11 

For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, August 3, 2017 USDL-17-1069

Technical Information: (202) 691-5606 • productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: WHOLESALE TRADE, 

RETAIL TRADE, AND FOOD SERVICES AND DRINKING PLACES INDUSTRIES – 2016

Labor productivity rose 1.2 percent in wholesale trade, 4.6 percent in retail trade, and 1.3 percent in 

food services and drinking places in 2016, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Unit 

labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit of output, rose in food services 

and drinking places and fell in wholesale trade and retail trade. 

For wholesale trade in 2016, productivity, output, and hours worked all increased at a slower rate than in 

2015. In retail trade, the growth in output far outpaced the growth in hours worked leading to a bigger 

productivity increase in 2016 than in 2015. Productivity growth in food services and drinking places in 

2016 was slightly less than that of 2015 as output increased at a slower rate. 

Chart 1. Productivity change in the largest (by employment) 4-digit wholesale trade, retail trade, and 

food services and drinking places industries, 2016

0.3

5.5

1.3

3.0

5.9

1.7

4.2

3.9

12.4

-1.9

-1.1

-2.0

Department stores

Health and personal 

care stores

Grocery and related 

product wholesalers

Restaurants and other 

eating places

Grocery stores

Other general 

merchandise 

stores

Automobile 

dealers

Building material and 

supplies dealers

Clothing stores

Gasoline stations

Electronic markets 

and agents and 

brokers

Special food services

-9

-6

-3

0

3

6

9

-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9

Hours Worked Percent Change

Industries with increasing productivity

Industries with decreasing productivity

Note: Bubble size represents industry employment. 

Value in the bubble indicates percent change in 

labor productivity.

Output Percent Change
Chart 1 shows the changes in output and hours worked for industries with the largest employment. 

Industries above the diagonal line had growth in productivity; these all showed growth in output while 

slightly more than half showed growth in hours worked. Productivity growth was greatest in special 

food services where a moderate increase in output coincided with a rapid decline in hours worked. 

Industries below the diagonal line exhibited declining productivity. Hours worked increased in two of 

the three industries while output grew at a slower rate. Department stores was the only industry where 

both output and hours worked declined. 

Labor Productivity Rose in Majority of Industries in 2016

Productivity increased in all of the 16 3-digit NAICS industries studied in 2016 except for health and 

personal care stores. (See chart 2.) Seven industries had productivity gains of at least 4.0 percent. 

Nonstore retailers, which includes electronic shopping and mail-order houses, had the largest increase in 

output (12.6 percent). 

Productivity increased in 36 of the 49 4-digit NAICS industries studied in 2016. Output grew in 41 

industries while hours worked grew in 29 industries. 

In wholesale trade, productivity rose 1.2 percent as output grew 1.6 percent and hours worked increased 

0.4 percent. 

• Productivity grew 0.5 percent in durable goods wholesalers and 1.0 percent in nondurable goods

wholesalers.

• Productivity increased in 12 of the 19 4-digit wholesale trade industries while output rose in 14

industries and hours worked grew in 11.

• Productivity increased most rapidly in petroleum merchant wholesalers and farm product raw

material merchant wholesalers as output increased and hours worked fell in both industries.

In retail trade, productivity and output grew 4.6 percent with hours worked virtually unchanged. 

• Productivity increased in 21 of the 27 4-digit retail trade industries while output grew in 24

industries and hours worked rose in 16.

• The largest productivity increases were in florists and office supplies, stationery, and gift stores

as output rose and hours worked declined in both industries.

• The electronic shopping and mail-order houses industry experienced the largest growth in output

(14.1 percent) resulting in an 11.4 percent increase in productivity.

In food services and drinking places, productivity rose 1.3 percent as output grew 3.5 percent and 

hours worked rose 2.2 percent. Output and productivity rose in all three 4-digit industries; hours worked 

rose in two industries. 

2
Chart 2. Productivity change in 3-digit wholesale trade, retail trade, and food services and drinking places 

industries, 2016

Productivity Exceeded Hourly Compensation in Majority of Industries in 2016 

When productivity gains outpace hourly compensation, unit labor costs facing employers decline. 

• Unit labor costs fell in 12 out of 16 3-digit industries in 2016. All unit labor cost declines

occurred in industries where productivity rose. (See chart 3.)

• Unit labor costs declined in 7 of 19 wholesale trade and 18 of 27 retail trade 4-digit industries.

Two of the food services and drinking places industries experienced an increase in unit labor

costs.

• Hourly compensation, defined as labor compensation per hour worked, rose in 36 of the 49

4-digit industries.

-1.1

0.5

1.0

1.3

1.3

2.0

2.6

3.2

3.9

4.2

4.7

5.3

5.5

7.7

8.0

9.8

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Health and personal care stores

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods

General merchandise stores

Food services and drinking places

Clothing and clothing accessories stores

Sports, hobby, music instrument, book stores

Motor vehicle and parts dealers

Electronic markets and agents and brokers

Gasoline stations

Food and beverage stores

Building material and garden supply stores

Furniture and home furnishings stores

Nonstore retailers

Electronics and appliance stores

Miscellaneous store retailers

Percent Change

Productivity

-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

Percent Change

Output

Hours

3
Chart 3. Unit labor costs, productivity, and hourly compensation in 3-digit wholesale trade, retail trade, 

and food services and drinking places industries, 2016 

Long-term Productivity Slowdown Reflected in All Three Industry Groups

From 1987 to 2016, labor productivity increased at an average annual rate of 2.8 percent in wholesale 

trade, 2.9 percent in retail trade, and 0.5 percent in food services and drinking places. 

• Among the 4-digit industries, productivity rose in all but three industries from 1987 to 2016.

Median productivity among these industries grew at an average annual rate of 2.0 percent.

• Over the long term, productivity growth was associated with rising output in 43 out of 49 4-digit

industries while hours worked increased in 26 industries.

• The growth in productivity from 1987 to 2007 exceeded the growth in productivity from 2007 to

2016 in all three industry groups. (See chart 4.) Productivity increased in 45 out of 49 4-digit

industries from 1987 to 2007 compared to 34 industries from 2007 to 2016.

2.5

1.9

1.6

1.0

-0.3

-0.4

-1.1

-1.2

-1.3

-2.3

-2.4

-2.5

-3.6

-4.4

-6.1

-6.4

-8 -4 0 4 8 12

Food services and drinking places

General merchandise stores

Health and personal care stores

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods

Clothing and clothing accessories stores

Nonstore retailers

Food and beverage stores

Gasoline stations

Motor vehicle and parts dealers

Electronic markets and agents and brokers

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods

Building material and garden supply stores

Miscellaneous store retailers

Furniture and home furnishings stores

Sports, hobby, music instrument, book stores

Electronics and appliance stores

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Productivity Hourly Compensation

4
From 1987 to 2016, unit labor costs increased at an average annual rate of 3.1 percent in food services 

and drinking places, the greatest change among the three industry groups. Unit labor costs increased by 

0.9 percent in wholesale trade and were unchanged in retail trade. 

• Among the 4-digit industries, unit labor costs fell in 15 out of 49 industries from 1987 to 2016.

Unit labor costs declined in 2 out of 19 wholesale trade and 13 out of 27 retail trade industries

while increasing in all food services and drinking places industries.

• From 2007 to 2016, unit labor costs declined in 15 out of 49 industries. All industries with

declines in unit labor costs experienced increases in productivity.

• Among the 3-digit industries, electronics and appliance stores had the largest unit labor cost

declines and the largest productivity gains during the 1987 to 2007 and 2007 to 2016 periods.

Chart 4. Long-term changes in productivity and unit labor costs for wholesale trade, retail trade, and food 

services and drinking places industry groups

80

120

160

200

240

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Index 

(1987=100)

Wholesale Trade

Retail Trade

Food Services and 

Drinking Places

2.8

3.7

0.9

2.9

3.3

2.1

0.5 0.7 0.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

1987-2016 1987-2007 2007-2016

Average Annual 

Percent Change

Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Food Services and Drinking Places

80

120

160

200

240

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

Index 

(1987=100)

Wholesale Trade

Retail Trade

Food Services and 

Drinking Places

0.9 0.7

1.4

0.0 0.0 0.0

3.1 3.2

2.8

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

1987-2016 1987-2007 2007-2016

Average Annual 

Percent Change

Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Food Services and Drinking Places

Labor Productivity

Unit Labor Costs

2016

2016

5
Additional Information

The trade and food services and drinking places measures in this release incorporate benchmark data 

from the Census Bureau’s Annual Wholesale Trade Report (February 2017), Monthly Wholesale Trade 

Survey (May 2017), Annual Retail Trade Survey (March 2017), Annual Revision of the Monthly Retail 

and Food Services: Sales and Inventories (May 2017), and Nonemployer Statistics (May 2017). Data 

have been benchmarked to the final results of the 2012 Economic Census. Accordingly, the labor 

productivity and output series for all industries have been revised for 2015 and earlier years. 

Additionally, the unit labor cost measures incorporate preliminary data from the BLS Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages (June 2017). 

Want to know more?

Find data at www.bls.gov/lpc for: 

• Additional industries and sectors

• Detailed data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of change; and levels of

industry employment, hours worked, nominal value of production, and labor compensation

• Additional years and long-term data

Questions? 

Additional information can be obtained by calling the BLS productivity program at (202) 691-5606 

or by sending an email to productivity@bls.gov. Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 

(800) 877-8339.

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6
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: Labor productivity describes the relationship between real output and the labor 

hours involved in its production. These measures show the changes from period to period in the amount 

of goods and services produced per hour worked. Although the labor productivity measures relate output 

in an industry to hours worked of all persons in that industry, they do not measure the specific 

contribution of labor to growth in output. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, 

including: changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the 

use of purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of 

production; the characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal industry labor compensation 

by an index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation 

per hour worked (hourly compensation) and real output per hour worked (labor productivity). When 

hourly compensation growth outpaces productivity, unit labor costs increase. Alternatively, when 

productivity growth exceeds hourly compensation, unit labor costs decrease. 

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products 

(in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output for data in this release is 

derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using price indexes. Industry output measures 

are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of the U.S. Census 

Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes from BLS. 

Labor Hours: Labor hours are measured as annual hours worked by all employed persons in an 

industry. Data on industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) survey and Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and 

production worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented 

with CPS data on self-employed and unpaid family workers to estimate industry employment. Hours 

worked estimates are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on the average weekly hours 

paid of production workers, CPS data on hours of nonproduction, self-employed, and unpaid family 

workers, and ratios of hours worked to hours paid based on data from the National Compensation 

Survey (NCS). For some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further 

disaggregated using data from the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the 

Census Bureau, or other sources. Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers 

and then are directly aggregated; no adjustments for labor composition are made.

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 

programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from 

the BLS QCEW and the economic censuses of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.

7
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2015-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade................................................... 42 6,049.1 1.2 -0.7 1.6 0.4 0.9

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods........................ 423 3,028.0 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.2 1.8

Motor vehicles and parts.................................... 4231 343.3 -2.1 4.0 -0.7 1.4 3.2

Furniture and furnishings.................................... 4232 112.8 3.4 3.8 4.2 0.8 8.2

Lumber and construction supplies.......................... 4233 219.5 0.1 0.1 5.4 5.3 5.5

Commercial equipment...................................... 4234 633.4 3.1 -3.0 3.8 0.6 0.7

Metals and minerals......................................... 4235 128.0 -1.6 5.5 -6.1 -4.5 -1.0

Appliances and electric goods.............................. 4236 336.6 0.9 1.7 2.1 1.2 3.8

Hardware and plumbing..................................... 4237 248.4 -1.2 0.3 3.3 4.5 3.6

Machinery and supplies..................................... 4238 689.6 1.3 0.5 -1.9 -3.2 -1.3

Miscellaneous durable goods............................... 4239 316.4 0.8 3.1 0.8 0.0 3.9

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods................... 424 2,113.5 1.0 -2.4 2.6 1.6 0.2

Paper and paper products.................................. 4241 122.5 1.7 -1.3 1.8 0.1 0.5

Druggists’ goods............................................. 4242 205.3 1.5 -2.7 1.4 -0.1 -1.3

Apparel and piece goods.................................... 4243 158.0 -2.2 2.6 -1.6 0.6 1.0

Grocery and related products............................... 4244 774.0 -2.0 -0.8 0.2 2.3 -0.7

Farm product raw materials................................. 4245 75.0 11.7 -8.3 3.5 -7.3 -5.1

Chemicals..................................................... 4246 132.2 2.6 1.6 -0.9 -3.4 0.7

Petroleum..................................................... 4247 96.5 18.6 -19.6 13.0 -4.6 -9.1

Alcoholic beverages......................................... 4248 199.1 -2.1 4.3 1.5 3.7 5.9

Miscellaneous nondurable goods........................... 4249 350.9 -4.4 2.6 2.6 7.3 5.3

Electronic markets and agents and brokers................. 425 907.6 3.9 -2.3 1.7 -2.1 -0.6

Electronic markets and agents and brokers............... 4251 907.6 3.9 -2.3 1.7 -2.1 -0.6

Retail Trade

Retail trade......................................................... 44-45 16,670.3 4.6 -1.5 4.6 0.1 3.0

Motor vehicle and parts dealers............................... 441 2,046.2 3.2 -1.3 4.8 1.6 3.5

Automobile dealers.......................................... 4411 1,325.1 3.0 -0.9 5.2 2.1 4.2

Other motor vehicle dealers................................ 4412 157.0 7.1 -4.0 4.5 -2.5 0.3

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores................... 4413 564.1 -0.1 0.6 1.3 1.4 1.9

Furniture and home furnishings stores....................... 442 521.1 5.5 -4.4 5.4 -0.1 0.8

Furniture stores.............................................. 4421 244.2 3.6 -1.8 4.3 0.7 2.4

Home furnishings stores..................................... 4422 276.9 7.6 -7.2 6.6 -0.9 -1.0

Electronics and appliance stores.............................. 443 542.6 8.0 -6.4 3.9 -3.8 -2.7

Electronics and appliance stores........................... 4431 542.6 8.0 -6.4 3.9 -3.8 -2.7

Building material and garden supply stores.................. 444 1,312.0 5.3 -2.5 6.7 1.3 4.0

Building material and supplies dealers..................... 4441 1,140.4 5.9 -2.7 7.4 1.4 4.5

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores........ 4442 171.6 1.4 -2.0 2.0 0.6 -0.1

Food and beverage stores..................................... 445 3,184.4 4.7 -1.1 3.2 -1.4 2.0

Grocery stores................................................ 4451 2,754.6 5.5 -1.7 3.2 -2.1 1.5

Specialty food stores........................................ 4452 254.6 3.4 0.2 2.6 -0.7 2.8

Beer, wine and liquor stores................................ 4453 175.2 -5.4 7.4 3.2 9.1 10.9

Health and personal care stores.............................. 446 1,091.3 -1.1 1.6 1.4 2.5 3.1

Health and personal care stores........................... 4461 1,091.3 -1.1 1.6 1.4 2.5 3.1

Gasoline stations............................................... 447 933.1 4.2 -1.2 4.8 0.6 3.5

Gasoline stations............................................. 4471 933.1 4.2 -1.2 4.8 0.6 3.5

Clothing and clothing accessories stores.................... 448 1,442.3 2.0 -0.3 0.7 -1.2 0.5

Clothing stores............................................... 4481 1,056.1 1.7 0.5 0.2 -1.5 0.7

Shoe stores................................................... 4482 218.1 3.5 -3.7 4.4 0.9 0.5

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores............... 4483 168.1 2.2 -0.4 0.0 -2.2 -0.4

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores. . . . . . . . . . . .. 451 678.6 2.6 -6.1 3.5 0.8 -2.9

Sporting goods and musical instrument stores. . . . . . . . . .. 4511 587.0 3.0 -6.6 3.8 0.8 -3.0

Book stores and news dealers............................. 4512 91.6 0.6 -3.5 1.2 0.7 -2.3

8
Table 1. Recent labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2015-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

General merchandise stores................................... 452 3,184.1 1.3 1.9 1.7 0.4 3.6

Department stores........................................... 4521 1,309.8 -1.9 2.8 -4.7 -2.8 -2.0

Other general merchandise stores......................... 4529 1,874.3 1.3 3.3 3.8 2.4 7.2

Miscellaneous store retailers.................................. 453 991.3 9.8 -3.6 5.3 -4.1 1.5

Florists........................................................ 4531 77.5 26.9 -14.1 10.8 -12.7 -4.8

Office supplies, stationery and gift stores................. 4532 290.1 14.4 -3.2 0.6 -12.0 -2.6

Used merchandise stores................................... 4533 228.0 2.0 0.6 1.1 -0.9 1.7

Other miscellaneous store retailers........................ 4539 395.7 6.3 -2.7 8.1 1.7 5.2

Nonstore retailers............................................... 454 743.3 7.7 -0.4 12.6 4.5 12.1

Electronic shopping and mail-order houses............... 4541 430.7 11.4 1.9 14.1 2.4 16.3

Vending machine operators................................. 4542 43.9 -5.6 -0.4 -3.6 2.1 -4.0

Direct selling establishments................................ 4543 268.7 -4.4 -0.2 4.5 9.4 4.3

Food Services and Drinking Places

Food services and drinking places............................ 722 11,650.6 1.3 2.5 3.5 2.2 6.1

Special food services........................................ 7223 795.6 12.4 -1.7 3.2 -8.2 1.5

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages...................... 7224 390.4 1.4 1.8 3.9 2.5 5.7

Restaurants and other eating places....................... 7225 10,464.6 0.3 3.1 3.5 3.2 6.7

9
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade................................................... 42 6,049.1 2.8 0.9 3.2 0.3 4.1

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods........................ 423 3,028.0 4.4 -0.5 4.5 0.1 4.0

Motor vehicles and parts.................................... 4231 343.3 3.6 0.2 3.3 -0.3 3.5

Furniture and furnishings.................................... 4232 112.8 1.9 2.3 1.7 -0.2 4.1

Lumber and construction supplies.......................... 4233 219.5 1.1 1.4 1.6 0.5 3.1

Commercial equipment...................................... 4234 633.4 11.9 -7.0 12.1 0.1 4.2

Metals and minerals......................................... 4235 128.0 -0.4 3.8 -0.3 0.1 3.4

Appliances and electric goods.............................. 4236 336.6 7.8 -3.0 7.3 -0.4 4.1

Hardware and plumbing..................................... 4237 248.4 1.8 1.8 2.4 0.6 4.2

Machinery and supplies..................................... 4238 689.6 1.7 2.3 1.6 0.0 3.9

Miscellaneous durable goods............................... 4239 316.4 0.9 2.8 1.5 0.5 4.3

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods................... 424 2,113.5 1.2 2.7 1.4 0.2 4.1

Paper and paper products.................................. 4241 122.5 1.2 2.3 0.4 -0.8 2.7

Druggists’ goods............................................. 4242 205.3 2.6 3.8 3.8 1.2 7.7

Apparel and piece goods.................................... 4243 158.0 2.1 1.3 1.8 -0.3 3.1

Grocery and related products............................... 4244 774.0 1.0 2.4 1.7 0.7 4.2

Farm product raw materials................................. 4245 75.0 1.5 3.8 -0.3 -1.8 3.5

Chemicals..................................................... 4246 132.2 0.3 3.4 0.6 0.3 4.0

Petroleum..................................................... 4247 96.5 2.8 1.7 1.3 -1.5 3.0

Alcoholic beverages......................................... 4248 199.1 0.1 3.1 1.9 1.8 5.1

Miscellaneous nondurable goods........................... 4249 350.9 0.0 3.3 -0.2 -0.2 3.0

Electronic markets and agents and brokers................. 425 907.6 1.5 0.8 3.7 2.1 4.6

Electronic markets and agents and brokers............... 4251 907.6 1.5 0.8 3.7 2.1 4.6

Retail Trade

Retail trade......................................................... 44-45 16,670.3 2.9 0.0 3.4 0.5 3.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers............................... 441 2,046.2 2.2 0.6 3.0 0.8 3.7

Automobile dealers.......................................... 4411 1,325.1 2.2 0.6 3.1 0.9 3.8

Other motor vehicle dealers................................ 4412 157.0 2.6 0.9 3.7 1.1 4.6

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores................... 4413 564.1 1.1 1.3 1.8 0.8 3.1

Furniture and home furnishings stores....................... 442 521.1 3.7 -1.0 3.8 0.1 2.7

Furniture stores.............................................. 4421 244.2 3.2 -0.7 3.2 0.0 2.5

Home furnishings stores..................................... 4422 276.9 4.4 -1.4 4.5 0.1 3.0

Electronics and appliance stores.............................. 443 542.6 10.8 -7.3 11.5 0.7 3.4

Electronics and appliance stores........................... 4431 542.6 10.8 -7.3 11.5 0.7 3.4

Building material and garden supply stores.................. 444 1,312.0 2.7 -0.1 3.4 0.6 3.3

Building material and supplies dealers..................... 4441 1,140.4 2.6 0.1 3.4 0.7 3.4

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores........ 4442 171.6 3.3 -0.8 3.2 0.0 2.4

Food and beverage stores..................................... 445 3,184.4 0.6 2.4 0.5 0.0 2.9

Grocery stores................................................ 4451 2,754.6 0.4 2.6 0.5 0.1 3.1

Specialty food stores........................................ 4452 254.6 0.3 2.2 -0.4 -0.6 1.9

Beer, wine and liquor stores................................ 4453 175.2 2.1 0.7 1.3 -0.8 2.0

Health and personal care stores.............................. 446 1,091.3 2.0 1.3 3.1 1.1 4.5

Health and personal care stores........................... 4461 1,091.3 2.0 1.3 3.1 1.1 4.5

Gasoline stations............................................... 447 933.1 1.6 1.2 1.3 -0.3 2.5

Gasoline stations............................................. 4471 933.1 1.6 1.2 1.3 -0.3 2.5

Clothing and clothing accessories stores.................... 448 1,442.3 4.1 -1.2 3.7 -0.4 2.5

Clothing stores............................................... 4481 1,056.1 4.5 -1.4 4.2 -0.3 2.7

Shoe stores................................................... 4482 218.1 2.7 -0.7 2.6 -0.1 1.9

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores............... 4483 168.1 3.5 -0.3 2.7 -0.7 2.5

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores. . . . . . . . . . . .. 451 678.6 3.5 -0.8 4.1 0.6 3.2

Sporting goods and musical instrument stores. . . . . . . . . .. 4511 587.0 4.1 -1.3 4.9 0.8 3.6

Book stores and news dealers............................. 4512 91.6 1.5 0.9 0.7 -0.8 1.6

10
Table 2. Long run labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2016

Employment

(thousands)

Average annual percent change, 1987-2016

Labor

productivity

Unit labor

costs Output Hoursworked

Labor

compensation

General merchandise stores................................... 452 3,184.1 3.0 -0.8 4.4 1.3 3.6

Department stores........................................... 4521 1,309.8 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.1 1.7

Other general merchandise stores......................... 4529 1,874.3 5.3 -2.0 7.7 2.2 5.5

Miscellaneous store retailers.................................. 453 991.3 3.3 -1.0 3.3 -0.1 2.2

Florists........................................................ 4531 77.5 3.3 -0.3 0.2 -2.9 -0.1

Office supplies, stationery and gift stores................. 4532 290.1 5.5 -2.4 4.0 -1.4 1.5

Used merchandise stores................................... 4533 228.0 4.4 -2.1 6.0 1.5 3.8

Other miscellaneous store retailers........................ 4539 395.7 1.2 0.3 2.5 1.4 2.8

Nonstore retailers............................................... 454 743.3 8.1 -4.0 8.9 0.8 4.6

Electronic shopping and mail-order houses............... 4541 430.7 10.0 -5.1 14.3 3.9 8.5

Vending machine operators................................. 4542 43.9 0.4 2.9 -2.4 -2.8 0.4

Direct selling establishments................................ 4543 268.7 2.3 0.3 1.0 -1.3 1.3

Food Services and Drinking Places

Food services and drinking places............................ 722 11,650.6 0.5 3.1 2.2 1.7 5.3

Special food services........................................ 7223 795.6 1.3 1.5 2.4 1.0 3.9

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages...................... 7224 390.4 -0.4 3.4 -0.5 -0.1 2.9

Restaurants and other eating places....................... 7225 10,464.6 0.5 3.2 2.3 1.9 5.7

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