For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, May 28, 2020 USDL-20-1103 

Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY

SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING INDUSTRIES – 2019

Labor productivity rose in 14 of 29 selected service-providing industries in 2019, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. This was one-third fewer industries compared to 2018 when labor 

productivity increased in 21 of 29 industries. Output increased in 17 industries in 2019 while hours 

worked increased in 18 industries. 

Chart 1. Largest changes in productivity in selected service-providing industries, 2019

5.6

5.5

5.3

8.8

13.2

5.9 -5.5

-10.8

-6.0

-11.2

-5.7

-3.7

Warehousing and storage

Wired telecommunications 

carriers

Line-haul 

railroads

Gambling industries

Wireless 

telecommunications 

carriers

Periodical 

publishers General freight trucking, 

long-distance

Couriers and messengers

Specialized freight trucking

General freight trucking, 

local

Truck, trailer, and RV 

rental and leasing

Water, 

sewage 

and other 

systems

-12

-8

-4

0

4

8

12

16

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16

Output Percent Change

Hours Worked Percent Change

Note: Bubble size represents industry employment. 

Value in the bubble indicates percent change in labor 

productivity.
Chart 1 shows the changes in output and hours worked for industries with the largest changes in 

productivity. Industries above the diagonal line had productivity growth. In 2 of the 12 industries shown, 

output grew while hours worked declined. This was the case in wireless telecommunications carriers, the 

industry that recorded the greatest growth in productivity, as well as gambling industries. Productivity 

growth also occurred when hours worked grew, but at a slower rate than output, as shown in warehousing 

and storage. In line-haul railroads, periodical publishers, and wired telecommunications carriers, 

productivity grew because hours worked declined more than output. 

Industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining productivity. In all of these industries, hours 

worked increased while output declined or grew at a slower rate. 

Trends in Labor Productivity in 2019

• Labor productivity increased in 14 of 29 industries in 2019. (See chart 2.) Among those with 

increasing productivity, output grew in 9 industries and hours worked grew in 5 industries.

• Productivity gains of at least 6.0 percent occurred in 2 industries: wireless telecommunications 

carriers (13.2 percent) and gambling industries (8.8 percent). In both industries, output increases 

coincided with declines in hours worked. 

• Hours worked grew in 18 of the 29 industries. 

• Hours worked increased in 13 out of the 15 industries which recorded declines in productivity. 

Of these, the largest gains in hours worked were in couriers and messengers (13.4 percent) and 

truck, utility trailer, and RV rental and leasing (8.1 percent); all other industries had gains of 

4.0 percent or less. 

Chart 2. Labor productivity growth in selected service-providing industries, 2019 

-11.2

-10.8

-6.0

-5.7

-5.5

-3.7

-3.4

-2.7

-2.4

-2.3

-2.2

-1.8

-1.2

-0.7

0.0

0.3

0.6

1.1

1.5

2.5

2.5

3.7

4.8

5.3

5.5

5.6

5.9

8.8

13.2

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16

General freight trucking, local

Couriers and messengers

Specialized freight trucking

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

General freight trucking, long-distance

Water, sewage and other systems

Drycleaning and laundry services

Postal service

Cable and other subscription programming

Engineering services

Natural gas distribution

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Amusement parks and arcades

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Restaurants and other eating places

Radio and television broadcasting

Power generation and supply

Newspaper publishers

Air transportation

Commercial banking

Automotive repair and maintenance

Software publishers

Line-haul railroads

Wired telecommunications carriers

Warehousing and storage

Periodical publishers

Gambling industries

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Percent Change

Productivity

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16

Percent Change

Output

Hours

2
Unit labor costs declined in 5 industries in 2019. Each of the industries with a decline in unit labor costs 

also recorded an increase in productivity. Increases in labor productivity counter the impact of rising 

hourly compensation on unit labor costs facing employers. 

Trends in Unit Labor Costs in 2019 

• The largest declines in unit labor costs were in periodical publishers (-6.7 percent) and 

gambling industries (-5.3 percent). Productivity grew in both industries while hourly 

compensation fell in periodical publishers and rose in gambling industries. (See chart 3.) 

• All unit labor cost declines occurred in industries where productivity rose. 

• Each of the industries where productivity fell also recorded an increase in unit labor costs. 

• Hourly compensation rose in 27 of the 29 industries measured. 

Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation costs in selected service-providing 

industries, 2019 

Long Term Productivity Trends 

Chart 4 displays the number of industries with increases in productivity, output, and hours worked 

for selected time periods through 2018, the latest year for which data are available for all 58 

selected service-providing industries published on the BLS website. 

18.4

13.2

11.4

10.4

10.2

9.8

8.1

6.9

6.4

5.9

5.4

5.2

4.6

4.5

4.4

3.9

3.5

3.4

3.4

3.2

2.6

2.1

0.8

0.6

-0.5

-1.1

-1.9

-5.3

-6.7

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20

General freight trucking, local

Couriers and messengers

Postal service

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing

Specialized freight trucking

General freight trucking, long-distance

Water, sewage and other systems

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

Travel arrangement and reservation services

Newspaper publishers

Cable and other subscription programming

Power generation and supply

Amusement parks and arcades

Accounting and bookkeeping services

Radio and television broadcasting

Restaurants and other eating places

Air transportation

Engineering services

Drycleaning and laundry services

Natural gas distribution

Warehousing and storage

Wired telecommunications carriers

Commercial banking

Automotive repair and maintenance

Wireless telecommunications carriers

Software publishers

Line-haul railroads

Gambling industries

Periodical publishers

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Productivity Hourly Compensation

3
• Over the long term, productivity rose in 46 out of 58 service-providing industries. For the 

majority of the industries studied, this period extends from 1987 to 2018. 

• Median long term productivity growth for all 58 industries was approximately 1.5 percent 

per year.

• Output increased over the long term in 45 industries while hours worked increased in 38 

industries. 

• Productivity increased in 41 of the 58 industries in the period from 2007 to 2018 that began with 

a severe recession. During this period, only 38 industries had increases in output and 25 

experienced growth in hours worked. 

Chart 4. Number of selected service-providing industries with increases in labor productivity, output, and 

hours worked

0

10

20

30

40

50

1987-2018 * 1987-2007 * 2007-2018 2017-2018

Number of Industries

Productivity Output Hours Worked

* Note: Measures for 44 industries begin in 1987 while measures for 14 additional industries begin in later years.

58

4
Additional Information

Time periods for data covered by this release precede, and are therefore not impacted by, COVID-19. 

The productivity and costs measures in this release incorporate data from the Census Bureau’s Service 

Annual Survey (November 2019) and Nonemployer Statistics (June 2019). Accordingly, the labor 

productivity and output series for all industries have been revised for 2018 and earlier years. 

Access the productivity data dashboard at www.bls.gov/lpc/lpc_by_industry_dashboard.xlsx for 

• Additional industries and sectors 

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of 

industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation 

• Additional years and long-term data

Subscribe to productivity news releases on the BLS website at 

subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

5
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the 

labor hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in 

the amount of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity 

measures relate output in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not 

measure the specific contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects

of many influences, including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity,

energy, and materials; the use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment

services; the organization of production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and 

managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of 

output. The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor 

compensation by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship 

between compensation per hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly 

compensation increase unit labor costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation 

increases and reduce unit labor costs.

Output: Real industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the 

various products (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is 

usually derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for 

some industries it is measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and 

annual surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with 

information on price changes from BLS. Other data sources include: the Energy Information 

Administration, U.S. Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Transportation; the U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate Commission; and the 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Data from the Quarterly Service Survey from the Census

Bureau are used to construct preliminary output measures for 2019 for some industries. Data from 

both the Census Bureau's Quarterly Service Survey and Monthly Retail Trade Survey are used to 

construct preliminary output measures for 2019 for some industries. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current

Employment Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the 

number of total and production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm

establishments are supplemented with CPS self-employed and unpaid family worker data to 

estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS 

employment, CES data on the average weekly hours paid of production workers, CPS data on 

hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of hours worked to 

hours paid based on data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). For some industries,

employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from the BLS

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. 

Additional sources of employment and hours data for certain service industries include the 

Association of American Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal 

Service. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly

aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

6
Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries,

wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in 

kind. Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for 

voluntary programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for 

voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the 

employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. The estimates for 2019 are constructed using data from 

the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW).

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2019

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2018-2019

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 549.0 -0.1 5.0 -1.8 -1.8 3.1

Utilities.............................................................. 221 549.0 -0.1 5.0 -1.8 -1.8 3.1

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 385.5 1.1 5.2 -2.6 -3.7 2.5

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 110.3 -2.2 3.2 1.7 4.0 4.9

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 53.2 -3.7 8.1 -2.5 1.2 5.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 492.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 1.5 7.7

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 158.8 5.3 -1.9 -0.1 -5.1 -1.9

Truck transportation............................................... 484 1,765.7 -6.4 11.0 -4.2 2.3 6.3

General freight trucking........................................... 4841 1,274.3 -6.6 11.3 -4.3 2.5 6.6

General freight trucking, local.................................... 48411 343.9 -11.2 18.4 -8.3 3.3 8.5

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 930.4 -5.5 9.8 -3.5 2.2 6.0

Specialized freight trucking....................................... 4842 491.4 -6.0 10.2 -4.2 1.9 5.6

Postal service...................................................... 491 607.3 -2.7 11.4 -2.4 0.3 8.7

Postal service...................................................... 4911 607.3 -2.7 11.4 -2.4 0.3 8.7

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 872.5 -10.8 13.2 1.1 13.4 14.5

Warehousing and storage........................................ 493 1,197.7 5.6 2.6 6.7 1.0 9.5

Warehousing and storage........................................ 4931 1,197.7 5.6 2.6 6.7 1.0 9.5

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 790.6 6.6 -0.5 8.2 1.4 7.6

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 329.5 2.6 0.3 -5.3 -7.7 -5.0

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 144.4 1.5 5.9 -6.7 -8.0 -1.2

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 90.2 5.9 -6.7 -2.2 -7.6 -8.8

Software publishers............................................... 5112 461.1 4.8 -1.1 13.5 8.3 12.3

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 277.7 -0.9 5.2 -0.3 0.6 4.9

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 222.8 0.6 4.4 1.4 0.8 5.9

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 54.9 -2.4 5.4 -2.4 -0.1 2.9

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers.............. 5173 630.5 7.9 0.7 -0.3 -7.6 0.4

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 517311 523.6 5.5 2.1 -2.1 -7.2 -0.1

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 517312 106.9 13.2 -0.5 2.3 -9.6 1.8

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,391.2 2.5 0.8 1.9 -0.6 2.7

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 91.8 -5.7 10.4 1.9 8.1 12.6

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 5412 1,191.6 -1.8 4.5 0.1 2.0 4.6

Accounting and bookkeeping services.......................... 54121 1,191.6 -1.8 4.5 0.1 2.0 4.6

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 1,044.3 -2.3 3.4 1.4 3.8 4.9

Administrative and Waste Services

Travel arrangement and reservation services.................. 5615 248.8 0.0 6.4 -0.6 -0.6 5.7

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories............................. 6215 299.3 -1.2 6.9 2.0 3.3 9.1

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades.................................. 7131 229.3 -0.7 4.6 1.9 2.6 6.6

Gambling industries............................................... 7132 124.2 8.8 -5.3 4.5 -4.0 -1.1

Accommodation and Food Services

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 12,289.8 0.5 3.9 1.6 1.1 5.5

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 11,008.1 0.3 3.9 1.5 1.2 5.5

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 5,565.8 -2.2 6.7 -1.9 0.3 4.7

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 5,442.3 2.5 1.7 4.8 2.2 6.7

8
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2019

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2018-2019

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,165.0 3.7 0.6 0.7 -2.9 1.3

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 306.0 -3.4 3.4 0.2 3.7 3.6

9
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2018

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2018

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Utilities

Utilities.............................................................. 22 553.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 -0.7 2.9

Utilities.............................................................. 221 553.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 -0.7 2.9

Power generation and supply.................................... 2211 391.4 2.9 0.7 2.1 -0.9 2.7

Natural gas distribution........................................... 2212 109.8 1.2 3.1 0.1 -1.1 3.2

Water, sewage and other systems.............................. 2213 52.2 -1.7 4.6 0.8 2.5 5.4

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.................................................. 481 481.6 3.1 0.9 2.8 -0.3 3.7

Line-haul railroads................................................. 482111 166.2 3.5 -0.4 1.8 -1.6 1.4

Truck transportation1

.............................................. 484 1,708.3 0.6 1.1 2.0 1.1 3.2

General freight trucking1.......................................... 4841 1,228.6 1.1 1.2 2.4 0.9 3.6

General freight trucking, local1................................... 48411 326.7 2.5 0.3 3.7 0.8 4.0

General freight trucking, long-distance.......................... 48412 901.9 1.3 0.6 2.3 1.0 2.9

Specialized freight trucking2

...................................... 4842 479.7 0.7 2.1 1.9 1.5 4.1

Used household and office goods moving...................... 48421 101.4 -0.6 2.6 -0.1 0.5 2.5

Other specialized trucking, local2................................ 48422 237.6 0.3 2.6 1.8 1.6 4.4

Other specialized trucking, long-distance2

...................... 48423 140.7 1.2 1.7 3.1 2.0 4.9

Postal service...................................................... 491 608.5 0.4 2.9 -0.6 -1.0 2.3

Postal service...................................................... 4911 608.5 0.4 2.9 -0.6 -1.0 2.3

Couriers and messengers........................................ 492 771.2 -2.0 3.3 0.7 2.7 4.0

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 493 1,142.6 1.0 0.6 5.4 3.8 6.1

Warehousing and storage1

....................................... 4931 1,142.6 1.0 0.6 5.4 3.8 6.1

General warehousing and storage1

............................. 49311 1,017.3 2.0 -0.1 6.7 4.0 6.6

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1

........................ 49312 64.5 -0.3 1.7 2.8 2.9 4.6

Information

Publishing.......................................................... 511 767.8 3.8 1.7 3.5 -0.4 5.2

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................... 5111 350.1 0.2 4.0 -2.6 -2.8 1.2

Newspaper publishers............................................ 51111 152.4 -0.5 3.8 -4.2 -3.8 -0.6

Periodical publishers.............................................. 51112 95.4 -0.3 4.8 -1.7 -1.5 3.0

Book publishers................................................... 51113 64.5 -0.2 4.7 -1.1 -0.9 3.6

Software publishers............................................... 5112 417.7 10.4 -5.0 17.1 6.0 11.2

Motion picture and video exhibition............................. 51213 152.2 1.2 2.3 1.7 0.5 4.0

Broadcasting, except Internet.................................... 515 275.6 3.0 1.5 2.9 -0.1 4.4

Radio and television broadcasting............................... 5151 221.2 2.2 1.5 1.9 -0.4 3.4

Radio broadcasting................................................ 51511 85.2 3.7 1.2 2.4 -1.2 3.7

Cable and other subscription programming.................... 5152 54.4 5.0 2.6 6.3 1.2 9.0

Wired and wireless telecommunications carriers.............. 5173 666.4 6.6 -3.0 5.8 -0.7 2.7

Wired telecommunications carriers.............................. 517311 551.7 3.6 -0.5 2.4 -1.2 1.9

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................... 517312 114.7 12.1 -7.0 18.2 5.5 9.9

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.............................................. 52211 1,381.4 3.0 2.0 2.9 -0.1 5.0

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental.............................................. 532111 124.5 2.2 1.6 3.1 0.9 4.7

Truck, trailer, and RV rental and leasing....................... 53212 84.8 2.2 1.1 3.0 0.8 4.1

Video tape and disc rental....................................... 532282 10.5 5.1 -0.8 -2.7 -7.5 -3.5

Professional and Technical Services

Accounting and bookkeeping services3

......................... 5412 1,162.3 2.4 1.4 3.0 1.0 4.4

Accounting and bookkeeping services3

......................... 54121 1,162.3 2.4 1.4 3.0 1.0 4.4

Offices of certified public accountants3

......................... 541211 492.8 2.0 2.0 3.1 1.4 5.2

Tax preparation services......................................... 541213 135.1 0.7 2.3 2.0 1.3 4.3

Other accounting services3....................................... 541219 360.6 4.4 -1.4 4.4 0.5 3.0

Architectural services............................................. 54131 211.6 1.6 1.7 2.7 1.1 4.4

Engineering services.............................................. 54133 1,014.7 1.1 2.8 2.7 1.6 5.6

Advertising agencies.............................................. 54181 229.3 2.2 1.6 2.9 0.7 4.6

See footnotes at end of table.

10
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2017

NAICS

code

2018

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2018

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Photography studios, portrait..................................... 541921 53.6 0.7 1.3 1.3 0.6 2.6

Veterinary services4............................................... 54194 407.4 -0.9 4.2 1.8 2.7 6.1

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement and executive search5

................ 56131 303.8 4.7 -0.5 5.8 1.6 5.3

Travel arrangement and reservation services3

................. 5615 245.6 6.3 -1.3 4.3 -0.3 2.9

Travel agencies.................................................... 56151 107.6 6.0 -1.1 4.9 -1.1 3.7

Janitorial services................................................. 56172 1,408.6 2.0 1.4 3.7 1.6 5.1

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories5

............................ 6215 287.9 1.9 0.6 4.9 3.2 5.5

Medical laboratories5

.............................................. 621511 205.6 1.9 0.5 4.9 3.3 5.4

Diagnostic imaging centers5

..................................... 621512 82.3 2.0 1.1 4.7 3.0 5.8

Hospitals, except psychiatric and substance abuse

hospitals6........................................................ 6221,3 4,886.1 0.5 3.2 2.0 1.5 5.3

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement parks and arcades7................................. 7131 215.3 0.4 5.0 -0.1 1.8 4.9

Amusement and theme parks.................................... 71311 185.4 0.1 4.0 1.9 1.7 5.9

Gambling industries3.............................................. 7132 126.2 3.0 1.3 2.7 4.6 4.0

Golf courses and country clubs2................................. 71391 391.4 -1.0 4.1 0.0 2.9 4.1

Fitness and recreational sports centers2

........................ 71394 674.0 3.3 -0.3 4.1 2.6 3.8

Bowling centers.................................................... 71395 70.9 0.8 2.6 -0.9 -1.6 1.7

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services.............................. 72 14,176.1 0.8 2.7 2.4 1.6 5.1

Accommodation................................................... 721 2,060.7 1.9 1.8 2.7 0.8 4.6

Traveler accommodation......................................... 7211 1,969.0 1.9 1.8 2.7 0.8 4.6

Hotels and motels, except casino hotels........................ 72111 1,655.3 1.4 2.5 2.2 0.8 4.7

Food services and drinking places.............................. 722 12,115.4 0.5 3.0 2.2 1.7 5.3

Special food services............................................. 7223 869.7 0.9 1.7 2.3 1.4 4.0

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages........................... 7224 408.1 -0.3 3.0 0.0 0.3 3.0

Restaurants and other eating places............................ 72251 10,837.6 0.5 3.2 2.4 1.9 5.6

Full-service restaurants........................................... 722511 5,534.5 0.6 3.6 2.3 1.7 5.9

Limited-service eating places.................................... 722513,4,5 5,303.1 0.4 2.8 2.4 2.0 5.2

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance............................. 8111 1,173.3 1.0 2.3 1.5 0.5 3.8

Reupholstery and furniture repair................................ 81142 19.5 -0.8 3.6 -2.8 -2.0 0.8

Personal care services........................................... 8121 1,301.5 2.2 1.7 3.5 1.3 5.3

Hair, nail, and skin care services................................ 81211 1,061.8 2.0 1.8 3.1 1.1 4.9

Funeral homes and funeral services............................ 81221 111.4 -0.4 4.0 -0.4 0.1 3.6

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 8123 310.3 2.2 1.4 1.2 -1.0 2.6

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners....................... 81231 42.8 2.9 1.9 0.5 -2.3 2.4

Drycleaning and laundry services............................... 81232 134.6 0.8 2.2 -1.2 -2.0 0.9

Linen and uniform supply......................................... 81233 132.9 2.5 0.8 3.3 0.8 4.1

Photofinishing...................................................... 81292 10.0 3.0 1.7 -3.9 -6.7 -2.3

1 For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2018.

2 For NAICS industries 4842, 48422, 48423, 71391, and 71394, average annual percent changes are for 2002-2018.

3 For NAICS industries 5412, 54121, 541211, 541219, 5615, and 7132, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2018.

4 For NAICS industry 54194, average annual percent changes are for 2004-2018.

5 For NAICS industries 56131, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2018.

6 For NAICS industry 6221,3, average annual percent changes are for 1993-2016. Employment is for 2016.

7 For NAICS industry 7131, average annual percent changes are for 2007-2018.

11