UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

_________________________________

ELIAS CRUZ ACOSTA; 

VERONICA CRUZ, 

 Petitioners,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, 

United States Attorney General,∗

 Respondent.

No. 20-9566

(Petition for Review)

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ORDER AND JUDGMENT**

_________________________________

Before MATHESON, BRISCOE, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________

The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed an immigration judge’s (IJ) 

decision denying petitioners’ application for cancellation of removal. They sought 

reconsideration, which the BIA denied. They now petition for review of the BIA’s 

∗ On March 11, 2021, Merrick B. Garland became Attorney General of the 

United States. Consequently, his name has been substituted for William P. Barr as 

Respondent, per Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2).

** After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral 

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,

except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It 

may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

June 29, 2021

Christopher M. Wolpert

Clerk of Court
2

denial of reconsideration. We deny their petition in part, and dismiss in part for lack 

of jurisdiction. 

BACKGROUND

Petitioners are natives and citizens of Mexico. Elias Cruz Acosta entered the 

United States in 1997 and Veronica Cruz entered this country in 1998. After their 

arrival they had two children whom they allege to be United States citizens. In 

October 2009 the Department of Homeland Security issued petitioners notices to 

appear, charging they were removable because they had entered the United States 

without being lawfully admitted or paroled. Petitioners admitted the factual 

allegations in the notices to appear and conceded their removability, but they sought 

cancellation of removal relief. 

To be eligible for a discretionary grant of cancellation of removal under 

8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1), a noncitizen must meet four criteria: (1) continuous physical 

presence in the United States for at least ten years before the application, (2) good 

moral character during the same period, (3) no convictions for certain crimes 

specified elsewhere in the Immigration and Nationality Act, and (4) “that removal 

would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to the alien’s spouse, 

parent, or child, who is a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for 

permanent residence.” Id. § 1229b(b)(1)(A)-(D). The IJ held a hearing on

petitioners’ cancellation applications and determined that they met each of these 

criteria except the fourth: exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to their United 

States citizen children. 
3

The IJ found that if the petitioners were removed, their children, a son who 

was then 17 and a daughter then 14, would remain in the United States. The resulting

family separation would create hardship for both children. But the children had 

family in their area with whom they could live. The IJ further reasoned that any 

separation would “not be for a significant period of time” because “[t]he parents 

entered the United States without inspection many years ago,” had “never left the 

United States,” and there would therefore “be no bar to their reentry into the United 

States if they voluntarily depart the United States.” Admin. R., vol. 1 at 109. Once 

their 17-year-old son turned 21, the IJ concluded, he could sponsor petitioners to 

return to the United States, resulting in a brief separation and hardship that would not 

“be substantially beyond the ordinary hardship that would be expected when a close 

family member leaves the United States.” Id.

Petitioners appealed to the BIA. Their former counsel, who pursued the appeal 

on their behalf, argued that in making his hardship determination the IJ had failed to 

give proper weight to the hearing testimony and had failed to account for the totality 

of the circumstances. Counsel’s argument focused on the health issues faced by one 

of the children and the inability of the children’s relatives to fully replace the 

emotional, financial, and physical support they would receive from petitioners.

In a summary decision without opinion, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s result. It 

also granted voluntary departure. Through new counsel, petitioners then filed a 

timely motion to reconsider with the BIA. They argued the BIA had “erroneously 

relied on [the I.J.’s] incorrect recital of the law surrounding unlawful presence, 
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voluntary departure, and the . . . [ten-year bar]” and therefore “did not properly 

assess the extreme hardship [petitioners’] children would endure if [petitioners] were 

removed from the United States.” Admin. R., vol. 1 at 22.

Petitioners argued their son could not successfully sponsor their return when 

he turned 21. This is because by departing the United States they would 

automatically become ineligible to seek readmission to this country for ten years. 

See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(II) (making noncitizen who has not been lawfully 

admitted for permanent residence and who “has been unlawfully present in the 

United States for one year or more” inadmissible “within 10 years of the date of such 

alien’s departure or removal from the United States”). Thus, they argued, their 

qualifying relatives faced greater hardship than the IJ recognized. 

The BIA denied the motion. It reasoned that petitioners’ argument about 

voluntary departure had become moot because that relief automatically terminated 

when they filed for reconsideration. The BIA further noted that petitioners “did not 

raise this issue in their appellate brief or their Notice of Appeal, and a motion to 

reconsider is not a vehicle to raise or argue issues that could, or should, have been 

presented previously.” Id. at 4. Finally, it ruled that “any mistake was not material 

as the family separation that the [petitioners] would experience is not substantially 

beyond that which one would expect to result from the departure of aliens with 

children in the United States.” Id.
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DISCUSSION

We review the agency’s denial of a motion for reconsideration for an abuse of 

discretion. See Belay–Gebru v. INS, 327 F.3d 998, 1000 n.5 (10th Cir. 2003). “The 

BIA abuses its discretion when its decision provides no rational explanation, 

inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid of any reasoning, or contains 

only summary or conclusory statements.” Tang v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 1192, 1194 

(10th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Petitioners complain the BIA unreasonably concluded their entire argument 

concerning the ten-year bar was moot, relying on the fact that the grant of voluntary 

departure had terminated. The BIA did not err in concluding that at the time of its 

reconsideration decision, voluntary departure was no longer a factor in determining 

petitioners’ ability to return to this country. See 8 C.F.R. § 1240.26(b)(3)(iii) (“If the 

alien files a post-decision motion to reopen or reconsider during the period allowed 

for voluntary departure, the grant of voluntary departure shall be terminated 

automatically, and the alternate order of removal will take effect immediately.”). 

But that is not the real issue here. As petitioners point out, their argument is that the 

IJ failed to recognize that the ten-year bar applied to them regardless of whether their 

departure was voluntary or involuntary. See Montano-Vega v. Holder, 721 F.3d 

1175, 1177 (10th Cir. 2013) (analyzing effects of “unlawful presence” on 

noncitizen’s ability to apply for readmission).

1

 If the IJ’s conclusion that there would 

1 The Attorney General does not appear to contest this interpretation of 

§ 1182(a)(9)(B)(i). See Resp. Br. at 23 n.6.
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be “no bar to [petitioners’] reentry into the United States,” Admin. R., vol. 1 at 109 

(emphasis added), was incorrect as a matter of law, his legal error may have 

improperly skewed his analysis of the hardship determination. Thus, the BIA’s 

“mootness” analysis failed to adequately resolve the issue presented in the motion for 

reconsideration.

But the BIA provided two other, independent reasons for denying 

reconsideration: (1) petitioners had failed to raise the ten-year bar issue previously in 

their appeal, although they could have done so; and (2) even if the IJ was wrong 

about the length of the time petitioners would be separated from their children,

that mistake was not material to the hardship determination. Because the second 

reason justifies the BIA’s denial of reconsideration, we need not address the BIA’s 

other conclusion (concerning petitioners’ failure to raise the issue in their underlying 

BIA appeal). 

Petitioners attempt to challenge the BIA’s alternative reasoning. But they face 

a jurisdictional hurdle in doing so. By concluding that any error by the IJ did not 

affect the hardship analysis, the BIA essentially determined that regardless of the IJ’s 

legal error petitioners had failed to show exceptional and extremely unusual hardship. 

As a general matter we lack jurisdiction to review the agency’s hardship

determinations. See Galeano-Romero v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1176, 1181 (10th Cir. 2020)

(under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i), this court lacks “jurisdiction to review the 

discretionary aspects of a decision concerning cancellation of removal” including 

“the determination of whether the petitioner’s removal from the United States would 
7

result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to a qualifying relative” 

(internal quotation marks omitted)). This is true even when the challenge reaches us 

through a petition for review of the BIA’s denial of reconsideration. Cf. Alzainati v. 

Holder, 568 F.3d 844, 849 (10th Cir. 2009) (“Because § 1252(a)(2)(B)(I) precludes 

our review of an ‘exceptional and extremely unusual hardship’ determination under 

§ 1229b(b)(1)(D), it also precludes our jurisdiction to review the BIA’s denial of a 

motion to reopen because the alien still has failed to show the requisite hardship.”).

We do have jurisdiction to review colorable constitutional claims and 

questions of law that arise in connection with the hardship determination. 

See Galeano-Romero, 968 F.3d at 1182 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D)). But 

petitioners do not adequately present any such issues that affect the BIA’s alternative 

holding.2

 They argue instead that the BIA’s hardship analysis “fails to acknowledge 

reality and the totality of circumstances in the record,” Pet. Br. at 14, essentially 

asking us to second-guess the depth of the BIA’s analysis and the correctness of its 

conclusions. We lack jurisdiction to do so. See Galeano-Romero, 968 F.3d at 1182

(“A petition for review does not raise a question of law by disputing the Board’s 

2 Petitioners complain that the BIA failed to “address the law or in any way 

acknowledge that an error exists in the IJ’s decision.” Pet. Br. at 12. But the BIA

did not fail to address their argument or the law; instead, it noted their argument and 

concluded that “any mistake [by the IJ] was not material.” Admin. R., vol. 1 at 4. 

They also argue their previous counsel provided deficient representation. But they 

fail to show they exhausted this claim by including it in their motion to reconsider. 

See, e.g., Garcia-Carbajal v. Holder, 625 F.3d 1233, 1237 (10th Cir. 2010) (“It is a 

fundamental principle of administrative law that an agency must have the opportunity 

to rule on a challenger’s arguments before the challenger may bring those arguments 

to court.”). 
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appraisal of the degree of hardship . . . .”); id. at 1184-85 (“An alien does not present 

a colorable constitutional claim . . . by arguing that the evidence was incorrectly 

weighed, insufficiently considered, or supports a different outcome.” (internal 

quotation marks omitted)). 

Petitioners also make a conclusory argument that the BIA denied them due 

process by failing to provide them with a “full and fair review.” Pet. Br. at 14. But 

this assertion fails to present a colorable constitutional claim. See Galeano-Romero, 

968 F.3d at 1185 (concluding noncitizen failed to raise a colorable constitutional 

claim by arguing that the BIA’s failure to consider all the relevant factors, allegedly

in light of overwhelming evidence that warranted a favorable exercise of discretion,

violated his due-process rights). 

CONCLUSION

The BIA rejected petitioners’ argument that their removal would result in 

exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to their qualifying relatives. To the 

extent they challenge that determination, we dismiss the petition for review in part 

for lack of jurisdiction. To the extent petitioners attempt to raise challenges to the 

BIA’s hardship determination that we have jurisdiction to review, those challenges 

lack merit and we deny the petition in part concerning them.

Entered for the Court

Joel M. Carson III

Circuit Judge