Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida

Opinion filed October 26, 2016.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

________________

No. 3D16-2004

Lower Tribunal No. 16-20524

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Jason Bloch,

Appellant,

vs.

Marcia del Rey, et al.,

Appellees.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Jerald Bagley,

Judge.

Greenspoon Marder, and Joseph S. Geller (Fort Lauderdale); Benedict

Kuehne; Kozyak, Tropin & Throckmorton and Thomas A. Tucker Ronzetti, for

appellant.

Zumpano Castro and Robert H. Fernandez; Gunster and Angel A. Cortiñas

and Jonathan H. Kaskel, for appellees.

Before SALTER, EMAS and FERNANDEZ, JJ.

EMAS, J.
INTRODUCTION

Jason Bloch appeals from an order granting Marcia Del Rey’s motion to

dismiss Bloch’s claims for declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as an order

granting judgment on the pleadings in favor of Stand Up to Violence and Jorge

Alberto Balleste on Bloch’s claim for injunctive relief. For the reasons that follow,

we affirm in part and dismiss in part.

FACTS 

Jason Bloch is an incumbent circuit court judge and was a retention

candidate for the Circuit Court, Eleventh Judicial Circuit, Group 9 judicial election

held on August 30, 2016.1 Marcia Del Rey sought to challenge Bloch for that seat,

and Del Rey filed the required paperwork and paid the required filing fee prior to

the qualifying date of May 6, 2016. The Florida Division of Elections certified Del

Rey as a qualified candidate for the Group 9 seat. 

On August 10, 2016, more than three months after the qualifying date, only

twenty days before election day, and only five days before the commencement of

early voting in Miami-Dade County,2 Bloch filed an action for declaratory and

1

Judicial campaigns are nonpartisan, and judicial elections are held on the date set

for primary elections in partisan campaigns. See § 105.051(1)(b), Fla. Stat. (2016). 

Where more than two judicial candidates are running for the same office, and no

candidate receives a majority of the votes cast, a runoff between the two candidates

receiving the highest number of votes is held on the general election date. Id. In

the instant case, there were only two candidates for this judicial seat, and thus the

winner was determined in the primary election held on August 30, 2016.

2 See http://www.miamidade.gov/releases/2016-08-12-elections-early-voting2
injunctive relief against Del Rey, asserting Del Rey was not constitutionally

qualified to be a candidate for judicial office because she had “refused and failed to

accurately provide the mandatory full and public disclosure” of financial interests

by failing to accurately report her income from 2015 and had failed to disclose

each source of her income. In addition, Bloch alleged that Del Rey made material

misrepresentations and omissions in political advertisements and was the

beneficiary of express advocacy by Stand Up to Violence, an electioneering

communications organization, whose chairperson is Jorge Alberto Balleste. Stand

Up to Violence and Balleste were also named as defendants, together with the

Miami-Dade County Supervisor of Elections and Secretary of State.3 

The three-count complaint sought (I) a declaration from the court that Del

Rey was not constitutionally qualified to be a candidate for the office she was

seeking; (II) an injunction removing Del Rey from the ballot for her failure to

comply with the financial disclosure requirement and requiring the Secretary of

State to declare Del Rey not qualified to be a candidate for circuit court judge and

to notify voters of same, and to direct the Supervisor of Elections not to count any

monday.asp. (site last visited October 20, 2016) (announcing August 15-28, 2016

as the early-voting period for the primary election); §101.657(d), Fla. Stat. (2016)

(authorizing county supervisors of elections to establish early-voting periods). In

fact, Bloch’s suit was filed after the Supervisor of Elections had already begun

sending vote-by-mail ballots to those electors voting by mail, see § 101.6103, Fla.

Stat. (2016).

3 The Miami-Dade County Supervisor of Elections and the Secretary of State were

named only in their representative capacities.

3
votes cast for her; and (III) an injunction prohibiting Stand Up to Violence and

Balleste from continuing to expend funds by engaging in express advocacy in

support of Del Rey. 

On August 15, 2016, Bloch served the summons and complaint upon Del

Rey, Stand Up to Violence and Balleste.4 Del Rey filed a motion to dismiss

Counts I (declaratory relief) and II (injunctive relief) for failure to state a cause of

action, asserting she had met all constitutional eligibility requirements established

by the Florida Constitution, and had complied with all statutory requirements to

qualify as a judicial candidate. Del Rey further argued that the trial court was

without authority to remove her from the ballot based solely on alleged

irregularities in the qualifying papers she had filed, and further, that any such

“irregularities” had been cured by her filing an amendment to her financial

disclosure on August 18, 2016. 

Stand Up to Violence and Balleste filed a motion for judgment on the

pleadings as to Count III (injunctive relief), asserting that Stand Up to Violence

was organized as a political committee, not an electioneering communications

organization,5 and therefore, it was allowed to engage in political advertising

4 The record below evidenced that, by the time Bloch served the summons and

complaint on the defendants, more than 90,000 Miami-Dade County electors had

already cast vote-by-mail ballots or had voted in early voting.

5

It was later established below that Stand Up to Violence is in fact a political

committee, not an electioneering communications organization. Bloch

subsequently amended his complaint to accurately reflect the status of this

4
containing express advocacy, and to make direct contributions to candidates. They

also contended that the communications from Stand Up to Violence (attached as

exhibits to the complaint) did not contain any express advocacy and that one of the

exhibits (which does appear on its face to contain express advocacy) was not

reviewed and approved prior to final publication. Finally, Stand Up to Violence

asserted that the Florida Elections Commission, and not the court, has jurisdiction

over alleged violations of chapter 106, Florida Statutes. 

The trial court held a hearing on August 25 and 26, and thereafter, granted

both motions. As to the motion to dismiss, the court determined that Bloch should

have exhausted his administrative remedies with the Florida Commission on Ethics

before seeking relief in the court and that he offered no valid reason for the

extraordinary relief he sought in the court. The court further found that Del Ray

had substantially complied with the financial disclosure requirements. As to the

motion for judgment on the pleadings filed by Stand Up to Violence and Balleste,

the court found that Bloch had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies against

those parties by not filing a complaint with the Florida Elections Commission. 

This appeal followed and this court has granted Bloch’s motion for

expedited consideration.6 

organization. 

6 On August 30, Del Rey received the most votes and the Supervisor of Elections

certified that Del Rey was elected to office. Del Rey’s six-year term is scheduled

to begin on January 3, 2017.

5
ANALYSIS

We review de novo the trial court’s orders on Bloch’s claims for injunctive

relief against Del Rey, Stand Up to Violence and Balleste. See Walker v. Figarola,

59 So. 3d 188, 190 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011); Thompson v. Napotnik, 923 So. 2d 537

(Fla. 5th DCA 2006). As to the declaratory action, we ordinarily review an order

dismissing such a claim under an abuse of discretion standard. See Acad. Express,

LLC v. Broward Cty., 53 So. 3d 1188 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011); Basik Exports &

Imports, Inc. v. Preferred Nat. Ins. Co., 911 So. 2d 291 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005);

Palumbo v. Moore, 777 So. 2d 1177 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001). However, to the extent

that the dismissal is based upon a legal determination, our review is de novo. See,

e.g., Angelo’s Aggregate Materials, Ltd. v. Pasco Cnty., 118 So. 3d 971 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2013).

We first address the order which entered judgment on the pleadings as to

Count III in favor of Stand Up to Violence and Balleste. In that count, Bloch

sought injunctive relief against Stand Up to Violence and Balleste, enjoining them

from engaging in express advocacy in support of Del Rey and her campaign for

circuit court judge. Given that the campaign has concluded and the election has

already been held, the grounds upon which injunctive relief was sought are now

moot. Even if we were to conclude that the trial court erred in granting judgment

on the pleadings on Count III, a reversal and remand would be futile under these

6
circumstances. See Solares v. City of Miami, 23 So. 3d 227 (Fla. 3d DCA 2009);

Rubin v. Addison Reserve Country Club, Inc., 126 So. 3d 1189 (Fla. 4th DCA

2012). We therefore decline to reach the merits of this claim and dismiss this

portion of the appeal.7 

Turning to the declaratory and injunctive relief claims filed by Bloch against

Del Rey, we affirm the trial court’s dismissal order and find Bloch’s arguments are

without merit, as Del Rey substantially complied with the statutory qualifying

requirements set forth in section 105.031, Florida Statutes (2016). 

As a preliminary matter, the issue before us involves compliance with the

statutory requirements to qualify as a candidate for judicial office, rather than the

constitutional requirements of eligibility to hold judicial office. See Burns v.

Tondreau, 139 So. 3d 481 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014) (discussing the separate and distinct

differences between a candidate’s constitutional eligibility for office and the

statutory requirements to qualify to run for office). See also Norman v. Ambler, 46

So. 3d 178 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (same). And while the qualifying paperwork at

issue in this case (“Form 6, Full and Public Disclosure of Financial Interests”) was

7 We note that all parties have acknowledged that the Florida Elections

Commission has the authority to investigate violations of Florida’s campaign

financing laws. See section 106.25, Fla. Stat. (2016). However, given our

disposition of this claim, we need not and therefore do not reach the question of

whether the FEC has exclusive jurisdiction under these circumstances, or whether

Bloch was required to exhaust administrative remedies before seeking relief in

circuit court.

7
created by the Florida Commission on Ethics to implement the provisions of Art. 2,

Section 8 of the Florida Constitution (“Ethics in Government”)8, the precise issue

8 Article II, Section 8 of the Florida Constitution, entitled “Ethics in government”

provides in pertinent part: 

A public office is a public trust. The people shall have the right to

secure and sustain that trust against abuse. To assure this right:

(a) All elected constitutional officers and candidates for such offices

and, as may be determined by law, other public officers, candidates,

and employees shall file full and public disclosure of their financial

interests.

(b) All elected public officers and candidates for such offices shall file

full and public disclosure of their campaign finances.

(c) Any public officer or employee who breaches the public trust for

private gain and any person or entity inducing such breach shall be

liable to the state for all financial benefits obtained by such actions.

The manner of recovery and additional damages may be provided by

law.

. . . .

(f) There shall be an independent commission to conduct

investigations and make public reports on all complaints concerning

breach of public trust by public officers or employees not within the

jurisdiction of the judicial qualifications commission.

. . . .

(1) Full and public disclosure of financial interests shall mean filing

with the custodian of state records by July 1 of each year a sworn

statement showing net worth and identifying each asset and liability in

excess of $1,000 and its value together with one of the following:

a. A copy of the person's most recent federal income tax return; or

b. A sworn statement which identifies each separate source and

amount of income which exceeds $1,000. The forms for such source

8
before us is whether Del Rey complied with the requirements as set forth in section

105.031, such that she qualified to run as a candidate for judicial office. 

Section 105.031 establishes the statutory requirements and deadlines for an

individual to qualify as a candidate for judicial office. The statute mandates, inter

alia, payment of a qualifying fee (or submission of a petition), and execution and

submission of certain oaths and documents. For our purposes, the relevant

provisions are found in subsections (5)(a)5., (5)(b), and (6) which provide:

105.031. Qualification; filing fee; candidate's oath; items required to be

filed

(5) Items required to be filed.--

(a) In order for a candidate for judicial office or the office of school

board member to be qualified, the following items must be received

by the filing officer by the end of the qualifying period:

. . . .

5. The full and public disclosure of financial interests required by s. 8,

Art. II of the State Constitution or the statement of financial interests

required by s. 112.3145, whichever is applicable. A public officer who

has filed the full and public disclosure or statement of financial

interests with the Commission on Ethics or the supervisor of elections

prior to qualifying for office may file a copy of that disclosure at the

time of qualifying.

(b) If the filing officer receives qualifying papers that do not include

all items as required by paragraph (a) prior to the last day of

qualifying, the filing officer shall make a reasonable effort to notify

the candidate of the missing or incomplete items and shall inform the

disclosure and the rules under which they are to be filed shall be

prescribed by the independent commission established in subsection

(f), and such rules shall include disclosure of secondary sources of

income.

9
candidate that all required items must be received by the close of

qualifying. A candidate's name as it is to appear on the

ballot may not be changed after the end of qualifying.

(6) Notwithstanding the qualifying period prescribed in this section, a

filing officer may accept and hold qualifying papers submitted not

earlier than 14 days prior to the beginning of the qualifying period, to

be processed and filed during the qualifying period.

Pursuant to the requirements of section 105.031, the Florida Commission on

Ethics promulgated a form entitled “Form 6 Full and Public Disclosure of

Financial Interests.”9 It is this form which must be filled out, executed, sworn to

and filed with the Division of Elections prior to the end of the qualifying period. 

There is no dispute that Del Rey in fact filled out and executed the Form 6, which

was notarized and filed with the Division of Elections prior to the end of the

qualifying period. Bloch contends, however, that the Form 6 filed by Del Rey was

9 Fla. Admin. Code R. 34-8.001 (2016) provides:

The Commission on Ethics has the responsibility pursuant to Article

II, Section 8(i)1., Florida Constitution, to prescribe forms for

disclosure of income sources and amounts and the rules under which

such forms are to be filed, which rules shall include disclosure of

secondary sources of income. In addition, the Commission is

authorized by Section 112.3147, F.S., to prescribe forms required for

use in making the disclosures required by Article II, Section 8, Florida

Constitution, and by Section 112.322(9), F.S., to adopt rules

interpreting the disclosures established by Article II, Section 8,

Florida Constitution. The forms for full and public disclosure shall be

prescribed in accordance with the rules of this chapter and adopted by

reference in Chapter 34-7, F.A.C.

10
materially incomplete, inaccurate or misleading, and that, as a result, Del Rey did

not qualify as a candidate for judicial office. We find this argument without merit.

The Form 6 requires each candidate, inter alia, to:

a) List their net worth;

b) Describe each asset in excess of $1000 and state the value of each such

asset;

c) Describe each liability in excess of $1000, listing the name and address of

the creditor, and state the amount of each such liability;

d) Describe each primary source of income over $1000, listing the name and

address of the source, and the amount of income received; and

e) Describe each secondary source of income, including the name of the

business entity, the major source of that business’ income, and the address and

principal business activity of that source.

Upon our review of the Form 6 filed by Del Rey, we hold that the trial court

properly determined that Del Rey substantially complied with the requirements of

Form 6 and section 105.031. Del Rey’s Form 6 set forth four sources of primary

income and their individual amounts. Combined, these amounts totaled $210,500

in reported income.10 Del Rey later revised her reported income by filing an

10 Del Rey indicated in her Form 6 that she was reporting her 2015 income based

upon her 2014 Federal tax return, and that she had received an extension for the

filing of her 2015 return. In her Form 6X, Del Rey indicated that she was filing the

amended form to include income reported in her 2015 return.

11
amended form, prescribed by the Commission on Ethics as Form 6X.11

 The Form

6X reveals that the total amount of income from the same primary sources was

revised to reflect a total of $243,554, a net change of $33,054 in her reported

income from these sources.12 

Notably, a review of Del Rey’s Form 6X also reveals that Del Rey’s net

worth, description and value of assets, description and amount of liabilities, and

secondary sources of income remained unchanged from that reported in her

original Form 6.13 

11 See Fla. Admin. Code R. 34-8.009 (2016) (prescribing the use of Form 6X

created by the Commission on Ethics, and further providing: “A person may

amend his or her full and public disclosure of financial interests to add to or

modify the information reported on the form as originally filed at any time after

filing the disclosure form.”) 

12 In addition, Del Rey’s Form 6 had listed one of the primary sources of income as

“Puerto Rico” with an address of “Caguas, P.R.” This was amended in the Form

6X to reflect the name of the source of income as “Lakeside Resorts,” and listed a

street address in Puerto Rico.

13 Whether ironic or merely notable, Bloch also filed a Form 6X after the

qualifying date of May 6, 2016, in which he amended the information contained in

his original Form 6. In his Form 6X, Bloch added one previously-unreported asset

(valued at $35,000), one previously-unreported liability (valued at $6475.48), four

previously-unreported primary sources of income and one previously-unreported

secondary source of income (resulting in net reduction of $98,891 in reported

income). The combination of these amended items resulted in a change of $28,525

in the net worth previously reported by Bloch in his Form 6.

12
Bloch’s arguments to the contrary notwithstanding, we conclude that the

Form 6 was in substantial compliance with the qualifying requirements, and the

revisions contained in the Form 6X do not establish that Del Rey failed to meet the

requirements to qualify as a candidate for judicial office.14 See Siegendorf v.

Stone, 266 So. 2d 345 (Fla. 1972); Browning v. Young, 993 So. 2d 64 (Fla. 1st

DCA 2008). Compare § 112.3144, Fla. Stat. (8)(a) (when a complaint is filed with

the Commission on Ethics related to the filing of full and public disclosure of

financial interests, and the alleged violation is only “an immaterial,

inconsequential, or de minimis error or omission, the commission may not take any

action on the complaint other than notifying the filer of the complaint. The filer

must be given 30 days to file an amended full and public disclosure of financial

interests correcting any errors.”) Because we hold that Del Rey substantially

complied with the requirements for full and public disclosure of financial interests,

and that Del Rey properly qualified as a judicial candidate, we do not address the

trial court’s alternative basis for dismissal.15 

14 Although Bloch’s complaint alleged that Del Rey failed to report other assets in

her Form 6, it was later established that these assets were in fact owned by Del

Rey’s mother, whose name is also Marcia Del Rey. 

15 Specifically, we do not reach the question of whether Bloch was required to

exhaust administrative remedies before seeking declaratory and injunctive relief in

circuit court. We note, however, that on August 30, 2016, Bloch filed a complaint

with the Florida Commission on Ethics. See also Norman v. Ambler, 46 So. 3d

178, 181-82 n. 5 and accompanying text (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (deciding appeal on

other grounds but noting that, as a general proposition, “the doctrine of exhaustion

13
Affirmed in part and dismissed in part.

of administrative remedies precludes judicial intervention where available

administrative remedies can afford the relief a litigant seeks;” observing further,

and in dicta: “The Commission on Ethics plainly had authority to act before the

primary election and, at least once administrative remedies had been exhausted, the

courts could have ordered the filing officer to take any action the law required.”) 

See also Flo-Sun, Inc. v. Kirk, 783 So. 2d 1029 (Fla. 2001) (discussing the doctrine

of primary agency jurisdiction which, under principles of deference, policy and

comity, permits a trial court to refrain from exercising its jurisdiction over the

issues presented until such time as the issue has been ruled upon by the agency).

14