Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-0436 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, March 10, 2023

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — FEBRUARY 2023 

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 311,000 in February, and the unemployment rate edged 

up to 3.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains occurred in 

leisure and hospitality, retail trade, government, and health care. Employment declined in information 

and in transportation and warehousing. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.6 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 5.9 million, 

edged up in February. These measures have shown little net movement since early 2022. (See table 

A-1.) 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

February 2021 – February 2023

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, February 2021 – February 2023

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

Feb-21 May-21 Aug-21 Nov-21 Feb-22 May-22 Aug-22 Nov-22 Feb-23

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Feb-21 May-21 Aug-21 Nov-21 Feb-22 May-22 Aug-22 Nov-22 Feb-23
-2-

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Hispanics (5.3 percent) increased in 

February. The unemployment rates for adult men (3.3 percent), adult women (3.2 percent), teenagers 

(11.1 percent), Whites (3.2 percent), Blacks (5.7 percent), and Asians (3.4 percent) changed little over 

the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs increased by 223,000 in 

February to 2.8 million. (See table A-11.) 

The number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks increased by 343,000 to 2.3 million in February, 

offsetting a decrease in the prior month. The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 

weeks or more), at 1.1 million, changed little in February and accounted for 17.6 percent of the total 

unemployed. (See table A-12.) 

In February, the labor force participation rate was little changed at 62.5 percent, and the 

employment-population ratio held at 60.2 percent. These measures have shown little net change since 

early 2022 and remain below their pre-pandemic February 2020 levels (63.3 percent and 61.1 percent, 

respectively). (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.1 million, was essentially 

unchanged in February. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were 

working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See 

table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was little changed at 5.1 

million in February. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively 

looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table 

A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force was little changed at 1.4 million in February. These individuals wanted and were 

available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for 

work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little over the 

month at 363,000. (See Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 311,000 in February, compared with the average 

monthly gain of 343,000 over the prior 6 months. In February, notable job gains occurred in leisure and 

hospitality, retail trade, government, and health care. Employment declined in information and in 

transportation and warehousing. (See table B-1.)

Leisure and hospitality added 105,000 jobs in February, similar to the average monthly gain of 91,000 

over the prior 6 months. Food services and drinking places added 70,000 jobs in February, and 

employment continued to trend up in accommodation (+14,000). Employment in leisure and hospitality 

is below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 410,000, or 2.4 percent. 

Employment in retail trade rose by 50,000 in February, reflecting a gain in general merchandise 

retailers (+39,000). Retail trade employment is little changed on net over the year. 
-3-

Government employment increased by 46,000 in February, about the same as the average monthly gain 

of 44,000 over the prior 6 months. Employment in local government continued to trend up in February 

(+37,000). Overall, employment in government is below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 

376,000, or 1.6 percent.

Employment in professional and business services continued to trend up in February (+45,000), with a 

gain of 12,000 in management, scientific, and technical consulting services. Employment in professional 

and business services had increased by an average of 35,000 per month over the prior 6 months. 

Health care added 44,000 jobs in February, compared with the average monthly increase of 54,000 over 

the prior 6 months. In February, job growth occurred in hospitals (+19,000) and in nursing and 

residential care facilities (+14,000). 

Construction employment grew by 24,000 in February, in line with the average monthly growth of 

20,000 over the prior 6 months. 

Employment in social assistance rose by 19,000 in February, similar to the average monthly gain of 

22,000 over the prior 6 months. 

In February, the information industry lost 25,000 jobs. Employment continued to trend down in motion 

picture and sound recording industries (-9,000) and in telecommunications (-3,000). Employment in 

information has decreased by 54,000 since November 2022. 

Transportation and warehousing lost 22,000 jobs in February, including 9,000 in truck transportation. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing is down by 42,000 since October 2022. 

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; financial activities; and 

other services. 

In February, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 8 cents, or 

0.2 percent, to $33.09. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.6 percent. 

In February, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose 

by 13 cents, or 0.5 percent, to $28.42. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.5 

hours in February. In manufacturing, the average workweek edged down by 0.2 hour to 40.3 hours, and 

overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 3.0 hours. The average workweek for production and 

nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 hour to 33.9 hours. (See 

tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for December was revised down by 21,000, from 

+260,000 to +239,000, and the change for January was revised down by 13,000, from +517,000 to 

+504,000. With these revisions, employment gains in December and January combined were 34,000 

lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from 
-4-

businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of 

seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for March is scheduled to be released on Friday, April 7, 2023, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Change from:

Jan. 2023-

Feb. 2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 263,324 264,844 265,962 266,112 150

Civilian labor force........................................................... 163,862 164,966 165,832 166,251 419

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 0.1

Employed................................................................... 157,590 159,244 160,138 160,315 177

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 59.8 60.1 60.2 60.2 0.0

Unemployed............................................................... 6,272 5,722 5,694 5,936 242

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.6 0.2

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,463 99,878 100,130 99,861 -269

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.6 0.2

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.2 0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 10.3 10.4 10.3 11.1 0.8

White.......................................................................... 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 0.1

Black or African American.................................................. 6.6 5.7 5.4 5.7 0.3

Asian.......................................................................... 3.0 2.4 2.8 3.4 0.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.5 4.1 4.5 5.3 0.8

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.9 0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 4.5 5.0 4.5 5.8 1.3

High school graduates, no college........................................ 4.4 3.6 3.7 3.6 -0.1

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.7 2.9 2.9 3.2 0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.0 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 3,004 2,629 2,529 2,752 223

Job leavers...................................................................... 964 825 884 891 7

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,971 1,767 1,817 1,847 30

New entrants.................................................................... 429 497 531 515 -16

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,142 2,233 1,946 2,289 343

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,803 1,639 1,785 1,845 60

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 726 826 890 805 -85

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,691 1,069 1,111 1,057 -54

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,137 3,878 4,050 4,067 17

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,726 2,648 2,685 2,840 155

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,061 911 999 859 -140

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 20,706 21,628 22,083 21,856 -227

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,477 1,260 1,354 1,396 42

Discouraged workers........................................................ 392 410 342 363 21

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 239 504 311

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897 232 386 265

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 36 51 20

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 3 0

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 26 35 24

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 6 13 -4

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 23 -1 0

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -23.9 9.5 -5.1 0.2

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 -17 14 -4

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 196 335 245

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.3 9.6 8.9 11.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.8 26.7 33.9 50.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.1 0.3 16.3 -21.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 -0.7 -2.1 -1.1

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 -9 -20 -25

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4 5 -1

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 23 53 45

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 -55.0 15.3 6.8

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 71 107 74

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.8 73.1 75.6 62.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 58 114 105

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 13 19 9

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7 118 46

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 284 344 351

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 253 282 294

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.3 81.3 81.3

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 34.4 34.6 34.5

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31.63 $32.92 $33.01 $33.09

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,097.56 $1,132.45 $1,142.15 $1,141.61

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.3 114.2 115.2 115.1

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 -0.1 0.9 -0.1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169.8 179.7 181.8 182.0

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.3 1.2 0.1

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.6 64.0 68.0 56.0

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.0 52.8 51.4 47.2

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,324 265,962 266,112 263,324 264,535 264,708 264,844 265,962 266,112

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,725 165,070 166,178 163,862 164,646 164,527 164,966 165,832 166,251

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 62.1 62.4 62.2 62.2 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,942 158,692 159,713 157,590 158,593 158,527 159,244 160,138 160,315

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 59.7 60.0 59.8 60.0 59.9 60.1 60.2 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,782 6,378 6,465 6,272 6,053 6,000 5,722 5,694 5,936

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,600 100,892 99,934 99,463 99,890 100,181 99,878 100,130 99,861

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,299 5,466 4,987 5,392 5,681 5,528 5,176 5,314 5,103

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,296 129,998 130,072 128,296 128,897 128,983 129,050 129,998 130,072

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,271 87,842 88,382 87,389 87,772 87,793 87,864 88,334 88,474

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 67.6 67.9 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1 67.9 68.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,460 84,120 84,666 84,071 84,559 84,557 84,880 85,186 85,266

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 64.7 65.1 65.5 65.6 65.6 65.8 65.5 65.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,812 3,723 3,717 3,318 3,212 3,236 2,984 3,147 3,208

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,024 42,156 41,689 40,907 41,126 41,189 41,186 41,665 41,597

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,669 121,283 121,346 119,669 120,225 120,301 120,360 121,283 121,346

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,390 84,872 85,363 84,264 84,606 84,525 84,694 85,084 85,210

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.5 70.0 70.3 70.4 70.4 70.3 70.4 70.2 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,918 81,524 82,048 81,293 81,776 81,698 82,033 82,324 82,407

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 67.2 67.6 67.9 68.0 67.9 68.2 67.9 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,472 3,348 3,315 2,971 2,829 2,827 2,661 2,760 2,803

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,280 36,412 35,983 35,405 35,619 35,776 35,666 36,199 36,136

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,028 135,963 136,040 135,028 135,638 135,725 135,795 135,963 136,040

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,453 77,228 77,796 76,473 76,874 76,734 77,102 77,498 77,777

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 56.8 57.2 56.6 56.7 56.5 56.8 57.0 57.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,483 74,572 75,047 73,519 74,033 73,970 74,364 74,952 75,049

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.4 54.8 55.2 54.4 54.6 54.5 54.8 55.1 55.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,971 2,656 2,749 2,954 2,841 2,764 2,738 2,546 2,728

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,575 58,736 58,245 58,555 58,764 58,991 58,692 58,465 58,264

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,631 127,546 127,613 126,631 127,204 127,283 127,345 127,546 127,613

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,650 74,308 74,823 73,482 73,752 73,532 73,930 74,379 74,606

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 58.3 58.6 58.0 58.0 57.8 58.1 58.3 58.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,931 71,921 72,354 70,810 71,218 71,088 71,531 72,104 72,189

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.0 56.4 56.7 55.9 56.0 55.9 56.2 56.5 56.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,718 2,387 2,470 2,672 2,534 2,444 2,398 2,275 2,417

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,981 53,238 52,790 53,149 53,452 53,750 53,416 53,167 53,007

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,024 17,133 17,153 17,024 17,107 17,124 17,139 17,133 17,153

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,685 5,890 5,992 6,116 6,288 6,469 6,343 6,368 6,435

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 34.4 34.9 35.9 36.8 37.8 37.0 37.2 37.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,094 5,247 5,311 5,487 5,598 5,740 5,680 5,710 5,719

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 30.6 31.0 32.2 32.7 33.5 33.1 33.3 33.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 643 680 628 690 729 662 658 716

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 10.9 11.4 10.3 11.0 11.3 10.4 10.3 11.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,339 11,242 11,161 10,908 10,819 10,655 10,796 10,765 10,718

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,875 204,062 204,118 202,875 203,522 203,617 203,684 204,062 204,118

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,014 126,133 126,754 126,026 126,180 125,902 126,408 126,699 126,756

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 61.8 62.1 62.1 62.0 61.8 62.1 62.1 62.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,402 121,675 122,285 121,850 122,063 121,807 122,556 122,776 122,738

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8 59.6 59.9 60.1 60.0 59.8 60.2 60.2 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,612 4,458 4,470 4,175 4,117 4,094 3,852 3,924 4,017

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,861 77,928 77,364 76,849 77,342 77,716 77,276 77,362 77,362

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,987 65,973 66,225 65,833 66,032 65,759 66,045 66,118 66,083

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.5 69.8 70.1 70.3 70.3 70.0 70.3 70.0 69.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,583 63,596 63,842 63,843 64,026 63,767 64,189 64,210 64,125

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 67.3 67.6 68.2 68.2 67.9 68.3 68.0 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,404 2,377 2,383 1,990 2,006 1,992 1,856 1,908 1,958

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,501 55,601 55,932 55,326 55,340 55,174 55,461 55,637 55,733

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 57.2 57.6 57.2 57.0 56.8 57.1 57.3 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,737 53,977 54,309 53,591 53,691 53,562 53,918 54,093 54,142

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.5 55.6 55.9 55.4 55.3 55.1 55.5 55.7 55.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,764 1,624 1,623 1,734 1,649 1,611 1,543 1,544 1,591

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,525 4,559 4,597 4,867 4,807 4,969 4,902 4,944 4,940

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 36.5 36.8 39.0 38.5 39.7 39.2 39.6 39.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,082 4,101 4,133 4,416 4,346 4,478 4,449 4,472 4,471

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 32.9 33.1 35.4 34.8 35.8 35.5 35.8 35.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 458 463 451 462 491 453 472 469

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 10.0 10.1 9.3 9.6 9.9 9.2 9.5 9.5

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,004 34,487 34,519 34,004 34,237 34,272 34,301 34,487 34,519

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,003 21,544 21,770 21,139 21,247 21,365 21,418 21,697 21,893

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 62.5 63.1 62.2 62.1 62.3 62.4 62.9 63.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,566 20,335 20,488 19,751 19,988 20,139 20,189 20,535 20,654

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.5 59.0 59.4 58.1 58.4 58.8 58.9 59.5 59.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,437 1,209 1,282 1,388 1,259 1,226 1,229 1,162 1,239

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 5.6 5.9 6.6 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,001 12,943 12,749 12,865 12,990 12,907 12,883 12,790 12,626

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,887 10,038 10,153 9,960 9,783 9,947 9,956 10,115 10,218

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 68.2 68.9 68.9 67.2 68.3 68.3 68.7 69.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,200 9,461 9,593 9,323 9,269 9,408 9,446 9,579 9,700

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.7 64.2 65.1 64.5 63.7 64.6 64.8 65.0 65.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 577 560 637 514 539 510 535 518

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 5.8 5.5 6.4 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,527 10,790 10,876 10,536 10,696 10,633 10,679 10,804 10,877

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 62.6 63.0 61.7 62.2 61.8 62.0 62.6 63.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,874 10,276 10,301 9,899 10,080 10,077 10,093 10,301 10,319

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.8 59.6 59.7 58.0 58.6 58.6 58.6 59.7 59.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 514 575 637 616 556 586 504 558

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 4.8 5.3 6.0 5.8 5.2 5.5 4.7 5.1

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 716 741 644 768 785 784 778 797

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.8 28.5 29.5 26.1 30.8 31.4 31.4 31.0 31.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 599 594 529 639 654 650 655 635

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 23.9 23.6 21.4 25.7 26.2 26.0 26.1 25.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 118 147 115 128 131 134 123 163

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 16.4 19.9 17.8 16.7 16.7 17.1 15.8 20.4

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,782 17,541 17,444 16,782 17,129 16,980 17,005 17,541 17,444

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,567 11,196 11,371 10,566 11,106 10,995 10,918 11,240 11,348

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 63.8 65.2 63.0 64.8 64.8 64.2 64.1 65.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,256 10,856 10,982 10,248 10,781 10,704 10,654 10,926 10,962

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1 61.9 63.0 61.1 62.9 63.0 62.7 62.3 62.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 340 389 318 325 291 265 313 386

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.0 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.8 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,215 6,345 6,073 6,216 6,023 5,984 6,086 6,301 6,096

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 45,816 47,010 47,103 45,816 46,459 46,545 46,624 47,010 47,103

Civilian labor force................................ 30,449 31,131 31,507 30,496 30,725 30,600 30,893 31,153 31,444

Participation rate............................... 66.5 66.2 66.9 66.6 66.1 65.7 66.3 66.3 66.8

Employed....................................... 28,991 29,430 29,640 29,139 29,430 29,382 29,611 29,737 29,789

Employment-population ratio............... 63.3 62.6 62.9 63.6 63.3 63.1 63.5 63.3 63.2

Unemployed.................................... 1,458 1,701 1,866 1,357 1,295 1,218 1,281 1,416 1,655

Unemployment rate......................... 4.8 5.5 5.9 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.5 5.3

Not in labor force................................. 15,367 15,879 15,597 15,319 15,734 15,944 15,731 15,857 15,659

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,678 16,834 16,951 16,702 16,653 16,526 16,725 16,795 16,882

Participation rate............................... 80.3 78.8 79.2 80.4 79.1 78.4 79.2 78.6 78.8

Employed....................................... 15,964 15,875 15,912 16,081 16,000 15,925 16,047 16,073 16,036

Employment-population ratio............... 76.9 74.3 74.3 77.5 76.0 75.5 76.0 75.2 74.9

Unemployed.................................... 713 958 1,038 622 653 601 677 722 846

Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 5.7 6.1 3.7 3.9 3.6 4.0 4.3 5.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,425 13,024 13,120 12,403 12,655 12,637 12,785 13,024 13,085

Participation rate............................... 59.7 61.1 61.5 59.6 59.9 59.7 60.3 61.1 61.3

Employed....................................... 11,809 12,391 12,465 11,808 12,185 12,179 12,307 12,447 12,460

Employment-population ratio............... 56.7 58.1 58.4 56.7 57.7 57.6 58.1 58.4 58.4

Unemployed.................................... 616 633 655 595 469 458 478 577 626

Unemployment rate......................... 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 4.4 4.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,346 1,274 1,436 1,391 1,417 1,438 1,383 1,334 1,477

Participation rate............................... 31.8 29.4 33.1 32.9 33.0 33.4 32.0 30.8 34.0

Employed....................................... 1,218 1,164 1,262 1,250 1,245 1,279 1,257 1,217 1,294

Employment-population ratio............... 28.8 26.9 29.1 29.5 29.0 29.7 29.1 28.1 29.8

Unemployed.................................... 129 110 173 141 173 159 126 116 183

Unemployment rate......................... 9.6 8.7 12.1 10.1 12.2 11.0 9.1 8.7 12.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,647 8,829 8,850 8,976 9,141 8,901 8,885 8,814 9,165

Participation rate.................................. 45.2 46.1 46.7 46.9 46.6 45.6 45.6 46.0 48.3

Employed.......................................... 8,141 8,267 8,198 8,574 8,574 8,506 8,443 8,417 8,629

Employment-population ratio................. 42.5 43.1 43.2 44.8 43.7 43.5 43.4 43.9 45.5

Unemployed....................................... 507 562 652 402 567 395 442 397 536

Unemployment rate............................ 5.9 6.4 7.4 4.5 6.2 4.4 5.0 4.5 5.8

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,577 35,983 35,852 36,550 35,070 35,192 35,605 36,189 35,850

Participation rate.................................. 56.2 56.1 56.0 56.2 55.9 55.7 56.2 56.4 56.0

Employed.......................................... 34,793 34,457 34,441 34,935 33,692 33,816 34,339 34,836 34,574

Employment-population ratio................. 53.5 53.7 53.8 53.7 53.7 53.5 54.2 54.3 54.0

Unemployed....................................... 1,784 1,526 1,411 1,615 1,378 1,377 1,266 1,353 1,276

Unemployment rate............................ 4.9 4.2 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.6

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,337 35,952 35,869 35,423 35,806 35,880 35,789 36,082 35,962

Participation rate.................................. 63.5 63.2 63.4 63.7 62.7 62.9 62.7 63.5 63.6

Employed.......................................... 33,931 34,859 34,594 34,122 34,734 34,748 34,735 35,046 34,796

Employment-population ratio................. 61.0 61.3 61.2 61.4 60.8 60.9 60.8 61.7 61.5

Unemployed....................................... 1,406 1,093 1,275 1,301 1,071 1,133 1,054 1,036 1,167

Unemployment rate............................ 4.0 3.0 3.6 3.7 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.2

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 62,734 62,863 63,848 62,017 63,312 63,041 63,150 62,854 63,140

Participation rate.................................. 73.3 72.7 73.1 72.5 72.7 72.5 72.7 72.7 72.3

Employed.......................................... 61,375 61,526 62,530 60,679 62,089 61,781 61,947 61,591 61,858

Employment-population ratio................. 71.7 71.1 71.6 70.9 71.3 71.1 71.3 71.2 70.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,359 1,338 1,318 1,338 1,223 1,260 1,203 1,263 1,282

Unemployment rate............................ 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,469 18,002 16,448 15,967 2,021 2,035

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,971 8,683 7,770 7,600 1,202 1,083

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.6 48.2 47.2 47.6 59.5 53.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,686 8,462 7,540 7,393 1,146 1,069

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.0 47.0 45.8 46.3 56.7 52.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 221 230 207 56 14

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.5 3.0 2.7 4.6 1.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,498 9,319 8,678 8,367 819 952

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,814 4,989 3,911 4,070 904 919

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,840 4,004 3,178 3,381 662 623

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.8 80.3 81.3 83.1 73.3 67.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,718 3,894 3,088 3,283 630 611

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.2 78.0 79.0 80.7 69.8 66.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 111 90 98 32 12

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.9 4.8 2.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 985 733 689 241 295

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,264 2,947 2,810 2,510 453 437

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,433 2,148 2,104 1,831 329 317

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.6 72.9 74.9 72.9 72.6 72.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,376 2,098 2,063 1,781 314 317

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.8 71.2 73.4 70.9 69.1 72.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 50 42 50 16 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.7 4.7 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 799 706 679 124 120

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,345 6,077 6,093 5,820 252 257

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 820 943 815 42 6

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.5 13.5 15.5 14.0 16.7 2.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939 809 901 803 38 6

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 13.3 14.8 13.8 15.1 2.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 11 42 11 4 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 1.4 4.5 1.4 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,360 5,257 5,150 5,005 210 251

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,046 3,989 3,634 3,567 412 422

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,713 1,711 1,545 1,574 168 137

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 42.9 42.5 44.1 40.8 32.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,652 1,662 1,488 1,526 164 136

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 41.7 41.0 42.8 39.8 32.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 49 56 47 4 1

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 2.8 3.7 3.0 2.5 0.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,333 2,278 2,089 1,993 244 285

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,694 238,871 107,147 109,483 128,548 129,389

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,438 155,307 78,383 79,747 74,055 75,560

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 65.0 73.2 72.8 57.6 58.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,175 149,259 74,906 76,361 71,269 72,898

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.5 69.9 69.7 55.4 56.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,263 6,049 3,477 3,387 2,786 2,662

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.9 4.4 4.2 3.8 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,256 83,564 28,763 29,735 54,493 53,829

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,014 32,611 231,310 233,501

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,250 7,786 156,474 158,392

Participation rate..................................................................... 22.6 23.9 67.6 67.8

Employed............................................................................. 6,613 7,214 150,329 152,498

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 20.7 22.1 65.0 65.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 637 572 6,145 5,894

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.8 7.3 3.9 3.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,764 24,825 74,835 75,109

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,079 3,256 78,013 79,093

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.0 41.9 82.4 82.2

Employed............................................................................. 2,780 3,007 74,747 75,778

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 34.3 38.7 78.9 78.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 299 249 3,266 3,316

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.7 7.6 4.2 4.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,025 4,516 16,702 17,162

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,905 3,245 68,898 69,610

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.3 38.6 71.5 72.4

Employed............................................................................. 2,624 2,966 66,316 67,277

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 31.9 35.3 68.8 70.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 281 279 2,582 2,333

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.7 8.6 3.7 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,330 5,164 27,444 26,508

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,266 1,285 9,563 9,688

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.1 7.8 23.8 23.6

Employed............................................................................. 1,209 1,241 9,265 9,443

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.7 7.6 23.0 23.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 57 44 298 245

Unemployment rate............................................................... 4.5 3.4 3.1 2.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,409 15,146 30,689 31,439

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 44,718 46,470 21,761 22,743 22,957 23,727

Civilian labor force.................................................. 29,229 30,827 16,758 17,464 12,471 13,363

Participation rate.................................................. 65.4 66.3 77.0 76.8 54.3 56.3

Employed.......................................................... 28,138 29,518 16,173 16,705 11,965 12,813

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.9 63.5 74.3 73.4 52.1 54.0

Unemployed....................................................... 1,092 1,309 585 759 506 550

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.7 4.2 3.5 4.3 4.1 4.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,489 15,643 5,003 5,279 10,486 10,364

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 218,606 219,642 106,534 107,328 112,071 112,314

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,495 135,351 70,513 70,919 63,982 64,433

Participation rate.................................................. 61.5 61.6 66.2 66.1 57.1 57.4

Employed.......................................................... 128,805 130,194 67,287 67,961 61,518 62,234

Employment-population ratio................................. 58.9 59.3 63.2 63.3 54.9 55.4

Unemployed....................................................... 5,691 5,157 3,226 2,958 2,464 2,199

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.2 3.8 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 84,110 84,291 36,021 36,410 48,089 47,881

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,262 2,145 2,251 2,363 2,206 2,228 2,311 2,245 2,346

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,457 1,428 1,456 1,524 1,495 1,492 1,496 1,485 1,521

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 771 682 755 800 692 715 791 720 781

Unpaid family workers........................... 34 35 40 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 154,681 156,547 157,461 155,033 156,570 156,344 156,818 157,645 157,743

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 145,611 147,532 148,238 146,140 147,109 147,381 147,886 148,822 148,723

Government..................................... 21,375 21,968 21,951 20,928 21,211 21,084 21,683 21,548 21,501

Private industries............................... 124,235 125,564 126,287 124,966 126,102 126,468 126,169 126,981 126,967

Private households.......................... 572 669 592 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 123,663 124,895 125,696 124,266 125,460 125,819 125,538 126,248 126,261

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,002 8,952 9,173 9,185 9,261 8,970 9,036 9,217 9,338

Unpaid family workers........................... 69 63 50 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,349 4,498 4,285 4,137 3,664 3,688 3,878 4,050 4,067

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,946 3,114 3,079 2,726 2,535 2,546 2,648 2,685 2,840

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,089 993 868 1,061 867 826 911 999 859

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,301 22,096 22,494 20,706 21,297 21,226 21,628 22,083 21,856

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,278 4,401 4,146 4,103 3,578 3,623 3,810 3,959 3,964

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,900 3,057 2,975 2,688 2,487 2,497 2,611 2,646 2,750

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,084 983 850 1,054 862 819 892 988 842

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,894 21,683 22,074 20,316 20,950 20,844 21,211 21,674 21,453

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,942 158,692 159,713 157,590 158,593 158,527 159,244 160,138 160,315

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,094 5,247 5,311 5,487 5,598 5,740 5,680 5,710 5,719

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,082 2,033 1,992 2,284 2,200 2,241 2,371 2,265 2,200

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,012 3,215 3,319 3,212 3,387 3,500 3,312 3,462 3,534

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,849 153,444 154,401 152,102 152,994 152,787 153,564 154,428 154,597

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,609 14,336 14,638 13,831 13,780 13,759 13,834 14,705 14,831

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,240 139,108 139,763 138,445 139,160 138,845 139,477 139,834 139,939

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,923 101,921 102,681 101,159 101,509 101,400 101,848 102,366 102,838

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,052 35,343 35,751 35,151 35,296 35,073 35,066 35,594 35,799

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,443 34,904 35,179 34,536 34,611 34,777 34,983 35,010 35,243

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,427 31,674 31,751 31,471 31,601 31,550 31,799 31,762 31,796

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,317 37,188 37,082 37,287 37,651 37,446 37,630 37,468 37,100

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,460 84,120 84,666 84,071 84,559 84,557 84,880 85,186 85,266

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,542 2,596 2,618 2,778 2,783 2,859 2,847 2,862 2,859

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,014 907 912 1,122 1,034 1,059 1,109 1,039 1,020

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,528 1,689 1,706 1,661 1,752 1,809 1,748 1,838 1,851

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,918 81,524 82,048 81,293 81,776 81,698 82,033 82,324 82,407

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,891 7,144 7,355 7,055 7,144 7,071 7,080 7,354 7,484

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,027 74,379 74,693 74,444 74,548 74,451 74,767 75,036 75,070

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,898 54,269 54,765 54,228 54,106 54,119 54,370 54,708 55,033

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,667 18,717 19,087 18,794 18,701 18,548 18,629 18,916 19,167

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,566 18,752 18,859 18,691 18,649 18,761 18,798 18,896 18,965

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,665 16,801 16,819 16,743 16,756 16,810 16,943 16,896 16,901

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,129 20,110 19,928 20,216 20,442 20,332 20,396 20,328 20,037

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,483 74,572 75,047 73,519 74,033 73,970 74,364 74,952 75,049

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,551 2,651 2,693 2,710 2,815 2,881 2,833 2,848 2,860

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,068 1,125 1,080 1,162 1,167 1,182 1,262 1,226 1,179

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,483 1,526 1,614 1,551 1,635 1,691 1,564 1,624 1,683

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,931 71,921 72,354 70,810 71,218 71,088 71,531 72,104 72,189

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,718 7,192 7,283 6,776 6,636 6,688 6,755 7,351 7,347

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,213 64,729 65,070 64,001 64,612 64,394 64,711 64,798 64,868

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,025 47,651 47,916 46,930 47,403 47,281 47,477 47,658 47,805

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,385 16,627 16,664 16,358 16,596 16,525 16,436 16,678 16,633

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,878 16,152 16,320 15,845 15,963 16,016 16,185 16,114 16,278

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,762 14,873 14,932 14,728 14,845 14,740 14,857 14,866 14,895

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,188 17,078 17,154 17,071 17,209 17,113 17,233 17,140 17,063

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,572 45,927 46,414 45,571 45,624 45,988 46,209 46,119 46,387

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,146 36,569 37,152 35,916 36,179 36,322 36,472 36,490 36,883

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,958 10,154 9,696 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,712 131,175 132,173 131,783 132,179 132,300 132,299 132,577 133,184

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,230 27,516 27,540 25,811 26,413 26,115 26,794 27,400 27,089

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,557 7,877 8,041 7,430 7,519 7,676 8,046 8,001 7,904

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.0 4.9

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,291 6,560 6,435 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,772 9,635 9,928 9,985 9,953 9,686 9,827 9,937 10,119

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 6,272 5,694 5,936 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 628 658 716 10.3 11.0 11.3 10.4 10.3 11.1

16 to 17 years.................................. 256 277 216 10.1 9.8 11.5 8.4 10.9 9.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 362 384 488 10.1 11.9 11.3 12.2 10.0 12.1

20 years and over................................ 5,644 5,035 5,219 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,121 1,116 1,103 7.5 6.9 6.8 7.3 7.1 6.9

25 years and over.............................. 4,641 4,020 4,235 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 3,477 3,136 3,242 3.3 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 1,502 1,459 1,447 4.1 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 1,175 927 936 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.6

45 to 54 years............................. 799 750 858 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.6

55 years and over........................... 1,130 874 957 2.9 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.5

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,318 3,147 3,208 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 347 387 405 11.1 12.1 12.5 10.2 11.9 12.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 111 183 131 9.0 11.7 15.6 9.3 15.0 11.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 234 207 275 12.4 12.6 10.9 11.3 10.1 12.9

20 years and over................................ 2,971 2,760 2,803 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 600 620 646 7.8 7.2 7.7 7.3 7.8 7.9

25 years and over.............................. 2,464 2,225 2,251 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 1,794 1,722 1,738 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 756 856 773 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.9 4.3 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 636 484 532 3.3 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.7

45 to 54 years............................. 401 382 434 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.2 2.5

55 years and over........................... 670 504 512 3.2 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.5

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,954 2,546 2,728 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 281 271 311 9.4 9.8 10.0 10.7 8.7 9.8

16 to 17 years.................................. 145 93 86 11.1 8.0 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.8

18 to 19 years.................................. 128 177 213 7.6 11.1 11.7 13.2 9.8 11.2

20 years and over................................ 2,672 2,275 2,417 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 521 496 457 7.1 6.6 5.9 7.3 6.3 5.9

25 years and over.............................. 2,178 1,795 1,984 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 1,683 1,414 1,503 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 746 604 674 4.4 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 539 443 405 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.4

45 to 54 years............................. 398 368 425 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.8

55 years and over........................... 502 386 482 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.7

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 871 837 885 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9

Married women, spouse present1................. 858 710 766 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.0

Women who maintain families2.................... 557 403 514 5.3 5.7 4.9 3.6 3.8 5.0

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 5,223 4,634 4,863 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.5

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,085 1,078 1,117 4.0 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.0

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,473 3,226 3,249 3,004 2,695 2,761 2,629 2,529 2,752

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,164 1,238 1,117 879 853 806 814 734 816

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,309 1,987 2,132 2,125 1,842 1,956 1,815 1,795 1,935

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,641 1,330 1,482 1,551 1,267 1,351 1,339 1,257 1,380

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 668 657 650 574 575 605 476 538 555

Job leavers........................................... 964 881 892 964 861 829 825 884 891

Reentrants............................................ 1,971 1,807 1,862 1,971 1,873 1,798 1,767 1,817 1,847

New entrants......................................... 374 465 462 429 494 558 497 531 515

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 51.2 50.6 50.3 47.2 45.5 46.4 46.0 43.9 45.8

On temporary layoff.............................. 17.2 19.4 17.3 13.8 14.4 13.5 14.2 12.7 13.6

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 34.0 31.2 33.0 33.4 31.1 32.9 31.7 31.2 32.2

Job leavers........................................... 14.2 13.8 13.8 15.1 14.5 13.9 14.4 15.3 14.8

Reentrants............................................ 29.1 28.3 28.8 30.9 31.6 30.2 30.9 31.5 30.8

New entrants......................................... 5.5 7.3 7.1 6.7 8.3 9.4 8.7 9.2 8.6

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7

Job leavers........................................... 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,980 2,358 2,130 2,142 2,215 2,244 2,233 1,946 2,289

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,158 1,965 2,247 1,803 1,774 1,694 1,639 1,785 1,845

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,644 2,055 2,089 2,418 1,987 2,036 1,895 2,001 1,862

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 879 926 957 726 817 821 826 890 805

27 weeks and over............................... 1,765 1,129 1,131 1,691 1,169 1,215 1,069 1,111 1,057

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 26.0 19.1 19.1 26.2 20.8 21.4 19.5 20.4 19.3

Median duration, in weeks......................... 9.9 8.4 8.9 9.3 8.4 8.8 8.9 9.1 8.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 29.2 37.0 32.9 33.7 37.1 37.6 38.7 33.9 38.2

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 31.8 30.8 34.7 28.3 29.7 28.4 28.4 31.1 30.8

15 weeks and over.................................. 39.0 32.2 32.3 38.0 33.2 34.1 32.9 34.9 31.1

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 13.0 14.5 14.8 11.4 13.7 13.7 14.3 15.5 13.4

27 weeks and over............................... 26.0 17.7 17.5 26.6 19.6 20.3 18.5 19.4 17.6

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 156,942 159,713 6,782 6,465 4.1 3.9

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 67,754 69,986 1,490 1,406 2.2 2.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 29,131 30,137 638 632 2.1 2.1

Professional and related occupations.......................... 38,624 39,848 852 774 2.2 1.9

Service occupations................................................ 24,228 25,292 1,400 1,295 5.5 4.9

Sales and office occupations...................................... 31,383 30,220 1,311 1,327 4.0 4.2

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,927 14,185 565 596 3.6 4.0

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,456 16,035 747 731 4.3 4.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,091 14,190 917 902 6.1 6.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 963 946 119 85 11.0 8.2

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,286 8,474 664 713 7.4 7.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,842 4,769 134 104 2.7 2.1

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,485 20,025 1,270 1,073 6.1 5.1

Production occupations.......................................... 7,993 8,380 413 421 4.9 4.8

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,492 11,645 856 651 6.9 5.3

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 6,782 6,465 4.1 3.9

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 5,479 5,218 4.2 4.0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 29 17 5.0 3.0

Construction.......................................................................... 677 708 6.7 6.6

Manufacturing........................................................................ 497 464 3.2 3.0

Durable goods..................................................................... 324 268 3.3 2.6

Nondurable goods................................................................ 174 196 3.1 3.6

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 983 1,039 4.9 5.4

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 409 377 5.1 4.5

Information............................................................................ 91 87 3.7 3.2

Financial activities................................................................... 246 227 2.4 2.2

Professional and business services............................................... 737 801 3.9 4.2

Education and health services..................................................... 754 611 3.0 2.4

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 849 693 6.6 5.2

Other services........................................................................ 207 194 3.5 3.1

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 144 105 9.4 7.1

Government workers................................................................... 386 374 1.8 1.7

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 399 306 3.9 3.0

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.8

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.4

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.2 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.8

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

Feb.

2022

Feb.

2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 99,600 99,934 41,024 41,689 58,575 58,245

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,299 4,987 2,493 2,514 2,806 2,472

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,496 1,420 749 771 747 649

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 393 361 214 202 178 159

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,103 1,059 535 569 569 490

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,557 8,041 3,682 4,014 3,875 4,027

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.8 5.0 4.4 4.7 5.3 5.4

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,243 4,415 2,286 2,379 1,957 2,036

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,993 2,051 696 824 1,297 1,227

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 288 388 173 236 115 152

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 997 1,142 508 562 489 580

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Change

from:

Jan.2023 -

Feb.2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,606 155,344 152,836 153,955 151,010 154,535 155,039 155,350 311

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,338 132,746 130,512 131,234 128,928 132,204 132,590 132,855 265

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,523 21,377 21,062 21,156 20,906 21,461 21,512 21,532 20

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 626 622 622 583 628 631 631 0

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 45.5 46.4 46.4 44.7 45.7 46.2 45.9 -0.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 529.2 580.5 575.1 575.9 538.2 582.4 585.1 584.7 -0.4

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.1 118.0 117.3 117.1 111.9 117.2 118.1 118.0 -0.1

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.3 183.9 180.3 181.9 180.4 186.5 186.3 187.4 1.1

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.6 40.8 40.9 41.1 39.6 41.1 41.0 41.1 0.1

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.9 43.2 43.4 43.5 42.3 43.5 43.7 43.7 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.8 99.9 96.0 97.3 98.5 102.0 101.6 102.5 0.9

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.8 278.6 277.5 276.9 245.9 278.7 280.7 279.3 -1.4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,349 7,763 7,549 7,613 7,669 7,859 7,894 7,918 24

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,682.9 1,773.2 1,751.1 1,756.6 1,732.2 1,785.9 1,798.0 1,800.9 2.9

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 886.9 928.2 911.0 915.9 910.6 934.3 937.3 938.5 1.2

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 796.0 845.0 840.1 840.7 821.6 851.6 860.7 862.4 1.7

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 972.1 1,040.2 986.5 1,009.0 1,061.5 1,081.5 1,085.9 1,093.6 7.7

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,693.7 4,949.3 4,811.1 4,846.9 4,875.1 4,991.4 5,009.9 5,023.3 13.4

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,196.9 2,301.4 2,235.1 2,262.9 2,274.1 2,324.8 2,325.3 2,336.5 11.2

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,496.8 2,647.9 2,576.0 2,584.0 2,601.0 2,666.6 2,684.6 2,686.8 2.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,600 12,988 12,891 12,921 12,654 12,974 12,987 12,983 -4

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,835 8,107 8,052 8,069 7,859 8,096 8,095 8,095 0

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.6 429.2 426.8 426.0 425.7 429.3 429.0 428.0 -1.0

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.5 428.9 423.5 424.9 420.5 432.4 434.1 435.6 1.5

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360.7 368.6 364.3 365.0 360.2 366.5 365.4 365.0 -0.4

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,412.5 1,448.6 1,443.8 1,444.0 1,417.5 1,449.4 1,450.9 1,449.8 -1.1

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,087.9 1,124.6 1,121.0 1,123.3 1,089.9 1,123.0 1,124.0 1,124.4 0.4

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,072.9 1,102.4 1,096.0 1,100.8 1,074.3 1,100.7 1,100.8 1,103.6 2.8

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160.0 168.2 167.0 167.1 160.0 167.4 167.3 167.8 0.5

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.6 84.5 83.7 84.4 85.7 85.2 84.1 84.6 0.5

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.0 393.8 391.9 392.6 377.5 393.9 394.3 394.3 0.0

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.6 423.4 421.0 423.9 420.0 422.0 422.3 423.8 1.5

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 32.5 32.4 32.8 31.1 32.3 32.8 33.1 0.3

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.9 403.9 405.1 403.7 399.0 405.2 406.7 406.6 -0.1

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,668.2 1,792.0 1,769.8 1,780.4 1,664.9 1,782.4 1,776.3 1,777.6 1.3

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971.9 1,060.0 1,040.2 1,045.1 967.8 1,048.1 1,043.0 1,043.2 0.2

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.3 374.7 369.8 369.3 382.0 373.2 372.5 369.7 -2.8

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621.0 634.4 631.4 631.9 625.1 634.3 635.7 635.1 -0.6

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,765 4,881 4,839 4,852 4,795 4,878 4,892 4,888 -4

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,664.6 1,725.4 1,709.2 1,715.1 1,675.7 1,717.3 1,726.2 1,725.1 -1.1

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.3 96.0 96.0 94.1 99.1 96.0 96.7 95.0 -1.7

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.4 102.3 103.3 103.1 105.8 102.6 103.6 103.5 -0.1

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 92.6 92.2 92.9 93.5 91.9 93.7 92.4 -1.3

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360.5 359.0 356.8 356.0 361.5 358.7 357.3 356.2 -1.1

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 373.8 385.5 377.7 378.9 377.2 381.5 381.3 382.1 0.8

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.9 102.0 100.2 101.6 104.5 104.0 104.4 105.4 1.0

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890.6 915.2 909.9 915.7 890.3 916.1 914.7 917.2 2.5

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747.5 755.4 750.2 748.1 745.9 754.7 755.8 751.1 -4.7

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Change

from:

Jan.2023 -

Feb.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330.2 347.8 343.2 346.6 341.7 355.3 358.4 360.3 1.9

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,815 111,369 109,450 110,078 108,022 110,743 111,078 111,323 245

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,294 29,506 28,749 28,635 28,561 28,767 28,824 28,862 38

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,847.2 6,032.5 5,989.0 6,009.6 5,882.0 6,028.8 6,037.7 6,048.8 11.1

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,227.2 3,331.1 3,316.4 3,326.7 3,238.8 3,330.0 3,336.3 3,341.3 5.0

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,119.1 2,175.6 2,151.1 2,157.2 2,138.8 2,174.6 2,176.3 2,179.3 3.0

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 500.9 525.8 521.5 525.7 504.4 524.2 525.1 528.2 3.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,351.8 15,868.1 15,454.3 15,406.7 15,564.1 15,477.8 15,511.7 15,561.8 50.1

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,976.4 2,019.7 2,003.7 2,009.7 1,992.6 2,026.1 2,027.2 2,026.7 -0.5

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,244.6 1,257.3 1,249.5 1,253.2 1,247.9 1,259.7 1,259.4 1,258.8 -0.6

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.4 172.7 168.7 170.5 174.3 178.6 179.0 178.4 -0.6

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565.4 589.7 585.5 586.0 570.4 587.7 588.8 589.5 0.7

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,388.9 1,386.9 1,357.3 1,361.8 1,426.8 1,416.4 1,411.6 1,408.6 -3.0

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,161.8 3,259.9 3,232.4 3,235.8 3,169.4 3,231.9 3,244.8 3,249.3 4.5

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923.3 906.0 885.6 874.8 929.6 877.5 881.6 882.1 0.5

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 468.5 462.6 451.7 446.2 470.9 448.2 447.4 446.6 -0.8

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 454.8 443.4 433.9 428.6 454.2 426.7 427.9 427.4 -0.5

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,179.5 3,269.2 3,114.6 3,121.6 3,240.6 3,068.4 3,079.0 3,118.2 39.2

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956.7 1,038.0 952.3 924.8 989.2 917.4 923.3 937.9 14.6

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,222.8 2,231.2 2,162.3 2,196.8 2,251.4 2,151.0 2,155.7 2,180.2 24.5

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,110.7 1,139.7 1,118.9 1,108.6 1,111.9 1,114.1 1,109.0 1,110.8 1.8

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,011.0 1,055.6 1,051.4 1,050.8 1,025.6 1,055.4 1,060.4 1,061.8 1.4

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102.6 1,239.9 1,169.0 1,131.7 1,137.8 1,153.0 1,160.0 1,166.8 6.8

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,497.6 1,591.2 1,521.4 1,511.9 1,529.8 1,535.0 1,538.1 1,537.5 -0.6

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,546.1 7,049.5 6,754.3 6,670.0 6,563.3 6,704.9 6,721.2 6,699.7 -21.5

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478.9 520.5 522.3 523.8 482.7 523.6 526.6 528.0 1.4

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.2 148.7 148.6 148.6 145.8 148.8 149.1 148.9 -0.2

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 64.5 63.0 63.9 61.4 65.7 66.2 67.0 0.8

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,542.0 1,611.0 1,586.4 1,575.8 1,564.9 1,607.1 1,608.4 1,599.9 -8.5

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.7 444.0 443.0 444.7 405.0 428.7 436.5 433.5 -3.0

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.6 48.1 47.3 47.9 51.1 47.9 48.0 48.4 0.4

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 24.0 27.5 23.6 23.7 29.7 31.2 30.6 30.6 0.0

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 777.4 820.7 813.6 810.6 776.4 809.0 816.4 812.4 -4.0

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129.6 1,383.6 1,165.1 1,094.7 1,132.9 1,109.5 1,104.5 1,101.6 -2.9

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,923.2 1,980.9 1,941.4 1,936.3 1,913.4 1,933.4 1,934.9 1,929.4 -5.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.2 555.5 551.7 549.0 551.2 555.3 553.2 552.1 -1.1

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,974 3,139 3,050 3,044 2,992 3,120 3,100 3,075 -25

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430.0 470.1 417.8 421.3 444.3 461.7 451.1 442.2 -8.9

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912.1 955.5 938.1 934.1 916.6 952.3 946.5 941.4 -5.1

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 355.6 359.9 354.8 353.2 354.3 359.6 357.4 354.5 -2.9

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.4 662.7 651.8 651.9 654.3 658.1 654.8 652.1 -2.7

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445.7 490.0 485.7 484.1 445.6 486.7 487.1 483.1 -4.0

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.6 200.8 201.7 199.2 176.6 201.3 203.0 201.6 -1.4

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,931 9,132 9,049 9,047 8,982 9,101 9,106 9,105 -1

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,629.1 6,716.2 6,682.3 6,675.1 6,634.4 6,691.7 6,694.7 6,684.5 -10.2

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 21.8 21.7 21.9 21.1 21.8 21.9 22.0 0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,705.8 2,684.9 2,678.0 2,672.9 2,705.3 2,681.3 2,679.5 2,672.8 -6.7

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Change

from:

Jan.2023 -

Feb.2023p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . 1,755.4 1,784.7 1,782.7 1,786.3 1,754.6 1,783.4 1,783.3 1,786.4 3.1

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,366.4 1,376.9 1,376.1 1,379.8 1,364.6 1,376.6 1,376.0 1,377.3 1.3

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 613.8 579.5 576.9 569.8 615.2 577.6 578.5 571.7 -6.8

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 336.6 320.7 318.4 316.8 335.5 320.3 317.7 314.7 -3.0

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,020.3 1,073.5 1,065.3 1,066.2 1,025.7 1,068.3 1,071.3 1,071.9 0.6

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,881.9 2,936.0 2,917.3 2,914.1 2,882.3 2,920.3 2,922.0 2,917.8 -4.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,302.3 2,416.1 2,366.4 2,371.9 2,347.4 2,409.2 2,410.9 2,420.3 9.4

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,776.2 1,855.6 1,825.0 1,826.3 1,804.4 1,844.9 1,851.1 1,855.0 3.9

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.4 537.7 519.5 523.5 520.9 541.8 537.4 542.8 5.4

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 22.8 21.9 22.1 22.1 22.5 22.4 22.5 0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,086 22,907 22,474 22,630 22,306 22,814 22,867 22,912 45

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,332.2 10,750.7 10,697.0 10,773.7 10,302.6 10,713.5 10,741.2 10,760.7 19.5

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,163.6 1,190.0 1,174.5 1,174.2 1,169.0 1,180.4 1,181.2 1,182.7 1.5

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,157.3 1,130.5 1,164.8 1,213.1 1,072.8 1,131.7 1,137.2 1,136.7 -0.5

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,557.8 1,645.5 1,629.6 1,631.4 1,578.5 1,644.7 1,650.3 1,654.9 4.6

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.8 159.3 155.5 158.0 146.7 157.2 158.2 159.8 1.6

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,411.5 2,492.2 2,481.4 2,482.8 2,416.3 2,493.4 2,486.8 2,484.4 -2.4

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,737.3 1,850.9 1,830.9 1,846.9 1,744.9 1,832.2 1,845.2 1,857.1 11.9

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864.4 914.5 910.3 917.3 870.9 913.9 917.7 921.4 3.7

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474.7 493.9 489.1 490.4 474.9 493.3 495.3 494.3 -1.0

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820.8 873.9 860.9 859.6 828.6 866.7 869.4 869.5 0.1

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,464.8 2,523.7 2,511.5 2,508.3 2,475.1 2,516.3 2,519.5 2,520.6 1.1

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,289.3 9,632.1 9,265.3 9,347.8 9,528.5 9,584.0 9,606.4 9,630.4 24.0

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,829.3 9,147.9 8,789.4 8,866.3 9,061.5 9,101.6 9,121.2 9,142.0 20.8

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 569.4 610.0 606.6 612.9 574.5 612.8 615.0 619.1 4.1

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.3 158.7 159.2 160.0 154.1 158.4 159.3 160.3 1.0

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,858.5 3,945.7 3,720.5 3,770.3 3,902.3 3,839.5 3,840.4 3,851.3 10.9

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,112.0 3,147.1 2,944.4 2,998.0 3,148.7 3,037.9 3,053.2 3,060.0 6.8

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823.2 784.8 772.7 764.2 820.4 766.2 766.3 763.1 -3.2

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160.1 179.2 178.0 177.2 164.9 180.9 181.9 180.8 -1.1

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 936.8 979.2 967.9 966.1 942.1 970.9 979.2 975.5 -3.7

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,015.1 2,151.1 2,053.2 2,080.9 2,183.1 2,230.2 2,237.6 2,247.9 10.3

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.9 339.2 331.3 334.7 320.2 342.8 341.5 344.1 2.6

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460.0 484.2 475.9 481.5 467.0 482.4 485.2 488.4 3.2

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 24,078 24,960 24,749 25,111 23,996 24,827 24,934 25,008 74

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,852.0 3,920.4 3,779.0 4,035.2 3,732.8 3,856.3 3,888.4 3,899.8 11.4

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,225.9 21,039.2 20,970.1 21,076.1 20,263.5 20,970.2 21,045.8 21,108.6 62.8

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,064.1 16,660.1 16,585.5 16,657.4 16,098.5 16,591.3 16,644.1 16,688.3 44.2

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,007.8 8,314.9 8,256.5 8,289.1 8,020.8 8,272.8 8,294.2 8,305.3 11.1

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,772.6 2,877.4 2,851.2 2,857.7 2,778.3 2,855.9 2,862.3 2,864.1 1.8

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,003.4 1,031.4 1,027.3 1,024.0 1,004.9 1,031.2 1,028.8 1,027.9 -0.9

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,062.0 1,114.6 1,106.4 1,117.9 1,063.1 1,110.2 1,114.1 1,120.7 6.6

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,019.0 1,058.2 1,058.1 1,059.2 1,019.1 1,053.0 1,060.2 1,059.4 -0.8

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 323.1 321.1 321.8 324.8 323.5 320.4 322.2 324.3 2.1

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,506.8 1,575.7 1,556.9 1,572.9 1,513.3 1,567.7 1,571.2 1,576.5 5.3

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320.9 336.5 334.8 332.6 318.7 334.4 335.3 332.4 -2.9

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,099.1 5,262.8 5,247.6 5,273.2 5,105.7 5,245.3 5,258.5 5,277.9 19.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Change

from:

Jan.2023 -

Feb.2023p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 2,957.2 3,082.4 3,081.4 3,095.1 2,972.0 3,073.2 3,091.4 3,105.1 13.7

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,335.3 1,382.1 1,379.8 1,382.8 1,343.3 1,375.9 1,381.4 1,386.8 5.4

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596.2 623.5 620.3 620.6 597.4 621.7 623.8 623.4 -0.4

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874.5 923.0 926.6 936.5 880.0 921.2 930.7 940.3 9.6

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 151.2 153.8 154.7 155.2 151.3 154.4 155.5 154.6 -0.9

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,161.8 4,379.1 4,384.6 4,418.7 4,165.0 4,378.9 4,401.7 4,420.3 18.6

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,756.2 2,912.0 2,917.1 2,938.9 2,759.4 2,913.6 2,926.8 2,941.3 14.5

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 199.7 211.1 211.2 212.6 199.3 208.9 210.9 210.6 -0.3

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 268.1 274.1 273.1 275.6 272.0 275.1 278.1 278.5 0.4

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937.8 981.9 983.2 991.6 934.3 981.3 985.8 990.0 4.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,864 15,947 15,638 15,844 15,536 16,316 16,430 16,535 105

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,013.6 2,241.7 2,142.5 2,191.9 2,241.8 2,397.8 2,408.2 2,429.6 21.4

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.2 487.5 446.0 474.8 476.9 513.4 513.5 520.5 7.0

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.4 161.8 152.3 153.8 153.1 164.8 166.0 167.5 1.5

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,441.0 1,592.4 1,544.2 1,563.3 1,611.8 1,719.6 1,728.7 1,741.6 12.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,850.6 13,705.5 13,495.2 13,651.6 13,294.2 13,918.1 14,021.3 14,105.6 84.3

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,612.9 1,770.5 1,751.7 1,775.4 1,710.8 1,846.2 1,860.6 1,875.0 14.4

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,237.7 11,935.0 11,743.5 11,876.2 11,583.4 12,071.9 12,160.7 12,230.6 69.9

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,588 5,778 5,741 5,767 5,649 5,798 5,817 5,826 9

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,366.9 1,410.8 1,403.9 1,412.1 1,380.2 1,417.7 1,420.7 1,424.9 4.2

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,435.7 1,520.9 1,508.9 1,513.2 1,454.2 1,521.6 1,532.5 1,531.8 -0.7

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,785.6 2,846.4 2,827.7 2,841.8 2,814.3 2,859.1 2,864.0 2,869.0 5.0

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,268 22,598 22,324 22,721 22,082 22,331 22,449 22,495 46

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,860 2,890 2,871 2,884 2,874 2,874 2,881 2,888 7

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,251.4 2,277.9 2,271.6 2,280.0 2,266.8 2,278.8 2,283.2 2,287.4 4.2

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608.5 611.7 599.2 604.1 607.5 595.5 597.5 600.9 3.4

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,183 5,167 5,066 5,269 5,088 5,087 5,162 5,164 2

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,553.5 2,511.3 2,413.5 2,603.7 2,447.4 2,421.5 2,492.4 2,488.1 -4.3

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,629.1 2,655.5 2,652.8 2,665.1 2,640.7 2,665.8 2,669.5 2,676.3 6.8

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,225 14,541 14,387 14,568 14,120 14,370 14,406 14,443 37

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,975.4 8,114.9 7,995.0 8,153.9 7,745.9 7,868.1 7,888.7 7,911.8 23.1

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,249.1 6,426.5 6,391.6 6,414.2 6,373.6 6,501.6 6,517.3 6,531.3 14.0

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.7 34.4 34.6 34.5

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.3 39.7 40.2 40.0

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.4 45.5 46.2 45.7

Construction....................................................................... 39.4 38.6 39.2 39.0

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.7 40.1 40.5 40.3

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.0 40.6 41.0 40.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.1 39.4 39.8 39.4

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.6 33.3 33.6 33.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 34.1 34.3 34.1

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.2 38.7 38.9 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.4 30.2 30.4 30.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.0 38.4 38.6 38.5

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 41.8 41.9 42.1

Information......................................................................... 36.9 36.5 36.6 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.5 37.4 37.4 37.3

Professional and business services............................................ 36.8 36.4 36.6 36.6

Private education and health services......................................... 33.5 33.3 33.5 33.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.9 25.3 25.8 25.5

Other services..................................................................... 32.2 32.3 32.3 32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.6 2.9 3.1 3.0

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.5 2.7 3.0 2.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Total private............................................... $31.63 $32.92 $33.01 $33.09 $1,097.56 $1,132.45 $1,142.15 $1,141.61

Goods-producing....................................... 31.89 33.11 33.25 33.28 1,285.17 1,314.47 1,336.65 1,331.20

Mining and logging.................................. 35.55 36.64 36.76 36.87 1,613.97 1,667.12 1,698.31 1,684.96

Construction.......................................... 33.97 35.60 35.67 35.76 1,338.42 1,374.16 1,398.26 1,394.64

Manufacturing........................................ 30.48 31.47 31.63 31.62 1,240.54 1,261.95 1,281.02 1,274.29

Durable goods.................................... 31.97 32.96 33.14 33.16 1,310.77 1,338.18 1,358.74 1,356.24

Nondurable goods................................ 27.99 28.92 29.06 28.98 1,122.40 1,139.45 1,156.59 1,141.81

Private service-providing.............................. 31.57 32.88 32.96 33.04 1,060.75 1,094.90 1,107.46 1,103.54

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 27.26 28.23 28.39 28.55 932.29 962.64 973.78 973.56

Wholesale trade.................................. 34.66 35.87 36.29 36.16 1,358.67 1,388.17 1,411.68 1,403.01

Retail trade........................................ 22.67 23.45 23.54 23.81 689.17 708.19 715.62 716.68

Transportation and warehousing............... 27.37 28.17 28.24 28.40 1,040.06 1,081.73 1,090.06 1,093.40

Utilities............................................. 46.25 48.44 48.74 48.84 1,951.75 2,024.79 2,042.21 2,056.16

Information........................................... 45.55 47.74 47.77 48.05 1,680.80 1,742.51 1,748.38 1,749.02

Financial activities................................... 40.75 42.42 42.47 42.65 1,528.13 1,586.51 1,588.38 1,590.85

Professional and business services.............. 37.95 39.53 39.70 39.76 1,396.56 1,438.89 1,453.02 1,455.22

Private education and health services............ 31.29 32.58 32.68 32.63 1,048.22 1,084.91 1,094.78 1,089.84

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 19.49 20.78 20.77 20.83 504.79 525.73 535.87 531.17

Other services....................................... 28.34 29.37 29.50 29.51 912.55 948.65 952.85 953.17

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Jan.

2023 -

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Jan.

2023 -

Feb.

2023p

Total private..................................... 112.3 114.2 115.2 115.1 -0.1 169.8 179.7 181.8 182.0 0.1

Goods-producing............................. 96.0 97.1 98.5 98.1 -0.4 138.4 145.3 148.1 147.6 -0.3

Mining and logging........................ 83.2 89.8 91.6 90.6 -1.1 118.7 132.1 135.2 134.1 -0.8

Construction................................ 104.2 104.6 106.7 106.4 -0.3 153.7 161.8 165.3 165.4 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 92.7 93.6 94.6 94.1 -0.5 131.3 137.0 139.2 138.4 -0.6

Durable goods........................... 90.7 92.5 93.4 93.2 -0.2 128.8 135.5 137.5 137.3 -0.1

Nondurable goods...................... 96.0 95.9 97.2 96.1 -1.1 136.3 140.8 143.3 141.4 -1.3

Private service-providing.................... 116.8 118.7 120.2 119.7 -0.4 179.3 189.7 192.5 192.2 -0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 106.7 107.2 108.0 107.5 -0.5 156.9 163.2 165.4 165.6 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 101.7 102.9 103.6 103.5 -0.1 147.5 154.4 157.3 156.6 -0.4

Retail trade.............................. 96.3 95.1 96.0 95.3 -0.7 144.4 147.5 149.4 150.1 0.5

Transportation and warehousing...... 143.3 147.9 149.1 148.2 -0.6 199.5 212.0 214.2 214.1 0.0

Utilities.................................... 100.6 100.4 100.3 100.6 0.3 153.8 160.7 161.5 162.3 0.5

Information................................. 100.9 104.0 103.6 102.2 -1.4 163.6 176.8 176.3 174.9 -0.8

Financial activities......................... 110.3 111.5 111.6 111.3 -0.3 175.4 184.5 184.8 185.1 0.2

Professional and business services..... 128.4 129.9 130.9 131.2 0.2 197.4 208.0 210.6 211.3 0.3

Private education and health services... 131.3 135.0 136.4 136.4 0.0 197.6 211.6 214.4 214.1 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 114.8 117.8 120.9 120.3 -0.5 180.5 197.5 202.7 202.2 -0.2

Other services............................. 104.9 108.0 108.3 108.5 0.2 162.9 173.8 175.2 175.5 0.2

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Total nonfarm............................................. 74,996 76,965 77,209 77,362 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 62,197 63,943 64,128 64,251 48.2 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,783 4,965 4,970 4,980 22.9 23.1 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging............................... 75 81 82 82 12.9 12.9 13.0 13.0

Construction....................................... 1,076 1,111 1,115 1,119 14.0 14.1 14.1 14.1

Manufacturing..................................... 3,632 3,773 3,773 3,779 28.7 29.1 29.1 29.1

Durable goods.................................. 1,920 2,018 2,017 2,020 24.4 24.9 24.9 25.0

Nondurable goods............................. 1,712 1,755 1,756 1,759 35.7 36.0 35.9 36.0

Private service-providing........................... 57,414 58,978 59,158 59,271 53.2 53.3 53.3 53.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,236 11,327 11,346 11,373 39.3 39.4 39.4 39.4

Wholesale trade................................ 1,784.3 1,845.6 1,849.5 1,858.5 30.3 30.6 30.6 30.7

Retail trade..................................... 7,548.8 7,514.4 7,521.0 7,530.7 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.4

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,765.1 1,823.3 1,830.5 1,838.8 26.9 27.2 27.2 27.4

Utilities........................................... 137.9 144.0 144.5 144.5 25.0 25.9 26.1 26.2

Information......................................... 1,174 1,265 1,262 1,251 39.2 40.5 40.7 40.7

Financial activities................................ 5,012 5,071 5,075 5,064 55.8 55.7 55.7 55.6

Professional and business services............ 10,344 10,502 10,547 10,586 46.4 46.0 46.1 46.2

Private education and health services......... 18,424 19,106 19,157 19,195 76.8 77.0 76.8 76.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,200 8,599 8,651 8,677 52.8 52.7 52.7 52.5

Other services..................................... 3,024 3,108 3,120 3,125 53.5 53.6 53.6 53.6

Government............................................. 12,799 13,022 13,081 13,111 58.0 58.3 58.3 58.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Total private............................................................................... 105,064 107,475 107,851 108,046

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,939 15,393 15,437 15,440

Mining and logging.................................................................. 442 471 477 477

Construction.......................................................................... 5,644 5,798 5,824 5,824

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,853 9,124 9,136 9,139

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,426 5,624 5,627 5,634

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,427 3,500 3,509 3,505

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,125 92,082 92,414 92,606

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,169 24,212 24,279 24,358

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,687.5 4,793.8 4,798.6 4,811.7

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,258.1 13,148.2 13,189.1 13,243.4

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,784.7 5,828.6 5,850.5 5,864.0

Utilities.............................................................................. 438.4 441.4 440.3 438.8

Information............................................................................ 2,376 2,484 2,465 2,449

Financial activities................................................................... 6,766 6,845 6,858 6,864

Professional and business services............................................... 17,882 18,140 18,162 18,180

Private education and health services............................................ 20,903 21,594 21,708 21,776

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,447 14,088 14,210 14,239

Other services........................................................................ 4,582 4,719 4,732 4,740

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.2 33.8 34.1 33.9

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.2 40.3 40.7 40.6

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.0 46.7 47.6 46.8

Construction....................................................................... 40.2 39.3 39.9 39.9

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.5 40.6 40.9 40.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.7 40.9 41.1 41.1

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.2 40.0 40.4 40.0

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.0 32.8 33.0 32.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 34.0 34.4 34.1

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.3 38.7 38.9 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.7 30.2 30.8 30.5

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.8 38.0 38.3 37.9

Utilities........................................................................... 42.0 42.7 42.7 43.0

Information......................................................................... 36.8 36.0 36.1 36.1

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.1 37.2 37.3

Professional and business services............................................ 36.4 36.3 36.4 36.3

Private education and health services......................................... 32.6 32.5 32.7 32.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.8 24.4 24.6 24.2

Other services..................................................................... 31.2 31.3 31.3 31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.5 3.6 3.8 3.7

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.6 3.7 3.8 3.8

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.3 3.4 3.7 3.5

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Total private............................................... $26.98 $28.21 $28.29 $28.42 $922.72 $953.50 $964.69 $963.44

Goods-producing....................................... 27.42 28.72 28.91 28.95 1,129.70 1,157.42 1,176.64 1,175.37

Mining and logging.................................. 31.97 33.41 33.39 33.14 1,502.59 1,560.25 1,589.36 1,550.95

Construction.......................................... 31.63 33.22 33.42 33.57 1,271.53 1,305.55 1,333.46 1,339.44

Manufacturing........................................ 24.56 25.67 25.83 25.80 1,019.24 1,042.20 1,056.45 1,050.06

Durable goods.................................... 25.64 26.85 26.95 26.98 1,069.19 1,098.17 1,107.65 1,108.88

Nondurable goods................................ 22.83 23.73 23.99 23.86 940.60 949.20 969.20 954.40

Private service-providing.............................. 26.88 28.10 28.17 28.31 887.04 921.68 929.61 928.57

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 23.49 24.53 24.64 24.79 805.71 834.02 847.62 845.34

Wholesale trade.................................. 28.70 29.93 30.00 30.03 1,127.91 1,158.29 1,167.00 1,165.16

Retail trade........................................ 19.40 20.09 20.23 20.34 595.58 606.72 623.08 620.37

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.25 26.38 26.60 26.87 954.45 1,002.44 1,018.78 1,018.37

Utilities............................................. 40.95 43.38 43.35 43.52 1,719.90 1,852.33 1,851.05 1,871.36

Information........................................... 37.27 38.81 38.94 39.17 1,371.54 1,397.16 1,405.73 1,414.04

Financial activities................................... 31.35 32.91 32.93 33.28 1,172.49 1,220.96 1,225.00 1,241.34

Professional and business services.............. 31.96 33.31 33.46 33.62 1,163.34 1,209.15 1,217.94 1,220.41

Private education and health services............ 28.40 29.65 29.76 29.76 925.84 963.63 973.15 970.18

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.23 18.39 18.32 18.42 427.30 448.72 450.67 445.76

Other services....................................... 24.48 25.30 25.35 25.40 763.78 791.89 793.46 797.56

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Jan.

2023 -

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Feb.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Jan.

2023 -

Feb.

2023p

Total private..................................... 119.7 121.1 122.6 122.1 -0.4 215.9 228.2 231.7 231.8 0.0

Goods-producing............................. 94.1 94.8 96.0 95.8 -0.2 157.9 166.7 170.0 169.8 -0.1

Mining and logging........................ 110.4 116.9 120.7 118.6 -1.7 205.3 227.1 234.3 228.6 -2.4

Construction................................ 113.6 114.1 116.4 116.4 0.0 194.0 204.7 210.0 210.9 0.4

Manufacturing.............................. 84.3 85.0 85.8 85.4 -0.5 135.5 142.8 144.9 144.1 -0.6

Durable goods........................... 85.0 86.4 86.9 87.0 0.1 136.1 144.8 146.2 146.5 0.2

Nondurable goods...................... 83.2 82.5 83.5 82.6 -1.1 134.2 138.3 141.6 139.3 -1.6

Private service-providing.................... 126.7 128.7 129.9 129.4 -0.4 233.6 248.0 251.1 251.3 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 116.0 115.2 116.9 116.3 -0.5 194.8 202.0 205.9 206.0 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 109.3 110.1 110.8 110.8 0.0 185.2 194.5 196.2 196.4 0.1

Retail trade.............................. 103.2 100.7 103.0 102.4 -0.6 171.7 173.4 178.7 178.6 -0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 165.5 167.6 169.6 168.2 -0.8 266.0 281.5 287.1 287.7 0.2

Utilities.................................... 94.2 96.4 96.1 96.5 0.4 161.0 174.5 174.0 175.3 0.7

Information................................. 99.8 102.1 101.6 100.9 -0.7 184.1 196.1 195.8 195.7 -0.1

Financial activities......................... 119.1 119.5 120.1 120.5 0.3 229.7 242.0 243.3 246.7 1.4

Professional and business services..... 145.3 147.0 147.6 147.3 -0.2 276.2 291.2 293.7 294.6 0.3

Private education and health services... 145.3 149.6 151.3 151.4 0.1 272.3 292.8 297.3 297.3 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 122.2 125.9 128.0 126.2 -1.4 239.0 263.0 266.4 264.0 -0.9

Other services............................. 100.3 103.6 103.9 104.4 0.5 178.8 191.0 191.9 193.2 0.7

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.