For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, April 3, 2024 USDL-24-0628 

Technical information: (202) 691-6569 • oewsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/oes 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES — MAY 2023

Office and administrative support occupations had employment of 18.5 million in May 2023, 

representing 12.2 percent of total national employment, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 

today. The largest office and administrative support occupations were customer service representatives 

(2.9 million) and general office clerks (2.5 million). (See chart 1.) The annual mean wage across all 

office and administrative support occupations was $47,940, compared with the U.S. average wage of

$65,470. (See chart 2.) 

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program provides employment and wage 

estimates for about 830 occupations in the nation, states, and approximately 530 areas. National data are 

available by industry for approximately 410 industry classifications and by ownership across all 

industries and for the educational services and hospitals industries. This news release features office and 

administrative support; food preparation and serving related; and life, physical, and social science 

occupations, in addition to largest occupations and public sector occupations. National employment and 

wage information for all occupations is shown in table 1. 

Office and administrative support occupations

• Office and administrative support (18.5 million) was the largest occupational group overall, 

followed by transportation and material moving occupations (13.8 million) and sales and related 

occupations (13.4 million). (See table 1.)

• The largest office and administrative support occupations were customer service representatives (2.9 

million), general office clerks (2.5 million), and secretaries and administrative assistants, except 

legal, medical, and executive (1.8 million). (See table 1 and chart 1.) 

• The highest paying office and administrative support occupations were executive secretaries and 

executive administrative assistants ($73,680) and first-line supervisors of office and administrative 

support workers ($68,620). These were the only office and administrative support occupations with 

annual mean wages above the U.S. average of $65,470. (See table 1 and chart 2.) 

• The lowest paying office and administrative support occupations were hotel, motel, and resort desk 

clerks ($32,570) and clerical library assistants ($35,970). (See table 1 and chart 2.)
- 2 - 

• The industries with the highest employment of office and administrative support occupations were 

local government, excluding schools and hospitals (961,360); credit intermediation and related 

activities (842,450); and offices of physicians (759,630). 

• Several of the highest paying industries for office and administrative support occupations were 

related to extracting, transporting, and distributing natural resources, including pipeline 

transportation of crude oil ($79,030), other pipeline transportation ($76,920), natural gas distribution 

($70,650), and metal ore mining ($70,000). 

• Customer service representatives, the largest office and administrative support occupation, had an 

annual mean wage of $43,520 nationally. (See table 1.) The District of Columbia ($56,140) and 

Washington state ($52,690) had the highest wages for customer service representatives. The lowest 

paying states for this occupation included Mississippi ($34,680) and Louisiana ($37,480). 

National industry-specific data are available at www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrci.htm. 

State data are available at www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcst.htm. 

0 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000

Customer service representatives

Office clerks, general

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except

legal, medical, and executive

First-line supervisors of office and administrative

support workers

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

Receptionists and information clerks

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants

Executive secretaries and executive administrative

assistants

Billing and posting clerks

Employment

Chart 1. Employment for the largest office and administrative support occupations, May 2023

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics.
- 3 - 

Food preparation and serving related occupations

• Food preparation and serving related occupations had employment of 13.2 million, representing 8.7 

percent of U.S. employment. 

• The largest food preparation and serving related occupations were fast food and counter workers 

(3.7 million), waiters and waitresses (2.2 million), and restaurant cooks (1.4 million). (See table 1.) 

• The annual mean wage for food preparation and serving related occupations was $34,490, making 

this the lowest paying occupational group. All 17 food preparation and serving related occupations 

had annual mean wages below the U.S. average of $65,470. (See table 1.)

• The highest paying food preparation and serving related occupation was chefs and head cooks 

($62,640). The lowest paying occupations in this group included fast food cooks ($29,760) and fast 

food and counter workers ($30,110). (See table 1.)

• The metropolitan areas with the highest concentrations of food preparation and serving related 

occupations were Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI (18.1 percent of area employment); Ocean City, NJ 

(17.9 percent); and Myrtle Beach-Conway-North Myrtle Beach, SC-NC (17.7 percent). 

$0 $25,000 $50,000 $75,000

Executive secretaries and executive

administrative assistants

First-line supervisors of office and administrative

support workers

All occupations

Brokerage clerks

Postal service mail carriers

Postal service clerks

All office and administrative support occupations

Couriers and messengers

Gambling cage workers

Receptionists and information clerks

Library assistants, clerical

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks

Annual mean wage

Chart 2. Highest and lowest paying office and administrative support 

occupations, May 2023

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics.
- 4 - 

• The highest paying metropolitan areas for food preparation and serving related occupations were 

Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA ($47,490), and Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI ($47,200). The lowest 

paying areas included Hattiesburg, MS ($24,480), and Gadsden, AL ($24,770).

Metropolitan area data are available at www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcma.htm. 

Life, physical, and social science occupations

• Life, physical, and social science occupations had employment of 1.4 million and an annual mean 

wage of $87,870. (See table 1.) 

• The largest life, physical, and social science occupations were medical scientists, except 

epidemiologists (136,620) and occupational health and safety specialists (122,300). (See table 1.)

• The highest paying life, physical, and social science occupations were physicists ($158,270) and 

industrial-organizational psychologists ($154,380). (See table 1.)

• The lowest paying life, physical, and social science occupations were agricultural technicians 

($46,810), food science technicians ($54,000), and forest and conservation technicians ($54,260). 

(See table 1.)

• The industries with the highest employment of life, physical, and social science occupations were 

scientific research and development services (213,600), the federal executive branch (148,200), and 

colleges, universities, and professional schools (119,480). These three industries combined 

accounted for nearly 35 percent of life, physical, and social science jobs. 

• Life, physical, and social science occupations made up 3.9 percent of employment in DurhamChapel Hill, NC, compared with less than 1 percent of employment nationally. Metropolitan areas

with the highest concentrations of life, physical, and social science occupations also included 

Fairbanks, AK (3.3 percent); Ames, IA (3.2 percent); and Charlottesville, VA (3.2 percent). 

Largest occupations 

• The largest occupations overall were home health and personal care aides, retail salespersons, and 

fast food and counter workers, each with employment of nearly 3.7 million. (See table 1.) 

• Eight of the 10 largest occupations had below-average annual wages, ranging from $30,110 for fast 

food and counter workers to $43,560 for general office clerks. (See table 1.) 

• Of the 10 largest occupations, only registered nurses ($94,480) and general and operations managers 

($129,330) had above-average annual wages. (See table 1.)

Public sector occupations

• The public sector made up 14.4 percent of employment and had a different occupational mix from 

the private sector. 
- 5 - 

• Several of the largest public sector occupations were related to education. These occupations 

included elementary school teachers, except special education (public sector employment of 1.3 

million); teaching assistants, except postsecondary (1.0 million); secondary school teachers, except 

special and career/technical education (898,000); and middle school teachers, except special and 

career/technical education (553,390). 

• Outside of the educational instruction and library group, the occupations with the highest public 

sector employment were police and sheriff’s patrol officers (640,320); registered nurses (526,150); 

and janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners (491,130). 

Public/private sector ownership data are available at www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrci.htm. 
Technical Note

Scope of the survey

The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) 

survey is a semiannual survey measuring occupational employment 

and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm 

establishments in the United States. The OEWS data available 

from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) include cross-industry 

occupational employment and wage estimates for the nation; over 

580 areas, including states and the District of Columbia, 

metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), nonmetropolitan areas, and 

territories; national industry-specific estimates for North American 

Industry Classification System (NAICS) sector, 3-digit, most 4-digit, 

and selected 5- and 6-digit industry levels; and national estimates 

by ownership across all industries and for schools and hospitals.

The OEWS survey is a cooperative effort between BLS and 

the state workforce agencies (SWAs). BLS funds the survey and 

provides the procedures and technical support, while the SWAs 

collect most of the data. OEWS estimates are constructed from a 

sample of about 1.1 million establishments. Each year, two 

semiannual panels of approximately 181,000 to 189,000 sampled 

establishments are contacted, one panel in May and the other in 

November. Responses are obtained by Internet or other electronic 

means, mail, email, telephone, or personal visit. The May 2023 

estimates are based on responses from six semiannual panels 

collected over a 3-year period: May 2023, November 2022, May 

2022, November 2021, May 2021, and November 2020. The 

unweighted sampled employment of 81.4 million across all six 

semiannual panels represents approximately 55 percent of total 

national employment. The overall national response rate for the six 

panels, based on the 50 states and the District of Columbia, 

is 65.8 percent based on establishments and 64.3 percent based on 

weighted sampled employment.

The occupational coding system

The May 2023 OEWS estimates contain approximately 830 

occupational categories based on the Office of Management and 

Budget’s 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 

system. These occupational categories make up 22 of the 23 SOC 

major occupational groups. Major group 55, Military Specific 

Occupations, is not included.

For more information about the SOC system, please see the 

BLS website at www.bls.gov/soc/.

The industry coding system

The May 2023 OEWS estimates use the 2022 NAICS. For 

more information about NAICS, see the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm.

The OEWS survey excludes the majority of the agricultural 

sector, with the exception of logging (NAICS 113310), support 

activities for crop production (NAICS 1151), and support activities 

for animal production (NAICS 1152). Private households (NAICS 

814) are also excluded. OEWS federal government data include 

the U.S. Postal Service and the federal executive branch only. All 

other industries, including state and local government, are covered 

by the survey.

Area definitions

The May 2023 OEWS estimates use the metropolitan area 

definitions delineated in Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) Bulletin 17-01. Nonmetropolitan area definitions are 

specific to the OEWS program and are set in consultation with the 

state workforce agencies. For more information, please see 

www.bls.gov/oes/current/msa_def.htm.

Survey sample

The OEWS survey draws its sample from state 

unemployment insurance (UI) files. Supplemental sources are used 

for rail transportation (NAICS 4821) and Guam because they do 

notreport to the UI program. The OEWS survey sample is stratified 

by metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area, industry, and size.

To provide the most occupational coverage, larger employers

are more likely to be selected than smaller employers. A census is 

taken of the executive branch of the federal government, the U.S. 

Postal Service, and state government.

Concepts

Occupational employment is the estimate of total wage and 

salary employment in an occupation. The OEWS survey defines 

employment as the number of workers who can be classified as 

full- or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or 

other types of paid leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; 

salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated 

firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and 

employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty 

station, regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. 

The survey does not include the self-employed, owners and

partners in unincorporated firms, household workers, or unpaid 

family workers.

Wages for the OEWS survey are straight-time, gross pay, 

exclusive of premium pay. Base rate; cost-of-living allowances; 

guaranteed pay; hazardous-duty pay; incentive pay, including 

commissions and production bonuses; and tips are included. 

Excluded are overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, 

nonproduction bonuses, employer cost for supplementary benefits, 

and tuition reimbursements.

The responding establishments are instructed to report hourly 

rates for part-time workers and to report annual rates for 

occupations that are typically paid at an annual rate but do not work 

2,080 hours per year, such as teachers, pilots, and flight attendants. 

Other workers, such as some entertainment workers, are paid 

hourly rates, but generally do not work 40 hours per week, year 

round. For these workers, only an hourly wage is reported.

OEWS receives wage rate data for the federal government, 

the U.S. Postal Service, and most state government, local 

government, and private sector establishments. For the remaining 

establishments without wage rate data, the OEWS survey data were

placed into 12 wage intervals. The intervals are defined both as 

hourly rates and the corresponding annual rates, where the annual 

rate for an occupation is calculated by multiplying the hourly wage 

rate by a typical work year of 2,080 hours.
Estimation methodology

The OEWS survey is designed to produce estimates by 

combining six panels of data collected over a 3-year period. Each 

OEWS panel contains approximately 181,000 to 189,000

establishments. The full six-panel sample of 1.1 million 

establishments allows the production of estimates at detailed levels 

of geography, industry, and occupation.

The May 2023 estimates were produced by a model-based 

estimation method using 3 years of OEWS data (MB3). Under 

MB3, data provided by survey respondents are used to model 

occupational staffing patterns and wages for all unobserved 

establishments in the population, including establishments that 

were not sampled, sampled establishments that did not respond, 

and respondents that did not meet stability criteria.

A donor pool typically consisting of 10 nearest neighbor 

responding establishments is used to predict data for each 

unobserved establishment; if 10 donors are not available, then as 

few as 5 can be used. Donors are matched to recipients based on 

detailed industry, geographic area, ownership, size, and survey 

panel. Within a given donor pool, donors that are more similar to 

the unobserved establishment are given more weight in 

determining the modeled data.

Each establishment’s population employment is set as the 

average of its May 2023 and November 2022 employment from 

the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, the UI database 

from which the OEWS sample is drawn. Using adjustment factors 

derived from the OEWS survey data, wages collected in earlier 

survey panels are adjusted to the reference date of the estimates 

and donor wages are adjusted for differences between donor and 

recipient characteristics such as geographic area and industry.

For more information

Answers to frequently asked questions about the OEWS data 

are available at www.bls.gov/oes/oes_ques.htm. If you are deaf,

hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to 

access telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023

Hourly Annual1

All occupations 151,853,870 $31.48 $65,470 $23.11

Management occupations 10,495,770 66.23 137,750 56.19

3,751,510 65.43 136,100 49.74

211,230 124.47 258,900 99.37

3,507,810 62.18 129,330 48.69

32,460 (2) 68,140 (2)

1,070,030 76.90 159,960 67.23

20,630 73.38 152,620 63.40

944,820 77.43 161,040 68.17

Marketing managers.............................................................................................................................. 368,940 80.00 166,410 75.78

Sales managers..................................................................................................................................... 575,880 75.77 157,610 64.98

104,570 72.87 151,570 62.73

Public relations managers...................................................................................................................... 72,760 76.65 159,420 64.79

Fundraising managers........................................................................................................................... 31,810 64.24 133,620 57.31

2,513,900 74.59 155,150 65.47

373,920 56.56 117,650 50.44

Administrative services managers......................................................................................................... 242,520 58.27 121,200 51.19

Facilities managers................................................................................................................................ 131,400 53.42 111,110 49.20

592,600 86.88 180,720 81.50

787,340 84.05 174,820 75.05

222,890 60.53 125,900 56.24

77,530 70.53 146,710 65.57

198,780 53.79 111,870 47.69

18,690 72.57 150,940 65.57

200,600 74.39 154,740 65.55

41,540 66.56 138,450 60.12

3,160,340 56.91 118,370 49.28

6,150 43.35 90,160 40.27

329,190 56.23 116,960 50.43

584,630 51.84 107,830 48.05

Education and childcare administrators, preschool and daycare............................................................ 64,090 29.48 61,320 26.10

Education administrators, kindergarten through secondary.................................................................... 302,580 (2) 111,020 (2)

Education administrators, postsecondary............................................................................................... 167,270 58.66 122,010 49.33

Education administrators, all other......................................................................................................... 50,690 48.42 100,720 42.53

207,800 82.83 172,290 79.50

246,070 33.45 69,580 30.32

34,290 41.34 85,980 36.16

Gambling managers............................................................................................................................... 4,590 47.24 98,270 39.61

Entertainment and recreation managers, except gambling..................................................................... 29,690 40.42 84,080 35.32

41,980 36.92 76,790 31.42

515,100 64.64 134,440 53.21

96,520 81.31 169,120 75.84

13,810 43.16 89,770 42.63

284,120 37.69 78,400 30.22

173,650 40.10 83,400 37.03

11,910 45.05 93,690 40.37

25,370 36.15 75,190 31.02

Funeral home managers........................................................................................................................ 14,200 40.77 84,800 36.37

Personal service managers, all other..................................................................................................... 11,170 30.28 62,980 27.68

589,750 70.35 146,320 64.21

Business and financial operations occupations 10,087,830 43.55 90,580 38.00

7,048,350 42.33 88,040 37.74

12,870 63.85 132,810 40.82

477,980 37.43 77,850 34.59

302,450 36.43 75,760 36.07

Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators..................................................................................... 293,780 36.43 75,770 36.08

Insurance appraisers, auto damage....................................................................................................... 8,670 36.37 75,660 35.83

383,620 38.55 80,190 36.38

220,970 38.23 79,520 35.94

959,230 37.15 77,260 33.42

Human resources specialists................................................................................................................. 895,970 36.57 76,060 32.53

Farm labor contractors........................................................................................................................... 460 24.71 51,400 21.98

Labor relations specialists...................................................................................................................... 62,800 45.49 94,620 43.26

1,176,100 48.55 100,980 45.49

Logisticians............................................................................................................................................ 228,470 40.69 84,640 38.17

Project management specialists............................................................................................................. 947,630 50.44 104,920 47.39

838,140 55.54 115,530 47.80

122,130 29.94 62,280 27.36

101,730 34.02 70,760 30.85

99,850 38.76 80,620 35.83

403,480 34.60 71,980 30.94

846,370 40.00 83,190 35.90

1,103,440 42.85 89,130 38.26

3,039,480 46.37 96,460 38.50

1,435,770 43.65 90,780 38.41

See footnotes at end of table.

Cost estimators...........................................................................................................................................

Human resources workers..........................................................................................................................

Accountants and auditors...........................................................................................................................

Financial specialists.........................................................................................................................................

Logisticians and project management specialists........................................................................................

Management analysts.................................................................................................................................

Meeting, convention, and event planners....................................................................................................

Fundraisers.................................................................................................................................................

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists..................................................................................

Training and development specialists.........................................................................................................

Market research analysts and marketing specialists....................................................................................

Business operations specialists, all other....................................................................................................

Legislators..................................................................................................................................................

Advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers.......................................................

Education and childcare administrators.......................................................................................................

Architectural and engineering managers.....................................................................................................

Managers, all other.....................................................................................................................................

Food service managers..............................................................................................................................

Lodging managers......................................................................................................................................

Medical and health services managers.......................................................................................................

Natural sciences managers.........................................................................................................................

Postmasters and mail superintendents.......................................................................................................

Property, real estate, and community association managers.......................................................................

Social and community service managers....................................................................................................

Emergency management directors.............................................................................................................

Personal service managers.........................................................................................................................

Entertainment and recreation managers.....................................................................................................

Other management occupations......................................................................................................................

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers...................................................................................

Computer and information systems managers............................................................................................

Financial managers.....................................................................................................................................

Industrial production managers...................................................................................................................

Purchasing managers.................................................................................................................................

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers....................................................................................

Buyers and purchasing agents....................................................................................................................

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators........................................................................

Compliance officers....................................................................................................................................

Construction managers...............................................................................................................................

Occupation

Advertising and promotions managers........................................................................................................

Marketing and sales managers...................................................................................................................

Operations specialties managers.....................................................................................................................

Administrative services and facilities managers..........................................................................................

Top executives................................................................................................................................................

Chief executives.........................................................................................................................................

General and operations managers..............................................................................................................

Business operations specialists.......................................................................................................................

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes............................................................

Median 

hourly 

wages

Mean wages

Employment

Public relations and fundraising managers..................................................................................................

Compensation and benefits managers........................................................................................................

Human resources managers.......................................................................................................................

Training and development managers..........................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

Business and financial operations occupations (Continued)

62,090 $36.59 $76,110 $29.63

47,310 43.69 90,880 40.84

73,200 45.56 94,750 38.18

753,990 59.29 123,330 46.85

Financial and investment analysts.......................................................................................................... 325,220 54.30 112,950 47.60

Personal financial advisors.................................................................................................................... 272,190 72.44 150,670 47.88

Insurance underwriters........................................................................................................................... 101,310 41.16 85,610 37.44

Financial risk specialists......................................................................................................................... 55,290 57.19 118,950 51.01

63,440 47.18 98,140 40.53

349,040 39.43 82,000 31.39

Credit counselors................................................................................................................................... 27,950 25.69 53,440 23.35

Loan officers.......................................................................................................................................... 321,090 40.62 84,490 33.65

131,910 29.28 60,900 26.00

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents................................................................................ 50,250 31.43 65,370 28.14

Tax preparers........................................................................................................................................ 81,650 27.96 58,160 23.56

122,730 43.10 89,650 37.65

5,177,400 54.39 113,140 50.10

4,804,840 54.46 113,270 50.20

674,170 55.01 114,420 50.88

Computer systems analysts................................................................................................................... 498,810 53.27 110,800 49.90

Information security analysts.................................................................................................................. 175,350 59.97 124,740 57.87

35,210 75.56 157,160 69.75

848,420 31.95 66,450 29.24

Computer network support specialists.................................................................................................... 158,720 37.81 78,640 34.39

Computer user support specialists......................................................................................................... 689,700 30.60 63,640 28.48

633,180 54.67 113,710 50.83

Computer network architects................................................................................................................. 174,100 64.39 133,930 62.42

Database administrators........................................................................................................................ 76,140 50.39 104,810 48.80

Database architects............................................................................................................................... 59,920 65.88 137,030 64.76

Network and computer systems administrators...................................................................................... 323,020 48.36 100,580 45.84

2,176,710 62.74 130,500 61.11

Computer programmers......................................................................................................................... 120,370 51.80 107,750 47.94

Software developers.............................................................................................................................. 1,656,880 66.40 138,110 63.59

Software quality assurance analysts and testers.................................................................................... 203,040 52.15 108,460 48.94

Web developers..................................................................................................................................... 85,350 45.95 95,570 40.84

Web and digital interface designers....................................................................................................... 111,060 52.32 108,820 47.37

437,170 54.05 112,430 50.44

372,550 53.53 111,340 48.78

25,470 63.70 132,500 57.69

2,220 57.58 119,770 55.98

117,880 45.96 95,600 40.21

29,950 52.50 109,190 50.05

192,710 57.23 119,040 51.93

4,320 40.06 83,330 33.95

2,539,660 47.64 99,090 43.95

194,610 43.48 90,430 38.87

131,540 47.05 97,860 41.25

Architects, except landscape and naval................................................................................................. 111,170 48.27 100,400 44.86

Landscape architects............................................................................................................................. 20,370 40.38 83,990 38.13

63,070 36.03 74,940 34.04

Cartographers and photogrammetrists................................................................................................... 12,330 37.89 78,810 36.64

Surveyors.............................................................................................................................................. 50,740 35.58 74,000 32.95

1,703,700 53.79 111,890 49.36

66,660 64.58 134,330 62.85

1,860 44.95 93,490 42.67

19,320 51.30 106,700 48.43

21,140 59.09 122,910 53.90

327,950 48.64 101,160 46.10

82,660 71.04 147,770 66.38

281,840 57.65 119,910 52.41

Electrical engineers................................................................................................................................ 185,430 56.58 117,680 51.42

Electronics engineers, except computer................................................................................................. 96,410 59.71 124,190 57.31

39,880 50.89 105,840 48.12

355,380 49.76 103,510 47.84

Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors........................................ 22,510 52.28 108,740 49.85

Industrial engineers................................................................................................................................ 332,870 49.59 103,150 47.78

9,960 51.98 108,110 48.21

24,630 53.09 110,430 50.05

281,290 50.59 105,220 47.84

7,040 50.70 105,460 48.39

12,710 61.03 126,950 60.32

20,390 71.44 148,590 65.23

150,990 56.90 118,350 53.83

641,350 32.55 67,700 30.34

193,180 32.13 66,840 30.06

See footnotes at end of table.

Financial analysts and advisors..................................................................................................................

Computer and mathematical occupations

Computer occupations.....................................................................................................................................

Computer and information analysts.............................................................................................................

Software and web developers, programmers, and testers...........................................................................

Mathematical science occupations...................................................................................................................

Mathematical science occupations, all other...............................................................................................

Drafters, engineering technicians, and mapping technicians............................................................................

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists......................................................................................

Petroleum engineers...................................................................................................................................

Chemical engineers....................................................................................................................................

Aerospace engineers..................................................................................................................................

Agricultural engineers.................................................................................................................................

Engineers........................................................................................................................................................

Bioengineers and biomedical engineers......................................................................................................

Civil engineers............................................................................................................................................

Computer hardware engineers....................................................................................................................

Electrical and electronics engineers............................................................................................................

Environmental engineers............................................................................................................................

Industrial engineers, including health and safety.........................................................................................

Marine engineers and naval architects........................................................................................................

Materials engineers....................................................................................................................................

Nuclear engineers.......................................................................................................................................

Engineers, all other.....................................................................................................................................

Mechanical engineers.................................................................................................................................

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers...........................................................

Credit analysts............................................................................................................................................

Budget analysts..........................................................................................................................................

Tax examiners, collectors and preparers, and revenue agents....................................................................

Computer and information research scientists............................................................................................

Property appraisers and assessors.............................................................................................................

Financial examiners....................................................................................................................................

Drafters.......................................................................................................................................................

Credit counselors and loan officers.............................................................................................................

Financial specialists, all other......................................................................................................................

Architects, surveyors, and cartographers.........................................................................................................

Architects, except naval..............................................................................................................................

Computer occupations, all other..................................................................................................................

Actuaries....................................................................................................................................................

Mathematicians..........................................................................................................................................

Operations research analysts......................................................................................................................

Statisticians................................................................................................................................................

Data scientists............................................................................................................................................

Architecture and engineering occupations

Computer support specialists......................................................................................................................

Database and network administrators and architects..................................................................................

Occupation

Median 

hourly 

wages

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Mean wages

Employment
Hourly Annual1

Architecture and engineering occupations (Continued)

Architectural and civil drafters................................................................................................................ 111,070 $31.25 $65,000 $29.72

Electrical and electronics drafters........................................................................................................... 20,680 35.15 73,110 33.30

Mechanical drafters................................................................................................................................ 44,850 33.62 69,920 30.80

Drafters, all other................................................................................................................................... 16,580 30.28 62,980 28.49

392,120 33.69 70,080 31.17

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians................................................... 10,640 39.08 81,280 37.42

Civil engineering technologists and technicians..................................................................................... 63,560 30.66 63,770 29.18

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians....................................................... 97,420 35.79 74,440 35.00

Electro-mechanical and mechatronics technologists and technicians..................................................... 15,360 34.82 72,430 31.29

Environmental engineering technologists and technicians...................................................................... 13,780 28.26 58,780 25.96

Industrial engineering technologists and technicians.............................................................................. 73,020 32.04 66,640 30.10

Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians.......................................................................... 38,930 32.69 67,990 30.78

Calibration technologists and technicians............................................................................................... 13,220 32.39 67,360 30.19

Engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters, all other..................................................... 66,200 36.20 75,290 35.34

56,050 26.00 54,090 23.53

Life, physical, and social science occupations 1,389,430 42.24 87,870 37.63

352,000 48.38 100,630 42.60

32,360 39.87 82,930 36.73

Animal scientists.................................................................................................................................... 2,460 43.01 89,450 33.72

Food scientists and technologists.......................................................................................................... 14,100 42.48 88,350 39.47

Soil and plant scientists.......................................................................................................................... 15,800 37.06 77,080 32.81

133,050 48.29 100,440 44.13

Biochemists and biophysicists............................................................................................................... 33,180 57.84 120,310 51.66

Microbiologists....................................................................................................................................... 21,540 44.89 93,380 41.09

Zoologists and wildlife biologists............................................................................................................. 17,100 36.41 75,740 33.94

Biological scientists, all other................................................................................................................. 61,220 47.62 99,060 43.80

32,240 34.82 72,430 32.84

Conservation scientists.......................................................................................................................... 22,790 35.17 73,160 33.05

Foresters............................................................................................................................................... 9,450 33.98 70,680 32.37

146,850 53.29 110,850 48.07

Epidemiologists...................................................................................................................................... 10,230 43.48 90,430 39.13

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists............................................................................................. 136,620 54.03 112,380 48.50

7,490 48.81 101,520 41.80

254,410 48.61 101,110 42.96

20,430 74.66 155,280 71.89

Astronomers.......................................................................................................................................... 2,080 61.99 128,940 61.50

Physicists............................................................................................................................................... 18,350 76.09 158,270 74.85

9,310 48.81 101,530 44.65

92,350 46.72 97,170 41.91

Chemists............................................................................................................................................... 83,530 45.94 95,560 40.71

Materials scientists................................................................................................................................ 8,810 54.06 112,440 51.04

111,500 43.78 91,060 39.11

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health...................................................................... 80,730 41.69 86,710 37.97

Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers.............................................................................. 24,620 50.00 104,000 44.51

Hydrologists........................................................................................................................................... 6,150 46.35 96,410 42.68

20,820 57.24 119,050 53.98

273,230 47.72 99,260 43.00

16,420 63.78 132,650 55.64

8,190 32.05 66,670 29.31

150,030 48.64 101,170 44.59

Industrial-organizational psychologists................................................................................................... 1,030 74.22 154,380 70.87

Clinical and counseling psychologists..................................................................................................... 71,730 51.25 106,600 46.20

School psychologists.............................................................................................................................. 62,790 44.22 91,990 40.84

Psychologists, all other........................................................................................................................... 14,480 53.03 110,300 56.61

2,890 51.31 106,710 48.93

42,690 41.32 85,940 39.33

53,010 47.53 98,860 43.85

Anthropologists and archeologists.......................................................................................................... 7,720 33.55 69,780 30.67

Geographers.......................................................................................................................................... 1,460 44.45 92,460 43.69

Historians.............................................................................................................................................. 3,040 36.60 76,120 35.04

Political scientists................................................................................................................................... 5,580 63.47 132,020 63.63

Social scientists and related workers, all other....................................................................................... 35,210 49.14 102,210 46.10

360,210 28.83 59,970 25.82

28,340 24.36 50,660 22.60

Agricultural technicians.......................................................................................................................... 13,150 22.50 46,810 20.76

Food science technicians....................................................................................................................... 15,190 25.96 54,000 23.60

76,990 27.18 56,540 24.73

55,880 29.29 60,920 27.29

44,240 28.45 59,170 24.63

Environmental science and protection technicians, including health....................................................... 32,390 27.63 57,470 24.35

Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians........................................................................... 8,860 31.05 64,590 25.21

Hydrologic technicians........................................................................................................................... 3,000 29.57 61,500 26.87

5,400 46.88 97,520 48.92

30,890 29.99 62,370 27.11

28,740 26.09 54,260 24.94

See footnotes at end of table.

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers....................................................................................

Agricultural and food science technicians....................................................................................................

Biological technicians..................................................................................................................................

Environmental science and geoscience technicians....................................................................................

Nuclear technicians.....................................................................................................................................

Chemical technicians..................................................................................................................................

Life, physical, and social science technicians...................................................................................................

Social science research assistants.............................................................................................................

Forest and conservation technicians...........................................................................................................

Psychologists..............................................................................................................................................

Survey researchers.....................................................................................................................................

Conservation scientists and foresters.........................................................................................................

Life scientists, all other................................................................................................................................

Physical scientists............................................................................................................................................

Atmospheric and space scientists...............................................................................................................

Chemists and materials scientists...............................................................................................................

Environmental scientists and geoscientists.................................................................................................

Social scientists and related workers...............................................................................................................

Economists.................................................................................................................................................

Physical scientists, all other........................................................................................................................

Urban and regional planners.......................................................................................................................

Sociologists................................................................................................................................................

Astronomers and physicists........................................................................................................................

Engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters........................................................................

Life scientists...................................................................................................................................................

Agricultural and food scientists....................................................................................................................

Medical scientists........................................................................................................................................

Biological scientists.....................................................................................................................................

Surveying and mapping technicians............................................................................................................

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Median 

hourly 

wages

Occupation

Mean wages

Employment
Hourly Annual1

89,740 $30.95 $64,380 $28.75

Forensic science technicians................................................................................................................. 17,520 34.40 71,540 31.22

Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other.......................................................................... 72,230 30.12 62,640 28.05

149,570 39.27 81,690 37.30

149,570 39.27 81,690 37.30

Occupational health and safety specialists............................................................................................. 122,300 41.14 85,570 39.01

Occupational health and safety technicians............................................................................................ 27,270 30.89 64,250 27.85

2,418,130 28.36 58,980 25.00

2,326,360 28.32 58,910 24.98

909,190 29.71 61,790 27.15

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors.................................................................. 327,660 32.21 66,990 29.67

Marriage and family therapists............................................................................................................... 63,340 33.04 68,730 28.13

Rehabilitation counselors....................................................................................................................... 84,750 23.28 48,430 21.17

Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors.................................................... 397,880 28.89 60,080 25.82

Counselors, all other.............................................................................................................................. 35,580 25.17 52,360 22.18

710,320 30.23 62,880 28.07

Child, family, and school social workers................................................................................................. 352,160 28.46 59,190 25.93

Healthcare social workers...................................................................................................................... 185,020 32.42 67,430 30.26

Mental health and substance abuse social workers................................................................................ 114,680 30.71 63,870 26.90

Social workers, all other......................................................................................................................... 58,460 33.08 68,800 30.66

706,840 24.62 51,210 22.24

Health education specialists................................................................................................................... 57,800 33.55 69,790 30.22

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists........................................................................ 85,870 32.64 67,880 29.71

Social and human service assistants..................................................................................................... 409,310 21.27 44,240 19.91

Community health workers..................................................................................................................... 58,550 25.30 52,610 23.17

Community and social service specialists, all other................................................................................ 95,310 25.97 54,020 23.89

91,770 29.23 60,800 26.05

56,640 30.64 63,720 28.33

23,270 29.68 61,740 24.11

11,870 21.66 45,050 18.25

1,240,630 64.34 133,820 47.70

792,220 82.44 171,480 67.46

746,020 83.79 174,280 68.48

Lawyers................................................................................................................................................. 731,340 84.84 176,470 70.08

Judicial law clerks.................................................................................................................................. 14,680 31.19 64,880 27.64

46,200 60.71 126,270 57.76

Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers................................................................. 14,670 57.67 119,940 53.41

Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators.................................................................................................. 7,060 45.85 95,370 34.39

Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates.......................................................................................... 24,470 66.83 139,000 71.59

448,410 32.35 67,290 29.18

354,890 31.95 66,460 29.31

93,520 33.87 70,440 28.55

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers........................................................................................... 49,760 28.58 59,440 25.74

Legal support workers, all other............................................................................................................. 43,760 39.89 82,960 32.55

Educational instruction and library occupations 8,744,560 31.92 66,400 28.82

1,394,110 (2) 101,750 (2)

82,980 (2) 113,240 (2)

84,380 (2) 100,060 (2)

Computer science teachers, postsecondary........................................................................................... 36,150 (2) 106,380 (2)

Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary..................................................................................... 48,230 (2) 95,320 (2)

46,710 (2) 119,600 (2)

Architecture teachers, postsecondary.................................................................................................... 8,350 (2) 114,900 (2)

Engineering teachers, postsecondary.................................................................................................... 38,370 (2) 120,630 (2)

60,860 (2) 101,440 (2)

Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary....................................................................................... 7,550 (2) 95,610 (2)

Biological science teachers, postsecondary........................................................................................... 52,050 (2) 102,270 (2)

Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary.................................................................. 1,260 (2) 102,230 (2)

53,130 (2) 105,600 (2)

Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary............................................ 11,770 (2) 111,930 (2)

Chemistry teachers, postsecondary....................................................................................................... 20,210 (2) 102,630 (2)

Environmental science teachers, postsecondary.................................................................................... 7,120 (2) 100,910 (2)

Physics teachers, postsecondary........................................................................................................... 14,030 (2) 106,950 (2)

119,750 (2) 100,790 (2)

Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary.......................................................................... 5,030 (2) 103,640 (2)

Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary.................................................................... 11,570 (2) 100,390 (2)

Economics teachers, postsecondary...................................................................................................... 12,210 (2) 133,650 (2)

Geography teachers, postsecondary...................................................................................................... 3,480 (2) 97,660 (2)

Political science teachers, postsecondary.............................................................................................. 17,090 (2) 104,910 (2)

Psychology teachers, postsecondary..................................................................................................... 40,610 (2) 93,990 (2)

Sociology teachers, postsecondary........................................................................................................ 12,870 (2) 97,580 (2)

Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other................................................................................. 16,900 (2) 91,710 (2)

298,060 (2) 122,760 (2)

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary............................................................................................ 225,360 (2) 134,440 (2)

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians.........................................................................

Directors, religious activities and education................................................................................................

Legal occupations

Lawyers, judges, and related workers..............................................................................................................

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians........................................................................

Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians..............................................................................

Community and social service occupations

Social workers............................................................................................................................................

Social sciences teachers, postsecondary....................................................................................................

Mean wages

Occupation

Median 

hourly 

wages

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Lawyers and judicial law clerks....................................................................................................................

Religious workers, all other.........................................................................................................................

Employment

Life, physical, and social science occupations (Continued)

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers..........................................................................................

Legal support workers......................................................................................................................................

Paralegals and legal assistants...................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous legal support workers...........................................................................................................

Postsecondary teachers..................................................................................................................................

Business teachers, postsecondary..............................................................................................................

Math and computer science teachers, postsecondary.................................................................................

Counselors, social workers, and other community and social service specialists..............................................

Counselors.................................................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists.............................................................................

Religious workers............................................................................................................................................

Clergy.........................................................................................................................................................

Engineering and architecture teachers, postsecondary...............................................................................

Life sciences teachers, postsecondary........................................................................................................

Physical sciences teachers, postsecondary................................................................................................

Health teachers, postsecondary..................................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

Educational instruction and library occupations (Continued)

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary................................................................................... 72,700 (2) $86,530 (2)

65,090 (2) 81,230 (2)

Education teachers, postsecondary....................................................................................................... 60,860 (2) 80,750 (2)

Library science teachers, postsecondary............................................................................................... 4,220 (2) 88,190 (2)

39,700 (2) 104,340 (2)

Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary.............................................................. 13,390 (2) 83,470 (2)

Law teachers, postsecondary................................................................................................................. 14,570 (2) 142,440 (2)

Social work teachers, postsecondary..................................................................................................... 11,730 (2) 80,840 (2)

249,370 (2) 93,950 (2)

Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary..................................................................................... 101,500 (2) 100,840 (2)

Communications teachers, postsecondary............................................................................................. 28,520 (2) 90,950 (2)

English language and literature teachers, postsecondary....................................................................... 57,600 (2) 87,090 (2)

Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary...................................................................... 20,820 (2) 88,490 (2)

History teachers, postsecondary............................................................................................................ 20,610 (2) 93,120 (2)

Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary................................................................................... 20,320 (2) 89,680 (2)

294,080 (2) 85,400 (2)

Family and consumer sciences teachers, postsecondary....................................................................... 2,660 (2) 89,630 (2)

Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary........................................................................ 13,270 (2) 87,340 (2)

Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary............................................................................. 111,180 32.84 68,300 29.84

Postsecondary teachers, all other.......................................................................................................... 166,980 (2) 96,570 (2)

4,261,430 (2) 68,890 (2)

548,820 22.65 47,110 18.91

Preschool teachers, except special education........................................................................................ 430,240 19.91 41,410 17.85

Kindergarten teachers, except special education................................................................................... 118,580 (2) 67,790 (2)

2,048,970 (2) 70,950 (2)

Elementary school teachers, except special education........................................................................... 1,410,070 (2) 70,740 (2)

Middle school teachers, except special and career/technical education.................................................. 626,690 (2) 71,460 (2)

Career/technical education teachers, middle school............................................................................... 12,210 (2) 69,020 (2)

1,135,230 (2) 73,570 (2)

Secondary school teachers, except special and career/technical education........................................... 1,045,170 (2) 73,800 (2)

Career/technical education teachers, secondary school......................................................................... 90,070 (2) 70,810 (2)

528,400 (2) 73,520 (2)

Special education teachers, preschool................................................................................................... 24,850 (2) 76,420 (2)

Special education teachers, kindergarten and elementary school........................................................... 212,850 (2) 71,770 (2)

Special education teachers, middle school............................................................................................. 88,850 (2) 73,630 (2)

Special education teachers, secondary school....................................................................................... 158,150 (2) 74,670 (2)

Special education teachers, all other...................................................................................................... 43,700 (2) 76,000 (2)

1,034,120 24.35 50,650 20.05

36,890 31.46 65,430 29.11

272,110 25.43 52,890 21.79

444,530 20.95 43,570 17.97

162,300 23.36 48,580 19.03

118,290 (2) 70,340 (2)

242,750 28.69 59,680 26.66

32,330 30.51 63,460 27.46

Archivists............................................................................................................................................... 7,150 31.59 65,700 28.80

Curators................................................................................................................................................. 12,510 34.07 70,870 29.69

Museum technicians and conservators.................................................................................................. 12,670 26.39 54,890 23.40

133,760 32.97 68,570 30.95

76,670 20.46 42,570 18.90

1,812,160 (2) 43,220 (2)

8,110 29.53 61,430 28.73

207,270 37.12 77,200 35.87

1,483,280 (2) 37,470 (2)

Teaching assistants, postsecondary...................................................................................................... 145,960 (2) 47,030 (2)

Teaching assistants, except postsecondary........................................................................................... 1,337,320 (2) 36,430 (2)

113,490 26.40 54,910 23.94

2,106,490 36.31 75,520 28.33

675,630 31.34 65,190 24.84

105,300 51.82 107,780 46.22

Art directors........................................................................................................................................... 51,200 60.54 125,920 51.20

Craft artists............................................................................................................................................ 5,830 20.97 43,610 17.59

Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators....................................................................... 10,910 34.34 71,420 28.51

Special effects artists and animators...................................................................................................... 29,940 52.71 109,630 47.63

Artists and related workers, all other...................................................................................................... 7,420 37.93 78,890 35.94

570,330 27.56 57,320 22.92

Commercial and industrial designers..................................................................................................... 30,810 39.36 81,870 36.66

Fashion designers................................................................................................................................. 19,940 46.65 97,030 38.12

Floral designers..................................................................................................................................... 43,350 17.07 35,500 16.68

Graphic designers.................................................................................................................................. 212,720 31.11 64,700 28.32

Interior designers................................................................................................................................... 67,760 32.95 68,530 30.05

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers....................................................................................... 175,790 18.77 39,040 17.42

Set and exhibit designers....................................................................................................................... 10,090 32.29 67,170 28.60

Designers, all other................................................................................................................................ 9,880 36.52 75,960 32.45

See footnotes at end of table.

Other teachers and instructors.........................................................................................................................

Adult basic education, adult secondary education, and English as a second language instructors..............

Self-enrichment teachers............................................................................................................................

Substitute teachers, short-term...................................................................................................................

Tutors.........................................................................................................................................................

Teachers and instructors, all other..............................................................................................................

Employment

Preschool and kindergarten teachers..........................................................................................................

Instructional coordinators............................................................................................................................

Librarians and media collections specialists................................................................................................

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Artists and related workers..........................................................................................................................

Median 

hourly 

wages

Mean wages

Occupation

Designers...................................................................................................................................................

Law, criminal justice, and social work teachers, postsecondary...................................................................

Miscellaneous postsecondary teachers.......................................................................................................

Preschool, elementary, middle, secondary, and special education teachers.....................................................

Elementary and middle school teachers......................................................................................................

Secondary school teachers.........................................................................................................................

Special education teachers.........................................................................................................................

Education and library science teachers, postsecondary..............................................................................

Arts, communications, history, and humanities teachers, postsecondary....................................................

Librarians, curators, and archivists..................................................................................................................

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians............................................................................................

Library technicians......................................................................................................................................

Other educational instruction and library occupations......................................................................................

Farm and home management educators....................................................................................................

Teaching assistants....................................................................................................................................

Educational instruction and library workers, all other...................................................................................

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Art and design workers....................................................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations (Continued)

569,670 $41.02 $85,310 $25.65

217,020 48.49 100,860 36.54

Actors.................................................................................................................................................... 62,560 41.01 (2) 20.50

Producers and directors......................................................................................................................... 154,470 51.52 107,170 39.67

268,750 (2) 72,950 (2)

Athletes and sports competitors............................................................................................................. 14,930 (2) 328,830 (2)

Coaches and scouts.............................................................................................................................. 238,980 (2) 58,700 (2)

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials.......................................................................................... 14,840 (2) 44,860 (2)

15,700 29.25 60,840 24.95

Dancers................................................................................................................................................. 11,510 29.56 (2) 24.95

Choreographers..................................................................................................................................... 4,190 28.41 59,090 25.00

46,280 49.46 (2) 37.48

Music directors and composers............................................................................................................. 10,770 42.23 87,840 30.09

Musicians and singers........................................................................................................................... 35,520 51.65 (2) 39.14

21,910 30.47 (2) 20.38

Disc jockeys, except radio...................................................................................................................... 7,190 31.39 (2) 20.00

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other......................................................... 14,720 30.03 (2) 20.91

625,940 39.13 81,400 31.88

25,070 41.81 86,950 21.58

45,020 48.76 101,430 27.64

275,550 37.37 77,720 32.09

193,130 41.40 86,120 36.55

Editors................................................................................................................................................... 95,700 40.92 85,110 36.07

Technical writers.................................................................................................................................... 47,970 41.64 86,620 38.49

Writers and authors............................................................................................................................... 49,450 42.11 87,590 35.43

87,180 33.95 70,620 29.06

Interpreters and translators.................................................................................................................... 51,560 30.33 63,080 27.45

Court reporters and simultaneous captioners......................................................................................... 12,390 34.15 71,040 30.74

Media and communication workers, all other.......................................................................................... 23,230 41.89 87,140 29.76

235,240 31.67 65,880 25.89

117,010 31.26 65,010 26.04

Audio and video technicians.................................................................................................................. 66,700 28.49 59,260 24.83

Broadcast technicians............................................................................................................................ 26,190 34.43 71,600 27.74

Sound engineering technicians.............................................................................................................. 14,600 35.62 74,100 28.57

Lighting technicians............................................................................................................................... 9,520 35.22 73,250 29.92

53,630 25.67 53,380 19.60

53,180 37.62 78,260 31.28

Camera operators, television, video, and film......................................................................................... 23,940 34.56 71,890 29.71

Film and video editors............................................................................................................................ 29,240 40.13 83,470 32.02

11,430 36.47 75,860 34.30

9,284,210 49.07 102,060 38.86

6,151,910 60.00 124,800 47.48

41,480 43.15 89,760 36.79

138,680 96.57 200,870 82.17

Dentists, general.................................................................................................................................... 121,640 92.19 191,750 79.95

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons............................................................................................................. 4,160 160.73 334,310 (3)

Orthodontists......................................................................................................................................... 6,400 117.13 243,620 (3)

Prosthodontists...................................................................................................................................... 570 115.75 240,750 112.50

Dentists, all other specialists.................................................................................................................. 5,920 117.53 244,470 109.47

73,860 34.27 71,280 33.50

41,390 68.75 143,000 63.39

331,700 64.81 134,790 65.40

145,740 62.74 130,490 62.51

9,470 78.14 162,520 68.10

744,240 44.55 92,670 43.46

Occupational therapists......................................................................................................................... 144,840 46.54 96,790 46.33

Physical therapists................................................................................................................................. 240,820 48.29 100,440 47.94

Radiation therapists............................................................................................................................... 16,640 50.20 104,420 47.26

Recreational therapists.......................................................................................................................... 15,540 29.28 60,910 27.46

Respiratory therapists............................................................................................................................ 129,750 38.62 80,340 37.48

Speech-language pathologists............................................................................................................... 172,100 44.53 92,630 42.93

Exercise physiologists............................................................................................................................ 8,060 27.43 57,050 26.38

Therapists, all other............................................................................................................................... 16,490 36.38 75,660 30.60

78,220 65.53 136,300 57.26

3,175,390 45.42 94,480 41.38

47,810 102.98 214,200 102.24

6,960 63.26 131,570 62.33

280,140 61.78 128,490 60.70

13,880 44.53 92,620 42.19

716,950 126.85 263,840 (3)

Anesthesiologists................................................................................................................................... 33,470 163.21 339,470 (3)

Cardiologists.......................................................................................................................................... 15,190 203.49 423,250 (3)

Dermatologists....................................................................................................................................... 12,040 164.84 342,860 (3)

Emergency medicine physicians............................................................................................................ 35,100 147.42 306,640 (3)

Family medicine physicians.................................................................................................................... 112,010 115.77 240,790 108.00

General internal medicine physicians..................................................................................................... 67,210 118.01 245,450 107.36

See footnotes at end of table.

Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners................................................................................................

Veterinarians..............................................................................................................................................

Nurse practitioners......................................................................................................................................

Dietitians and nutritionists...........................................................................................................................

Nurse anesthetists......................................................................................................................................

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Optometrists...............................................................................................................................................

Pharmacists................................................................................................................................................

Physician assistants...................................................................................................................................

Podiatrists...................................................................................................................................................

Occupation

Median 

hourly 

wages

Employment

Mean wages

Nurse midwives..........................................................................................................................................

Physicians..................................................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous media and communication workers......................................................................................

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers.................................................................................

Actors, producers, and directors.................................................................................................................

Dancers and choreographers......................................................................................................................

Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians.................................................................................................

Dentists......................................................................................................................................................

Audiologists................................................................................................................................................

Therapists...................................................................................................................................................

Registered nurses.......................................................................................................................................

Chiropractors..............................................................................................................................................

Musicians, singers, and related workers.....................................................................................................

Photographers............................................................................................................................................

Television, video, and film camera operators and editors............................................................................

Writers and editors.....................................................................................................................................

Media and communication equipment workers................................................................................................

Media and communication equipment workers, all other.............................................................................

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers........................................................................................

Miscellaneous entertainers and performers, sports and related workers.....................................................

Media and communication workers..................................................................................................................

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys.............................................................................................

News analysts, reporters, and journalists....................................................................................................

Public relations specialists..........................................................................................................................

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
Hourly Annual1

Neurologists........................................................................................................................................... 9,350 $130.51 $271,470 (3)

Obstetricians and gynecologists............................................................................................................. 19,820 133.97 278,660 (3)

Pediatricians, general............................................................................................................................ 34,870 98.97 205,860 95.53

Physicians, pathologists......................................................................................................................... 11,020 130.08 270,560 (3)

Psychiatrists.......................................................................................................................................... 24,830 123.53 256,930 (3)

Radiologists........................................................................................................................................... 31,960 170.17 353,960 (3)

Physicians, all other............................................................................................................................... 310,080 119.54 248,640 113.46

53,900 167.74 348,890 (3)

Ophthalmologists, except pediatric......................................................................................................... 11,530 150.06 312,120 (3)

Orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric................................................................................................... 14,820 181.85 378,250 (3)

Pediatric surgeons................................................................................................................................. 1,180 216.02 449,320 (3)

Surgeons, all other................................................................................................................................. 26,370 165.38 343,990 (3)

252,100 45.13 93,870 42.91

Acupuncturists....................................................................................................................................... 9,370 40.51 84,260 37.60

Dental hygienists.................................................................................................................................... 211,630 43.21 89,890 42.08

Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other........................................................................ 31,100 59.54 123,840 51.92

3,010,670 27.38 56,950 24.64

334,380 30.22 62,870 29.22

421,410 38.32 79,710 37.66

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians........................................................................................ 55,660 33.79 70,270 31.81

Diagnostic medical sonographers.......................................................................................................... 82,780 42.80 89,020 40.61

Nuclear medicine technologists.............................................................................................................. 16,560 45.71 95,080 44.47

Radiologic technologists and technicians............................................................................................... 221,170 36.18 75,250 35.29

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists............................................................................................ 41,340 41.64 86,600 40.26

Medical dosimetrists.............................................................................................................................. 3,900 63.39 131,850 63.88

265,810 23.28 48,430 21.53

Emergency medical technicians............................................................................................................. 167,040 20.72 43,100 18.72

Paramedics............................................................................................................................................ 98,770 27.62 57,450 25.57

906,180 21.98 45,720 20.74

Dietetic technicians................................................................................................................................ 24,240 18.48 38,440 17.56

Pharmacy technicians............................................................................................................................ 460,280 20.83 43,330 19.37

Psychiatric technicians........................................................................................................................... 115,940 20.99 43,650 19.09

Surgical technologists............................................................................................................................ 110,320 29.93 62,250 29.14

Veterinary technologists and technicians............................................................................................... 122,000 21.18 44,040 21.03

Ophthalmic medical technicians............................................................................................................. 73,390 21.30 44,290 20.09

630,250 29.23 60,790 28.72

185,690 25.81 53,690 23.45

76,770 22.86 47,560 21.23

190,180 26.84 55,830 23.08

Orthotists and prosthetists..................................................................................................................... 8,820 38.70 80,500 37.55

Hearing aid specialists........................................................................................................................... 10,250 29.59 61,550 28.21

Health technologists and technicians, all other....................................................................................... 171,110 26.07 54,220 22.82

121,640 32.84 68,300 29.34

34,430 33.78 70,260 30.28

87,210 32.46 67,520 29.05

Athletic trainers...................................................................................................................................... 28,480 (2) 61,540 (2)

Genetic counselors................................................................................................................................ 3,050 47.18 98,130 46.05

Surgical assistants................................................................................................................................. 18,780 31.34 65,190 28.44

Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other........................................................................ 36,900 34.04 70,800 30.59

7,063,530 18.37 38,220 17.38

5,122,130 16.89 35,120 16.62

3,689,350 16.05 33,380 16.12

1,432,790 19.04 39,600 18.34

Nursing assistants................................................................................................................................. 1,351,760 19.04 39,610 18.36

Orderlies................................................................................................................................................ 48,710 18.48 38,440 17.71

Psychiatric aides.................................................................................................................................... 32,310 19.71 41,000 18.83

196,900 28.45 59,180 29.25

50,520 31.68 65,880 31.47

Occupational therapy assistants............................................................................................................ 46,090 32.78 68,170 32.22

Occupational therapy aides.................................................................................................................... 4,430 20.22 42,060 17.77

146,380 27.34 56,870 28.24

Physical therapist assistants.................................................................................................................. 104,000 31.66 65,860 30.81

Physical therapist aides......................................................................................................................... 42,390 16.74 34,810 16.11

1,744,490 21.60 44,930 20.83

92,650 30.08 62,560 26.59

1,651,840 21.13 43,940 20.62

Dental assistants................................................................................................................................... 370,690 22.77 47,350 22.38

Medical assistants................................................................................................................................. 763,040 20.84 43,350 20.19

Medical equipment preparers................................................................................................................. 66,790 22.79 47,410 21.77

Medical transcriptionists......................................................................................................................... 52,420 18.79 39,090 17.82

Pharmacy aides..................................................................................................................................... 43,830 18.74 38,980 17.41

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers.......................................................................... 115,770 17.94 37,310 17.52

Phlebotomists........................................................................................................................................ 137,080 20.74 43,130 20.10

Healthcare support workers, all other..................................................................................................... 102,230 22.60 47,010 21.39

See footnotes at end of table.

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations................................................................................

Miscellaneous health practitioners and technical workers............................................................................

Healthcare support occupations

Nursing assistants, orderlies, and psychiatric aides....................................................................................

Occupation

Surgeons....................................................................................................................................................

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations (Continued)

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians........................................................................................

Health information technologists and medical registrars..............................................................................

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Median 

hourly 

wages

Employment

Mean wages

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians.........................................................................................

Physical therapist assistants and aides.......................................................................................................

Other healthcare support occupations..............................................................................................................

Massage therapists.....................................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations...........................................................................................

Miscellaneous healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners.....................................................................

Health technologists and technicians...............................................................................................................

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses......................................................................................

Opticians, dispensing..................................................................................................................................

Medical records specialists.........................................................................................................................

Home health and personal care aides; and nursing assistants, orderlies, and psychiatric aides.......................

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics........................................................................................

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians...........................................................................

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians....................................................................................

Home health and personal care aides.........................................................................................................

Occupational therapy and physical therapist assistants and aides...................................................................

Occupational therapy assistants and aides.................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

3,504,330 $27.74 $57,710 $22.96

359,050 42.17 87,710 39.06

190,410 47.11 98,000 45.10

First-line supervisors of correctional officers.......................................................................................... 52,280 36.94 76,840 33.91

First-line supervisors of police and detectives........................................................................................ 138,140 50.96 106,000 48.92

84,120 43.63 90,740 41.45

84,510 29.57 61,500 27.69

First-line supervisors of security workers............................................................................................... 64,900 28.64 59,580 26.24

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other.................................................................. 19,620 32.63 67,870 31.28

331,940 29.49 61,340 27.84

315,460 29.03 60,390 27.46

16,470 38.25 79,550 34.34

Fire inspectors and investigators........................................................................................................... 14,200 39.67 82,510 35.65

Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists.................................................................................... 2,270 29.37 61,090 26.00

1,136,430 34.80 72,370 31.75

367,320 28.27 58,790 25.62

Bailiffs.................................................................................................................................................... 15,900 28.11 58,460 25.50

Correctional officers and jailers.............................................................................................................. 351,420 28.27 58,810 25.63

106,730 46.12 95,930 43.80

6,290 29.38 61,120 29.03

7,420 24.25 50,430 22.52

648,670 36.80 76,550 34.74

Police and sheriff's patrol officers........................................................................................................... 646,310 36.80 76,550 34.75

Transit and railroad police...................................................................................................................... 2,360 37.61 78,230 34.73

1,676,920 19.53 40,620 17.75

11,600 23.15 48,150 20.75

34,600 28.98 60,270 23.82

1,213,610 19.45 40,460 17.83

Gambling surveillance officers and gambling investigators..................................................................... 10,660 20.41 42,460 18.85

Security guards...................................................................................................................................... 1,202,940 19.44 40,440 17.82

417,110 18.88 39,270 17.18

Crossing guards and flaggers................................................................................................................ 90,780 19.54 40,650 17.48

Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers................................................ 123,560 15.07 31,340 14.60

Transportation security screeners.......................................................................................................... 47,950 24.54 51,040 24.05

School bus monitors.............................................................................................................................. 72,320 16.33 33,970 15.93

Protective service workers, all other....................................................................................................... 82,500 22.80 47,420 18.93

13,247,870 16.58 34,490 15.50

1,348,910 22.01 45,780 19.69

1,348,910 22.01 45,780 19.69

Chefs and head cooks........................................................................................................................... 172,370 30.12 62,640 28.33

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers............................................................... 1,176,540 20.82 43,310 18.52

3,546,860 16.35 34,010 16.36

2,667,250 16.52 34,360 16.50

Cooks, fast food..................................................................................................................................... 673,490 14.31 29,760 14.07

Cooks, institution and cafeteria.............................................................................................................. 435,640 17.27 35,920 16.98

Cooks, private household....................................................................................................................... 740 23.94 49,790 20.48

Cooks, restaurant.................................................................................................................................. 1,412,350 17.34 36,060 17.20

Cooks, short order................................................................................................................................. 126,370 16.31 33,920 16.41

Cooks, all other...................................................................................................................................... 18,650 18.08 37,610 17.27

879,610 15.85 32,960 15.59

6,893,410 15.89 33,060 14.50

711,140 17.83 37,090 15.15

3,676,580 14.48 30,110 14.20

2,237,850 17.56 36,530 15.36

267,840 16.27 33,840 15.92

1,458,690 15.37 31,970 14.72

483,390 15.74 32,730 14.99

463,940 15.22 31,650 15.00

425,020 14.78 30,750 14.05

86,350 17.03 35,430 16.29

4,429,070 18.43 38,320 17.30

297,150 25.85 53,770 23.71

297,150 25.85 53,770 23.71

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers................................................................. 171,120 24.03 49,980 22.43

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers.................................. 126,020 28.33 58,920 26.80

3,116,220 17.36 36,100 16.72

3,022,470 17.23 35,840 16.63

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners.......................................................... 2,172,500 17.43 36,250 16.84

Maids and housekeeping cleaners......................................................................................................... 836,230 16.66 34,650 16.08

Building cleaning workers, all other........................................................................................................ 13,740 21.03 43,740 19.18

93,760 21.46 44,650 20.90

1,015,700 19.53 40,620 18.12

1,015,700 19.53 40,620 18.12

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers............................................................................................ 929,930 19.13 39,790 17.96

Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation...................................................................... 23,520 21.38 44,480 21.19

See footnotes at end of table.

Supervisors of food preparation and serving workers..................................................................................

Cooks and food preparation workers................................................................................................................

Cooks.........................................................................................................................................................

Food preparation workers...........................................................................................................................

Fish and game wardens..............................................................................................................................

Other protective service workers.....................................................................................................................

Private detectives and investigators............................................................................................................

Security guards and gambling surveillance officers.....................................................................................

Miscellaneous protective service workers...................................................................................................

Animal control workers................................................................................................................................

Median 

hourly 

wages

Employment

Mean wages

Supervisors of protective service workers........................................................................................................

Occupation

Fire inspectors............................................................................................................................................

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other..............................................................................

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

Supervisors of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers.........................................................

Building cleaning and pest control workers.......................................................................................................

Grounds maintenance workers........................................................................................................................

Grounds maintenance workers...................................................................................................................

Dishwashers...............................................................................................................................................

Waiters and waitresses...............................................................................................................................

Food and beverage serving workers................................................................................................................

Bartenders..................................................................................................................................................

Fast food and counter workers....................................................................................................................

Food servers, nonrestaurant.......................................................................................................................

Other food preparation and serving related workers.........................................................................................

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers......................................................................

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop.........................................................................

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Supervisors of food preparation and serving workers.......................................................................................

Pest control workers...................................................................................................................................

Protective service occupations

First-line supervisors of building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers......................................

Building cleaning workers............................................................................................................................

Law enforcement workers................................................................................................................................

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers......................................................................................................

Detectives and criminal investigators..........................................................................................................

First-line supervisors of law enforcement workers.......................................................................................

First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers........................................................................

Miscellaneous first-line supervisors, protective service workers..................................................................

Firefighting and prevention workers.................................................................................................................

Firefighters.................................................................................................................................................

Parking enforcement workers.....................................................................................................................

Police officers.............................................................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

Tree trimmers and pruners.................................................................................................................... 50,270 $25.41 $52,850 $23.59

Grounds maintenance workers, all other................................................................................................ 11,980 22.37 46,540 20.82

3,040,630 18.48 38,430 16.47

219,680 24.85 51,690 22.86

113,230 25.57 53,190 23.28

First-line supervisors of gambling services workers............................................................................... 25,100 29.86 62,110 29.43

First-line supervisors of entertainment and recreation workers, except gambling services..................... 88,140 24.35 50,650 22.14

106,440 24.08 50,090 22.45

288,060 16.49 34,290 15.31

19,240 21.59 44,910 18.66

268,830 16.12 33,530 15.00

612,760 15.50 32,250 14.35

102,570 18.65 38,790 15.50

Gambling dealers................................................................................................................................... 80,570 19.25 40,030 15.50

Gambling and sports book writers and runners...................................................................................... 8,700 15.40 32,030 14.02

Gambling service workers, all other....................................................................................................... 13,300 17.14 35,650 15.72

2,610 21.06 43,800 16.90

117,560 14.67 30,520 14.32

390,020 14.89 30,970 14.21

Amusement and recreation attendants................................................................................................... 361,680 14.54 30,240 14.13

Costume attendants............................................................................................................................... 6,300 28.96 60,230 25.18

Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants.......................................................................... 14,720 16.63 34,590 16.08

Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other......................................................................... 7,320 16.67 34,670 16.00

63,430 21.88 45,520 18.31

6,600 24.35 50,640 23.00

Embalmers............................................................................................................................................ 3,380 27.26 56,690 26.01

Crematory operators.............................................................................................................................. 3,220 21.30 44,290 20.03

32,620 16.92 35,200 16.27

24,200 27.90 58,020 24.53

532,400 19.96 41,510 16.79

310,830 20.08 41,770 16.87

Barbers.................................................................................................................................................. 15,990 19.99 41,570 17.38

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists........................................................................................ 294,840 20.09 41,780 16.81

221,570 19.78 41,140 16.73

Makeup artists, theatrical and performance............................................................................................ 4,130 32.97 68,590 22.79

Manicurists and pedicurists.................................................................................................................... 144,810 17.54 36,480 16.47

Shampooers.......................................................................................................................................... 7,360 14.07 29,260 14.20

Skincare specialists............................................................................................................................... 65,270 24.57 51,100 20.77

69,800 18.52 38,530 17.43

69,800 18.52 38,530 17.43

Baggage porters and bellhops................................................................................................................ 28,780 17.36 36,100 16.75

Concierges............................................................................................................................................ 41,020 19.34 40,230 17.86

46,760 19.37 40,280 17.34

46,760 19.37 40,280 17.34

1,207,740 18.44 38,340 16.68

497,450 15.42 32,070 14.60

561,200 21.03 43,740 17.79

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors....................................................................................... 279,450 24.65 51,270 22.35

Recreation workers................................................................................................................................ 281,750 17.44 36,270 16.55

88,700 19.33 40,200 18.25

60,390 17.88 37,190 17.78

13,380,660 25.62 53,280 17.67

1,315,030 28.92 60,140 23.57

1,315,030 28.92 60,140 23.57

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers........................................................................................... 1,087,890 25.01 52,030 22.47

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers.................................................................................... 227,150 47.61 99,020 40.66

7,655,030 16.59 34,520 15.36

3,319,210 14.78 30,750 14.30

Cashiers................................................................................................................................................ 3,298,660 14.77 30,710 14.29

Gambling change persons and booth cashiers....................................................................................... 20,560 17.32 36,030 15.98

651,070 19.91 41,410 17.88

Counter and rental clerks....................................................................................................................... 390,300 20.02 41,630 17.98

Parts salespersons................................................................................................................................ 260,770 19.75 41,080 17.72

3,684,740 17.64 36,690 16.19

2,245,510 41.28 85,860 30.36

108,100 36.45 75,820 29.46

457,510 38.32 79,700 28.40

479,630 52.75 109,710 36.97

58,250 24.06 50,040 22.79

1,142,020 38.98 81,080 31.06

1,600,700 41.79 86,920 35.13

1,600,700 41.79 86,920 35.13

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products.......................... 311,780 54.58 113,520 47.94

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products.............. 1,288,920 38.70 80,490 31.56

564,380 32.09 66,760 23.07

See footnotes at end of table.

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing.......................................................................................

First-line supervisors of sales workers........................................................................................................

Embalmers and crematory operators..........................................................................................................

Personal appearance workers..........................................................................................................................

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges......................................................................................................

Other personal care and service workers.........................................................................................................

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (Continued)

Personal care and service occupations

Supervisors of personal care and service workers...........................................................................................

First-line supervisors of personal service workers.......................................................................................

Animal care and service workers.....................................................................................................................

Animal trainers............................................................................................................................................

Funeral service workers...................................................................................................................................

Gambling services workers.........................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers..............................................................................................

Funeral attendants......................................................................................................................................

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers...........................................................................................

Employment

Median 

hourly 

wages

Occupation

Animal caretakers.......................................................................................................................................

Entertainment attendants and related workers.................................................................................................

Barbers, hairdressers, hairstylists and cosmetologists................................................................................

Mean wages

Residential advisors....................................................................................................................................

Tour and travel guides.....................................................................................................................................

Childcare workers.......................................................................................................................................

Tour and travel guides................................................................................................................................

Recreation and fitness workers...................................................................................................................

Travel agents..............................................................................................................................................

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel..................

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing..................................................................................

Insurance sales agents...............................................................................................................................

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents......................................................................

Advertising sales agents.............................................................................................................................

Other sales and related workers......................................................................................................................

Personal care and service workers, all other...............................................................................................

Sales and related occupations

Supervisors of sales workers...........................................................................................................................

Retail sales workers.........................................................................................................................................

Cashiers.....................................................................................................................................................

Counter and rental clerks and parts salespersons.......................................................................................

Retail salespersons.....................................................................................................................................

Sales representatives, services.......................................................................................................................

First-line supervisors of entertainment and recreation workers....................................................................

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges.................................................................................................

Motion picture projectionists.......................................................................................................................

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers.................................................................................................

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers......................................................................

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued
Hourly Annual1

53,880 $20.52 $42,680 $17.88

Demonstrators and product promoters................................................................................................... 50,790 19.76 41,090 17.77

Models................................................................................................................................................... 3,090 33.03 68,700 22.80

249,080 35.10 73,010 27.22

Real estate brokers................................................................................................................................ 51,350 41.41 86,130 30.32

Real estate sales agents........................................................................................................................ 197,720 33.46 69,610 26.11

59,340 62.77 130,550 56.23

81,580 17.64 36,680 16.58

120,500 25.74 53,530 21.20

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers........................................... 6,220 20.29 42,200 16.78

Sales and related workers, all other........................................................................................................ 114,280 26.03 54,150 21.45

18,533,450 23.05 47,940 21.39

1,504,570 32.99 68,620 30.50

1,504,570 32.99 68,620 30.50

49,810 19.51 40,570 17.80

43,830 19.24 40,020 17.67

4,600 20.24 42,100 18.31

1,380 25.60 53,240 23.71

2,739,760 23.01 47,860 22.02

190,910 22.12 46,020 21.27

430,220 22.66 47,120 21.92

1,501,910 23.84 49,580 22.81

12,560 17.67 36,750 17.36

157,230 26.29 54,690 25.11

61,580 23.05 47,940 22.44

340,820 18.68 38,850 18.10

44,520 25.33 52,690 24.01

5,537,420 20.49 42,610 18.77

48,060 30.35 63,130 28.92

4,650 22.57 46,940 20.25

157,960 23.44 48,760 22.17

14,290 24.22 50,380 23.08

2,858,710 20.92 43,520 19.08

150,190 24.92 51,840 24.17

82,290 19.58 40,730 18.33

263,800 15.66 32,570 14.80

160,550 20.55 42,750 19.38

83,680 17.29 35,970 16.36

203,940 23.40 48,660 22.78

41,180 21.48 44,670 21.46

91,830 20.93 43,530 20.00

101,440 23.46 48,800 22.94

1,003,820 17.59 36,590 17.23

119,270 22.51 46,820 19.52

151,760 23.00 47,840 22.22

2,316,650 24.25 50,430 22.40

105,220 25.22 52,460 23.24

72,010 18.44 38,350 17.65

303,910 24.64 51,250 22.85

Public safety telecommunicators............................................................................................................ 97,820 25.07 52,140 23.51

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance.................................................................................... 206,090 24.44 50,830 22.53

19,900 25.77 53,610 22.94

526,260 28.20 58,660 27.17

Postal service clerks.............................................................................................................................. 78,130 28.48 59,240 28.64

Postal service mail carriers.................................................................................................................... 331,600 28.53 59,340 27.08

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators.......................................... 116,540 27.09 56,350 25.69

393,980 27.70 57,610 25.91

844,120 20.54 42,730 19.12

51,250 21.27 44,240 20.80

3,171,290 23.95 49,810 22.12

3,171,290 23.95 49,810 22.12

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants............................................................... 483,570 35.42 73,680 33.80

Legal secretaries and administrative assistants..................................................................................... 152,790 27.08 56,330 24.37

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants.................................................................................. 749,500 20.85 43,380 19.54

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive.................................... 1,785,430 21.87 45,490 21.29

3,213,950 21.14 43,970 19.69

191,430 19.95 41,490 18.74

Data entry keyers................................................................................................................................... 154,230 19.29 40,130 18.17

Word processors and typists.................................................................................................................. 37,200 22.68 47,170 22.33

5,220 27.73 57,680 24.66

241,650 23.81 49,530 22.55

66,600 18.45 38,370 17.73

2,496,370 20.94 43,560 19.46

27,960 19.04 39,600 18.01

5,490 24.57 51,100 23.46

See footnotes at end of table.

Couriers and messengers...........................................................................................................................

Dispatchers.................................................................................................................................................

Meter readers, utilities................................................................................................................................

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping..................................................................

Secretaries and administrative assistants........................................................................................................

Secretaries and administrative assistants...................................................................................................

Other office and administrative support workers..............................................................................................

Data entry and information processing workers...........................................................................................

Desktop publishers.....................................................................................................................................

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks............................................................................................

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks............................................................................................................

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan.......................................................................................................

Library assistants, clerical...........................................................................................................................

New accounts clerks...................................................................................................................................

Order clerks................................................................................................................................................

Information and record clerks, all other.......................................................................................................

Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers..............................................................

Information and record clerks...........................................................................................................................

Brokerage clerks.........................................................................................................................................

Correspondence clerks...............................................................................................................................

Billing and posting clerks.............................................................................................................................

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.............................................................................................

Procurement clerks.....................................................................................................................................

Tellers.........................................................................................................................................................

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.....................................................................................................

Customer service representatives...............................................................................................................

Court, municipal, and license clerks............................................................................................................

Switchboard operators, including answering service...................................................................................

Telephone operators...................................................................................................................................

Communications equipment operators, all other.........................................................................................

Financial clerks................................................................................................................................................

Bill and account collectors...........................................................................................................................

Gambling cage workers..............................................................................................................................

Payroll and timekeeping clerks....................................................................................................................

Financial clerks, all other.............................................................................................................................

Sales engineers..........................................................................................................................................

Telemarketers.............................................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous sales and related workers....................................................................................................

Office and administrative support occupations

Supervisors of office and administrative support workers.................................................................................

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers..............................................................

Communications equipment operators.............................................................................................................

Production, planning, and expediting clerks................................................................................................

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping.....................................................................

Receptionists and information clerks...........................................................................................................

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks....................................................................

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service....................................................................

Office clerks, general..................................................................................................................................

Office machine operators, except computer................................................................................................

Proofreaders and copy markers..................................................................................................................

Employment

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Mean wages Median 

hourly 

wages

Real estate brokers and sales agents.........................................................................................................

Sales and related occupations (Continued)

Occupation

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters..........................................................................................

Eligibility interviewers, government programs.............................................................................................

File clerks...................................................................................................................................................

Loan interviewers and clerks.......................................................................................................................

Cargo and freight agents............................................................................................................................

Postal service workers................................................................................................................................

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks....................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

7,200 $25.92 $53,900 $24.29

172,020 22.41 46,620 20.78

432,200 19.22 39,970 17.08

27,150 29.23 60,790 27.56

27,150 29.23 60,790 27.56

363,710 17.97 37,370 16.78

12,660 25.08 52,170 23.08

1,360 25.73 53,520 22.86

23,430 16.77 34,880 16.52

326,260 17.75 36,910 16.72

Agricultural equipment operators............................................................................................................ 28,910 20.12 41,850 19.08

Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse.................................................................... 258,730 17.37 36,140 16.57

Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals............................................................................. 32,590 17.82 37,060 16.88

Agricultural workers, all other................................................................................................................. 6,040 21.95 45,660 19.53

40,450 23.69 49,270 22.55

5,750 17.72 36,860 16.32

34,710 24.67 51,320 23.52

Fallers.................................................................................................................................................... 4,800 29.42 61,190 25.56

Logging equipment operators................................................................................................................ 23,720 23.94 49,790 23.19

Log graders and scalers......................................................................................................................... 3,640 22.65 47,120 21.93

Logging workers, all other...................................................................................................................... 2,540 25.46 52,950 25.23

Construction and extraction occupations 6,225,630 29.57 61,500 26.77

777,420 39.11 81,340 36.90

777,420 39.11 81,340 36.90

4,588,620 28.53 59,350 25.00

11,130 35.50 73,840 34.20

66,630 30.04 62,470 28.27

Brickmasons and blockmasons.............................................................................................................. 56,830 30.50 63,430 28.67

Stonemasons......................................................................................................................................... 9,790 27.37 56,930 24.92

700,290 29.31 60,970 27.09

88,200 26.05 54,190 23.41

Carpet installers..................................................................................................................................... 15,560 25.14 52,290 22.85

Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles.................................................................................... 25,150 27.25 56,680 23.48

Floor sanders and finishers.................................................................................................................... 5,070 24.00 49,910 22.96

Tile and stone setters............................................................................................................................. 42,420 25.92 53,920 23.52

205,010 27.59 57,390 24.38

Cement masons and concrete finishers................................................................................................. 203,560 27.60 57,410 24.38

Terrazzo workers and finishers.............................................................................................................. 1,460 26.07 54,220 23.51

1,019,090 23.69 49,280 21.78

496,460 29.63 61,620 26.57

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators............................................................................. 43,080 26.53 55,170 23.55

Pile driver operators............................................................................................................................... 3,010 33.78 70,260 30.55

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators......................................................... 450,370 29.89 62,180 27.00

106,420 30.11 62,620 27.41

Drywall and ceiling tile installers............................................................................................................. 90,860 29.56 61,480 26.78

Tapers................................................................................................................................................... 15,560 33.32 69,300 30.46

712,580 32.60 67,810 29.61

53,390 28.04 58,320 24.57

61,360 26.55 55,230 23.72

Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall............................................................................................... 38,510 25.04 52,080 22.86

Insulation workers, mechanical.............................................................................................................. 22,850 29.10 60,530 25.92

217,730 25.06 52,130 22.94

Painters, construction and maintenance................................................................................................ 215,910 25.05 52,110 22.94

Paperhangers........................................................................................................................................ 1,830 25.97 54,020 23.30

471,000 32.08 66,730 29.27

Pipelayers.............................................................................................................................................. 34,840 25.41 52,840 22.76

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters................................................................................................... 436,160 32.62 67,840 29.59

22,310 28.39 59,050 25.31

17,400 28.99 60,290 26.37

135,140 26.85 55,840 24.05

116,190 30.90 64,270 28.26

63,780 32.80 68,220 30.17

24,510 25.55 53,140 23.46

191,670 19.87 41,340 18.57

191,670 19.87 41,340 18.57

Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters.................................... 16,460 21.92 45,590 20.42

Helpers--carpenters............................................................................................................................... 21,770 19.65 40,860 18.93

Helpers--electricians.............................................................................................................................. 68,670 19.83 41,240 18.43

Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons.......................................................... 7,700 18.63 38,750 17.79

Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters................................................................... 45,300 18.97 39,460 18.10

Helpers--roofers..................................................................................................................................... 4,540 20.33 42,280 18.57

Helpers, construction trades, all other.................................................................................................... 27,250 20.71 43,090 19.34

455,520 28.87 60,050 25.44

133,640 35.04 72,880 32.55

See footnotes at end of table.

Plasterers and stucco masons....................................................................................................................

Roofers.......................................................................................................................................................

Sheet metal workers...................................................................................................................................

Solar photovoltaic installers.........................................................................................................................

Helpers, construction trades............................................................................................................................

Helpers, construction trades.......................................................................................................................

Other construction and related workers............................................................................................................

Construction and building inspectors...........................................................................................................

Supervisors of construction and extraction workers.........................................................................................

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers............................................................

Construction trades workers............................................................................................................................

Boilermakers...............................................................................................................................................

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons...........................................................................................

Construction laborers..................................................................................................................................

Electricians.................................................................................................................................................

Glaziers......................................................................................................................................................

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................................................................

Painters and paperhangers.........................................................................................................................

Carpenters..................................................................................................................................................

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers...............................................................................................

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers.........................................................................

Construction equipment operators..............................................................................................................

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers.......................................................................................

Insulation workers.......................................................................................................................................

Agricultural workers.........................................................................................................................................

Forest, conservation, and logging workers.......................................................................................................

Forest and conservation workers................................................................................................................

Office and administrative support workers, all other....................................................................................

Office and administrative support occupations (Continued)

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Animal breeders..........................................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous agricultural workers..............................................................................................................

Agricultural inspectors.................................................................................................................................

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers....................................................................

Graders and sorters, agricultural products..................................................................................................

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers.......................................................................................

Statistical assistants...................................................................................................................................

Mean wages

Occupation Employment

Median 

hourly 

wages

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers.............................................................................................................

Structural iron and steel workers.................................................................................................................

Logging workers.........................................................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

23,990 $48.11 $100,060 $49.24

21,470 22.43 46,650 21.35

49,960 25.69 53,430 22.73

150,860 23.59 49,070 22.77

18,770 32.37 67,330 32.21

27,900 23.84 49,590 22.56

28,930 24.84 51,670 22.64

212,390 27.22 56,610 24.89

69,840 29.13 60,590 27.93

Derrick operators, oil and gas................................................................................................................ 11,510 28.04 58,330 27.99

Rotary drill operators, oil and gas........................................................................................................... 12,180 32.36 67,320 29.70

Service unit operators, oil and gas......................................................................................................... 46,150 28.55 59,390 26.80

50,640 27.50 57,190 24.97

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining............................................... 32,630 26.68 55,500 24.06

Earth drillers, except oil and gas............................................................................................................ 18,010 28.97 60,250 27.24

4,610 31.54 65,600 29.61

25,390 30.40 63,240 30.66

Continuous mining machine operators................................................................................................... 15,700 29.86 62,110 29.53

Roof bolters, mining............................................................................................................................... 1,960 32.95 68,540 32.05

Loading and moving machine operators, underground mining............................................................... 5,160 30.59 63,620 30.81

Underground mining machine operators, all other.................................................................................. 2,560 31.39 65,290 33.13

3,610 23.00 47,830 22.37

43,830 22.95 47,730 22.28

7,360 22.59 46,990 21.88

7,120 25.51 53,050 23.84

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 5,989,460 28.13 58,500 25.92

589,880 37.99 79,020 36.45

589,880 37.99 79,020 36.45

494,550 29.85 62,090 28.57

77,580 23.22 48,290 22.00

171,480 30.78 64,030 29.46

Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers................................................................. 11,810 30.94 64,360 29.48

Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers....................................... 159,670 30.77 64,010 29.46

245,480 31.30 65,100 29.42

Avionics technicians.............................................................................................................................. 21,280 37.06 77,080 37.22

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers.................................................................................... 16,010 25.27 52,550 23.67

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment.......................................... 7,920 36.72 76,380 38.06

Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment.............................................. 58,320 33.56 69,810 32.06

Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay................................................. 24,790 44.63 92,840 46.44

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles................................................................ 8,900 22.87 47,570 21.91

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers...................................................................................... 24,720 25.35 52,720 23.26

Security and fire alarm systems installers............................................................................................... 83,540 27.59 57,400 27.13

1,708,100 26.81 55,760 24.42

137,630 36.66 76,260 36.07

845,360 25.20 52,410 23.07

Automotive body and related repairers................................................................................................... 151,910 26.55 55,220 23.43

Automotive glass installers and repairers............................................................................................... 16,890 22.12 46,010 21.79

Automotive service technicians and mechanics..................................................................................... 676,570 24.97 51,940 22.96

285,030 28.81 59,920 28.35

233,590 30.06 62,520 29.33

Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians............................................................................. 36,830 25.06 52,120 23.66

Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines............................................................................. 177,280 30.93 64,340 29.76

Rail car repairers................................................................................................................................... 19,480 31.58 65,690 31.27

73,630 23.11 48,070 22.36

Motorboat mechanics and service technicians....................................................................................... 23,230 25.30 52,620 24.04

Motorcycle mechanics............................................................................................................................ 14,330 23.06 47,960 22.24

Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics................................................................ 36,080 21.72 45,180 21.22

132,860 18.87 39,250 17.57

Bicycle repairers.................................................................................................................................... 13,980 18.92 39,360 18.42

Recreational vehicle service technicians................................................................................................ 17,360 24.37 50,690 23.05

Tire repairers and changers................................................................................................................... 101,520 17.92 37,280 17.21

3,196,930 26.74 55,620 24.14

75,570 31.12 64,740 28.39

Mechanical door repairers...................................................................................................................... 27,800 24.83 51,640 23.39

Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door........................................................ 47,780 34.79 72,360 33.70

397,450 28.66 59,620 27.55

29,950 24.35 50,640 22.68

509,160 30.35 63,130 29.41

Industrial machinery mechanics............................................................................................................. 412,650 30.62 63,690 29.53

Maintenance workers, machinery........................................................................................................... 58,040 28.13 58,500 27.57

Millwrights.............................................................................................................................................. 37,930 30.92 64,310 30.28

Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons............................................................................... 540 23.99 49,900 23.27

219,120 37.64 78,290 37.89

Electrical power-line installers and repairers........................................................................................... 120,170 41.30 85,900 41.07

Telecommunications line installers and repairers................................................................................... 98,950 33.19 69,040 31.08

See footnotes at end of table.

Roustabouts, oil and gas.............................................................................................................................

Helpers--extraction workers........................................................................................................................

Extraction workers, all other........................................................................................................................

Supervisors of installation, maintenance, and repair workers...........................................................................

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................................................................

Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers..........................................................

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers.............................................................

Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers..............................

Fence erectors............................................................................................................................................

Highway maintenance workers....................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous construction and related workers.........................................................................................

Extraction workers...........................................................................................................................................

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas.........................................................................

Rock splitters, quarry..................................................................................................................................

Underground mining machine operators.....................................................................................................

Elevator and escalator installers and repairers............................................................................................

Occupation

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists..............................................................................

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers..........................................................................

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians.................................................................................................

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers.................................................................

Automotive technicians and repairers.........................................................................................................

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics...................................................

Small engine mechanics.............................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................

Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations..................................................................................

Control and valve installers and repairers...................................................................................................

Construction and extraction occupations (Continued)

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Home appliance repairers...........................................................................................................................

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..........................................................

Line installers and repairers........................................................................................................................

Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers.............................................................

Employment

Mean wages Median 

hourly 

wages

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners............................................................................................

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters.....................................................................

Hazardous materials removal workers........................................................................................................

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators.............................................................................

Surface mining machine operators and earth drillers...................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (Continued)

85,320 $30.15 $62,700 $28.55

Camera and photographic equipment repairers..................................................................................... 2,540 28.30 58,870 22.52

Medical equipment repairers.................................................................................................................. 64,400 30.84 64,140 29.17

Musical instrument repairers and tuners................................................................................................ 6,170 22.24 46,250 20.58

Watch and clock repairers..................................................................................................................... 1,880 26.99 56,140 27.95

Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other......................................................................... 10,330 31.59 65,710 29.83

1,503,150 23.87 49,650 22.45

9,800 31.43 65,380 29.70

367,420 23.30 48,470 21.38

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers.......................................................... 36,100 22.04 45,840 21.63

Commercial divers................................................................................................................................. 2,790 36.33 75,570 29.47

Locksmiths and safe repairers............................................................................................................... 14,790 25.06 52,130 23.26

Manufactured building and mobile home installers................................................................................. 2,910 19.14 39,820 18.74

Riggers.................................................................................................................................................. 23,870 29.82 62,020 27.03

Signal and track switch repairers........................................................................................................... 9,200 39.33 81,810 39.76

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers.......................................................................... 101,890 18.61 38,720 17.65

Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other.......................................................................... 175,860 24.27 50,480 22.36

8,770,170 22.90 47,620 20.98

671,160 34.48 71,730 31.70

671,160 34.48 71,730 31.70

1,924,970 20.90 43,470 19.10

29,810 30.22 62,860 29.44

279,340 21.07 43,830 19.57

Coil winders, tapers, and finishers......................................................................................................... 11,900 22.13 46,020 21.58

Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers,

 and finishers................................................................................................................................... 267,440 21.03 43,740 19.47

47,960 25.71 53,470 24.17

57,810 24.35 50,640 23.31

20,380 21.12 43,920 19.33

400 25.41 52,840 23.48

1,489,280 20.39 42,400 18.71

848,630 18.37 38,220 17.71

220,230 17.09 35,550 16.80

345,940 18.44 38,350 17.88

Butchers and meat cutters..................................................................................................................... 136,330 19.08 39,680 18.10

Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers.......................................................................................... 138,300 17.71 36,840 17.45

Slaughterers and meat packers............................................................................................................. 71,310 18.61 38,710 18.35

282,460 19.30 40,140 18.33

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders.................................... 19,570 20.39 42,410 19.16

Food batchmakers................................................................................................................................. 169,190 19.66 40,890 18.49

Food cooking machine operators and tenders........................................................................................ 29,730 19.12 39,770 18.54

Food processing workers, all other......................................................................................................... 63,970 18.09 37,630 17.73

1,605,180 23.73 49,350 22.53

97,290 22.40 46,600 21.83

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................ 63,370 21.85 45,440 21.34

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic....................................................... 9,170 22.76 47,350 22.59

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........................................................ 24,750 23.70 49,290 22.61

293,770 21.61 44,950 20.82

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic...................... 179,230 21.28 44,260 20.39

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................ 5,740 22.83 47,490 21.45

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic............................................................................................................................. 75,260 21.37 44,450 20.48

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................. 19,560 23.48 48,850 22.65

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic...................................... 13,990 24.05 50,020 22.69

290,720 26.25 54,600 24.44

26,340 25.70 53,460 24.14

Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders......................................................................................... 20,870 26.13 54,340 24.16

Pourers and casters, metal.................................................................................................................... 5,460 24.09 50,110 23.41

4,990 29.06 60,450 28.29

Model makers, metal and plastic............................................................................................................ 2,840 31.21 64,920 30.86

Patternmakers, metal and plastic........................................................................................................... 2,150 26.22 54,550 23.88

170,760 20.32 42,270 18.83

Foundry mold and coremakers............................................................................................................... 11,780 21.70 45,130 21.30

Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............... 158,980 20.22 42,060 18.69

127,790 21.15 43,990 20.00

58,150 29.82 62,020 29.56

454,760 25.12 52,240 23.40

Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers................................................................................................ 421,730 25.31 52,640 23.53

Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders.............................................. 33,020 22.65 47,120 21.80

80,600 22.02 45,800 20.80

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................ 14,950 22.38 46,540 21.27

Layout workers, metal and plastic.......................................................................................................... 6,660 28.90 60,110 29.94

Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........................................................ 31,970 20.46 42,550 19.11

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners...................................................................................................... 6,660 23.33 48,520 22.31

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other........................................................................................... 20,370 21.53 44,780 19.81

See footnotes at end of table.

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.......................................

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.....................................................

Tool and die makers...................................................................................................................................

Miscellaneous metal workers and plastic workers.......................................................................................

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators..................................................................................................

Food processing workers.................................................................................................................................

Bakers........................................................................................................................................................

Metal workers and plastic workers...................................................................................................................

Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic...........................................................

Machine tool cutting setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.......................................................

Machinists..................................................................................................................................................

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters..............................................................................

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic...................................................................................

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers..........................................................................

Engine and other machine assemblers.......................................................................................................

Timing device assemblers and adjusters....................................................................................................

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers...................................................................

Miscellaneous food processing workers......................................................................................................

Maintenance and repair workers, general...................................................................................................

Wind turbine service technicians................................................................................................................

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Occupation

Mean wages

Employment

Median 

hourly 

wages

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.....................................................................................................

Precision instrument and equipment repairers............................................................................................

Miscellaneous installation, maintenance, and repair workers.......................................................................

Production occupations

Supervisors of production workers...................................................................................................................

Assemblers and fabricators..............................................................................................................................

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers.....................................................................

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers...........................................................................

Structural metal fabricators and fitters.........................................................................................................

Fiberglass laminators and fabricators..........................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

Production occupations (Continued)

213,920 $21.17 $44,030 $19.65

213,920 21.17 44,030 19.65

Prepress technicians and workers.......................................................................................................... 23,590 22.38 46,540 21.67

Printing press operators......................................................................................................................... 151,450 21.37 44,450 20.13

Print binding and finishing workers......................................................................................................... 38,880 19.64 40,860 18.32

473,970 16.93 35,210 16.40

185,000 15.33 31,880 14.93

28,700 15.55 32,340 15.50

116,130 16.83 35,000 16.56

11,850 17.72 36,850 17.45

Shoe and leather workers and repairers................................................................................................. 7,230 17.80 37,030 17.32

Shoe machine operators and tenders.................................................................................................... 4,630 17.58 36,570 17.78

18,340 18.76 39,020 17.16

Sewers, hand......................................................................................................................................... 3,390 16.28 33,860 15.50

Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers............................................................................................. 14,950 19.32 40,190 17.62

55,950 17.96 37,370 17.38

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders................................................................ 6,650 18.06 37,570 16.99

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders......................................................................... 9,760 17.81 37,040 17.61

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders.................................................... 15,980 18.21 37,880 17.85

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders............................... 23,550 17.84 37,100 17.08

58,010 21.17 44,020 19.50

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers................... 14,520 21.77 45,270 21.17

Fabric and apparel patternmakers.......................................................................................................... 2,670 32.09 66,750 30.05

Upholsterers.......................................................................................................................................... 25,740 21.55 44,820 20.54

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other................................................................................. 15,080 18.00 37,430 16.89

216,330 20.30 42,210 18.92

88,460 21.45 44,620 20.80

14,380 20.43 42,490 19.13

850 25.22 52,460 23.22

Model makers, wood.............................................................................................................................. 590 25.25 52,510 21.66

Patternmakers, wood............................................................................................................................. 260 25.16 52,330 23.38

104,820 19.36 40,260 18.34

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood......................................................................... 43,570 19.29 40,120 18.27

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing.................................................. 61,250 19.40 40,360 18.40

7,830 19.00 39,520 18.15

283,480 35.00 72,810 32.26

46,300 47.21 98,190 48.50

Nuclear power reactor operators............................................................................................................ 5,760 58.29 121,240 57.86

Power distributors and dispatchers........................................................................................................ 9,040 50.70 105,460 50.36

Power plant operators............................................................................................................................ 31,490 44.17 91,880 46.64

33,840 35.18 73,170 32.52

120,710 27.91 58,050 26.39

82,630 38.46 80,000 38.80

Chemical plant and system operators.................................................................................................... 17,980 38.20 79,450 38.48

Gas plant operators............................................................................................................................... 15,930 39.91 83,020 39.69

Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers...................................................... 33,360 42.36 88,120 45.47

Plant and system operators, all other..................................................................................................... 15,370 28.80 59,890 27.37

2,532,530 22.46 46,710 21.10

173,420 26.78 55,700 24.18

Chemical equipment operators and tenders........................................................................................... 120,260 27.57 57,350 24.86

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders.............. 53,170 24.98 51,960 23.13

144,230 22.65 47,120 21.86

Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders............................................ 26,210 22.31 46,390 21.40

Grinding and polishing workers, hand.................................................................................................... 12,290 19.95 41,490 18.72

Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders................................................................ 105,740 23.05 47,950 22.16

59,950 21.18 44,050 20.82

Cutters and trimmers, hand................................................................................................................... 7,220 18.88 39,260 17.81

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders.................................................................. 52,720 21.49 44,700 21.31

57,080 21.45 44,610 20.52

14,820 22.86 47,540 21.94

584,630 23.68 49,260 22.04

24,060 25.00 52,000 22.81

64,970 23.36 48,590 21.46

Dental laboratory technicians................................................................................................................. 34,190 25.19 52,390 22.93

Medical appliance technicians................................................................................................................ 12,550 23.49 48,860 21.62

Ophthalmic laboratory technicians......................................................................................................... 18,240 19.85 41,280 18.13

371,600 19.81 41,200 18.43

166,570 23.17 48,200 21.80

Painting, coating, and decorating workers.............................................................................................. 10,700 21.18 44,050 19.34

Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders............................................... 155,880 23.31 48,480 21.90

26,450 23.54 48,970 22.04

5,770 20.14 41,900 17.12

215,710 25.58 53,200 23.89

Computer numerically controlled tool operators...................................................................................... 187,670 24.54 51,030 23.34

Computer numerically controlled tool programmers................................................................................ 28,030 32.52 67,650 30.50

623,280 20.36 42,360 18.63

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders................................................................................. 12,510 21.35 44,400 20.93

See footnotes at end of table.

Sewing machine operators..........................................................................................................................

Semiconductor processing technicians.......................................................................................................

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators.............................................................

Computer numerically controlled tool operators and programmers..............................................................

Miscellaneous production workers..............................................................................................................

Miscellaneous plant and system operators..................................................................................................

Other production occupations..........................................................................................................................

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers.......................................................................

Cutting workers...........................................................................................................................................

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders.............................

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders........................................................................

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers...................................................................................

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers.........................................................................................

Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians.......................................

Painting workers.........................................................................................................................................

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders...................................................................

Shoe and leather workers...........................................................................................................................

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers...............................................................................................................

Miscellaneous textile, apparel, and furnishings workers..............................................................................

Woodworkers..................................................................................................................................................

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders...............................................................................

Plant and system operators.............................................................................................................................

Stationary engineers and boiler operators...................................................................................................

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators.....................................................................

Furniture finishers.......................................................................................................................................

Model makers and patternmakers, wood.....................................................................................................

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers...................................................................................

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.........................................................................................................

Woodworkers, all other...............................................................................................................................

Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders..........................................................................................

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.................................................................................

Printing workers...............................................................................................................................................

Printing workers..........................................................................................................................................

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers.........................................................................................................

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers...............................................................................................................

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials.........................................................................................

Mean wages

Employment

Median 

hourly 

wages

Occupation

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued
Hourly Annual1

Production occupations (Continued)

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders............................................... 15,210 $19.95 $41,500 $18.92

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders......................................................................... 6,500 21.56 44,840 20.40

Etchers and engravers........................................................................................................................... 8,140 20.57 42,780 19.25

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic........................................................................ 38,480 21.50 44,710 20.82

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders........................................................................... 96,460 23.52 48,910 22.71

Tire builders........................................................................................................................................... 20,660 25.93 53,930 26.00

Helpers--production workers.................................................................................................................. 181,810 18.35 38,160 17.65

Production workers, all other.................................................................................................................. 243,500 19.90 41,400 18.00

13,752,760 22.45 46,690 19.26

603,350 30.70 63,860 29.09

603,350 30.70 63,860 29.09

Aircraft cargo handling supervisors........................................................................................................ 9,020 31.23 64,950 28.33

First-line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers, except aircraft cargo

 handling supervisors........................................................................................................................ 594,330 30.69 63,840 29.09

313,070 (2) 140,030 (2)

146,420 (2) 209,680 (2)

Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers............................................................................................. 93,670 (2) 250,050 (2)

Commercial pilots.................................................................................................................................. 52,750 (2) 138,010 (2)

40,630 49.59 103,140 43.89

Air traffic controllers............................................................................................................................... 22,310 65.77 136,790 66.05

Airfield operations specialists................................................................................................................. 18,320 29.88 62,140 24.59

126,020 (2) 70,980 (2)

4,353,340 23.96 49,830 22.83

11,520 16.55 34,420 15.66

3,511,470 24.43 50,810 23.14

Driver/sales workers.............................................................................................................................. 463,120 18.38 38,230 17.03

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers.................................................................................................... 2,044,400 26.92 55,990 26.12

Light truck drivers.................................................................................................................................. 1,003,960 22.16 46,090 20.42

779,210 22.25 46,280 21.19

Bus drivers, school................................................................................................................................ 371,530 21.74 45,210 21.95

Bus drivers, transit and intercity............................................................................................................. 184,990 28.78 59,860 28.93

Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs............................................................................................................... 204,930 17.75 36,920 16.94

Taxi drivers............................................................................................................................................ 17,770 16.88 35,120 16.67

51,140 19.22 39,970 17.16

111,600 34.69 72,150 35.53

34,820 35.86 74,600 35.75

Locomotive engineers............................................................................................................................ 32,390 36.48 75,870 35.95

Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers............................................................................... 2,430 27.69 57,580 27.44

13,610 30.21 62,840 30.55

46,490 34.72 72,220 34.20

14,860 37.20 77,370 40.51

1,830 24.39 50,730 21.47

76,040 38.00 79,030 31.22

29,960 25.71 53,470 23.27

37,220 45.42 94,480 39.72

Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels.......................................................................................... 34,520 47.03 97,820 42.66

Motorboat operators.............................................................................................................................. 2,710 24.91 51,810 22.32

8,860 48.34 100,550 45.32

305,390 19.28 40,110 16.84

3,460 24.07 50,070 23.62

118,130 15.72 32,700 15.79

117,460 17.37 36,140 16.83

Automotive and watercraft service attendants........................................................................................ 92,530 16.60 34,530 16.26

Aircraft service attendants..................................................................................................................... 24,940 20.25 42,110 18.80

7,530 27.25 56,680 25.12

27,670 40.35 83,920 41.96

20,190 17.68 36,780 17.12

10,940 20.93 43,530 19.37

7,989,980 19.05 39,620 17.93

24,660 20.63 42,900 18.88

42,260 32.71 68,040 31.10

940 25.82 53,700 24.25

2,230 31.64 65,810 26.90

778,920 21.98 45,720 21.38

6,935,980 18.46 38,400 17.65

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment...................................................................................................... 365,290 16.95 35,250 16.42

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand......................................................................... 3,008,300 19.12 39,760 18.10

Machine feeders and offbearers............................................................................................................. 44,500 19.71 41,000 18.87

Packers and packagers, hand................................................................................................................ 645,210 17.05 35,450 16.74

Stockers and order fillers....................................................................................................................... 2,872,680 18.27 37,990 17.50

34,200 31.41 65,320 30.06

Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators............................................................................. 4,400 30.68 63,810 29.75

Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers............................................................................................ 11,570 28.20 58,650 26.29

Wellhead pumpers................................................................................................................................. 18,230 33.62 69,930 34.53

See footnotes at end of table.

Transportation and material moving occupations

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers.............................................................................

First-line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers..........................................................

Air transportation workers................................................................................................................................

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists...............................................................................

Flight attendants.........................................................................................................................................

Motor vehicle operators...................................................................................................................................

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers...............................................................................................................

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Occupation Employment

Mean wages Median 

hourly 

wages

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians................................................

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers........................................................................................................

Passenger vehicle drivers...........................................................................................................................

Motor vehicle operators, all other................................................................................................................

Rail transportation workers..............................................................................................................................

Locomotive engineers and operators..........................................................................................................

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators and locomotive firers..............................................................

Railroad conductors and yardmasters.........................................................................................................

Subway and streetcar operators.................................................................................................................

Rail transportation workers, all other...........................................................................................................

Water transportation workers...........................................................................................................................

Sailors and marine oilers.............................................................................................................................

Ship and boat captains and operators.........................................................................................................

Ship engineers............................................................................................................................................

Other transportation workers...........................................................................................................................

Bridge and lock tenders..............................................................................................................................

Parking attendants......................................................................................................................................

Hoist and winch operators...........................................................................................................................

Industrial truck and tractor operators...........................................................................................................

Laborers and material movers....................................................................................................................

Pumping station operators..........................................................................................................................

Transportation service attendants...............................................................................................................

Traffic technicians.......................................................................................................................................

Transportation inspectors...........................................................................................................................

Passenger attendants.................................................................................................................................

Transportation workers, all other.................................................................................................................

Material moving workers..................................................................................................................................

Conveyor operators and tenders.................................................................................................................

Crane and tower operators.........................................................................................................................

Dredge operators........................................................................................................................................
Hourly Annual1

Transportation and material moving occupations (Continued)

135,430 $22.99 $47,810 $22.00

11,400 29.10 60,530 28.18

23,970 22.04 45,840 19.38

3

 Represents a wage equal to or greater than $115.00 per hour.

Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey by occupation, May 2023—Continued

Occupation Employment

Mean wages Median 

hourly 

wages

1

 Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations 

where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.

2

 Wages for some occupations that do not generally work year-round, full time, are reported either as hourly wages or annual salaries, depending on 

how they are typically paid.

Refuse and recyclable material collectors....................................................................................................

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders................................................................................................................

Material moving workers, all other...............................................................................................................