287 Ga. 334

FINAL COPY

 S15A0183, S15X0184. TAFEL v. LION ANTIQUE CARS & 

 INVESTMENTS, INC.; and vice versa.

THOMPSON, Chief Justice. 

This appeal and cross-appeal involve a longstanding financial dispute

between appellant and cross-appellee, Jim Tafel, and appellee and crossappellant, Lion Antique Cars & Investments, Inc., a/k/a Lion Antique

Investments & Consulting Services, Inc., involving two Ferrari race cars. In the

main appeal, Tafel contends, among other things, that the trial court erred in

declining to exercise its equitable powers to mark satisfied a judgment that Lion

Antique had obtained against him. In the cross-appeal, Lion Antique argues that

the trial court erred in valuing the race cars for purposes of offsetting a part of

the judgment that it had obtained against Tafel. For the reasons that follow, we

affirm.

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1. This controversy stems from a December 2007 “Race Car Loan

1 Contrary to Lion Antique’s contention, we conclude that this case falls

within our equity jurisdiction. See Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. VI, Sec. VI, Par. III. 
Agreement,” in which Lion Antique agreed to purchase two Ferrari F430 GT

race cars and loan them to Tafel for him to race. The agreement provided that

Lion Antique would hold title to the race cars; that at the end of the 2008 season,

Tafel either had to purchase the race cars or sell them to a third party; and that

the proceeds from any sale would go to Lion Antique, with Tafel being

responsible for paying Lion Antique for any difference between the sales price

and the original purchase price of the cars. 

During the 2008 season, Lion Antique asserted Tafel committed a

technical default of the agreement by failing to sufficiently insure the cars and

filed suit against Tafel in California. In December 2008, Lion Antique obtained

a stipulated judgment against Tafel for about $1.5 million, including

$1,443,603.38 as the agreed purchase price of the two race cars. 

Shortly thereafter, on January 14, 2009, Lion Antique filed a “Petition for

Ne Exeat” against Tafel in Georgia, alleging that Tafel still had possession of

the race cars and that Lion Antique had a reasonable fear that he would remove

or sell the race cars to its detriment. Lion Antique sought, among other things,

an injunction requiring Tafel to surrender the cars to it. Simultaneously, Lion

Antique filed a separate action seeking to domesticate the California judgment. 

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The trial court held an emergency hearing on Lion Antique’s ne exeat

petition, and, on January 20, 2009, issued a “Turnover Order” directing Tafel

to turn the race cars over to Lion Antique and ordering Lion Antique to

immediately market and sell the cars and to report the sales prices to the court

so that those amounts could be deducted from Lion Antique’s judgment against

Tafel. Tafel turned the race cars over to Lion Antique on January 22, 2009. 

Thereafter, Lion Antique shipped one of the cars overseas to race and shipped

the second car to Nevada where it sat in a garage for the remainder of 2009. On

June 29, 2009, Lion Antique’s California judgment was domesticated in

Georgia. 

On April 28, 2010, Tafel filed a motion for satisfaction of judgment,

arguing that Lion Antique’s judgment against Tafel should be marked satisfied

because Lion Antique violated the trial court’s Turnover Order by failing to

immediately market and sell the race cars. Following a hearing, the trial court

issued an order on July 21, 2010, denying Tafel’s motion, but agreeing to

schedule a jury trial to determine the value of the cars as of the date of the

Turnover Order so that the amount of the judgment could be reduced by that

amount. The superior court’s order also provided that upon completion of the

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jury trial the court would hear additional evidence in order to rule on the

equitable issues raised by Tafel, including whether Lion Antique violated the

Turnover Order. 

In June 2013, the jury found that the value of the cars as of the date of the

Turnover Order was $693,000. Thereafter, in anticipation of a final bench trial

on the remaining equitable issues, the trial court allowed the parties to pursue

additional discovery. During this discovery period, Tafel obtained a previously

unproduced insurance binder which indicated that the race cars had been insured

by Lion Antique at the time of the Turnover Order for $450,000 each.

On June 10, 2014, the trial court held a final hearing wherein it considered

the remaining equitable issues as well as the appropriate amount by which to

offset the judgment. In its final order entered June 30, 2014, the trial court

determined, among other things, that subtraction of the fair market value of the

race cars as of the date of the Turnover Order from the judgment remedied any

damages suffered by Tafel. Saying that the jury’s verdict was advisory and that

the insurance documents would have been relevant to the jury’s deliberation and

verdict, the court exercised its “equitable powers” and adjusted the jury’s

verdict, finding that the combined fair market value of the race cars was

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$900,000, an amount which it then offset from the judgment as of the date of the

Turnover Order. The trial court ruled that Lion Antique’s judgment against

Tafel was liquidated and denied Tafel’s motion for attorney fees and expenses

pursuant to OCGA § 9-15-14 (b). 

Case No. S15A0183

2. Tafel contends that a writ of ne exeat may only be used to restrain a

person from leaving the State and that the trial court thus erred in the Turnover

Order by issuing a writ of ne exeat ordering him to transfer the two race cars to

Lion Antique. We find no error in the trial court’s Turnover Order, as the trial

court did not, in substance, issue a writ of ne exeat. 

Tafel correctly notes that OCGA § 23-3-20 says that “[t]he writ of ne

exeat shall issue to restrain a person from leaving the jurisdiction of the state”

and that it gives five examples of when a person may be restrained from leaving

the state, OCGA § 23-3-20 (1)-(5). However, although Lion Antique styled its

complaint as a petition for a writ of ne exeat, the substance of its complaint

sought the equitable relief of the transfer of the two race cars. Because

“‘substance, rather than nomenclature, governs pleadings,’” Kuriatnyk v.

Kuriatnyk, 286 Ga. 589, 590 (690 SE2d 397) (2010), the style of Lion Antique’s

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complaint did not bar the trial court from ordering the transfer of the cars

pursuant to its equitable powers. Moreover, the appellate record does not

contain the transcript of the hearing on the petition for writ of ne exeat. Because

Tafel bears the burden to show error and because the transcript is necessary to

determine whether the trial court erroneously relied on ne exeat principles in

granting relief or properly relied on equitable principles in doing so, we “‘must

assume . . . that there was sufficient competent evidence to support the trial

court’s findings,’” and that “‘the judgment . . . was correct and affirm.’”

Barnwell v. TPCII, LLC, 295 Ga. 153, 154 (758 SE2d 281) (2014) (citations

omitted). 

3. Tafel next contends that the “Race Car Loan Agreement” is governed

by the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”), see OCGA § 11-9-101 et seq., and

that the trial court erred by not ruling that, under the UCC, when Lion Antique

retained the race cars instead of immediately selling them, it accepted the race

cars in satisfaction of the judgment. Tafel, however, did not raise this issue

below and therefore may not raise it on appeal. See Reliance Trust Co. v.

Candler, 294 Ga. 15, 18 (751 SE2d 47) (2013) (“Issues never raised at trial will

not be considered for the first time on appeal.” (citation and punctuation

6
omitted)). 

4. Tafel also contends that, even if the UCC does not directly govern the

parties’ transaction, the trial court, nevertheless, should have applied it under the

principle that equity “follows the analogy of the law where no rule [of law] is

directly applicable.” OCGA § 23-1-6. Tafel says that under OCGA § 11-9-610,

a provision of the UCC, and this Court’s decision in Contestabile v. Business

Dev. Corp. of Ga., 259 Ga. 783, 783 (387 SE2d 137) (1990) (“Contestabile I”),

a creditor forfeits the right to recover a deficiency if it conducts a commercially

unreasonable sale of collateral; that Lion Antique’s failure to immediately

market and sell the cars after taking possession of them was commercially

unreasonable; and that the trial court therefore erred in failing to rule that Lion

Antique had forfeited its right to enforce the California judgment. 

Tafel raised this issue below, but the trial court did not err in failing to

follow Tafel’s contention. To begin, Contestabile I created confusion by stating

that if a foreclosure sale “is determined to be commercially unreasonable, the

creditor loses not merely the right to recover a personal judgment against the

debtor, but also the right to recover the deficiency.” This is the language on

which Tafel relies. This Court, however, clarified this part of Contestabile I in

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a later decision in the same case. See Business Dev. Corp. of Ga. v.

Contestabile, 261 Ga. 886, 886-887 (413 SE2d 447) (1992) (“Contestabile II”). 

We noted that, under Emmons v. Burkett, 256 Ga. 855 (353 SE2d 908) (1987), 

when a creditor forecloses on secured property without the

statutorily required notice to the debtor, or when the creditor

conducts a commercially unreasonable sale, a rebuttable

presumption is created that the value of the collateral is equal to the

indebtedness. The creditor may rebut the presumption by

introducing (1) evidence of the fair and reasonable value of the

secured property, and (2) evidence that the value of the collateral

was less than the debt. If the creditor rebuts the presumption, he

may maintain an action against the debtor or guarantor for the

deficiency (the difference between the fair and reasonable value of

the collateral and the amount of the debt). Any loss suffered by the

debtor as a result of the failure to give notice or the commercially

unreasonable sale is recoverable under OCGA § 11-9-507 and may

be set off against the deficiency. 

Contestabile II, 261 Ga. at 886. 

We then explained that Contestabile I 

involved a creditor who was seeking to recover against a guarantor

after having sold the primary collateral without notice to the debtor

or guarantor. The guarantor contended that the collateral had been

sold at a commercially unreasonable sale — below fair market

value. We could not ascertain from the record whether the sale was

indeed commercially unreasonable and whether the creditor had

rebutted the presumption that arises from a commercially

unreasonable sale. It appeared, however, that the trial court had not

considered the Emmons rebuttable presumption rule. The intent of

our opinion was to remand for proceedings consistent with

Emmons, supra. Apparently, because we did not restate the entire

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Emmons rule, the opinion created some confusion. We said that if

the creditor conducts a commercially unreasonable sale, he loses the

right to recover the deficiency against the debtor or the guarantor.

Contestabile, 259 Ga. at 784. A more complete statement of the

rule is: If the creditor conducts a commercially unreasonable sale

and does not rebut the presumption that the value of the collateral

is equal to the indebtedness, he loses the right to recover the

deficiency against the debtor and the guarantor. If the presumption

is rebutted, the right to recover the deficiency remains as held in

Emmons. 

Contestabile II, 261 Ga. at 886-887 (emphasis omitted). 

Thus, even assuming that Lion Antique’s actions were commercially

unreasonable, under the correct UCC rule, Lion Antique did not forfeit its right

to recover a deficiency so long as it showed, as the trial court found, that the

value of the race cars was less than the judgment. 

More importantly, a trial court has “broad discretion to fashion an

equitable remedy based upon the exigencies of the case,” and “an appellate court

sustains the trial court’s action where such discretion has not been abused.”

Barngrover v. City of Columbus, 292 Ga. 486, 489 (739 SE2d 377) (2013). 

Here, the trial court found that it was equitable for Lion Antique to have its

judgment enforced, minus the fair market value of the race cars as of the date of

the Turnover Order, and for Tafel to have a credit against that judgment for the

value of the race cars as of the date of the Turnover Order, so as to protect him

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from any possible harm that may have occurred if the value of the race cars

dropped between the time of the Turnover Order and the time of an actual sale. 

This order, in effect, followed the analogy of UCC law, correctly applied as

stated in Contestabile II, 261 Ga. at 886-887, that Tafel asked the trial court to

follow. We cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in devising

this equitable remedy. See Barngrover, 292 Ga. at 489. 

5. Tafel claimed that the judgment in favor of Lion Antique should be

deemed fully satisfied because Lion Antique had unclean hands by failing to

follow the Turnover Order. In rejecting that claim, the trial court said that,

instead of now seeking to have the judgment deemed fully satisfied, Tafel

should have earlier moved to have Lion Antique held in contempt. The court

added that “to the extent that [Tafel] was harmed” by Lion Antique’s violation

of the Turnover Order, the “harm will be remedied by the determination of the

race cars’ value as of the Turnover Order and the subtraction from the judgment

of the same.” The court also said that because Tafel did not file a motion for

contempt, “the Court is precluded from making a contempt finding with regard

to the alleged violation of the Turnover Order.” 

Tafel contends that the trial court erred in ruling that, in the absence of a

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contempt motion by Tafel, it was precluded from finding Lion Antique in

contempt of the Turnover Order. Tafel is correct that a trial court may sua

sponte raise an issue of contempt. See Chatfield v. Adkins-Chatfield, 282 Ga.

190, 194 (646 SE2d 247) (2007). However, because Tafel never moved to have

Lion Antique held in contempt, he may not complain about the trial court’s

failure to do so on its own motion. See In re Adams, 292 Ga. 617, 617 (740

SE2d 134) (2013) (holding that appellant’s contention that the trial judge should

have sua sponte recused himself from a contempt proceeding was waived

because appellant did not file a motion to recuse); Braley v. State, 276 Ga. 47,

51 (572 SE2d 583) (2002) (holding that, “[b]y failing to object at trial,

Appellant waived his right to complain that the trial court, sua sponte, excused

a prospective juror”). Moreover, even assuming that the trial court erred in

failing to exercise its power to sua sponte address the contempt issue, Tafel must

show harm as well as error. See Henderson v. State, 295 Ga. 333, 337 (759

SE2d 827) (2014). Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding

that to the extent Tafel was harmed by Lion Antique’s violation of the Turnover

Order, the proper remedy was the equitable one it had crafted, Tafel cannot

show harm from the trial court failing to sua sponte address whether Lion

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Antique was in contempt of that order. 

6. Tafel moved for attorney fees under OCGA § 9-15-14. To support the

award, Tafel’s lead counsel, based on his review of all relevant billing

statements, presented a summary of the hours worked by all attorneys and

paralegals over the five years of the litigation. The trial court excluded this

summary from evidence,

2

and Tafel contends that this was error, saying that the

summary was admissible under OCGA § 24-10-1006 of our new Evidence

Code.

3 We disagree, as Tafel never made the underlying billing statements

2 Contrary to Tafel’s contention, the trial court did not rule that the

summary was admissible at the hearing. Instead, after Lion Antique’s objection

to the summary, the trial court said that it would take “the evidence under

consideration” and “enter an order.” In its written order, the trial court

addressed the parties’ arguments about the admissibility of the summary and

ruled that it was inadmissible hearsay. 

3 The hearing at which Tafel offered the summary in support of his motion

for attorney fees occurred in June 2014, after the new Code’s effective date of

January 1, 2013. OCGA § 24-10-1006 says: 

The contents of otherwise admissible voluminous writings,

recordings, or photographs which cannot conveniently be examined

in court may be presented in the form of a chart, summary, or

calculation. The originals, or duplicates, shall be made available for

examination or copying, or both, by other parties at a reasonable

time and place. The court may order that the contents of such

writings, recordings, or photographs be produced in court.

 

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available for Lion Antique to review. See OCGA § 24-10-1006 (saying that the

party desiring to introduce voluminous material in summary form must

make”[t]he originals, or duplicates, . . . available for examination or copying,

or both, by other parties at a reasonable time and place”); United States v.

Arias-Izquierdo, 449 F3d 1168, 1184 (11

thCir. 2006) (saying that under Federal

Rule of Evidence 1006,

4 which is identical in material respects to OCGA § 24-

10-1006, this requirement must be satisfied “prior to the admission of the

summary”); Parker v. State, 296 Ga. 586, 592 (769 SE2d 329) (2015) (saying

that “where the new Georgia rules [of evidence] mirror their federal

counterparts, it is clear that the General Assembly intended for Georgia courts

to look to the federal rules and how federal appellate courts have interpreted

those rules for guidance”). 7. Tafel raises one other argument, saying that it

4 Rule 1006 says: 

The proponent may use a summary, chart, or calculation to

prove the content of voluminous writings, recordings, or

photographs that cannot be conveniently examined in court. The

proponent must make the originals or duplicates available for

examination or copying, or both, by other parties at a reasonable

time and place. And the court may order the proponent to produce

them in court.

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“deserves mention.” The argument concerns the date on which interest on Lion

Antique’s judgment began to accrue. Tafel, however, did not enumerate this

issue as error, and the trial court, as Tafel concedes, has never been asked to rule

on it. The issue is therefore not properly before us. See Lee v. State, 265 Ga.

112, 116 (454 SE2d 761) (1995) (holding that, because appellant did not raise

an “issue in his enumerations of error, we will not consider it on appeal”);

Unified Government of Athens-Clarke County v. Stiles Apartments, Inc., 290

Ga. 740, 742 (723 SE2d 681) (2012) (holding that issues that are not ruled on

by the trial court may not be raised on appeal). 

Case No. S15X0184

8. In its cross-appeal, Lion Antique contends that the trial court was

bound by the jury’s finding that the value of the race cars was $693,000 and that

it therefore erred in finding that the value was $900,000. However, in its final

order, the trial court ruled that the jury’s verdict was advisory and that it had the

“equitable powers” to adjust the value to $900,000 based on evidence presented

at the June 10, 2014, hearing. Contrary to Lion Antique’s contention, we find

no error either in the trial court’s conclusion that the jury verdict was advisory

or in its adjustment of the value of the race cars. See, e.g., Knott v. Evans, 280

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Ga. 515, 515-516 (630 SE2d 402) (2006) (saying that, in an equity case, a trial

court has the inherent authority to empanel a jury to find facts and that the jury’s

findings are advisory and not binding on the trial court). Moreover, at the final

hearing, Tafel introduced evidence of the insurance policy in which the “agreed

upon” value of the race cars at the time of the Turnover Order was $450,000

each. Tafel argued that Lion Antique had failed to produce the document in

time for the jury trial and that the trial court should take this new evidence into

account and adjust the jury verdict. Lion Antique made no objection to the trial

court’s consideration of the insurance documents and did not contend that the

jury’s verdict was binding. This issue is therefore not properly before us on

appeal. See Grissom v. State, 296 Ga. 406, 411 (768 SE2d 494) (2015) 

(holding that the failure to specifically object to evidence at trial bars appellant

from raising that objection on appeal); Reliance Trust Co., 294 Ga. at 18

(“Issues never raised at trial will not be considered for the first time on

appeal.”).5

Judgments affirmed. All the Justices concur.

5 Contrary to Lion Antique’s contention, its objection at the beginning of

the final hearing that Tafel had failed to properly plead his claims does not

preserve this issue for appeal. 

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Decided June 15, 2015.

Equity. Fulton Superior Court. Before Judge Tusan.

Alston & Bird, Nowell D. Bereth, Brian D. Boone, William H. Hughes,

Jr.; Nicholas H. Lynton, for appellant.

Greenberg Traurig, Michael J. King; Andrew N. Capezzuto, for appellee.

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