For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, June 21, 2023 USDL-23-1363

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

STATE JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – APRIL 2023

Job openings rates increased in 13 states and decreased in 2 states on the last business day of April, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires rates decreased in 4 states and increased in 3 states.

Total separations rates decreased in 9 states and increased in 5 states. Nationally, the job openings, hires,

and total separations rates showed little or no change in April.

This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, total separations, quits, and 

layoffs and discharges for the total nonfarm sector and for all states and the District of Columbia.

Job Openings

In April, job openings rates increased in 13 states, decreased in 2 states, and were little changed in 35 

states and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in job openings rates occurred in Maryland 

(+1.4 percentage points) and in Kansas and New Mexico (+1.2 points each). The decreases occurred in 

Maine (-1.1 points) and Virginia (-0.7 point). Over the month, the national job openings rate was little 

changed. (See table A.)

The number of job openings increased in 15 states, decreased in 4 states and the District of Columbia, 

and was little changed in 31 states in April. The largest increases in the job openings level occurred in

California (+112,000), Maryland (+46,000), and Ohio (+29,000). The largest decreases occurred in

Virginia (-33,000), New Jersey (-21,000), and Connecticut (-9,000). Nationally, the number of job 

openings edged up over the month. (See table A.)

Hires

In April, hires rates decreased in 4 states, increased in 3 states, and were little changed in 43 states and 

the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in the hires rates occurred in New Jersey and West 

Virginia (-0.8 percentage point each) and in Oregon (-0.7 point). The increases occurred in New 

Hampshire (+1.0 point), Kansas (+0.7 point), and Florida (+0.5 point). The national hires rate was

unchanged over the month. (See table B.)

The number of hires decreased in 4 states, increased in 3 states, and was little changed in 43 states and 

the District of Columbia in April. The largest decreases in the hires level occurred in California

(-61,000), New Jersey (-36,000), and Oregon (-14,000). The increases occurred in Florida (+54,000), 

Kansas (+10,000), and New Hampshire (+7,000). Nationally, the number of hires was little changed

over the month. (See table B.)
- 2 - 

Total Separations

In April, total separations rates decreased in 9 states, increased in 5 states, and were little changed in

36 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in total separations rates occurred in 

Tennessee (-1.4 percentage points) and New Hampshire (-1.0 point), as well as in Louisiana, Maine, and 

Maryland (-0.9 point each). The largest increases occurred in Alaska (+2.5 points), South Dakota 

(+1.5 points), and Idaho (+1.0 point). Over the month, the national total separations rate was little 

changed. (See table C.)

In April, the number of total separations decreased in 10 states, increased in 5 states, and was little 

changed in 35 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases occurred in California 

(-125,000), Tennessee (-46,000), and Georgia (-39,000). The largest increases in the total separations 

level occurred in Illinois (+30,000), Idaho (+9,000), and Alaska (+8,000). Nationally, the number of 

total separations decreased over the month (-286,000). (See table C.) 

 

Quits

In April, quits rates decreased in 6 states, increased in 1 state, and were little changed in 43 states and 

the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in quits rates occurred in New Hampshire 

(-0.9 percentage point) and Louisiana (-0.6 point), as well as in Maryland and Virginia (-0.5 point each). 

The increase occurred in Idaho (+0.8 point). Over the month, the national quits rate was little changed. 

(See table D.)

The number of quits decreased in 7 states, increased in 3 states, and was little changed in 40 states and 

the District of Columbia in April. The largest decreases in the quits level occurred in Georgia and 

Virginia (-20,000 each) and in New York (-19,000). The increases occurred in Arizona (+12,000), Idaho 

(+7,000), and South Dakota (+2,000). Nationally, the number of quits was little changed over the month. 

(See table D.) 

 

Layoffs and Discharges

In April, layoffs and discharges rates decreased in 10 states, increased in 4 states, and were little 

changed in 36 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in layoffs and discharges rates 

occurred in Tennessee (-1.5 percentage points) and Massachusetts (-0.7 point), as well as in California, 

Maine, Vermont, and Washington (-0.6 point each). The increases occurred in Alaska (+2.5 points) and 

South Dakota (+0.8 point), and in Kansas and Ohio (+0.5 point each). Over the month, the national 

layoffs and discharges rate decreased (-0.2 point). (See table E.) 

The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in 13 states, increased in 4 states, and was little 

changed in 33 states and the District of Columbia in April. The largest decreases in the layoffs and 

discharges levels occurred in California (-106,000), Tennessee (-49,000), and Massachusetts (-26,000). 

The largest increases occurred in Ohio (+24,000), Alaska (+8,000), and Kansas (+7,000). Nationally, the 

number of layoffs and discharges decreased over the month (-264,000). (See table E.) 

For more information, please see the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) interactive 

charts at www.bls.gov/charts/state-job-openings-and-labor-turnover/state-job-openings-rates.htm#. 

State Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for May 2023 are scheduled to be 

released on Wednesday, July 26, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
- 3 - 

Upcoming Changes to State Estimates from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover

Survey 

Effective with the release of May 2023 data on July 26, 2023, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover 

Survey (JOLTS) state estimates will be benchmarked, or revised, to incorporate the annual updates to 

the Current Employment Statistics state employment estimates, Quarterly Census of Employment and 

Wages (QCEW) updates through fourth quarter 2022, revised JOLTS national data, and revised JOLTS 

seasonal adjustment factors. In 2022, state estimates were benchmarked in June with the release of April 

data. The change in the release date from June to July is being made to incorporate QCEW data through 

the fourth quarter of 2022. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 2018 

forward are subject to revision. Additional historical data may also be revised due to benchmarking. 

JOLTS will introduce several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with the May 2023 

news release. Significance tables A through E will be removed from the news release and provided as 

supplemental tables on the JOLTS website. JOLTS will also introduce over-the-month change columns 

for levels and rates to tables 1 through 5. Also, two tables will be added to present annual average job 

openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each year with the annual 

benchmark.) 

Also effective with the release of May 2023 data, JOLTS will modify its estimation methodology to 

reduce variance. State data from January 2018 forward is subject to revision. 

Additional information about these changes is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm. 
- 4 - 

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 9,745 10,103 358 5.9 6.1 0.2

Alaska............................................................................................ 26 29 3 7.4 8.2 0.8

Arizona.......................................................................................... 211 238 27 6.3 7.0 0.7

California....................................................................................... 893 1,005 112 4.7 5.3 0.6

Colorado........................................................................................ 218 243 25 7.0 7.8 0.8

Connecticut................................................................................... 103 94 -9 5.8 5.3 -0.5*

District of Columbia....................................................................... 47 41 -6 5.7 5.0 -0.7*

Kansas........................................................................................... 74 93 19 4.9 6.1 1.2

Maine............................................................................................. 51 43 -8 7.3 6.2 -1.1

Maryland........................................................................................ 167 213 46 5.8 7.2 1.4

Minnesota...................................................................................... 180 204 24 5.7 6.4 0.7

Mississippi..................................................................................... 78 86 8 6.2 6.8 0.6

Montana........................................................................................ 37 41 4 6.7 7.3 0.6*

Nebraska....................................................................................... 58 66 8 5.3 6.0 0.7

New Jersey.................................................................................... 242 221 -21 5.3 4.9 -0.4*

New Mexico................................................................................... 59 71 12 6.4 7.6 1.2

Ohio............................................................................................... 360 389 29 6.0 6.5 0.5

Virginia........................................................................................... 340 307 -33 7.6 6.9 -0.7

Washington.................................................................................... 183 210 27 4.8 5.5 0.7

Wisconsin...................................................................................... 188 204 16 5.9 6.4 0.5

Wyoming........................................................................................ 21 23 2 6.8 7.4 0.6*

* Not significant

Table A. States with significant changes in job openings from March 2023 to April 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

p Preliminary

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 6,066 6,115 49 3.9 3.9 0.0

California....................................................................................... 592 531 -61 3.3 2.9 -0.4

Florida............................................................................................ 374 428 54 3.9 4.4 0.5

Kansas........................................................................................... 47 57 10 3.3 4.0 0.7

New Hampshire............................................................................. 31 38 7 4.4 5.4 1.0

New Jersey.................................................................................... 205 169 -36 4.7 3.9 -0.8

Oregon.......................................................................................... 83 69 -14 4.2 3.5 -0.7

West Virginia.................................................................................. 38 32 -6 5.4 4.6 -0.8

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table B. States with significant changes in hires from March 2023 to April 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
- 5 - 

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 5,994 5,708 -286 3.9 3.7 -0.2

Alaska............................................................................................ 18 26 8 5.5 8.0 2.5

California....................................................................................... 637 512 -125 3.5 2.8 -0.7

Colorado........................................................................................ 131 114 -17 4.5 3.9 -0.6*

Georgia.......................................................................................... 221 182 -39 4.5 3.7 -0.8

Idaho............................................................................................. 38 47 9 4.5 5.5 1.0

Illinois............................................................................................ 220 250 30 3.6 4.1 0.5

Louisiana....................................................................................... 106 88 -18 5.4 4.5 -0.9

Maine............................................................................................. 28 22 -6 4.3 3.4 -0.9

Maryland........................................................................................ 139 116 -23 5.1 4.2 -0.9

Massachusetts.............................................................................. 130 113 -17 3.5 3.0 -0.5

New Hampshire............................................................................. 32 25 -7 4.6 3.6 -1.0

North Dakota................................................................................. 17 21 4 3.9 4.8 0.9

South Dakota................................................................................. 17 24 7 3.7 5.2 1.5

Tennessee..................................................................................... 184 138 -46 5.6 4.2 -1.4

Virginia........................................................................................... 174 146 -28 4.2 3.5 -0.7

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table C. States with significant changes in total separations from March 2023 to April 2023, seasonally 

adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 3,842 3,793 -49 2.5 2.4 -0.1

Arizona.......................................................................................... 94 106 12 3.0 3.4 0.4*

Georgia.......................................................................................... 153 133 -20 3.1 2.7 -0.4

Idaho............................................................................................. 23 30 7 2.7 3.5 0.8

Louisiana....................................................................................... 73 61 -12 3.7 3.1 -0.6

Maine............................................................................................. 17 14 -3 2.6 2.2 -0.4*

Maryland........................................................................................ 92 80 -12 3.4 2.9 -0.5

New Hampshire............................................................................. 21 15 -6 3.0 2.1 -0.9

New York....................................................................................... 159 140 -19 1.6 1.4 -0.2

South Dakota................................................................................. 11 13 2 2.4 2.8 0.4*

Virginia........................................................................................... 119 99 -20 2.9 2.4 -0.5

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table D. States with significant changes in quits from March 2023 to April 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
- 6 - 

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

March

2023

April

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 1,845 1,581 -264 1.2 1.0 -0.2

Alaska............................................................................................ 6 14 8 1.8 4.3 2.5

California....................................................................................... 244 138 -106 1.4 0.8 -0.6

Colorado........................................................................................ 43 34 -9 1.5 1.2 -0.3*

Georgia.......................................................................................... 55 41 -14 1.1 0.8 -0.3

Kansas........................................................................................... 17 24 7 1.2 1.7 0.5

Maine............................................................................................. 10 6 -4 1.5 0.9 -0.6

Maryland........................................................................................ 39 29 -10 1.4 1.1 -0.3*

Massachusetts.............................................................................. 62 36 -26 1.7 1.0 -0.7

Montana........................................................................................ 10 8 -2 1.9 1.5 -0.4*

New Hampshire............................................................................. 11 8 -3 1.6 1.1 -0.5

New Jersey.................................................................................... 55 43 -12 1.3 1.0 -0.3

Ohio............................................................................................... 53 77 24 0.9 1.4 0.5

Pennsylvania................................................................................. 73 51 -22 1.2 0.8 -0.4

South Dakota................................................................................. 5 9 4 1.1 1.9 0.8

Tennessee..................................................................................... 79 30 -49 2.4 0.9 -1.5

Vermont......................................................................................... 5 3 -2 1.6 1.0 -0.6

Washington.................................................................................... 54 34 -20 1.5 0.9 -0.6

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table E. States with significant changes in layoffs and discharges from March 2023 to April 2023, seasonally 

adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. State estimates are published for 

job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and

total separations. The JOLTS program covers all 

private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian

federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 

states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data 

for January 2023, industries are classified in 

accordance with the 2022 North American Industry 

Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

• A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can be 

full-time or part-time, and it can be permanent, 

short-term, or seasonal. 

• The job could start within 30 days, whether or 

not the employer can find a suitable candidate 

during that time. 

• The employer is actively recruiting workers from 

outside the establishment to fill the position. 

Active recruiting means that the establishment is 

taking steps to fill a position. It may include 

advertising in newspapers, on television, or on 

the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking, or making “word-ofmouth” announcements; accepting applications; 

interviewing candidates; contacting employment 

agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, 

state or local employment offices, or similar 

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future;

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work; and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, such as layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 

discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season).

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Other separations comprise 

less than 8 percent of total separations. Other 

separations rates are generally very low, and other 

separations variance estimates are relatively high. 

Consequently, the other separations component is not 

published for states.

Excluded from separations are transfers within the 

same location; employees on strike; employees of 

temporary help agencies, employee leasing 

companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The 

separations rate is computed by dividing the number 

of separations by employment and multiplying that 

quotient by 100. The quits and layoffs and discharges

rates are computed similarly.

State Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. The JOLTS sample of 

21,000 establishments does not directly support the 

production of sample-based state estimates. However, 

state estimates have been produced by combining the 

available sample with model-based estimates. 

 The state estimates consist of four major 

estimating models; the Composite Regional model

(an unpublished intermediate model), the Synthetic

model (an unpublished intermediate model), the 

Composite Synthetic model (published historical 

series through the most current benchmark year), and 

the Extended Composite Synthetic model (published 

current-year monthly series). The Composite 

Regional model uses JOLTS microdata, JOLTS 

regional published estimates, and Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) employment data. The 

Composite Synthetic model uses JOLTS microdata 

and Synthetic model estimates derived from monthly 

employment changes in microdata from the Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), and 

JOLTS published regional data. The Extended 

Composite Synthetic model extends the Composite 

Synthetic estimates by ratio-adjusting the Composite 

Synthetic model by the ratio of the current Composite 

Regional model estimate to the Composite Regional 

model estimate from the previous year. 

 The Extended Composite Synthetic model (and 

its major component—the Composite Regional 

model) is used to extend the Composite Synthetic 

estimates because all of the inputs required by this 

model are available at the time monthly estimate are 

produced. In contrast, the Composite Synthetic model 

(and its major component—the Synthetic model) can 

only be produced when the latest QCEW data are 

available. The Extended Composite Synthetic model 

estimates are used to extend the Composite Synthetic 

model estimates during the annual JOLTS retabulation process. The extension of the Composite 

Synthetic model using current data-based Composite 

Regional model estimates ensures that the Composite 

Synthetic model estimates reflect current economic 

trends. 

 The Composite Regional approach calculates 

state-level JOLTS estimates from JOLTS microdata 

using sample weights and the adjustments for nonresponse. The Composite Regional estimate is then 

benchmarked to CES state-supersector employment 

to produce state-supersector estimates. The JOLTS

sample, by itself, cannot ensure a reasonably sized 

sample for each state-supersector cell. The small 

JOLTS sample results in several state-supersector 

cells that lack enough data to produce a reasonable 

estimate. To overcome this issue, the state-level 

estimates derived directly from the JOLTS sample 

are augmented using JOLTS regional estimates when 

the number of respondents is low (that is, less than 

30). This approach is known as a composite estimate,

which leverages the small JOLTS sample to the 

greatest extent possible and supplements that with a 

model-based estimate. Previous research has found 

that regional industry estimates are a good proxy at 

finer levels of geographical detail. That is, one can 

make a reliable prediction of JOLTS estimates at the

regional-level using only national industry-level 

JOLTS rates. The assumption in this approach is that 

one can make a good prediction of JOLTS estimates 

at the state-level using only regional industry-level 

JOLTS rates.)

 In this approach, the JOLTS microdata-based 

estimate is used, without model augmentation, in all 

state-supersector cells that have 30 or more 

respondents. The JOLTS regional estimate will be 

used, without a sample-based component, in all statesupersector cells that have fewer than five 

respondents. In all state-supersector cells with 5 to 30 
respondents, an estimate is calculated that is a 

composition of a weighted estimate of the microdatabased estimate and a weighted estimate of the JOLTS 

regional estimate. The weight assigned to the JOLTS 

data in those cells is proportional the number of 

JOLTS respondents in the cell (weight=n∕30, where n 

is the number of respondents). The sum of state 

estimates within a region is made equal to the aligned 

regional JOLTS published regional estimates.

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses the seasonal 

adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) to 

seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all 

relevant data, up to and including the current month, 

to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving 

averages are used as seasonal filters in seasonal 

adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes 

both additive and multiplicative models, as well as 

regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) 

modeling, to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The 

JOLTS state estimates utilize and leverage data from 

three BLS programs; JOLTS, CES, and QCEW. 

These state estimates are published as a historical 

series made up of a historical annually revised 

benchmark component ofthe Composite Synthetic 

model and a current component of the Extended 

Composite Synthetic model that provides monthly 

"real-time" estimates between lagged benchmarks.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual 

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, total separations 

quits, and layoffs and discharges are calculated by 

dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 

levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.)

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a 

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. For sampling error estimates, see

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design. 

The JOLTS state variance estimates account for 

both sampling error and the error attributable to 

modeling. A small area domain model uses a 

Bayesian approach to develop estimates of JOLTS 

state variance. The small area model uses QCEWbased JOLTS synthetic model data to generate a 

Bayesian prior distribution, then updates the prior 
distribution using JOLTS microdata and samplebased variance estimates at the state and US Census 

regional level to generate a Bayesian posterior 

distribution. Once the Bayesian posterior distribution 

has been generated, estimates of JOLTS state 

variances are made by drawing 2,500 estimates from 

the Bayesian posterior distribution. This Bayesian 

approach thus indirectly accounts for sampling error 

and directly for model error.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 11,755 10,563 9,974 9,745 10,103 7.2 6.4 6.0 5.9 6.1

Alabama.......................................... 157 155 145 136 141 7.1 6.8 6.3 6.0 6.2

Alaska............................................ 30 29 28 26 29 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.4 8.2

Arizona........................................... 222 211 189 211 238 6.8 6.3 5.7 6.3 7.0

Arkansas......................................... 96 105 105 96 97 6.8 7.2 7.2 6.6 6.7

California......................................... 1,251 1,021 985 893 1,005 6.7 5.4 5.2 4.7 5.3

Colorado......................................... 229 200 242 218 243 7.4 6.5 7.7 7.0 7.8

Connecticut...................................... 111 92 98 103 94 6.3 5.2 5.5 5.8 5.3

Delaware......................................... 35 34 36 36 38 7.1 6.6 7.0 6.9 7.3

District of Columbia............................. 57 46 39 47 41 6.9 5.6 4.8 5.7 5.0

Florida............................................ 729 686 616 665 651 7.3 6.6 6.0 6.4 6.3

Georgia........................................... 436 420 424 387 392 8.4 7.9 8.0 7.3 7.4

Hawaii............................................ 54 39 37 33 37 8.2 5.8 5.5 5.0 5.5

Idaho............................................. 60 55 55 57 58 6.9 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.4

Illinois............................................. 507 461 408 395 404 7.8 7.0 6.3 6.1 6.2

Indiana........................................... 250 202 173 176 189 7.3 5.9 5.1 5.1 5.5

Iowa............................................... 131 103 100 93 97 7.7 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.7

Kansas........................................... 110 97 92 74 93 7.3 6.3 6.0 4.9 6.1

Kentucky......................................... 178 151 137 141 142 8.4 7.1 6.4 6.6 6.6

Louisiana......................................... 156 172 152 148 152 7.6 8.1 7.2 7.1 7.2

Maine............................................. 50 39 43 51 43 7.3 5.7 6.2 7.3 6.2

Maryland......................................... 227 212 210 167 213 7.7 7.2 7.1 5.8 7.2

Massachusetts.................................. 309 276 256 278 270 7.8 6.9 6.4 6.9 6.7

Michigan......................................... 369 291 262 254 269 7.9 6.2 5.6 5.4 5.7

Minnesota........................................ 235 203 190 180 204 7.5 6.4 6.0 5.7 6.4

Mississippi....................................... 85 88 84 78 86 6.8 7.0 6.7 6.2 6.8

Missouri.......................................... 240 207 195 186 186 7.6 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.9

Montana.......................................... 45 40 38 37 41 8.2 7.2 6.8 6.7 7.3

Nebraska......................................... 86 74 64 58 66 7.7 6.6 5.8 5.3 6.0

Nevada........................................... 115 108 107 100 106 7.4 6.6 6.5 6.1 6.4

New Hampshire................................. 56 53 46 49 46 7.6 7.0 6.2 6.5 6.2

New Jersey...................................... 288 268 269 242 221 6.4 5.8 5.9 5.3 4.9

New Mexico..................................... 68 58 61 59 71 7.4 6.3 6.6 6.4 7.6

New York........................................ 581 451 419 429 446 5.8 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.4

North Carolina................................... 396 340 366 367 357 7.7 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.8

North Dakota.................................... 36 28 27 29 28 7.8 6.1 5.9 6.3 6.1

Ohio............................................... 431 375 316 360 389 7.3 6.3 5.4 6.0 6.5

Oklahoma........................................ 128 136 122 121 124 7.1 7.3 6.6 6.6 6.7

Oregon........................................... 147 133 122 118 123 7.0 6.3 5.8 5.6 5.8

Pennsylvania.................................... 448 441 432 418 416 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.4

Rhode Island.................................... 41 36 33 32 32 7.6 6.7 6.2 6.0 6.1

South Carolina.................................. 180 177 176 184 172 7.6 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.0

South Dakota.................................... 37 37 31 29 29 7.6 7.5 6.3 5.9 5.9

Tennessee....................................... 265 236 254 245 249 7.6 6.7 7.1 6.9 7.0

Texas............................................. 1,002 943 881 824 845 7.0 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.7

Utah............................................... 108 106 102 105 112 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.8 6.1

Vermont.......................................... 27 24 20 20 21 8.3 7.3 6.1 6.1 6.3

Virginia........................................... 316 337 335 340 307 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.6 6.9

Washington...................................... 229 241 200 183 210 6.2 6.3 5.2 4.8 5.5

West Virginia.................................... 60 72 59 56 52 7.9 9.4 7.8 7.4 6.9

Wisconsin........................................ 252 235 173 188 204 7.9 7.3 5.5 5.9 6.4

Wyoming......................................... 24 20 19 21 23 7.8 6.5 6.2 6.8 7.4

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 6,572 6,327 6,150 6,066 6,115 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9

Alabama.......................................... 104 98 97 90 91 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.2

Alaska............................................ 22 21 19 19 18 6.9 6.4 5.8 5.9 5.5

Arizona........................................... 140 156 137 141 152 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.5 4.8

Arkansas......................................... 64 64 65 58 58 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.3

California......................................... 665 665 593 592 531 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.3 2.9

Colorado......................................... 155 115 122 117 132 5.4 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.6

Connecticut...................................... 62 55 54 57 57 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.4

Delaware......................................... 23 22 25 24 24 5.0 4.6 5.2 5.0 5.0

District of Columbia............................. 27 23 25 28 23 3.5 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.0

Florida............................................ 435 372 364 374 428 4.7 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.4

Georgia........................................... 268 258 238 236 229 5.6 5.3 4.9 4.8 4.7

Hawaii............................................ 34 26 27 24 20 5.6 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.2

Idaho............................................. 42 42 37 40 40 5.2 5.0 4.4 4.7 4.7

Illinois............................................. 256 254 253 238 240 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.9

Indiana........................................... 137 141 150 132 144 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.1 4.4

Iowa............................................... 61 62 62 58 59 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7

Kansas........................................... 51 57 59 47 57 3.7 3.9 4.1 3.3 4.0

Kentucky......................................... 107 96 103 92 82 5.5 4.8 5.2 4.6 4.1

Louisiana......................................... 88 100 105 95 87 4.6 5.1 5.4 4.9 4.4

Maine............................................. 28 25 24 30 26 4.4 3.9 3.7 4.6 4.0

Maryland......................................... 120 116 116 116 111 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1

Massachusetts.................................. 142 133 128 129 142 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.8

Michigan......................................... 169 173 162 164 170 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.8

Minnesota........................................ 112 98 102 113 118 3.9 3.3 3.4 3.8 4.0

Mississippi....................................... 56 59 58 47 50 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.0 4.2

Missouri.......................................... 114 109 108 109 108 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.6

Montana.......................................... 30 29 29 28 26 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.0

Nebraska......................................... 41 41 49 35 41 4.0 3.9 4.7 3.4 3.9

Nevada........................................... 83 75 64 69 67 5.7 4.9 4.2 4.5 4.3

New Hampshire................................. 33 28 28 31 38 4.8 4.0 4.0 4.4 5.4

New Jersey...................................... 173 141 152 205 169 4.1 3.3 3.5 4.7 3.9

New Mexico..................................... 40 37 36 36 35 4.7 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0

New York........................................ 308 299 315 301 288 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.0

North Carolina................................... 235 210 221 188 195 5.0 4.3 4.5 3.8 4.0

North Dakota.................................... 19 15 18 18 16 4.5 3.5 4.2 4.1 3.7

Ohio............................................... 207 220 200 212 218 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.9

Oklahoma........................................ 106 85 82 76 77 6.3 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.5

Oregon........................................... 90 88 81 83 69 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.2 3.5

Pennsylvania.................................... 180 211 180 182 199 3.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.3

Rhode Island.................................... 22 20 21 23 24 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.8

South Carolina.................................. 109 110 112 101 105 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.6

South Dakota.................................... 19 24 21 20 19 4.2 5.2 4.6 4.3 4.1

Tennessee....................................... 153 160 145 148 158 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.8

Texas............................................. 625 589 604 597 638 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.6

Utah............................................... 76 78 70 71 76 4.6 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.4

Vermont.......................................... 14 14 12 13 15 4.7 4.6 3.9 4.2 4.8

Virginia........................................... 190 176 183 182 168 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.1

Washington...................................... 136 157 135 123 129 3.9 4.4 3.7 3.4 3.6

West Virginia.................................... 32 39 35 38 32 4.6 5.6 5.0 5.4 4.6

Wisconsin........................................ 106 124 110 100 101 3.6 4.1 3.7 3.3 3.4

Wyoming......................................... 17 16 16 16 15 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.2

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 6,175 5,900 5,841 5,994 5,708 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7

Alabama.......................................... 99 100 96 86 80 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.0 3.7

Alaska............................................ 20 21 19 18 26 6.3 6.4 5.8 5.5 8.0

Arizona........................................... 124 122 127 140 153 4.1 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.8

Arkansas......................................... 60 65 63 63 56 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.1

California......................................... 594 579 603 637 512 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.5 2.8

Colorado......................................... 128 117 120 131 114 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.5 3.9

Connecticut...................................... 59 52 50 56 53 3.6 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.1

Delaware......................................... 20 22 23 22 21 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.4

District of Columbia............................. 25 22 28 21 20 3.3 2.9 3.6 2.7 2.6

Florida............................................ 387 397 415 397 408 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.2

Georgia........................................... 249 248 253 221 182 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.5 3.7

Hawaii............................................ 20 20 21 21 18 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 2.9

Idaho............................................. 39 39 39 38 47 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.5 5.5

Illinois............................................. 228 218 215 220 250 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.6 4.1

Indiana........................................... 145 126 139 126 142 4.6 3.9 4.3 3.9 4.4

Iowa............................................... 67 55 58 57 63 4.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 4.0

Kansas........................................... 52 52 52 57 64 3.7 3.6 3.6 4.0 4.4

Kentucky......................................... 107 97 93 92 92 5.5 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.6

Louisiana......................................... 83 104 104 106 88 4.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 4.5

Maine............................................. 24 25 28 28 22 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.3 3.4

Maryland......................................... 103 105 125 139 116 3.8 3.8 4.6 5.1 4.2

Massachusetts.................................. 119 108 104 130 113 3.3 2.9 2.8 3.5 3.0

Michigan......................................... 163 157 135 156 146 3.8 3.6 3.1 3.5 3.3

Minnesota........................................ 102 106 97 107 103 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.5

Mississippi....................................... 55 53 54 51 52 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.4

Missouri.......................................... 129 106 101 104 103 4.4 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5

Montana.......................................... 25 27 25 29 28 4.9 5.2 4.8 5.6 5.4

Nebraska......................................... 44 39 34 37 42 4.3 3.7 3.3 3.5 4.0

Nevada........................................... 52 70 64 68 64 3.6 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.2

New Hampshire................................. 28 31 24 32 25 4.1 4.4 3.4 4.6 3.6

New Jersey...................................... 153 183 129 151 143 3.6 4.2 3.0 3.5 3.3

New Mexico..................................... 34 36 37 38 35 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.0

New York........................................ 306 267 263 253 237 3.3 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5

North Carolina................................... 216 213 196 184 189 4.6 4.4 4.0 3.8 3.9

North Dakota.................................... 19 16 17 17 21 4.5 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.8

Ohio............................................... 199 198 198 219 236 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.9 4.2

Oklahoma........................................ 80 74 80 73 69 4.8 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.0

Oregon........................................... 73 80 78 82 78 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.9

Pennsylvania.................................... 179 189 171 204 188 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.3 3.1

Rhode Island.................................... 20 22 19 21 18 4.0 4.4 3.8 4.2 3.6

South Carolina.................................. 113 113 101 103 99 5.1 5.0 4.4 4.5 4.3

South Dakota.................................... 17 17 18 17 24 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.7 5.2

Tennessee....................................... 156 144 154 184 138 4.9 4.4 4.7 5.6 4.2

Texas............................................. 516 567 566 507 514 3.9 4.1 4.1 3.7 3.7

Utah............................................... 64 70 65 67 68 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9 4.0

Vermont.......................................... 11 13 12 13 11 3.7 4.2 3.9 4.2 3.6

Virginia........................................... 181 149 161 174 146 4.5 3.6 3.9 4.2 3.5

Washington...................................... 123 123 122 146 132 3.5 3.4 3.4 4.0 3.6

West Virginia.................................... 32 34 36 32 31 4.6 4.9 5.1 4.6 4.4

Wisconsin........................................ 111 97 94 103 110 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.4 3.7

Wyoming......................................... 14 15 15 15 16 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.5

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 4,497 3,878 3,980 3,842 3,793 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.4

Alabama.......................................... 68 64 71 61 60 3.3 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.8

Alaska............................................ 15 13 12 10 11 4.7 4.0 3.7 3.1 3.4

Arizona........................................... 100 87 89 94 106 3.3 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.4

Arkansas......................................... 42 45 47 43 40 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.2 2.9

California......................................... 448 404 381 366 348 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9

Colorado......................................... 95 81 81 74 74 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6

Connecticut...................................... 41 33 33 34 34 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Delaware......................................... 15 14 16 15 15 3.3 2.9 3.3 3.1 3.1

District of Columbia............................. 16 14 20 14 14 2.1 1.8 2.6 1.8 1.8

Florida............................................ 309 265 289 282 284 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.9

Georgia........................................... 177 166 199 153 133 3.7 3.4 4.1 3.1 2.7

Hawaii............................................ 15 14 14 14 11 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.7

Idaho............................................. 29 28 25 23 30 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.5

Illinois............................................. 164 136 129 133 143 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3

Indiana........................................... 117 84 94 86 93 3.7 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.9

Iowa............................................... 48 38 38 38 39 3.1 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4

Kansas........................................... 38 34 35 36 35 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.4

Kentucky......................................... 76 70 67 66 69 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4

Louisiana......................................... 61 68 75 73 61 3.2 3.5 3.9 3.7 3.1

Maine............................................. 17 14 18 17 14 2.7 2.2 2.8 2.6 2.2

Maryland......................................... 72 69 85 92 80 2.7 2.5 3.1 3.4 2.9

Massachusetts.................................. 85 59 67 63 68 2.3 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.8

Michigan......................................... 126 96 85 94 87 2.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.0

Minnesota........................................ 70 70 64 70 68 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.3

Mississippi....................................... 39 36 39 35 38 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.2

Missouri.......................................... 98 74 67 72 70 3.4 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.4

Montana.......................................... 19 18 16 17 17 3.7 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.3

Nebraska......................................... 33 23 22 24 25 3.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.4

Nevada........................................... 40 48 44 42 44 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.9

New Hampshire................................. 20 16 15 21 15 2.9 2.3 2.1 3.0 2.1

New Jersey...................................... 105 76 82 90 92 2.5 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.1

New Mexico..................................... 25 24 24 23 22 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5

New York........................................ 183 162 168 159 140 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4

North Carolina................................... 148 129 136 118 133 3.1 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.7

North Dakota.................................... 14 11 11 11 12 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8

Ohio............................................... 137 135 128 135 130 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3

Oklahoma........................................ 57 49 54 50 50 3.4 2.8 3.1 2.9 2.9

Oregon........................................... 54 55 51 52 50 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5

Pennsylvania.................................... 120 121 101 125 126 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.1

Rhode Island.................................... 13 12 12 13 11 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.2

South Carolina.................................. 82 75 76 74 69 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0

South Dakota.................................... 12 12 11 11 13 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.8

Tennessee....................................... 111 103 108 98 102 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.1

Texas............................................. 397 394 432 368 382 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.8

Utah............................................... 47 50 46 42 47 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.7

Vermont.......................................... 7 8 8 7 7 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.3

Virginia........................................... 112 95 117 119 99 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.9 2.4

Washington...................................... 96 87 81 85 88 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.4

West Virginia.................................... 22 23 26 23 21 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.3 3.0

Wisconsin........................................ 79 66 63 66 63 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1

Wyoming......................................... 10 10 10 9 10 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.5

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 1,342 1,719 1,557 1,845 1,581 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0

Alabama.......................................... 25 23 19 20 16 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.7

Alaska............................................ 4 6 6 6 14 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.8 4.3

Arizona........................................... 18 28 32 36 34 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1

Arkansas......................................... 14 17 13 16 14 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.0

California......................................... 116 152 189 244 138 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.4 0.8

Colorado......................................... 25 28 32 43 34 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.2

Connecticut...................................... 14 14 15 20 15 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.9

Delaware......................................... 4 7 6 6 5 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.0

District of Columbia............................. 6 6 6 5 5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6

Florida............................................ 61 117 108 97 106 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1

Georgia........................................... 55 69 44 55 41 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.8

Hawaii............................................ 4 4 6 6 5 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8

Idaho............................................. 8 8 12 12 14 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.7

Illinois............................................. 49 73 71 82 94 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5

Indiana........................................... 22 36 39 37 43 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3

Iowa............................................... 13 15 16 16 20 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.3

Kansas........................................... 10 14 15 17 24 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.7

Kentucky......................................... 25 23 21 22 19 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9

Louisiana......................................... 17 32 25 29 23 0.9 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.2

Maine............................................. 6 9 7 10 6 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.5 0.9

Maryland......................................... 25 29 32 39 29 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.1

Massachusetts.................................. 26 39 30 62 36 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.7 1.0

Michigan......................................... 29 49 42 57 52 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.2

Minnesota........................................ 25 30 28 32 29 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0

Mississippi....................................... 12 14 12 12 12 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0

Missouri.......................................... 26 27 30 28 28 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

Montana.......................................... 5 6 7 10 8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.9 1.5

Nebraska......................................... 9 13 10 12 14 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.3

Nevada........................................... 10 18 17 22 17 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.1

New Hampshire................................. 7 13 7 11 8 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.6 1.1

New Jersey...................................... 39 98 41 55 43 0.9 2.3 1.0 1.3 1.0

New Mexico..................................... 6 8 11 12 10 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.2

New York........................................ 108 89 83 79 81 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8

North Carolina................................... 60 76 51 55 47 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.0

North Dakota.................................... 4 5 5 6 7 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6

Ohio............................................... 50 57 61 53 77 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.4

Oklahoma........................................ 18 21 21 19 15 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.9

Oregon........................................... 15 18 22 24 21 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1

Pennsylvania.................................... 50 60 64 73 51 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.8

Rhode Island.................................... 6 9 6 7 6 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.2

South Carolina.................................. 25 33 20 24 26 1.1 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.1

South Dakota.................................... 3 5 6 5 9 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.9

Tennessee....................................... 37 35 35 79 30 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.4 0.9

Texas............................................. 81 154 107 121 106 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8

Utah............................................... 14 16 16 20 17 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0

Vermont.......................................... 3 4 4 5 3 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.0

Virginia........................................... 63 45 33 45 40 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.0

Washington...................................... 21 26 36 54 34 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.5 0.9

West Virginia.................................... 8 9 8 7 8 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1

Wisconsin........................................ 26 26 25 32 39 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 1.3

Wyoming......................................... 3 4 4 5 5 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.7

p Preliminary
Table 6. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 12,435 9,592 10,642 7.6 5.8 6.4

Alabama................................................................. 171 131 149 7.6 5.8 6.5

Alaska................................................................... 30 23 28 8.7 6.7 8.1

Arizona.................................................................. 227 197 240 6.9 5.9 7.1

Arkansas................................................................ 101 94 100 7.1 6.5 6.9

California................................................................ 1,329 866 1,037 7.1 4.6 5.4

Colorado................................................................ 240 216 254 7.8 7.0 8.1

Connecticut............................................................. 115 95 95 6.6 5.4 5.4

Delaware................................................................ 40 33 44 8.0 6.4 8.5

District of Columbia.................................................... 61 46 42 7.4 5.6 5.1

Florida................................................................... 775 661 687 7.7 6.4 6.6

Georgia.................................................................. 457 379 407 8.8 7.2 7.7

Hawaii................................................................... 52 32 34 7.9 4.8 5.2

Idaho.................................................................... 66 56 63 7.5 6.2 6.9

Illinois.................................................................... 536 401 440 8.2 6.2 6.7

Indiana.................................................................. 272 177 210 7.9 5.2 6.1

Iowa..................................................................... 149 93 111 8.7 5.6 6.5

Kansas.................................................................. 114 78 99 7.5 5.1 6.4

Kentucky................................................................ 187 139 150 8.8 6.5 6.9

Louisiana................................................................ 166 143 155 8.0 6.9 7.3

Maine.................................................................... 50 45 43 7.4 6.6 6.3

Maryland................................................................ 233 188 224 7.9 6.5 7.6

Massachusetts......................................................... 315 276 279 8.0 6.9 6.9

Michigan................................................................ 388 245 295 8.3 5.3 6.3

Minnesota............................................................... 256 172 232 8.2 5.5 7.3

Mississippi.............................................................. 89 79 90 7.2 6.3 7.1

Missouri................................................................. 255 197 205 8.1 6.2 6.4

Montana................................................................. 48 34 43 8.7 6.2 7.7

Nebraska................................................................ 87 57 72 7.8 5.2 6.4

Nevada.................................................................. 117 103 108 7.5 6.3 6.5

New Hampshire........................................................ 55 46 46 7.6 6.2 6.2

New Jersey............................................................. 281 225 217 6.3 5.0 4.8

New Mexico............................................................ 72 55 77 7.8 6.0 8.1

New York............................................................... 581 423 456 5.8 4.2 4.5

North Carolina.......................................................... 413 375 370 8.0 7.1 7.0

North Dakota........................................................... 36 29 28 7.9 6.4 6.2

Ohio..................................................................... 452 369 426 7.7 6.3 7.1

Oklahoma............................................................... 141 117 134 7.7 6.4 7.2

Oregon.................................................................. 150 118 123 7.2 5.6 5.9

Pennsylvania........................................................... 444 427 419 7.0 6.6 6.4

Rhode Island........................................................... 43 31 34 8.0 6.0 6.5

South Carolina......................................................... 207 176 193 8.6 7.2 7.8

South Dakota........................................................... 38 29 30 8.0 6.0 6.2

Tennessee.............................................................. 282 238 259 8.1 6.7 7.2

Texas.................................................................... 1,104 804 910 7.7 5.5 6.2

Utah..................................................................... 118 100 123 6.6 5.5 6.7

Vermont................................................................. 27 17 21 8.3 5.3 6.4

Virginia.................................................................. 343 324 324 7.8 7.3 7.3

Washington............................................................. 260 184 235 7.0 4.9 6.1

West Virginia........................................................... 67 56 56 8.7 7.5 7.4

Wisconsin............................................................... 259 178 201 8.1 5.7 6.3

Wyoming................................................................ 22 17 21 7.4 5.5 7.0

p Preliminary
Table 7. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 6,814 5,507 6,303 4.5 3.6 4.1

Alabama................................................................. 110 79 93 5.3 3.7 4.3

Alaska................................................................... 22 14 17 6.9 4.4 5.2

Arizona.................................................................. 147 126 163 4.8 4.0 5.1

Arkansas................................................................ 65 53 58 4.9 3.9 4.3

California................................................................ 684 508 534 3.9 2.8 3.0

Colorado................................................................ 160 103 140 5.6 3.6 4.9

Connecticut............................................................. 75 55 70 4.5 3.3 4.2

Delaware................................................................ 27 21 28 5.9 4.4 5.7

District of Columbia.................................................... 27 25 23 3.6 3.2 2.9

Florida................................................................... 400 363 401 4.3 3.7 4.1

Georgia.................................................................. 267 206 224 5.6 4.2 4.6

Hawaii................................................................... 35 19 19 5.8 3.0 3.0

Idaho.................................................................... 44 35 43 5.5 4.2 5.1

Illinois.................................................................... 248 228 228 4.1 3.8 3.7

Indiana.................................................................. 143 119 147 4.5 3.7 4.5

Iowa..................................................................... 66 51 61 4.2 3.3 3.8

Kansas.................................................................. 48 44 53 3.4 3.0 3.7

Kentucky................................................................ 115 85 87 5.9 4.3 4.3

Louisiana................................................................ 91 92 82 4.8 4.7 4.2

Maine.................................................................... 31 22 29 4.9 3.6 4.5

Maryland................................................................ 131 106 119 4.9 3.9 4.4

Massachusetts......................................................... 146 107 151 4.0 2.9 4.0

Michigan................................................................ 169 148 164 3.9 3.4 3.7

Minnesota............................................................... 119 93 127 4.1 3.2 4.3

Mississippi.............................................................. 56 43 48 4.9 3.6 4.1

Missouri................................................................. 120 105 110 4.1 3.6 3.7

Montana................................................................. 32 22 27 6.4 4.3 5.3

Nebraska................................................................ 42 33 40 4.1 3.2 3.9

Nevada.................................................................. 94 64 67 6.5 4.1 4.4

New Hampshire........................................................ 35 26 46 5.2 3.7 6.6

New Jersey............................................................. 173 204 180 4.1 4.8 4.2

New Mexico............................................................ 46 32 38 5.4 3.7 4.3

New York............................................................... 321 274 304 3.4 2.9 3.1

North Carolina.......................................................... 250 178 199 5.3 3.6 4.1

North Dakota........................................................... 20 17 16 4.6 3.9 3.7

Ohio..................................................................... 227 190 237 4.2 3.4 4.2

Oklahoma............................................................... 110 73 79 6.6 4.2 4.6

Oregon.................................................................. 94 76 71 4.9 3.8 3.6

Pennsylvania........................................................... 212 178 249 3.6 2.9 4.1

Rhode Island........................................................... 26 21 29 5.3 4.3 5.9

South Carolina......................................................... 116 91 109 5.3 4.0 4.8

South Dakota........................................................... 20 17 19 4.5 3.7 4.2

Tennessee.............................................................. 158 139 159 4.9 4.2 4.8

Texas.................................................................... 647 539 668 4.9 3.9 4.8

Utah..................................................................... 78 57 79 4.7 3.3 4.6

Vermont................................................................. 15 10 17 5.0 3.4 5.6

Virginia.................................................................. 199 168 174 4.9 4.1 4.2

Washington............................................................. 147 117 136 4.2 3.2 3.7

West Virginia........................................................... 35 35 33 5.0 5.1 4.7

Wisconsin............................................................... 108 86 98 3.7 2.9 3.3

Wyoming................................................................ 17 11 13 5.9 3.8 4.7

p Preliminary
Table 8. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 6,208 5,235 5,641 4.1 3.4 3.6

Alabama................................................................. 104 85 81 5.0 4.0 3.8

Alaska................................................................... 15 11 20 4.9 3.6 6.2

Arizona.................................................................. 133 128 168 4.4 4.1 5.3

Arkansas................................................................ 55 55 51 4.2 4.1 3.8

California................................................................ 616 549 520 3.5 3.1 2.9

Colorado................................................................ 138 111 127 4.8 3.9 4.4

Connecticut............................................................. 57 46 53 3.5 2.8 3.1

Delaware................................................................ 20 18 20 4.4 3.9 4.2

District of Columbia.................................................... 26 18 20 3.4 2.4 2.6

Florida................................................................... 400 377 416 4.3 3.9 4.3

Georgia.................................................................. 272 218 190 5.7 4.5 3.9

Hawaii................................................................... 22 18 19 3.6 2.8 2.9

Idaho.................................................................... 38 30 47 4.6 3.6 5.5

Illinois.................................................................... 209 194 234 3.5 3.2 3.8

Indiana.................................................................. 155 106 150 4.9 3.3 4.6

Iowa..................................................................... 65 44 59 4.1 2.8 3.7

Kansas.................................................................. 48 47 57 3.4 3.3 3.9

Kentucky................................................................ 102 81 89 5.3 4.1 4.4

Louisiana................................................................ 84 103 85 4.4 5.3 4.3

Maine.................................................................... 24 20 20 3.8 3.2 3.2

Maryland................................................................ 95 116 109 3.5 4.3 4.0

Massachusetts......................................................... 110 94 106 3.0 2.5 2.8

Michigan................................................................ 157 122 139 3.7 2.8 3.2

Minnesota............................................................... 97 91 97 3.4 3.1 3.3

Mississippi.............................................................. 52 53 48 4.5 4.5 4.1

Missouri................................................................. 122 93 96 4.2 3.1 3.2

Montana................................................................. 24 21 26 4.8 4.1 5.1

Nebraska................................................................ 41 30 39 4.0 2.9 3.8

Nevada.................................................................. 51 60 60 3.5 3.9 3.9

New Hampshire........................................................ 29 29 24 4.3 4.2 3.4

New Jersey............................................................. 142 129 138 3.4 3.0 3.2

New Mexico............................................................ 34 31 34 4.0 3.6 3.9

New York............................................................... 310 201 234 3.3 2.1 2.4

North Carolina.......................................................... 211 171 182 4.5 3.5 3.7

North Dakota........................................................... 17 14 19 4.0 3.2 4.4

Ohio..................................................................... 187 179 219 3.4 3.2 3.9

Oklahoma............................................................... 82 64 69 4.9 3.7 4.0

Oregon.................................................................. 71 68 75 3.6 3.4 3.8

Pennsylvania........................................................... 177 157 190 3.0 2.6 3.1

Rhode Island........................................................... 19 18 16 3.8 3.7 3.3

South Carolina......................................................... 111 106 95 5.0 4.6 4.1

South Dakota........................................................... 14 14 20 3.2 3.1 4.3

Tennessee.............................................................. 155 171 131 4.8 5.2 4.0

Texas.................................................................... 540 475 527 4.1 3.4 3.8

Utah..................................................................... 73 57 77 4.4 3.4 4.5

Vermont................................................................. 13 11 12 4.5 3.6 4.1

Virginia.................................................................. 185 161 150 4.6 3.9 3.6

Washington............................................................. 124 114 136 3.6 3.2 3.7

West Virginia........................................................... 31 28 30 4.4 4.1 4.3

Wisconsin............................................................... 107 83 104 3.7 2.8 3.5

Wyoming................................................................ 14 11 16 4.9 3.8 5.5

p Preliminary
Table 9. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 4,657 3,444 3,869 3.1 2.2 2.5

Alabama................................................................. 74 61 61 3.5 2.8 2.9

Alaska................................................................... 11 7 8 3.6 2.3 2.6

Arizona.................................................................. 108 91 116 3.6 2.9 3.7

Arkansas................................................................ 40 37 37 3.1 2.8 2.7

California................................................................ 462 319 361 2.6 1.8 2.0

Colorado................................................................ 96 62 77 3.4 2.2 2.7

Connecticut............................................................. 43 30 36 2.6 1.8 2.1

Delaware................................................................ 14 13 14 3.0 2.6 3.0

District of Columbia.................................................... 17 12 14 2.2 1.6 1.8

Florida................................................................... 333 270 312 3.6 2.8 3.2

Georgia.................................................................. 196 146 143 4.1 3.0 2.9

Hawaii................................................................... 16 12 12 2.7 1.8 1.9

Idaho.................................................................... 28 20 30 3.4 2.4 3.6

Illinois.................................................................... 152 122 133 2.5 2.0 2.2

Indiana.................................................................. 129 75 103 4.1 2.3 3.2

Iowa..................................................................... 50 30 39 3.2 1.9 2.4

Kansas.................................................................. 37 31 33 2.6 2.2 2.3

Kentucky................................................................ 74 58 68 3.8 2.9 3.4

Louisiana................................................................ 63 72 59 3.3 3.7 3.0

Maine.................................................................... 18 12 14 2.8 2.0 2.2

Maryland................................................................ 70 78 79 2.6 2.9 2.9

Massachusetts......................................................... 84 49 70 2.3 1.3 1.9

Michigan................................................................ 127 77 85 3.0 1.8 1.9

Minnesota............................................................... 70 63 65 2.4 2.2 2.2

Mississippi.............................................................. 37 37 35 3.2 3.1 3.0

Missouri................................................................. 92 66 64 3.2 2.2 2.1

Montana................................................................. 18 13 17 3.5 2.6 3.2

Nebraska................................................................ 32 20 24 3.1 2.0 2.3

Nevada.................................................................. 39 39 41 2.7 2.5 2.7

New Hampshire........................................................ 21 19 16 3.1 2.7 2.3

New Jersey............................................................. 105 76 98 2.5 1.8 2.3

New Mexico............................................................ 26 20 21 3.0 2.4 2.5

New York............................................................... 188 138 138 2.0 1.4 1.4

North Carolina.......................................................... 151 105 136 3.2 2.1 2.8

North Dakota........................................................... 13 9 12 3.0 2.1 2.7

Ohio..................................................................... 140 120 128 2.6 2.2 2.3

Oklahoma............................................................... 57 44 49 3.4 2.6 2.8

Oregon.................................................................. 54 46 49 2.8 2.3 2.5

Pennsylvania........................................................... 127 102 137 2.2 1.7 2.2

Rhode Island........................................................... 13 11 11 2.7 2.2 2.3

South Carolina......................................................... 83 77 68 3.8 3.4 3.0

South Dakota........................................................... 11 10 12 2.5 2.1 2.6

Tennessee.............................................................. 110 89 98 3.4 2.7 2.9

Texas.................................................................... 413 347 390 3.1 2.5 2.8

Utah..................................................................... 52 37 52 3.1 2.2 3.0

Vermont................................................................. 10 6 9 3.2 2.1 2.8

Virginia.................................................................. 124 111 107 3.1 2.7 2.6

Washington............................................................. 94 74 91 2.7 2.1 2.5

West Virginia........................................................... 22 20 21 3.2 2.9 3.0

Wisconsin............................................................... 81 56 64 2.8 1.9 2.1

Wyoming................................................................ 10 7 10 3.6 2.4 3.6

p Preliminary
Table 10. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 1,236 1,514 1,449 0.8 1.0 0.9

Alabama................................................................. 26 20 17 1.2 0.9 0.8

Alaska................................................................... 3 3 10 1.0 1.0 3.1

Arizona.................................................................. 19 29 37 0.6 0.9 1.2

Arkansas................................................................ 12 15 12 0.9 1.1 0.8

California................................................................ 122 202 131 0.7 1.1 0.7

Colorado................................................................ 33 36 43 1.2 1.3 1.5

Connecticut............................................................. 11 15 13 0.7 0.9 0.8

Delaware................................................................ 5 5 5 1.1 1.1 1.0

District of Columbia.................................................... 7 5 5 0.9 0.6 0.7

Florida................................................................... 53 92 89 0.6 0.9 0.9

Georgia.................................................................. 61 61 40 1.3 1.3 0.8

Hawaii................................................................... 4 5 5 0.6 0.8 0.8

Idaho.................................................................... 8 8 14 0.9 0.9 1.6

Illinois.................................................................... 41 69 82 0.7 1.1 1.3

Indiana.................................................................. 21 28 39 0.7 0.9 1.2

Iowa..................................................................... 10 12 15 0.6 0.8 1.0

Kansas.................................................................. 8 13 19 0.6 0.9 1.3

Kentucky................................................................ 23 20 17 1.2 1.0 0.9

Louisiana................................................................ 17 28 23 0.9 1.4 1.2

Maine.................................................................... 5 7 5 0.8 1.1 0.8

Maryland................................................................ 20 32 23 0.7 1.2 0.9

Massachusetts......................................................... 19 41 29 0.5 1.1 0.8

Michigan................................................................ 24 42 47 0.6 1.0 1.1

Minnesota............................................................... 22 24 26 0.8 0.8 0.9

Mississippi.............................................................. 11 12 11 1.0 1.1 0.9

Missouri................................................................. 25 22 27 0.9 0.7 0.9

Montana................................................................. 5 6 8 1.0 1.2 1.5

Nebraska................................................................ 7 8 12 0.7 0.8 1.1

Nevada.................................................................. 10 17 16 0.7 1.1 1.0

New Hampshire........................................................ 6 9 6 0.9 1.3 0.9

New Jersey............................................................. 29 48 32 0.7 1.1 0.7

New Mexico............................................................ 6 8 9 0.8 0.9 1.0

New York............................................................... 105 48 80 1.1 0.5 0.8

North Carolina.......................................................... 52 55 39 1.1 1.1 0.8

North Dakota........................................................... 3 4 6 0.8 0.9 1.3

Ohio..................................................................... 37 33 64 0.7 0.6 1.1

Oklahoma............................................................... 20 17 17 1.2 1.0 1.0

Oregon.................................................................. 13 17 20 0.7 0.9 1.0

Pennsylvania........................................................... 41 50 41 0.7 0.8 0.7

Rhode Island........................................................... 5 7 4 0.9 1.3 0.8

South Carolina......................................................... 23 24 24 1.1 1.1 1.0

South Dakota........................................................... 2 3 7 0.5 0.7 1.4

Tennessee.............................................................. 37 76 27 1.1 2.3 0.8

Texas.................................................................... 97 115 115 0.7 0.8 0.8

Utah..................................................................... 18 15 22 1.1 0.9 1.3

Vermont................................................................. 3 4 3 1.0 1.4 1.0

Virginia.................................................................. 56 42 37 1.4 1.0 0.9

Washington............................................................. 22 32 34 0.6 0.9 0.9

West Virginia........................................................... 7 7 7 1.0 1.0 1.0

Wisconsin............................................................... 21 22 32 0.7 0.7 1.1

Wyoming................................................................ 3 3 5 1.0 1.0 1.6

p Preliminary