For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, February 1, 2022 USDL-22-0152

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2021

The number of job openings was little changed at 10.9 million on the last business day of December, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires and total separations decreased to 6.3 million and 

5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was little changed at 2.9 percent. The layoffs 

and discharges rate was little changed at 0.8 percent, a series low. This release includes estimates of the 

number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, by four 

geographic regions, and by establishment size class.

Job Openings

On the last business day of December, the number of job openings was little changed at 10.9 million. 

The job openings rate was unchanged at 6.8 percent. Job openings increased in several industries with 

the largest increases in accommodation and food services (+133,000), information (+40,000), and 

nondurable goods manufacturing and state and local government education (+31,000 each). Job 

openings decreased in finance and insurance (-89,000) and in wholesale trade (-48,000). The number of 

job openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)

Hires

In December, the number of hires decreased to 6.3 million (-333,000). The hires rate was little changed 

at 4.2 percent. Hires decreased in professional and business services (-159,000). Hires decreased in the 

West region. (See table 2.)

 3.0

 3.4

 3.8

 4.2

 4.6

 5.0

 5.4

 5.8

 6.2

 6.6

 7.0

 7.4

Dec-18 Jun-19 Dec-19 Jun-20 Dec-20 Jun-21 Dec-21

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted, December 2018 - December 2021

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

Dec-18 Jun-19 Dec-19 Jun-20 Dec-20 Jun-21 Dec-21

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted, December 2018 - December 2021
- 2 -

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 

workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 

by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 

to other locations of the same firm.

In December, the number of total separations decreased to 5.9 million (-305,000). The total separations

rate was little changed at 4.0 percent. Among the industries, only federal government had an increase in 

total separations (+15,000). Total separations decreased in the Northeast and South regions. (See table 

3.)

The number of quits edged down in December to 4.3 million (-161,000) following a series high in 

November. The quits rate was little changed at 2.9 percent. Quits decreased in health care and social 

assistance (-89,000), accommodation and food services (-64,000), and construction (-44,000). Quits 

increased in nondurable goods manufacturing (+19,000). The number of quits decreased in the South

region. (See table 4.)

In December, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges were little changed at 1.2 million and 0.8 

percent, respectively; both series lows. Layoffs and discharges decreased in retail trade (-67,000) but 

increased in federal government (+14,000). The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in the 

Northeast region. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in December at 392,000. Other separations

decreased in durable goods manufacturing (-7,000). The other separations level increased in educational

services and in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+3,000 each). Other separations increased in the West

region. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in December 2021, hires totaled 75.3 million and separations totaled 68.9

million, yielding a net employment gain of 6.4 million. These totals include workers who may have been 

hired and separated more than once during the year.

Establishment Size Class

In December, the hires rate decreased in large establishments with 5,000 or more employees. For a more 

in-depth description of the JOLTS establishment size class estimates, please visit 

www.bls.gov/jlt/sizeclassmethodology.htm.

____________

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2022 are scheduled to be 

released on Wednesday, March 9, 2022 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
- 3 -

Upcoming Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates

As part of an annual process, the January 2022 release on March 9, 2022 will incorporate the annual 

updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

factors. Unadjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from January 2017 forward are subject to revision.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact

Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data

More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including 

information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-ofcovid-19-pandemic-on-job-openings-and-labor-turnover-data.htm.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 6,752 10,775 10,925 5,411 6,596 6,263 5,582 6,205 5,900

Total private....................................... 6,094 9,753 9,882 5,072 6,202 5,870 5,236 5,856 5,548

Mining and logging............................. 21 41 46 24 23 23 19 20 15

Construction.................................... 267 358 337 399 419 373 352 387 330

Manufacturing.................................. 479 853 856 398 463 433 387 411 426

Durable goods............................... 271 507 479 224 255 237 213 229 225

Nondurable goods........................... 209 346 377 174 207 196 173 182 201

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,215 1,892 1,868 1,199 1,388 1,340 1,123 1,327 1,258

Wholesale trade............................. 173 322 274 160 182 160 151 171 151

Retail trade................................... 764 1,025 1,014 814 879 861 737 895 867

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 277 546 580 225 327 319 235 260 240

Information...................................... 109 177 217 72 104 102 74 96 117

Financial activities.............................. 295 529 445 212 227 213 182 207 200

Finance and insurance..................... 231 407 318 134 151 137 113 139 130

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 65 122 128 78 75 76 69 68 70

Professional and business services......... 1,478 1,854 1,875 1,121 1,273 1,114 1,007 1,181 1,121

Education and health services............... 1,277 2,006 2,067 700 815 803 681 827 760

Educational services........................ 90 180 207 67 102 102 102 88 82

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,187 1,826 1,859 633 713 701 579 739 679

Leisure and hospitality........................ 747 1,585 1,716 758 1,232 1,208 1,221 1,166 1,085

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 62 185 183 60 160 144 173 143 126

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 685 1,400 1,533 698 1,073 1,063 1,049 1,023 958

Other services.................................. 205 458 456 187 258 261 190 235 236

Government....................................... 659 1,021 1,042 339 394 393 346 348 353

Federal.......................................... 98 164 174 47 54 49 50 40 55

State and local................................. 561 858 868 292 341 344 296 309 297

State and local education.................. 217 331 362 145 185 189 141 150 144

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 344 526 506 147 155 155 155 158 153

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.5 6.8 6.8 3.8 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.0

Total private....................................... 4.8 7.1 7.2 4.2 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.4

Mining and logging............................. 3.4 5.9 6.6 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.1 3.1 2.3

Construction.................................... 3.5 4.5 4.3 5.4 5.6 4.9 4.8 5.1 4.4

Manufacturing.................................. 3.8 6.4 6.4 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4

Durable goods............................... 3.4 6.1 5.8 2.9 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9

Nondurable goods........................... 4.3 6.8 7.3 3.8 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.8 4.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.3 6.4 6.3 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.1 4.8 4.5

Wholesale trade............................. 3.0 5.3 4.5 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.6

Retail trade................................... 4.8 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.7 5.6 4.8 5.8 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 4.3 7.7 8.1 3.6 5.0 4.9 3.8 4.0 3.6

Information...................................... 3.9 6.0 7.2 2.7 3.7 3.7 2.8 3.4 4.2

Financial activities.............................. 3.3 5.6 4.8 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.2

Finance and insurance..................... 3.4 5.8 4.6 2.0 2.3 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 2.8 5.0 5.2 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.0

Professional and business services......... 6.7 8.0 8.0 5.5 6.0 5.2 4.9 5.5 5.2

Education and health services............... 5.2 7.8 8.0 3.0 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.5 3.2

Educational services........................ 2.6 4.7 5.4 2.0 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.4 2.2

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.6 8.3 8.4 3.2 3.5 3.5 2.9 3.7 3.4

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.4 9.2 9.9 5.8 7.9 7.7 9.3 7.5 6.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 3.5 7.6 7.5 3.5 7.1 6.4 10.1 6.4 5.7

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 5.7 9.5 10.2 6.1 8.0 7.9 9.2 7.6 7.1

Other services.................................. 3.6 7.3 7.3 3.4 4.5 4.5 3.5 4.0 4.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Government....................................... 3.0 4.5 4.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6

Federal.......................................... 3.3 5.4 5.7 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.9

State and local................................. 2.9 4.3 4.4 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6

State and local education.................. 2.2 3.2 3.5 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.4

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 3.7 5.5 5.3 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7

p Preliminary
Technical Note 

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System. 

Definitions 

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements. 

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work

available for that position. The position can

be full-time or part-time, and it can be

permanent, short-term, or seasonal.

 The job could start within 30 days, whether

or not the employer can find a suitable

candidate during that time.

 The employer is actively recruiting workers

from outside the establishment to fill the

position. Active recruiting means that the

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar 

sources. 

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are 

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly. 

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program. 

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data 

elements. 

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations. 

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust 

again. 

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each 

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 

annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established. 

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month. 

Reliability of the estimates 

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected. 

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true 

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation. 

Other information 

Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total............................................... 6,752 10,629 10,602 11,091 10,775 10,925 4.5 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.8 6.8

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,094 9,775 9,614 10,173 9,753 9,882 4.8 7.2 7.1 7.4 7.1 7.2

Mining and logging......................... 21 38 37 36 41 46 3.4 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.9 6.6

Construction................................ 267 358 354 455 358 337 3.5 4.6 4.5 5.7 4.5 4.3

Manufacturing.............................. 479 869 948 955 853 856 3.8 6.5 7.1 7.1 6.4 6.4

Durable goods........................... 271 488 568 552 507 479 3.4 5.9 6.8 6.6 6.1 5.8

Nondurable goods....................... 209 381 380 402 346 377 4.3 7.5 7.5 7.8 6.8 7.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,215 2,035 2,020 1,972 1,892 1,868 4.3 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.3

Wholesale trade......................... 173 269 319 339 322 274 3.0 4.5 5.3 5.6 5.3 4.5

Retail trade............................... 764 1,196 1,073 1,057 1,025 1,014 4.8 7.2 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 277 570 629 576 546 580 4.3 8.2 8.9 8.1 7.7 8.1

Information.................................. 109 179 155 173 177 217 3.9 6.1 5.3 5.8 6.0 7.2

Financial activities......................... 295 474 438 450 529 445 3.3 5.1 4.7 4.8 5.6 4.8

Finance and insurance................. 231 288 322 324 407 318 3.4 4.2 4.7 4.7 5.8 4.6

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 65 186 115 126 122 128 2.8 7.5 4.7 5.1 5.0 5.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,478 1,869 1,784 1,871 1,854 1,875 6.7 8.2 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.0

Education and health services........... 1,277 1,782 1,940 2,043 2,006 2,067 5.2 7.0 7.6 7.9 7.8 8.0

Educational services.................... 90 182 134 174 180 207 2.6 4.8 3.6 4.6 4.7 5.4

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,187 1,600 1,806 1,869 1,826 1,859 5.6 7.4 8.2 8.5 8.3 8.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 747 1,683 1,530 1,750 1,585 1,716 5.4 9.9 9.1 10.1 9.2 9.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 62 224 186 178 185 183 3.5 9.5 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 685 1,459 1,344 1,571 1,400 1,533 5.7 10.0 9.3 10.5 9.5 10.2

Other services.............................. 205 487 407 469 458 456 3.6 7.8 6.6 7.5 7.3 7.3

Government................................... 659 853 988 918 1,021 1,042 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.0 4.5 4.5

Federal...................................... 98 135 136 137 164 174 3.3 4.5 4.5 4.6 5.4 5.7

State and local............................. 561 718 852 781 858 868 2.9 3.6 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.4

State and local education.............. 217 297 261 303 331 362 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.5

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 344 421 591 477 526 506 3.7 4.5 6.2 5.0 5.5 5.3

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,142 1,833 1,806 1,839 1,913 1,950 4.2 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.7

South........................................... 2,645 4,134 4,051 4,198 4,013 4,079 4.8 7.1 6.9 7.2 6.8 6.9

Midwest........................................ 1,465 2,239 2,364 2,569 2,391 2,381 4.5 6.6 6.9 7.4 6.9 6.9

West............................................ 1,501 2,422 2,382 2,485 2,458 2,515 4.3 6.6 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.7

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total............................................... 5,411 6,497 6,546 6,506 6,596 6,263 3.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,072 6,140 6,206 6,140 6,202 5,870 4.2 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.6

Mining and logging......................... 24 24 18 23 23 23 4.0 3.7 2.8 3.6 3.6 3.5

Construction................................ 399 391 361 375 419 373 5.4 5.3 4.8 5.0 5.6 4.9

Manufacturing.............................. 398 476 483 482 463 433 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.4

Durable goods........................... 224 260 264 270 255 237 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.0

Nondurable goods....................... 174 216 219 212 207 196 3.8 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,199 1,411 1,375 1,384 1,388 1,340 4.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.8

Wholesale trade......................... 160 194 179 171 182 160 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.2 2.8

Retail trade............................... 814 932 896 875 879 861 5.3 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 225 284 301 338 327 319 3.6 4.4 4.7 5.2 5.0 4.9

Information.................................. 72 105 109 126 104 102 2.7 3.8 3.9 4.5 3.7 3.7

Financial activities......................... 212 201 299 207 227 213 2.4 2.3 3.4 2.3 2.5 2.4

Finance and insurance................. 134 126 224 129 151 137 2.0 1.9 3.4 2.0 2.3 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 78 75 75 78 75 76 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,121 1,200 1,230 1,237 1,273 1,114 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0 5.2

Education and health services........... 700 815 808 801 815 803 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

Educational services.................... 67 139 59 104 102 102 2.0 3.8 1.6 2.9 2.8 2.8

Health care and social assistance. . .. 633 676 749 697 713 701 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 758 1,274 1,243 1,241 1,232 1,208 5.8 8.4 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 60 194 193 166 160 144 3.5 9.0 8.8 7.5 7.1 6.4

Accommodation and food services. .. 698 1,080 1,050 1,075 1,073 1,063 6.1 8.2 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.9

Other services.............................. 187 245 279 264 258 261 3.4 4.3 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.5

Government................................... 339 357 340 366 394 393 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8

Federal...................................... 47 47 42 44 54 49 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.7

State and local............................. 292 310 298 321 341 344 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8

State and local education.............. 145 161 127 164 185 189 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.9

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 147 149 171 157 155 155 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 867 972 1,033 1,034 1,012 1,004 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7

South........................................... 2,156 2,659 2,662 2,636 2,689 2,534 4.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.6

Midwest........................................ 1,203 1,349 1,365 1,349 1,376 1,358 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.2

West............................................ 1,184 1,518 1,485 1,486 1,518 1,367 3.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 3.9

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total............................................... 5,582 6,032 6,147 5,891 6,205 5,900 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,236 5,735 5,821 5,538 5,856 5,548 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.4

Mining and logging......................... 19 19 16 22 20 15 3.1 2.9 2.5 3.4 3.1 2.3

Construction................................ 352 384 321 340 387 330 4.8 5.2 4.3 4.5 5.1 4.4

Manufacturing.............................. 387 444 452 420 411 426 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.4

Durable goods........................... 213 248 243 232 229 225 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9

Nondurable goods....................... 173 196 209 188 182 201 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.0 3.8 4.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,123 1,381 1,282 1,257 1,327 1,258 4.1 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.5

Wholesale trade......................... 151 200 167 158 171 151 2.7 3.5 2.9 2.7 3.0 2.6

Retail trade............................... 737 959 861 866 895 867 4.8 6.2 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 235 223 255 233 260 240 3.8 3.5 3.9 3.6 4.0 3.6

Information.................................. 74 80 97 101 96 117 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.4 4.2

Financial activities......................... 182 196 267 187 207 200 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.1 2.3 2.2

Finance and insurance................. 113 128 207 117 139 130 1.7 2.0 3.2 1.8 2.1 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 69 67 59 70 68 70 3.1 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,007 1,126 1,134 1,120 1,181 1,121 4.9 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.2

Education and health services........... 681 742 806 783 827 760 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.2

Educational services.................... 102 71 89 88 88 82 3.1 1.9 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 579 672 717 694 739 679 2.9 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,221 1,180 1,158 1,067 1,166 1,085 9.3 7.7 7.5 6.9 7.5 6.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 173 120 167 149 143 126 10.1 5.6 7.6 6.7 6.4 5.7

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,049 1,060 992 918 1,023 958 9.2 8.1 7.5 6.9 7.6 7.1

Other services.............................. 190 181 288 241 235 236 3.5 3.2 5.0 4.2 4.0 4.1

Government................................... 346 297 326 353 348 353 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6

Federal...................................... 50 43 45 48 40 55 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.9

State and local............................. 296 255 281 305 309 297 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6

State and local education.............. 141 125 149 145 150 144 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 155 130 132 160 158 153 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.7

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 858 888 922 930 958 815 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.0

South........................................... 2,186 2,370 2,476 2,389 2,569 2,405 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.4

Midwest........................................ 1,166 1,401 1,381 1,242 1,327 1,295 3.8 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.1 4.0

West............................................ 1,372 1,374 1,367 1,330 1,351 1,384 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.0

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total............................................... 3,407 4,270 4,362 4,157 4,499 4,338 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,224 4,087 4,166 3,945 4,283 4,129 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.2

Mining and logging......................... 9 10 9 14 12 11 1.6 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.9 1.7

Construction................................ 161 192 192 191 225 181 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.0 2.4

Manufacturing.............................. 240 312 324 298 294 308 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.5

Durable goods........................... 135 170 172 163 166 162 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1

Nondurable goods....................... 105 141 152 135 128 147 2.3 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.7 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 816 1,041 976 953 1,012 1,044 3.0 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.8

Wholesale trade......................... 97 158 126 117 129 115 1.7 2.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0

Retail trade............................... 549 730 686 691 707 759 3.6 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 170 153 164 145 176 170 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.6

Information.................................. 39 43 49 54 54 60 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1

Financial activities......................... 108 126 150 113 136 130 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.5

Finance and insurance................. 69 85 113 66 84 78 1.1 1.3 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 38 41 37 47 53 52 1.7 1.8 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 581 701 719 730 800 776 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.6

Education and health services........... 471 597 625 606 653 558 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.3

Educational services.................... 52 44 63 60 61 55 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5

Health care and social assistance. . .. 419 552 562 546 592 503 2.1 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 687 934 955 840 966 906 5.2 6.1 6.2 5.4 6.2 5.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 71 68 117 79 78 83 4.2 3.2 5.3 3.6 3.5 3.7

Accommodation and food services. .. 616 867 838 761 887 823 5.4 6.6 6.4 5.7 6.6 6.1

Other services.............................. 113 132 167 146 132 153 2.1 2.3 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.6

Government................................... 183 183 196 212 215 210 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

Federal...................................... 21 20 22 23 22 21 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

State and local............................. 162 163 174 188 194 188 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0

State and local education.............. 81 77 92 88 89 88 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 81 86 82 101 105 100 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 436 619 616 611 649 623 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3

South........................................... 1,465 1,706 1,805 1,723 1,905 1,799 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.3

Midwest........................................ 761 1,024 949 888 973 965 2.5 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0

West............................................ 746 921 992 936 971 951 2.2 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.7

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total............................................... 1,823 1,385 1,396 1,350 1,309 1,169 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,734 1,330 1,333 1,283 1,245 1,097 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9

Mining and logging......................... 9 8 5 7 6 3 1.5 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.4

Construction................................ 183 168 113 132 154 130 2.5 2.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.7

Manufacturing.............................. 120 104 105 99 84 95 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8

Durable goods........................... 64 60 59 53 42 50 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.6

Nondurable goods....................... 56 44 47 45 42 45 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 243 271 246 252 250 157 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6

Wholesale trade......................... 40 31 32 36 37 31 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

Retail trade............................... 156 186 145 146 142 75 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 46 54 70 70 72 51 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.8

Information.................................. 30 25 38 37 32 43 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5

Financial activities......................... 50 44 47 37 34 41 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5

Finance and insurance................. 23 24 30 20 20 25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 27 20 17 17 14 15 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7

Professional and business services. . . .. 359 347 359 318 294 247 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2

Education and health services........... 168 111 141 130 131 169 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7

Educational services.................... 41 21 21 23 21 19 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

Health care and social assistance. . .. 126 89 120 107 109 150 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 506 211 177 196 172 142 3.9 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 98 50 46 66 62 37 5.7 2.4 2.1 3.0 2.8 1.6

Accommodation and food services. .. 409 161 131 130 111 105 3.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8

Other services.............................. 66 42 102 76 89 70 1.2 0.7 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.2

Government................................... 89 54 63 67 64 73 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 12 8 10 9 5 19 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.7

State and local............................. 77 46 54 58 59 54 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local education.............. 31 29 27 30 35 31 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 46 17 27 29 24 23 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 356 205 243 260 239 132 1.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.5

South........................................... 576 516 531 505 519 474 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

Midwest........................................ 338 299 346 282 266 263 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8

West............................................ 554 365 276 302 285 300 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Aug.

2021

Sept.

2021

Oct.

2021

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total............................................... 352 378 388 385 397 392 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 278 317 322 311 328 322 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

Mining and logging......................... 1 1 2 2 1 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Construction................................ 7 24 16 18 9 19 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 27 28 23 24 33 23 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Durable goods........................... 14 18 12 15 21 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 12 10 10 9 12 9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 64 69 60 52 65 57 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 13 11 9 4 5 5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Retail trade............................... 32 43 29 30 47 33 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 19 16 22 18 13 18 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Information.................................. 4 13 10 10 11 14 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5

Financial activities......................... 24 26 70 37 37 29 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 21 20 64 32 35 27 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 3 7 5 6 2 3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 67 79 55 72 86 98 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5

Education and health services........... 43 35 41 47 44 34 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Educational services.................... 9 5 5 6 5 8 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 34 30 36 42 38 25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 28 34 27 31 28 36 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 3 2 4 4 3 6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 24 32 23 27 25 30 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Other services.............................. 12 8 18 18 14 12 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2

Government................................... 74 60 66 74 69 70 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 17 15 13 16 13 15 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5

State and local............................. 57 46 53 58 56 55 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local education.............. 29 18 30 27 27 25 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 28 28 23 31 29 30 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 66 64 63 59 70 60 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

South........................................... 146 149 140 161 144 133 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

Midwest........................................ 67 77 86 72 88 67 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

West............................................ 72 88 100 93 96 133 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment..

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 6,032 10,147 9,946 4.0 6.3 6.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,422 9,187 8,943 4.3 6.7 6.5

Mining and logging............................................... 14 39 42 2.3 5.6 6.0

Construction....................................................... 211 325 273 2.8 4.1 3.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 444 819 737 3.5 6.1 5.5

Durable goods.................................................. 253 502 400 3.2 6.0 4.9

Nondurable goods............................................. 191 318 337 4.0 6.3 6.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,086 1,803 1,676 3.7 6.0 5.5

Wholesale trade................................................ 159 308 251 2.7 5.1 4.2

Retail trade..................................................... 682 944 881 4.2 5.6 5.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 245 551 544 3.6 7.6 7.3

Information........................................................ 107 163 216 3.9 5.5 7.1

Financial activities................................................ 279 499 418 3.1 5.3 4.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 220 391 297 3.2 5.6 4.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 59 108 121 2.6 4.4 4.9

Professional and business services............................ 1,327 1,736 1,714 6.0 7.4 7.3

Education and health services.................................. 1,190 1,943 1,963 4.8 7.5 7.6

Educational services.......................................... 75 173 189 2.2 4.3 4.8

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,115 1,770 1,774 5.3 8.1 8.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 569 1,453 1,491 4.2 8.6 8.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 36 151 143 2.2 6.7 6.4

Accommodation and food services.......................... 533 1,303 1,347 4.5 8.9 9.2

Other services.................................................... 195 407 414 3.5 6.6 6.7

Government.......................................................... 610 960 1,004 2.7 4.1 4.3

Federal............................................................. 89 159 168 3.0 5.2 5.5

State and local.................................................... 521 801 836 2.7 4.0 4.2

State and local education..................................... 196 280 336 1.9 2.6 3.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 325 521 501 3.5 5.5 5.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,029 1,825 1,825 3.8 6.3 6.3

South................................................................. 2,394 3,790 3,704 4.3 6.4 6.3

Midwest............................................................... 1,294 2,272 2,144 4.0 6.5 6.2

West.................................................................. 1,315 2,261 2,273 3.8 6.0 6.1

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 4,059 6,132 4,692 2.8 4.1 3.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,858 5,815 4,456 3.2 4.6 3.5

Mining and logging............................................... 16 19 15 2.7 2.8 2.3

Construction....................................................... 245 339 220 3.3 4.5 2.9

Manufacturing..................................................... 298 417 323 2.4 3.3 2.6

Durable goods.................................................. 166 232 174 2.2 3.0 2.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 132 184 149 2.8 3.9 3.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,014 1,696 1,104 3.6 6.0 3.9

Wholesale trade................................................ 127 164 121 2.3 2.9 2.1

Retail trade..................................................... 651 1,042 682 4.1 6.6 4.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 236 489 300 3.6 7.2 4.4

Information........................................................ 51 93 72 1.9 3.3 2.6

Financial activities................................................ 144 205 149 1.6 2.3 1.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 92 140 96 1.4 2.1 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 52 64 53 2.3 2.7 2.2

Professional and business services............................ 938 1,197 927 4.5 5.5 4.3

Education and health services.................................. 510 698 606 2.2 2.9 2.5

Educational services.......................................... 28 73 57 0.8 1.9 1.5

Health care and social assistance........................... 482 625 549 2.4 3.1 2.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 524 949 856 4.1 6.2 5.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 39 107 82 2.5 5.1 3.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 485 842 775 4.3 6.4 5.8

Other services.................................................... 118 203 184 2.2 3.5 3.2

Government.......................................................... 200 317 235 0.9 1.4 1.1

Federal............................................................. 40 61 44 1.4 2.1 1.5

State and local.................................................... 160 256 191 0.8 1.3 1.0

State and local education..................................... 69 123 90 0.7 1.2 0.9

State and local, excluding education........................ 91 133 101 1.0 1.5 1.1

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 613 902 715 2.3 3.3 2.6

South................................................................. 1,660 2,510 1,940 3.1 4.6 3.5

Midwest............................................................... 907 1,298 1,043 2.9 4.0 3.2

West.................................................................. 879 1,421 994 2.6 4.0 2.8

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 5,416 5,652 5,716 3.8 3.8 3.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,125 5,378 5,388 4.2 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging............................................... 20 15 15 3.3 2.3 2.3

Construction....................................................... 398 401 357 5.4 5.3 4.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 344 363 374 2.8 2.9 3.0

Durable goods.................................................. 188 190 191 2.5 2.4 2.4

Nondurable goods............................................. 156 172 183 3.4 3.6 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,172 1,242 1,320 4.2 4.4 4.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 130 155 125 2.3 2.7 2.2

Retail trade..................................................... 752 842 897 4.8 5.3 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 290 245 297 4.4 3.6 4.3

Information........................................................ 67 83 116 2.5 2.9 4.1

Financial activities................................................ 145 178 160 1.6 2.0 1.8

Finance and insurance........................................ 95 121 106 1.4 1.8 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 50 57 54 2.3 2.5 2.3

Professional and business services............................ 1,038 1,106 1,148 5.0 5.1 5.3

Education and health services.................................. 586 698 672 2.5 2.9 2.8

Educational services.......................................... 81 63 64 2.4 1.6 1.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 505 635 607 2.5 3.1 3.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,168 1,075 992 9.1 7.0 6.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 188 173 138 11.7 8.2 6.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 981 902 854 8.7 6.8 6.4

Other services.................................................... 187 218 234 3.4 3.8 4.0

Government.......................................................... 291 274 328 1.3 1.2 1.5

Federal............................................................. 54 36 59 1.8 1.3 2.0

State and local.................................................... 238 238 268 1.3 1.2 1.4

State and local education..................................... 95 97 126 1.0 0.9 1.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 143 141 142 1.6 1.6 1.6

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 876 918 812 3.3 3.4 3.0

South................................................................. 2,069 2,286 2,290 3.9 4.1 4.1

Midwest............................................................... 1,152 1,232 1,269 3.7 3.8 3.9

West.................................................................. 1,320 1,215 1,345 3.9 3.5 3.8

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 2,961 3,984 3,893 2.1 2.7 2.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,830 3,799 3,714 2.3 3.0 2.9

Mining and logging............................................... 6 10 8 1.0 1.5 1.2

Construction....................................................... 137 198 149 1.9 2.6 2.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 194 248 255 1.6 2.0 2.0

Durable goods.................................................. 108 136 129 1.4 1.7 1.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 86 112 125 1.8 2.4 2.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 765 940 1,012 2.7 3.3 3.5

Wholesale trade................................................ 80 116 94 1.4 2.0 1.6

Retail trade..................................................... 493 652 722 3.1 4.1 4.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 192 172 196 2.9 2.5 2.8

Information........................................................ 32 48 54 1.2 1.7 1.9

Financial activities................................................ 84 123 101 1.0 1.4 1.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 57 74 59 0.9 1.1 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 27 49 42 1.2 2.1 1.8

Professional and business services............................ 502 729 704 2.4 3.4 3.3

Education and health services.................................. 419 559 496 1.8 2.3 2.1

Educational services.......................................... 39 46 42 1.2 1.2 1.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 380 513 454 1.9 2.5 2.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 604 836 802 4.7 5.4 5.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 56 61 72 3.5 2.9 3.4

Accommodation and food services.......................... 548 775 730 4.9 5.8 5.5

Other services.................................................... 87 109 133 1.6 1.9 2.3

Government.......................................................... 131 185 179 0.6 0.8 0.8

Federal............................................................. 20 21 21 0.7 0.7 0.7

State and local.................................................... 112 164 158 0.6 0.8 0.8

State and local education..................................... 47 68 74 0.5 0.6 0.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 65 96 84 0.7 1.1 1.0

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 357 574 535 1.4 2.1 2.0

South................................................................. 1,292 1,677 1,637 2.4 3.0 3.0

Midwest............................................................... 653 859 850 2.1 2.6 2.6

West.................................................................. 659 874 870 2.0 2.5 2.5

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 2,100 1,334 1,425 1.5 0.9 0.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,015 1,289 1,352 1.7 1.0 1.1

Mining and logging............................................... 13 4 7 2.2 0.7 1.0

Construction....................................................... 252 196 188 3.5 2.6 2.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 119 85 93 1.0 0.7 0.7

Durable goods.................................................. 62 36 45 0.8 0.5 0.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 57 49 48 1.2 1.0 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 347 242 257 1.2 0.9 0.9

Wholesale trade................................................ 34 35 26 0.6 0.6 0.4

Retail trade..................................................... 231 146 146 1.5 0.9 0.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 82 61 85 1.2 0.9 1.2

Information........................................................ 32 26 49 1.2 0.9 1.7

Financial activities................................................ 43 21 35 0.5 0.2 0.4

Finance and insurance........................................ 23 13 25 0.3 0.2 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 21 8 10 0.9 0.3 0.4

Professional and business services............................ 465 298 342 2.3 1.4 1.6

Education and health services.................................. 124 106 143 0.5 0.4 0.6

Educational services.......................................... 35 14 16 1.0 0.4 0.4

Health care and social assistance........................... 89 92 127 0.4 0.5 0.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 531 213 148 4.1 1.4 1.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 129 108 60 8.0 5.1 2.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 402 105 88 3.6 0.8 0.7

Other services.................................................... 88 98 89 1.6 1.7 1.5

Government.......................................................... 85 45 73 0.4 0.2 0.3

Federal............................................................. 13 5 20 0.4 0.2 0.7

State and local.................................................... 73 39 53 0.4 0.2 0.3

State and local education..................................... 29 17 32 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 44 22 21 0.5 0.2 0.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 449 289 213 1.7 1.1 0.8

South................................................................. 630 477 522 1.2 0.9 0.9

Midwest............................................................... 419 301 341 1.3 0.9 1.1

West.................................................................. 601 267 349 1.8 0.8 1.0

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Dec.

2020

Nov.

2021

Dec.

2021p

Total..................................................................... 355 334 398 0.2 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 280 290 322 0.2 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging............................................... 0 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.1

Construction....................................................... 9 8 20 0.1 0.1 0.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 31 29 26 0.3 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 17 19 17 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 14 11 10 0.3 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 60 60 50 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 16 3 6 0.3 0.1 0.1

Retail trade..................................................... 28 44 28 0.2 0.3 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 17 13 16 0.3 0.2 0.2

Information........................................................ 3 9 13 0.1 0.3 0.5

Financial activities................................................ 18 34 24 0.2 0.4 0.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 15 34 22 0.2 0.5 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 3 0 2 0.1 0.0 0.1

Professional and business services............................ 70 79 102 0.3 0.4 0.5

Education and health services.................................. 43 32 33 0.2 0.1 0.1

Educational services.......................................... 7 3 7 0.2 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 36 30 26 0.2 0.1 0.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 33 26 42 0.3 0.2 0.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 3 4 6 0.2 0.2 0.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 30 22 36 0.3 0.2 0.3

Other services.................................................... 12 11 12 0.2 0.2 0.2

Government.......................................................... 75 44 76 0.3 0.2 0.3

Federal............................................................. 21 10 18 0.7 0.3 0.6

State and local.................................................... 54 35 58 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local education..................................... 19 12 21 0.2 0.1 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 35 23 37 0.4 0.3 0.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 69 55 64 0.3 0.2 0.2

South................................................................. 146 132 131 0.3 0.2 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 79 73 77 0.3 0.2 0.2

West.................................................................. 60 74 126 0.2 0.2 0.4

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.