Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-21-0980

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, June 4, 2021

Technical information: 

 Household data: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

 Establishment data: cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MAY 2021

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 559,000 in May, and the unemployment rate declined by 

0.3 percentage point to 5.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains 

occurred in leisure and hospitality, in public and private education, and in health care and social 

assistance.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

In May, the unemployment rate declined by 0.3 percentage point to 5.8 percent, and the number of 

unemployed persons fell by 496,000 to 9.3 million. These measures are down considerably from their 

recent highs in April 2020 but remain well above their levels prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) 

pandemic (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, respectively, in February 2020). (See table A-1. See the box note 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

May 2019 – May 2021

Percent

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

155,000

160,000

May-19 Aug-19 Nov-19 Feb-20 May-20 Aug-20 Nov-20 Feb-21 May-21

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 

May 2019 – May 2021

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

May-19 Aug-19 Nov-19 Feb-20 May-20 Aug-20 Nov-20 Feb-21 May-21
-2-

on page 5 for more information about how the household survey and its measures were affected by the 

coronavirus pandemic.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates declined in May for teenagers (9.6 percent), 

Whites (5.1 percent), and Hispanics (7.3 percent). The jobless rates for adult men (5.9 percent), adult 

women (5.4 percent), Blacks (9.1 percent), and Asians (5.5 percent) showed little change in May. (See 

tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of persons on temporary layoff declined by 291,000 to 1.8 million 

in May. This measure is down considerably from the recent high of 18.0 million in April 2020 but is 1.1 

million higher than in February 2020. The number of permanent job losers decreased by 295,000 to 3.2 

million in May but is 1.9 million higher than in February 2020. (See table A-11.)

In May, the number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks declined by 391,000 to 2.0 million. The 

number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) declined by 431,000 to 3.8 

million in May but is 2.6 million higher than in February 2020. These long-term unemployed accounted 

for 40.9 percent of the total unemployed in May. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate was little changed at 61.6 percent in May and has remained within a 

narrow range of 61.4 percent to 61.7 percent since June 2020. The participation rate is 1.7 percentage 

points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio, at 58.0 percent, was also little 

changed in May but is up by 0.6 percentage point since December 2020. However, this measure is 3.1 

percentage points below its February 2020 level. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons was essentially unchanged at 5.3 

million in May but is 873,000 higher than in February 2020. These individuals, who would have 

preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they 

were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

In May, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was essentially 

unchanged over the month at 6.6 million but is up by 1.6 million since February 2020. These individuals 

were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 

weeks or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who currently want a job, the number of persons marginally 

attached to the labor force, at 2.0 million, changed little in May but is up by 518,000 since February 

2020. These individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the 

prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of 

discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for 

them, was 600,000 in May, little changed from the previous month but 199,000 higher than in February 

2020. (See Summary table A.)

Household Survey Supplemental Data

In May, 16.6 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, down 

from 18.3 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked 

at home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the pandemic.
-3-

In May, 7.9 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer closed 

or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at some 

point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 9.4 million in the previous 

month. Among those who reported in May that they were unable to work because of pandemic-related 

closures or lost business, 9.3 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the hours not 

worked, unchanged from the previous month.

Among those not in the labor force in May, 2.5 million persons were prevented from looking for work 

due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 2.8 million the month before. (To be counted as 

unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 

help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 

with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 559,000 in May, following increases of 278,000 in 

April and 785,000 in March. In May, nonfarm payroll employment is down by 7.6 million, or 5.0 

percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. Notable job gains occurred in leisure and 

hospitality, in public and private education, and in health care and social assistance in May. (See table

B-1. See the box note on page 5 for more information about how the establishment survey and its 

measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

In May, employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 292,000, as pandemic-related restrictions 

continued to ease in some parts of the country. Nearly two-thirds of the increase was in food services 

and drinking places (+186,000). Employment also rose in amusements, gambling, and recreation

(+58,000) and in accommodation (+35,000). Employment in leisure and hospitality is down by 2.5 

million, or 15.0 percent, from its level in February 2020.

In May, employment increased in public and private education, reflecting the continued resumption of 

in-person learning and other school-related activities in some parts of the country. Employment rose by 

53,000 in local government education, by 50,000 in state government education, and by 41,000 in 

private education. However, employment is down from February 2020 levels in local government 

education (-556,000), state government education (-244,000), and private education (-293,000).

Health care and social assistance added 46,000 jobs in May. Employment in health care continued to 

trend up (+23,000), reflecting a gain in ambulatory health care services (+22,000). Social assistance 

added 23,000 jobs over the month, largely in child day care services (+18,000). Compared with 

February 2020, employment is down by 508,000 in health care and by 257,000 in social assistance.

Employment in information rose by 29,000 over the month but is down by 193,000 since February 

2020. In May, job gains occurred in motion picture and sound recording industries (+14,000). 

Manufacturing employment rose by 23,000 in May. A job gain in motor vehicles and parts (+25,000)

followed a loss in April (-38,000). Employment in manufacturing is down by 509,000 from its level in 

February 2020.
-4-

Transportation and warehousing added 23,000 jobs in May. Employment increased in support 

activities for transportation (+10,000) and in air transportation (+9,000). Since February 2020, 

employment in transportation and warehousing is down by 100,000. 

Employment in wholesale trade increased by 20,000 in May, mostly in the durable goods component 

(+14,000). Employment in wholesale trade is down by 211,000 since February 2020.

Construction employment edged down in May (-20,000), reflecting a job loss in nonresidential 

specialty trade contractors (-17,000). Employment in construction is 225,000 lower than in February 

2020.

Employment in professional and business services changed little in May (+35,000). Within the 

industry, employment continued to trend up in accounting and bookkeeping services (+14,000). 

Employment in temporary help services changed little over the month (+4,000), following a large 

decline in April (-116,000). Overall, employment in professional and business services is down by 

708,000 since February 2020.

Employment in retail trade changed little in May (-6,000). Clothing and clothing accessories stores 

added 11,000 jobs. Employment in food and beverage stores decreased by 26,000, following a decline of 

47,000 in April. Employment in retail trade is 411,000 below its February 2020 level.

In May, employment changed little in other major industries, including mining, financial activities, and 

other services. 

Average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 15 cents to 

$30.33 in May, following an increase of 21 cents in April. Average hourly earnings of private-sector 

production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 14 cents to $25.60 in May, following an increase 

of 19 cents in April. The data for the last 2 months suggest that the rising demand for labor associated 

with the recovery from the pandemic may have put upward pressure on wages. However, because

average hourly earnings vary widely across industries, the large employment fluctuations since February 

2020 complicate the analysis of recent trends in average hourly earnings. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

In May, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was 34.9 hours for the 

third month in a row. In manufacturing, the average workweek rose by 0.1 hour to 40.5 hours, and 

overtime increased by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. The average workweek for production and 

nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.1 hour to 34.3 hours. (See tables 

B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for March was revised up by 15,000, from +770,000 to 

+785,000, and the change for April was revised up by 12,000, from +266,000 to +278,000. With these 

revisions, employment in March and April combined is 27,000 higher than previously reported. 

(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies 

since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________

The Employment Situation for June is scheduled to be released on Friday, July 2, 2021, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET).
-5-

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on May 2021 Household and

Establishment Survey Data

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment survey, more data 

continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the pandemic. In the household survey, for the 

safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone 

interviews could not be done. 

As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as 

unemployed on temporary layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the 

share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the pandemic 

and has been considerably lower in recent months. Since March 2020, BLS has published an estimate of 

what the unemployment rate might have been had misclassified workers been included among the 

unemployed. Repeating this same approach, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in May 2021 

would have been 0.3 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the upper bound of 

our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of the misclassification error. 

More information about the impact of the pandemic on the two surveys is available at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-may-2021.htm.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

Change from:

Apr. 2021-

May 2021

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 260,047 261,003 261,103 261,210 107

Civilian labor force........................................................... 158,200 160,558 160,988 160,935 -53

Participation rate.......................................................... 60.8 61.5 61.7 61.6 -0.1

Employed................................................................... 137,224 150,848 151,176 151,620 444

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 52.8 57.8 57.9 58.0 0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 20,975 9,710 9,812 9,316 -496

Unemployment rate.................................................... 13.3 6.0 6.1 5.8 -0.3

Not in labor force............................................................ 101,847 100,445 100,115 100,275 160

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 13.3 6.0 6.1 5.8 -0.3

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 11.6 5.8 6.1 5.9 -0.2

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 13.9 5.7 5.6 5.4 -0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 29.6 13.0 12.3 9.6 -2.7

White.......................................................................... 12.3 5.4 5.3 5.1 -0.2

Black or African American.................................................. 16.7 9.6 9.7 9.1 -0.6

Asian.......................................................................... 14.9 6.0 5.7 5.5 -0.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 17.6 7.9 7.9 7.3 -0.6

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 11.6 5.3 5.3 5.1 -0.2

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 19.6 8.2 9.3 9.1 -0.2

High school graduates, no college........................................ 15.3 6.7 6.9 6.8 -0.1

Some college or associate degree........................................ 13.2 5.9 5.8 5.9 0.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 7.4 3.7 3.5 3.2 -0.3

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 18,270 6,226 6,387 5,841 -546

Job leavers...................................................................... 561 777 824 778 -46

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,613 2,253 2,072 2,149 77

New entrants.................................................................... 539 497 625 525 -100

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 3,875 2,177 2,414 2,023 -391

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 14,804 1,941 1,939 2,126 187

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 997 1,391 1,203 1,262 59

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,203 4,218 4,183 3,752 -431

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 10,633 5,826 5,243 5,271 28

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 9,570 4,629 3,997 4,069 72

Could only find part-time work............................................. 833 984 974 966 -8

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 14,455 19,102 19,057 19,160 103

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 2,392 1,853 1,856 1,955 99

Discouraged workers........................................................ 652 523 565 600 35

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,833 785 278 559

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,345 724 219 492

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 159 -36 3

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -21 15 1 0

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 93 -5 -20

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 51 -32 23

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 28 -31 18

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 -0.3 -37.7 24.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 23 -1 5

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,654 565 255 489

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 18.9 6.2 19.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.8 41.9 -30.2 -5.8

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -9.5 42.7 -52.7 22.9

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.5 0.6 0.6 -0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -39 5 9 29

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 13 16 -1

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 74 -81 35

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.1 -5.8 -115.8 4.4

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 104 25 87

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.3 51.3 35.6 45.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,455 227 328 292

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 37 35 10

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -512 61 59 67

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6,510 518 533 541

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6,003 489 522 478

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.1 49.7 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.6 81.4 81.3 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 34.9 34.9 34.9

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $29.74 $29.97 $30.18 $30.33

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,031.98 $1,045.95 $1,053.28 $1,058.52

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.3 107.3 107.5 108.0

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 1.4 0.2 0.5

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.3 153.8 155.2 156.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 1.4 0.9 0.9

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (257 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 73.0 60.9 62.3

Manufacturing (75 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.3 75.3 58.7 57.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260,047 261,103 261,210 260,047 260,851 260,918 261,003 261,103 261,210

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,975 160,379 160,607 158,200 160,161 160,211 160,558 160,988 160,935

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 61.4 61.5 60.8 61.4 61.4 61.5 61.7 61.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,461 151,160 151,778 137,224 150,031 150,239 150,848 151,176 151,620

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.9 57.9 58.1 52.8 57.5 57.6 57.8 57.9 58.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,514 9,220 8,829 20,975 10,130 9,972 9,710 9,812 9,316

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 5.7 5.5 13.3 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.1 5.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,072 100,723 100,603 101,847 100,690 100,708 100,445 100,115 100,275

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,422 6,466 7,087 8,917 6,957 6,933 6,850 6,647 6,600

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,782 126,316 126,369 125,782 126,192 126,224 126,266 126,316 126,369

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,963 85,112 85,329 83,895 85,149 85,061 84,917 85,410 85,210

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 67.4 67.5 66.7 67.5 67.4 67.3 67.6 67.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,004 79,965 80,430 73,694 79,714 79,666 79,681 80,017 80,062

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.8 63.3 63.6 58.6 63.2 63.1 63.1 63.3 63.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,959 5,146 4,899 10,200 5,434 5,395 5,236 5,394 5,148

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 6.0 5.7 12.2 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,818 41,204 41,040 41,887 41,043 41,163 41,349 40,905 41,159

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,410 118,003 118,059 117,410 117,864 117,902 117,949 118,003 118,059

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,240 82,275 82,394 81,073 82,173 82,095 81,978 82,333 82,182

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 69.7 69.8 69.1 69.7 69.6 69.5 69.8 69.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,076 77,447 77,786 71,668 77,204 77,193 77,194 77,348 77,340

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 65.6 65.9 61.0 65.5 65.5 65.4 65.5 65.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,164 4,828 4,608 9,405 4,969 4,902 4,784 4,985 4,842

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 5.9 5.6 11.6 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.1 5.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,170 35,728 35,665 36,337 35,691 35,807 35,972 35,670 35,877

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,265 134,787 134,841 134,265 134,660 134,694 134,737 134,787 134,841

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,011 75,268 75,277 74,305 75,012 75,149 75,641 75,577 75,725

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 55.8 55.8 55.3 55.7 55.8 56.1 56.1 56.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,457 71,195 71,348 63,530 70,316 70,572 71,167 71,159 71,557

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 52.8 52.9 47.3 52.2 52.4 52.8 52.8 53.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,554 4,073 3,929 10,775 4,696 4,577 4,474 4,418 4,168

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 5.4 5.2 14.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,254 59,519 59,563 59,960 59,648 59,545 59,096 59,210 59,116

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,072 126,648 126,704 126,072 126,507 126,546 126,594 126,648 126,704

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,316 72,378 72,323 71,548 72,147 72,173 72,668 72,503 72,707

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 57.1 57.1 56.8 57.0 57.0 57.4 57.2 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,630 68,605 68,664 61,630 67,851 67,928 68,513 68,430 68,811

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.9 54.2 54.2 48.9 53.6 53.7 54.1 54.0 54.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,686 3,773 3,659 9,918 4,296 4,245 4,155 4,073 3,895

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 5.2 5.1 13.9 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,755 54,271 54,381 54,524 54,360 54,373 53,926 54,145 53,998

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,566 16,451 16,446 16,566 16,481 16,470 16,460 16,451 16,446

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,419 5,727 5,889 5,579 5,841 5,942 5,913 6,152 6,046

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 34.8 35.8 33.7 35.4 36.1 35.9 37.4 36.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,755 5,108 5,327 3,926 4,975 5,118 5,142 5,398 5,468

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 31.1 32.4 23.7 30.2 31.1 31.2 32.8 33.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,663 618 562 1,653 865 825 771 754 578

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 10.8 9.5 29.6 14.8 13.9 13.0 12.3 9.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,147 10,725 10,558 10,987 10,640 10,528 10,547 10,300 10,400

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,154 201,687 201,743 201,154 201,588 201,606 201,642 201,687 201,743

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,552 123,638 123,766 122,702 123,727 123,737 123,819 123,964 123,897

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.9 61.3 61.3 61.0 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.5 61.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,761 117,458 117,808 107,550 116,699 116,859 117,166 117,358 117,553

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.6 58.2 58.4 53.5 57.9 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,792 6,180 5,958 15,152 7,027 6,878 6,653 6,606 6,344

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 5.0 4.8 12.3 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,602 78,049 77,976 78,453 77,862 77,869 77,823 77,723 77,845

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,294 64,600 64,589 64,221 64,550 64,434 64,289 64,593 64,492

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.7 69.8 69.8 69.7 69.8 69.7 69.5 69.8 69.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,633 61,269 61,508 57,340 60,988 60,989 60,935 61,155 61,182

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 66.2 66.5 62.2 66.0 66.0 65.9 66.1 66.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,661 3,331 3,082 6,881 3,561 3,446 3,353 3,439 3,311

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 5.2 4.8 10.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,129 54,576 54,564 54,250 54,529 54,599 54,911 54,603 54,698

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.9 56.2 56.2 56.0 56.2 56.3 56.6 56.2 56.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,194 52,147 52,105 47,155 51,739 51,782 52,155 51,965 52,079

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.8 53.7 53.6 48.7 53.3 53.4 53.7 53.5 53.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,935 2,429 2,459 7,094 2,790 2,817 2,756 2,638 2,618

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 4.5 4.5 13.1 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,129 4,462 4,613 4,231 4,648 4,704 4,619 4,768 4,707

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0 37.0 38.2 34.8 38.4 38.9 38.2 39.5 39.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,934 4,043 4,196 3,054 3,972 4,088 4,076 4,238 4,292

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.1 33.5 34.8 25.1 32.8 33.8 33.7 35.1 35.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,196 420 417 1,176 676 616 543 530 415

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.0 9.4 9.0 27.8 14.5 13.1 11.8 11.1 8.8

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,294 33,551 33,572 33,294 33,493 33,511 33,530 33,551 33,572

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,815 20,488 20,409 19,848 20,189 20,154 20,362 20,544 20,439

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 61.1 60.8 59.6 60.3 60.1 60.7 61.2 60.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,530 18,555 18,603 16,525 18,323 18,159 18,412 18,546 18,584

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.6 55.3 55.4 49.6 54.7 54.2 54.9 55.3 55.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,285 1,932 1,806 3,323 1,866 1,995 1,951 1,998 1,854

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 9.4 8.8 16.7 9.2 9.9 9.6 9.7 9.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,479 13,064 13,163 13,446 13,305 13,357 13,168 13,007 13,133

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,979 9,450 9,469 8,973 9,348 9,340 9,430 9,465 9,460

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.0 66.7 66.8 64.0 66.1 66.0 66.6 66.8 66.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,606 8,478 8,550 7,593 8,468 8,383 8,501 8,498 8,533

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 59.8 60.3 54.1 59.9 59.2 60.0 59.9 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,373 973 920 1,380 880 957 928 967 927

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 10.3 9.7 15.4 9.4 10.2 9.8 10.2 9.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,065 10,315 10,260 10,106 10,138 10,127 10,181 10,315 10,293

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 60.7 60.4 60.0 59.8 59.7 60.0 60.7 60.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,439 9,487 9,467 8,433 9,274 9,225 9,294 9,429 9,448

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.1 55.9 55.7 50.1 54.7 54.4 54.8 55.5 55.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,627 828 793 1,674 864 902 887 887 844

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 8.0 7.7 16.6 8.5 8.9 8.7 8.6 8.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 723 679 768 703 687 752 764 686

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 30.2 28.4 31.7 29.3 28.7 31.4 32.0 28.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 591 587 500 581 551 616 620 603

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 24.7 24.6 20.6 24.2 23.0 25.7 25.9 25.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 132 92 268 122 136 136 144 83

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.0 18.2 13.6 35.0 17.3 19.8 18.1 18.9 12.1

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,385 16,532 16,529 16,385 16,423 16,588 16,532 16,532 16,529

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,932 10,294 10,401 10,007 10,317 10,315 10,422 10,375 10,471

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 62.3 62.9 61.1 62.8 62.2 63.0 62.8 63.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,462 9,722 9,834 8,519 9,631 9,792 9,799 9,786 9,890

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.6 58.8 59.5 52.0 58.6 59.0 59.3 59.2 59.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,470 571 567 1,488 686 523 623 589 581

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 5.6 5.5 14.9 6.6 5.1 6.0 5.7 5.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,453 6,238 6,128 6,378 6,106 6,273 6,110 6,157 6,057

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 44,053 44,719 44,786 44,053 44,521 44,587 44,651 44,719 44,786

Civilian labor force................................ 28,173 29,110 29,076 28,252 28,920 29,174 29,273 29,199 29,243

Participation rate............................... 64.0 65.1 64.9 64.1 65.0 65.4 65.6 65.3 65.3

Employed....................................... 23,321 26,922 27,105 23,283 26,437 26,701 26,975 26,889 27,110

Employment-population ratio............... 52.9 60.2 60.5 52.9 59.4 59.9 60.4 60.1 60.5

Unemployed.................................... 4,852 2,189 1,971 4,969 2,482 2,473 2,298 2,310 2,133

Unemployment rate......................... 17.2 7.5 6.8 17.6 8.6 8.5 7.9 7.9 7.3

Not in labor force................................. 15,880 15,609 15,709 15,801 15,601 15,413 15,378 15,520 15,543

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,496 16,094 16,035 15,507 15,789 15,952 16,007 16,086 16,079

Participation rate............................... 77.9 79.6 79.2 78.0 78.5 79.2 79.3 79.6 79.5

Employed....................................... 13,217 14,928 15,063 13,167 14,578 14,727 14,804 14,882 15,006

Employment-population ratio............... 66.5 73.9 74.4 66.2 72.5 73.1 73.4 73.6 74.1

Unemployed.................................... 2,279 1,166 972 2,340 1,211 1,224 1,203 1,204 1,073

Unemployment rate......................... 14.7 7.2 6.1 15.1 7.7 7.7 7.5 7.5 6.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,490 11,768 11,848 11,531 11,779 11,794 11,909 11,790 11,928

Participation rate............................... 57.0 57.5 57.8 57.2 57.8 57.8 58.3 57.6 58.2

Employed....................................... 9,350 10,923 11,006 9,350 10,743 10,792 11,035 10,909 11,043

Employment-population ratio............... 46.4 53.3 53.7 46.4 52.7 52.9 54.0 53.3 53.8

Unemployed.................................... 2,140 845 842 2,181 1,036 1,002 874 881 884

Unemployment rate......................... 18.6 7.2 7.1 18.9 8.8 8.5 7.3 7.5 7.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,187 1,249 1,194 1,214 1,352 1,428 1,356 1,323 1,236

Participation rate............................... 29.6 31.0 29.6 30.3 33.6 35.4 33.6 32.8 30.6

Employed....................................... 754 1,071 1,037 766 1,116 1,182 1,135 1,098 1,061

Employment-population ratio............... 18.8 26.5 25.7 19.1 27.7 29.3 28.2 27.2 26.3

Unemployed.................................... 433 178 157 447 236 247 221 225 175

Unemployment rate......................... 36.5 14.3 13.1 36.8 17.4 17.3 16.3 17.0 14.2

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,450 9,039 8,911 8,297 9,169 8,942 8,936 9,020 8,790

Participation rate.................................. 43.1 44.3 43.4 42.3 44.9 45.9 44.4 44.2 42.8

Employed.......................................... 6,887 8,205 8,181 6,668 8,337 8,035 8,204 8,185 7,993

Employment-population ratio................. 35.1 40.2 39.8 34.0 40.8 41.2 40.8 40.1 38.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,563 835 730 1,629 832 907 731 835 797

Unemployment rate............................ 18.5 9.2 8.2 19.6 9.1 10.1 8.2 9.3 9.1

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 33,756 34,768 34,921 33,766 34,506 34,462 34,278 34,704 34,930

Participation rate.................................. 55.0 55.4 55.5 55.0 55.2 54.7 54.8 55.3 55.5

Employed.......................................... 28,708 32,451 32,661 28,589 32,051 31,977 31,984 32,307 32,543

Employment-population ratio................. 46.8 51.7 51.9 46.6 51.3 50.8 51.1 51.5 51.7

Unemployed....................................... 5,048 2,317 2,260 5,177 2,455 2,485 2,295 2,397 2,388

Unemployment rate............................ 15.0 6.7 6.5 15.3 7.1 7.2 6.7 6.9 6.8

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,278 35,627 35,811 36,452 35,440 35,450 35,771 35,485 35,917

Participation rate.................................. 63.1 63.2 63.2 63.4 62.3 62.7 63.3 63.0 63.4

Employed.......................................... 31,581 33,622 33,812 31,637 33,257 33,360 33,677 33,422 33,808

Employment-population ratio................. 54.9 59.7 59.7 55.0 58.4 59.0 59.6 59.3 59.7

Unemployed....................................... 4,697 2,005 1,999 4,815 2,183 2,089 2,094 2,063 2,108

Unemployment rate............................ 12.9 5.6 5.6 13.2 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.9

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 60,269 60,786 60,493 60,478 60,391 60,744 60,835 60,804 60,727

Participation rate.................................. 71.7 72.1 72.2 72.0 72.2 71.8 72.0 72.2 72.5

Employed.......................................... 55,933 58,757 58,715 56,014 57,969 58,417 58,612 58,662 58,802

Employment-population ratio................. 66.6 69.7 70.1 66.7 69.3 69.1 69.4 69.6 70.2

Unemployed....................................... 4,336 2,030 1,779 4,464 2,422 2,327 2,224 2,142 1,925

Unemployment rate............................ 7.2 3.3 2.9 7.4 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.2

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,516 18,850 16,615 16,839 1,901 2,011

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,934 9,146 7,861 7,958 1,073 1,188

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 48.5 47.3 47.3 56.4 59.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,134 8,767 7,145 7,644 989 1,123

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9 46.5 43.0 45.4 52.0 55.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 379 716 314 84 65

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 4.1 9.1 3.9 7.8 5.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,582 9,704 8,754 8,881 828 823

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,511 4,833 3,755 3,985 756 848

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,570 3,836 3,088 3,273 482 563

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.1 79.4 82.2 82.1 63.8 66.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,202 3,683 2,768 3,159 434 524

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.0 76.2 73.7 79.3 57.4 61.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 153 320 114 49 39

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 4.0 10.4 3.5 10.1 6.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941 998 667 712 274 286

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,031 3,128 2,529 2,643 502 485

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,252 2,304 1,903 1,941 349 364

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.3 73.7 75.2 73.4 69.6 75.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,144 2,215 1,813 1,865 331 350

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.7 70.8 71.7 70.6 66.0 72.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 89 90 76 18 14

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 3.9 4.7 3.9 5.2 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 823 626 702 153 121

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,875 6,739 6,635 6,478 240 261

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,224 1,126 1,194 1,080 31 45

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 16.7 18.0 16.7 12.7 17.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,079 1,089 1,056 1,048 22 42

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.7 16.2 15.9 16.2 9.4 16.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 36 137 33 8 4

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 3.2 11.5 3.0 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,651 5,613 5,441 5,398 209 216

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,099 4,150 3,696 3,733 403 417

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,887 1,881 1,677 1,664 210 216

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.0 45.3 45.4 44.6 52.2 51.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,710 1,780 1,508 1,572 201 208

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 42.9 40.8 42.1 50.0 49.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 101 169 92 9 9

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 5.4 10.1 5.5 4.3 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,212 2,269 2,019 2,069 193 201

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,888 233,681 104,870 105,100 128,018 128,581

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,156 149,294 75,234 76,311 71,923 72,983

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 63.9 71.7 72.6 56.2 56.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,043 141,045 66,250 71,819 61,793 69,225

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.0 60.4 63.2 68.3 48.3 53.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,113 8,249 8,984 4,492 10,129 3,758

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 5.5 11.9 5.9 14.1 5.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,732 84,387 29,637 28,789 56,095 55,598

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,761 30,888 230,286 230,322

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,064 6,375 151,910 154,232

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.4 20.6 66.0 67.0

Employed............................................................................. 4,976 5,723 132,485 146,056

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 16.7 18.5 57.5 63.4

Unemployed.......................................................................... 1,088 653 19,426 8,176

Unemployment rate............................................................... 17.9 10.2 12.8 5.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,696 24,513 78,376 76,091

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,738 2,625 75,633 76,833

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.8 35.2 80.5 82.0

Employed............................................................................. 2,249 2,304 66,766 72,535

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 30.2 30.8 71.1 77.4

Unemployed.......................................................................... 489 321 8,866 4,297

Unemployment rate............................................................... 17.8 12.2 11.7 5.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,709 4,843 18,313 16,895

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,245 2,640 67,264 68,042

Participation rate..................................................................... 31.5 33.3 69.2 70.8

Employed............................................................................. 1,790 2,373 57,888 64,636

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 25.1 29.9 59.6 67.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 455 267 9,375 3,406

Unemployment rate............................................................... 20.3 10.1 13.9 5.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,891 5,286 29,943 28,128

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,081 1,110 9,014 9,357

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.1 7.2 23.0 23.1

Employed............................................................................. 937 1,045 7,830 8,885

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 6.2 6.7 20.0 22.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 145 65 1,184 473

Unemployment rate............................................................... 13.4 5.8 13.1 5.1

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,096 14,384 30,120 31,067

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 42,496 42,869 20,354 20,609 22,142 22,259

Civilian labor force.................................................. 26,622 27,327 15,276 15,578 11,346 11,749

Participation rate.................................................. 62.6 63.7 75.1 75.6 51.2 52.8

Employed.......................................................... 22,434 25,789 13,178 14,745 9,256 11,045

Employment-population ratio................................. 52.8 60.2 64.7 71.5 41.8 49.6

Unemployed....................................................... 4,188 1,537 2,098 834 2,090 704

Unemployment rate............................................ 15.7 5.6 13.7 5.4 18.4 6.0

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,874 15,542 5,078 5,031 10,796 10,511

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 217,551 218,341 105,428 105,760 112,123 112,581

Civilian labor force.................................................. 131,353 133,280 68,688 69,751 62,665 63,529

Participation rate.................................................. 60.4 61.0 65.2 66.0 55.9 56.4

Employed.......................................................... 115,027 125,989 60,826 65,685 54,201 60,303

Employment-population ratio................................. 52.9 57.7 57.7 62.1 48.3 53.6

Unemployed....................................................... 16,326 7,291 7,861 4,066 8,465 3,226

Unemployment rate............................................ 12.4 5.5 11.4 5.8 13.5 5.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 86,198 85,061 36,740 36,009 49,458 49,052

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,365 2,196 2,337 2,303 2,466 2,308 2,228 2,292 2,293

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,568 1,466 1,543 1,551 1,552 1,519 1,518 1,527 1,534

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 764 674 756 745 827 712 635 688 737

Unpaid family workers........................... 33 56 37 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 135,096 148,964 149,442 134,904 147,535 147,895 148,598 148,942 149,397

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 127,046 139,929 139,977 126,840 138,941 139,243 139,382 139,825 139,799

Government..................................... 19,951 20,640 20,613 19,749 20,689 20,829 20,644 20,410 20,454

Private industries............................... 107,095 119,289 119,364 107,048 118,102 118,151 118,616 119,548 119,449

Private households.......................... 498 602 586 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 106,597 118,686 118,778 106,551 117,532 117,451 117,896 118,995 118,901

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,008 8,960 9,370 7,928 8,721 8,787 9,241 8,962 9,265

Unpaid family workers........................... 41 75 94 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 10,429 5,031 5,046 10,633 5,954 6,088 5,826 5,243 5,271

Slack work or business conditions............. 9,369 3,866 3,843 9,570 4,756 4,723 4,629 3,997 4,069

Could only find part-time work.................. 892 984 1,012 833 986 1,166 984 974 966

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 14,669 19,836 19,364 14,455 18,519 18,369 19,102 19,057 19,160

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 10,286 4,968 5,016 10,486 5,824 5,986 5,804 5,178 5,231

Slack work or business conditions............. 9,237 3,812 3,819 9,433 4,691 4,661 4,592 3,949 4,039

Could only find part-time work.................. 888 979 1,012 826 986 1,154 982 970 963

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 14,289 19,501 18,984 14,073 18,112 17,998 18,726 18,713 18,774

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,461 151,160 151,778 137,224 150,031 150,239 150,848 151,176 151,620

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,755 5,108 5,327 3,926 4,975 5,118 5,142 5,398 5,468

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,284 1,879 1,967 1,425 1,784 1,868 1,923 2,057 2,080

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,471 3,229 3,361 2,501 3,222 3,245 3,256 3,337 3,380

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,706 146,051 146,451 133,298 145,055 145,121 145,706 145,778 146,151

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,596 13,018 13,082 10,651 13,216 13,216 13,150 13,118 13,157

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,109 133,034 133,369 122,631 131,689 131,789 132,492 132,540 132,898

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,147 97,234 97,419 89,925 96,307 96,461 96,856 96,952 97,172

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,356 34,377 34,470 31,307 33,884 33,988 34,099 34,319 34,406

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,163 32,491 32,567 30,099 32,162 32,146 32,406 32,407 32,491

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,628 30,366 30,383 28,520 30,261 30,327 30,351 30,226 30,275

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,963 35,800 35,949 32,706 35,382 35,328 35,636 35,588 35,726

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,004 79,965 80,430 73,694 79,714 79,666 79,681 80,017 80,062

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,928 2,518 2,643 2,026 2,510 2,474 2,488 2,669 2,722

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 919 967 670 892 938 879 970 1,013

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,319 1,599 1,677 1,355 1,634 1,550 1,632 1,680 1,707

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,076 77,447 77,786 71,668 77,204 77,193 77,194 77,348 77,340

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,475 6,712 6,709 5,474 6,810 6,763 6,711 6,770 6,719

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,601 70,735 71,077 66,296 70,317 70,329 70,499 70,562 70,798

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,647 51,680 51,835 48,482 51,368 51,436 51,542 51,616 51,664

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,869 18,328 18,382 16,842 18,133 18,145 18,229 18,339 18,352

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,408 17,532 17,590 16,349 17,358 17,390 17,468 17,477 17,525

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,370 15,820 15,863 15,292 15,876 15,901 15,845 15,801 15,787

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,954 19,055 19,242 17,813 18,950 18,892 18,957 18,946 19,134

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,457 71,195 71,348 63,530 70,316 70,572 71,167 71,159 71,557

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,827 2,590 2,684 1,900 2,465 2,644 2,654 2,729 2,746

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 960 1,000 755 892 930 1,044 1,087 1,067

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,152 1,630 1,684 1,147 1,588 1,695 1,624 1,656 1,673

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,630 68,605 68,664 61,630 67,851 67,928 68,513 68,430 68,811

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,122 6,305 6,373 5,177 6,406 6,453 6,440 6,348 6,438

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,508 62,299 62,291 56,335 61,371 61,460 61,993 61,978 62,100

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,499 45,554 45,584 41,443 44,939 45,024 45,314 45,336 45,508

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,487 16,049 16,087 14,465 15,751 15,843 15,870 15,980 16,054

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,755 14,959 14,976 13,750 14,804 14,756 14,938 14,930 14,966

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,257 14,546 14,520 13,228 14,384 14,426 14,506 14,425 14,488

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,009 16,745 16,707 14,892 16,432 16,436 16,679 16,642 16,592

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,039 43,977 43,849 42,823 43,819 44,033 43,695 43,805 43,647

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,079 35,192 34,986 33,019 34,668 34,803 34,910 35,013 34,950

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,768 9,420 9,711 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,620 125,635 126,579 116,545 124,990 124,868 125,803 126,161 126,384

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,841 25,524 25,199 20,819 24,627 25,109 25,078 25,024 25,202

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,509 6,883 7,249 5,564 6,623 6,678 6,817 6,916 7,269

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.6 4.8 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.8

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,249 6,196 6,063 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,772 9,634 10,126 8,673 9,548 9,498 9,876 9,651 10,002

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 20,975 9,812 9,316 13.3 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.1 5.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 1,653 754 578 29.6 14.8 13.9 13.0 12.3 9.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 582 261 203 29.0 15.9 14.8 12.6 11.3 8.9

18 to 19 years.................................. 1,047 497 355 29.5 14.2 13.7 13.3 13.0 9.5

20 years and over................................ 19,323 9,058 8,738 12.7 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 3,192 1,535 1,477 23.1 9.7 9.6 10.3 10.5 10.1

25 years and over.............................. 16,029 7,477 7,169 11.6 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.3 5.1

25 to 54 years............................... 11,653 5,600 5,354 11.5 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.2

25 to 34 years............................. 4,839 2,365 2,127 13.4 6.8 6.4 6.7 6.4 5.8

35 to 44 years............................. 3,385 1,673 1,707 10.1 5.7 5.7 5.1 4.9 5.0

45 to 54 years............................. 3,429 1,561 1,520 10.7 4.9 4.9 4.5 4.9 4.8

55 years and over........................... 4,395 1,878 1,834 11.8 5.3 5.3 4.5 5.0 4.9

Men, 16 years and over............................ 10,200 5,394 5,148 12.2 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.0

16 to 19 years..................................... 796 409 306 28.2 15.7 16.6 15.4 13.3 10.1

16 to 17 years.................................. 244 126 88 26.7 15.0 15.7 14.0 11.5 8.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 549 275 215 28.8 16.0 17.6 16.1 14.1 11.2

20 years and over................................ 9,405 4,985 4,842 11.6 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.1 5.9

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,567 883 826 22.3 10.0 10.1 10.9 11.5 10.9

25 years and over.............................. 7,761 4,073 3,940 10.5 5.8 5.6 5.2 5.5 5.3

25 to 54 years............................... 5,731 3,031 3,013 10.6 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5

25 to 34 years............................. 2,491 1,313 1,207 12.9 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.2

35 to 44 years............................. 1,690 843 968 9.4 5.8 5.6 5.1 4.6 5.2

45 to 54 years............................. 1,550 875 838 9.2 4.7 4.6 4.5 5.2 5.0

55 years and over........................... 2,030 1,043 927 10.2 5.4 5.6 4.5 5.2 4.6

Women, 16 years and over........................ 10,775 4,418 4,168 14.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 857 345 272 31.1 14.0 11.2 10.7 11.2 9.0

16 to 17 years.................................. 339 136 115 31.0 16.8 13.9 11.5 11.1 9.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 497 221 140 30.3 12.3 9.7 10.3 11.8 7.7

20 years and over................................ 9,918 4,073 3,895 13.9 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,625 652 651 23.9 9.5 9.1 9.5 9.3 9.2

25 years and over.............................. 8,268 3,404 3,229 12.8 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 4.9

25 to 54 years............................... 5,922 2,569 2,341 12.5 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.4 4.9

25 to 34 years............................. 2,348 1,052 920 14.0 6.6 6.2 6.8 6.2 5.4

35 to 44 years............................. 1,695 830 739 11.0 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.3 4.7

45 to 54 years............................. 1,879 687 682 12.4 5.1 5.3 4.5 4.5 4.5

55 years and over........................... 2,352 848 882 13.6 5.1 5.1 4.6 4.9 5.0

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 3,850 1,738 1,581 8.2 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.8 3.5

Married women, spouse present1................. 4,281 1,392 1,340 11.5 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.7

Women who maintain families2.................... 1,461 746 687 15.8 8.3 7.7 8.0 7.3 6.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 15,779 8,221 7,815 11.9 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.1 5.8

Part-time workers4.................................. 5,066 1,515 1,361 19.6 6.4 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.1

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 17,834 6,092 5,384 18,270 6,997 6,586 6,226 6,387 5,841

On temporary layoff.............................. 15,034 1,944 1,562 15,297 2,746 2,229 2,026 2,114 1,823

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,801 4,148 3,821 2,974 4,251 4,357 4,200 4,273 4,019

Permanent job losers.......................... 2,206 3,438 3,113 2,306 3,503 3,497 3,432 3,529 3,234

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 595 710 709 668 749 860 768 744 785

Job leavers........................................... 513 775 737 561 653 701 777 824 778

Reentrants............................................ 1,674 1,896 2,224 1,613 1,963 2,124 2,253 2,072 2,149

New entrants......................................... 492 457 483 539 542 582 497 625 525

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 86.9 66.1 61.0 87.1 68.9 65.9 63.8 64.5 62.9

On temporary layoff.............................. 73.3 21.1 17.7 72.9 27.0 22.3 20.8 21.3 19.6

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 13.7 45.0 43.3 14.2 41.9 43.6 43.1 43.1 43.2

Job leavers........................................... 2.5 8.4 8.4 2.7 6.4 7.0 8.0 8.3 8.4

Reentrants............................................ 8.2 20.6 25.2 7.7 19.3 21.3 23.1 20.9 23.1

New entrants......................................... 2.4 5.0 5.5 2.6 5.3 5.8 5.1 6.3 5.7

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 11.3 3.8 3.4 11.5 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.6

Job leavers........................................... 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 3,835 2,028 1,963 3,875 2,278 2,185 2,177 2,414 2,023

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 14,401 1,665 1,793 14,804 2,528 2,254 1,941 1,939 2,126

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,278 5,527 5,073 2,200 5,369 5,555 5,609 5,386 5,013

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 1,146 1,426 1,381 997 1,346 1,407 1,391 1,203 1,262

27 weeks and over............................... 1,132 4,101 3,692 1,203 4,023 4,148 4,218 4,183 3,752

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 10.9 30.4 30.7 10.4 26.0 27.6 29.7 28.8 29.9

Median duration, in weeks......................... 8.0 22.2 19.9 7.5 15.3 18.3 19.7 19.8 19.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 18.7 22.0 22.2 18.6 22.4 21.9 22.4 24.8 22.1

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 70.2 18.1 20.3 70.9 24.8 22.6 20.0 19.9 23.2

15 weeks and over.................................. 11.1 59.9 57.5 10.5 52.8 55.6 57.7 55.3 54.7

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 5.6 15.5 15.6 4.8 13.2 14.1 14.3 12.4 13.8

27 weeks and over............................... 5.5 44.5 41.8 5.8 39.5 41.5 43.4 43.0 40.9

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 137,461 151,778 20,514 8,829 13.0 5.5

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 62,374 64,268 4,440 1,879 6.6 2.8

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 26,598 27,876 1,437 833 5.1 2.9

Professional and related occupations.......................... 35,776 36,392 3,003 1,046 7.7 2.8

Service occupations................................................ 19,086 24,023 5,881 1,965 23.6 7.6

Sales and office occupations...................................... 26,904 30,363 4,356 1,868 13.9 5.8

Sales and related occupations.................................. 12,434 14,265 2,412 980 16.2 6.4

Office and administrative support occupations............... 14,471 16,098 1,943 889 11.8 5.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 12,363 14,100 1,876 995 13.2 6.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,119 1,155 101 109 8.3 8.6

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 6,872 7,922 1,232 670 15.2 7.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,372 5,022 543 216 11.0 4.1

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 16,733 19,025 3,446 1,628 17.1 7.9

Production occupations.......................................... 6,850 7,769 1,228 529 15.2 6.4

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 9,883 11,256 2,217 1,099 18.3 8.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 20,514 8,829 13.0 5.5

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 17,399 7,154 14.0 5.7

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 64 64 8.4 9.6

Construction.......................................................................... 1,187 642 12.7 6.7

Manufacturing........................................................................ 1,782 705 11.6 4.8

Durable goods..................................................................... 1,243 467 13.1 5.0

Nondurable goods................................................................ 539 238 9.3 4.3

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 2,895 1,301 15.1 6.6

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 1,018 566 14.2 7.2

Information............................................................................ 259 157 10.9 5.8

Financial activities................................................................... 559 292 5.7 3.0

Professional and business services............................................... 1,578 952 9.0 5.4

Education and health services..................................................... 2,458 840 10.1 3.4

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 4,434 1,294 35.9 10.1

Other services........................................................................ 1,165 341 18.4 5.3

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 105 138 6.5 8.4

Government workers................................................................... 1,603 474 7.4 2.2

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 915 579 9.4 5.3

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Apr.

2021

May

2021

May

2020

Jan.

2021

Feb.

2021

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021

May

2021

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.4 3.4 3.2 1.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.1

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 11.3 3.8 3.4 11.5 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.6

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 13.0 5.7 5.5 13.3 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.1 5.8

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 13.3 6.1 5.8 13.6 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.1

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 14.2 6.8 6.6 14.6 7.4 7.3 7.1 7.2 6.9

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 20.7 9.9 9.7 21.2 11.1 11.1 10.7 10.4 10.2

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

May

2020

May

2021

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 102,072 100,603 41,818 41,040 60,254 59,563

Persons who currently want a job................................ 9,422 7,087 4,535 3,482 4,886 3,605

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 2,292 1,872 1,242 1,018 1,050 854

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 598 551 341 317 257 234

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,694 1,321 901 701 793 620

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 5,509 7,249 2,703 3,570 2,807 3,679

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.0 4.8 3.7 4.4 4.4 5.2

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 3,121 4,041 1,687 2,143 1,434 1,898

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,262 1,668 418 574 843 1,094

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 285 373 193 226 92 147

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 805 1,093 390 592 415 501

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Change

from:

Apr.2021 -

May2021p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,419 143,315 144,412 145,385 132,994 144,057 144,335 144,894 559

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,800 121,421 122,408 123,413 111,680 122,515 122,734 123,226 492

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,301 20,080 20,208 20,368 19,262 20,360 20,324 20,327 3

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 610 611 615 601 613 614 614 0

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 44.3 41.5 41.7 45.1 44.9 44.2 43.1 -1.1

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.5 565.2 569.4 573.5 556.0 567.7 569.4 570.6 1.2

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1 133.5 134.2 133.8 133.1 135.2 136.7 135.5 -1.2

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.4 178.0 180.6 181.7 175.3 180.2 182.2 180.1 -2.1

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.7 43.4 42.3 41.9 40.4 43.2 42.4 42.4 0.0

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.7 41.7 41.7 41.9 40.5 41.6 41.6 41.8 0.2

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.0 92.9 96.6 97.9 94.4 95.4 98.2 95.9 -2.3

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249.0 253.7 254.6 258.0 247.6 252.3 250.5 255.0 4.5

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,070 7,203 7,370 7,484 7,004 7,448 7,443 7,423 -20

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,557.9 1,651.7 1,663.4 1,687.7 1,559.5 1,683.1 1,682.9 1,687.8 4.9

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776.7 854.0 857.6 872.7 776.6 869.9 867.8 872.2 4.4

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781.2 797.7 805.8 815.0 782.9 813.2 815.1 815.6 0.5

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,064.5 982.8 1,053.1 1,085.3 1,037.9 1,058.8 1,065.4 1,059.9 -5.5

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,447.2 4,568.4 4,653.8 4,710.6 4,406.8 4,706.0 4,694.4 4,675.1 -19.3

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 1,992.8 2,100.1 2,139.5 2,167.9 1,968.1 2,154.7 2,146.7 2,144.2 -2.5

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,454.4 2,468.3 2,514.3 2,542.7 2,438.7 2,551.3 2,547.7 2,530.9 -16.8

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,629 12,267 12,227 12,269 11,657 12,299 12,267 12,290 23

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,195 7,630 7,599 7,622 7,201 7,636 7,605 7,623 18

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.6 402.7 402.2 401.6 383.9 404.3 401.8 401.7 -0.1

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.8 389.0 397.3 399.4 384.6 397.1 398.0 395.8 -2.2

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339.6 349.5 350.1 353.2 339.7 348.2 349.8 352.0 2.2

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,370.2 1,397.9 1,395.2 1,397.2 1,370.9 1,396.5 1,392.2 1,395.7 3.5

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,037.7 1,059.8 1,059.6 1,056.3 1,037.9 1,059.3 1,061.2 1,056.5 -4.7

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,060.1 1,080.7 1,080.0 1,082.6 1,064.1 1,080.7 1,082.7 1,085.5 2.8

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 161.7 163.4 164.7 164.5 162.2 163.8 164.6 164.7 0.1

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.9 86.5 84.7 85.2 84.1 85.8 84.9 85.5 0.6

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.8 370.5 368.7 370.9 368.0 370.6 371.0 372.5 1.5

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417.4 426.6 428.0 428.1 418.1 426.3 427.7 428.6 0.9

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 33.7 33.9 33.9 31.6 34.2 34.5 34.2 -0.3

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 369.4 372.6 375.9 378.5 371.0 373.5 377.1 379.9 2.8

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,368.4 1,615.3 1,569.1 1,577.4 1,371.0 1,610.9 1,571.1 1,580.1 9.0

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661.9 916.2 870.4 889.6 663.9 904.0 866.3 891.1 24.8

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.5 351.3 350.2 351.9 332.5 351.8 350.8 352.0 1.2

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.9 611.6 619.3 623.7 545.8 613.9 620.6 624.0 3.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,434 4,637 4,628 4,647 4,456 4,663 4,662 4,667 5

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,560.3 1,626.1 1,613.7 1,618.5 1,581.9 1,640.1 1,637.8 1,640.1 2.3

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.6 96.3 95.2 96.5 87.3 96.5 95.3 95.9 0.6

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.5 106.7 106.0 105.6 99.8 107.1 106.6 105.9 -0.7

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.4 91.0 92.6 94.2 80.2 91.7 92.6 93.4 0.8

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.1 357.1 354.3 351.7 352.5 356.2 353.8 351.7 -2.1

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 360.7 372.0 369.4 372.0 361.9 374.2 372.0 373.2 1.2

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.1 99.5 100.7 102.8 103.9 102.6 102.0 101.6 -0.4

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.1 852.7 856.5 852.4 833.4 850.6 854.0 852.9 -1.1

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681.7 728.1 725.8 728.3 681.2 727.8 727.1 727.5 0.4

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.3 307.1 313.3 325.3 273.4 315.9 320.8 324.9 4.1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,499 101,341 102,200 103,045 92,418 102,155 102,410 102,899 489

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,830 26,897 26,852 27,009 24,934 27,186 27,109 27,146 37

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,507.6 5,632.9 5,649.3 5,685.1 5,508.6 5,658.0 5,664.2 5,684.1 19.9

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,004.9 3,094.3 3,097.9 3,116.4 3,008.2 3,102.6 3,105.3 3,119.2 13.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,026.0 2,061.2 2,073.5 2,090.1 2,022.1 2,076.3 2,080.1 2,086.3 6.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Change

from:

Apr.2021 -

May2021p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.7 477.4 477.9 478.6 478.3 479.1 478.8 478.6 -0.2

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,600.0 15,041.2 15,049.3 15,123.1 13,644.1 15,234.6 15,204.4 15,198.6 -5.8

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,754.0 1,959.9 1,970.2 1,981.5 1,748.2 1,969.0 1,971.2 1,975.0 3.8

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,112.0 1,246.1 1,246.0 1,250.0 1,111.9 1,249.8 1,248.2 1,250.0 1.8

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.5 154.5 163.8 169.5 130.8 158.5 161.8 163.0 1.2

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 505.5 559.3 560.4 562.0 505.5 560.7 561.2 562.0 0.8

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 294.0 441.5 439.6 439.9 297.1 443.9 446.0 445.1 -0.9

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 347.5 416.2 416.8 412.6 352.0 416.4 416.3 415.4 -0.9

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,381.5 1,377.6 1,402.5 1,426.3 1,321.6 1,377.9 1,372.1 1,374.0 1.9

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,079.0 3,128.5 3,089.4 3,077.9 3,088.8 3,160.5 3,113.7 3,087.7 -26.0

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 872.8 992.5 1,007.6 993.7 878.2 997.7 1,005.5 998.4 -7.1

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899.3 930.0 927.9 939.4 898.0 940.1 933.8 938.7 4.9

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 559.0 955.5 960.7 976.0 576.1 986.8 996.2 1,006.7 10.5

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.6 464.3 468.5 468.9 376.5 470.6 479.3 477.4 -1.9

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,860.8 2,996.8 2,976.4 2,990.2 2,915.3 3,071.9 3,064.7 3,065.5 0.8

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773.3 947.4 944.6 949.0 806.9 978.9 978.0 983.5 5.5

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,087.5 2,049.4 2,031.8 2,041.2 2,108.5 2,093.0 2,086.7 2,082.0 -4.7

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635.0 778.2 790.9 815.9 629.6 794.8 798.9 804.9 6.0

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.5 600.2 598.8 600.8 562.7 605.0 606.7 609.8 3.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,181.9 5,683.6 5,614.7 5,661.3 5,239.0 5,753.1 5,700.4 5,723.3 22.9

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390.1 411.1 417.5 428.2 388.6 412.6 418.2 426.7 8.5

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.4 143.0 143.4 143.4 148.2 142.8 143.2 144.1 0.9

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 59.1 59.8 60.3 59.5 60.7 60.3 59.6 -0.7

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,426.7 1,460.6 1,467.8 1,478.6 1,429.1 1,481.0 1,481.6 1,479.7 -1.9

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319.4 395.9 398.3 405.6 301.3 382.5 383.5 387.6 4.1

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3 49.0 48.9 49.0 51.3 49.0 49.0 49.0 0.0

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 18.0 22.1 26.3 29.6 16.6 28.0 30.1 27.3 -2.8

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 662.5 698.7 696.9 704.9 665.3 701.8 697.3 707.5 10.2

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862.1 1,033.0 959.2 968.5 926.4 1,084.0 1,030.2 1,033.0 2.8

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,244.2 1,411.1 1,396.6 1,393.2 1,252.7 1,410.7 1,407.0 1,408.8 1.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540.6 539.3 538.3 539.0 542.0 539.8 540.4 540.2 -0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,585 2,675 2,693 2,716 2,594 2,683 2,692 2,721 29

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 750.0 764.6 763.3 766.2 755.4 768.7 768.3 771.5 3.2

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.3 263.3 274.1 287.9 203.1 269.1 270.9 284.8 13.9

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238.0 241.1 239.1 241.0 239.0 239.7 239.1 242.4 3.3

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690.2 685.3 681.8 681.4 693.8 683.2 682.7 683.9 1.2

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.8 357.2 366.4 364.9 352.9 356.3 361.4 362.6 1.2

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.9 363.9 368.2 374.4 350.2 365.5 369.5 375.4 5.9

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,593 8,750 8,770 8,782 8,613 8,787 8,803 8,802 -1

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,457.2 6,541.1 6,532.8 6,520.0 6,474.3 6,543.4 6,545.2 6,536.5 -8.7

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.1 20.1 20.2 20.1 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.2 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,637.7 2,668.4 2,670.5 2,662.9 2,641.4 2,666.0 2,671.6 2,665.2 -6.4

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,772.0 1,739.4 1,736.1 1,730.9 1,772.1 1,738.6 1,737.9 1,732.0 -5.9

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,388.1 1,354.1 1,349.9 1,344.3 1,387.0 1,354.8 1,354.8 1,343.7 -11.1

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 567.4 608.0 611.6 611.8 568.6 606.7 611.2 610.7 -0.5

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 298.3 321.0 322.8 320.2 300.8 320.7 322.5 322.5 0.0

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 958.2 974.0 978.8 981.6 964.2 978.1 983.7 986.2 2.5

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,841.2 2,878.6 2,863.3 2,855.4 2,848.6 2,879.1 2,869.7 2,864.9 -4.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,135.7 2,208.8 2,236.9 2,262.0 2,138.8 2,243.7 2,257.6 2,265.1 7.5

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,647.0 1,703.6 1,720.7 1,731.4 1,651.8 1,725.9 1,733.3 1,736.5 3.2

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.3 483.3 494.3 508.6 464.6 495.6 502.1 506.5 4.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Change

from:

Apr.2021 -

May2021p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.4 21.9 21.9 22.0 22.4 22.2 22.2 22.1 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,238 20,549 20,704 20,766 19,247 20,807 20,726 20,761 35

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,142.8 9,682.7 9,751.9 9,677.8 9,212.9 9,650.2 9,699.4 9,725.4 26.0

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,095.1 1,123.3 1,131.2 1,135.5 1,097.9 1,128.2 1,136.8 1,138.5 1.7

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 933.4 1,122.9 1,116.9 1,009.3 987.0 1,020.9 1,029.4 1,043.5 14.1

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,476.3 1,520.2 1,537.5 1,549.8 1,477.6 1,538.3 1,549.8 1,551.5 1.7

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.1 133.6 135.3 138.1 122.7 134.9 135.7 137.0 1.3

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,159.3 2,212.5 2,225.2 2,224.6 2,164.0 2,232.0 2,230.6 2,230.0 -0.6

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,481.4 1,575.6 1,596.9 1,598.7 1,486.5 1,593.7 1,603.2 1,603.2 0.0

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.0 796.9 803.9 809.6 744.2 797.7 805.0 810.2 5.2

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 440.2 438.0 439.8 439.9 440.5 440.3 441.5 440.3 -1.2

Other professional and technical services. . . 691.0 759.7 765.2 772.3 692.5 764.2 767.4 771.2 3.8

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,310.2 2,331.5 2,332.2 2,331.2 2,312.8 2,339.6 2,341.4 2,332.2 -9.2

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,784.8 8,534.9 8,619.7 8,756.5 7,720.8 8,817.0 8,685.5 8,703.5 18.0

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 7,345.1 8,092.1 8,175.0 8,308.4 7,282.1 8,367.9 8,237.8 8,255.6 17.8

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 510.1 539.3 546.0 552.3 509.5 543.1 546.4 550.6 4.2

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149.0 153.4 151.2 153.4 149.5 153.0 152.2 153.6 1.4

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,527.2 3,276.7 3,216.1 3,263.5 2,536.6 3,398.2 3,272.1 3,279.6 7.5

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,981.9 2,654.4 2,592.1 2,635.9 1,995.9 2,762.1 2,646.3 2,650.7 4.4

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762.0 793.7 775.9 771.2 772.1 798.7 780.4 781.4 1.0

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.4 147.6 151.0 153.4 163.0 148.5 150.7 152.1 1.4

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 873.5 903.4 911.3 906.4 872.8 910.5 916.7 905.7 -11.0

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,074.6 1,984.3 2,125.3 2,209.7 1,995.3 2,120.5 2,122.2 2,135.0 12.8

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.3 293.7 298.2 298.5 283.3 295.4 297.1 297.6 0.5

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439.7 442.8 444.7 448.1 438.7 449.1 447.7 447.9 0.2

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,153 23,518 23,594 23,567 22,107 23,396 23,421 23,508 87

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,304.9 3,598.9 3,616.1 3,521.6 3,271.5 3,455.7 3,445.0 3,485.7 40.7

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,848.3 19,918.9 19,978.1 20,045.6 18,835.8 19,940.5 19,976.1 20,021.9 45.8

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,166.4 15,923.1 15,937.2 15,972.2 15,187.0 15,953.6 15,961.7 15,984.2 22.5

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 6,923.2 7,731.8 7,767.5 7,802.4 6,922.2 7,748.2 7,775.9 7,797.9 22.0

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,485.3 2,671.6 2,683.9 2,688.9 2,487.5 2,676.4 2,689.9 2,691.7 1.8

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688.7 996.7 1,001.7 1,008.6 689.2 999.0 1,002.0 1,006.7 4.7

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 828.6 956.5 970.4 981.1 826.9 961.0 971.8 979.4 7.6

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926.0 999.9 1,001.6 1,006.2 926.4 999.0 1,001.3 1,005.2 3.9

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 261.2 292.5 293.6 295.9 262.2 292.7 294.0 296.0 2.0

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,437.9 1,498.6 1,500.6 1,505.7 1,435.3 1,504.1 1,501.2 1,503.4 2.2

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.5 316.0 315.7 316.0 294.7 316.0 315.7 315.5 -0.2

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,055.6 5,147.3 5,140.0 5,135.1 5,072.4 5,145.6 5,144.2 5,147.1 2.9

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,187.6 3,044.0 3,029.7 3,034.7 3,192.4 3,059.8 3,041.6 3,039.2 -2.4

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,499.2 1,392.8 1,376.5 1,380.6 1,502.6 1,400.5 1,382.8 1,383.8 1.0

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 606.0 607.7 607.6 606.5 606.4 609.5 609.5 607.0 -2.5

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.6 893.1 896.2 899.0 925.9 898.5 899.5 899.2 -0.3

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 156.8 150.4 149.4 148.6 157.5 151.3 149.8 149.2 -0.6

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,681.9 3,995.8 4,040.9 4,073.4 3,648.8 3,986.9 4,014.4 4,037.7 23.3

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,515.1 2,638.0 2,662.3 2,666.9 2,504.9 2,642.1 2,655.0 2,656.0 1.0

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 178.8 185.0 183.9 186.5 179.4 184.6 184.9 186.9 2.0

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 259.9 276.6 281.5 284.3 260.0 277.9 280.9 282.9 2.0

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.1 896.2 913.2 935.7 704.5 882.3 893.6 911.9 18.3

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,303 13,448 14,020 14,599 10,146 13,757 14,085 14,377 292

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,261.9 1,676.5 1,850.7 2,026.6 1,224.1 1,795.8 1,899.2 1,970.9 71.7

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 281.8 326.7 370.0 396.7 266.2 346.3 362.2 375.2 13.0

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.8 123.1 131.5 138.9 121.3 131.0 134.3 135.1 0.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Change

from:

Apr.2021 -

May2021p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 855.3 1,226.7 1,349.2 1,491.0 836.6 1,318.5 1,402.7 1,460.6 57.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,041.4 11,771.7 12,169.1 12,572.0 8,922.1 11,960.8 12,185.6 12,406.2 220.6

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,090.1 1,435.6 1,502.8 1,578.9 1,089.6 1,486.6 1,543.9 1,578.5 34.6

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 7,951.3 10,336.1 10,666.3 10,993.1 7,832.5 10,474.2 10,641.7 10,827.7 186.0

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,797 5,504 5,567 5,606 4,777 5,539 5,574 5,584 10

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,202.5 1,320.8 1,339.0 1,343.3 1,194.4 1,323.6 1,337.4 1,336.6 -0.8

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853.8 1,327.7 1,354.6 1,373.7 845.4 1,340.3 1,352.2 1,360.4 8.2

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,740.2 2,855.5 2,872.9 2,888.6 2,737.5 2,874.6 2,884.8 2,886.5 1.7

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,619 21,894 22,004 21,972 21,314 21,542 21,601 21,668 67

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,875 2,861 2,886 2,887 2,877 2,888 2,898 2,887 -11

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,273.8 2,256.9 2,273.2 2,286.6 2,273.5 2,276.9 2,282.6 2,287.1 4.5

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600.9 603.8 613.2 599.9 603.0 611.4 614.9 600.2 -14.7

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,027 5,130 5,146 5,017 5,031 4,967 4,978 5,023 45

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,337.9 2,459.7 2,470.7 2,349.2 2,340.9 2,291.3 2,302.1 2,352.1 50.0

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,688.6 2,670.6 2,675.6 2,667.8 2,689.7 2,675.8 2,676.2 2,671.3 -4.9

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,717 13,903 13,972 14,068 13,406 13,687 13,725 13,758 33

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,589.5 7,706.6 7,742.5 7,781.0 7,280.4 7,389.0 7,420.2 7,473.2 53.0

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,127.0 6,196.8 6,229.0 6,287.0 6,125.5 6,298.0 6,304.9 6,285.1 -19.8

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.7 34.9 34.9 34.9

Goods-producing.................................................................... 38.9 40.2 40.1 40.1

Mining and logging................................................................ 43.0 45.5 45.2 44.8

Construction....................................................................... 38.8 39.4 39.1 39.0

Manufacturing..................................................................... 38.8 40.5 40.4 40.5

Durable goods.................................................................. 38.8 40.7 40.6 40.7

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 38.7 40.0 40.2 40.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.8 33.8 33.9 33.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.4 34.5 34.7 34.7

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.0 39.1 39.2 39.2

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.3 30.8 31.0 30.9

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.9 39.2 39.5 39.4

Utilities........................................................................... 42.3 42.7 42.5 42.6

Information......................................................................... 36.6 37.1 37.3 37.5

Financial activities................................................................ 37.7 37.7 37.6 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.5 36.8 36.8 36.7

Education and health services.................................................. 32.9 33.4 33.3 33.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.9 26.2 26.7 26.6

Other services..................................................................... 32.7 32.4 32.3 32.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.3

Durable goods....................................................................... 2.0 3.1 3.1 3.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Total private............................................... $29.74 $29.97 $30.18 $30.33 $1,031.98 $1,045.95 $1,053.28 $1,058.52

Goods-producing....................................... 30.15 30.47 30.70 30.85 1,172.84 1,224.89 1,231.07 1,237.09

Mining and logging.................................. 34.87 34.55 35.15 34.64 1,499.41 1,572.03 1,588.78 1,551.87

Construction.......................................... 31.50 32.28 32.59 32.79 1,222.20 1,271.83 1,274.27 1,278.81

Manufacturing........................................ 29.06 29.18 29.35 29.52 1,127.53 1,181.79 1,185.74 1,195.56

Durable goods.................................... 30.55 30.70 30.92 31.07 1,185.34 1,249.49 1,255.35 1,264.55

Nondurable goods................................ 26.65 26.65 26.77 26.95 1,031.36 1,066.00 1,076.15 1,083.39

Private service-providing.............................. 29.64 29.85 30.05 30.21 1,001.83 1,008.93 1,018.70 1,021.10

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 25.34 25.79 26.02 26.17 871.70 889.76 902.89 908.10

Wholesale trade.................................. 32.44 33.18 33.30 33.49 1,232.72 1,297.34 1,305.36 1,312.81

Retail trade........................................ 20.77 21.46 21.67 21.76 650.10 660.97 671.77 672.38

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.62 25.68 26.07 26.28 971.00 1,006.66 1,029.77 1,035.43

Utilities............................................. 43.09 44.20 44.37 44.41 1,822.71 1,887.34 1,885.73 1,891.87

Information........................................... 43.62 43.83 44.28 44.43 1,596.49 1,626.09 1,651.64 1,666.13

Financial activities................................... 37.65 39.80 39.96 40.19 1,419.41 1,500.46 1,502.50 1,511.14

Professional and business services.............. 35.51 35.90 36.13 36.54 1,296.12 1,321.12 1,329.58 1,341.02

Education and health services..................... 28.52 29.16 29.52 29.41 938.31 973.94 983.02 979.35

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.44 17.60 17.86 18.09 451.70 461.12 476.86 481.19

Other services....................................... 27.50 26.80 26.99 27.28 899.25 868.32 871.78 883.87

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2021 -

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2021 -

May

2021p

Total private..................................... 97.3 107.3 107.5 108.0 0.5 138.3 153.8 155.2 156.6 0.9

Goods-producing............................. 85.4 93.2 92.9 92.9 0.0 116.3 128.4 128.8 129.5 0.5

Mining and logging........................ 81.2 87.6 87.2 86.4 -0.9 113.7 121.6 123.1 120.2 -2.4

Construction................................ 93.7 101.2 100.3 99.8 -0.5 128.2 141.9 142.1 142.2 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 81.4 89.6 89.2 89.5 0.3 110.0 121.6 121.7 122.9 1.0

Durable goods........................... 78.7 87.5 86.9 87.4 0.6 106.7 119.3 119.4 120.5 0.9

Nondurable goods...................... 86.1 93.1 93.5 93.6 0.1 116.4 125.9 127.1 128.1 0.8

Private service-providing.................... 100.6 111.2 111.8 112.0 0.2 144.9 161.3 163.3 164.4 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 93.6 102.3 102.6 102.8 0.2 127.9 142.3 144.0 145.1 0.8

Wholesale trade......................... 92.3 97.6 97.9 98.3 0.4 125.3 135.4 136.4 137.7 1.0

Retail trade.............................. 86.7 95.3 95.7 95.4 -0.3 119.0 135.1 137.1 137.1 0.0

Transportation and warehousing...... 114.1 129.6 129.4 129.6 0.2 148.7 169.3 171.6 173.2 0.9

Utilities.................................... 99.2 99.7 99.4 99.6 0.2 141.2 145.6 145.7 146.1 0.3

Information................................. 86.7 90.9 91.7 93.2 1.6 134.7 141.9 144.6 147.4 1.9

Financial activities......................... 106.4 108.5 108.5 108.4 -0.1 156.2 168.5 169.0 170.0 0.6

Professional and business services..... 110.1 120.1 119.6 119.5 -0.1 158.4 174.5 175.0 176.8 1.0

Education and health services........... 118.8 127.6 127.3 127.8 0.4 162.9 179.0 180.9 180.9 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 75.0 102.8 107.3 109.1 1.7 105.5 146.0 154.6 159.3 3.0

Other services............................. 90.1 103.5 103.8 104.3 0.5 135.7 152.0 153.6 156.0 1.6

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Total nonfarm............................................. 65,348 71,634 71,821 72,135 49.1 49.7 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 53,135 59,242 59,375 59,647 47.6 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,308 4,619 4,621 4,637 22.4 22.7 22.7 22.8

Mining and logging............................... 88 85 84 89 14.6 13.9 13.7 14.5

Construction....................................... 932 999 1,006 1,013 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6

Manufacturing..................................... 3,288 3,535 3,531 3,535 28.2 28.7 28.8 28.8

Durable goods.................................. 1,724 1,866 1,865 1,873 23.9 24.4 24.5 24.6

Nondurable goods............................. 1,564 1,669 1,666 1,662 35.1 35.8 35.7 35.6

Private service-providing........................... 48,827 54,623 54,754 55,010 52.8 53.5 53.5 53.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 9,529 10,686 10,651 10,660 38.2 39.3 39.3 39.3

Wholesale trade................................ 1,626.9 1,696.7 1,700.9 1,714.4 29.5 30.0 30.0 30.2

Retail trade..................................... 6,493.6 7,390.8 7,366.8 7,357.3 47.6 48.5 48.5 48.4

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,275.3 1,465.0 1,448.8 1,453.7 24.3 25.5 25.4 25.4

Utilities........................................... 132.9 133.8 134.3 134.2 24.5 24.8 24.9 24.8

Information......................................... 1,031 1,066 1,074 1,076 39.7 39.7 39.9 39.5

Financial activities................................ 4,868 4,963 4,963 4,932 56.5 56.5 56.4 56.0

Professional and business services............ 8,712 9,600 9,569 9,582 45.3 46.1 46.2 46.2

Education and health services.................. 16,980 18,047 18,082 18,155 76.8 77.1 77.2 77.2

Leisure and hospitality........................... 5,285 7,323 7,467 7,639 52.1 53.2 53.0 53.1

Other services..................................... 2,422 2,938 2,948 2,966 50.7 53.0 52.9 53.1

Government............................................. 12,213 12,392 12,446 12,488 57.3 57.5 57.6 57.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Total private............................................................................... 90,011 99,770 99,797 100,250

Goods-producing....................................................................... 13,537 14,472 14,375 14,447

Mining and logging.................................................................. 420 443 444 450

Construction.......................................................................... 5,155 5,515 5,461 5,467

Manufacturing........................................................................ 7,962 8,514 8,470 8,530

Durable goods..................................................................... 4,762 5,181 5,139 5,188

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,200 3,333 3,331 3,342

Private service-providing.............................................................. 76,474 85,298 85,422 85,803

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 20,901 22,940 22,846 22,908

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,367.5 4,500.7 4,493.6 4,517.8

Retail trade........................................................................ 11,578.6 12,993.1 12,955.9 12,955.0

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,521.9 5,017.1 4,965.1 5,003.6

Utilities.............................................................................. 432.8 428.6 430.9 431.4

Information............................................................................ 2,047 2,129 2,138 2,147

Financial activities................................................................... 6,585 6,657 6,662 6,638

Professional and business services............................................... 15,307 16,762 16,636 16,639

Education and health services..................................................... 19,314 20,478 20,502 20,577

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 8,478 11,844 12,126 12,370

Other services........................................................................ 3,842 4,488 4,512 4,524

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.1 34.4 34.4 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 39.6 41.2 41.1 41.0

Mining and logging................................................................ 43.9 46.9 46.7 46.2

Construction....................................................................... 39.4 40.1 39.8 39.6

Manufacturing..................................................................... 39.4 41.7 41.6 41.6

Durable goods.................................................................. 39.5 41.9 41.7 41.8

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.4 41.3 41.4 41.4

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 34.6 34.6 34.5

Wholesale trade................................................................ 37.6 38.9 38.9 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.3 31.1 31.1 31.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.9 38.9 39.1 38.9

Utilities........................................................................... 41.9 42.7 42.6 42.5

Information......................................................................... 35.9 36.2 36.7 37.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.0 37.4 37.5 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 35.8 36.3 36.4 36.4

Education and health services.................................................. 32.1 32.7 32.6 32.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.3 24.8 25.3 25.1

Other services..................................................................... 31.8 31.4 31.4 31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.1 4.1 4.1 4.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 2.9 4.2 4.1 4.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Total private............................................... $25.01 $25.27 $25.46 $25.60 $852.84 $869.29 $875.82 $878.08

Goods-producing....................................... 25.39 26.00 26.18 26.24 1,005.44 1,071.20 1,076.00 1,075.84

Mining and logging.................................. 30.59 30.68 31.24 31.06 1,342.90 1,438.89 1,458.91 1,434.97

Construction.......................................... 28.98 29.84 30.20 30.25 1,141.81 1,196.58 1,201.96 1,197.90

Manufacturing........................................ 22.76 23.33 23.41 23.52 896.74 972.86 973.86 978.43

Durable goods.................................... 23.64 24.33 24.43 24.54 933.78 1,019.43 1,018.73 1,025.77

Nondurable goods................................ 21.45 21.76 21.83 21.93 845.13 898.69 903.76 907.90

Private service-providing.............................. 24.93 25.12 25.30 25.46 825.18 833.98 842.49 845.27

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 21.63 21.81 22.02 22.20 741.91 754.63 761.89 765.90

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.94 27.35 27.40 27.57 1,012.94 1,063.92 1,065.86 1,069.72

Retail trade........................................ 17.85 18.06 18.38 18.41 558.71 561.67 571.62 572.55

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.83 22.90 23.06 23.62 865.26 890.81 901.65 918.82

Utilities............................................. 37.83 39.83 39.55 39.21 1,585.08 1,700.74 1,684.83 1,666.43

Information........................................... 35.55 36.88 37.08 36.99 1,276.25 1,335.06 1,360.84 1,383.43

Financial activities................................... 29.12 29.99 30.05 30.57 1,077.44 1,121.63 1,126.88 1,146.38

Professional and business services.............. 29.68 30.01 30.21 30.41 1,062.54 1,089.36 1,099.64 1,106.92

Education and health services..................... 25.41 26.20 26.50 26.49 815.66 856.74 863.90 863.57

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.58 15.26 15.68 15.87 354.29 378.45 396.70 398.34

Other services....................................... 23.21 22.99 22.99 23.15 738.08 721.89 721.89 726.91

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2021 -

May

2021p

May

2020

Mar.

2021

Apr.

2021p

May

2021p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2021 -

May

2021p

Total private..................................... 102.3 114.4 114.4 114.6 0.2 171.0 193.2 194.7 196.1 0.7

Goods-producing............................. 81.9 91.1 90.3 90.5 0.2 127.4 145.1 144.7 145.4 0.5

Mining and logging........................ 98.0 110.4 110.2 110.5 0.3 174.3 197.0 200.2 199.6 -0.3

Construction................................ 101.7 110.7 108.8 108.4 -0.4 159.1 178.4 177.5 177.1 -0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 72.0 81.5 80.9 81.5 0.7 107.2 124.3 123.8 125.3 1.2

Durable goods........................... 70.7 81.6 80.5 81.5 1.2 104.3 123.9 122.8 124.8 1.6

Nondurable goods...................... 74.3 81.1 81.3 81.5 0.2 112.6 124.7 125.3 126.3 0.8

Private service-providing.................... 107.9 120.7 121.2 121.4 0.2 184.4 207.9 210.3 212.0 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 100.3 111.0 110.5 110.5 0.0 155.0 173.0 174.0 175.3 0.7

Wholesale trade......................... 97.5 103.9 103.7 104.0 0.3 155.0 167.7 167.8 169.3 0.9

Retail trade.............................. 91.7 102.3 102.0 102.0 0.0 140.3 158.3 160.6 160.8 0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 129.7 147.7 146.9 147.3 0.3 188.5 215.3 215.7 221.5 2.7

Utilities.................................... 92.7 93.6 93.9 93.8 -0.1 146.4 155.6 155.0 153.5 -1.0

Information................................. 83.9 88.0 89.6 91.6 2.2 147.6 160.6 164.4 167.8 2.1

Financial activities......................... 114.7 117.2 117.6 117.2 -0.3 205.4 216.2 217.4 220.3 1.3

Professional and business services..... 122.5 136.0 135.4 135.4 0.0 216.3 242.8 243.2 244.9 0.7

Education and health services........... 132.2 142.8 142.5 143.0 0.4 221.7 246.9 249.3 250.1 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 75.5 107.6 112.4 113.7 1.2 124.9 186.5 200.1 205.0 2.4

Other services............................. 85.7 98.8 99.4 99.6 0.2 144.9 165.6 166.4 168.0 1.0

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.