For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, September 24, 2019 USDL-19-1691

Technical information: (202) 691-6339 • atusinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/tus 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

JOB FLEXIBILITIES AND WORK SCHEDULES — 2017-2018

DATA FROM THE AMERICAN TIME USE SURVEY

In 2017-18, about 36 million wage and salary workers (25 percent) worked at home at least 

occasionally, and 15 percent of wage and salary workers had days they only worked at home, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Fifty-seven percent of workers had a flexible 

schedule in which they could vary the times they began and stopped working. 

Data in this news release are averages of data collected throughout 2017 and 2018 from a 

supplement to the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), the 2017-18 Leave and Job Flexibilities 

Module, and sponsored by the Department of Labor’s Women’s Bureau. Data on job flexibilities 

and work schedules were collected directly from wage and salary workers, excluding the selfemployed. Estimates in this news release apply only to a person’s sole or main job. For 

individuals with more than one job, the main job is the job in which they usually work the most 

hours. For more information about the ATUS Leave and Job Flexibilities Module, see the 

Technical Note. 

Work at home in 2017-18 

• Forty-two million wage and salary workers (29 percent) could work at home, and 36 million

workers (25 percent) sometimes worked at home. Among those who worked at home, 24

percent did so because of a personal preference, 23 percent worked at home to catch up on

work, 22 percent did so to coordinate their work schedule with personal or family needs, and

16 percent did so because the job required it. (See tables 1 and 2.)

• Of the 25 percent of wage and salary workers who worked at home at least occasionally, 67

percent were paid for this work, 21 percent were not paid for this work, and 12 percent

performed both paid and unpaid work at home. (See table 1.)

• Twenty-one million workers—15 percent of all wage and salary workers—had days they

only worked at home. Just over one-half of these workers worked one day or more per week

at home, and about one-seventh worked at home five or more days per week. (See table 3.)
-2-

• Among wage and salary workers, men and women were equally likely to work at home (25 

percent), and about equally likely to receive pay for this work (67 percent and 66 percent, 

respectively). (See table 1.)

• Among those who worked at home, women were more likely than men to work at home to 

finish or catch up on work (26 percent, compared with 21 percent) and to coordinate their 

work schedule with personal or family needs (25 percent, compared with 20 percent). Men 

were more likely than women to work at home because of a personal preference (27 percent, 

compared with 21 percent). (See table 2.) 

• Wage and salary workers who were Hispanic or Latino were less likely to work at home than 

workers who were not Hispanic or Latino (13 percent, compared with 27 percent). Blacks 

were less likely to work at home than Whites or Asians (18 percent, compared with 26 

percent and 32 percent, respectively). (See table 1.) 

• About 1 in 20 workers ages 15 to 24 worked at home at least occasionally. Workers 25 years 

and older were far more likely to work at home. (See table 1.) 

• Among wage and salary workers, parents living with children under age 18 were more likely 

to work at home than workers who were not parents with children at home (30 percent, 

compared with 22 percent). Of these parents who worked at home, 29 percent did so to 

coordinate their work schedule with their personal or family needs. (See tables 1 and 2.) 

• Workers with advanced education were more likely to perform work at home. Among wage 

and salary workers age 25 and over, 47 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher 

worked at home at least occasionally, compared with 9 percent of workers with only a high 

school diploma and 3 percent of workers with less than a high school diploma. (See table 1.) 

• In 2017-18, about one-half of workers in management, business, and financial operations 

occupations sometimes worked at home. These workers were more likely to work at home 

than workers employed in other occupations. (See table 1.) 

Flexible schedules in 2017-18 

• Fifty-seven percent of wage and salary workers had a flexible schedule in which they were 

able to vary the times they began and stopped working. Of these workers, 35 percent were 

able to frequently change their schedule, 46 percent could do so occasionally, and 19 percent 

could vary their hours only rarely. (See table 4.)

• Of those workers who had a flexible schedule, 29 percent had a formal arrangement with 

their employer that permitted this flexibility. Public sector workers were more likely to have 

a formal policy governing this arrangement than were private sector workers (44 percent, 

compared with 27 percent). (See table 4.) 

• Women and men were about equally likely to have a flexible work schedule (56 percent and 

57 percent, respectively). Among workers with a flexible schedule, women were more likely 
-3-

than men to have formal arrangements allowing this flexibility (32 percent, compared with 

27 percent). (See table 4.)

• Wage and salary workers who were Hispanic or Latino were less likely to have a flexible 

work schedule than were workers who were not Hispanic or Latino—50 percent, compared 

with 58 percent. Whites (57 percent), Blacks (55 percent), and Asians (55 percent) were 

about equally likely to have a flexible work schedule. (See table 4.)

Advanced notice of work schedules in 2017-18 

• Among all wage and salary workers, 55 percent knew their work schedule four weeks or 

more in advance, and 19 percent learned their work schedule less than one week in advance. 

(See table 5.)

• Men were more likely than women to learn their work schedule less than one week in 

advance—24 percent, compared with 14 percent. (See table 5.)

• Among wage and salary workers age 25 and over, 31 percent of workers with less than a high 

school diploma learned their work schedule less than one week in advance, compared with 

14 percent of workers with a bachelor’s degree or higher. (See table 5.) 

• Thirty-six percent of wage and salary workers did not have a flexible work schedule and had 

employers who decided their schedule without their input. Of these workers, a majority (67 

percent) knew their schedule four weeks or more in advance, while 15 percent learned their 

work schedule less than one week in advance. (See table 6.)

• Fifty-seven percent of wage and salary workers in construction and extraction occupations 

did not have a flexible work schedule and had employers who decided their schedule. Of 

these workers, 43 percent learned their work schedule less than one week in advance. (See 

table 6.) 

Shift work in 2017-18 

• Eighty-four percent of wage and salary workers worked a regular daytime schedule in 2017-

18. Sixteen percent of workers usually worked a non-daytime schedule, including 6 percent 

of workers who worked evenings, and 4 percent who worked nights. The remaining workers 

had a rotating shift, a split shift, an irregular schedule, or some other schedule. (See table 7.)

• Among wage and salary workers who worked non-daytime hours, 39 percent did so because 

it was the nature of the job, 19 percent because of a personal preference, and 12 percent 

worked these hours to allow time for school or another job. (See table 8.) 

• Female workers were less likely than male workers to work non-daytime hours—15 percent, 

compared with 18 percent. Among those who worked non-daytime schedules, women were 

twice as likely as men to work these hours because they allowed for better arrangements for 

their families (14 percent, compared with 7 percent). (See tables 7 and 8.) 
-4-

• Among single jobholders, part-time wage and salary workers were twice as likely to work a 

non-daytime schedule as were full-time workers (27 percent, compared with 14 percent). 

Among part-time workers, 14 percent worked an evening shift, 5 percent worked an irregular 

schedule, and 4 percent worked a night shift. (See table 7.) 

• Workers employed in the leisure and hospitality industry (37 percent), transportation and 

utilities industry (26 percent), and wholesale and retail trade industry (25 percent) were more 

likely to work a non-daytime schedule than workers in other industries. (See table 7.) 

• Sixty-eight percent of wage and salary workers usually worked Monday through Friday, and 

9 percent of workers usually worked on Saturday and Sunday. (See table 9.) 

Additional Data 

All ATUS 2017-18 data files, including the Leave and Job Flexibilities Module files, are 

available for users to do their own tabulations and analyses. In accordance with BLS and Census 

Bureau policies that protect the privacy of survey respondents, identifying information does not 

appear on the data files. The 2017-18 data files are available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/tus/data.htm. 
Technical Note

The data in this release were collected with a 

supplementary set of questions, the 2017-18 Leave and Job 

Flexibilities Module, asked as part of the American Time 

Use Survey (ATUS) in 2017 and 2018. The ATUS—a 

continuous survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the Bureau of Labor Statistics—focuses on obtaining 

information about how individuals age 15 and over spend 

their time. For more information about the survey, see the 

ATUS User’s Guide at www.bls.gov/tus/atususersguide.pdf. 

The 2017-18 Leave and Job Flexibilities Module was 

sponsored by the Department of Labor’s Women’s Bureau. 

The purpose of this module was to obtain information about 

workers’ access to and use of leave, job flexibilities, and 

work schedules. The data in this release pertain to wage and 

salary workers and their main job. The data exclude all selfemployed workers. Respondents to the 2017-18 Leave and 

Job Flexibilities Module answered questions about access to 

paid and unpaid leave, reasons for taking leave, use of leave, 

times when leave was needed but not taken, ability to adjust

work schedules, shift work, advance notice of schedules, 

control over their schedules, work-at-home arrangements, 

and other related topics. There were about 10,000

respondents to the Leave and Job Flexibilities Module in 

2017-18.

Data in this release are about job flexibilities and work 

schedules. These data were collected directly from wage and 

salary workers, and they thus represent workers’ knowledge 

on these topics. Leave and Job Flexibilities Module data 

were collected from January 2017 through December 2018. 

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

Questions and concepts

 The 2017-18 Leave and Job Flexibilities Module was 

introduced with the statement, “The next few questions are 

about paid and unpaid leave from a job.” Following the 

introduction, respondents were asked whether they receive

paid leave at their main job and, if so, the reasons for which 

they can take paid leave. Respondents were then asked about

their ability to take leave without pay and reasons for which 

they can take unpaid leave from their main job.

Respondents with access to paid or unpaid leave were 

asked whether they had taken any leave during the past 7 

days. If they took leave, they were asked about the length and

main reason for taking leave.

In the next set of questions, respondents were asked 

about how much flexibility they have in arranging their work 

schedules. Respondents were asked if they can vary or 

change the times they begin and end work. If able to do so,

respondents were asked how often they can change these 

times, and whether their ability to do so was governed by a 

formal or informal arrangement with their employer. 

Workers unable to vary the times they begin and end work

were asked whether they have input into their work 

schedules. Respondents were then asked how far in advance 

they know their work schedules. 

Next, respondents were asked about the time of day and 

days of the week they usually work. Those working a nondaytime schedule were asked about the shift they usually 

work, and the main reason why they work this shift. 

Respondents were then asked on which days they usually 

work during the week. 

Next, respondents were asked if they can work at home. 

Respondents who indicated they can work at home were 

asked if they ever do work at home, if they are paid for the 

hours they work at home, and the main reason they work at

home. Those who do work at home were asked if there are 

days they work only at home and, if so, how often. 

In the last section, respondents were asked if there were 

times during the past month in which they needed to take off 

from work but did not. If so, respondents were asked their 

reasons for needing to take leave. Respondents with access 

to paid or unpaid leave were asked about their reasons for not 

using leave. 

The Leave and Job Flexibilities Module questionnaire 

is available at www.bls.gov/tus/lvmquestionnaire1718.pdf. 

Definitions

Employment and earnings

• Employed. All persons who:

1) At any time during the 7 days prior to the 

interview did any work at all as paid employees, or 

worked in their own business or profession or on 

their own farm; or 

2) Were not working during the 7 days prior to the 

interview but had jobs or businesses from which 

they were temporarily absent because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, childcare problems, labormanagement disputes, maternity or paternity leave, 

job training, or other family or personal reasons, 

whether or not they were paid for the time off or 

were seeking other jobs; or

3) Usually worked 15 hours or more as unpaid 

workers in a family-operated enterprise.

• Employed full time. For the purpose of producing 

estimates related to job flexibility and work 

schedules, full-time workers are single jobholders

who usually worked 35 or more hours per week.

• Employed part time. For the purpose of producing 

estimates related to job flexibility and work 

schedules, part-time workers are single jobholders

who usually worked fewer than 35 hours per week.

• Main job. For persons holding more than one job, 

the questions in the Leave and Job Flexibilities
Module referred to the characteristics of their main 

job—the job in which they usually worked the most 

hours. 

• Wage and salary workers. These are workers who 

receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment 

in kind, or piece rates. The group includes 

employees in both the private and public sectors. 

For the purpose of producing estimates related to 

job flexibility and work schedules, wage and salary 

workers do not include any self-employed workers; 

this differs from the annual ATUS news release, in 

which workers who are self-employed and whose 

businesses are incorporated are classified as wage 

and salary workers.

• Usual weekly earnings. Estimates represent the 

earnings of full-time wage and salary workers with 

one job only, before taxes and other deductions. 

• Weekly earnings quartiles. The ranges used for the 

quartilesrepresent approximately 25 percent of fulltime wage and salary workers who held only one 

job. For example, 25 percent of full-time wage and 

salary workers with one job only had weekly 

earnings of $590 or less in 2017 and $630 or less in 

2018. Weekly earnings in the 25th to the 50th

percentile range amounted to $591 to $920 in 2017 

and $631 to $960 in 2018. Weekly earnings in the 

50th to the 75th percentile range were $921 to $1,440 

in 2017 and $961 to $1,530 in 2018. Those earning 

greater than the 75th percentile had earnings of 

$1,441 and higher in 2017 and $1,531 and higher in 

2018. Earnings ranges were estimated using the 

2017 and 2018 ATUS data.

Job flexibilities and work schedules

• Work schedule flexibility. Respondents were asked 

“Do you have flexible work hours that allow you to 

vary or make changes in the times you begin and 

end work?” Respondents were identified as having 

work schedule flexibility if they answered “yes” to 

this question.

• Workplace flexibility. Respondents were asked “As 

part of your job, can you work at home?” or, for 

those with multiple jobs, “As part of your main job, 

can you work at home?” Respondents were 

identified as having workplace flexibility if they 

answered “yes” to one of these questions. 

• Workers who did work at home. If respondents were 

identified as having workplace flexibility, they 

were asked “Do you ever work at home?” Those 

who answered “yes” to this question are classified 

as workers who did work at home.

• Daytime schedule. The majority of time 

respondents worked was between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.

• Evening shift. The majority of time respondents 

worked was between 2 p.m. and midnight.

• Night shift. The majority of time respondents 

worked was between 9 p.m. and 8 a.m.

• Rotating shift. Hours change periodically from days 

to evenings or nights.

• Split shift. Hours consist of two distinct periods 

each day.

• Number of days per week worked. Respondents 

were asked, “How many days of the week do you 

usually work?” or, for those with multiple jobs, 

“How many days of the week do you usually work 

at your main job?”

• Usual days worked. Respondents were asked, 

“Which days of the week do you usually work?” or, 

for those with multiple jobs, “Which days of the 

week do you usually work at your main job?” Some 

respondents identified the days they usually worked 

and also said their schedule varies.

 

Comparability of the estimates 

ATUS time-use data

 Estimates about work at home presented in this news 

release differ from estimates generated from other surveys, 

including estimates on work at home presented in the annual 

ATUS news release. 

 Data collected in the 2017-18 ATUS Leave and Job 

Flexibilities Module measure whether workers can and do 

work at home at their main jobs, whether they are paid for 

this work, their reasons for working at home, and their

frequency of working at home. 

 By contrast, annual data from the ATUS provide

measures about the population of workers who work at home

on a given day. These estimates are derived from data 

collected in the time diary. Workers who sometimes work at 

home, but did not report working at home in their one-day 

diary, are not counted in the estimates about work at home. 

Additionally, ATUS estimates about work at home include a 

mix of both scheduled and unscheduled work. Reported 

work times may have been as short as one minute spent 

checking a work email account to more than a 12-hour work 

shift.

2011 ATUS Leave Module

 The 2017-18 Leave and Job Flexibilities Module 

questionnaire is a re-designed and improved version of the 

2011 Leave Module questionnaire. Questions were added, 

dropped, and modified. The 2011 Leave Module included 

some questions about workers’ ability to adjust their work 
schedule or location instead of taking time off from work. In 

2017-18, these questions were replaced with questions about 

workers’ usual schedules and their access to schedule and 

workplace flexibility. Estimates about workers who can 

adjust their schedule or location in the news release “Access 

to and use of leave—2011 data from the American Time Use 

Survey” are not comparable with the 2017-18 Leave and Job 

Flexibilities Module estimates appearing in this news 

release. 

2004 May CPS Supplement

 There are some key differences between the 2017-18 

Leave and Job Flexibilities Module and the May 2004 

Current Population Survey (CPS) supplement about work 

schedules, job-related work at home, and other related topics. 

These differences affect the comparability of estimates from 

the ATUS module and the CPS supplement. 

 The 2017-18 ATUS Leave and Job Flexibilities 

Module collected information from wage and salary workers 

only, while the 2004 CPS supplement collected information 

about all employed workers. While many questions in the 

two collections were similar, the ordering of the questions 

and context in which they were asked differed between the 

ATUS module and the CPS supplement. In addition, 

collection periods differed. The ATUS module was 

conducted continuously from January 2017 through 

December 2018, while the CPS supplement was conducted

during May 2004 only. Also, the ATUS module asked 

respondents about themselves, while CPS respondents 

answered questions about themselves and others in the 

household. 

 These methodological and other differences prevent 

the direct comparison of published estimates from the May 

2004 CPS supplement and the ATUS module. 

 Estimates published in the news release “Work at 

Home in 2004” are not comparable with the estimates 

presented in this news release. The 2004 news release 

presented estimates for all workers (including self-employed 

workers) who usually worked at home at least once per week 

as part of their primary job in nonagricultural industries. This 

news release includes work-at-home estimates for wage and 

salary workers in all industries, regardless of how frequently 

the workers worked at home. 

 Similarly, estimates in the news release “Workers on 

Flexible and Shift Schedules in May 2004” are not 

comparable with estimates provided in this news release. The 

2004 estimates refer to job flexibility and work schedules for 

full-time wage and salary workers on their main job. This 

news release includes estimates for both full- and part-time 

wage and salary workers on their main job.

Employer-based surveys 

 Estimates of access to job flexibility that are derived 

from responses to household (or employee-based) surveys 

may differ from estimates produced using establishment (or 

employer-based) surveys. 

Establishment surveys often provide more detailed and 

specific data on employer policies, while household surveys

provide information about the experiences and 

characteristics of people and their households. Household 

data from the 2017-18 Leave and Job Flexibilities Module

allow researchers to examine job flexibilities in the context 

of workers’ demographics, such as their sex, age, ethnicity, 

education, and race. These data also provide insight into the 

reasons why people work at home and why they work nondaytime schedules when they do. In addition, employerbased surveys often measure the incidence of more formal 

arrangements between employers and their employees. The 

2017-18 Leave and Job Flexibilities Module captures both 

formal and informal arrangements governing access to job 

flexibility.

 

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the ATUS Leave and Job 

Flexibilities Module are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire 

population, is surveyed, estimates differ from the true 

population values they represent. The component of this 

difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is 

known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by 

the standard error of the estimate. 

Sample estimates from a given survey design are 

unbiased when an average of the estimates from all possible 

samples would yield, hypothetically, the true population 

value. In this case, the sample estimate and its standard error 

can be used to construct approximate confidence intervals, 

or ranges of values that include the true population value 

with known probabilities. If the process of selecting a sample 

from the population were repeated many times, an estimate 

made from each sample, and a suitable estimate of its 

standard error calculated for each sample, then 

approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.645 

standard errors below the estimate to 1.645 standard errors 

above the estimate would include the true population value. 

BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level 

of confidence. 

 The ATUS Leave and Job Flexibilities Module data 

also are affected by nonsampling error, which is the average 

difference between population and sample values for 

samples generated by a given process. Nonsampling error 

can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample 

a segment of the population, inability to obtain information 

for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness 

of respondents to provide correct information, and errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data. 
Table 1. Workers who could work at home, did work at home, and were paid for work at home, by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018

Characteristic

Total workers

(in

thousands)

Workers who could work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Workers who did work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by whether

at-home work was for pay

Total Paid Unpaid Both

Age

Total, 15 years and over 144,295 41,571 28.8 35,724 24.8 100.0 66.8 21.4 11.8

15 to 24 years 21,296 1,429 6.7 1,122 5.3 s s s s

25 to 34 years 33,682 10,566 31.4 8,595 25.5 100.0 68.9 19.0 12.1

35 to 44 years 30,159 10,923 36.2 9,766 32.4 100.0 67.5 19.9 12.6

45 to 54 years 29,484 9,576 32.5 8,417 28.5 100.0 65.0 22.8 12.2

55 to 64 years 22,514 7,253 32.2 6,237 27.7 100.0 67.6 22.6 9.8

65 years and over 7,160 1,823 25.5 1,587 22.2 100.0 54.9 35.0 10.1

Sex

Men 74,830 21,849 29.2 18,726 25.0 100.0 67.3 20.7 12.0

Women 69,465 19,722 28.4 16,998 24.5 100.0 66.2 22.2 11.6

Race1

White 115,129 34,390 29.9 29,460 25.6 100.0 66.7 20.9 12.4

Black or African American 17,924 3,522 19.7 3,158 17.6 100.0 66.8 25.3 7.9

Asian 7,849 2,902 37.0 2,486 31.7 100.0 71.9 18.6 9.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 24,375 3,961 16.2 3,197 13.1 100.0 63.7 27.5 8.8

Non-Hispanic or Latino 119,920 37,610 31.4 32,526 27.1 100.0 67.1 20.8 12.1

Educational attainment (25 years and over)

Less than a high school diploma 6,743 280 4.2 215 3.2 s s s s

High school graduates, no college 31,425 3,956 12.6 2,900 9.2 100.0 77.7 18.9 3.4

Some college or associate degree 29,407 7,118 24.2 5,729 19.5 100.0 70.3 18.9 10.8

Bachelor's degree and higher 55,424 28,788 51.9 25,758 46.5 100.0 64.8 22.4 12.8

Parent of a household child

Parent of a household child under 18 years 47,693 16,477 34.5 14,506 30.4 100.0 67.6 20.7 11.7

Parent of a child 13 to 17 years (none younger) 10,003 3,315 33.1 3,031 30.3 100.0 67.3 22.6 10.2

Parent of a child under 13 years 37,690 13,163 34.9 11,475 30.4 100.0 67.6 20.3 12.1

Not a parent of a household child under 18 years 96,602 25,094 26.0 21,218 22.0 100.0 66.2 21.9 11.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Workers who could work at home, did work at home, and were paid for work at home, by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 —

Continued

Characteristic

Total workers

(in

thousands)

Workers who could work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Workers who did work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by whether

at-home work was for pay

Total Paid Unpaid Both

Occupation

Management, business, and financial operations 22,754 13,679 60.1 11,664 51.3 100.0 67.4 20.3 12.3

Professional and related 40,284 17,108 42.5 15,294 38.0 100.0 64.3 23.5 12.2

Services 23,548 1,468 6.2 1,201 5.1 100.0 70.4 25.1 4.6

Sales and related 11,290 3,205 28.4 2,813 24.9 100.0 62.9 21.1 16.0

Office and administrative support 18,967 4,602 24.3 3,525 18.6 100.0 77.5 14.6 7.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry s s s s s s s s s

Construction and extraction 5,853 469 8.0 381 6.5 s s s s

Installation, maintenance, and repair 4,053 390 9.6 300 7.4 s s s s

Production 8,560 374 4.4 320 3.7 s s s s

Transportation and material moving 7,859 234 3.0 202 2.6 s s s s

Industry

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,634 182 11.1 170 10.4 s s s s

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction s s s s s s s s s

Construction 6,860 1,177 17.2 989 14.4 100.0 58.7 27.2 14.1

Manufacturing 16,185 4,905 30.3 4,166 25.7 100.0 72.8 16.4 10.9

Wholesale and retail trade 18,030 2,975 16.5 2,511 13.9 100.0 71.3 16.7 12.0

Transportation and utilities 7,357 1,033 14.0 922 12.5 100.0 62.9 25.0 12.0

Information 2,685 1,432 53.3 1,212 45.1 100.0 75.0 12.7 12.3

Financial activities 10,370 5,949 57.4 4,838 46.7 100.0 70.0 15.5 14.5

Professional and business services 16,778 8,955 53.4 7,957 47.4 100.0 81.1 8.6 10.2

Education and health services 37,294 9,652 25.9 8,823 23.7 100.0 49.6 37.6 12.7

Leisure and hospitality 13,450 1,179 8.8 913 6.8 s s s s

Other services 5,475 1,518 27.7 1,236 22.6 100.0 66.2 24.3 9.5

Public administration 7,552 2,253 29.8 1,650 21.8 100.0 67.2 17.0 15.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Workers who could work at home, did work at home, and were paid for work at home, by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 —

Continued

Characteristic

Total workers

(in

thousands)

Workers who could work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Workers who did work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by whether

at-home work was for pay

Total Paid Unpaid Both

Class of worker

Private sector 118,872 34,884 29.3 29,983 25.2 100.0 70.9 18.3 10.8

Private, for profit 107,072 30,638 28.6 26,229 24.5 100.0 71.7 17.2 11.1

Private, not for profit 11,800 4,247 36.0 3,754 31.8 100.0 65.4 26.3 8.3

Public sector 25,423 6,687 26.3 5,741 22.6 100.0 45.2 37.7 17.2

Federal government 4,595 1,444 31.4 1,128 24.5 100.0 78.1 14.1 7.9

State government 8,807 3,155 35.8 2,792 31.7 100.0 42.1 38.6 19.3

Local government 12,022 2,087 17.4 1,822 15.2 100.0 29.6 50.8 19.6

Full- and part-time status (single jobholders only)3

Full-time workers 106,369 34,678 32.6 29,627 27.9 100.0 65.3 21.9 12.9

Part-time workers 25,882 3,540 13.7 3,082 11.9 100.0 72.9 22.0 5.2

Usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers

(single jobholders only)

Earnings less than or equal to the 25th percentile 25,200 2,314 9.2 1,656 6.6 100.0 60.9 33.0 6.1

Earnings from 25th to 50th percentiles 26,521 5,337 20.1 4,119 15.5 100.0 63.7 27.6 8.7

Earnings from 50th to 75th percentiles 27,193 10,148 37.3 8,609 31.7 100.0 66.9 20.2 12.9

Earnings greater than the 75th percentile 27,454 16,879 61.5 15,242 55.5 100.0 65.2 20.0 14.7

Work schedule flexibility4

Had flexible schedule 81,533 34,243 42.0 29,753 36.5 100.0 71.1 16.0 12.9

Did not have flexible schedule 62,762 7,328 11.7 5,971 9.5 100.0 45.2 48.5 6.3

1

 Estimates for race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to the totals because data are not presented for all races.

2

 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.

3

 Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time workers usually work less than 35 hours per week.

4

 Workers with flexible schedules were able to vary or change the times they began and stopped working.

s - Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses) are excluded.

Unless otherwise specified, data refer to workers 15 years and over.
Table 2. Main reason workers worked at home by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018

Characteristic

Total,

workers who

did work at

home (in

thousands)

Percent distribution by main reason for working at home

Total

Finish or

catch up

on work

Job

requires

working at

home

Coordinate

work

schedule

with personal

or family

needs

Reduce

commuting

time or

expense

Personal

preference Weather Other

Age

Total, 15 years and over 35,724 100.0 23.0 16.0 22.4 9.3 23.9 3.7 1.8

15 to 24 years 1,122 s s s s s s s s

25 to 34 years 8,595 100.0 24.3 12.2 22.1 9.2 27.0 4.1 1.2

35 to 44 years 9,766 100.0 23.8 15.8 27.6 9.4 20.3 1.9 1.2

45 to 54 years 8,417 100.0 22.7 15.6 21.6 10.9 23.1 4.2 2.0

55 to 64 years 6,237 100.0 23.1 18.0 18.5 8.6 23.3 5.4 3.1

65 years and over 1,587 100.0 21.6 24.5 9.9 5.9 28.9 5.3 4.0

Sex

Men 18,726 100.0 20.7 16.3 20.3 9.9 26.6 4.0 2.1

Women 16,998 100.0 25.5 15.5 24.8 8.5 20.9 3.4 1.4

Race1

White 29,460 100.0 23.6 15.8 21.6 9.2 24.8 3.7 1.4

Black or African American 3,158 100.0 22.5 24.0 16.1 10.0 17.2 4.5 5.6

Asian 2,486 100.0 13.4 9.8 39.1 10.5 22.0 3.1 2.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 3,197 100.0 30.3 16.2 20.0 7.6 22.4 2.1 1.4

Non-Hispanic or Latino 32,526 100.0 22.3 15.9 22.7 9.4 24.0 3.9 1.8

Educational attainment (25 years and over)

Less than a high school diploma 215 s s s s s s s s

High school graduates, no college 2,900 100.0 21.4 24.4 22.6 7.1 14.6 2.7 7.1

Some college or associate degree 5,729 100.0 18.9 18.2 25.0 8.0 20.8 6.5 2.7

Bachelor's degree and higher 25,758 100.0 24.6 14.0 21.8 10.1 25.1 3.3 1.1

Parent of a household child

Parent of a household child under 18 years 14,506 100.0 24.0 15.5 29.4 8.8 18.8 2.1 1.5

Parent of a child 13 to 17 years (none younger) 3,031 100.0 25.7 18.9 19.0 8.3 22.5 4.1 1.5

Parent of a child under 13 years 11,475 100.0 23.6 14.6 32.2 8.9 17.8 1.6 1.5

Not a parent of a household child under 18 years 21,218 100.0 22.3 16.3 17.7 9.6 27.4 4.8 2.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Main reason workers worked at home by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total,

workers who

did work at

home (in

thousands)

Percent distribution by main reason for working at home

Total

Finish or

catch up

on work

Job

requires

working at

home

Coordinate

work

schedule

with personal

or family

needs

Reduce

commuting

time or

expense

Personal

preference Weather Other

Occupation

Management, business, and financial operations 11,664 100.0 22.4 15.0 25.7 9.5 23.1 3.7 0.5

Professional and related 15,294 100.0 25.9 12.3 21.5 10.4 25.2 2.5 2.2

Services 1,201 100.0 21.2 32.3 9.4 10.5 15.0 1.0 10.7

Sales and related 2,813 100.0 19.7 27.6 13.2 9.0 24.0 5.1 1.4

Office and administrative support 3,525 100.0 17.0 18.7 30.7 4.8 21.1 7.1 0.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry s s s s s s s s s

Construction and extraction 381 s s s s s s s s

Installation, maintenance, and repair 300 s s s s s s s s

Production 320 s s s s s s s s

Transportation and material moving 202 s s s s s s s s

Industry

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 170 s s s s s s s s

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction s s s s s s s s s

Construction 989 100.0 20.7 8.7 26.1 9.5 20.7 9.1 5.2

Manufacturing 4,166 100.0 16.4 18.2 28.7 6.1 23.0 6.2 1.4

Wholesale and retail trade 2,511 100.0 27.5 17.1 25.6 7.7 19.6 1.8 0.7

Transportation and utilities 922 100.0 25.3 19.5 19.1 9.7 18.3 8.0 z

Information 1,212 100.0 18.2 13.8 27.9 17.2 19.3 1.0 2.6

Financial activities 4,838 100.0 12.4 16.7 25.8 10.6 26.6 7.0 0.9

Professional and business services 7,957 100.0 16.6 15.9 25.3 11.2 27.6 2.4 1.0

Education and health services 8,823 100.0 38.5 13.4 15.7 4.4 23.3 2.6 2.2

Leisure and hospitality 913 s s s s s s s s

Other services 1,236 100.0 21.9 20.2 18.7 10.2 23.0 1.9 4.1

Public administration 1,650 100.0 15.1 19.5 15.2 25.2 19.0 3.2 2.8

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Main reason workers worked at home by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total,

workers who

did work at

home (in

thousands)

Percent distribution by main reason for working at home

Total

Finish or

catch up

on work

Job

requires

working at

home

Coordinate

work

schedule

with personal

or family

needs

Reduce

commuting

time or

expense

Personal

preference Weather Other

Class of worker

Private sector 29,983 100.0 20.4 16.8 24.0 8.9 24.2 3.8 1.9

Private, for profit 26,229 100.0 19.1 17.3 25.0 9.6 23.7 3.8 1.5

Private, not for profit 3,754 100.0 29.3 13.4 17.4 3.8 27.6 3.9 4.6

Public sector 5,741 100.0 36.8 11.4 14.2 11.4 22.2 3.0 1.0

Federal government 1,128 100.0 14.5 18.0 12.4 27.8 19.4 7.5 0.4

State government 2,792 100.0 37.0 8.6 14.0 7.4 31.3 1.2 0.5

Local government 1,822 100.0 50.2 11.7 15.6 7.4 9.9 2.8 2.3

Full- and part-time status (single jobholders only)3

Full-time workers 29,627 100.0 23.8 14.9 22.5 9.5 23.4 3.9 1.9

Part-time workers 3,082 100.0 13.9 28.3 25.4 5.8 23.9 1.6 1.2

Usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers

(single jobholders only)

Earnings less than or equal to the 25th percentile 1,656 100.0 23.9 27.8 12.3 4.1 23.7 6.0 2.2

Earnings from 25th to 50th percentiles 4,119 100.0 31.6 17.0 20.2 4.8 20.6 3.4 2.3

Earnings from 50th to 75th percentiles 8,609 100.0 25.5 14.7 23.1 8.5 19.6 5.9 2.7

Earnings greater than the 75th percentile 15,242 100.0 20.7 13.1 23.8 11.9 26.3 2.7 1.3

Work schedule flexibility4

Had flexible schedule 29,753 100.0 19.2 16.2 24.1 9.9 25.7 3.4 1.5

Did not have flexible schedule 5,971 100.0 41.7 14.9 14.2 6.2 14.8 5.3 2.9

1

 Estimates for race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to the total because data are not presented for all races.

2

 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.

3

 Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time workers usually work less than 35 hours per week.

4

 Workers with flexible schedules were able to vary or change the times they began and stopped working.

s - Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.

z - Estimate is approximately zero.

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses) are excluded.

Unless otherwise specified, data refer to workers 15 years and over.
Table 3. Workers who worked at home and how often they worked exclusively at home by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018

Characteristic

Total

workers

(in thousands)

Workers who did work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent

of total

workers

Workers with days they worked exclusively at home1

Total (in

thousands)

Percent

of total

workers

Percent distribution by how often they worked exclusively at home1

Total

Less

than

once per

month

Once a

month

Every 2

weeks

At least 1

day per

week

1 to 2

days per

week

3 to 4

days per

week

5 or

more

days per

week

Age

Total, 15 years and over 144,295 35,724 24.8 21,273 14.7 100.0 18.4 13.5 13.1 10.2 17.4 12.8 14.5

15 to 24 years 21,296 1,122 5.3 672 3.2 s s s s s s s s

25 to 34 years 33,682 8,595 25.5 5,363 15.9 100.0 22.1 13.7 13.0 12.5 18.0 10.2 10.6

35 to 44 years 30,159 9,766 32.4 5,988 19.9 100.0 20.6 16.0 13.7 9.8 14.6 10.7 14.6

45 to 54 years 29,484 8,417 28.5 5,045 17.1 100.0 17.0 13.9 12.2 9.5 16.9 12.7 17.9

55 to 64 years 22,514 6,237 27.7 3,278 14.6 100.0 12.9 7.7 17.2 10.9 19.6 15.2 16.5

65 years and over 7,160 1,587 22.2 927 12.9 100.0 14.8 8.5 7.8 6.9 31.3 16.8 13.9

Sex

Men 74,830 18,726 25.0 11,305 15.1 100.0 19.6 15.4 14.0 10.4 15.7 12.4 12.6

Women 69,465 16,998 24.5 9,967 14.3 100.0 16.9 11.3 12.2 10.1 19.5 13.3 16.7

Race2

White 115,129 29,460 25.6 17,436 15.1 100.0 19.1 13.4 12.6 10.1 17.3 13.5 13.9

Black or African American 17,924 3,158 17.6 2,001 11.2 100.0 11.3 10.5 14.0 6.9 23.8 8.4 25.1

Asian 7,849 2,486 31.7 1,521 19.4 100.0 17.6 21.0 16.7 15.8 12.4 5.8 10.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 24,375 3,197 13.1 1,401 5.7 100.0 9.2 10.2 9.0 12.3 22.5 22.0 14.9

Non-Hispanic or Latino 119,920 32,526 27.1 19,871 16.6 100.0 19.0 13.7 13.4 10.1 17.1 12.1 14.5

Educational attainment (25 years and over)

Less than a high school diploma 6,743 215 3.2 89 1.3 s s s s s s s s

High school graduates, no college 31,425 2,900 9.2 1,479 4.7 100.0 17.2 7.7 15.7 11.1 12.4 9.9 26.0

Some college or associate degree 29,407 5,729 19.5 3,072 10.4 100.0 19.1 12.7 10.9 7.5 17.0 12.9 19.8

Bachelor's degree and higher 55,424 25,758 46.5 15,960 28.8 100.0 18.7 13.9 13.8 11.0 18.2 12.1 12.3

Parent of a household child

Parent of a household child under 18 years 47,693 14,506 30.4 8,717 18.3 100.0 20.1 15.4 12.3 11.5 16.6 9.3 14.8

Parent of a child 13 to 17 years (none younger) 10,003 3,031 30.3 1,946 19.5 100.0 20.0 12.1 9.4 9.5 20.8 12.8 15.5

Parent of a child under 13 years 37,690 11,475 30.4 6,771 18.0 100.0 20.2 16.4 13.1 12.0 15.4 8.3 14.6

Not a parent of a household child under 18 years 96,602 21,218 22.0 12,556 13.0 100.0 17.1 12.2 13.7 9.4 18.0 15.2 14.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Workers who worked at home and how often they worked exclusively at home by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total

workers

(in thousands)

Workers who did work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent

of total

workers

Workers with days they worked exclusively at home1

Total (in

thousands)

Percent

of total

workers

Percent distribution by how often they worked exclusively at home1

Total

Less

than

once per

month

Once a

month

Every 2

weeks

At least 1

day per

week

1 to 2

days per

week

3 to 4

days per

week

5 or

more

days per

week

Occupation

Management, business, and financial operations 22,754 11,664 51.3 7,021 30.9 100.0 18.8 16.0 14.7 9.6 19.2 8.8 12.8

Professional and related 40,284 15,294 38.0 9,523 23.6 100.0 19.0 15.2 12.2 11.0 16.1 12.2 14.3

Services 23,548 1,201 5.1 576 2.4 s s s s s s s s

Sales and related 11,290 2,813 24.9 1,791 15.9 100.0 10.6 5.7 15.8 9.0 17.3 25.5 16.0

Office and administrative support 18,967 3,525 18.6 1,847 9.7 100.0 18.1 8.4 11.4 9.4 14.7 22.3 15.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry s s s s s s s s s s s s s

Construction and extraction 5,853 381 6.5 208 3.6 s s s s s s s s

Installation, maintenance, and repair 4,053 300 7.4 61 1.5 s s s s s s s s

Production 8,560 320 3.7 151 1.8 s s s s s s s s

Transportation and material moving 7,859 202 2.6 83 1.1 s s s s s s s s

Industry

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,634 170 10.4 72 4.4 s s s s s s s s

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction s s s s s s s s s s s s s

Construction 6,860 989 14.4 400 5.8 s s s s s s s s

Manufacturing 16,185 4,166 25.7 2,539 15.7 100.0 26.1 19.0 8.2 14.6 13.5 8.7 9.8

Wholesale and retail trade 18,030 2,511 13.9 1,355 7.5 100.0 21.6 8.9 15.9 7.5 20.5 14.1 11.5

Transportation and utilities 7,357 922 12.5 561 7.6 s s s s s s s s

Information 2,685 1,212 45.1 818 30.5 s s s s s s s s

Financial activities 10,370 4,838 46.7 3,131 30.2 100.0 14.1 7.6 12.4 8.9 25.9 13.7 17.5

Professional and business services 16,778 7,957 47.4 5,517 32.9 100.0 19.1 13.4 15.1 8.1 15.1 12.7 16.5

Education and health services 37,294 8,823 23.7 4,441 11.9 100.0 16.2 15.8 10.6 10.4 17.3 12.9 16.7

Leisure and hospitality 13,450 913 6.8 496 3.7 s s s s s s s s

Other services 5,475 1,236 22.6 678 12.4 s s s s s s s s

Public administration 7,552 1,650 21.8 1,063 14.1 100.0 19.2 12.6 13.5 14.6 23.1 8.9 8.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Workers who worked at home and how often they worked exclusively at home by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total

workers

(in thousands)

Workers who did work at home

Total (in

thousands)

Percent

of total

workers

Workers with days they worked exclusively at home1

Total (in

thousands)

Percent

of total

workers

Percent distribution by how often they worked exclusively at home1

Total

Less

than

once per

month

Once a

month

Every 2

weeks

At least 1

day per

week

1 to 2

days per

week

3 to 4

days per

week

5 or

more

days per

week

Class of worker

Private sector 118,872 29,983 25.2 18,248 15.4 100.0 18.5 13.1 13.4 9.8 16.9 12.6 15.6

Private, for profit 107,072 26,229 24.5 16,119 15.1 100.0 19.1 12.9 13.6 10.2 16.9 12.4 14.9

Private, not for profit 11,800 3,754 31.8 2,129 18.0 100.0 14.2 14.8 11.8 6.3 16.9 14.4 21.5

Public sector 25,423 5,741 22.6 3,024 11.9 100.0 17.6 15.7 11.4 13.2 20.7 13.7 7.7

Federal government 4,595 1,128 24.5 760 16.5 s s s s s s s s

State government 8,807 2,792 31.7 1,648 18.7 100.0 20.5 18.3 9.0 16.0 17.1 14.0 5.1

Local government 12,022 1,822 15.2 616 5.1 s s s s s s s s

Full- and part-time status (single jobholders only)4

Full-time workers 106,369 29,627 27.9 17,596 16.5 100.0 19.7 15.0 14.6 10.3 17.1 10.6 12.9

Part-time workers 25,882 3,082 11.9 1,933 7.5 100.0 9.9 5.2 4.2 7.6 16.9 33.0 23.2

Usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary

workers (single jobholders only)

Earnings less than or equal to the 25th percentile 25,200 1,656 6.6 1,021 4.1 s s s s s s s s

Earnings from 25th to 50th percentiles 26,521 4,119 15.5 1,960 7.4 100.0 19.7 6.8 11.5 7.9 18.2 17.0 18.9

Earnings from 50th to 75th percentiles 27,193 8,609 31.7 4,951 18.2 100.0 26.3 15.8 14.7 8.4 15.6 6.7 12.5

Earnings greater than the 75th percentile 27,454 15,242 55.5 9,664 35.2 100.0 16.3 16.4 15.4 11.6 18.6 11.6 10.1

Work schedule flexibility5

Had flexible schedule 81,533 29,753 36.5 18,945 23.2 100.0 17.3 13.7 13.6 10.3 17.7 13.3 14.0

Did not have flexible schedule 62,762 5,971 9.5 2,328 3.7 100.0 26.9 11.8 9.2 9.5 15.6 8.3 18.7

1

 Includes workers who performed all of their work at home, regardless of how long they worked.

2

 Estimates for race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to the totals because data are not presented for all races.

3

 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.

4

 Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time workers usually work less than 35 hours per week.

5

 Workers with flexible schedules were able to vary or change the times they began and stopped working.

s - Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses) are excluded.

Unless otherwise specified, data refer to workers 15 years and over.
Table 4. Workers with flexible schedules, how often they could vary their schedules, and presence of a formal arrangement, by selected characteristics, averages for

the period 2017-2018

Characteristic

Total

workers

(in thousands)

Workers with flexible schedules1

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by how often

workers could vary their schedules

Total Frequently

Occasionally Rarely

With formal flexible

schedules

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent of

all workers

with flexible

schedules

Age

Total, 15 years and over 144,295 81,533 56.5 100.0 34.8 46.0 19.2 23,516 16.3 28.8

15 to 24 years 21,296 13,393 62.9 100.0 28.9 50.5 20.7 4,376 20.6 32.7

25 to 34 years 33,682 18,831 55.9 100.0 33.7 46.5 19.8 5,915 17.6 31.4

35 to 44 years 30,159 17,316 57.4 100.0 37.2 45.6 17.1 4,633 15.4 26.8

45 to 54 years 29,484 15,693 53.2 100.0 36.7 44.5 18.7 4,225 14.3 26.9

55 to 64 years 22,514 12,038 53.5 100.0 34.1 45.0 20.9 3,441 15.3 28.6

65 years and over 7,160 4,263 59.5 100.0 42.2 39.5 18.3 926 12.9 21.7

Sex

Men 74,830 42,784 57.2 100.0 37.2 44.7 18.1 11,325 15.1 26.5

Women 69,465 38,749 55.8 100.0 32.1 47.4 20.5 12,191 17.6 31.5

Race2

White 115,129 65,273 56.7 100.0 36.3 46.1 17.6 17,608 15.3 27.0

Black or African American 17,924 9,803 54.7 100.0 26.4 45.2 28.4 4,087 22.8 41.7

Asian 7,849 4,297 54.7 100.0 33.4 45.6 21.0 1,279 16.3 29.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 24,375 12,274 50.4 100.0 24.1 49.9 26.0 4,079 16.7 33.2

Non-Hispanic or Latino 119,920 69,259 57.8 100.0 36.6 45.3 18.0 19,437 16.2 28.1

Educational attainment (25 years and over)

Less than a high school diploma 6,743 2,523 37.4 100.0 26.2 45.8 28.0 752 11.2 29.8

High school graduates, no college 31,425 14,695 46.8 100.0 24.2 44.9 30.9 4,271 13.6 29.1

Some college or associate degree 29,407 15,667 53.3 100.0 30.4 49.9 19.7 4,213 14.3 26.9

Bachelor's degree and higher 55,424 35,255 63.6 100.0 44.0 43.0 13.0 9,903 17.9 28.1

Parent of a household child

Parent of a household child under 18 years 47,693 26,506 55.6 100.0 35.6 45.3 19.0 7,179 15.1 27.1

Parent of a child 13 to 17 years (none younger) 10,003 5,397 54.0 100.0 32.9 49.0 18.1 1,541 15.4 28.6

Parent of a child under 13 years 37,690 21,109 56.0 100.0 36.3 44.4 19.3 5,638 15.0 26.7

Not a parent of a household child under 18 years 96,602 55,027 57.0 100.0 34.3 46.3 19.3 16,337 16.9 29.7

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Workers with flexible schedules, how often they could vary their schedules, and presence of a formal arrangement, by selected characteristics, averages for

the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total

workers

(in thousands)

Workers with flexible schedules1

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by how often

workers could vary their schedules

Total Frequently

Occasionally Rarely

With formal flexible

schedules

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent of

all workers

with flexible

schedules

Occupation

Management, business, and financial operations 22,754 16,808 73.9 100.0 41.0 46.0 12.9 4,360 19.2 25.9

Professional and related 40,284 23,025 57.2 100.0 43.6 40.9 15.4 6,995 17.4 30.4

Services 23,548 12,895 54.8 100.0 25.7 49.8 24.5 3,632 15.4 28.2

Sales and related 11,290 7,612 67.4 100.0 38.8 45.2 16.0 2,441 21.6 32.1

Office and administrative support 18,967 10,858 57.2 100.0 22.0 53.1 24.9 3,327 17.5 30.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry s s s s s s s s s s

Construction and extraction 5,853 1,980 33.8 100.0 31.6 36.5 31.9 323 5.5 16.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair 4,053 1,813 44.7 100.0 28.3 38.7 33.0 476 11.7 26.3

Production 8,560 2,680 31.3 100.0 25.3 46.4 28.4 666 7.8 24.9

Transportation and material moving 7,859 3,402 43.3 100.0 23.5 53.2 23.2 1,185 15.1 34.8

Industry

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,634 831 50.9 s s s s s s s

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction s s s s s s s s s s

Construction 6,860 2,954 43.1 100.0 35.8 37.7 26.5 396 5.8 13.4

Manufacturing 16,185 8,346 51.6 100.0 39.9 40.9 19.2 2,169 13.4 26.0

Wholesale and retail trade 18,030 10,925 60.6 100.0 29.0 50.3 20.6 3,458 19.2 31.6

Transportation and utilities 7,357 3,516 47.8 100.0 27.4 53.8 18.8 1,462 19.9 41.6

Information 2,685 1,803 67.2 100.0 38.2 53.3 8.5 351 13.1 19.5

Financial activities 10,370 7,068 68.2 100.0 37.7 49.6 12.7 2,029 19.6 28.7

Professional and business services 16,778 12,065 71.9 100.0 45.4 42.0 12.7 3,030 18.1 25.1

Education and health services 37,294 16,931 45.4 100.0 34.5 43.8 21.7 5,033 13.5 29.7

Leisure and hospitality 13,450 8,953 66.6 100.0 25.4 50.8 23.9 2,308 17.2 25.8

Other services 5,475 3,434 62.7 100.0 31.0 51.8 17.3 781 14.3 22.8

Public administration 7,552 4,306 57.0 100.0 32.1 41.6 26.3 2,244 29.7 52.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 4. Workers with flexible schedules, how often they could vary their schedules, and presence of a formal arrangement, by selected characteristics, averages for

the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total

workers

(in thousands)

Workers with flexible schedules1

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by how often

workers could vary their schedules

Total Frequently

Occasionally Rarely

With formal flexible

schedules

Total (in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent of

all workers

with flexible

schedules

Class of worker

Private sector 118,872 70,707 59.5 100.0 35.1 46.3 18.6 18,792 15.8 26.6

Private, for profit 107,072 64,079 59.8 100.0 34.5 46.5 19.0 17,293 16.2 27.0

Private, not for profit 11,800 6,628 56.2 100.0 40.7 44.5 14.8 1,499 12.7 22.6

Public sector 25,423 10,826 42.6 100.0 32.5 44.2 23.3 4,724 18.6 43.6

Federal government 4,595 2,676 58.2 100.0 36.1 42.1 21.7 1,577 34.3 58.9

State government 8,807 4,165 47.3 100.0 37.7 44.9 17.4 1,652 18.8 39.7

Local government 12,022 3,984 33.1 100.0 24.7 45.0 30.4 1,494 12.4 37.5

Full- and part-time status (single jobholders only)4

Full-time workers 106,369 57,954 54.5 100.0 34.0 46.6 19.4 16,727 15.7 28.9

Part-time workers 25,882 16,749 64.7 100.0 34.6 46.4 19.0 4,797 18.5 28.6

Usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary

workers (single jobholders only)

Earnings less than or equal to the 25th percentile 25,200 11,227 44.6 100.0 19.3 50.2 30.6 4,159 16.5 37.0

Earnings from 25th to 50th percentiles 26,521 12,708 47.9 100.0 25.0 50.8 24.3 3,359 12.7 26.4

Earnings from 50th to 75th percentiles 27,193 14,680 54.0 100.0 34.1 48.4 17.5 4,069 15.0 27.7

Earnings greater than the 75th percentile 27,454 19,340 70.4 100.0 48.5 40.4 11.1 5,139 18.7 26.6

Workplace flexibility5

Could work at home 41,571 34,243 82.4 100.0 48.6 39.8 11.7 9,365 22.5 27.3

Could not work at home 102,338 47,072 46.0 100.0 24.7 50.6 24.7 14,084 13.8 29.9

1

 Workers with flexible schedules were able to vary or change the times they began and stopped working.

2

 Estimates for race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to the totals because data are not presented for all races.

3

 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.

4

 Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time workers usually work less than 35 hours per week.

5

 The subcategories do not sum to the totals because a small number of workers did not provide this information.

s - Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses) are excluded.

Unless otherwise specified, data refer to workers 15 years and over.
Table 5. How far in advance workers knew their work schedules by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018

Characteristic Total workers

(in thousands)

Percent distribution by how far in advance workers knew their work

schedules

Total Less than 1 week 1 to 2 weeks 2 to 4 weeks 4 weeks or more

Age

Total, 15 years and over 144,295 100.0 18.7 16.4 9.7 55.2

15 to 24 years 21,296 100.0 23.6 30.4 16.6 29.4

25 to 34 years 33,682 100.0 16.4 16.4 9.6 57.6

35 to 44 years 30,159 100.0 16.8 12.6 8.3 62.3

45 to 54 years 29,484 100.0 18.0 13.5 6.9 61.5

55 to 64 years 22,514 100.0 19.3 11.7 8.6 60.4

65 years and over 7,160 100.0 23.4 18.3 9.9 48.4

Sex

Men 74,830 100.0 23.5 17.8 8.4 50.2

Women 69,465 100.0 13.5 14.9 11.0 60.6

Race1

White 115,129 100.0 18.6 16.1 9.4 55.9

Black or African American 17,924 100.0 20.8 16.6 9.3 53.3

Asian 7,849 100.0 13.8 19.0 14.5 52.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 24,375 100.0 23.0 21.2 7.3 48.5

Non-Hispanic or Latino 119,920 100.0 17.8 15.4 10.2 56.6

Educational attainment (25 years and over)

Less than a high school diploma 6,743 100.0 31.1 16.2 4.2 48.5

High school graduates, no college 31,425 100.0 21.8 16.3 8.9 53.1

Some college or associate degree 29,407 100.0 17.1 13.8 9.3 59.7

Bachelor's degree and higher 55,424 100.0 14.4 12.6 8.3 64.8

Parent of a household child

Parent of a household child under 18 years 47,693 100.0 17.4 13.4 8.6 60.6

Parent of a child 13 to 17 years (none younger) 10,003 100.0 16.0 12.0 8.4 63.6

Parent of a child under 13 years 37,690 100.0 17.8 13.8 8.7 59.8

Not a parent of a household child under 18 years 96,602 100.0 19.3 17.9 10.2 52.6

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. How far in advance workers knew their work schedules by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic Total workers

(in thousands)

Percent distribution by how far in advance workers knew their work

schedules

Total Less than 1 week 1 to 2 weeks 2 to 4 weeks 4 weeks or more

Occupation

Management, business, and financial operations 22,754 100.0 18.1 14.2 8.5 59.2

Professional and related 40,284 100.0 12.1 11.6 8.7 67.6

Services 23,548 100.0 23.2 25.8 12.5 38.6

Sales and related 11,290 100.0 21.0 28.2 20.5 30.4

Office and administrative support 18,967 100.0 12.2 13.9 9.7 64.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry s s s s s s

Construction and extraction 5,853 100.0 39.6 13.1 4.1 43.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair 4,053 100.0 23.0 9.4 8.6 59.0

Production 8,560 100.0 18.6 14.7 2.9 63.9

Transportation and material moving 7,859 100.0 33.3 17.3 7.5 41.9

Industry

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,634 100.0 36.5 14.6 2.3 46.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction s s s s s s

Construction 6,860 100.0 39.9 13.0 4.6 42.6

Manufacturing 16,185 100.0 19.7 13.7 6.6 60.1

Wholesale and retail trade 18,030 100.0 16.3 25.5 20.2 38.0

Transportation and utilities 7,357 100.0 27.4 12.8 5.4 54.4

Information 2,685 100.0 17.7 17.0 8.5 56.8

Financial activities 10,370 100.0 15.4 14.3 7.1 63.2

Professional and business services 16,778 100.0 24.2 13.6 7.0 55.2

Education and health services 37,294 100.0 10.7 10.6 8.3 70.4

Leisure and hospitality 13,450 100.0 26.4 34.9 14.4 24.4

Other services 5,475 100.0 16.0 20.2 12.1 51.6

Public administration 7,552 100.0 10.2 9.6 8.7 71.5

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 5. How far in advance workers knew their work schedules by selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic Total workers

(in thousands)

Percent distribution by how far in advance workers knew their work

schedules

Total Less than 1 week 1 to 2 weeks 2 to 4 weeks 4 weeks or more

Class of worker

Private sector 118,872 100.0 20.5 17.8 10.3 51.4

Private, for profit 107,072 100.0 21.7 18.4 10.5 49.3

Private, not for profit 11,800 100.0 9.1 12.5 8.4 70.1

Public sector 25,423 100.0 10.3 9.8 6.7 73.2

Federal government 4,595 100.0 11.1 13.8 9.9 65.2

State government 8,807 100.0 11.9 9.7 3.8 74.7

Local government 12,022 100.0 8.9 8.4 7.5 75.2

Full- and part-time status (single jobholders only)3

Full-time workers 106,369 100.0 17.6 14.0 8.2 60.2

Part-time workers 25,882 100.0 22.9 27.3 14.5 35.2

Usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers (single

jobholders only)

Earnings less than or equal to the 25th percentile 25,200 100.0 18.7 19.8 10.8 50.7

Earnings from 25th to 50th percentiles 26,521 100.0 16.0 12.4 8.3 63.3

Earnings from 50th to 75th percentiles 27,193 100.0 17.5 11.5 6.1 65.0

Earnings greater than the 75th percentile 27,454 100.0 18.2 12.8 7.9 61.1

Work schedule flexibility4

Had flexible schedule 81,533 100.0 21.6 20.2 10.8 47.4

Did not have flexible schedule 62,762 100.0 15.0 11.5 8.2 65.3

Worker had input into schedule 10,681 100.0 16.2 13.4 12.1 58.3

Employer decided schedule 51,255 100.0 14.5 11.1 7.5 66.9

Workplace flexibility5

Could work at home 41,571 100.0 19.3 13.9 7.1 59.7

Could not work at home 102,338 100.0 18.5 17.5 10.7 53.4

1

 Estimates for race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to the total because data are not presented for all races.

2

 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.

3

 Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time workers usually work less than 35 hours per week.

4

 Workers with flexible schedules were able to vary or change the times they began and stopped working. Estimates for workers who did not have flexible schedules do not sum to the total because data

are not presented for all response options.

5

 The subcategories do not sum to the total because a small number of workers did not provide this information.

s - Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses) are excluded.

Unless otherwise specified, data refer to workers 15 years and over.
Table 6. Workers without flexible work schedules whose employers decided their schedules, and how far in advance they knew their schedules, by selected

characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018

Characteristic

Total, workers

without

flexible

schedules1 (in

thousands)

Workers

without

flexible work

schedules1 as

a percent of

total workers

Workers without flexible work schedules1 whose employers decided their schedules

Total

(in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by how far in advance workers knew their work

schedules

Total Less than 1

week

1 to 2

weeks

2 to 4

weeks

4 weeks or

more

Age

Total, 15 years and over 62,762 43.5 51,255 35.5 100.0 14.5 11.1 7.5 66.9

15 to 24 years 7,903 37.1 5,682 26.7 100.0 17.2 23.8 14.4 44.5

25 to 34 years 14,851 44.1 12,644 37.5 100.0 12.4 8.7 7.5 71.4

35 to 44 years 12,843 42.6 10,387 34.4 100.0 11.9 8.7 6.3 73.1

45 to 54 years 13,791 46.8 11,588 39.3 100.0 15.4 11.5 5.3 67.8

55 to 64 years 10,476 46.5 8,625 38.3 100.0 16.1 7.9 7.2 68.7

65 years and over 2,897 40.5 2,329 32.5 100.0 20.0 13.9 7.4 58.7

Sex

Men 32,047 42.8 26,458 35.4 100.0 19.7 13.5 6.1 60.6

Women 30,715 44.2 24,797 35.7 100.0 8.9 8.6 8.9 73.7

Race2

White 49,856 43.3 40,999 35.6 100.0 14.0 10.4 7.6 68.0

Black or African American 8,121 45.3 6,471 36.1 100.0 17.6 12.9 6.4 63.1

Asian 3,552 45.3 2,735 34.8 100.0 8.6 14.9 10.0 66.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 12,101 49.6 10,263 42.1 100.0 23.1 14.7 5.1 57.1

Non-Hispanic or Latino 50,661 42.2 40,993 34.2 100.0 12.3 10.2 8.1 69.4

Educational attainment (25 years and over)

Less than a high school diploma 4,219 62.6 3,780 56.1 100.0 32.3 11.2 2.2 54.4

High school graduates, no college 16,731 53.2 14,168 45.1 100.0 20.5 12.7 6.5 60.3

Some college or associate degree 13,740 46.7 11,314 38.5 100.0 12.3 9.7 8.7 69.3

Bachelor's degree and higher 20,169 36.4 16,310 29.4 100.0 5.6 6.3 6.3 81.8

Parent of a household child

Parent of a household child under 18 years 21,188 44.4 17,619 36.9 100.0 12.0 9.4 6.8 71.8

Parent of a child 13 to 17 years (none younger) 4,606 46.0 3,970 39.7 100.0 9.5 9.0 6.9 74.6

Parent of a child under 13 years 16,581 44.0 13,649 36.2 100.0 12.7 9.5 6.8 71.0

Not a parent of a household child under 18 years 41,574 43.0 33,636 34.8 100.0 15.8 12.0 7.8 64.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 6. Workers without flexible work schedules whose employers decided their schedules, and how far in advance they knew their schedules, by selected

characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total, workers

without

flexible

schedules1 (in

thousands)

Workers

without

flexible work

schedules1 as

a percent of

total workers

Workers without flexible work schedules1 whose employers decided their schedules

Total

(in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by how far in advance workers knew their work

schedules

Total Less than 1

week

1 to 2

weeks

2 to 4

weeks

4 weeks or

more

Occupation

Management, business, and financial operations 5,946 26.1 4,364 19.2 100.0 5.2 5.8 4.9 84.1

Professional and related 17,259 42.8 14,061 34.9 100.0 5.3 5.9 7.7 81.1

Services 10,654 45.2 8,596 36.5 100.0 16.5 16.8 14.2 52.4

Sales and related 3,678 32.6 2,644 23.4 100.0 14.2 29.7 12.1 44.0

Office and administrative support 8,109 42.8 6,604 34.8 100.0 11.2 8.1 9.1 71.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry s s s s s s s s s

Construction and extraction 3,872 66.2 3,343 57.1 100.0 42.7 8.5 1.6 47.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair 2,240 55.3 1,823 45.0 100.0 24.1 8.6 1.8 65.5

Production 5,880 68.7 5,566 65.0 100.0 15.6 14.6 2.9 66.9

Transportation and material moving 4,457 56.7 3,754 47.8 100.0 27.8 14.7 3.9 53.7

Industry

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 803 49.1 604 37.0 s s s s s

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction s s s s s s s s s

Construction 3,906 56.9 3,230 47.1 100.0 43.7 10.2 1.4 44.6

Manufacturing 7,840 48.4 7,176 44.3 100.0 19.2 11.9 2.8 66.1

Wholesale and retail trade 7,105 39.4 5,548 30.8 100.0 15.0 23.3 11.4 50.2

Transportation and utilities 3,841 52.2 3,184 43.3 100.0 23.5 12.5 4.2 59.8

Information 882 32.8 612 22.8 s s s s s

Financial activities 3,302 31.8 2,499 24.1 100.0 3.1 6.5 3.9 86.5

Professional and business services 4,712 28.1 4,013 23.9 100.0 20.0 5.9 5.3 68.8

Education and health services 20,363 54.6 16,991 45.6 100.0 5.9 4.3 9.2 80.7

Leisure and hospitality 4,497 33.4 3,360 25.0 100.0 17.1 30.4 20.4 32.1

Other services 2,042 37.3 1,418 25.9 100.0 10.2 17.9 7.8 64.1

Public administration 3,247 43.0 2,457 32.5 100.0 6.5 9.8 4.7 79.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 6. Workers without flexible work schedules whose employers decided their schedules, and how far in advance they knew their schedules, by selected

characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total, workers

without

flexible

schedules1 (in

thousands)

Workers

without

flexible work

schedules1 as

a percent of

total workers

Workers without flexible work schedules1 whose employers decided their schedules

Total

(in

thousands)

Percent of

total

workers

Percent distribution by how far in advance workers knew their work

schedules

Total Less than 1

week

1 to 2

weeks

2 to 4

weeks

4 weeks or

more

Class of worker

Private sector 48,164 40.5 39,176 33.0 100.0 16.9 12.6 8.2 62.4

Private, for profit 42,993 40.2 35,283 33.0 100.0 17.8 13.0 8.4 60.7

Private, not for profit 5,172 43.8 3,893 33.0 100.0 8.2 8.5 6.1 77.2

Public sector 14,597 57.4 12,079 47.5 100.0 6.7 6.4 5.2 81.7

Federal government 1,919 41.8 1,327 28.9 100.0 12.5 16.6 6.5 64.4

State government 4,641 52.7 3,841 43.6 100.0 6.0 5.7 5.8 82.5

Local government 8,037 66.9 6,912 57.5 100.0 6.0 4.8 4.6 84.6

Full- and part-time status (single jobholders only)4

Full-time workers 48,416 45.5 40,022 37.6 100.0 13.9 10.2 6.1 69.9

Part-time workers 9,133 35.3 7,030 27.2 100.0 19.5 17.5 14.8 48.1

Usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary

workers (single jobholders only)

Earnings less than or equal to the 25th percentile 13,973 55.4 11,598 46.0 100.0 15.5 15.3 5.7 63.4

Earnings from 25th to 50th percentiles 13,814 52.1 11,998 45.2 100.0 11.7 8.7 8.3 71.3

Earnings from 50th to 75th percentiles 12,514 46.0 10,140 37.3 100.0 14.5 8.0 4.8 72.6

Earnings greater than the 75th percentile 8,115 29.6 6,286 22.9 100.0 13.8 6.8 4.7 74.8

Workplace flexibility5

Could work at home 7,328 17.6 5,338 12.8 100.0 5.0 4.5 5.2 85.3

Could not work at home 55,266 54.0 45,780 44.7 100.0 15.6 11.9 7.7 64.7

1

 Workers without flexible schedules were not able to vary or change the times they began and stopped working.

2

 Estimates for race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to the total because data are not presented for all races.

3

 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.

4

 Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time workers usually work less than 35 hours per week.

5

 The subcategories do not sum to the total because a small number of workers did not provide this information.

s - Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses) are excluded.

Unless otherwise specified, data refer to workers 15 years and over.
Table 7. Workers by shift usually worked and selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018

Characteristic

Total

workers (in

thousands)

Percent

working

regular

daytime

schedule

Percent working a non-daytime schedule, by shift

Total Evening Night Rotating Irregular Split shift Other

Age

Total, 15 years and over 144,295 83.6 16.4 5.9 3.6 2.4 2.6 0.7 1.2

15 to 24 years 21,296 68.1 31.9 15.9 5.6 4.5 4.6 0.3 1.0

25 to 34 years 33,682 84.7 15.3 5.4 3.8 2.0 2.8 0.8 0.6

35 to 44 years 30,159 87.7 12.3 3.7 3.1 1.7 1.8 0.6 1.3

45 to 54 years 29,484 87.4 12.6 3.0 3.3 1.9 1.8 0.7 1.9

55 to 64 years 22,514 85.7 14.3 4.1 2.4 2.6 2.7 1.1 1.4

65 years and over 7,160 84.7 15.3 5.8 3.3 1.7 2.8 0.6 1.1

Sex

Men 74,830 82.4 17.6 6.6 3.3 2.6 2.7 0.9 1.5

Women 69,465 84.8 15.2 5.3 3.9 2.1 2.5 0.5 1.0

Race1

White 115,129 84.8 15.2 5.3 3.2 2.3 2.5 0.7 1.1

Black or African American 17,924 75.9 24.1 9.0 5.4 3.1 4.2 0.7 1.7

Asian 7,849 85.7 14.3 6.8 2.5 1.8 1.5 0.2 1.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 24,375 82.0 18.0 6.0 4.3 3.5 2.2 0.6 1.4

Non-Hispanic or Latino 119,920 83.9 16.1 5.9 3.4 2.1 2.7 0.7 1.2

Educational attainment (25 years and over)

Less than a high school diploma 6,743 80.1 19.9 6.7 3.7 3.9 1.4 1.9 2.4

High school graduates, no college 31,425 81.2 18.8 5.9 4.7 2.7 2.6 1.4 1.5

Some college or associate degree 29,407 83.6 16.4 5.5 4.4 2.2 2.3 0.8 1.3

Bachelor's degree and higher 55,424 91.3 8.7 2.2 1.7 1.3 2.2 0.3 1.0

Parent of a household child

Parent of a household child under 18 years 47,693 87.5 12.5 3.6 2.9 1.9 2.1 0.8 1.2

Parent of a child 13 to 17 years (none younger) 10,003 89.4 10.6 2.2 1.5 1.8 2.5 1.7 0.9

Parent of a child under 13 years 37,690 87.0 13.0 4.0 3.3 1.9 2.0 0.6 1.3

Not a parent of a household child under 18 years 96,602 81.6 18.4 7.1 3.9 2.6 2.9 0.6 1.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 7. Workers by shift usually worked and selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total

workers (in

thousands)

Percent

working

regular

daytime

schedule

Percent working a non-daytime schedule, by shift

Total Evening Night Rotating Irregular Split shift Other

Occupation

Management, business, and financial operations 22,754 93.8 6.2 1.2 1.6 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.8

Professional and related 40,284 89.8 10.2 2.8 2.7 1.4 1.9 0.3 1.1

Services 23,548 66.6 33.4 16.2 6.0 3.4 5.1 1.1 1.5

Sales and related 11,290 74.9 25.1 10.6 2.2 5.8 4.3 0.5 1.8

Office and administrative support 18,967 89.5 10.5 4.0 2.2 1.9 1.3 0.5 0.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry s s s s s s s s s

Construction and extraction 5,853 95.3 4.7 0.6 1.5 1.4 0.3 z 0.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair 4,053 87.1 12.9 4.5 4.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.0

Production 8,560 74.6 25.4 8.8 9.1 3.9 1.1 1.8 0.6

Transportation and material moving 7,859 70.8 29.2 4.7 5.3 4.9 7.4 2.6 4.2

Industry

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1,634 88.8 11.2 2.9 2.9 0.5 2.6 0.8 1.4

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction s s s s s s s s s

Construction 6,860 96.8 3.2 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.6 z 0.4

Manufacturing 16,185 83.9 16.1 6.1 5.7 1.8 0.8 1.2 0.5

Wholesale and retail trade 18,030 74.6 25.4 9.7 5.1 5.2 2.3 0.7 2.3

Transportation and utilities 7,357 74.0 26.0 4.0 6.3 4.3 6.1 2.5 2.8

Information 2,685 91.2 8.8 4.1 0.3 0.1 3.5 0.2 0.6

Financial activities 10,370 94.9 5.1 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.2

Professional and business services 16,778 93.4 6.6 1.9 1.1 0.8 1.8 0.1 1.0

Education and health services 37,294 85.8 14.2 4.9 4.3 1.4 2.3 0.4 0.9

Leisure and hospitality 13,450 63.2 36.8 19.3 2.6 4.8 7.1 1.4 1.7

Other services 5,475 85.8 14.2 5.1 2.0 3.0 2.2 0.7 1.1

Public administration 7,552 83.9 16.1 3.4 4.2 2.6 3.7 0.2 1.9

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 7. Workers by shift usually worked and selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 — Continued

Characteristic

Total

workers (in

thousands)

Percent

working

regular

daytime

schedule

Percent working a non-daytime schedule, by shift

Total Evening Night Rotating Irregular Split shift Other

Class of worker

Private sector 118,872 82.6 17.4 6.4 3.8 2.6 2.7 0.7 1.3

Private, for profit 107,072 82.5 17.5 6.5 3.7 2.7 2.7 0.7 1.3

Private, not for profit 11,800 83.1 16.9 5.5 4.5 1.7 2.9 0.8 1.6

Public sector 25,423 88.3 11.7 3.8 2.6 1.4 2.3 0.6 1.0

Federal government 4,595 89.2 10.8 1.9 3.4 1.5 1.0 2.1 0.8

State government 8,807 88.3 11.7 5.4 2.0 0.8 2.9 0.1 0.5

Local government 12,022 88.0 12.0 3.4 2.7 1.8 2.3 0.3 1.4

Full- and part-time status (single jobholders only)3

Full-time workers 106,369 86.4 13.6 4.0 3.6 2.2 2.0 0.6 1.2

Part-time workers 25,882 72.7 27.3 13.6 4.1 2.9 4.6 0.7 1.3

Usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary

workers (single jobholders only)

Earnings less than or equal to the 25th percentile 25,200 78.8 21.2 8.2 4.9 3.5 2.2 0.6 1.9

Earnings from 25th to 50th percentiles 26,521 86.9 13.1 3.5 4.1 1.6 1.8 1.0 1.1

Earnings from 50th to 75th percentiles 27,193 87.5 12.5 3.3 3.6 2.0 2.1 0.4 1.0

Earnings greater than the 75th percentile 27,454 91.7 8.3 1.3 1.8 1.8 2.0 0.4 1.0

Work schedule flexibility4

Had flexible schedule 81,533 85.7 14.3 5.4 2.2 2.4 2.9 0.6 0.9

Did not have flexible schedule 62,762 80.9 19.1 6.7 5.4 2.4 2.3 0.7 1.6

Workplace flexibility5

Could work at home 41,571 94.7 5.3 1.0 0.4 0.6 2.3 0.5 0.7

Could not work at home 102,338 79.0 21.0 8.0 4.9 3.1 2.8 0.8 1.5

1

 Estimates for race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to the total because data are not presented for all races.

2

 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.

3

 Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time workers usually work less than 35 hours per week.

4

 Workers with flexible schedules were able to vary or change the times they began and stopped working.

5

 The subcategories do not sum to the total because a small number of workers did not provide this information.

s - Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.

z - Estimate is approximately zero.

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses) are excluded.

Unless otherwise specified, data refer to workers 15 years and over.
Table 8. Main reason for working non-daytime schedules by sex and shift, averages for the period 2017-2018

Characteristic and reason

Workers who worked non-daytime schedules

Total Evening Night Rotating Irregular Split shift or

other

Total

Number (in thousands) 23,696 8,551 5,142 3,415 3,806 2,783

Percent distribution by main reason, total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Better arrangements for family 9.6 9.8 15.4 5.4 5.9 8.4

Better pay 7.2 5.0 14.6 4.2 4.1 8.0

Allows time for school or other job 12.0 21.8 5.6 4.8 10.3 5.2

Could not get other shift 10.0 12.6 12.7 8.6 3.7 7.1

Nature of the job 39.3 28.5 20.1 58.4 63.4 51.7

Personal preference 19.1 20.9 27.8 15.5 9.0 15.7

Other 2.8 1.4 3.9 3.1 3.6 3.8

Men

Number (in thousands) 13,168 4,902 2,460 1,959 2,050 1,797

Percent distribution by main reason, total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Better arrangements for family 6.5 8.8 5.8 3.5 4.6 6.4

Better pay 6.7 5.5 10.5 2.8 7.1 8.4

Allows time for school or other job 9.3 16.5 6.8 2.0 5.4 5.3

Could not get other shift 11.8 16.5 13.7 11.1 2.2 7.9

Nature of the job 44.5 30.3 27.5 65.1 70.8 53.7

Personal preference 18.2 20.5 31.9 12.6 5.2 14.1

Other 3.1 1.8 3.8 2.9 4.7 4.3

Women

Number (in thousands) 10,528 3,649 2,682 1,456 1,756 986

Percent distribution by main reason, total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Better arrangements for family 13.5 11.2 24.1 7.9 7.4 12.1

Better pay 7.8 4.3 18.4 6.1 0.7 7.3

Allows time for school or other job 15.5 28.9 4.6 8.5 16.1 5.1

Could not get other shift 7.7 7.3 11.8 5.2 5.3 5.7

Nature of the job 32.9 26.1 13.3 49.4 54.9 48.2

Personal preference 20.2 21.4 24.0 19.5 13.3 18.6

Other 2.4 0.8 3.9 3.3 2.4 2.9

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers, 15 years and over, at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated

businesses) are excluded.
Table 9. Number of days per week workers usually worked and percent working, by day of week and selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018

Characteristic

Average

number of

days per

week

worked

Percent of workers by days usually worked

Monday

through

Friday1

Saturday

and

Sunday2

Schedule

varies Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Age

Total, 15 years and over 4.77 68.3 8.9 10.5 81.0 82.3 82.5 82.3 80.4 19.2 12.1

15 to 24 years 4.36 39.9 18.0 16.6 61.4 61.0 62.9 63.3 67.2 38.5 23.1

25 to 34 years 4.85 73.0 8.6 10.0 84.1 84.2 84.6 84.4 83.5 17.7 11.3

35 to 44 years 4.90 76.0 6.9 8.0 86.1 88.3 87.6 87.3 85.2 15.9 10.2

45 to 54 years 4.94 77.6 6.0 9.1 86.7 88.8 88.1 88.5 85.1 14.1 9.0

55 to 64 years 4.81 71.9 7.5 9.1 84.7 86.3 85.9 86.0 80.9 14.8 10.1

65 years and over 4.25 49.0 7.9 15.1 68.8 71.7 75.7 70.5 64.5 17.8 11.2

Sex

Men 4.88 72.5 10.7 8.6 83.6 84.8 85.3 85.5 83.6 21.9 13.5

Women 4.65 63.8 7.0 12.6 78.2 79.5 79.5 78.8 77.0 16.3 10.7

Race

White 4.77 68.9 8.6 10.3 81.2 82.8 82.8 82.8 80.5 19.3 11.7

Black or African American 4.78 64.4 8.7 12.7 79.5 80.8 81.2 80.9 78.5 17.9 13.3

Asian 4.76 72.8 9.8 9.1 82.9 81.6 83.4 82.4 86.3 15.9 11.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 4.84 66.5 9.8 10.8 79.8 81.6 81.6 81.2 80.6 25.7 13.3

Non-Hispanic or Latino 4.75 68.7 8.7 10.4 81.3 82.4 82.7 82.5 80.4 17.9 11.9

Educational attainment (25 years and over)

Less than a high school diploma 4.89 64.8 13.0 11.8 81.5 80.9 82.3 81.1 77.9 30.9 17.4

High school graduates, no college 4.88 66.7 10.2 11.0 81.5 83.0 81.5 82.7 80.1 21.7 13.5

Some college or associate degree 4.78 67.5 7.0 11.4 80.4 82.9 84.0 82.7 79.6 16.2 10.7

Bachelor's degree and higher 4.84 81.1 5.2 7.2 88.6 89.9 89.8 89.3 86.4 10.5 7.3

Parent of a household child

Parent of a household child under 18 years 4.88 75.4 6.9 8.7 85.9 87.5 86.8 86.3 84.6 15.2 10.5

Parent of a child 13 to 17 years (none younger) 4.86 76.5 6.5 8.7 86.2 88.1 87.6 86.5 82.5 13.2 9.6

Parent of a child under 13 years 4.88 75.1 7.1 8.7 85.8 87.3 86.6 86.3 85.1 15.7 10.7

Not a parent of a household child under 18 years 4.72 64.8 9.9 11.4 78.6 79.7 80.4 80.3 78.4 21.2 13.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Number of days per week workers usually worked and percent working, by day of week and selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 —

Continued

Characteristic

Average

number of

days per

week

worked

Percent of workers by days usually worked

Monday

through

Friday1

Saturday

and

Sunday2

Schedule

varies Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Occupation

Management, business, and financial operations 5.00 87.2 4.3 4.8 93.3 93.9 93.1 94.0 91.6 10.9 6.0

Professional and related 4.70 76.2 4.5 9.0 84.7 86.7 86.8 85.7 82.6 9.9 6.4

Services 4.52 38.7 23.0 16.7 63.2 62.5 65.3 65.4 65.8 38.6 28.4

Sales and related 4.71 47.5 15.0 19.8 64.0 68.6 66.4 67.6 71.9 31.3 20.7

Office and administrative support 4.69 66.2 5.2 10.7 82.9 83.2 82.7 82.0 80.9 15.1 8.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry s s s s s s s s s s s

Construction and extraction 5.08 90.0 3.6 2.1 96.7 97.1 97.0 96.6 90.7 16.9 4.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair 5.03 82.6 3.6 4.0 89.2 94.0 95.2 94.4 90.6 17.1 6.1

Production 4.90 78.1 7.9 7.2 88.3 90.3 89.7 89.6 81.8 17.9 10.8

Transportation and material moving 4.87 62.3 9.3 16.4 74.7 75.1 78.0 77.6 76.8 24.2 14.9

Industry

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 5.43 85.5 12.3 2.8 93.9 94.0 93.6 93.8 93.4 47.5 19.0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction s s s s s s s s s s s

Construction 5.08 91.0 3.6 1.9 96.7 96.9 96.4 96.3 91.9 18.2 4.5

Manufacturing 4.98 86.4 4.6 5.1 93.5 94.8 94.2 93.9 88.2 12.4 7.6

Wholesale and retail trade 4.66 47.2 12.1 20.9 64.4 66.9 68.9 68.5 69.5 29.1 18.5

Transportation and utilities 4.92 67.2 11.7 13.8 79.4 79.8 81.5 83.1 78.0 21.5 14.9

Information 4.89 78.9 4.4 3.2 91.8 96.4 91.7 89.0 90.3 13.2 5.6

Financial activities 4.95 87.3 4.7 3.6 92.1 94.2 93.8 93.2 92.8 13.5 5.8

Professional and business services 4.90 85.0 3.4 5.2 92.0 92.3 92.3 91.9 89.7 9.2 5.5

Education and health services 4.63 68.8 5.7 11.8 81.2 82.2 82.2 81.6 78.6 11.5 8.0

Leisure and hospitality 4.48 26.8 29.0 17.0 58.7 56.7 58.6 60.7 64.2 49.6 35.7

Other services 4.56 50.8 16.0 10.3 68.8 73.5 72.1 69.9 72.6 31.8 21.4

Public administration 4.72 72.2 5.4 9.9 81.6 86.1 85.6 85.0 80.0 9.7 7.2

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 9. Number of days per week workers usually worked and percent working, by day of week and selected characteristics, averages for the period 2017-2018 —

Continued

Characteristic

Average

number of

days per

week

worked

Percent of workers by days usually worked

Monday

through

Friday1

Saturday

and

Sunday2

Schedule

varies Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Class of worker

Private sector 4.76 66.5 9.7 10.9 79.8 81.1 81.1 81.3 79.8 21.2 13.3

Private, for profit 4.79 66.9 9.6 10.8 80.1 81.3 81.4 81.5 80.5 21.7 13.2

Private, not for profit 4.53 62.5 10.6 11.7 77.2 79.6 79.1 79.4 73.5 16.5 14.9

Public sector 4.80 76.9 5.1 8.5 86.9 87.7 88.8 86.8 83.5 9.8 6.6

Federal government 4.91 72.1 3.5 10.6 87.5 87.6 87.4 88.2 79.1 11.2 6.0

State government 4.82 77.1 6.9 7.5 87.5 88.9 89.9 87.0 83.5 11.1 8.7

Local government 4.75 78.7 4.3 8.5 86.3 86.8 88.5 86.2 85.2 8.4 5.3

Full- and part-time status (single jobholders only)4

Full-time workers 5.01 79.2 7.5 8.1 88.2 89.3 89.4 89.6 87.4 16.7 10.3

Part-time workers 3.84 26.1 14.4 21.0 51.9 53.6 54.5 52.8 53.1 29.6 19.9

Usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary

workers (single jobholders only)

Earnings less than or equal to the 25th percentile 5.00 65.9 14.0 11.8 80.5 81.7 83.8 83.1 81.0 26.1 17.6

Earnings from 25th to 50th percentiles 4.97 75.9 5.6 8.5 87.7 88.9 87.9 88.5 84.6 15.9 8.6

Earnings from 50th to 75th percentiles 4.99 83.6 4.6 7.3 89.7 90.8 91.0 92.3 90.1 13.5 7.3

Earnings greater than the 75th percentile 5.08 90.5 6.2 4.9 94.5 95.3 94.3 94.0 93.5 12.1 8.2

Work schedule flexibility5

Had flexible schedule 4.78 68.6 9.7 9.7 80.9 82.8 82.4 82.5 80.9 20.2 13.1

Did not have flexible schedule 4.75 68.0 7.8 11.5 81.3 81.6 82.6 82.1 79.8 17.9 10.9

Workplace flexibility

Could work at home 5.01 88.8 5.0 2.8 94.2 95.4 95.7 95.1 92.7 10.6 7.1

Could not work at home 4.67 60.1 10.5 13.5 75.8 77.1 77.3 77.2 75.6 22.7 14.2

1

 Workers who usually worked Monday through Friday also are counted in the estimates for each weekday.

2

 Workers who usually worked Saturday and Sunday also are counted in the estimates for each weekend day.

3

 Persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race.

4

 Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time workers usually work less than 35 hours per week.

5

 Workers with flexible schedules were able to vary or change the times they began and stopped working.

s - Estimate is suppressed because it does not meet the American Time Use Survey publication standards.

Note: Data refer to wage and salary workers at their main jobs. All self-employed workers (including workers with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses) are excluded.

Unless otherwise specified, data refer to workers 15 years and over.