For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, April 19, 2018 USDL-18-0589 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES — 2017

In 2017, 5.8 percent of families included an unemployed person, down from 6.5 percent in 2016, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Of the nation's 82.0 million families, 80.5 percent had at 

least one employed member in 2017. 

These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are collected as part of the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households. Data in this release are annual 

averages. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women 

or men without spouses present. Unless otherwise noted, families include those with and without 

children under age 18. For further information, see the Technical Note in this news release. 

Families and Unemployment

The number of families with at least one member unemployed decreased by 557,000 to 4.7 million in 

2017. The proportion of families with an unemployed person declined by 0.7 percentage point to 5.8 

percent. In 2017, this proportion was down for White (5.2 percent), Black (9.5 percent), and Hispanic 

(7.7 percent) families and was little changed for Asian families (5.4 percent). Black and Hispanic 

families remained more likely to have an unemployed member in 2017 than White or Asian families. 

(See table 1.) 

Just over two-thirds (or 69.1 percent) of families with an unemployed member also had at least one 

family member who was employed in 2017. The proportion of families with an unemployed member 

that had at least one family member working full time grew to 60.5 percent in 2017. Black families with 

an unemployed member remained less likely to also have an employed family member (58.1 percent) 

than White (71.3 percent), Asian (84.0 percent), and Hispanic families (71.9 percent). (See table 1.) 

In 2017, 4.6 percent of married-couple families had an unemployed member, less than the corresponding 

percentages of families maintained by women or families maintained by men (9.0 percent and 8.6 

percent, respectively). Among families with an unemployed family member, those maintained by 

women were less likely to also have an employed family member (49.8 percent) than families 

maintained by men and married-couple families (59.4 percent and 80.7 percent, respectively). 

(See tables 2 and 3.)
 -2- 

Families and Employment

In 2017, 80.5 percent of families had at least one employed family member, little different from the prior 

year. Over the year, the likelihood of having an employed family member was about unchanged among 

White (80.1 percent), Asian (88.6 percent), and Hispanic families (86.9 percent). The percentage of 

Black families having at least one family member employed increased by 0.9 percentage point to 78.7 

percent in 2017, with a large increase in the share of Black families that had a family member employed 

full time. (See table 1.)

In 2017, families maintained by women remained less likely to have an employed member (76.8 

percent) than families maintained by men (84.6 percent) or married-couple families (81.0 percent). 

Among married-couple families, both the husband and wife were employed in 48.3 percent of families; 

in 19.1 percent of married-couple families only the husband was employed, and in 7.1 percent only the 

wife was employed. (See table 2.)

Families with Children

In 2017, 33.6 million families included children under age 18, about 41.0 percent of all families. 

(Children are sons, daughters, step-children, or adopted children living in the household who are under 

18 years old. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related and unrelated children, and 

children not living in the household.) At least one parent was employed in 90.2 percent of families with 

children, an increase of 0.5 percentage point from the previous year. Among married-couple families 

with children, 96.9 percent had at least one employed parent, and 61.9 percent had both parents 

employed. Among families with children, 84.7 percent of fathers were employed in those maintained by 

fathers, a greater share than the 73.2 percent of mothers who were employed in families maintained by 

mothers. (See table 4.)

Parents

The labor force participation rate—the percent of the population working or looking for work—for all 

women with children under age 18 was 71.1 percent in 2017, up 0.6 percentage point from the prior 

year. Married mothers remained less likely to participate in the labor force, at 68.6 percent, than mothers 

with other marital statuses, at 76.5 percent. (Other marital status includes persons who are never 

married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex 

marriages.) The unemployment rate for married mothers was also considerably lower than for mothers 

with other marital statuses—2.8 percent, compared with 7.3 percent. (See table 5.) 

Mothers with young children are less likely to be in the labor force than those with older children. In 

2017, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under 6 years old, at 65.1 percent, was 

lower than the rate of those whose youngest child was 6 to 17 years old, at 75.7 percent. Among mothers 

with children under 3 years old, the participation rate of married mothers was lower than the rate of 

mothers with other marital statuses—60.0 percent versus 67.5 percent. The unemployment rate of 

mothers who were married and had children under 3 years old, at 2.6 percent, was substantially lower 

than the rate for their counterparts with other marital statuses, at 9.9 percent. (See tables 5 and 6.) 

In 2017, 92.8 percent of all fathers with children under age 18 participated in the labor force. The 

participation rate for married fathers, at 93.5 percent, continued to be higher than the rate of fathers with 

other marital statuses (88.1 percent). Married fathers also continued to have a lower unemployment rate 

(2.3 percent) than fathers with other marital statuses (5.8 percent). The jobless rate of fathers with other 
 -3- 

marital statuses declined by 1.2 percentage points from the previous year, and the jobless rate of married 

fathers decreased by 0.3 percentage point. (See table 5.) 

Employed fathers remained more likely to work full time than employed mothers in 2017; 95.7 percent 

of employed fathers worked full time, compared with 77.2 percent of employed mothers. Among 

employed mothers, those with older children were somewhat more likely to work full time than those 

with younger children. In 2017, 79.0 percent of employed mothers with children 6 to 17 years old 

worked full time, compared with 74.5 percent of mothers with children under 6 years old. Employed 

fathers with younger and older children were about equally likely to work full time. (See tables 5 and 6.)
Technical Note

 The estimates in this release are based on annual 

average data from the Current Population Survey 

(CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. 

Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible 

households that provides information on the labor 

force status, demographics, and other characteristics 

of the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 

16 and over.

 The data presented in this release are not strictly 

comparable with data for earlier years due to the 

introduction of updated population estimates, or 

controls, used in the CPS. The population controls are 

updated each year in January to reflect the latest 

information about population change. Additional 

information is available from the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

 Upon request, the information in this release will 

be made available to individuals who are sensory 

impaired: Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal 

Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both 

sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, 

rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is 

a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the 

particular sample selected, and this variability is 

measured by the standard error of the estimate. There 

is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population 

value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are 

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence.

 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all 

respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness 

of respondents to provide correct information, and 

errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

 Information about the reliability of data from 

the CPS and guidance on estimating standard 

errors is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Definitions

 Definitions of the principal terms used in this 

release are described briefly below.

 Householder. The householder is the family

 reference person. This is the person (or one of the 

persons) in whose name the housing unit is owned or

rented. The relationship of other individuals in the 

household is defined in terms of their relationship to 

the householder. The race or ethnicity of the family is 

determined by that of the householder.

 Family. A family is a group of two or more persons 

residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or 

adoption; all such individuals are considered members 

of one family. The count of families is for "primary" 

families only. A primary family consists of a 

householder and all other persons related to and 

residing with the householder. Sub-families are 

excluded from the count of families. A sub-family is a 

family that does not maintain their own household, 

such as a married couple living in the home of a friend 

and their family. In this example, the report would 

include only one family (the householder’s or primary 

family), not two. 

 Families include those with and without children 

under 18 years. Families are further categorized as 

follows:

• Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex 

married couples residing together and any of their 

family members residing in the household. 

• Families maintained by women or men are made 

up of householders residing with one or more 

family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. 

The household may or may not include a samesex spouse or an unmarried domestic partner of 

either sex.

 This release presents data for two marital status 

categories, defined below. Marital status is based on a 

person's status at the time of the survey.

 Married, spouse present. Married, spouse present, 

includes persons in opposite-sex marriages living 

together in the same household, even though one may 

be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a 

visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.

 Other marital status. Other marital status includes 

persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; 

separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as 

persons in same-sex marriages. Separated includes 

persons with legal separations, those living apart with 

intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other persons 

permanently or temporarily separated because of 

marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes 

opposite-sex married persons living apart because 

either the husband or wife was employed and living at 

a considerable distance from home, was serving away 

from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another 

area, or had a different place of residence for any other 

reason except separation as defined above.
 Children. Data on children refer to own children 

under age 18 that live in the household. Included are 

sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children of 

the husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. 

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, 

other related children, and all unrelated children living 

in the household.

 Employed. Employed persons are all those who, 

during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at 

all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own 

business, profession, or on their own farm; or (c) 

worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an 

enterprise operated by a member of the family. 

Persons who were temporarily absent from their jobs 

because of illness, vacation, labor disputes, or another 

reason also are counted as employed.

 Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 

hours or more per week at all jobs.

 Part-time workers. Workers who usually work 

fewer than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

 Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who 

had no employment during the reference week, were 

available for work at that time, and had made specific 

efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-

week period ending with the reference week. Persons 

who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which 

they had been laid off need not be looking for work to 

be classified as unemployed.

 Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force 

comprises all persons classified as employed or 

unemployed. 

 Labor force participation rate. The labor force 

participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the 

population.

 Employment-population ratio. The employmentpopulation ratio is the employed as a percent of the 

population.

 Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the 

number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor 

force.

 

 
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016-2017

annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2016 2017

EMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................ 82,092 82,015

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 66,023 66,027

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 80.4 80.5

With at least one family member employed full time1........................................................ 60,065 60,395

With no family member employed................................................................................. 16,069 15,988

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 19.6 19.5

White

Total families............................................................................................................ 65,083 64,910

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 52,209 52,016

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 80.2 80.1

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 47,611 47,621

With no family member employed................................................................................. 12,873 12,894

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 19.8 19.9

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................ 9,976 10,017

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 7,764 7,886

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 77.8 78.7

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 6,835 7,053

With no family member employed................................................................................. 2,212 2,131

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 22.2 21.3

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................ 4,707 4,735

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 4,166 4,195

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 88.5 88.6

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 3,933 3,978

With no family member employed................................................................................. 541 539

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 11.5 11.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................ 12,900 12,936

With at least one family member employed...................................................................... 11,182 11,244

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 86.7 86.9

With at least one family member employed full time1

........................................................ 10,217 10,383

With no family member employed................................................................................. 1,718 1,692

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 13.3 13.1

UNEMPLOYMENT IN FAMILIES

Total families............................................................................................................ 82,092 82,015

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 5,301 4,744

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 6.5 5.8

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 3,656 3,277

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 69.0 69.1

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 3,162 2,870

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 59.7 60.5

White

Total families............................................................................................................ 65,083 64,910

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 3,711 3,343

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 5.7 5.2

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 2,684 2,385

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 72.3 71.3

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 2,343 2,098

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 63.1 62.8

Black or African American

Total families............................................................................................................ 9,976 10,017

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 1,086 951

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 10.9 9.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2016-2017

annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic 2016 2017

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 628 553

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 57.8 58.1

Some family member employed full time1................................................................... 524 469

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 48.2 49.4

Asian

Total families............................................................................................................ 4,707 4,735

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 265 255

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 5.6 5.4

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 204 214

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 76.9 84.0

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 185 194

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 69.8 76.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total families............................................................................................................ 12,900 12,936

With at least one family member unemployed................................................................... 1,117 994

As a percent of total families..................................................................................... 8.7 7.7

Some family member(s) employed.............................................................................. 811 715

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed................................. 72.6 71.9

Some family member(s) employed full time1

................................................................ 702 634

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed............................... 62.9 63.8

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

NOTE: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is

owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not

presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2016-2017

annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2016 2017 2016 2017

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES1

Total........................................................................................ 59,747 59,910 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 48,440 48,525 81.1 81.0

Husband only........................................................................ 11,649 11,425 19.5 19.1

Wife only.............................................................................. 4,253 4,265 7.1 7.1

Husband and wife................................................................... 28,693 28,944 48.0 48.3

Other employment combinations.................................................. 3,845 3,891 6.4 6.5

With no family member employed................................................... 11,307 11,386 18.9 19.0

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN2

Total........................................................................................ 15,669 15,438 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 12,001 11,861 76.6 76.8

Householder only.................................................................... 6,502 6,333 41.5 41.0

Householder and other member(s)................................................ 3,293 3,372 21.0 21.8

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 2,205 2,156 14.1 14.0

With no family member employed................................................... 3,668 3,577 23.4 23.2

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN2

Total........................................................................................ 6,676 6,666 100.0 100.0

With at least one family member employed........................................ 5,582 5,641 83.6 84.6

Householder only.................................................................... 2,577 2,564 38.6 38.5

Householder and other member(s)................................................ 2,050 2,101 30.7 31.5

Other member(s), not householder................................................ 955 976 14.3 14.6

With no family member employed................................................... 1,094 1,025 16.4 15.4

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type,

2016-2017 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2016 2017 2016 2017

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES1

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 3,122 2,783 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 2,511 2,245 80.4 80.7

No family member employed......................................................... 612 537 19.6 19.3

Unemployment of family members

Husband unemployed2

................................................................ 1,149 1,009 36.8 36.3

Wife employed....................................................................... 702 632 22.5 22.7

Wife unemployed, husband employed or not in labor force...................... 913 850 29.2 30.6

Husband employed.................................................................. 775 700 24.8 25.1

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 1,060 923 34.0 33.2

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN3

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 1,543 1,389 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 774 691 50.1 49.8

No family member employed......................................................... 770 697 49.9 50.2

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed............................................................. 710 644 46.0 46.4

Other member(s) employed........................................................ 174 165 11.3 11.9

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 833 744 54.0 53.6

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN3

With at least one family member unemployed, total................................. 635 573 100.0 100.0

Employment of family members

Some family member(s) employed................................................... 372 340 58.5 59.4

No family member employed......................................................... 264 233 41.5 40.6

Unemployment of family members

Householder unemployed............................................................. 354 312 55.6 54.5

Other member(s) employed........................................................ 153 132 24.0 23.1

Other family member(s) unemployed................................................ 282 260 44.4 45.5

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 Total families with unemployed husbands, including those with unemployed wives.

3 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2016-2017 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2016 2017 2016 2017

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Total families.............................................................................. 34,206 33,615 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 30,671 30,318 89.7 90.2

No parent employed................................................................... 3,534 3,297 10.3 9.8

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 23,125 22,855 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 22,379 22,158 96.8 96.9

Mother employed................................................................. 15,377 15,389 66.5 67.3

Both parents employed........................................................ 14,123 14,151 61.1 61.9

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 1,254 1,238 5.4 5.4

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 7,001 6,769 30.3 29.6

Neither parent employed........................................................... 746 697 3.2 3.1

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 8,538 8,259 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 6,191 6,043 72.5 73.2

Mother not employed................................................................ 2,347 2,216 27.5 26.8

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 2,544 2,500 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 2,102 2,117 82.6 84.7

Father not employed................................................................ 442 383 17.4 15.3

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Total families.............................................................................. 19,774 19,621 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 17,814 17,742 90.1 90.4

No parent employed................................................................... 1,960 1,879 9.9 9.6

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 13,105 13,032 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 12,649 12,595 96.5 96.6

Mother employed................................................................. 9,284 9,362 70.8 71.8

Both parents employed........................................................ 8,483 8,553 64.7 65.6

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 801 810 6.1 6.2

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,365 3,233 25.7 24.8

Neither parent employed........................................................... 456 437 3.5 3.4

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 5,189 5,093 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 3,955 3,890 76.2 76.4

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,234 1,204 23.8 23.6

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 1,481 1,496 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 1,211 1,257 81.8 84.1

Father not employed................................................................ 270 239 18.2 15.9

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Total families.............................................................................. 14,432 13,994 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed.................................................................... 12,857 12,576 89.1 89.9

No parent employed................................................................... 1,575 1,418 10.9 10.1

Married-couple families1

Total...................................................................................... 10,020 9,823 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed................................................................. 9,730 9,562 97.1 97.3

Mother employed................................................................. 6,093 6,027 60.8 61.4

Both parents employed........................................................ 5,640 5,598 56.3 57.0

Mother employed, not father.................................................. 453 428 4.5 4.4

Father employed, not mother.................................................... 3,637 3,536 36.3 36.0

Neither parent employed........................................................... 290 261 2.9 2.7

Families maintained by mother2

Total...................................................................................... 3,349 3,166 100.0 100.0

Mother employed.................................................................... 2,236 2,154 66.8 68.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2016-2017 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2016 2017 2016 2017

Mother not employed................................................................ 1,113 1,013 33.2 32.0

Families maintained by father2

Total...................................................................................... 1,063 1,005 100.0 100.0

Father employed..................................................................... 891 860 83.8 85.6

Father not employed................................................................ 172 145 16.2 14.4

1 Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.

2 No opposite-sex spouse present.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2016-2017 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2016 2017

Total Men Women Total Men Women

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 65,055 28,992 36,063 64,188 28,740 35,448

Civilian labor force.................................................. 52,321 26,902 25,419 51,875 26,662 25,213

Participation rate.................................................. 80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 92.8 71.1

Employed.......................................................... 50,240 26,039 24,201 50,036 25,920 24,117

Full-time workers1.............................................. 43,352 24,896 18,456 43,433 24,807 18,626

Part-time workers2

............................................. 6,887 1,143 5,744 6,604 1,113 5,491

Employment-population ratio.................................... 77.2 89.8 67.1 78.0 90.2 68.0

Unemployed....................................................... 2,082 864 1,218 1,838 742 1,096

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.0 3.2 4.8 3.5 2.8 4.3

Married, spouse present3

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 49,472 25,007 24,465 48,974 24,779 24,195

Civilian labor force.................................................. 40,016 23,409 16,607 39,781 23,172 16,609

Participation rate.................................................. 80.9 93.6 67.9 81.2 93.5 68.6

Employed.......................................................... 38,866 22,791 16,075 38,775 22,633 16,142

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 34,112 21,899 12,214 34,081 21,746 12,334

Part-time workers2

............................................. 4,754 892 3,861 4,695 887 3,808

Employment-population ratio.................................... 78.6 91.1 65.7 79.2 91.3 66.7

Unemployed....................................................... 1,150 618 532 1,006 539 467

Unemployment rate............................................ 2.9 2.6 3.2 2.5 2.3 2.8

Other marital status4

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 15,583 3,985 11,598 15,213 3,961 11,253

Civilian labor force.................................................. 12,305 3,494 8,811 12,093 3,490 8,603

Participation rate.................................................. 79.0 87.7 76.0 79.5 88.1 76.5

Employed.......................................................... 11,374 3,248 8,125 11,261 3,287 7,975

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 9,240 2,997 6,243 9,352 3,061 6,291

Part-time workers2............................................. 2,134 251 1,883 1,909 226 1,683

Employment-population ratio.................................... 73.0 81.5 70.1 74.0 83.0 70.9

Unemployed....................................................... 931 246 686 832 203 629

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.6 7.0 7.8 6.9 5.8 7.3

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 36,491 16,152 20,338 36,286 16,153 20,133

Civilian labor force.................................................. 30,088 14,836 15,252 30,060 14,812 15,248

Participation rate.................................................. 82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 91.7 75.7

Employed.......................................................... 28,998 14,393 14,605 29,063 14,428 14,635

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 25,166 13,785 11,381 25,391 13,830 11,561

Part-time workers2............................................. 3,831 607 3,224 3,672 598 3,074

Employment-population ratio.................................... 79.5 89.1 71.8 80.1 89.3 72.7

Unemployed....................................................... 1,090 444 646 997 384 612

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.6 3.0 4.2 3.3 2.6 4.0

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 28,565 12,840 15,724 27,902 12,587 15,315

Civilian labor force.................................................. 22,233 12,066 10,167 21,815 11,849 9,965

Participation rate.................................................. 77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.1 65.1

Employed.......................................................... 21,242 11,646 9,596 20,973 11,492 9,481

Full-time workers1

.............................................. 18,186 11,110 7,076 18,041 10,977 7,064

Part-time workers2

............................................. 3,056 536 2,520 2,932 515 2,417

Employment-population ratio.................................... 74.4 90.7 61.0 75.2 91.3 61.9

Unemployed....................................................... 992 420 572 841 358 484

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.5 3.5 5.6 3.9 3.0 4.9

WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 188,482 93,505 94,978 190,891 94,535 96,356

Civilian labor force.................................................. 106,866 57,852 49,014 108,445 58,483 49,962

Participation rate.................................................. 56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 61.9 51.9

Employed.......................................................... 101,196 54,529 46,667 103,301 55,482 47,819

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children

under 18, 2016-2017 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2016 2017

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Full-time workers1.............................................. 80,408 45,671 34,738 82,535 46,764 35,770

Part-time workers2............................................. 20,788 8,858 11,930 20,766 8,718 12,048

Employment-population ratio.................................... 53.7 58.3 49.1 54.1 58.7 49.6

Unemployed....................................................... 5,670 3,323 2,346 5,144 3,001 2,143

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.3 5.7 4.8 4.7 5.1 4.3

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

3 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

4

Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.
Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest

child and marital status, 2016-2017 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2016 2017

With own children under 3 years old With own children under 3 years old

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

Total 2 years 1 year Under 1

year

TOTAL MOTHERS

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 9,158 2,850 3,322 2,985 8,877 2,804 3,208 2,865

Civilian labor force..................................... 5,662 1,858 2,055 1,749 5,528 1,835 2,016 1,677

Participation rate.................................... 61.8 65.2 61.9 58.6 62.3 65.4 62.8 58.5

Employed............................................. 5,343 1,764 1,933 1,645 5,250 1,742 1,923 1,585

Full-time workers1

................................ 3,870 1,312 1,392 1,165 3,837 1,315 1,385 1,138

Part-time workers2

................................ 1,473 452 540 480 1,413 427 538 447

Employment-population ratio...................... 58.3 61.9 58.2 55.1 59.1 62.1 59.9 55.3

Unemployed.......................................... 319 94 123 103 277 93 93 92

Unemployment rate.............................. 5.6 5.0 6.0 5.9 5.0 5.1 4.6 5.5

Married, spouse present3

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 6,335 1,964 2,302 2,069 6,193 1,951 2,253 1,989

Civilian labor force..................................... 3,768 1,210 1,367 1,191 3,716 1,207 1,354 1,155

Participation rate.................................... 59.5 61.6 59.4 57.6 60.0 61.9 60.1 58.1

Employed............................................. 3,648 1,171 1,321 1,156 3,618 1,167 1,324 1,128

Full-time workers1................................ 2,691 876 966 849 2,660 871 970 819

Part-time workers2

................................ 957 294 356 307 958 296 353 309

Employment-population ratio...................... 57.6 59.6 57.4 55.9 58.4 59.8 58.8 56.7

Unemployed.......................................... 120 39 46 35 98 40 30 27

Unemployment rate.............................. 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.6 3.3 2.2 2.4

Other marital status4

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 2,823 886 1,020 917 2,684 853 956 876

Civilian labor force..................................... 1,894 648 689 557 1,812 628 662 522

Participation rate.................................... 67.1 73.1 67.5 60.8 67.5 73.6 69.3 59.6

Employed............................................. 1,695 594 612 489 1,632 575 600 457

Full-time workers1................................ 1,179 436 427 316 1,177 443 415 319

Part-time workers2

................................ 516 158 185 173 455 131 185 138

Employment-population ratio...................... 60.0 67.0 60.0 53.4 60.8 67.4 62.7 52.2

Unemployed.......................................... 199 54 77 68 180 53 62 64

Unemployment rate.............................. 10.5 8.4 11.2 12.2 9.9 8.5 9.4 12.3

1 Usually work 35 hours or more per week at all jobs.

2 Usually work less than 35 hours per week at all jobs.

3 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

4

Includes persons who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent; as well as persons in same-sex marriages.

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January

data.