2021

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — AUGUST 2021

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 235,000 in August, and the unemployment rate declined 

by 0.2 percentage point to 5.2 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. So far this 

year, monthly job growth has averaged 586,000. In August, notable job gains occurred in professional 

and business services, transportation and warehousing, private education, manufacturing, and other 

services. Employment in retail trade declined over the month.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate declined by 0.2 percentage point to 5.2 percent in August. The number of 

unemployed persons edged down to 8.4 million, following a large decrease in July. Both measures are 

down considerably from their highs at the end of the February-April 2020 recession. However, they 

remain above their levels prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

August 2019 – August 2021

Percent

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

155,000

160,000

Aug-19 Nov-19 Feb-20 May-20 Aug-20 Nov-20 Feb-21 May-21 Aug-21

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 

August 2019 – August 2021

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Aug-19 Nov-19 Feb-20 May-20 Aug-20 Nov-20 Feb-21 May-21 Aug-21
-2-

respectively, in February 2020). (See table A-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about 

how the household survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (5.1 percent) and Whites (4.5 

percent) declined in August, while the rate for teenagers (11.2 percent) increased. The jobless rates for 

adult women (4.8 percent), Blacks (8.8 percent), Asians (4.6 percent), and Hispanics (6.4 percent)

showed little change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers declined by 443,000 to 2.5 million in 

August but is 1.2 million higher than in February 2020. The number of persons on temporary layoff, at 

1.3 million, was essentially unchanged in August. This measure is down considerably from the high of 

18.0 million in April 2020 but is 502,000 above the February 2020 level. The number of reentrants to 

the labor force increased by 200,000 in August to 2.5 million. (Reentrants are persons who previously 

worked but were not in the labor force prior to beginning their job search.) (See table A-11.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) decreased by 246,000 in 

August to 3.2 million but is 2.1 million higher than in February 2020. These long-term unemployed 

accounted for 37.4 percent of the total unemployed in August. The number of persons jobless less than 

5 weeks, at 2.1 million, was little changed. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate, at 61.7 percent in August, was unchanged over the month and has 

remained within a narrow range of 61.4 percent to 61.7 percent since June 2020. The participation rate is 

1.6 percentage points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio, at 58.5 percent, 

was little changed in August. This measure is up from its low of 51.3 percent in April 2020 but remains 

below the figure of 61.1 percent in February 2020. (See table A-1.)

In August, the number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.5 million, was 

essentially unchanged. There were 4.4 million persons in this category in February 2020. These 

individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their 

hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job declined by 835,000 in 

August to 5.7 million but remains higher than the level in February 2020 (5.0 million). These individuals 

were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 

weeks or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force, at 1.6 million in August, decreased by 295,000 over the month. These individuals 

wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had 

not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset 

of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was 392,000 in August, 

down by 115,000 from the previous month. (See Summary table A.)

Household Survey Supplemental Data

In August, 13.4 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, little 

changed from the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked at home 

for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the pandemic.
-3-

In August, 5.6 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer 

closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at 

some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is up from 5.2 million in July. Among 

those who reported in August that they were unable to work because of pandemic-related closures or lost 

business, 13.9 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the hours not worked, up

from 9.1 percent in the prior month.

Among those not in the labor force in August, 1.5 million persons were prevented from looking for 

work due to the pandemic, little changed from July. (To be counted as unemployed, by definition, 

individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 

help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 

with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 235,000 in August, following increases of 1.1 million in 

July and 962,000 in June. Nonfarm employment has risen by 17.0 million since April 2020 but is down 

by 5.3 million, or 3.5 percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. In August, notable job 

gains occurred in professional and business services, transportation and warehousing, private education, 

manufacturing, and other services. Employment in retail trade declined over the month. (See table B-1. 

See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the establishment survey and its measures 

were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.) 

Employment in professional and business services increased by 74,000 in August. Employment rose in 

architectural and engineering services (+19,000), computer systems design and related services 

(+10,000), scientific research and development services (+7,000), and office administrative services 

(+6,000). Since February 2020, employment in professional and business services is down by 

468,000, over half of which is in temporary help services (-262,000). 

Transportation and warehousing added 53,000 jobs in August, bringing employment in the industry 

slightly above (+22,000) its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. Employment gains have been led by 

strong growth in couriers and messengers and in warehousing and storage, which added 20,000 jobs 

each in August. Air transportation also added jobs (+11,000), while transit and ground passenger 

transportation—which includes school buses—lost jobs (-8,000). 

In August, employment increased by 40,000 in private education, declined by 21,000 in state 

government education, and changed little in local government education (-6,000). In all three 

industries, these employment changes followed job gains in June and July. August marks the beginning 

of the traditional back-to-school season. However, recent employment changes are challenging to 

interpret, as pandemic-related staffing fluctuations in public and private education have distorted the 

normal seasonal hiring and layoff patterns. Since February 2020, employment is down by 159,000 in 

private education, by 186,000 in state government education, and by 220,000 in local government

education.
-4-

Manufacturing added 37,000 jobs in August, with gains in motor vehicles and parts (+24,000) and 

fabricated metal products (+7,000). Employment in manufacturing is down by 378,000 from its prepandemic level in February 2020.

The other services industry added 37,000 jobs in August, but employment is 189,000 lower than in 

February 2020. In August, employment rose in personal and laundry services (+19,000) and in repair 

and maintenance (+9,000). 

Employment in information increased by 17,000 in August, reflecting a gain in data processing, 

hosting, and related services (+12,000). Employment in information is down by 150,000 since February 

2020. 

Employment in financial activities rose by 16,000 over the month, with most of the gain occurring in 

real estate (+11,000). Employment in financial activities is down by 29,000 since February 2020. 

Mining added 6,000 jobs in August, reflecting a gain in support activities for mining (+4,000). Mining 

employment has risen by 55,000 since a trough in August 2020 but is 96,000 below a peak in January 

2019.

Employment in retail trade declined by 29,000 in August, with losses in food and beverage stores 

(-23,000) and in building material and garden supply stores (-13,000). Retail trade employment is down 

by 285,000 since February 2020.

In August, employment in leisure and hospitality was unchanged, after increasing by an average of 

350,000 per month over the prior 6 months. In August, a job gain in arts, entertainment, and recreation 

(+36,000) was more than offset by a loss in food services and drinking places (-42,000). Employment in 

leisure and hospitality is down by 1.7 million, or 10.0 percent, since February 2020.

In August, employment showed little change in other major industries, including construction, 

wholesale trade, and health care. 

Average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 17 cents to $30.73 in 

August, following increases in the prior 4 months. In August, average hourly earnings of private-sector 

production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 14 cents to $25.99. The data for recent months 

suggest that the rising demand for labor associated with the recovery from the pandemic may have put 

upward pressure on wages. However, because average hourly earnings vary widely across industries, the 

large employment fluctuations since February 2020 complicate the analysis of recent trends in average 

hourly earnings. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

In August, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was 34.7 hours for the 

third consecutive month. In manufacturing, the average workweek fell by 0.2 hour over the month to 

40.3 hours, and overtime remained at 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and 

nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.2 hours. (See tables B-2 

and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for June was revised up by 24,000, from +938,000 to 

+962,000, and the change for July was revised up by 110,000, from +943,000 to +1,053,000. With these 

revisions, employment in June and July combined is 134,000 higher than previously reported. (Monthly 
-5-

revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last 

published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________

The Employment Situation for September is scheduled to be released on Friday, October 8, 2021, 

at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on August 2021 Household and

Establishment Survey Data

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data 

continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the 

safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone 

interviews could not be done. 

As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as 

unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the 

share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the pandemic 

and has been considerably lower in recent months. Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of 

what the unemployment rate might have been had misclassified workers been included among the 

unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in August 2021 

would have been 0.3 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the upper bound of 

our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of the misclassification error. 

More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-august-2021.htm.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Change from:

July 2021-

Aug. 2021

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 260,558 261,338 261,469 261,611 142

Civilian labor force........................................................... 160,818 161,086 161,347 161,537 190

Participation rate.......................................................... 61.7 61.6 61.7 61.7 0.0

Employed................................................................... 147,276 151,602 152,645 153,154 509

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 56.5 58.0 58.4 58.5 0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 13,542 9,484 8,702 8,384 -318

Unemployment rate.................................................... 8.4 5.9 5.4 5.2 -0.2

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,740 100,253 100,123 100,074 -49

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 8.4 5.9 5.4 5.2 -0.2

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 8.0 5.9 5.4 5.1 -0.3

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 8.3 5.5 5.0 4.8 -0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 16.4 9.9 9.6 11.2 1.6

White.......................................................................... 7.4 5.2 4.8 4.5 -0.3

Black or African American.................................................. 12.8 9.2 8.2 8.8 0.6

Asian.......................................................................... 10.6 5.8 5.3 4.6 -0.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 10.5 7.4 6.6 6.4 -0.2

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 7.5 5.4 4.8 4.5 -0.3

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 12.6 10.2 9.5 7.8 -1.7

High school graduates, no college........................................ 9.8 7.0 6.3 6.0 -0.3

Some college or associate degree........................................ 8.0 5.8 5.0 5.1 0.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 5.3 3.5 3.1 2.8 -0.3

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 10,248 5,787 4,960 4,468 -492

Job leavers...................................................................... 595 942 930 822 -108

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,104 2,298 2,287 2,487 200

New entrants.................................................................... 549 494 463 512 49

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,312 1,981 2,257 2,083 -174

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 3,213 2,166 1,861 2,066 205

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 6,536 1,329 1,174 1,164 -10

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,593 3,985 3,425 3,179 -246

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 7,533 4,627 4,483 4,469 -14

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 6,181 3,430 2,965 3,183 218

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,120 1,007 1,116 1,032 -84

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 18,630 20,337 20,087 20,359 272

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 2,061 1,830 1,872 1,577 -295

Discouraged workers........................................................ 552 617 507 392 -115

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,583 962 1,053 235

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,066 808 798 243

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 42 64 40

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4 12 6 6

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 -2 6 -3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 32 52 37

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2 31 41 31

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4.1 -2.8 10.5 24.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 1 11 6

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,013 766 734 203

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 27.4 13.6 1.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.9 88.9 -8.0 -28.5

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.2 23.6 55.0 53.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 -0.7 0.0 -1.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 12 21 17

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 0 24 16

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 70 79 74

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.4 31.0 10.1 -5.8

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 72 88 35

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.2 15.5 43.5 -4.6

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 397 415 0

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 76 46 37

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 154 255 -8

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,718 615 876 750

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,465 530 720 616

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.8 49.9 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.3 81.3 81.4 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.47 $30.44 $30.56 $30.73

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,022.61 $1,056.27 $1,060.43 $1,066.33

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.7 108.1 108.8 109.0

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.1 157.3 159.0 160.2

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.8

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 69.8 68.9 61.7

Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 68.7 66.0 55.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,558 261,469 261,611 260,558 261,103 261,210 261,338 261,469 261,611

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,966 162,817 161,788 160,818 160,988 160,935 161,086 161,347 161,537

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 62.3 61.8 61.7 61.7 61.6 61.6 61.7 61.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,224 153,596 153,232 147,276 151,176 151,620 151,602 152,645 153,154

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.5 58.7 58.6 56.5 57.9 58.0 58.0 58.4 58.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,742 9,221 8,556 13,542 9,812 9,316 9,484 8,702 8,384

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 5.7 5.3 8.4 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,592 98,653 99,823 99,740 100,115 100,275 100,253 100,123 100,074

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,184 6,818 5,810 7,049 6,647 6,600 6,428 6,517 5,682

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,036 126,499 126,570 126,036 126,316 126,369 126,434 126,499 126,570

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,600 86,723 86,074 85,270 85,410 85,210 85,320 85,507 85,684

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 68.6 68.0 67.7 67.6 67.4 67.5 67.6 67.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,711 81,918 81,670 78,213 80,017 80,062 80,176 80,712 81,100

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 64.8 64.5 62.1 63.3 63.4 63.4 63.8 64.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,889 4,806 4,404 7,057 5,394 5,148 5,144 4,795 4,584

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 5.5 5.1 8.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,436 39,776 40,496 40,765 40,905 41,159 41,114 40,992 40,886

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,672 118,192 118,261 117,672 118,003 118,059 118,125 118,192 118,261

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,554 83,075 82,817 82,461 82,333 82,182 82,414 82,526 82,665

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.2 70.3 70.0 70.1 69.8 69.6 69.8 69.8 69.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,178 78,698 78,783 75,903 77,348 77,340 77,545 78,041 78,440

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 66.6 66.6 64.5 65.5 65.5 65.6 66.0 66.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,376 4,376 4,034 6,558 4,985 4,842 4,869 4,484 4,225

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 5.3 4.9 8.0 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,118 35,118 35,444 35,211 35,670 35,877 35,711 35,667 35,597

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,523 134,970 135,041 134,523 134,787 134,841 134,905 134,970 135,041

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,366 76,093 75,714 75,548 75,577 75,725 75,766 75,840 75,853

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.0 56.4 56.1 56.2 56.1 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,513 71,678 71,562 69,063 71,159 71,557 71,426 71,934 72,054

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.9 53.1 53.0 51.3 52.8 53.1 52.9 53.3 53.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,853 4,416 4,152 6,485 4,418 4,168 4,340 3,906 3,799

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 5.8 5.5 8.6 5.8 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,156 58,877 59,327 58,975 59,210 59,116 59,139 59,130 59,188

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,336 126,837 126,906 126,336 126,648 126,704 126,770 126,837 126,906

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,415 72,547 72,571 72,728 72,503 72,707 72,855 72,883 72,842

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 57.2 57.2 57.6 57.2 57.4 57.5 57.5 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,997 68,494 68,746 66,667 68,430 68,811 68,817 69,235 69,357

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 54.0 54.2 52.8 54.0 54.3 54.3 54.6 54.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,418 4,053 3,825 6,061 4,073 3,895 4,038 3,648 3,485

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 5.6 5.3 8.3 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.0 4.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,921 54,290 54,335 53,608 54,145 53,998 53,915 53,954 54,065

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,550 16,440 16,443 16,550 16,451 16,446 16,443 16,440 16,443

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,998 7,195 6,400 5,630 6,152 6,046 5,817 5,938 6,031

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.2 43.8 38.9 34.0 37.4 36.8 35.4 36.1 36.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,049 6,403 5,702 4,706 5,398 5,468 5,240 5,369 5,357

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.5 38.9 34.7 28.4 32.8 33.2 31.9 32.7 32.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 792 697 924 754 578 577 569 674

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 11.0 10.9 16.4 12.3 9.6 9.9 9.6 11.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,552 9,245 10,044 10,920 10,300 10,400 10,626 10,502 10,412

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,417 201,888 201,968 201,417 201,687 201,743 201,814 201,888 201,968

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,491 125,285 124,329 124,512 123,964 123,897 123,800 124,413 124,332

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 62.1 61.6 61.8 61.5 61.4 61.3 61.6 61.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,205 118,974 118,601 115,342 117,358 117,553 117,320 118,428 118,697

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 58.9 58.7 57.3 58.2 58.3 58.1 58.7 58.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,286 6,311 5,728 9,170 6,606 6,344 6,480 5,985 5,635

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 5.0 4.6 7.4 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.8 4.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,927 76,602 77,639 76,906 77,723 77,845 78,013 77,475 77,635

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,909 65,140 64,844 64,946 64,593 64,492 64,478 64,858 64,856

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 70.3 70.0 70.3 69.8 69.7 69.6 70.0 70.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,577 62,093 62,142 60,459 61,155 61,182 61,122 61,701 61,980

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 67.0 67.1 65.5 66.1 66.1 66.0 66.6 66.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,331 3,048 2,702 4,487 3,439 3,311 3,357 3,157 2,875

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 4.7 4.2 6.9 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.4

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,837 54,594 54,494 55,140 54,603 54,698 54,800 54,993 54,816

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 56.2 56.0 56.9 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.6 56.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,557 51,831 51,930 51,111 51,965 52,079 52,084 52,538 52,496

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 53.3 53.4 52.7 53.5 53.6 53.6 54.0 54.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,279 2,763 2,564 4,029 2,638 2,618 2,716 2,455 2,319

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 5.1 4.7 7.3 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,746 5,551 4,991 4,425 4,768 4,707 4,522 4,562 4,661

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 46.0 41.4 36.5 39.5 39.0 37.5 37.8 38.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,070 5,050 4,530 3,771 4,238 4,292 4,114 4,189 4,220

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.5 41.9 37.6 31.1 35.1 35.6 34.1 34.7 35.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676 501 462 654 530 415 408 373 441

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 9.0 9.2 14.8 11.1 8.8 9.0 8.2 9.5

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,386 33,619 33,645 33,386 33,551 33,572 33,595 33,619 33,645

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,199 20,692 20,823 20,112 20,544 20,439 20,679 20,430 20,717

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 61.6 61.9 60.2 61.2 60.9 61.6 60.8 61.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,551 18,883 18,934 17,530 18,546 18,584 18,769 18,757 18,892

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.6 56.2 56.3 52.5 55.3 55.4 55.9 55.8 56.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,648 1,809 1,889 2,582 1,998 1,854 1,910 1,673 1,825

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 8.7 9.1 12.8 9.7 9.1 9.2 8.2 8.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,187 12,926 12,822 13,274 13,007 13,133 12,916 13,189 12,928

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,331 9,503 9,544 9,281 9,465 9,460 9,607 9,402 9,491

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 66.9 67.1 65.9 66.8 66.7 67.7 66.2 66.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,125 8,699 8,700 8,059 8,498 8,533 8,648 8,609 8,628

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.7 61.2 61.2 57.3 59.9 60.1 60.9 60.6 60.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,206 804 844 1,222 967 927 958 793 864

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 8.5 8.8 13.2 10.2 9.8 10.0 8.4 9.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,141 10,284 10,495 10,140 10,315 10,293 10,358 10,293 10,480

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 60.4 61.6 60.0 60.7 60.6 60.9 60.5 61.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,870 9,426 9,589 8,945 9,429 9,448 9,473 9,511 9,652

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.5 55.4 56.3 52.9 55.5 55.6 55.7 55.9 56.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,271 858 906 1,195 887 844 886 782 828

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 8.3 8.6 11.8 8.6 8.2 8.5 7.6 7.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727 905 784 691 764 686 714 735 746

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.1 37.9 32.9 28.6 32.0 28.7 29.9 30.8 31.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 758 646 525 620 603 648 637 612

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 31.8 27.1 21.8 25.9 25.2 27.1 26.7 25.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 147 138 166 144 83 67 98 134

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 16.3 17.6 24.0 18.9 12.1 9.3 13.3 17.9

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,597 16,514 16,555 16,597 16,532 16,529 16,428 16,514 16,555

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,627 10,703 10,672 10,582 10,375 10,471 10,387 10,654 10,610

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.0 64.8 64.5 63.8 62.8 63.4 63.2 64.5 64.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,491 10,118 10,181 9,461 9,786 9,890 9,789 10,094 10,122

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 61.3 61.5 57.0 59.2 59.8 59.6 61.1 61.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,136 585 492 1,121 589 581 598 559 488

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 5.5 4.6 10.6 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.3 4.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,969 5,811 5,883 6,015 6,157 6,057 6,042 5,861 5,945

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 44,300 44,927 45,004 44,300 44,719 44,786 44,857 44,927 45,004

Civilian labor force................................ 28,901 29,607 29,449 28,940 29,199 29,243 29,367 29,529 29,534

Participation rate............................... 65.2 65.9 65.4 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.5 65.7 65.6

Employed....................................... 25,859 27,652 27,635 25,897 26,889 27,110 27,183 27,576 27,652

Employment-population ratio............... 58.4 61.5 61.4 58.5 60.1 60.5 60.6 61.4 61.4

Unemployed.................................... 3,042 1,955 1,814 3,042 2,310 2,133 2,184 1,953 1,882

Unemployment rate......................... 10.5 6.6 6.2 10.5 7.9 7.3 7.4 6.6 6.4

Not in labor force................................. 15,399 15,320 15,555 15,361 15,520 15,543 15,490 15,398 15,470

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,763 16,209 16,239 15,760 16,086 16,079 16,068 16,228 16,285

Participation rate............................... 78.8 79.8 79.8 78.8 79.6 79.5 79.3 79.9 80.1

Employed....................................... 14,261 15,316 15,374 14,218 14,882 15,006 15,005 15,225 15,318

Employment-population ratio............... 71.3 75.4 75.6 71.1 73.6 74.1 74.0 75.0 75.3

Unemployed.................................... 1,502 893 865 1,542 1,204 1,073 1,063 1,003 967

Unemployment rate......................... 9.5 5.5 5.3 9.8 7.5 6.7 6.6 6.2 5.9

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,831 11,939 11,902 11,912 11,790 11,928 12,071 12,020 11,977

Participation rate............................... 58.4 58.0 57.7 58.8 57.6 58.2 58.8 58.4 58.1

Employed....................................... 10,547 11,087 11,160 10,652 10,909 11,043 11,111 11,209 11,253

Employment-population ratio............... 52.0 53.9 54.1 52.5 53.3 53.8 54.1 54.5 54.6

Unemployed.................................... 1,284 851 742 1,260 881 884 959 811 725

Unemployment rate......................... 10.9 7.1 6.2 10.6 7.5 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,307 1,459 1,308 1,267 1,323 1,236 1,228 1,280 1,271

Participation rate............................... 32.5 36.0 32.3 31.5 32.8 30.6 30.4 31.6 31.3

Employed....................................... 1,051 1,248 1,101 1,027 1,098 1,061 1,066 1,142 1,081

Employment-population ratio............... 26.1 30.8 27.2 25.5 27.2 26.3 26.4 28.2 26.7

Unemployed.................................... 256 211 207 240 225 175 162 138 190

Unemployment rate......................... 19.6 14.5 15.8 18.9 17.0 14.2 13.2 10.8 15.0

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,545 9,046 9,188 8,528 9,020 8,790 9,142 9,254 9,158

Participation rate.................................. 45.1 45.7 45.9 45.0 44.2 42.8 44.1 46.7 45.8

Employed.......................................... 7,536 8,214 8,542 7,455 8,185 7,993 8,210 8,377 8,448

Employment-population ratio................. 39.8 41.5 42.7 39.3 40.1 38.9 39.6 42.3 42.2

Unemployed....................................... 1,009 832 646 1,073 835 797 932 877 710

Unemployment rate............................ 11.8 9.2 7.0 12.6 9.3 9.1 10.2 9.5 7.8

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 34,365 34,895 35,571 34,228 34,704 34,930 34,972 34,947 35,347

Participation rate.................................. 55.3 55.2 55.7 55.1 55.3 55.5 55.9 55.3 55.3

Employed.......................................... 31,007 32,721 33,473 30,875 32,307 32,543 32,517 32,735 33,232

Employment-population ratio................. 49.9 51.7 52.4 49.7 51.5 51.7 52.0 51.8 52.0

Unemployed....................................... 3,358 2,175 2,098 3,354 2,397 2,388 2,455 2,211 2,115

Unemployment rate............................ 9.8 6.2 5.9 9.8 6.9 6.8 7.0 6.3 6.0

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,155 35,827 35,502 36,558 35,485 35,917 36,079 35,896 35,845

Participation rate.................................. 63.5 62.9 63.0 64.2 63.0 63.4 63.1 63.0 63.6

Employed.......................................... 33,169 33,955 33,611 33,642 33,422 33,808 33,970 34,111 34,019

Employment-population ratio................. 58.3 59.6 59.7 59.1 59.3 59.7 59.4 59.9 60.4

Unemployed....................................... 2,987 1,872 1,890 2,916 2,063 2,108 2,109 1,785 1,826

Unemployment rate............................ 8.3 5.2 5.3 8.0 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.0 5.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 61,379 60,526 60,321 61,815 60,804 60,727 60,483 60,927 60,794

Participation rate.................................. 72.1 71.9 71.7 72.7 72.2 72.5 72.3 72.4 72.3

Employed.......................................... 57,935 58,438 58,441 58,563 58,662 58,802 58,392 59,027 59,077

Employment-population ratio................. 68.1 69.4 69.5 68.8 69.6 70.2 69.8 70.1 70.2

Unemployed....................................... 3,444 2,089 1,880 3,252 2,142 1,925 2,091 1,900 1,717

Unemployment rate............................ 5.6 3.5 3.1 5.3 3.5 3.2 3.5 3.1 2.8

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,422 18,037 16,515 16,119 1,907 1,918

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,821 8,443 7,796 7,335 1,025 1,108

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 46.8 47.2 45.5 53.8 57.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,261 8,141 7,320 7,068 941 1,073

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 45.1 44.3 43.8 49.4 55.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 303 476 267 84 35

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 3.6 6.1 3.6 8.2 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,601 9,594 8,719 8,784 882 810

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,578 4,625 3,833 3,833 744 792

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,637 3,579 3,171 3,005 467 574

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.5 77.4 82.7 78.4 62.7 72.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,382 3,466 2,936 2,905 446 562

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 75.0 76.6 75.8 59.9 71.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 112 235 100 21 12

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 3.1 7.4 3.3 4.5 2.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940 1,046 663 828 278 218

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,002 3,086 2,479 2,579 524 507

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,214 2,228 1,841 1,913 372 314

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.7 72.2 74.3 74.2 71.0 62.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,110 2,154 1,782 1,850 328 304

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 69.8 71.9 71.7 62.7 59.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 74 60 63 44 10

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 3.3 3.2 3.3 11.8 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 859 637 666 152 193

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,776 6,391 6,539 6,166 237 225

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,165 1,017 1,142 964 23 54

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 15.9 17.5 15.6 9.7 23.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,093 975 1,073 926 20 49

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 15.3 16.4 15.0 8.4 21.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 43 69 38 3 5

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 4.2 6.0 3.9 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,611 5,374 5,397 5,202 214 171

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,066 3,935 3,664 3,541 402 394

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,806 1,620 1,642 1,454 164 166

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 41.2 44.8 41.1 40.7 42.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,677 1,546 1,529 1,388 148 158

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 39.3 41.7 39.2 36.7 40.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 74 113 66 16 8

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 4.6 6.9 4.5 9.8 4.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,260 2,315 2,022 2,087 238 228

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,177 234,885 105,012 106,117 128,165 128,768

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,789 150,808 76,683 77,539 73,106 73,269

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 64.2 73.0 73.1 57.0 56.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,921 142,825 70,410 73,517 66,511 69,308

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.7 60.8 67.0 69.3 51.9 53.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,868 7,983 6,273 4,023 6,595 3,961

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 5.3 8.2 5.2 9.0 5.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,388 84,077 28,329 28,578 55,059 55,499

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,304 31,258 231,254 230,353

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,050 6,738 154,916 155,050

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.6 21.6 67.0 67.3

Employed............................................................................. 5,254 6,004 141,970 147,228

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 17.9 19.2 61.4 63.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 796 734 12,946 7,823

Unemployment rate............................................................... 13.2 10.9 8.4 5.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,253 24,520 76,338 75,303

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,610 2,938 77,128 77,166

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.1 38.3 81.9 82.5

Employed............................................................................. 2,281 2,587 71,015 73,364

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 31.6 33.7 75.4 78.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 329 351 6,113 3,802

Unemployment rate............................................................... 12.6 12.0 7.9 4.9

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,616 4,738 17,000 16,326

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,266 2,633 68,392 68,393

Participation rate..................................................................... 31.1 33.0 70.4 71.2

Employed............................................................................. 1,897 2,345 62,360 64,775

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 26.1 29.4 64.2 67.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 368 289 6,032 3,617

Unemployment rate............................................................... 16.3 11.0 8.8 5.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,012 5,347 28,719 27,631

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,174 1,166 9,396 9,491

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.9 7.5 23.5 23.2

Employed............................................................................. 1,076 1,073 8,595 9,088

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.3 6.9 21.5 22.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 99 94 801 403

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.4 8.0 8.5 4.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,625 14,435 30,620 31,345

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 42,041 42,890 20,287 20,760 21,754 22,129

Civilian labor force.................................................. 27,325 27,916 15,547 16,072 11,778 11,845

Participation rate.................................................. 65.0 65.1 76.6 77.4 54.1 53.5

Employed.......................................................... 24,551 26,453 14,225 15,285 10,326 11,168

Employment-population ratio................................. 58.4 61.7 70.1 73.6 47.5 50.5

Unemployed....................................................... 2,774 1,464 1,322 787 1,451 677

Unemployment rate............................................ 10.2 5.2 8.5 4.9 12.3 5.7

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,716 14,973 4,739 4,688 9,977 10,285

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 218,517 218,721 105,749 105,810 112,768 112,912

Civilian labor force.................................................. 133,641 133,872 70,053 70,002 63,588 63,870

Participation rate.................................................. 61.2 61.2 66.2 66.2 56.4 56.6

Employed.......................................................... 122,673 126,779 64,486 66,385 58,186 60,394

Employment-population ratio................................. 56.1 58.0 61.0 62.7 51.6 53.5

Unemployed....................................................... 10,968 7,092 5,566 3,617 5,402 3,475

Unemployment rate............................................ 8.2 5.3 7.9 5.2 8.5 5.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 84,876 84,850 35,696 35,808 49,180 49,042

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,259 2,401 2,385 2,194 2,292 2,293 2,318 2,305 2,329

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,457 1,636 1,606 1,461 1,527 1,534 1,604 1,584 1,606

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 788 740 744 754 688 737 692 708 712

Unpaid family workers........................... 14 24 34 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 144,965 151,195 150,847 145,216 148,942 149,397 149,329 150,481 151,115

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 136,073 141,412 141,181 136,168 139,825 139,799 139,873 140,487 141,168

Government..................................... 20,445 19,923 20,277 20,988 20,410 20,454 20,578 20,761 20,793

Private industries............................... 115,628 121,489 120,904 115,141 119,548 119,449 119,460 119,955 120,345

Private households.......................... 715 679 733 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 114,913 120,810 120,171 114,440 118,995 118,901 118,948 119,334 119,608

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,815 9,716 9,607 8,788 8,962 9,265 9,146 9,571 9,541

Unpaid family workers........................... 77 67 60 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 7,488 4,605 4,385 7,533 5,243 5,271 4,627 4,483 4,469

Slack work or business conditions............. 6,106 2,997 3,087 6,181 3,997 4,069 3,430 2,965 3,183

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,039 1,149 958 1,120 974 966 1,007 1,116 1,032

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 17,110 18,660 18,871 18,630 19,057 19,160 20,337 20,087 20,359

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 7,387 4,526 4,309 7,439 5,178 5,231 4,544 4,351 4,414

Slack work or business conditions............. 6,033 2,953 3,029 6,110 3,949 4,039 3,381 2,908 3,126

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,027 1,127 943 1,107 970 963 996 1,099 1,019

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 16,744 18,310 18,557 18,257 18,713 18,774 19,982 19,736 20,027

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,224 153,596 153,232 147,276 151,176 151,620 151,602 152,645 153,154

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,049 6,403 5,702 4,706 5,398 5,468 5,240 5,369 5,357

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,042 2,407 2,266 1,816 2,057 2,080 1,952 1,971 2,025

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,007 3,996 3,436 2,851 3,337 3,380 3,287 3,378 3,293

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142,175 147,193 147,530 142,571 145,778 146,151 146,362 147,277 147,797

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,528 13,865 13,462 12,281 13,118 13,157 13,399 13,342 13,238

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,647 133,327 134,068 130,340 132,540 132,898 133,068 134,135 134,652

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,500 97,586 97,881 94,986 96,952 97,172 97,331 98,131 98,289

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,765 34,421 34,575 32,953 34,319 34,406 34,284 34,589 34,742

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,873 32,740 32,828 31,978 32,407 32,491 32,612 32,923 32,914

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,863 30,426 30,479 30,055 30,226 30,275 30,436 30,620 30,633

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,147 35,741 36,186 35,354 35,588 35,726 35,737 36,003 36,363

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,711 81,918 81,670 78,213 80,017 80,062 80,176 80,712 81,100

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,533 3,220 2,887 2,310 2,669 2,722 2,631 2,670 2,660

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 1,172 1,085 845 970 1,013 942 944 949

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,552 2,047 1,802 1,442 1,680 1,707 1,679 1,720 1,691

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,178 78,698 78,783 75,903 77,348 77,340 77,545 78,041 78,440

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,563 7,074 6,982 6,339 6,770 6,719 6,737 6,713 6,769

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,615 71,624 71,801 69,559 70,562 70,798 70,955 71,479 71,690

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,761 52,327 52,406 50,741 51,616 51,664 51,804 52,220 52,348

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,572 18,507 18,523 17,595 18,339 18,352 18,167 18,472 18,535

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,240 17,750 17,741 17,197 17,477 17,525 17,616 17,707 17,699

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,949 16,069 16,142 15,950 15,801 15,787 16,021 16,041 16,115

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,855 19,297 19,395 18,818 18,946 19,134 19,150 19,259 19,342

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,513 71,678 71,562 69,063 71,159 71,557 71,426 71,934 72,054

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,516 3,183 2,816 2,396 2,729 2,746 2,609 2,698 2,697

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,060 1,235 1,181 970 1,087 1,067 1,010 1,027 1,076

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,456 1,949 1,635 1,409 1,656 1,673 1,608 1,658 1,602

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,997 68,494 68,746 66,667 68,430 68,811 68,817 69,235 69,357

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,965 6,791 6,480 5,943 6,348 6,438 6,662 6,629 6,469

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,032 61,703 62,266 60,781 61,978 62,100 62,113 62,655 62,962

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,739 45,259 45,476 44,245 45,336 45,508 45,527 45,911 45,941

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,193 15,913 16,052 15,359 15,980 16,054 16,117 16,116 16,207

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,633 14,990 15,087 14,781 14,930 14,966 14,995 15,216 15,215

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,914 14,356 14,337 14,105 14,425 14,488 14,415 14,579 14,519

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,292 16,444 16,791 16,536 16,642 16,592 16,587 16,744 17,021

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,420 43,622 43,637 44,404 43,805 43,647 43,533 43,823 43,641

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,703 34,394 34,485 35,262 35,013 34,950 34,891 35,208 35,043

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,689 9,520 9,642 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,619 128,863 128,664 122,461 126,161 126,384 126,201 127,466 127,436

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,605 24,732 24,568 24,896 25,024 25,202 25,610 25,360 25,783

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,541 7,013 6,783 6,802 6,916 7,269 7,109 7,026 7,041

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,327 6,144 6,091 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,603 10,456 10,351 9,541 9,651 10,002 9,837 10,279 10,253

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 13,542 8,702 8,384 8.4 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2

16 to 19 years..................................... 924 569 674 16.4 12.3 9.6 9.9 9.6 11.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 314 211 264 14.8 11.3 8.9 9.6 9.7 11.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 611 352 407 17.6 13.0 9.5 10.1 9.4 11.0

20 years and over................................ 12,618 8,132 7,710 8.1 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.0

20 to 24 years.................................. 2,021 1,331 1,365 14.1 10.5 10.1 9.1 9.1 9.3

25 years and over.............................. 10,581 6,768 6,358 7.5 5.3 5.1 5.4 4.8 4.5

25 to 54 years............................... 7,678 5,077 4,870 7.5 5.5 5.2 5.5 4.9 4.7

25 to 34 years............................. 3,490 2,252 2,069 9.6 6.4 5.8 6.5 6.1 5.6

35 to 44 years............................. 2,193 1,610 1,512 6.4 4.9 5.0 5.3 4.7 4.4

45 to 54 years............................. 1,996 1,215 1,289 6.2 4.9 4.8 4.6 3.8 4.0

55 years and over........................... 2,902 1,649 1,489 7.6 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.9

Men, 16 years and over............................ 7,057 4,795 4,584 8.3 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 500 311 359 17.8 13.3 10.1 9.5 10.4 11.9

16 to 17 years.................................. 144 106 119 14.5 11.5 8.0 10.5 10.1 11.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 358 201 243 19.9 14.1 11.2 8.8 10.5 12.6

20 years and over................................ 6,558 4,484 4,225 8.0 6.1 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,059 778 727 14.3 11.5 10.9 10.2 10.4 9.7

25 years and over.............................. 5,489 3,661 3,515 7.3 5.5 5.3 5.4 4.9 4.7

25 to 54 years............................... 4,028 2,778 2,699 7.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.1 4.9

25 to 34 years............................. 1,898 1,231 1,159 9.7 6.7 6.2 7.0 6.2 5.9

35 to 44 years............................. 1,161 867 837 6.3 4.6 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.5

45 to 54 years............................. 969 680 703 5.7 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.1 4.2

55 years and over........................... 1,461 883 815 7.2 5.2 4.6 4.8 4.4 4.0

Women, 16 years and over........................ 6,485 3,906 3,799 8.6 5.8 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.0

16 to 19 years..................................... 424 258 314 15.0 11.2 9.0 10.4 8.7 10.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 170 105 145 14.9 11.1 9.7 8.8 9.3 11.9

18 to 19 years.................................. 253 151 164 15.2 11.8 7.7 11.3 8.3 9.3

20 years and over................................ 6,061 3,648 3,485 8.3 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.0 4.8

20 to 24 years.................................. 962 553 638 13.9 9.3 9.2 7.9 7.7 9.0

25 years and over.............................. 5,092 3,107 2,843 7.7 5.2 4.9 5.3 4.7 4.3

25 to 54 years............................... 3,650 2,300 2,171 7.6 5.4 4.9 5.3 4.8 4.5

25 to 34 years............................. 1,592 1,021 910 9.4 6.2 5.4 5.8 6.0 5.3

35 to 44 years............................. 1,032 743 675 6.5 5.3 4.7 5.5 4.7 4.2

45 to 54 years............................. 1,027 535 586 6.8 4.5 4.5 4.6 3.5 3.9

55 years and over........................... 1,440 749 674 8.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.3 3.8

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 2,328 1,547 1,464 5.0 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.2

Married women, spouse present1................. 2,417 1,197 1,035 6.4 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.3 2.9

Women who maintain families2.................... 1,011 886 828 10.4 7.3 6.6 8.1 8.5 7.9

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 11,079 7,367 6,972 8.3 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.5 5.2

Part-time workers4.................................. 2,461 1,343 1,418 9.0 5.7 5.1 5.4 5.0 5.2

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 10,347 5,135 4,547 10,248 6,387 5,841 5,787 4,960 4,468

On temporary layoff.............................. 6,206 1,455 1,283 6,175 2,114 1,823 1,811 1,239 1,252

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 4,141 3,680 3,264 4,074 4,273 4,019 3,976 3,721 3,217

Permanent job losers.......................... 3,398 2,927 2,545 3,326 3,529 3,234 3,187 2,930 2,487

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 743 753 719 747 744 785 789 791 730

Job leavers........................................... 672 967 905 595 824 778 942 930 822

Reentrants............................................ 2,103 2,447 2,514 2,104 2,072 2,149 2,298 2,287 2,487

New entrants......................................... 620 672 590 549 625 525 494 463 512

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 75.3 55.7 53.1 75.9 64.5 62.9 60.8 57.4 53.9

On temporary layoff.............................. 45.2 15.8 15.0 45.8 21.3 19.6 19.0 14.3 15.1

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 30.1 39.9 38.1 30.2 43.1 43.2 41.8 43.1 38.8

Job leavers........................................... 4.9 10.5 10.6 4.4 8.3 8.4 9.9 10.8 9.9

Reentrants............................................ 15.3 26.5 29.4 15.6 20.9 23.1 24.1 26.5 30.0

New entrants......................................... 4.5 7.3 6.9 4.1 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.4 6.2

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 6.4 3.2 2.8 6.4 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5

New entrants......................................... 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,283 2,534 2,051 2,312 2,414 2,023 1,981 2,257 2,083

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 3,442 2,165 2,269 3,213 1,939 2,126 2,166 1,861 2,066

15 weeks and over.................................. 8,018 4,522 4,236 8,129 5,386 5,013 5,314 4,599 4,343

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 6,381 1,019 1,042 6,536 1,203 1,262 1,329 1,174 1,164

27 weeks and over............................... 1,637 3,503 3,195 1,593 4,183 3,752 3,985 3,425 3,179

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 19.7 28.3 29.2 20.0 28.8 29.9 31.6 29.5 29.6

Median duration, in weeks......................... 16.2 13.9 14.3 16.7 19.8 19.3 19.8 15.2 14.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 16.6 27.5 24.0 16.9 24.8 22.1 20.9 25.9 24.5

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 25.0 23.5 26.5 23.5 19.9 23.2 22.9 21.3 24.3

15 weeks and over.................................. 58.3 49.0 49.5 59.5 55.3 54.7 56.2 52.8 51.1

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 46.4 11.1 12.2 47.9 12.4 13.8 14.0 13.5 13.7

27 weeks and over............................... 11.9 38.0 37.3 11.7 43.0 40.9 42.1 39.3 37.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 147,224 153,232 13,742 8,556 8.5 5.3

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 63,095 64,122 3,680 2,123 5.5 3.2

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 27,090 28,160 1,325 849 4.7 2.9

Professional and related occupations.......................... 36,004 35,961 2,354 1,274 6.1 3.4

Service occupations................................................ 22,673 24,940 3,500 2,008 13.4 7.5

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,434 29,671 2,581 1,604 7.8 5.1

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,402 14,277 1,361 832 8.6 5.5

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,032 15,394 1,220 772 7.1 4.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,559 14,588 1,162 723 7.9 4.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 977 1,146 77 74 7.3 6.1

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 7,972 8,330 739 480 8.5 5.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,610 5,113 345 169 7.0 3.2

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 17,464 19,911 2,187 1,490 11.1 7.0

Production occupations.......................................... 7,427 8,231 800 442 9.7 5.1

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,037 11,679 1,386 1,048 12.1 8.2

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 13,742 8,556 8.5 5.3

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 11,099 6,572 8.8 5.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 93 70 12.4 10.2

Construction.......................................................................... 762 448 7.6 4.6

Manufacturing........................................................................ 1,003 536 6.7 3.6

Durable goods..................................................................... 610 309 6.5 3.3

Nondurable goods................................................................ 393 227 7.0 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 1,612 1,210 8.3 6.1

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 847 481 11.3 5.9

Information............................................................................ 210 109 8.6 4.4

Financial activities................................................................... 430 320 4.2 3.2

Professional and business services............................................... 1,286 824 7.2 4.6

Education and health services..................................................... 1,530 1,047 6.3 4.3

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 2,751 1,201 21.3 9.1

Other services........................................................................ 574 327 9.1 5.0

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 83 94 5.6 5.7

Government workers................................................................... 1,232 764 5.7 3.6

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 708 535 6.8 4.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

July

2021

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

June

2021

July

2021

Aug.

2021

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 5.0 2.8 2.6 5.1 3.3 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.7

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 6.4 3.2 2.8 6.4 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 8.5 5.7 5.3 8.4 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.4 5.2

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 8.8 6.0 5.5 8.7 6.4 6.1 6.2 5.7 5.4

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 9.7 6.8 6.2 9.6 7.2 6.9 6.9 6.5 6.1

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 14.3 9.6 8.9 14.2 10.4 10.2 9.8 9.2 8.8

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

Aug.

2020

Aug.

2021

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 99,592 99,823 40,436 40,496 59,156 59,327

Persons who currently want a job................................ 7,184 5,810 3,389 2,518 3,795 3,293

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 2,083 1,558 1,119 819 965 739

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 551 367 350 227 202 140

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,532 1,191 769 592 763 599

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 6,541 6,783 3,296 3,439 3,245 3,344

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.7 4.7

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 3,712 3,846 2,063 2,094 1,649 1,753

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,564 1,489 574 586 989 903

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 291 325 163 173 127 152

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 948 1,045 481 550 468 495

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Change

from:

July2021 -

Aug.2021p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,728 146,578 146,544 146,856 141,149 145,902 146,955 147,190 235

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,704 124,910 125,769 125,871 119,076 124,104 124,902 125,145 243

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,188 20,629 20,742 20,782 19,880 20,377 20,441 20,481 40

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 634 643 647 589 632 638 644 6

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.9 44.7 45.5 45.7 44.7 44.8 44.7 44.7 0.0

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.1 589.0 597.3 601.0 544.3 586.7 593.2 599.2 6.0

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.9 137.6 139.4 140.3 134.8 137.6 138.2 139.0 0.8

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.8 183.4 186.3 186.8 176.5 181.8 182.2 183.4 1.2

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 41.5 41.4 42.6 40.5 42.1 41.5 42.5 1.0

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 42.7 43.0 42.7 41.9 42.6 42.7 42.5 -0.2

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.9 99.2 101.9 101.5 94.1 97.1 98.0 98.4 0.4

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.4 268.0 271.6 273.9 233.0 267.3 272.8 276.8 4.0

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,460 7,598 7,641 7,643 7,223 7,413 7,419 7,416 -3

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,652.7 1,716.1 1,732.7 1,723.3 1,613.9 1,688.0 1,691.0 1,688.3 -2.7

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.4 884.4 897.4 894.2 819.7 873.4 880.6 880.7 0.1

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818.3 831.7 835.3 829.1 794.2 814.6 810.4 807.6 -2.8

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,085.9 1,099.2 1,096.2 1,098.7 1,021.5 1,046.5 1,042.3 1,034.0 -8.3

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,721.5 4,783.0 4,812.4 4,820.8 4,587.5 4,678.1 4,685.2 4,693.3 8.1

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,132.2 2,209.0 2,215.0 2,221.1 2,086.1 2,160.6 2,161.1 2,178.4 17.3

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,589.3 2,574.0 2,597.4 2,599.7 2,501.4 2,517.5 2,524.1 2,514.9 -9.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,133 12,397 12,458 12,492 12,068 12,332 12,384 12,421 37

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,524 7,710 7,728 7,762 7,500 7,663 7,704 7,735 31

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.6 405.5 409.1 412.2 388.8 404.2 406.1 407.9 1.8

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.6 401.6 403.5 404.0 389.6 394.2 396.1 396.5 0.4

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345.2 355.6 357.5 354.7 345.5 352.2 354.9 355.1 0.2

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,373.4 1,416.9 1,419.7 1,419.1 1,370.8 1,406.1 1,411.7 1,418.3 6.6

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041.8 1,074.8 1,082.0 1,079.3 1,039.1 1,067.8 1,076.9 1,076.9 0.0

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,072.2 1,089.9 1,091.2 1,092.1 1,068.8 1,086.0 1,086.6 1,088.0 1.4

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 162.9 165.7 165.8 166.9 162.3 165.3 165.8 165.9 0.1

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.6 86.6 86.2 85.0 85.3 86.1 86.0 84.9 -1.1

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370.2 374.7 374.7 375.2 368.5 372.3 372.0 373.1 1.1

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.5 428.4 429.8 430.0 419.3 428.0 428.3 429.6 1.3

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 34.5 34.7 35.0 33.4 34.3 34.5 34.5 0.0

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 372.1 382.0 384.9 381.5 370.6 381.5 383.0 379.9 -3.1

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,586.4 1,592.5 1,587.3 1,626.7 1,585.4 1,584.9 1,598.9 1,624.4 25.5

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889.3 888.7 886.2 925.8 890.6 888.7 899.2 923.3 24.1

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350.2 361.0 362.4 361.4 349.9 361.3 361.2 361.0 -0.2

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593.1 630.0 630.8 630.8 591.0 624.8 629.0 627.2 -1.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,609 4,687 4,730 4,730 4,568 4,669 4,680 4,686 6

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,638.0 1,635.1 1,662.7 1,659.3 1,616.0 1,633.5 1,637.1 1,638.7 1.6

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2 98.0 98.2 97.9 93.0 97.5 97.6 97.3 -0.3

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.7 106.5 107.3 107.1 102.4 106.9 106.4 106.7 0.3

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.5 94.0 93.1 93.0 88.1 92.9 92.8 92.3 -0.5

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.2 352.9 353.3 354.2 352.9 352.3 351.9 352.7 0.8

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 365.1 374.5 373.4 374.9 362.6 373.9 372.9 372.4 -0.5

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.9 102.3 103.1 103.0 103.5 100.2 100.1 100.4 0.3

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842.8 859.3 863.1 860.6 842.4 856.0 859.0 860.4 1.4

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710.0 729.3 732.4 736.7 707.4 726.3 728.6 731.7 3.1

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.4 335.0 343.2 343.0 300.0 329.4 333.2 333.1 -0.1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,516 104,281 105,027 105,089 99,196 103,727 104,461 104,664 203

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,452 27,318 27,339 27,314 26,553 27,344 27,405 27,429 24

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,565.2 5,729.3 5,745.4 5,741.7 5,544.5 5,707.1 5,720.7 5,722.1 1.4

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,045.6 3,142.5 3,151.2 3,155.4 3,031.7 3,132.3 3,139.4 3,142.4 3.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,042.0 2,111.7 2,114.2 2,105.7 2,036.2 2,099.2 2,103.6 2,101.6 -2.0

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Change

from:

July2021 -

Aug.2021p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477.6 475.1 480.0 480.6 476.6 475.6 477.7 478.1 0.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,965.5 15,339.3 15,350.5 15,286.1 14,995.8 15,361.4 15,353.4 15,324.9 -28.5

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,914.7 1,991.2 1,992.0 1,990.4 1,904.3 1,981.1 1,976.9 1,980.3 3.4

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,209.7 1,255.1 1,254.0 1,254.9 1,207.3 1,254.7 1,250.6 1,253.0 2.4

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.6 172.7 172.4 171.5 149.1 163.3 163.7 164.7 1.0

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 549.4 563.4 565.6 564.0 547.9 563.1 562.6 562.6 0.0

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 405.1 444.3 442.5 442.5 410.8 448.6 448.1 448.2 0.1

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 406.3 407.5 410.0 414.9 421.2 421.4 425.0 428.5 3.5

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,391.6 1,463.5 1,407.2 1,371.1 1,378.2 1,399.7 1,369.6 1,356.6 -13.0

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,131.2 3,119.4 3,121.2 3,091.4 3,114.4 3,102.4 3,099.7 3,076.5 -23.2

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 935.3 1,000.4 1,000.2 997.6 943.0 1,003.5 1,003.7 1,003.9 0.2

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938.5 959.0 968.0 968.1 924.9 947.1 956.0 952.6 -3.4

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 926.8 1,021.2 1,047.3 1,044.9 930.9 1,048.4 1,051.0 1,047.0 -4.0

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.2 479.8 485.7 488.3 457.4 492.0 495.9 500.2 4.3

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,125.1 3,011.6 3,014.0 3,011.8 3,168.1 3,079.5 3,077.5 3,072.5 -5.0

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951.4 962.0 965.6 968.4 981.1 1,003.0 1,004.1 1,001.8 -2.3

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,173.7 2,049.6 2,048.4 2,043.4 2,187.0 2,076.5 2,073.4 2,070.7 -2.7

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761.1 830.9 842.5 840.8 754.4 818.4 825.4 830.7 5.3

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583.6 610.5 619.9 624.3 588.2 619.3 624.6 627.9 3.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,380.1 5,708.0 5,700.5 5,747.7 5,472.4 5,736.8 5,791.8 5,845.0 53.2

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.4 436.6 441.6 451.9 410.8 432.7 436.6 448.0 11.4

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.4 143.8 143.8 143.8 145.1 144.5 143.8 143.3 -0.5

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 61.2 62.7 60.7 57.8 59.4 59.5 58.8 -0.7

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,463.4 1,501.9 1,512.5 1,517.4 1,445.8 1,488.3 1,493.1 1,498.5 5.4

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.2 381.0 337.2 328.6 337.6 385.8 401.2 393.4 -7.8

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.6 49.2 49.3 49.2 50.6 49.1 49.2 49.1 -0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 27.1 38.0 40.3 40.6 20.5 30.2 30.6 30.7 0.1

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 681.5 711.1 718.2 723.4 680.3 711.0 717.0 722.2 5.2

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920.3 976.5 973.4 983.4 968.9 1,001.2 1,011.3 1,031.3 20.0

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,344.2 1,408.7 1,421.5 1,448.7 1,355.0 1,434.6 1,449.5 1,469.7 20.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541.4 540.9 542.4 538.5 539.9 538.6 538.6 537.3 -1.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,622 2,730 2,763 2,771 2,617 2,726 2,747 2,764 17

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 753.3 775.9 777.8 779.9 749.9 772.1 771.7 776.2 4.5

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238.2 299.9 320.4 315.6 233.2 294.4 312.6 309.0 -3.6

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241.6 236.0 236.2 237.8 242.9 238.4 238.5 239.4 0.9

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683.0 673.0 677.5 674.9 685.3 676.6 677.1 677.3 0.2

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350.0 370.3 369.8 377.7 351.9 370.7 368.3 380.2 11.9

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.9 375.1 381.5 385.5 353.5 374.1 378.7 382.2 3.5

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,730 8,842 8,890 8,899 8,674 8,806 8,830 8,846 16

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,509.2 6,538.1 6,559.2 6,560.2 6,493.3 6,534.3 6,543.5 6,547.3 3.8

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.4 20.3 20.6 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.2 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,655.3 2,663.3 2,674.3 2,676.6 2,649.2 2,661.3 2,669.4 2,673.1 3.7

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,769.2 1,734.2 1,733.8 1,730.1 1,763.6 1,727.4 1,726.4 1,725.0 -1.4

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,384.6 1,345.8 1,344.4 1,341.4 1,380.0 1,341.4 1,338.7 1,337.3 -1.4

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 582.2 611.0 616.1 621.0 579.8 613.0 617.8 620.8 3.0

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 303.9 318.1 324.4 325.5 305.9 320.9 325.2 327.3 2.1

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 974.8 992.3 1,004.9 1,006.3 965.8 991.0 995.3 996.2 0.9

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,858.7 2,862.2 2,859.4 2,857.0 2,858.1 2,861.8 2,858.6 2,857.8 -0.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,221.1 2,304.3 2,330.5 2,338.6 2,181.0 2,271.8 2,286.5 2,298.9 12.4

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,703.9 1,762.6 1,776.6 1,785.6 1,680.1 1,747.0 1,752.8 1,763.4 10.6

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.3 519.1 531.4 530.5 478.4 502.6 511.6 513.4 1.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Change

from:

July2021 -

Aug.2021p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.9 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.2 22.1 22.1 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,060 20,918 21,062 21,175 19,915 20,848 20,927 21,001 74

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,341.9 9,772.7 9,880.5 9,915.2 9,341.8 9,791.0 9,837.8 9,896.3 58.5

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,113.6 1,143.4 1,145.2 1,142.6 1,111.6 1,134.0 1,136.9 1,141.2 4.3

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 935.8 1,002.4 1,011.9 1,013.3 993.6 1,055.0 1,063.5 1,067.9 4.4

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,517.2 1,575.1 1,593.2 1,599.1 1,499.4 1,556.5 1,560.8 1,579.5 18.7

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130.5 140.0 142.4 141.8 130.9 139.2 141.1 141.3 0.2

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,180.7 2,247.5 2,286.7 2,296.1 2,162.5 2,251.7 2,259.1 2,268.9 9.8

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,517.1 1,616.6 1,632.1 1,642.3 1,507.7 1,615.9 1,623.6 1,630.6 7.0

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768.3 822.7 833.5 837.0 762.6 817.2 824.9 832.3 7.4

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.8 445.9 448.1 449.8 433.4 444.6 445.6 447.3 1.7

Other professional and technical services. . . 742.9 779.1 787.4 793.2 740.2 776.9 782.3 787.3 5.0

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,327.0 2,344.6 2,346.1 2,343.6 2,315.1 2,329.9 2,328.6 2,332.2 3.6

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,390.6 8,800.9 8,835.1 8,916.2 8,258.3 8,726.6 8,760.2 8,772.8 12.6

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 7,944.5 8,348.9 8,380.7 8,462.2 7,819.0 8,280.0 8,313.5 8,325.5 12.0

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 522.9 554.2 557.9 566.9 520.7 551.5 557.0 563.3 6.3

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.8 149.7 150.4 151.6 155.1 150.5 151.0 152.0 1.0

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,965.2 3,271.8 3,277.1 3,339.9 2,955.0 3,314.5 3,324.5 3,323.0 -1.5

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,387.6 2,636.0 2,636.4 2,692.6 2,380.0 2,678.3 2,688.4 2,682.6 -5.8

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781.3 768.8 768.4 774.4 788.2 780.4 779.0 781.3 2.3

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.8 155.5 160.1 161.1 152.0 152.8 158.0 159.2 1.2

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 891.9 900.0 896.7 901.8 889.0 899.9 898.3 898.8 0.5

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,184.2 2,241.9 2,259.9 2,251.7 2,067.4 2,128.1 2,131.6 2,132.2 0.6

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290.4 307.0 310.2 314.8 291.6 302.3 314.1 315.7 1.6

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.1 452.0 454.4 454.0 439.3 446.6 446.7 447.3 0.6

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,782 23,347 23,313 23,341 23,084 23,537 23,625 23,660 35

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,171.1 3,333.1 3,289.9 3,309.8 3,460.9 3,535.8 3,579.9 3,620.1 40.2

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,611.1 20,014.3 20,023.5 20,031.0 19,623.1 20,001.2 20,044.7 20,040.1 -4.6

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,774.2 15,970.9 16,004.5 15,997.6 15,758.3 15,954.5 15,983.6 15,978.7 -4.9

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,513.7 7,810.2 7,838.2 7,836.9 7,509.7 7,802.0 7,831.0 7,829.8 -1.2

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,616.3 2,695.2 2,706.5 2,706.8 2,618.2 2,696.8 2,706.2 2,708.6 2.4

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957.5 1,016.7 1,019.8 1,024.1 954.1 1,012.5 1,016.1 1,018.1 2.0

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 911.9 976.4 989.7 993.1 909.3 974.1 987.4 989.9 2.5

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969.0 1,004.8 1,006.6 1,008.2 970.1 1,005.0 1,006.4 1,008.7 2.3

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 277.6 294.2 294.6 297.3 277.4 294.0 295.4 297.0 1.6

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,478.9 1,505.8 1,502.8 1,490.8 1,478.6 1,503.1 1,502.5 1,490.9 -11.6

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.5 317.1 318.2 316.6 301.9 316.5 317.0 316.6 -0.4

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,112.8 5,139.6 5,150.1 5,151.8 5,113.9 5,138.1 5,149.5 5,152.7 3.2

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,147.7 3,021.1 3,016.2 3,008.9 3,134.7 3,014.4 3,003.1 2,996.2 -6.9

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,464.6 1,372.8 1,375.0 1,369.2 1,459.2 1,371.1 1,371.1 1,364.0 -7.1

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 611.9 602.8 598.3 597.2 609.7 600.3 594.3 595.0 0.7

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914.4 895.0 893.3 891.6 909.9 893.7 889.8 887.2 -2.6

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 156.8 150.5 149.6 150.9 155.9 149.3 147.9 150.0 2.1

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,836.9 4,043.4 4,019.0 4,033.4 3,864.8 4,046.7 4,061.1 4,061.4 0.3

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,560.2 2,658.8 2,674.9 2,676.5 2,559.3 2,650.5 2,669.1 2,675.1 6.0

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 181.2 184.3 183.2 182.6 182.4 183.9 183.8 184.2 0.4

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 280.4 286.5 287.0 284.7 277.5 282.3 282.5 282.3 -0.2

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.1 913.8 873.9 889.6 845.6 930.0 925.7 919.8 -5.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,445 15,397 15,872 15,798 12,963 14,801 15,216 15,216 0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,837.9 2,278.0 2,388.4 2,365.5 1,647.1 2,037.6 2,090.3 2,125.8 35.5

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 304.8 423.6 426.1 431.5 290.2 397.7 405.2 410.4 5.2

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.9 150.9 156.8 152.7 125.7 138.6 141.9 142.2 0.3

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Change

from:

July2021 -

Aug.2021p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,398.2 1,703.5 1,805.5 1,781.3 1,231.2 1,501.3 1,543.2 1,573.2 30.0

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 11,606.8 13,118.6 13,483.1 13,432.8 11,315.7 12,762.9 13,125.5 13,090.6 -34.9

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,461.1 1,763.1 1,866.4 1,867.8 1,367.9 1,669.2 1,742.2 1,748.8 6.6

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 10,145.7 11,355.5 11,616.7 11,565.0 9,947.8 11,093.7 11,383.3 11,341.8 -41.5

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,425 5,729 5,788 5,791 5,390 5,665 5,711 5,748 37

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,289.8 1,357.2 1,371.6 1,377.5 1,287.2 1,351.3 1,360.6 1,369.3 8.7

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,283.2 1,402.4 1,419.7 1,430.0 1,279.0 1,387.3 1,405.9 1,425.1 19.2

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,852.2 2,969.7 2,997.0 2,983.1 2,824.1 2,926.7 2,944.8 2,953.4 8.6

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,024 21,668 20,775 20,985 22,073 21,798 22,053 22,045 -8

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,161 2,886 2,897 2,891 3,153 2,876 2,885 2,888 3

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,560.9 2,288.2 2,294.9 2,292.1 2,549.0 2,278.3 2,278.1 2,281.1 3.0

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599.7 597.8 601.9 599.2 603.6 597.4 606.4 606.6 0.2

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,784 4,808 4,747 4,782 5,060 5,074 5,085 5,060 -25

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,081.1 2,130.0 2,078.3 2,122.8 2,369.0 2,411.4 2,430.8 2,410.1 -20.7

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,703.1 2,678.1 2,668.5 2,658.7 2,691.0 2,663.0 2,654.4 2,649.5 -4.9

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,079 13,974 13,131 13,312 13,860 13,848 14,083 14,097 14

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,717.0 7,525.6 6,625.3 6,848.3 7,672.0 7,590.8 7,815.7 7,810.0 -5.7

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,361.8 6,448.1 6,505.9 6,463.4 6,187.9 6,256.8 6,267.6 6,287.2 19.6

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.7 34.7 34.7 34.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.9

Mining and logging................................................................ 44.3 45.4 45.2 44.6

Construction....................................................................... 38.9 38.6 38.8 38.8

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.1 40.3 40.5 40.3

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.3 40.4 40.7 40.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.8 40.2 40.2 40.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.6 33.7 33.7 33.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 34.5 34.5 34.5

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.5 39.1 39.4 39.3

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.8 30.9 30.8 30.8

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.5 39.0 38.7 38.7

Utilities........................................................................... 43.3 42.7 42.7 42.9

Information......................................................................... 36.7 37.2 37.2 37.2

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.6 37.6 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.4 36.6 36.7 36.6

Education and health services.................................................. 33.4 33.3 33.3 33.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.8 26.5 26.4 26.3

Other services..................................................................... 32.2 32.2 32.1 32.0

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Total private............................................... $29.47 $30.44 $30.56 $30.73 $1,022.61 $1,056.27 $1,060.43 $1,066.33

Goods-producing....................................... 30.16 30.95 31.08 31.18 1,200.37 1,234.91 1,243.20 1,244.08

Mining and logging.................................. 34.80 35.06 35.32 35.53 1,541.64 1,591.72 1,596.46 1,584.64

Construction.......................................... 31.82 32.86 32.95 33.07 1,237.80 1,268.40 1,278.46 1,283.12

Manufacturing........................................ 28.95 29.62 29.75 29.85 1,160.90 1,193.69 1,204.88 1,202.96

Durable goods.................................... 30.42 31.15 31.30 31.40 1,225.93 1,258.46 1,273.91 1,268.56

Nondurable goods................................ 26.51 27.08 27.19 27.28 1,055.10 1,088.62 1,093.04 1,096.66

Private service-providing.............................. 29.30 30.32 30.44 30.62 984.48 1,021.78 1,025.83 1,031.89

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 25.41 26.35 26.48 26.61 869.02 909.08 913.56 918.05

Wholesale trade.................................. 32.49 33.50 33.71 33.79 1,250.87 1,309.85 1,328.17 1,327.95

Retail trade........................................ 21.19 21.97 21.97 22.12 652.65 678.87 676.68 681.30

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.40 26.65 26.85 26.97 977.90 1,039.35 1,039.10 1,043.74

Utilities............................................. 44.08 44.65 44.91 45.08 1,908.66 1,906.56 1,917.66 1,933.93

Information........................................... 44.00 44.25 44.33 44.46 1,614.80 1,646.10 1,649.08 1,653.91

Financial activities................................... 38.10 40.17 40.28 40.53 1,432.56 1,510.39 1,514.53 1,523.93

Professional and business services.............. 35.29 36.62 36.80 37.03 1,284.56 1,340.29 1,350.56 1,355.30

Education and health services..................... 28.64 29.67 29.80 29.92 956.58 988.01 992.34 996.34

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.06 18.42 18.57 18.82 440.15 488.13 490.25 494.97

Other services....................................... 26.59 27.29 27.35 27.48 856.20 878.74 877.94 879.36

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

July

2021 -

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

July

2021 -

Aug.

2021p

Total private..................................... 103.7 108.1 108.8 109.0 0.2 146.1 157.3 159.0 160.2 0.8

Goods-producing............................. 90.1 92.6 93.2 93.1 -0.1 122.9 129.6 130.9 131.2 0.2

Mining and logging........................ 82.0 90.2 90.6 90.3 -0.3 114.6 126.9 128.5 128.7 0.2

Construction................................ 96.9 98.6 99.2 99.2 0.0 133.9 140.8 142.1 142.5 0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 87.1 89.4 90.2 90.1 -0.1 117.2 123.2 124.8 125.0 0.2

Durable goods........................... 85.1 87.2 88.3 88.0 -0.3 115.0 120.6 122.7 122.7 0.0

Nondurable goods...................... 90.7 93.7 93.9 94.0 0.1 122.1 128.7 129.6 130.2 0.5

Private service-providing.................... 107.3 112.5 113.3 113.6 0.3 152.8 165.9 167.7 169.0 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 99.1 102.9 103.2 103.3 0.1 135.8 146.3 147.3 148.2 0.6

Wholesale trade......................... 94.2 98.4 99.4 99.2 -0.2 128.0 137.9 140.2 140.2 0.0

Retail trade.............................. 93.8 96.4 96.0 95.8 -0.2 131.3 139.9 139.4 140.1 0.5

Transportation and warehousing...... 121.1 128.6 128.8 130.0 0.9 156.4 174.3 175.9 178.3 1.4

Utilities.................................... 101.1 99.5 99.5 99.7 0.2 147.3 146.8 147.6 148.5 0.6

Information................................. 87.7 92.6 93.3 93.9 0.6 137.4 145.9 147.3 148.7 1.0

Financial activities......................... 106.9 108.5 108.8 109.0 0.2 158.8 170.0 170.9 172.3 0.8

Professional and business services..... 113.7 119.6 120.4 120.5 0.1 162.4 177.4 179.4 180.7 0.7

Education and health services........... 125.9 128.0 128.5 128.6 0.1 173.5 182.7 184.2 185.2 0.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 95.4 111.9 114.6 114.2 -0.3 131.3 166.3 171.7 173.4 1.0

Other services............................. 100.1 105.2 105.7 106.1 0.4 145.8 157.3 158.4 159.7 0.8

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Total nonfarm............................................. 70,227 72,593 73,288 73,316 49.8 49.8 49.9 49.8

Total private............................................ 57,529 60,026 60,491 60,546 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,505 4,635 4,647 4,660 22.7 22.7 22.7 22.8

Mining and logging............................... 86 83 83 83 14.6 13.1 13.0 12.9

Construction....................................... 966 1,014 1,020 1,026 13.4 13.7 13.7 13.8

Manufacturing..................................... 3,453 3,538 3,544 3,551 28.6 28.7 28.6 28.6

Durable goods.................................. 1,833 1,874 1,879 1,884 24.4 24.5 24.4 24.4

Nondurable goods............................. 1,620 1,664 1,665 1,667 35.5 35.6 35.6 35.6

Private service-providing........................... 53,024 55,391 55,844 55,886 53.5 53.4 53.5 53.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 10,411 10,760 10,775 10,764 39.2 39.4 39.3 39.2

Wholesale trade................................ 1,663.4 1,725.3 1,726.3 1,726.9 30.0 30.2 30.2 30.2

Retail trade..................................... 7,280.2 7,429.8 7,419.8 7,405.4 48.5 48.4 48.3 48.3

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,335.0 1,471.2 1,494.6 1,497.0 24.4 25.6 25.8 25.6

Utilities........................................... 132.5 134.1 134.4 134.6 24.5 24.9 25.0 25.1

Information......................................... 1,043 1,085 1,087 1,097 39.9 39.8 39.6 39.7

Financial activities................................ 4,901 4,946 4,954 4,958 56.5 56.2 56.1 56.0

Professional and business services............ 9,127 9,592 9,681 9,717 45.8 46.0 46.3 46.3

Education and health services.................. 17,804 18,163 18,246 18,230 77.1 77.2 77.2 77.0

Leisure and hospitality........................... 6,880 7,838 8,058 8,052 53.1 53.0 53.0 52.9

Other services..................................... 2,858 3,007 3,043 3,068 53.0 53.1 53.3 53.4

Government............................................. 12,698 12,567 12,797 12,770 57.5 57.7 58.0 57.9

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Total private............................................................................... 96,836 100,927 101,660 101,879

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,163 14,517 14,598 14,625

Mining and logging.................................................................. 421 465 474 481

Construction.......................................................................... 5,378 5,494 5,512 5,500

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,364 8,558 8,612 8,644

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,091 5,220 5,270 5,309

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,273 3,338 3,342 3,335

Private service-providing.............................................................. 82,673 86,410 87,062 87,254

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 22,371 23,042 23,060 23,077

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,408.7 4,534.6 4,547.0 4,557.7

Retail trade........................................................................ 12,790.7 13,057.1 13,045.6 13,031.7

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,743.4 5,022.0 5,038.0 5,059.8

Utilities.............................................................................. 427.9 428.1 429.3 427.7

Information............................................................................ 2,065 2,161 2,185 2,193

Financial activities................................................................... 6,602 6,630 6,642 6,655

Professional and business services............................................... 15,940 16,637 16,718 16,798

Education and health services..................................................... 20,226 20,599 20,674 20,691

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 11,097 12,752 13,140 13,157

Other services........................................................................ 4,372 4,589 4,643 4,683

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.2

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.5 40.7 40.9 40.8

Mining and logging................................................................ 44.9 47.3 46.6 46.0

Construction....................................................................... 39.2 39.1 39.4 39.3

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.1 41.4 41.5 41.5

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.3 41.2 41.6 41.5

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.7 41.5 41.5 41.5

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.9 33.0 33.1 33.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.3

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.2 38.8 39.1 39.1

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.9 30.8 30.8 30.7

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.2 38.6 38.6 38.6

Utilities........................................................................... 42.9 42.8 42.6 42.8

Information......................................................................... 36.8 36.8 36.9 37.3

Financial activities................................................................ 37.0 37.4 37.5 37.4

Professional and business services............................................ 35.9 36.3 36.3 36.3

Education and health services.................................................. 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.5 25.0 25.2 25.1

Other services..................................................................... 31.2 31.3 31.2 31.0

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.1

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Total private............................................... $24.81 $25.72 $25.85 $25.99 $843.54 $877.05 $884.07 $888.86

Goods-producing....................................... 25.51 26.48 26.59 26.71 1,033.16 1,077.74 1,087.53 1,089.77

Mining and logging.................................. 30.35 31.05 31.37 31.55 1,362.72 1,468.67 1,461.84 1,451.30

Construction.......................................... 29.39 30.48 30.58 30.70 1,152.09 1,191.77 1,204.85 1,206.51

Manufacturing........................................ 22.87 23.76 23.88 24.01 939.96 983.66 991.02 996.42

Durable goods.................................... 23.84 24.82 24.92 25.05 984.59 1,022.58 1,036.67 1,039.58

Nondurable goods................................ 21.33 22.13 22.23 22.35 868.13 918.40 922.55 927.53

Private service-providing.............................. 24.66 25.57 25.69 25.84 811.31 843.81 850.34 852.72

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 21.57 22.35 22.54 22.63 735.54 766.61 775.38 776.21

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.92 27.59 27.87 27.87 1,028.34 1,070.49 1,089.72 1,089.72

Retail trade........................................ 17.75 18.57 18.63 18.70 548.48 571.96 573.80 574.09

Transportation and warehousing............... 23.15 23.78 24.10 24.29 884.33 917.91 930.26 937.59

Utilities............................................. 39.09 39.75 39.89 39.85 1,676.96 1,701.30 1,699.31 1,705.58

Information........................................... 36.16 37.06 36.83 36.75 1,330.69 1,363.81 1,359.03 1,370.78

Financial activities................................... 29.43 30.29 30.38 30.51 1,088.91 1,132.85 1,139.25 1,141.07

Professional and business services.............. 29.51 30.51 30.66 30.87 1,059.41 1,107.51 1,112.96 1,120.58

Education and health services..................... 25.47 26.74 26.92 27.07 830.32 871.72 877.59 882.48

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.72 16.24 16.48 16.60 360.64 406.00 415.30 416.66

Other services....................................... 22.57 23.19 23.20 23.41 704.18 725.85 723.84 725.71

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

July

2021 -

Aug.

2021p

Aug.

2020

June

2021

July

2021p

Aug.

2021p

Percent

change

from:

July

2021 -

Aug.

2021p

Total private..................................... 109.7 114.7 115.9 116.1 0.2 181.9 197.1 200.2 201.7 0.7

Goods-producing............................. 87.7 90.3 91.2 91.2 0.0 136.9 146.4 148.6 149.1 0.3

Mining and logging........................ 100.5 116.9 117.4 117.6 0.2 177.3 211.1 214.1 215.7 0.7

Construction................................ 105.6 107.6 108.7 108.2 -0.5 167.5 177.0 179.6 179.4 -0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 78.9 81.3 82.0 82.3 0.4 118.0 126.4 128.1 129.3 0.9

Durable goods........................... 79.0 80.8 82.4 82.8 0.5 117.6 125.2 128.1 129.4 1.0

Nondurable goods...................... 78.5 81.6 81.7 81.5 -0.2 118.3 127.6 128.4 128.8 0.3

Private service-providing.................... 115.9 121.5 122.8 122.7 -0.1 196.0 213.1 216.4 217.4 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 106.7 110.5 110.9 110.7 -0.2 164.4 176.5 178.7 179.0 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 100.0 104.4 105.5 105.8 0.3 158.8 170.0 173.6 174.0 0.2

Retail trade.............................. 100.0 101.8 101.7 101.2 -0.5 152.1 161.9 162.3 162.2 -0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 137.1 146.7 147.2 147.8 0.4 202.1 222.1 225.8 228.5 1.2

Utilities.................................... 93.9 93.7 93.5 93.6 0.1 153.2 155.5 155.7 155.7 0.0

Information................................. 86.7 90.8 92.0 93.4 1.5 155.3 166.5 167.8 169.9 1.3

Financial activities......................... 115.0 116.7 117.2 117.1 -0.1 208.2 217.5 219.1 219.9 0.4

Professional and business services..... 127.9 135.0 135.7 136.3 0.4 224.5 245.0 247.4 250.3 1.2

Education and health services........... 140.6 143.2 143.7 143.8 0.1 236.3 252.7 255.3 257.0 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 99.6 116.8 121.3 121.0 -0.2 166.5 215.4 227.0 228.0 0.4

Other services............................. 95.7 100.7 101.6 101.8 0.2 157.3 170.2 171.7 173.7 1.2

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.