Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-24-0148 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, February 2, 2024

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — JANUARY 2024

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 353,000 in January, and the unemployment rate remained 

at 3.7 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in professional and 

business services, health care, retail trade, and social assistance. Employment declined in the mining, 

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industry. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Changes to The Employment Situation Data

Establishment survey data have been revised as a result of the annual benchmarking process and the 

updating of seasonal adjustment factors. Also, household survey data for January 2024 reflect updated 

population estimates. See the notes beginning on page 4 for more information. 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

January 2022 – January 2024

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, January 2022 – January 2024

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jul-23 Oct-23 Jan-24

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jul-23 Oct-23 Jan-24
-2- 

Household Survey Data

In January, the unemployment rate was 3.7 percent for the third month in a row, and the number of 

unemployed people was little changed at 6.1 million. (See table A-1. See the note on page 5 and tables 

B and C for more information about annual population adjustments to the household survey estimates.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.6 percent), adult women 

(3.2 percent), teenagers (10.6 percent), Whites (3.4 percent), Blacks (5.3 percent), Asians (2.9 percent), 

and Hispanics (5.0 percent) showed little or no change in January. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.3 million, was little 

changed in January. The long-term unemployed accounted for 20.8 percent of all unemployed people. 

(See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate, at 62.5 percent, was unchanged in January, and the employmentpopulation ratio, at 60.2 percent, was little changed. These measures showed little or no change over 

the year. (See table A-1.) 

In January, the number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.4 million, changed 

little. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.8 million, was little 

changed in January. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively 

looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table 

A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached to the 

labor force changed little at 1.7 million in January. These individuals wanted and were available for 

work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached 

who believed that no jobs were available for them, increased to 452,000 in January. (See Summary table 

A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 353,000 in January, similar to the gain of 333,000 in 

December. Payroll employment increased by an average of 255,000 per month in 2023. In January, job 

gains occurred in professional and business services, health care, retail trade, and social assistance. 

Employment declined in the mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industry. (See table B-1. See 

the note on page 4 and table A for more information about the annual benchmark process.) 

Professional and business services added 74,000 jobs in January, considerably higher than the average 

monthly increase of 14,000 jobs in 2023. Over the month, professional, scientific, and technical services

added 42,000 jobs. Employment in temporary help services changed little over the month (+4,000) but is 

down by 408,000 since reaching a peak in March 2022. 
-3- 

In January, employment in health care rose by 70,000, with gains in ambulatory health care services 

(+33,000), hospitals (+20,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+17,000). Job growth in 

health care averaged 58,000 per month in 2023. 

Retail trade employment increased by 45,000 in January but has shown little net growth since early 

2023. Over the month, general merchandise retailers added 24,000 jobs, while electronics and appliance 

retailers lost 3,000 jobs. 

Employment in social assistance rose by 30,000 in January, reflecting continued growth in individual 

and family services (+22,000). Employment in social assistance grew by an average of 23,000 per month 

in 2023. 

Employment in manufacturing edged up in January (+23,000), with job gains in chemical

manufacturing (+7,000) and printing and related support activities (+5,000). Manufacturing experienced 

little net job growth in 2023. 

Government employment continued to trend up in January (+36,000), below the average monthly gain 

of 57,000 in 2023. A job gain occurred in federal government (+11,000), and employment continued to 

trend up in local government, excluding education (+19,000). 

In January, employment in information continued its upward trend (+15,000). Employment in motion 

picture and sound recording industries increased by 12,000, while employment in telecommunications 

decreased by 3,000. Overall, employment in the information industry is down by 76,000 since a recent 

peak in November 2022. 

Employment in the mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industry declined by 5,000 in 

January, following little net change in 2023. Over the month, a job loss in support activities for mining 

(-7,000) was partially offset by a job gain in oil and gas extraction (+2,000). 

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including construction, 

wholesale trade, transportation and warehousing, financial activities, leisure and hospitality, and 

other services. 

In January, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 19 cents, or 

0.6 percent, to $34.55. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.5 percent. 

In January, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose 

by 13 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $29.66. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 hour to 34.1 

hours in January and is down by 0.5 hour over the year. In manufacturing, the average workweek was 

unchanged at 39.8 hours, and overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.7 hours. The average workweek for 

production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 hour to 33.5 

hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for November was revised up by 9,000, from +173,000 

to +182,000, and the change for December was revised up by 117,000, from +216,000 to +333,000. 

With these revisions, employment in November and December combined is 126,000 higher than 

previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 
-4- 

government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.

The annual benchmark process also contributed to the November and December revisions.) 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for February is scheduled to be released on Friday, March 8, 2024, at 

8:30 a.m. (ET).

Revisions to Establishment Survey Data

In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data released today have been 

benchmarked to reflect comprehensive counts of payroll jobs for March 2023. These counts are derived 

principally from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), which counts jobs covered 

by the Unemployment Insurance (UI) tax system. The benchmark process results in revisions to not 

seasonally adjusted data from April 2022 forward; seasonally adjusted data from January 2019 forward 

are subject to revision. In addition, data for some series prior to 2019, both seasonally adjusted and 

unadjusted, incorporate other revisions. 

The seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment level for March 2023 was revised downward by 

266,000. On a not seasonally adjusted basis, the total nonfarm employment level for March 2023 was 

revised downward by 187,000, or -0.1 percent. Not seasonally adjusted, the absolute average benchmark 

revision over the past 10 years is 0.1 percent. 

The over-the-year change in total nonfarm employment for March 2023 was revised from +4,048,000 to 

+3,836,000 (seasonally adjusted). Table A presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a 

seasonally adjusted basis from January to December 2023. 

All revised historical establishment survey data are available on the BLS website at

www.bls.gov/ces/data/home.htm. In addition, an article that discusses the benchmark and postbenchmark revisions and other technical issues is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.
-5- 

Adjustments to Population Estimates for the Household Survey

Effective with data for January 2024, updated population estimates were incorporated into the household 

survey. Population estimates for the household survey are developed by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each 

year, the Census Bureau updates the estimates to reflect new information and assumptions about the 

growth of the population since the population base year, typically the last decennial census. The change 

in population reflected in the new estimates results from adjustments for net international migration, 

updated vital statistics, and improvements in estimation methodology. 

In accordance with usual practice, BLS will not revise the official household survey estimates for 

December 2023 and earlier months. However, to show the impact of the population adjustments, table B 

displays differences in selected December labor force series based on the old and new population 

estimates. 

The adjustments decreased the estimated size of the civilian noninstitutional population in December by 

625,000, the civilian labor force by 299,000, employment by 270,000, and unemployment by 28,000. 

The number of people not in the labor force decreased by 326,000. The total unemployment rate, 

employment-population ratio, and labor force participation rate were unaffected. 

Data users are cautioned that these annual population adjustments can affect the comparability of 

household data series over time. Table C shows the effect of the introduction of new population 

estimates on the change in selected labor force measures between December 2023 and January 2024. 

Table A. Revisions to total nonfarm employment, January to December 2023, seasonally adjusted 

(Numbers in thousands)

As revised

As 

previously 

published

Difference As revised

As 

previously 

published

Difference

2023

January......................... 154,773 155,007 -234 482 472 10

February........................ 155,060 155,255 -195 287 248 39

March............................ 155,206 155,472 -266 146 217 -71

April............................ 155,484 155,689 -205 278 217 61

May................................. 155,787 155,970 -183 303 281 22

June................................ 156,027 156,075 -48 240 105 135

July................................ 156,211 156,311 -100 184 236 -52

August........................... 156,421 156,476 -55 210 165 45

September........................ 156,667 156,738 -71 246 262 -16

October.......................... 156,832 156,843 -11 165 105 60

November...................... 157,014 157,016 -2 182 173 9

December (p)..................... 157,347 157,232 115 333 216 117

(p) = preliminary.

Year and month

Level Over-the-month change
-6- 

Additional information on the population adjustments and their effects on national labor force estimates 

is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-pop-control-adjustments.pdf. 

Population controls for veterans, which are derived from a Department of Veterans Affairs population 

model and are updated periodically, did not change with the release of data for January 2024. 

Table B. Effect of the updated population controls on December 2023 estimates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, not seasonally adjusted

(Numbers in thousands)

Category Total Men Women White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population... -625 -633 9 -487 -74 -39 194

 Civilian labor force......................... -299 -503 205 -198 -63 -13 101

 Participation rate....................... 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.1 -0.1

 Employed...................................... -270 -477 207 -179 -56 -13 102

 Employment-population ratio.... 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 -0.1 0.0 -0.1

 Unemployed.................................. -28 -26 -2 -18 -7 -1 -1

 Unemployment rate................... 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

 Not in labor force............................ -326 -130 -196 -290 -12 -25 92

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or

African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Table C. December 2023-January 2024 changes in selected labor force measures, with 

adjustments for population control effects

(Numbers in thousands)

Category Dec.-Jan. change, 

as published

2024 population 

control effect

Dec.-Jan. change, after 

removing the population 

control effect 1

Civilian noninstitutional population........ -451 -625 174

 Civilian labor force............................ -175 -299 124

 Participation rate.......................... 0.0 0.0 0.0

 Employed....................................... -31 -270 239

 Employment-population ratio......... 0.1 0.0 0.1

 Unemployed.................................... -144 -28 -116

 Unemployment rate....................... 0.0 0.0 0.0

 Not in labor force.............................. -275 -326 51

1 This Dec.-Jan. change is calculated by subtracting the population control effect from the 

over-the-month change in the published seasonally adjusted estimates.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Change from:

Dec. 2023-

Jan. 2024

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 265,962 267,822 267,991 267,540 –

Civilian labor force........................................................... 165,871 168,127 167,451 167,276 –

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.4 62.8 62.5 62.5 –

Employed................................................................... 160,152 161,866 161,183 161,152 –

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.2 60.4 60.1 60.2 –

Unemployed............................................................... 5,719 6,262 6,268 6,124 –

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 –

Not in labor force............................................................ 100,090 99,695 100,540 100,265 –

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 –

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.2 3.7 3.5 3.6 –

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.2 –

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 10.5 11.4 11.9 10.6 –

White.......................................................................... 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.4 –

Black or African American.................................................. 5.4 5.8 5.2 5.3 –

Asian.......................................................................... 2.9 3.5 3.1 2.9 –

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.0 –

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.2 –

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 4.5 6.3 6.0 6.0 –

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 –

Some college or associate degree........................................ 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.3 –

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 –

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,568 3,058 3,058 3,028 –

Job leavers...................................................................... 883 821 833 794 –

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,799 1,771 1,741 1,834 –

New entrants.................................................................... 526 582 609 550 –

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 1,942 2,069 2,191 2,140 –

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,795 2,060 1,791 1,848 –

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 929 931 1,104 867 –

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,073 1,220 1,245 1,277 –

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,049 3,994 4,211 4,422 –

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,683 2,790 2,960 2,994 –

Could only find part-time work............................................. 993 934 964 1,026 –

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 22,016 21,879 22,458 22,156 –

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,369 1,583 1,562 1,654 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 345 425 346 452 –

- December - January changes in household data are not shown due to the introduction of updated population controls.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 182 333 353

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 152 278 317

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 36 33 28

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -4 1 -6

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 15 24 11

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 25 8 23

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 37 13 4

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6.5 33.2 2.5 3.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -12 -5 19

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 116 245 289

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 6.9 10.7 2.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 -42.9 43.2 45.2

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.0 -10.5 1.6 15.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 1.6 2.3 1.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -28 17 18 15

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 13 8

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 10 35 74

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.6 -13.6 -16.8 3.9

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 110 84 112

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.9 106.6 79.3 100.4

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 10 38 11

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 10 -1 5

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 30 55 36

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 198 227 289

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 149 176 249

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.8 49.9 49.9

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 81.3 81.3 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.4 34.3 34.1

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $33.07 $34.23 $34.36 $34.55

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,144.22 $1,177.51 $1,178.55 $1,178.16

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.9 115.7 115.6 115.2

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.3 -0.1 -0.3

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.7 189.4 190.0 190.3

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.2

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 52.4 64.0 65.6

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 42.4 51.4 59.0

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than 

sampling for this purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses 

into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance 

on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey 

twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All people 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees who receive 

pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures. 

For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of people who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a 

measure of the number of people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad 

weather.

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 629,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. People laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and 

unemployed. Those people not classified as employed or 

unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including people on paid leave. People

are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data 

are produced for the private sector for all employees and for 

production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 

related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, 

construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory 

employees in private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes 

in the classification of industries when necessary. Over the 

past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265,962 267,991 267,540 265,962 267,428 267,642 267,822 267,991 267,540

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165,070 166,661 166,428 165,871 167,897 167,723 168,127 167,451 167,276

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 62.2 62.2 62.4 62.8 62.7 62.8 62.5 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,692 160,754 159,650 160,152 161,550 161,280 161,866 161,183 161,152

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.7 60.0 59.7 60.2 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.1 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,378 5,907 6,778 5,719 6,347 6,443 6,262 6,268 6,124

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,892 101,330 101,113 100,090 99,531 99,919 99,695 100,540 100,265

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,466 5,465 5,964 5,318 5,424 5,376 5,343 5,671 5,793

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,998 130,985 130,436 129,998 130,713 130,816 130,903 130,985 130,436

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,842 88,610 88,014 88,270 89,335 88,968 89,555 89,250 88,507

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 67.6 67.5 67.9 68.3 68.0 68.4 68.1 67.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,120 85,198 83,959 85,129 85,657 85,327 85,981 85,794 85,034

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 65.0 64.4 65.5 65.5 65.2 65.7 65.5 65.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,723 3,412 4,055 3,141 3,678 3,641 3,574 3,456 3,473

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.9 4.6 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,156 42,375 42,422 41,729 41,378 41,848 41,348 41,735 41,929

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,283 122,187 121,539 121,283 121,931 122,029 122,111 122,187 121,539

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,872 85,564 85,134 85,039 86,124 85,687 86,256 86,007 85,364

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.1 70.6 70.2 70.6 70.4 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,524 82,493 81,485 82,281 82,853 82,526 83,084 82,958 82,304

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 67.5 67.0 67.8 68.0 67.6 68.0 67.9 67.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,348 3,071 3,650 2,759 3,271 3,161 3,172 3,050 3,060

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.6 4.3 3.2 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,412 36,623 36,405 36,244 35,807 36,343 35,854 36,180 36,175

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,963 137,006 137,104 135,963 136,715 136,826 136,919 137,006 137,104

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,228 78,051 78,413 77,602 78,562 78,755 78,572 78,201 78,768

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.1 57.5 57.6 57.4 57.1 57.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,572 75,556 75,691 75,023 75,893 75,953 75,885 75,389 76,118

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.8 55.1 55.2 55.2 55.5 55.5 55.4 55.0 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,656 2,495 2,723 2,578 2,669 2,801 2,688 2,811 2,650

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,736 58,955 58,691 58,362 58,153 58,071 58,346 58,805 58,336

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,546 128,513 128,503 127,546 128,237 128,342 128,430 128,513 128,503

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,308 75,079 75,382 74,472 75,453 75,487 75,399 75,047 75,529

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 58.4 58.7 58.4 58.8 58.8 58.7 58.4 58.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,921 72,862 72,909 72,176 73,119 73,066 73,049 72,587 73,144

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 56.7 56.7 56.6 57.0 56.9 56.9 56.5 56.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,387 2,217 2,473 2,295 2,333 2,421 2,350 2,460 2,385

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,238 53,434 53,121 53,074 52,784 52,856 53,031 53,466 52,974

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,133 17,291 17,498 17,133 17,260 17,270 17,281 17,291 17,498

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,890 6,018 5,911 6,360 6,321 6,549 6,472 6,396 6,383

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.8 33.8 37.1 36.6 37.9 37.5 37.0 36.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,247 5,399 5,256 5,695 5,578 5,688 5,733 5,638 5,704

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 31.2 30.0 33.2 32.3 32.9 33.2 32.6 32.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 619 655 665 743 861 739 758 679

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 10.3 11.1 10.5 11.8 13.1 11.4 11.9 10.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,242 11,273 11,587 10,772 10,939 10,721 10,809 10,895 11,115

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,062 205,022 204,608 204,062 204,756 204,867 204,949 205,022 204,608

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,133 126,748 126,338 126,729 127,755 127,612 127,773 127,226 126,962

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 61.8 61.7 62.1 62.4 62.3 62.3 62.1 62.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,675 122,552 121,515 122,796 123,403 123,198 123,550 122,802 122,663

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 59.8 59.4 60.2 60.3 60.1 60.3 59.9 60.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,458 4,196 4,823 3,933 4,352 4,414 4,223 4,424 4,299

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,928 78,274 78,270 77,333 77,001 77,255 77,177 77,796 77,646

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,973 66,172 65,675 66,124 66,615 66,363 66,695 66,405 65,869

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 69.7 69.6 70.0 70.3 70.0 70.3 70.0 69.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,596 63,912 63,018 64,208 64,313 64,148 64,559 64,208 63,674

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.3 67.3 66.8 68.0 67.9 67.6 68.1 67.7 67.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,377 2,260 2,657 1,916 2,302 2,215 2,136 2,197 2,195

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.4 4.0 2.9 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,601 55,902 56,154 55,684 56,349 56,209 56,130 55,844 56,219

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 57.3 57.6 57.3 57.8 57.6 57.5 57.2 57.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,977 54,419 54,474 54,137 54,767 54,621 54,609 54,175 54,615

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.6 55.8 55.8 55.7 56.2 56.0 56.0 55.5 56.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,624 1,483 1,679 1,547 1,583 1,588 1,521 1,669 1,604

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,559 4,674 4,510 4,921 4,790 5,040 4,947 4,976 4,874

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.5 37.3 35.6 39.4 38.2 40.2 39.5 39.7 38.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,101 4,221 4,022 4,451 4,323 4,430 4,382 4,418 4,374

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 33.7 31.7 35.7 34.5 35.4 35.0 35.3 34.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 453 487 470 467 611 565 558 500

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 9.7 10.8 9.5 9.8 12.1 11.4 11.2 10.3

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,487 34,853 34,813 34,487 34,751 34,788 34,821 34,853 34,813

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,544 21,955 21,904 21,685 21,900 21,902 22,171 22,094 22,051

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 63.0 62.9 62.9 63.0 63.0 63.7 63.4 63.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,335 20,896 20,703 20,512 20,650 20,636 20,886 20,952 20,887

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 60.0 59.5 59.5 59.4 59.3 60.0 60.1 60.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,209 1,059 1,201 1,173 1,251 1,266 1,285 1,143 1,164

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 4.8 5.5 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,943 12,898 12,909 12,803 12,851 12,886 12,650 12,759 12,762

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,038 10,229 10,197 10,099 10,201 10,048 10,299 10,294 10,266

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 68.7 68.9 68.6 68.8 67.7 69.3 69.2 69.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,461 9,771 9,606 9,562 9,631 9,520 9,648 9,821 9,717

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 65.7 64.9 64.9 64.9 64.1 64.9 66.0 65.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 459 590 537 570 528 651 473 548

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 4.5 5.8 5.3 5.6 5.3 6.3 4.6 5.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,790 10,964 10,940 10,811 10,890 11,065 11,067 11,014 10,967

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 63.0 62.8 62.7 62.7 63.6 63.6 63.2 62.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,276 10,483 10,416 10,303 10,403 10,475 10,533 10,486 10,445

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 60.2 59.8 59.7 59.9 60.3 60.5 60.2 59.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 481 525 508 487 590 534 528 521

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.5 5.3 4.8 4.8 4.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 762 767 775 809 789 805 786 819

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.5 29.8 29.6 30.9 31.7 30.9 31.5 30.7 31.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 643 681 647 615 642 705 644 724

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 25.1 26.3 25.8 24.2 25.1 27.6 25.2 27.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 120 86 128 193 147 100 142 95

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 15.7 11.3 16.5 23.9 18.7 12.4 18.0 11.6

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,541 17,896 17,930 17,541 17,633 17,593 17,769 17,896 17,930

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,196 11,384 11,495 11,261 11,587 11,490 11,548 11,436 11,559

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.8 63.6 64.1 64.2 65.7 65.3 65.0 63.9 64.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,856 11,054 11,146 10,936 11,255 11,134 11,144 11,084 11,223

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 61.8 62.2 62.3 63.8 63.3 62.7 61.9 62.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 330 349 325 332 356 404 353 336

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.1 2.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,345 6,511 6,435 6,281 6,047 6,103 6,221 6,459 6,372

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 47,010 48,068 48,364 47,010 47,774 47,877 47,974 48,068 48,364

Civilian labor force................................ 31,131 31,996 32,260 31,210 32,115 32,056 32,101 32,081 32,318

Participation rate............................... 66.2 66.6 66.7 66.4 67.2 67.0 66.9 66.7 66.8

Employed....................................... 29,430 30,418 30,389 29,755 30,637 30,525 30,636 30,480 30,700

Employment-population ratio............... 62.6 63.3 62.8 63.3 64.1 63.8 63.9 63.4 63.5

Unemployed.................................... 1,701 1,578 1,871 1,455 1,478 1,531 1,465 1,602 1,618

Unemployment rate......................... 5.5 4.9 5.8 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.6 5.0 5.0

Not in labor force................................. 15,879 16,072 16,104 15,800 15,659 15,822 15,873 15,986 16,046

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,834 17,199 17,372 16,842 17,256 17,128 17,267 17,261 17,372

Participation rate............................... 78.8 78.8 79.5 78.8 79.5 78.7 79.2 79.1 79.5

Employed....................................... 15,875 16,340 16,315 16,082 16,520 16,409 16,537 16,438 16,519

Employment-population ratio............... 74.3 74.8 74.6 75.2 76.1 75.4 75.9 75.3 75.6

Unemployed.................................... 958 860 1,057 760 736 719 729 824 852

Unemployment rate......................... 5.7 5.0 6.1 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.8 4.9

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 13,024 13,367 13,329 13,031 13,355 13,265 13,260 13,346 13,336

Participation rate............................... 61.1 61.3 60.7 61.2 61.7 61.1 61.0 61.3 60.7

Employed....................................... 12,391 12,790 12,697 12,453 12,785 12,727 12,737 12,746 12,759

Employment-population ratio............... 58.1 58.7 57.8 58.4 59.0 58.6 58.6 58.5 58.1

Unemployed.................................... 633 577 632 578 570 537 523 601 577

Unemployment rate......................... 4.9 4.3 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.5 4.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,274 1,430 1,558 1,336 1,504 1,664 1,574 1,474 1,610

Participation rate............................... 29.4 32.2 34.3 30.9 34.1 37.6 35.5 33.2 35.5

Employed....................................... 1,164 1,288 1,377 1,219 1,332 1,389 1,361 1,296 1,422

Employment-population ratio............... 26.9 29.0 30.3 28.2 30.2 31.4 30.7 29.2 31.3

Unemployed.................................... 110 142 181 118 172 275 213 177 188

Unemployment rate......................... 8.7 9.9 11.6 8.8 11.4 16.5 13.5 12.0 11.7

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,829 9,417 9,281 8,812 9,203 9,312 9,492 9,384 9,271

Participation rate.................................. 46.1 47.6 47.1 46.0 47.0 48.0 48.3 47.5 47.1

Employed.......................................... 8,267 8,803 8,562 8,414 8,698 8,771 8,891 8,819 8,715

Employment-population ratio................. 43.1 44.5 43.5 43.9 44.4 45.2 45.2 44.6 44.3

Unemployed....................................... 562 613 719 398 506 542 601 564 556

Unemployment rate............................ 6.4 6.5 7.7 4.5 5.5 5.8 6.3 6.0 6.0

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,983 35,662 35,853 36,095 36,198 35,637 35,790 35,748 35,927

Participation rate.................................. 56.1 57.0 56.9 56.2 56.8 56.9 57.3 57.1 57.0

Employed.......................................... 34,457 34,167 34,116 34,737 34,708 34,195 34,327 34,247 34,385

Employment-population ratio................. 53.7 54.6 54.2 54.1 54.5 54.6 55.0 54.7 54.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,526 1,495 1,736 1,358 1,490 1,442 1,463 1,501 1,543

Unemployment rate............................ 4.2 4.2 4.8 3.8 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,952 35,765 36,167 36,068 35,918 35,814 35,874 35,737 36,205

Participation rate.................................. 63.2 62.4 62.6 63.4 62.7 62.2 62.1 62.4 62.6

Employed.......................................... 34,859 34,715 34,922 35,023 34,843 34,691 34,866 34,623 35,020

Employment-population ratio................. 61.3 60.6 60.4 61.6 60.8 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,093 1,050 1,245 1,045 1,076 1,123 1,009 1,114 1,184

Unemployment rate............................ 3.0 2.9 3.4 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.1 3.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 62,863 64,293 64,039 62,975 64,234 64,504 64,452 64,297 64,195

Participation rate.................................. 72.7 72.3 72.6 72.8 73.4 72.8 72.7 72.3 72.7

Employed.......................................... 61,526 63,053 62,621 61,697 62,851 63,133 63,091 62,933 62,836

Employment-population ratio................. 71.1 70.9 71.0 71.3 71.8 71.2 71.2 70.8 71.2

Unemployed....................................... 1,338 1,239 1,418 1,278 1,383 1,371 1,360 1,364 1,359

Unemployment rate............................ 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,024 17,704 15,991 15,660 2,033 2,044

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,630 8,701 7,490 7,500 1,141 1,201

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 49.1 46.8 47.9 56.1 58.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,390 8,411 7,294 7,268 1,096 1,143

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.5 47.5 45.6 46.4 53.9 55.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 290 196 232 44 58

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.3 2.6 3.1 3.9 4.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,394 9,003 8,501 8,160 892 843

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,913 5,165 4,002 4,197 911 968

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,918 4,187 3,275 3,442 644 745

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.7 81.1 81.8 82.0 70.6 77.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,768 4,033 3,167 3,323 601 710

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.7 78.1 79.1 79.2 66.0 73.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 154 108 120 42 34

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.5 6.6 4.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 977 728 755 267 223

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,011 2,908 2,569 2,490 442 418

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,197 2,151 1,862 1,871 335 279

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.0 73.9 72.5 75.2 75.8 66.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,161 2,073 1,827 1,813 334 260

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 71.3 71.1 72.8 75.5 62.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 78 35 59 1 19

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 3.6 1.9 3.1 0.4 6.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 758 706 619 107 139

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,099 5,781 5,841 5,538 258 243

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 705 809 689 19 17

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 12.2 13.8 12.4 7.2 6.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 684 805 668 19 16

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 11.8 13.8 12.1 7.2 6.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 21 4 20 0 1

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 3.0 0.5 3.0 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,272 5,076 5,032 4,849 239 226

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,001 3,850 3,579 3,435 422 415

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,687 1,658 1,544 1,498 143 160

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 43.1 43.1 43.6 34.0 38.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,638 1,622 1,495 1,465 143 157

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 42.1 41.8 42.6 33.8 37.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 36 49 33 1 3

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.2 3.1 2.2 0.7 2.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,314 2,192 2,035 1,937 279 255

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238,664 240,502 109,368 110,037 129,296 130,465

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,167 155,431 79,289 79,412 74,877 76,018

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.6 64.6 72.5 72.2 57.9 58.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,269 149,168 75,919 75,757 72,350 73,411

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 62.0 69.4 68.8 56.0 56.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,898 6,263 3,370 3,655 2,527 2,608

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.6 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,497 85,072 30,078 30,625 54,419 54,447

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,585 33,366 233,376 234,174

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,847 8,164 157,223 158,263

Participation rate..................................................................... 24.1 24.5 67.4 67.6

Employed............................................................................. 7,292 7,628 151,399 152,021

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 22.4 22.9 64.9 64.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 554 536 5,824 6,242

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.1 6.6 3.7 3.9

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,739 25,202 76,153 75,911

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,206 3,314 78,534 78,576

Participation rate..................................................................... 40.5 41.2 81.8 82.2

Employed............................................................................. 2,970 3,104 75,225 74,999

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 37.5 38.6 78.3 78.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 236 211 3,309 3,578

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.4 6.4 4.2 4.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,716 4,726 17,513 16,986

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,212 3,436 69,128 69,838

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.8 39.8 71.9 72.4

Employed............................................................................. 2,969 3,205 66,863 67,527

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 35.9 37.1 69.5 70.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 243 231 2,265 2,311

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.6 6.7 3.3 3.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,066 5,197 27,040 26,558

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,428 1,414 9,561 9,849

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.7 8.5 23.2 23.3

Employed............................................................................. 1,353 1,319 9,311 9,496

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 8.3 7.9 22.6 22.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 75 94 250 353

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.2 6.7 2.6 3.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,957 15,279 31,599 32,367

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 45,899 47,544 22,530 23,400 23,369 24,143

Civilian labor force.................................................. 29,945 31,244 17,243 18,004 12,702 13,240

Participation rate.................................................. 65.2 65.7 76.5 76.9 54.4 54.8

Employed.......................................................... 28,692 29,842 16,491 17,163 12,201 12,679

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.5 62.8 73.2 73.3 52.2 52.5

Unemployed....................................................... 1,253 1,402 752 841 501 561

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.7 3.9 4.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,954 16,300 5,287 5,397 10,667 10,903

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 220,063 219,996 107,468 107,036 112,595 112,960

Civilian labor force.................................................. 135,125 135,184 70,599 70,011 64,526 65,173

Participation rate.................................................. 61.4 61.4 65.7 65.4 57.3 57.7

Employed.......................................................... 130,000 129,807 67,629 66,796 62,371 63,011

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.1 59.0 62.9 62.4 55.4 55.8

Unemployed....................................................... 5,125 5,376 2,970 3,215 2,155 2,162

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.6 3.3 3.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 84,938 84,813 36,869 37,025 48,069 47,788

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,145 2,156 2,074 2,249 2,286 2,201 2,262 2,205 2,184

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,428 1,497 1,413 1,493 1,563 1,468 1,549 1,520 1,489

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 682 646 651 719 694 707 701 680 687

Unpaid family workers........................... 35 14 10 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 156,547 158,598 157,575 157,663 159,306 159,166 159,578 158,993 158,735

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 147,532 149,325 148,684 148,583 150,134 150,170 150,505 149,702 149,741

Government..................................... 21,968 21,951 21,858 21,562 21,618 21,664 21,878 21,700 21,490

Private industries............................... 125,564 127,373 126,826 127,127 128,558 128,454 128,612 128,086 128,407

Private households.......................... 669 787 773 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 124,895 126,586 126,053 126,327 127,958 127,800 127,889 127,414 127,521

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,952 9,242 8,841 9,191 9,043 8,957 9,014 9,335 9,087

Unpaid family workers........................... 63 31 50 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,498 4,324 4,874 4,049 4,069 4,284 3,994 4,211 4,422

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,114 3,071 3,427 2,683 2,799 2,985 2,790 2,960 2,994

Could only find part-time work.................. 993 940 1,046 993 940 1,000 934 964 1,026

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 22,096 23,020 22,238 22,016 22,177 21,576 21,879 22,458 22,156

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,401 4,229 4,803 3,973 3,988 4,205 3,931 4,138 4,371

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,057 3,019 3,390 2,628 2,753 2,941 2,735 2,913 2,959

Could only find part-time work.................. 983 926 1,038 983 930 992 923 953 1,018

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,683 22,604 21,878 21,608 21,752 21,214 21,444 22,060 21,793

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,692 160,754 159,650 160,152 161,550 161,280 161,866 161,183 161,152

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,247 5,399 5,256 5,695 5,578 5,688 5,733 5,638 5,704

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,033 2,091 2,071 2,256 2,121 2,161 2,235 2,194 2,292

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,215 3,308 3,186 3,464 3,432 3,518 3,514 3,446 3,428

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,444 155,355 154,394 154,457 155,972 155,592 156,133 155,545 155,448

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,336 14,616 14,173 14,708 14,684 14,565 14,787 14,756 14,562

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,108 140,739 140,221 139,872 141,218 140,887 141,194 140,617 140,972

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,921 103,265 102,991 102,430 103,515 103,311 103,451 103,161 103,489

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,343 35,888 35,424 35,601 35,945 35,799 35,779 35,859 35,700

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,904 35,566 35,703 35,041 35,501 35,486 35,680 35,546 35,818

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,674 31,811 31,864 31,787 32,069 32,026 31,992 31,757 31,970

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,188 37,474 37,230 37,443 37,704 37,576 37,742 37,455 37,484

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,120 85,198 83,959 85,129 85,657 85,327 85,981 85,794 85,034

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,596 2,705 2,475 2,848 2,804 2,801 2,897 2,836 2,730

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907 952 934 1,036 1,061 1,067 1,071 1,033 1,063

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,689 1,753 1,541 1,837 1,725 1,730 1,846 1,807 1,679

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,524 82,493 81,485 82,281 82,853 82,526 83,084 82,958 82,304

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,144 7,293 7,093 7,361 7,316 7,262 7,446 7,432 7,320

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,379 75,200 74,391 75,051 75,452 75,118 75,514 75,397 75,093

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,269 55,048 54,500 54,757 55,279 55,012 55,262 55,178 55,008

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,717 19,066 18,720 18,927 19,120 18,975 19,088 19,104 18,948

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,752 19,038 18,949 18,911 19,112 19,043 19,107 19,108 19,109

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,801 16,944 16,830 16,919 17,047 16,994 17,067 16,966 16,951

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,110 20,152 19,892 20,294 20,173 20,106 20,252 20,219 20,085

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,572 75,556 75,691 75,023 75,893 75,953 75,885 75,389 76,118

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,651 2,694 2,781 2,847 2,774 2,887 2,836 2,802 2,974

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,125 1,139 1,137 1,220 1,061 1,094 1,164 1,162 1,229

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,526 1,555 1,645 1,628 1,707 1,788 1,668 1,639 1,749

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,921 72,862 72,909 72,176 73,119 73,066 73,049 72,587 73,144

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,192 7,323 7,080 7,347 7,368 7,303 7,342 7,324 7,241

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,729 65,539 65,829 64,821 65,766 65,769 65,679 65,220 65,879

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,651 48,216 48,491 47,673 48,236 48,298 48,189 47,983 48,480

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,627 16,822 16,704 16,674 16,825 16,823 16,691 16,755 16,752

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,152 16,528 16,754 16,130 16,389 16,443 16,573 16,438 16,709

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,873 14,867 15,033 14,868 15,022 15,032 14,926 14,791 15,019

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,078 17,322 17,338 17,148 17,530 17,471 17,490 17,237 17,399

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,927 46,319 45,519 45,964 46,338 46,059 46,344 46,392 45,672

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,569 36,982 37,034 36,583 37,198 37,018 36,887 36,790 37,033

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,154 9,718 9,897 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,175 132,585 131,549 132,700 134,145 134,502 134,727 133,196 133,133

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,516 28,169 28,101 27,331 27,348 26,702 27,032 27,794 27,890

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,877 8,696 8,133 7,984 8,173 8,360 8,343 8,565 8,272

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.1

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,560 6,637 6,656 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,635 9,888 9,492 9,910 9,737 9,664 9,715 10,014 9,774

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,719 6,268 6,124 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 665 758 679 10.5 11.8 13.1 11.4 11.9 10.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 275 331 254 10.9 12.8 14.7 11.4 13.1 10.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 385 433 415 10.0 11.1 12.5 11.5 11.2 10.8

20 years and over................................ 5,054 5,510 5,445 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,122 1,006 921 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.6 6.4 5.9

25 years and over.............................. 4,035 4,574 4,602 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2

25 to 54 years............................... 3,139 3,491 3,480 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3

25 to 34 years............................. 1,457 1,556 1,467 3.9 4.0 4.2 3.9 4.2 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 931 1,079 1,110 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 751 856 903 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.7

55 years and over........................... 884 1,089 1,110 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.9

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,141 3,456 3,473 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 382 407 413 11.8 12.7 14.6 12.2 12.5 13.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 180 185 190 14.8 15.4 16.3 13.3 15.2 15.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 210 229 230 10.3 11.4 14.2 11.7 11.3 12.1

20 years and over................................ 2,759 3,050 3,060 3.2 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 627 509 551 7.8 8.3 7.8 7.1 6.4 7.0

25 years and over.............................. 2,227 2,587 2,583 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3

25 to 54 years............................... 1,724 1,984 1,913 3.1 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4

25 to 34 years............................. 854 885 784 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.0

35 to 44 years............................. 487 625 652 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3

45 to 54 years............................. 384 474 477 2.2 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7

55 years and over........................... 503 603 669 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.3 2.9 3.2

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,578 2,811 2,650 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 283 352 266 9.0 10.8 11.7 10.6 11.1 8.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 95 147 65 7.2 10.1 13.1 9.5 11.2 5.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 175 204 185 9.7 10.8 10.8 11.2 11.1 9.6

20 years and over................................ 2,295 2,460 2,385 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 496 497 369 6.3 5.6 6.2 6.1 6.4 4.9

25 years and over.............................. 1,808 1,987 2,019 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 1,414 1,506 1,567 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 603 671 683 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 444 454 458 2.7 2.5 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.7

45 to 54 years............................. 367 381 426 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.8

55 years and over........................... 382 480 441 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.5

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 830 980 999 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1

Married women, spouse present1................. 715 825 773 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.0

Women who maintain families2.................... 403 475 567 3.8 4.0 4.6 4.8 4.7 5.4

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,648 5,228 4,936 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.6

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,088 1,084 1,212 3.8 4.3 4.6 3.9 3.8 4.2

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,226 3,048 3,680 2,568 2,869 3,120 3,058 3,058 3,028

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,238 981 1,345 763 813 904 889 917 876

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,987 2,067 2,335 1,804 2,056 2,217 2,169 2,140 2,151

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,330 1,466 1,621 1,265 1,421 1,636 1,589 1,543 1,556

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 657 601 713 539 636 581 580 597 595

Job leavers........................................... 881 777 791 883 797 801 821 833 794

Reentrants............................................ 1,807 1,570 1,851 1,799 2,024 1,869 1,771 1,741 1,834

New entrants......................................... 465 512 456 526 586 603 582 609 550

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 50.6 51.6 54.3 44.4 45.7 48.8 49.1 49.0 48.8

On temporary layoff.............................. 19.4 16.6 19.8 13.2 13.0 14.1 14.3 14.7 14.1

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 31.2 35.0 34.4 31.2 32.8 34.7 34.8 34.3 34.7

Job leavers........................................... 13.8 13.2 11.7 15.3 12.7 12.5 13.2 13.4 12.8

Reentrants............................................ 28.3 26.6 27.3 31.2 32.3 29.2 28.4 27.9 29.5

New entrants......................................... 7.3 8.7 6.7 9.1 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.8 8.9

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.0 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,358 2,102 2,559 1,942 2,053 2,269 2,069 2,191 2,140

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,965 1,619 2,022 1,795 2,043 1,836 2,060 1,791 1,848

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,055 2,185 2,196 2,002 2,288 2,370 2,150 2,350 2,144

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 926 1,000 882 929 985 1,079 931 1,104 867

27 weeks and over............................... 1,129 1,185 1,314 1,073 1,303 1,291 1,220 1,245 1,277

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 19.1 21.9 19.5 20.4 21.4 21.6 19.5 22.3 20.8

Median duration, in weeks......................... 8.4 9.0 8.3 9.8 9.1 8.6 9.0 9.7 9.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 37.0 35.6 37.8 33.8 32.2 35.0 33.0 34.6 34.9

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 30.8 27.4 29.8 31.3 32.0 28.4 32.8 28.3 30.1

15 weeks and over.................................. 32.2 37.0 32.4 34.9 35.8 36.6 34.2 37.1 35.0

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 14.5 16.9 13.0 16.2 15.4 16.7 14.8 17.4 14.1

27 weeks and over............................... 17.7 20.1 19.4 18.7 20.4 19.9 19.4 19.7 20.8

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 158,692 159,650 6,378 6,778 3.9 4.1

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 69,249 70,650 1,460 1,527 2.1 2.1

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 29,934 30,130 604 662 2.0 2.1

Professional and related occupations.......................... 39,315 40,520 856 866 2.1 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 25,244 25,341 1,401 1,400 5.3 5.2

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,358 29,905 1,184 1,269 3.8 4.1

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,185 14,195 645 676 4.4 4.5

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,173 15,709 538 593 3.2 3.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,023 14,136 894 973 6.0 6.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 915 898 65 125 6.7 12.2

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,399 8,286 709 695 7.8 7.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,709 4,952 120 153 2.5 3.0

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,817 19,618 968 1,126 4.7 5.4

Production occupations.......................................... 8,292 8,020 260 402 3.0 4.8

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,526 11,598 708 724 5.8 5.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 6,378 6,778 3.9 4.1

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 5,061 5,450 3.9 4.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 2 16 0.3 3.0

Construction.......................................................................... 720 699 6.9 6.9

Manufacturing........................................................................ 399 512 2.6 3.4

Durable goods..................................................................... 228 284 2.3 2.9

Nondurable goods................................................................ 172 227 3.1 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 992 936 5.1 4.6

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 345 351 4.2 4.3

Information............................................................................ 114 156 3.9 5.5

Financial activities................................................................... 236 214 2.3 2.1

Professional and business services............................................... 649 816 3.5 4.3

Education and health services..................................................... 599 667 2.4 2.6

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 797 814 6.0 6.0

Other services........................................................................ 209 269 3.3 4.0

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 70 120 4.9 8.0

Government workers................................................................... 429 402 1.9 1.8

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 354 351 3.5 3.5

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.0 1.8 2.2 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.9 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.1 3.7 4.3 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.7 4.4 5.1 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.4 7.0 8.0 6.7 7.0 7.2 7.0 7.1 7.2

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

Jan.

2023

Jan.

2024

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 100,892 101,113 42,156 42,422 58,736 58,691

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,466 5,964 2,722 2,828 2,744 3,135

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,434 1,757 730 856 704 901

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 349 466 233 284 117 182

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,085 1,292 498 572 587 719

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,877 8,133 3,847 3,957 4,030 4,176

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.0 5.1 4.6 4.7 5.4 5.5

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,418 4,602 2,367 2,496 2,051 2,106

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,862 2,048 634 729 1,228 1,319

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 343 416 214 245 129 171

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,212 1,011 610 466 602 545

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.2023 -

Jan.2024p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,688 158,347 158,261 155,626 154,773 157,014 157,347 157,700 353

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,313 134,881 134,900 132,650 132,283 134,014 134,292 134,609 317

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,062 21,768 21,681 21,320 21,494 21,690 21,723 21,751 28

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 642 641 627 631 640 641 635 -6

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 44.0 42.6 41.4 44.8 43.4 42.4 41.5 -0.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 576.7 597.7 598.1 585.1 585.7 596.2 598.1 593.2 -4.9

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.5 118.3 118.8 119.1 116.4 117.4 118.2 119.9 1.7

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.0 188.1 187.0 183.5 186.5 187.1 188.2 188.7 0.5

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.0 42.6 42.8 42.8 42.2 42.7 42.8 42.9 0.1

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 43.9 43.8 43.1 43.4 43.7 43.7 43.2 -0.5

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.7 101.6 100.4 97.6 100.9 100.7 101.7 102.7 1.0

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280.2 291.3 292.3 282.5 282.8 291.7 291.7 284.6 -7.1

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,586 8,173 8,059 7,800 7,921 8,102 8,126 8,137 11

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,757.3 1,837.8 1,838.4 1,801.3 1,800.2 1,829.8 1,838.9 1,843.0 4.1

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 906.8 934.5 936.1 915.9 929.9 931.4 935.9 938.4 2.5

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 850.5 903.3 902.3 885.4 870.3 898.4 903.0 904.6 1.6

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 988.3 1,155.3 1,098.4 1,023.1 1,089.2 1,131.5 1,132.9 1,125.2 -7.7

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,840.7 5,179.7 5,122.3 4,976.0 5,032.0 5,140.3 5,154.5 5,168.4 13.9

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,253.8 2,409.2 2,374.9 2,299.4 2,342.7 2,390.0 2,394.1 2,394.3 0.2

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,586.9 2,770.5 2,747.4 2,676.6 2,689.3 2,750.3 2,760.4 2,774.1 13.7

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,854 12,953 12,981 12,893 12,942 12,948 12,956 12,979 23

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,034 8,133 8,162 8,105 8,075 8,129 8,142 8,146 4

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.6 415.4 414.2 409.9 424.0 415.1 413.4 412.5 -0.9

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.5 425.4 424.7 415.5 423.8 422.5 424.3 424.6 0.3

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369.1 371.3 373.8 370.6 370.7 372.1 372.1 372.3 0.2

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,444.1 1,459.9 1,464.8 1,459.2 1,450.0 1,460.0 1,462.7 1,464.6 1.9

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,124.7 1,136.0 1,142.1 1,140.9 1,127.2 1,138.0 1,142.1 1,143.0 0.9

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,101.7 1,103.7 1,107.5 1,102.8 1,107.1 1,106.5 1,107.0 1,108.4 1.4

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.5 161.9 163.9 163.2 163.8 162.2 163.3 163.4 0.1

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.5 86.9 86.5 86.2 84.8 87.0 86.6 86.8 0.2

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.7 390.3 392.7 391.6 400.4 392.1 393.1 394.0 0.9

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.3 433.9 434.0 431.6 426.9 434.6 433.9 433.6 -0.3

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 30.7 30.4 30.2 31.2 30.6 30.1 30.6 0.5

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.7 415.0 414.2 409.6 414.8 415.1 413.8 411.2 -2.6

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,750.1 1,827.7 1,841.3 1,827.9 1,758.0 1,822.1 1,829.4 1,835.0 5.6

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,019.4 1,061.9 1,071.2 1,059.2 1,024.2 1,058.5 1,061.0 1,064.1 3.1

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.4 352.2 351.4 344.9 366.4 352.0 349.6 346.7 -2.9

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628.5 626.0 627.9 623.5 632.7 625.5 627.1 627.4 0.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,820 4,820 4,819 4,788 4,867 4,819 4,814 4,833 19

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,710.3 1,731.4 1,741.2 1,723.0 1,724.8 1,729.3 1,732.9 1,736.4 3.5

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2 90.5 89.1 88.0 93.9 90.0 89.0 88.8 -0.2

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.6 96.1 95.6 95.1 102.8 96.1 95.3 95.3 0.0

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.9 87.9 88.0 87.6 91.2 88.6 88.4 88.5 0.1

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.8 353.9 355.1 350.8 361.6 353.1 352.9 351.1 -1.8

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 372.7 366.1 365.9 365.9 375.9 364.5 363.8 368.9 5.1

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 108.5 106.7 105.2 107.2 109.0 108.9 109.9 1.0

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.3 893.9 895.9 899.1 900.9 897.2 894.7 901.6 6.9

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745.3 729.6 727.9 725.1 750.0 729.7 727.5 729.7 2.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.2023 -

Jan.2024p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.2 361.8 353.4 347.7 358.8 361.4 360.8 363.0 2.2

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,251 113,113 113,219 111,330 110,789 112,324 112,569 112,858 289

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,730 29,407 29,653 28,927 28,771 28,843 28,901 28,965 64

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,032.1 6,157.4 6,178.8 6,121.0 6,074.5 6,152.1 6,162.8 6,164.9 2.1

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,349.9 3,421.3 3,434.2 3,410.6 3,365.7 3,420.5 3,425.8 3,427.2 1.4

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,171.2 2,216.5 2,227.2 2,202.4 2,195.5 2,215.8 2,222.4 2,226.4 4.0

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 511.0 519.6 517.4 508.0 513.3 515.8 514.6 511.3 -3.3

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,489.5 15,926.4 16,052.4 15,640.2 15,518.3 15,570.4 15,613.6 15,658.8 45.2

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,005.3 2,065.5 2,069.2 2,052.8 2,027.3 2,066.0 2,073.7 2,075.2 1.5

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,259.2 1,290.6 1,295.6 1,288.5 1,267.5 1,291.3 1,294.7 1,296.5 1.8

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170.2 170.6 167.9 165.0 180.1 174.9 174.8 175.1 0.3

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575.9 604.3 605.7 599.3 579.8 599.8 604.3 603.6 -0.7

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,378.9 1,369.4 1,394.2 1,368.9 1,427.9 1,398.9 1,409.0 1,410.4 1.4

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,225.4 3,275.7 3,283.9 3,242.9 3,236.2 3,247.5 3,248.0 3,252.6 4.6

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877.1 850.8 867.6 835.4 869.1 832.0 828.8 826.8 -2.0

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 444.7 438.5 446.4 434.2 439.7 428.6 427.5 428.5 1.0

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 432.4 412.3 421.2 401.2 429.4 403.5 401.3 398.3 -3.0

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,161.2 3,373.7 3,416.6 3,255.9 3,116.6 3,193.0 3,198.3 3,222.0 23.7

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961.9 1,024.6 1,048.1 967.5 931.5 937.7 927.8 945.3 17.5

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,199.3 2,349.1 2,368.5 2,288.4 2,185.1 2,255.3 2,270.5 2,276.7 6.2

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,113.0 1,115.5 1,120.9 1,109.3 1,100.5 1,093.6 1,092.5 1,096.2 3.7

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,042.9 1,071.6 1,070.2 1,062.5 1,051.9 1,066.9 1,070.7 1,071.3 0.6

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,169.7 1,216.8 1,242.8 1,167.9 1,155.1 1,132.7 1,147.3 1,148.6 1.3

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,516.0 1,587.4 1,587.0 1,544.6 1,533.7 1,539.8 1,545.3 1,555.7 10.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,641.7 6,742.1 6,837.0 6,581.6 6,609.4 6,538.9 6,540.5 6,556.0 15.5

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529.3 564.8 568.6 563.0 534.0 566.0 569.5 568.0 -1.5

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.7 152.7 152.7 152.7 150.7 152.8 153.0 152.6 -0.4

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 69.8 69.5 69.4 67.0 71.0 71.0 72.2 1.2

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,563.6 1,565.1 1,558.4 1,532.1 1,587.0 1,550.1 1,553.3 1,555.7 2.4

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438.4 445.5 448.0 445.0 428.5 430.3 432.3 434.7 2.4

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.8 52.1 51.7 52.7 51.2 52.1 51.8 53.0 1.2

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 23.0 28.4 28.8 25.4 29.2 31.0 32.3 30.9 -1.4

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 819.7 830.9 840.6 833.3 821.6 826.9 831.4 834.7 3.3

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,137.9 1,209.6 1,300.8 1,125.3 1,082.7 1,086.4 1,072.4 1,075.2 2.8

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,863.8 1,823.2 1,817.9 1,782.7 1,857.5 1,772.3 1,773.5 1,779.0 5.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566.6 581.1 584.7 584.6 568.4 581.4 583.7 585.5 1.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,020 3,015 3,030 2,988 3,067 2,999 3,017 3,032 15

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.6 431.4 439.5 414.8 422.0 420.4 433.1 444.8 11.7

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951.5 933.8 937.1 934.2 955.1 933.0 935.1 938.0 2.9

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 350.9 343.4 344.9 340.9 353.7 342.3 343.1 343.6 0.5

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.3 636.6 634.8 625.4 658.6 635.0 633.2 629.8 -3.4

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.4 491.5 496.3 495.9 485.7 490.7 494.9 497.0 2.1

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.4 178.2 177.2 177.2 191.4 177.4 177.7 178.9 1.2

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,093 9,239 9,266 9,196 9,145 9,227 9,240 9,248 8

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,699.0 6,744.6 6,758.3 6,726.0 6,713.2 6,736.6 6,741.5 6,741.2 -0.3

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.4 22.6 22.5 22.6 0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,653.3 2,602.2 2,605.5 2,599.0 2,654.7 2,607.2 2,604.2 2,600.1 -4.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.2023 -

Jan.2024p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,798.8 1,784.7 1,785.7 1,783.9 1,798.7 1,787.6 1,785.5 1,783.7 -1.8

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,395.8 1,376.9 1,377.1 1,375.2 1,396.0 1,380.1 1,378.0 1,375.3 -2.7

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 551.8 529.9 532.6 530.3 553.6 531.9 531.9 531.7 -0.2

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 302.7 287.6 287.2 284.8 302.4 287.7 286.8 284.7 -2.1

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,078.8 1,115.6 1,123.0 1,109.3 1,084.7 1,113.4 1,117.3 1,116.2 -1.1

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,944.6 3,004.2 3,007.3 2,995.2 2,951.4 2,993.4 2,997.5 3,002.3 4.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,393.5 2,494.3 2,507.5 2,469.8 2,431.5 2,490.7 2,498.8 2,506.6 7.8

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,826.4 1,876.6 1,891.3 1,864.9 1,846.5 1,868.9 1,875.2 1,882.5 7.3

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.9 594.3 592.7 582.0 562.3 598.6 600.3 600.7 0.4

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 23.4 23.5 22.9 22.7 23.2 23.3 23.4 0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,374 23,067 22,960 22,596 22,771 22,869 22,904 22,978 74

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,651.0 10,941.8 10,981.6 10,936.8 10,694.4 10,907.2 10,941.1 10,983.0 41.9

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,176.8 1,195.2 1,204.1 1,181.9 1,181.9 1,188.1 1,192.2 1,187.8 -4.4

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,163.8 1,125.7 1,155.3 1,186.6 1,135.1 1,151.0 1,155.1 1,159.2 4.1

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,614.9 1,677.6 1,672.9 1,661.7 1,637.3 1,673.4 1,674.5 1,684.4 9.9

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.1 155.8 156.0 154.3 152.4 154.2 154.4 156.4 2.0

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,472.7 2,534.6 2,530.3 2,538.6 2,477.8 2,517.7 2,528.7 2,543.2 14.5

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,822.7 1,904.2 1,908.6 1,888.9 1,835.4 1,886.2 1,893.0 1,901.4 8.4

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.1 949.1 950.1 942.9 916.6 948.5 950.4 952.3 1.9

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496.2 516.3 522.6 514.3 503.2 514.8 519.3 521.3 2.0

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845.7 883.3 881.7 867.6 854.9 873.4 873.6 877.0 3.4

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,538.8 2,557.2 2,568.9 2,556.9 2,545.2 2,556.2 2,560.6 2,563.9 3.3

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,184.6 9,568.3 9,409.5 9,102.3 9,531.1 9,405.5 9,402.3 9,430.9 28.6

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,703.5 9,060.8 8,902.4 8,601.0 9,040.4 8,900.0 8,894.1 8,919.8 25.7

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.6 635.9 631.7 632.1 609.0 632.9 634.8 638.8 4.0

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.9 172.9 172.5 173.9 164.5 172.4 173.0 173.9 0.9

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,644.0 3,693.3 3,629.2 3,445.2 3,758.2 3,553.2 3,535.5 3,544.7 9.2

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,876.2 2,911.8 2,853.6 2,680.6 2,980.3 2,785.8 2,769.0 2,772.9 3.9

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762.6 739.4 740.9 719.5 759.3 723.6 721.6 716.7 -4.9

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.0 197.1 196.5 197.2 187.0 197.5 198.4 200.2 1.8

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 989.3 1,017.2 1,015.3 1,004.0 1,001.4 1,012.9 1,013.0 1,016.0 3.0

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,031.2 2,262.2 2,174.9 2,094.2 2,225.7 2,266.4 2,275.3 2,285.7 10.4

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.9 342.8 341.4 334.9 335.2 341.1 342.4 343.9 1.5

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481.1 507.5 507.1 501.3 490.7 505.5 508.2 511.1 2.9

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 24,712 26,023 25,980 25,757 24,906 25,747 25,831 25,943 112

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,679.8 4,013.4 3,908.4 3,736.6 3,797.0 3,835.0 3,839.3 3,851.1 11.8

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,032.5 22,009.1 22,071.6 22,020.0 21,108.5 21,912.4 21,991.7 22,092.1 100.4

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,604.3 17,314.3 17,369.4 17,310.7 16,661.4 17,241.4 17,295.3 17,365.6 70.3

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,279.6 8,649.8 8,685.0 8,635.1 8,317.7 8,604.5 8,637.7 8,671.1 33.4

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,862.2 2,995.1 3,010.5 2,994.7 2,872.7 2,977.2 2,989.0 3,003.5 14.5

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,019.7 1,033.3 1,036.5 1,030.0 1,022.2 1,031.1 1,031.9 1,032.7 0.8

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,119.6 1,184.5 1,189.4 1,180.4 1,128.1 1,178.0 1,184.6 1,188.9 4.3

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,055.1 1,078.6 1,083.5 1,078.4 1,055.2 1,074.0 1,077.3 1,078.4 1.1

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 318.6 323.9 326.4 323.5 318.5 323.6 325.4 323.9 -1.5

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,561.5 1,680.0 1,684.4 1,676.8 1,578.2 1,667.5 1,676.6 1,691.7 15.1

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.9 354.4 354.3 351.3 342.8 353.1 352.8 352.0 -0.8

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,249.4 5,439.1 5,452.5 5,448.3 5,257.7 5,420.2 5,436.4 5,456.8 20.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Change

from:

Dec.2023 -

Jan.2024p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,075.3 3,225.4 3,231.9 3,227.3 3,086.0 3,216.7 3,221.2 3,237.7 16.5

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,381.2 1,449.0 1,450.3 1,451.8 1,384.8 1,443.5 1,446.1 1,455.1 9.0

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620.4 651.3 655.1 652.6 624.0 650.8 653.5 656.4 2.9

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919.1 967.1 967.6 964.4 921.8 964.7 963.4 967.1 3.7

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 154.6 158.0 158.9 158.5 155.4 157.7 158.2 159.1 0.9

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,428.2 4,694.8 4,702.2 4,709.3 4,447.1 4,671.0 4,696.4 4,726.5 30.1

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,930.5 3,120.1 3,129.1 3,142.2 2,939.9 3,108.2 3,127.8 3,150.1 22.3

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 212.8 225.9 228.1 225.3 212.8 224.4 224.9 225.5 0.6

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 273.4 286.3 285.5 285.4 278.0 285.7 286.5 288.7 2.2

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,011.5 1,062.5 1,059.5 1,056.4 1,016.3 1,052.6 1,057.1 1,062.2 5.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,616 16,496 16,484 16,078 16,345 16,775 16,813 16,824 11

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,174.1 2,435.6 2,438.7 2,360.1 2,420.4 2,577.8 2,595.6 2,611.8 16.2

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462.6 594.9 593.9 545.2 527.0 604.3 612.4 613.7 1.3

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.6 173.4 170.2 164.4 166.3 176.1 176.2 178.3 2.1

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,558.9 1,667.3 1,674.6 1,650.5 1,727.1 1,797.4 1,807.0 1,819.8 12.8

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,441.6 14,060.7 14,045.1 13,718.2 13,924.6 14,197.3 14,217.6 14,212.1 -5.5

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,764.2 1,849.5 1,855.4 1,819.6 1,872.2 1,910.6 1,926.0 1,922.9 -3.1

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,677.4 12,211.2 12,189.7 11,898.6 12,052.4 12,286.7 12,291.6 12,289.2 -2.4

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,706 5,866 5,846 5,788 5,784 5,864 5,863 5,868 5

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,409.0 1,472.8 1,469.6 1,457.0 1,427.3 1,470.4 1,474.0 1,475.7 1.7

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,503.4 1,554.4 1,542.6 1,521.9 1,525.8 1,549.0 1,541.8 1,546.0 4.2

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,794.0 2,838.8 2,834.0 2,809.4 2,830.5 2,844.7 2,846.9 2,845.8 -1.1

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,375 23,466 23,361 22,976 22,490 23,000 23,055 23,091 36

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,868 2,964 2,966 2,954 2,882 2,952 2,957 2,968 11

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,269.4 2,358.0 2,353.9 2,349.1 2,282.3 2,350.2 2,356.1 2,362.6 6.5

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598.4 606.0 612.3 604.8 599.5 601.7 601.0 605.5 4.5

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,108 5,569 5,493 5,311 5,206 5,383 5,398 5,408 10

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,439.1 2,814.5 2,737.4 2,558.3 2,521.8 2,624.6 2,633.2 2,638.8 5.6

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,668.6 2,754.9 2,755.5 2,752.9 2,684.3 2,758.5 2,764.5 2,769.5 5.0

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,399 14,933 14,902 14,711 14,402 14,665 14,700 14,715 15

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,024.1 8,325.5 8,309.7 8,145.4 7,902.3 8,017.3 8,029.8 8,025.8 -4.0

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,375.3 6,607.5 6,592.5 6,565.5 6,499.8 6,647.4 6,670.2 6,689.6 19.4

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.6 34.4 34.3 34.1

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.2 39.8 39.7 39.5

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.7 45.2 45.5 44.6

Construction....................................................................... 39.2 39.3 39.0 38.6

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.5 39.9 39.8 39.8

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.9 40.3 40.3 40.1

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.8 39.2 39.0 39.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 33.9 33.8 33.4

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.7 38.9 38.7

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.2 30.0 29.6 29.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.6 38.1 38.4 38.0

Utilities........................................................................... 42.1 41.9 41.7 42.1

Information......................................................................... 36.7 36.2 36.2 36.1

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.2

Professional and business services............................................ 36.6 36.5 36.4 36.3

Private education and health services......................................... 33.4 33.2 33.3 33.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.6 25.6 25.8 25.3

Other services..................................................................... 32.3 32.3 32.2 32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8

Nondurable goods................................................................... 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Total private............................................... $33.07 $34.23 $34.36 $34.55 $1,144.22 $1,177.51 $1,178.55 $1,178.16

Goods-producing....................................... 33.30 34.77 34.95 35.02 1,338.66 1,383.85 1,387.52 1,383.29

Mining and logging.................................. 36.96 38.63 38.78 39.10 1,689.07 1,746.08 1,764.49 1,743.86

Construction.......................................... 35.70 37.21 37.34 37.55 1,399.44 1,462.35 1,456.26 1,449.43

Manufacturing........................................ 31.68 33.06 33.26 33.26 1,283.04 1,319.09 1,323.75 1,323.75

Durable goods.................................... 33.16 34.70 34.96 34.96 1,356.24 1,398.41 1,408.89 1,401.90

Nondurable goods................................ 29.14 30.21 30.29 30.32 1,159.77 1,184.23 1,181.31 1,188.54

Private service-providing.............................. 33.01 34.10 34.23 34.45 1,105.84 1,135.53 1,139.86 1,136.85

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 28.51 29.43 29.62 29.74 975.04 997.68 1,001.16 993.32

Wholesale trade.................................. 36.29 37.12 37.22 37.30 1,411.68 1,436.54 1,447.86 1,443.51

Retail trade........................................ 23.56 24.10 24.27 24.29 711.51 723.00 718.39 706.84

Transportation and warehousing............... 28.49 30.01 30.20 30.38 1,099.71 1,143.38 1,159.68 1,154.44

Utilities............................................. 48.88 50.43 50.50 50.77 2,057.85 2,113.02 2,105.85 2,137.42

Information........................................... 47.76 49.15 49.23 49.24 1,752.79 1,779.23 1,782.13 1,777.56

Financial activities................................... 42.50 44.36 44.52 44.77 1,589.50 1,659.06 1,665.05 1,665.44

Professional and business services.............. 39.72 41.12 41.29 41.56 1,453.75 1,500.88 1,502.96 1,508.63

Private education and health services............ 32.65 33.58 33.63 33.85 1,090.51 1,114.86 1,119.88 1,120.44

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 20.78 21.53 21.60 21.69 531.97 551.17 557.28 548.76

Other services....................................... 29.56 30.89 31.06 31.22 954.79 997.75 1,000.13 1,005.28

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Total private..................................... 114.9 115.7 115.6 115.2 -0.3 181.7 189.4 190.0 190.3 0.2

Goods-producing............................. 98.4 98.4 98.3 97.9 -0.4 148.2 154.6 155.2 154.9 -0.2

Mining and logging........................ 90.6 90.9 91.6 89.0 -2.8 134.5 141.0 142.7 139.7 -2.1

Construction................................ 107.0 109.8 109.2 108.3 -0.8 166.0 177.5 177.2 176.6 -0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 94.3 92.9 92.8 92.9 0.1 138.9 142.9 143.5 143.7 0.1

Durable goods........................... 93.0 92.2 92.4 92.0 -0.4 136.9 142.1 143.4 142.8 -0.4

Nondurable goods...................... 96.7 94.3 93.7 94.6 1.0 143.0 144.5 144.0 145.5 1.0

Private service-providing.................... 119.5 120.4 120.7 119.9 -0.7 191.7 199.6 200.8 200.8 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.5 106.8 106.7 105.7 -0.9 165.3 169.6 170.5 169.5 -0.6

Wholesale trade......................... 104.2 105.0 105.7 105.2 -0.5 158.2 163.1 164.6 164.2 -0.2

Retail trade.............................. 95.4 95.1 94.1 92.7 -1.5 148.6 151.5 151.0 149.0 -1.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 146.6 143.1 144.3 143.1 -0.8 212.5 218.5 221.7 221.2 -0.2

Utilities.................................... 103.5 105.4 105.3 106.6 1.2 167.2 175.6 175.7 178.9 1.8

Information................................. 102.8 99.2 99.8 100.0 0.2 174.8 173.5 174.9 175.3 0.2

Financial activities......................... 112.0 113.0 113.2 112.7 -0.4 185.7 195.6 196.6 196.8 0.1

Professional and business services..... 130.4 130.6 130.4 130.5 0.1 209.8 217.5 218.2 219.7 0.7

Private education and health services... 135.8 139.6 140.5 140.2 -0.2 213.4 225.5 227.2 228.3 0.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 119.4 122.5 123.8 121.4 -1.9 200.2 212.8 215.7 212.5 -1.5

Other services............................. 107.7 109.2 108.8 108.9 0.1 174.5 184.9 185.3 186.4 0.6

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Total nonfarm............................................. 77,115 78,262 78,444 78,642 49.8 49.8 49.9 49.9

Total private............................................ 63,984 64,846 64,990 65,149 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,960 5,001 5,013 5,021 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging............................... 81 84 84 85 12.8 13.1 13.1 13.4

Construction....................................... 1,116 1,155 1,159 1,164 14.1 14.3 14.3 14.3

Manufacturing..................................... 3,763 3,762 3,770 3,772 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1

Durable goods.................................. 2,009 2,024 2,031 2,025 24.9 24.9 24.9 24.9

Nondurable goods............................. 1,754 1,738 1,739 1,747 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1

Private service-providing........................... 59,024 59,845 59,977 60,128 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,337 11,258 11,291 11,308 39.4 39.0 39.1 39.0

Wholesale trade................................ 1,859.4 1,871.8 1,878.3 1,878.2 30.6 30.4 30.5 30.5

Retail trade..................................... 7,534.3 7,492.7 7,520.1 7,541.7 48.6 48.1 48.2 48.2

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,794.9 1,739.2 1,737.8 1,732.3 27.2 26.6 26.6 26.4

Utilities........................................... 148.0 154.0 154.9 155.9 26.0 26.5 26.5 26.6

Information......................................... 1,239 1,211 1,219 1,226 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4

Financial activities................................ 5,095 5,131 5,136 5,144 55.7 55.6 55.6 55.6

Professional and business services............ 10,488 10,493 10,504 10,558 46.1 45.9 45.9 45.9

Private education and health services......... 19,145 19,809 19,863 19,933 76.9 76.9 76.9 76.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,638 8,816 8,834 8,833 52.8 52.6 52.5 52.5

Other services..................................... 3,082 3,127 3,130 3,126 53.3 53.3 53.4 53.3

Government............................................. 13,131 13,416 13,454 13,493 58.4 58.3 58.4 58.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Total private............................................................................... 107,736 109,018 109,217 109,564

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,443 15,503 15,514 15,568

Mining and logging.................................................................. 481 496 498 500

Construction.......................................................................... 5,852 5,941 5,952 5,970

Manufacturing........................................................................ 9,110 9,066 9,064 9,098

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,609 5,588 5,590 5,608

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,501 3,478 3,474 3,490

Private service-providing.............................................................. 92,293 93,515 93,703 93,996

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,266 24,340 24,392 24,446

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,826.8 4,855.5 4,854.5 4,862.0

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,242.6 13,312.4 13,365.1 13,403.1

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,744.2 5,709.2 5,707.6 5,712.9

Utilities.............................................................................. 451.9 463.1 465.1 467.7

Information............................................................................ 2,445 2,399 2,413 2,435

Financial activities................................................................... 6,885 6,935 6,948 6,958

Professional and business services............................................... 18,062 18,033 18,042 18,115

Private education and health services............................................ 21,690 22,414 22,500 22,601

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,246 14,620 14,645 14,671

Other services........................................................................ 4,699 4,774 4,763 4,770

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.0 33.7 33.7 33.5

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.8 40.6 40.3 39.9

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.7 48.1 47.9 46.8

Construction....................................................................... 40.1 40.2 39.8 39.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.9 40.5 40.3 40.0

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.1 40.7 40.5 40.3

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.5 40.2 39.9 39.7

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.9 32.6 32.6 32.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 33.9 33.9 33.7

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.7 38.6 38.6

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.5 30.3 30.1 30.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.0 37.6 37.9 37.4

Utilities........................................................................... 42.7 42.0 42.4 42.6

Information......................................................................... 36.3 35.8 35.7 35.8

Financial activities................................................................ 37.1 36.7 36.8 36.8

Professional and business services............................................ 36.4 36.3 36.3 36.0

Private education and health services......................................... 32.6 32.3 32.4 32.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.7 24.2 24.4 24.1

Other services..................................................................... 31.3 31.2 31.3 31.0

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.4

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.4

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Total private............................................... $28.31 $29.42 $29.53 $29.66 $962.54 $991.45 $995.16 $993.61

Goods-producing....................................... 28.95 30.26 30.45 30.56 1,181.16 1,228.56 1,227.14 1,219.34

Mining and logging.................................. 33.48 34.96 35.72 36.13 1,597.00 1,681.58 1,710.99 1,690.88

Construction.......................................... 33.44 34.96 35.01 35.21 1,340.94 1,405.39 1,393.40 1,376.71

Manufacturing........................................ 25.85 26.89 27.14 27.22 1,057.27 1,089.05 1,093.74 1,088.80

Durable goods.................................... 26.96 28.07 28.37 28.54 1,108.06 1,142.45 1,148.99 1,150.16

Nondurable goods................................ 24.04 24.98 25.13 25.05 973.62 1,004.20 1,002.69 994.49

Private service-providing.............................. 28.18 29.25 29.34 29.47 927.12 953.55 956.48 957.78

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.74 25.56 25.64 25.73 846.11 866.48 869.20 867.10

Wholesale trade.................................. 30.01 30.73 30.85 31.02 1,167.39 1,189.25 1,190.81 1,197.37

Retail trade........................................ 20.23 20.65 20.73 20.73 617.02 625.70 623.97 623.97

Transportation and warehousing............... 26.89 28.51 28.52 28.72 1,021.82 1,071.98 1,080.91 1,074.13

Utilities............................................. 43.51 44.88 44.87 45.23 1,857.88 1,884.96 1,902.49 1,926.80

Information........................................... 38.93 40.53 40.68 40.70 1,413.16 1,450.97 1,452.28 1,457.06

Financial activities................................... 32.93 34.71 34.77 34.99 1,221.70 1,273.86 1,279.54 1,287.63

Professional and business services.............. 33.47 34.69 34.84 35.09 1,218.31 1,259.25 1,264.69 1,263.24

Private education and health services............ 29.76 30.68 30.75 30.85 970.18 990.96 996.30 996.46

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 18.20 19.27 19.30 19.25 449.54 466.33 470.92 463.93

Other services....................................... 25.41 26.69 26.92 27.07 795.33 832.73 842.60 839.17

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Jan.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Jan.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Dec.

2023 -

Jan.

2024p

Total private..................................... 122.1 122.4 122.6 122.3 -0.2 231.0 240.7 242.1 242.5 0.2

Goods-producing............................. 96.3 96.2 95.5 94.9 -0.6 170.7 178.2 178.1 177.6 -0.3

Mining and logging........................ 121.9 126.8 126.8 124.3 -2.0 237.4 257.8 263.3 261.3 -0.8

Construction................................ 117.5 119.6 118.6 116.9 -1.4 212.2 225.7 224.2 222.2 -0.9

Manufacturing.............................. 85.5 84.3 83.9 83.5 -0.5 144.6 148.2 148.8 148.7 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 86.6 85.4 85.1 84.9 -0.2 145.8 149.7 150.6 151.3 0.5

Nondurable goods...................... 83.5 82.4 81.7 81.6 -0.1 141.9 145.4 145.0 144.5 -0.3

Private service-providing.................... 129.4 129.9 130.2 130.2 0.0 250.1 260.6 261.9 263.1 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 116.2 115.5 115.7 115.3 -0.3 205.4 211.0 212.1 212.1 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 111.4 111.5 111.2 111.4 0.2 197.4 202.3 202.5 203.9 0.7

Retail trade.............................. 102.4 102.3 102.0 102.3 0.3 177.6 181.1 181.3 181.8 0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 165.2 162.5 163.7 161.7 -1.2 282.7 294.8 297.2 295.6 -0.5

Utilities.................................... 98.7 99.5 100.8 101.9 1.1 179.2 186.3 188.9 192.4 1.9

Information................................. 101.3 98.0 98.3 99.5 1.2 195.2 196.7 198.0 200.5 1.3

Financial activities......................... 120.2 119.8 120.3 120.5 0.2 243.6 255.8 257.4 259.4 0.8

Professional and business services..... 146.8 146.1 146.2 145.6 -0.4 292.2 301.5 303.0 303.8 0.3

Private education and health services... 150.8 154.4 155.4 155.6 0.1 296.1 312.6 315.5 316.9 0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 128.9 129.6 130.9 129.5 -1.1 266.4 283.6 286.9 283.1 -1.3

Other services............................. 103.2 104.5 104.6 103.7 -0.9 191.0 203.1 205.1 204.5 -0.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.