Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-24-0629 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, April 5, 2024

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MARCH 2024

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 303,000 in March, and the unemployment rate changed 

little at 3.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in health care, 

government, and construction. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.8 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 6.4 million, 

changed little in March. The unemployment rate has been in a narrow range of 3.7 percent to 3.9 percent 

since August 2023. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Blacks (6.4 percent) increased in March, 

while the rates for Asians (2.5 percent) and Hispanics (4.5 percent) decreased. The jobless rates for adult 
-2-

men (3.3 percent), adult women (3.6 percent), teenagers (12.6 percent), and Whites (3.4 percent) 

showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.2 million, was little 

changed in March. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.5 percent of all unemployed people. 

(See table A-12.) 

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 

60.3 percent, were little changed in March. These measures showed little change over the year. (See 

table A-1.) 

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.3 million, changed little in 

March. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 

In March, the number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.4 million, was 

little changed. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively 

looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table 

A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached to the 

labor force, at 1.6 million, was little changed in March. These individuals wanted and were available 

for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached 

who believed that no jobs were available for them, was little changed at 337,000 in March. (See 

Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data 

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 303,000 in March, higher than the average monthly gain of 

231,000 over the prior 12 months. In March, job gains occurred in health care, government, and 

construction. (See table B-1.) 

Health care added 72,000 jobs in March, above the average monthly gain of 60,000 over the prior 12 

months. In March, job growth continued in ambulatory health care services (+28,000), hospitals 

(+27,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+18,000). 

In March, employment in government increased by 71,000, higher than the average monthly gain of 

54,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment increased in local government (+49,000) 

and federal government (+9,000).

Construction added 39,000 jobs in March, about double the average monthly gain of 19,000 over the 

prior 12 months. Over the month, employment increased in nonresidential specialty trade contractors 

(+16,000). 

Employment in leisure and hospitality trended up in March (+49,000) and has returned to its prepandemic February 2020 level. Over the prior 12 months, job growth in the industry had averaged 

37,000 per month.
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Employment in the other services industry continued its upward trend in March (+16,000). The industry 

had added an average of 8,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. Employment in other services 

remains below its February 2020 level by 40,000, or 0.7 percent. 

Employment in social assistance continued to trend up in March (+9,000), below the average monthly 

gain of 22,000 over the prior 12 months. 

In March, employment was little changed in retail trade (+18,000). A job gain in general merchandise 

retailers (+20,000) was partially offset by job losses in building material and garden equipment and 

supplies dealers (-10,000) and in automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers (-3,000). 

Employment showed little or no change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; transportation and 

warehousing; information; financial activities; and professional and business services. 

In March, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 12 

cents, or 0.3 percent, to $34.69. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.1 

percent. In March, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory 

employees edged up by 7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.79. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

In March, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour 

to 34.4 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.0 hours, and overtime 

edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.9 hours in March. The average workweek for production and 

nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour to 33.9 hours. (See tables 

B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for January was revised up by 27,000, from +229,000 

to +256,000, and the change for February was revised down by 5,000, from +275,000 to +270,000. With 

these revisions, employment in January and February combined is 22,000 higher than previously 

reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government 

agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

____________ 

The Employment Situation for April is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 3, 2024, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Change from:

Feb. 2024-

Mar. 2024

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 266,272 267,540 267,711 267,884 173

Civilian labor force........................................................... 166,690 167,276 167,426 167,895 469

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.6 62.5 62.5 62.7 0.2

Employed................................................................... 160,824 161,152 160,968 161,466 498

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.4 60.2 60.1 60.3 0.2

Unemployed............................................................... 5,866 6,124 6,458 6,429 -29

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.8 -0.1

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,582 100,265 100,285 99,989 -296

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.8 -0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.3 -0.2

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.6 0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 9.9 10.6 12.5 12.6 0.1

White.......................................................................... 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.4 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 5.1 5.3 5.6 6.4 0.8

Asian.......................................................................... 2.8 2.9 3.4 2.5 -0.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.6 5.0 5.0 4.5 -0.5

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.1 -0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 4.8 6.0 6.1 4.9 -1.2

High school graduates, no college........................................ 4.0 4.3 4.2 4.1 -0.1

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.4 0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 -0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,884 3,028 3,216 3,042 -174

Job leavers...................................................................... 841 794 711 823 112

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,683 1,834 1,946 1,920 -26

New entrants.................................................................... 506 550 611 678 67

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,279 2,140 2,326 2,189 -137

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,765 1,848 1,933 1,979 46

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 797 867 974 982 8

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,050 1,277 1,203 1,246 43

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,091 4,422 4,376 4,308 -68

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,853 2,994 2,863 2,972 109

Could only find part-time work............................................. 892 1,026 1,104 999 -105

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,416 22,156 22,309 22,902 593

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,326 1,654 1,558 1,595 37

Discouraged workers........................................................ 347 452 425 337 -88

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 256 270 303

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 196 207 232

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -12 30 17 42

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -2 1 3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6 26 26 39

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -8 6 -10 0

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 -4 -3 4

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.1 2.2 -1.9 6.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -7 10 -7 -4

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 166 190 190

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 -6.7 -2.9 8.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -27.2 16.6 23.0 17.6

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -16.1 -3.8 22.5 1.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 1.5 3.1 -0.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 -3 0

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -4 -6 3

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 48 17 7

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -14.6 7.5 -11.9 -1.3

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 100 82 88

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 73.0 85.4 81.3

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 -3 43 49

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10 11 16

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 60 63 71

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 243 272 276

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 187 206 212

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.9

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.2 34.3 34.4

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $33.31 $34.51 $34.57 $34.69

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,145.86 $1,180.24 $1,185.75 $1,193.34

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.5 115.4 115.9 116.5

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.3 -0.4 0.4 0.5

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.4 190.4 191.6 193.2

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.8

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 62.2 58.6 59.4

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 53.5 48.6 43.1

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than 

sampling for this purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses 

into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance 

on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey 

twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All people 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees who receive 

pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures. 

For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of people who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a 

measure of the number of people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad 

weather.

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 629,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. People laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and 

unemployed. Those people not classified as employed or 

unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including people on paid leave. People

are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data 

are produced for the private sector for all employees and for 

production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 

related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, 

construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory 

employees in private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes 

in the classification of industries when necessary. Over the 

past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,272 267,711 267,884 266,272 267,822 267,991 267,540 267,711 267,884

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166,783 167,285 167,960 166,690 168,127 167,451 167,276 167,426 167,895

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 62.5 62.7 62.6 62.8 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,741 160,315 161,356 160,824 161,866 161,183 161,152 160,968 161,466

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 59.9 60.2 60.4 60.4 60.1 60.2 60.1 60.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,043 6,970 6,604 5,866 6,262 6,268 6,124 6,458 6,429

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,489 100,426 99,924 99,582 99,695 100,540 100,265 100,285 99,989

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,646 5,546 5,110 4,959 5,343 5,671 5,793 5,672 5,443

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,150 130,520 130,605 130,150 130,903 130,985 130,436 130,520 130,605

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,958 88,299 88,892 88,841 89,555 89,250 88,507 88,391 88,812

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 67.7 68.1 68.3 68.4 68.1 67.9 67.7 68.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,420 84,391 85,253 85,623 85,981 85,794 85,034 84,993 85,490

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 64.7 65.3 65.8 65.7 65.5 65.2 65.1 65.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,538 3,908 3,639 3,219 3,574 3,456 3,473 3,398 3,323

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.4 4.1 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,192 42,221 41,713 41,309 41,348 41,735 41,929 42,129 41,793

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,415 121,611 121,685 121,415 122,111 122,187 121,539 121,611 121,685

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,876 85,313 85,656 85,565 86,256 86,007 85,364 85,180 85,398

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.7 70.2 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.4 70.2 70.0 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,654 81,802 82,457 82,688 83,084 82,958 82,304 82,178 82,543

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 67.3 67.8 68.1 68.0 67.9 67.7 67.6 67.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,222 3,511 3,199 2,877 3,172 3,050 3,060 3,002 2,855

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,539 36,299 36,029 35,850 35,854 36,180 36,175 36,431 36,287

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,122 137,191 137,279 136,122 136,919 137,006 137,104 137,191 137,279

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,825 78,986 79,068 77,849 78,572 78,201 78,768 79,035 79,083

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 57.6 57.6 57.2 57.4 57.1 57.5 57.6 57.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,320 75,924 76,103 75,201 75,885 75,389 76,118 75,975 75,976

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.3 55.3 55.4 55.2 55.4 55.0 55.5 55.4 55.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,505 3,062 2,965 2,648 2,688 2,811 2,650 3,060 3,106

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,297 58,205 58,211 58,273 58,346 58,805 58,336 58,156 58,197

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,684 128,581 128,659 127,684 128,430 128,513 128,503 128,581 128,659

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,860 75,995 75,945 74,723 75,399 75,047 75,529 75,835 75,792

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 59.1 59.0 58.5 58.7 58.4 58.8 59.0 58.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,606 73,299 73,304 72,368 73,049 72,587 73,144 73,182 73,061

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 57.0 57.0 56.7 56.9 56.5 56.9 56.9 56.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,253 2,696 2,642 2,355 2,350 2,460 2,385 2,653 2,731

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,825 52,586 52,714 52,961 53,031 53,466 52,974 52,746 52,867

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,173 17,519 17,540 17,173 17,281 17,291 17,498 17,519 17,540

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,048 5,978 6,359 6,402 6,472 6,396 6,383 6,411 6,704

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.2 34.1 36.3 37.3 37.5 37.0 36.5 36.6 38.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,480 5,214 5,595 5,767 5,733 5,638 5,704 5,608 5,862

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.9 29.8 31.9 33.6 33.2 32.6 32.6 32.0 33.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 763 764 635 739 758 679 803 842

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 12.8 12.0 9.9 11.4 11.9 10.6 12.5 12.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,125 11,541 11,181 10,771 10,809 10,895 11,115 11,108 10,835

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,186 204,677 204,752 204,186 204,949 205,022 204,608 204,677 204,752

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,976 126,960 127,640 126,956 127,773 127,226 126,962 127,040 127,596

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 62.0 62.3 62.2 62.3 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,698 122,180 123,175 122,846 123,550 122,802 122,663 122,685 123,286

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.1 59.7 60.2 60.2 60.3 59.9 60.0 59.9 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,278 4,779 4,465 4,110 4,223 4,424 4,299 4,356 4,310

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,210 77,717 77,112 77,230 77,177 77,796 77,646 77,637 77,156

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,467 65,748 66,098 66,309 66,695 66,405 65,869 65,685 65,963

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 69.6 70.0 70.2 70.3 70.0 69.8 69.6 69.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,180 63,315 63,906 64,287 64,559 64,208 63,674 63,658 64,029

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 67.1 67.7 68.0 68.1 67.7 67.5 67.4 67.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,288 2,433 2,193 2,022 2,136 2,197 2,195 2,027 1,933

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.9

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,812 56,629 56,614 55,706 56,130 55,844 56,219 56,454 56,489

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 58.0 58.0 57.3 57.5 57.2 57.6 57.9 57.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,203 54,791 54,849 54,046 54,609 54,175 54,615 54,646 54,677

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 56.2 56.2 55.6 56.0 55.5 56.0 56.0 56.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,609 1,838 1,765 1,660 1,521 1,669 1,604 1,808 1,811

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,696 4,583 4,928 4,940 4,947 4,976 4,874 4,902 5,145

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.6 36.1 38.8 39.5 39.5 39.7 38.4 38.6 40.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,316 4,075 4,420 4,513 4,382 4,418 4,374 4,381 4,580

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 32.1 34.8 36.1 35.0 35.3 34.5 34.5 36.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 508 508 427 565 558 500 520 565

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 11.1 10.3 8.7 11.4 11.2 10.3 10.6 11.0

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,550 34,849 34,883 34,550 34,821 34,853 34,813 34,849 34,883

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,062 22,084 22,124 22,111 22,171 22,094 22,051 22,190 22,170

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 63.4 63.4 64.0 63.7 63.4 63.3 63.7 63.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,938 20,810 20,689 20,974 20,886 20,952 20,887 20,950 20,746

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 59.7 59.3 60.7 60.0 60.1 60.0 60.1 59.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,124 1,274 1,435 1,138 1,285 1,143 1,164 1,240 1,424

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.8 6.5 5.1 5.8 5.2 5.3 5.6 6.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,488 12,765 12,759 12,439 12,650 12,759 12,762 12,659 12,713

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,353 10,300 10,303 10,358 10,299 10,294 10,266 10,344 10,317

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.2 69.5 69.5 70.2 69.3 69.2 69.4 69.8 69.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,776 9,615 9,624 9,811 9,648 9,821 9,717 9,709 9,677

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 64.9 64.9 66.5 64.9 66.0 65.7 65.5 65.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 685 679 547 651 473 548 636 640

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 6.6 6.6 5.3 6.3 4.6 5.3 6.1 6.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,991 11,048 11,014 10,982 11,067 11,014 10,967 11,050 10,999

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.6 63.3 63.1 63.6 63.6 63.2 62.9 63.4 63.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,541 10,563 10,416 10,506 10,533 10,486 10,445 10,568 10,387

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.0 60.6 59.7 60.8 60.5 60.2 59.9 60.6 59.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 485 598 477 534 528 521 482 612

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.4 5.4 4.3 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.4 5.6

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718 737 807 771 805 786 819 796 854

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.5 28.4 31.0 30.6 31.5 30.7 31.6 30.7 32.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 632 649 657 705 644 724 673 682

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 24.3 24.9 26.1 27.6 25.2 27.9 25.9 26.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 105 159 114 100 142 95 122 171

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 14.2 19.6 14.8 12.4 18.0 11.6 15.4 20.1

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,545 17,784 17,781 17,545 17,769 17,896 17,930 17,784 17,781

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,421 11,479 11,442 11,374 11,548 11,436 11,559 11,472 11,403

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 64.5 64.3 64.8 65.0 63.9 64.5 64.5 64.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,104 11,084 11,157 11,056 11,144 11,084 11,223 11,081 11,113

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3 62.3 62.7 63.0 62.7 61.9 62.6 62.3 62.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 395 285 318 404 353 336 390 290

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.4 2.5 2.8 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.4 2.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,123 6,305 6,339 6,170 6,221 6,459 6,372 6,312 6,379

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 47,194 48,467 48,565 47,194 47,974 48,068 48,364 48,467 48,565

Civilian labor force................................ 31,551 32,513 32,459 31,524 32,101 32,081 32,318 32,499 32,442

Participation rate............................... 66.9 67.1 66.8 66.8 66.9 66.7 66.8 67.1 66.8

Employed....................................... 30,017 30,732 30,948 30,065 30,636 30,480 30,700 30,883 30,994

Employment-population ratio............... 63.6 63.4 63.7 63.7 63.9 63.4 63.5 63.7 63.8

Unemployed.................................... 1,534 1,781 1,510 1,459 1,465 1,602 1,618 1,616 1,448

Unemployment rate......................... 4.9 5.5 4.7 4.6 4.6 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5

Not in labor force................................. 15,643 15,953 16,106 15,670 15,873 15,986 16,046 15,967 16,123

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 17,035 17,434 17,512 16,985 17,267 17,261 17,372 17,415 17,455

Participation rate............................... 79.4 79.6 79.8 79.2 79.2 79.1 79.5 79.5 79.5

Employed....................................... 16,260 16,601 16,781 16,298 16,537 16,438 16,519 16,720 16,800

Employment-population ratio............... 75.8 75.8 76.4 76.0 75.9 75.3 75.6 76.3 76.5

Unemployed.................................... 775 832 732 688 729 824 852 695 654

Unemployment rate......................... 4.6 4.8 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.8 4.9 4.0 3.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 13,064 13,575 13,473 13,061 13,260 13,346 13,336 13,535 13,483

Participation rate............................... 61.1 61.7 61.1 61.1 61.0 61.3 60.7 61.5 61.1

Employed....................................... 12,462 12,862 12,847 12,473 12,737 12,746 12,759 12,860 12,870

Employment-population ratio............... 58.3 58.4 58.3 58.3 58.6 58.5 58.1 58.4 58.4

Unemployed.................................... 602 713 627 588 523 601 577 675 612

Unemployment rate......................... 4.6 5.3 4.7 4.5 3.9 4.5 4.3 5.0 4.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,452 1,504 1,473 1,477 1,574 1,474 1,610 1,549 1,504

Participation rate............................... 33.4 33.1 32.3 33.9 35.5 33.2 35.5 34.0 33.0

Employed....................................... 1,296 1,269 1,321 1,294 1,361 1,296 1,422 1,304 1,323

Employment-population ratio............... 29.8 27.9 29.0 29.7 30.7 29.2 31.3 28.6 29.0

Unemployed.................................... 157 235 152 184 213 177 188 246 181

Unemployment rate......................... 10.8 15.6 10.3 12.4 13.5 12.0 11.7 15.9 12.0

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,138 8,887 8,864 9,173 9,492 9,384 9,271 9,192 8,916

Participation rate.................................. 46.2 46.7 46.0 46.4 48.3 47.5 47.1 48.3 46.3

Employed.......................................... 8,605 8,204 8,349 8,732 8,891 8,819 8,715 8,626 8,483

Employment-population ratio................. 43.5 43.1 43.4 44.2 45.2 44.6 44.3 45.4 44.1

Unemployed....................................... 532 683 514 441 601 564 556 565 433

Unemployment rate............................ 5.8 7.7 5.8 4.8 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.1 4.9

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,827 36,541 36,504 35,728 35,790 35,748 35,927 36,474 36,364

Participation rate.................................. 56.3 57.1 57.5 56.1 57.3 57.1 57.0 57.0 57.3

Employed.......................................... 34,275 34,866 34,889 34,289 34,327 34,247 34,385 34,948 34,866

Employment-population ratio................. 53.8 54.5 54.9 53.9 55.0 54.7 54.6 54.7 54.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,553 1,675 1,615 1,439 1,463 1,501 1,543 1,526 1,498

Unemployment rate............................ 4.3 4.6 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,943 36,297 36,198 35,923 35,874 35,737 36,205 36,322 36,147

Participation rate.................................. 63.6 63.4 63.3 63.6 62.1 62.4 62.6 63.5 63.2

Employed.......................................... 34,852 35,049 34,934 34,853 34,866 34,623 35,020 35,178 34,918

Employment-population ratio................. 61.7 61.2 61.1 61.7 60.4 60.4 60.6 61.5 61.1

Unemployed....................................... 1,091 1,248 1,264 1,069 1,009 1,114 1,184 1,144 1,229

Unemployment rate............................ 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.4

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 64,036 64,479 64,820 63,692 64,452 64,297 64,195 63,965 64,478

Participation rate.................................. 73.5 72.7 72.8 73.1 72.7 72.3 72.7 72.1 72.4

Employed.......................................... 62,786 63,013 63,469 62,411 63,091 62,933 62,836 62,527 63,095

Employment-population ratio................. 72.1 71.1 71.2 71.7 71.2 70.8 71.2 70.5 70.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,250 1,466 1,351 1,281 1,360 1,364 1,359 1,438 1,383

Unemployment rate............................ 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,983 17,654 15,947 15,609 2,036 2,045

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,718 8,556 7,573 7,382 1,145 1,174

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 48.5 47.5 47.3 56.2 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,507 8,300 7,388 7,154 1,119 1,146

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 47.0 46.3 45.8 55.0 56.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 257 185 228 26 28

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 3.0 2.4 3.1 2.2 2.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,265 9,098 8,374 8,227 891 871

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,970 5,336 4,065 4,388 905 948

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,057 4,264 3,395 3,585 662 679

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.6 79.9 83.5 81.7 73.2 71.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,944 4,143 3,299 3,488 645 655

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.4 77.6 81.1 79.5 71.3 69.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 121 96 97 17 24

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912 1,072 670 803 242 269

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,980 2,761 2,527 2,320 453 441

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,131 1,945 1,826 1,654 305 291

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 70.5 72.3 71.3 67.3 65.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,085 1,880 1,780 1,589 305 291

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 68.1 70.4 68.5 67.3 65.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 65 46 65 0 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 3.4 2.5 4.0 0.0 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849 816 701 665 148 150

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,055 5,730 5,798 5,488 257 242

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 706 781 677 25 29

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 12.3 13.5 12.3 9.7 11.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 667 761 642 20 25

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.9 11.6 13.1 11.7 7.9 10.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 39 20 35 4 4

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 5.6 2.6 5.2 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,249 5,024 5,017 4,811 232 213

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,978 3,827 3,557 3,413 421 414

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,723 1,640 1,571 1,465 152 175

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 42.9 44.2 42.9 36.1 42.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,697 1,610 1,548 1,435 148 175

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.6 42.1 43.5 42.0 35.2 42.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 30 23 30 4 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.9 1.5 2.1 2.5 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,255 2,187 1,986 1,948 269 239

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,167 241,051 109,561 110,429 129,606 130,621

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,858 157,149 80,266 80,439 75,592 76,710

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 65.2 73.3 72.8 58.3 58.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,224 151,111 77,021 77,177 73,203 73,934

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 62.7 70.3 69.9 56.5 56.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,634 6,038 3,246 3,262 2,389 2,776

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.2 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,309 83,902 29,295 29,990 54,014 53,912

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 33,062 33,955 233,210 233,929

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,904 8,315 158,879 159,645

Participation rate..................................................................... 23.9 24.5 68.1 68.2

Employed............................................................................. 7,256 7,599 153,484 153,757

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 21.9 22.4 65.8 65.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 648 716 5,395 5,888

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.2 8.6 3.4 3.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,158 25,639 74,331 74,285

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,272 3,351 79,656 79,198

Participation rate..................................................................... 41.6 39.9 82.8 83.1

Employed............................................................................. 2,986 3,010 76,591 76,106

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 38.0 35.8 79.6 79.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 286 341 3,065 3,093

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.7 10.2 3.8 3.9

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,588 5,054 16,531 16,051

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,315 3,453 69,455 70,457

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.9 40.6 72.3 73.0

Employed............................................................................. 3,011 3,163 67,364 67,913

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 35.3 37.2 70.2 70.4

Unemployed.......................................................................... 304 289 2,091 2,544

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.2 8.4 3.0 3.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,217 5,046 26,549 26,036

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,318 1,512 9,767 9,989

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.9 8.9 23.8 23.7

Employed............................................................................. 1,260 1,426 9,529 9,738

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.6 8.4 23.2 23.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 58 86 238 251

Unemployment rate............................................................... 4.4 5.7 2.4 2.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 15,353 15,540 31,251 32,198

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 46,445 49,034 22,786 24,262 23,659 24,771

Civilian labor force.................................................. 30,845 32,292 17,678 18,542 13,167 13,750

Participation rate.................................................. 66.4 65.9 77.6 76.4 55.7 55.5

Employed.......................................................... 29,848 31,114 17,089 17,943 12,759 13,171

Employment-population ratio................................. 64.3 63.5 75.0 74.0 53.9 53.2

Unemployed....................................................... 997 1,178 589 599 408 579

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.2 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.1 4.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,600 16,742 5,108 5,720 10,492 11,022

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 219,827 218,850 107,364 106,342 112,463 112,508

Civilian labor force.................................................. 135,938 135,668 71,280 70,350 64,658 65,318

Participation rate.................................................. 61.8 62.0 66.4 66.2 57.5 58.1

Employed.......................................................... 130,893 130,242 68,331 67,310 62,562 62,932

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.5 59.5 63.6 63.3 55.6 55.9

Unemployed....................................................... 5,045 5,426 2,949 3,040 2,096 2,386

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.3 3.2 3.7

Not in labor force.................................................... 83,888 83,182 36,084 35,992 47,805 47,190

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,106 2,111 2,099 2,223 2,262 2,205 2,184 2,201 2,217

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,439 1,454 1,427 1,515 1,549 1,520 1,489 1,524 1,507

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 639 621 627 663 701 680 687 649 654

Unpaid family workers........................... 28 35 44 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 158,634 158,205 159,258 158,332 159,578 158,993 158,735 158,601 158,970

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 149,499 148,897 149,720 149,272 150,505 149,702 149,741 149,321 149,513

Government..................................... 21,919 21,517 21,866 21,475 21,878 21,700 21,490 21,142 21,436

Private industries............................... 127,580 127,380 127,854 127,806 128,612 128,086 128,407 128,256 128,092

Private households.......................... 561 746 679 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 127,019 126,634 127,175 127,149 127,889 127,414 127,521 127,392 127,331

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,087 9,261 9,487 9,151 9,014 9,335 9,087 9,377 9,522

Unpaid family workers........................... 48 47 51 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,205 4,592 4,422 4,091 3,994 4,211 4,422 4,376 4,308

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,929 3,098 3,051 2,853 2,790 2,960 2,994 2,863 2,972

Could only find part-time work.................. 942 1,139 1,053 892 934 964 1,026 1,104 999

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,822 23,043 23,416 21,416 21,879 22,458 22,156 22,309 22,902

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,115 4,479 4,343 4,027 3,931 4,138 4,371 4,300 4,255

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,873 3,013 3,010 2,813 2,735 2,913 2,959 2,803 2,949

Could only find part-time work.................. 935 1,130 1,033 883 923 953 1,018 1,098 980

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,472 22,677 23,054 21,052 21,444 22,060 21,793 21,951 22,523

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,741 160,315 161,356 160,824 161,866 161,183 161,152 160,968 161,466

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,480 5,214 5,595 5,767 5,733 5,638 5,704 5,608 5,862

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,010 1,833 1,946 2,215 2,235 2,194 2,292 2,035 2,146

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,470 3,381 3,650 3,584 3,514 3,446 3,428 3,595 3,756

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,260 155,101 155,761 155,056 156,133 155,545 155,448 155,360 155,604

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,742 13,969 14,121 14,876 14,787 14,756 14,562 14,192 14,287

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,518 141,131 141,641 140,398 141,194 140,617 140,972 141,300 141,485

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,200 103,564 103,766 103,120 103,451 103,161 103,489 103,717 103,669

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,798 35,631 35,696 35,756 35,779 35,859 35,700 35,672 35,667

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,519 36,077 36,185 35,494 35,680 35,546 35,818 36,117 36,123

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,883 31,856 31,885 31,871 31,992 31,757 31,970 31,928 31,879

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,318 37,567 37,875 37,277 37,742 37,455 37,484 37,582 37,816

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,420 84,391 85,253 85,623 85,981 85,794 85,034 84,993 85,490

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,766 2,589 2,796 2,935 2,897 2,836 2,730 2,815 2,947

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,012 828 922 1,120 1,071 1,033 1,063 939 1,022

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,754 1,761 1,874 1,843 1,846 1,807 1,679 1,900 1,964

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,654 81,802 82,457 82,688 83,084 82,958 82,304 82,178 82,543

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,585 6,951 7,116 7,672 7,446 7,432 7,320 7,107 7,222

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,069 74,851 75,341 75,228 75,514 75,397 75,093 75,239 75,496

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,095 54,836 55,060 55,214 55,262 55,178 55,008 55,126 55,179

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,110 18,868 18,945 19,110 19,088 19,104 18,948 18,945 18,957

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,056 19,162 19,288 19,116 19,107 19,108 19,109 19,266 19,332

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,930 16,806 16,827 16,989 17,067 16,966 16,951 16,916 16,890

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,974 20,016 20,282 20,014 20,252 20,219 20,085 20,112 20,316

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,320 75,924 76,103 75,201 75,885 75,389 76,118 75,975 75,976

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,714 2,625 2,799 2,832 2,836 2,802 2,974 2,793 2,915

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998 1,005 1,023 1,095 1,164 1,162 1,229 1,096 1,124

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,716 1,620 1,776 1,741 1,668 1,639 1,749 1,694 1,793

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,606 73,299 73,304 72,368 73,049 72,587 73,144 73,182 73,061

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,158 7,019 7,005 7,204 7,342 7,324 7,241 7,085 7,065

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,448 66,280 66,299 65,169 65,679 65,220 65,879 66,061 65,989

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,105 48,728 48,706 47,906 48,189 47,983 48,480 48,591 48,490

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,688 16,763 16,751 16,646 16,691 16,755 16,752 16,727 16,710

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,463 16,916 16,896 16,378 16,573 16,438 16,709 16,851 16,791

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,953 15,050 15,059 14,882 14,926 14,791 15,019 15,013 14,989

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,344 17,552 17,593 17,263 17,490 17,237 17,399 17,470 17,500

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,462 45,452 46,100 46,267 46,344 46,392 45,672 45,387 45,962

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,081 37,035 37,358 36,807 36,887 36,790 37,033 36,822 37,069

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,748 9,955 9,785 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,453 131,815 132,070 134,287 134,727 133,196 133,133 132,946 132,940

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,288 28,501 29,287 26,744 27,032 27,794 27,890 27,941 28,632

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,137 8,411 8,637 7,984 8,343 8,565 8,272 8,259 8,476

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,285 6,565 6,637 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,726 9,883 10,114 9,815 9,715 10,014 9,774 10,026 10,176

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,866 6,458 6,429 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 635 803 842 9.9 11.4 11.9 10.6 12.5 12.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 227 290 353 9.3 11.4 13.1 10.0 12.5 14.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 410 499 490 10.3 11.5 11.2 10.8 12.2 11.5

20 years and over................................ 5,232 5,655 5,587 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,042 1,097 1,091 6.5 6.6 6.4 5.9 7.2 7.1

25 years and over.............................. 4,169 4,655 4,499 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 3,141 3,544 3,466 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 1,419 1,607 1,518 3.8 3.9 4.2 3.9 4.3 4.1

35 to 44 years............................. 930 1,078 982 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.6

45 to 54 years............................. 792 859 967 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.9

55 years and over........................... 1,013 1,081 1,016 2.6 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.6

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,219 3,398 3,323 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 342 396 467 10.4 12.2 12.5 13.2 12.3 13.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 120 124 167 9.7 13.3 15.2 15.1 11.6 14.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 220 272 298 10.7 11.7 11.3 12.1 12.5 13.2

20 years and over................................ 2,877 3,002 2,855 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 576 610 549 7.0 7.1 6.4 7.0 7.9 7.1

25 years and over.............................. 2,306 2,474 2,329 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 1,728 1,896 1,779 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 819 840 813 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.1

35 to 44 years............................. 542 597 436 2.8 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.2

45 to 54 years............................. 366 459 529 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.0

55 years and over........................... 579 577 550 2.8 3.3 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.6

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,648 3,060 3,106 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 293 408 375 9.4 10.6 11.1 8.2 12.7 11.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 106 166 186 8.9 9.5 11.2 5.0 13.1 14.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 190 227 193 9.8 11.2 11.1 9.6 11.8 9.7

20 years and over................................ 2,355 2,653 2,731 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 466 487 542 6.1 6.1 6.4 4.9 6.4 7.1

25 years and over.............................. 1,863 2,182 2,170 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2

25 to 54 years............................... 1,413 1,648 1,687 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4

25 to 34 years............................. 600 767 704 3.5 3.5 3.9 3.9 4.4 4.0

35 to 44 years............................. 388 481 546 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.1

45 to 54 years............................. 425 401 437 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.8

55 years and over........................... 434 520 463 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.9 2.6

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 890 879 831 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8

Married women, spouse present1................. 753 766 860 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.3

Women who maintain families2.................... 471 583 550 4.6 4.8 4.7 5.4 5.5 5.3

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,780 5,356 5,090 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.7

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,091 1,131 1,329 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.4

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,159 3,691 3,295 2,884 3,058 3,058 3,028 3,216 3,042

On temporary layoff.............................. 961 1,123 938 781 889 917 876 827 779

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,198 2,568 2,357 2,104 2,169 2,140 2,151 2,389 2,263

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,602 1,812 1,719 1,539 1,589 1,543 1,556 1,730 1,655

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 596 756 639 565 580 597 595 659 607

Job leavers........................................... 828 712 811 841 821 833 794 711 823

Reentrants............................................ 1,670 1,991 1,916 1,683 1,771 1,741 1,834 1,946 1,920

New entrants......................................... 385 576 582 506 582 609 550 611 678

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 52.3 53.0 49.9 48.8 49.1 49.0 48.8 49.6 47.1

On temporary layoff.............................. 15.9 16.1 14.2 13.2 14.3 14.7 14.1 12.8 12.1

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 36.4 36.8 35.7 35.6 34.8 34.3 34.7 36.8 35.0

Job leavers........................................... 13.7 10.2 12.3 14.2 13.2 13.4 12.8 11.0 12.7

Reentrants............................................ 27.6 28.6 29.0 28.5 28.4 27.9 29.5 30.0 29.7

New entrants......................................... 6.4 8.3 8.8 8.6 9.3 9.8 8.9 9.4 10.5

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,978 2,198 1,909 2,279 2,069 2,191 2,140 2,326 2,189

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,891 2,370 2,141 1,765 2,060 1,791 1,848 1,933 1,979

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,173 2,402 2,554 1,847 2,150 2,350 2,144 2,176 2,228

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 1,007 1,113 1,195 797 931 1,104 867 974 982

27 weeks and over............................... 1,167 1,288 1,359 1,050 1,220 1,245 1,277 1,203 1,246

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 20.1 20.6 22.3 19.5 19.5 22.3 20.8 20.9 21.6

Median duration, in weeks......................... 9.6 9.2 10.7 8.4 9.0 9.7 9.6 9.3 9.5

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 32.7 31.5 28.9 38.7 33.0 34.6 34.9 36.1 34.2

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 31.3 34.0 32.4 30.0 32.8 28.3 30.1 30.0 30.9

15 weeks and over.................................. 36.0 34.5 38.7 31.4 34.2 37.1 35.0 33.8 34.8

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 16.7 16.0 18.1 13.5 14.8 17.4 14.1 15.1 15.3

27 weeks and over............................... 19.3 18.5 20.6 17.8 19.4 19.7 20.8 18.7 19.5

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 160,741 161,356 6,043 6,604 3.6 3.9

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 70,651 70,786 1,368 1,580 1.9 2.2

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 30,285 30,519 647 717 2.1 2.3

Professional and related occupations.......................... 40,366 40,267 721 863 1.8 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 25,600 26,127 1,242 1,241 4.6 4.5

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,361 29,800 1,138 1,288 3.6 4.1

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,447 14,142 552 700 3.7 4.7

Office and administrative support occupations............... 15,913 15,658 586 588 3.6 3.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,003 14,347 808 794 5.5 5.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 797 868 70 100 8.1 10.3

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,415 8,540 601 579 6.7 6.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,792 4,939 137 116 2.8 2.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 20,125 20,297 1,101 1,112 5.2 5.2

Production occupations.......................................... 8,405 8,330 384 389 4.4 4.5

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,721 11,967 718 724 5.8 5.7

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 6,043 6,604 3.6 3.9

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,842 5,201 3.7 3.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 36 17 6.5 3.3

Construction.......................................................................... 598 570 5.6 5.4

Manufacturing........................................................................ 459 469 2.9 3.0

Durable goods..................................................................... 257 311 2.5 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................ 202 158 3.6 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 846 939 4.4 4.8

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 390 401 4.6 4.9

Information............................................................................ 84 96 3.1 3.6

Financial activities................................................................... 189 225 1.8 2.2

Professional and business services............................................... 744 826 3.9 4.4

Education and health services..................................................... 604 611 2.4 2.3

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 684 746 5.0 5.5

Other services........................................................................ 208 300 3.3 4.4

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 108 105 7.4 7.1

Government workers................................................................... 372 372 1.7 1.7

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 334 343 3.3 3.3

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.9 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.8 4.4 4.1 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.0

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.3 5.1 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.8 7.8 7.4 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2024

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 99,489 99,924 41,192 41,713 58,297 58,211

Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,646 5,110 2,314 2,552 2,332 2,557

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,190 1,439 638 835 552 604

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 303 286 202 195 100 91

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 887 1,152 436 640 452 512

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 8,137 8,637 4,031 4,203 4,106 4,435

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.1 5.4 4.7 4.9 5.5 5.8

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,649 5,055 2,511 2,662 2,138 2,394

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,976 2,080 717 703 1,259 1,377

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 395 380 230 257 166 122

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,034 1,051 527 531 507 520

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Change

from:

Feb.2024 -

Mar.2024p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,253 155,432 156,559 157,218 155,206 157,560 157,830 158,133 303

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,367 132,430 133,112 133,647 132,600 134,424 134,631 134,863 232

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,218 21,313 21,401 21,527 21,508 21,753 21,770 21,812 42

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 628 632 639 635 641 642 645 3

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9 41.8 41.8 41.6 44.8 41.9 41.9 42.4 0.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 584.1 586.6 590.0 597.8 589.9 598.8 600.3 602.9 2.6

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.5 118.8 118.2 118.7 116.2 119.6 119.2 119.5 0.3

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.3 183.7 184.4 186.0 187.1 189.1 189.2 189.5 0.3

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.7 42.7 42.9 42.9 42.7 42.8 42.9 42.8 -0.1

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 43.3 43.4 42.8 43.4 43.5 43.4 43.0 -0.4

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.3 97.7 98.1 100.3 101.0 102.8 103.0 103.7 0.7

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.3 284.1 287.4 293.1 286.6 290.1 291.9 293.9 2.0

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,701 7,804 7,860 7,976 7,941 8,146 8,172 8,211 39

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,762.1 1,800.4 1,808.9 1,823.3 1,796.2 1,843.1 1,848.2 1,856.0 7.8

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 907.5 911.6 914.9 923.8 925.5 935.1 935.6 941.1 5.5

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 854.6 888.8 894.0 899.5 870.7 908.0 912.6 914.9 2.3

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,043.8 1,032.4 1,056.3 1,088.0 1,108.8 1,135.1 1,144.7 1,150.7 6.0

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,894.6 4,971.4 4,995.0 5,064.4 5,035.8 5,167.9 5,179.4 5,204.6 25.2

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,277.9 2,305.2 2,316.1 2,339.1 2,344.4 2,398.3 2,398.7 2,407.6 8.9

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,616.7 2,666.2 2,678.9 2,725.3 2,691.4 2,769.6 2,780.7 2,797.0 16.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,889 12,881 12,909 12,912 12,932 12,966 12,956 12,956 0

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,054 8,104 8,120 8,124 8,074 8,144 8,141 8,145 4

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.6 411.5 413.0 414.4 420.6 414.2 415.2 415.6 0.4

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.5 412.0 411.3 414.1 420.9 421.5 420.1 420.8 0.7

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.7 370.1 370.1 369.2 373.5 371.6 370.5 369.3 -1.2

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,444.4 1,462.7 1,470.4 1,468.9 1,445.9 1,467.9 1,472.0 1,471.3 -0.7

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129.3 1,136.3 1,135.4 1,131.4 1,131.9 1,138.3 1,136.4 1,133.9 -2.5

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102.4 1,104.3 1,103.4 1,101.2 1,106.2 1,108.8 1,106.5 1,104.8 -1.7

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.7 162.9 161.2 159.7 163.8 162.7 161.6 160.8 -0.8

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.1 86.1 86.2 85.7 85.0 86.5 86.4 85.7 -0.7

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.6 391.9 391.5 391.4 396.5 393.9 392.8 392.1 -0.7

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.4 433.1 434.1 433.9 429.9 434.9 434.8 435.3 0.5

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 30.3 30.4 30.5 31.1 30.8 30.8 30.9 0.1

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.6 410.2 412.5 410.9 415.1 411.4 413.8 411.7 -2.1

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,764.5 1,829.7 1,831.8 1,841.4 1,766.2 1,836.1 1,832.0 1,843.4 11.4

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,025.4 1,060.6 1,062.0 1,070.5 1,025.0 1,065.3 1,063.4 1,069.9 6.5

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.5 345.3 346.7 345.6 363.6 347.2 347.1 345.8 -1.3

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627.5 622.2 625.4 626.6 629.6 626.8 627.6 628.7 1.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,835 4,777 4,789 4,788 4,858 4,822 4,815 4,811 -4

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,718.7 1,719.2 1,725.4 1,721.1 1,728.2 1,731.5 1,730.9 1,730.7 -0.2

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.9 88.3 89.1 89.1 92.3 89.3 89.9 89.3 -0.6

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.6 95.8 95.5 94.5 101.1 95.6 95.4 94.2 -1.2

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.7 86.2 85.7 83.2 91.0 86.9 86.0 83.9 -2.1

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362.4 350.4 350.6 351.8 361.5 351.0 350.3 350.7 0.4

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 374.6 364.0 363.3 364.7 376.0 367.2 365.7 365.8 0.1

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.0 105.7 107.1 108.1 108.1 110.4 110.8 110.8 0.0

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898.5 892.7 895.6 900.2 898.5 896.6 895.1 899.5 4.4

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741.6 725.6 725.6 725.9 741.8 729.5 727.9 726.8 -1.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Change

from:

Feb.2024 -

Mar.2024p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350.4 349.5 350.9 349.7 359.5 363.6 362.9 359.4 -3.5

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,149 111,117 111,711 112,120 111,092 112,671 112,861 113,051 190

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,553 28,795 28,687 28,703 28,819 28,874 28,920 28,947 27

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,072.1 6,109.3 6,114.5 6,135.2 6,096.2 6,152.8 6,149.9 6,158.4 8.5

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,374.0 3,406.1 3,408.1 3,411.7 3,381.3 3,421.3 3,417.8 3,418.6 0.8

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,189.1 2,195.8 2,198.4 2,212.1 2,203.0 2,220.7 2,221.2 2,225.5 4.3

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 509.0 507.4 508.0 511.4 511.9 510.8 510.9 514.3 3.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,390.8 15,573.0 15,482.9 15,491.4 15,579.6 15,619.3 15,642.3 15,659.9 17.6

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,018.4 2,049.3 2,056.5 2,064.8 2,026.0 2,071.3 2,072.6 2,073.5 0.9

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,264.4 1,286.4 1,287.9 1,294.1 1,265.7 1,294.1 1,291.7 1,295.7 4.0

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.1 163.9 165.5 168.5 179.0 174.0 173.2 172.9 -0.3

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578.9 599.0 603.1 602.2 581.3 603.2 607.6 604.9 -2.7

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,409.5 1,339.0 1,339.7 1,358.8 1,411.6 1,381.4 1,374.2 1,364.7 -9.5

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,210.9 3,239.7 3,254.9 3,243.1 3,231.0 3,251.6 3,257.7 3,260.7 3.0

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857.5 836.2 825.8 821.6 860.9 830.3 826.0 824.6 -1.4

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 437.3 431.7 425.4 423.5 437.0 426.3 423.8 423.0 -0.8

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 420.2 404.5 400.4 398.1 423.9 404.1 402.2 401.6 -0.6

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,154.9 3,248.0 3,213.0 3,222.9 3,222.3 3,230.8 3,252.5 3,272.6 20.1

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935.1 964.8 940.0 940.3 973.3 950.3 961.1 968.8 7.7

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,219.8 2,283.2 2,273.0 2,282.6 2,248.9 2,280.5 2,291.4 2,303.8 12.4

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,093.7 1,104.8 1,098.9 1,087.5 1,095.3 1,091.5 1,093.9 1,090.2 -3.7

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,034.9 1,062.2 1,063.3 1,066.7 1,045.8 1,071.8 1,074.5 1,076.8 2.3

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,122.0 1,167.4 1,116.1 1,110.8 1,156.6 1,146.2 1,144.0 1,143.9 -0.1

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,489.0 1,526.4 1,514.7 1,515.2 1,530.1 1,544.4 1,546.9 1,552.9 6.0

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,519.4 6,528.6 6,504.1 6,489.4 6,571.9 6,516.8 6,539.3 6,540.5 1.2

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542.1 564.4 568.1 571.4 542.5 569.0 572.1 572.5 0.4

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3 153.0 153.6 153.6 152.1 153.0 153.3 153.4 0.1

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.8 69.6 69.5 72.3 67.9 72.5 72.8 74.3 1.5

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,551.6 1,528.9 1,526.1 1,532.2 1,577.5 1,552.6 1,553.8 1,558.9 5.1

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.3 438.8 445.6 445.7 428.7 430.1 431.9 432.0 0.1

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 52.8 53.1 53.2 52.0 53.1 53.0 53.1 0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 24.6 25.8 26.7 26.8 29.4 31.2 31.7 31.0 -0.7

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 819.6 833.6 837.0 839.2 820.2 835.1 838.3 839.8 1.5

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,047.3 1,085.2 1,053.0 1,031.2 1,082.1 1,052.9 1,069.7 1,068.3 -1.4

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,821.7 1,776.5 1,771.4 1,763.8 1,819.5 1,767.3 1,762.7 1,757.2 -5.5

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570.4 583.6 585.4 587.1 571.6 585.3 588.4 588.0 -0.4

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,036 2,976 2,997 2,997 3,054 3,020 3,017 3,017 0

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410.3 411.6 428.7 427.4 422.9 441.7 441.0 438.4 -2.6

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949.0 921.2 919.0 923.4 954.5 927.9 927.0 931.5 4.5

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 352.0 340.8 345.2 341.7 351.4 343.4 343.8 341.5 -2.3

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656.3 631.3 631.9 631.0 655.0 633.7 631.2 629.8 -1.4

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.7 494.2 494.3 495.4 484.1 494.9 495.0 497.4 2.4

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.1 177.2 177.4 177.6 186.3 178.5 178.5 178.0 -0.5

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,094 9,177 9,169 9,166 9,150 9,229 9,223 9,226 3

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,690.6 6,716.6 6,709.9 6,707.0 6,704.7 6,731.9 6,723.5 6,723.7 0.2

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,636.7 2,598.4 2,592.3 2,588.9 2,639.2 2,600.0 2,591.9 2,590.9 -1.0

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Change

from:

Feb.2024 -

Mar.2024p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,804.5 1,782.8 1,782.3 1,781.6 1,803.7 1,783.3 1,780.9 1,780.7 -0.2

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,400.8 1,373.8 1,374.3 1,372.4 1,399.6 1,374.7 1,372.1 1,371.0 -1.1

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 537.5 530.2 525.0 522.3 540.1 530.9 526.7 524.7 -2.0

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 294.7 285.4 285.0 285.0 295.5 285.8 284.4 285.5 1.1

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,084.1 1,105.0 1,103.0 1,103.3 1,091.1 1,111.8 1,110.6 1,112.1 1.5

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,947.3 2,990.7 2,992.1 2,992.3 2,951.8 2,997.5 2,998.4 2,998.1 -0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,403.7 2,460.4 2,458.6 2,458.7 2,445.3 2,497.3 2,499.2 2,502.2 3.0

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,824.1 1,857.1 1,858.0 1,858.3 1,849.1 1,876.4 1,878.7 1,883.4 4.7

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.1 580.4 577.5 577.3 573.3 597.5 597.1 595.3 -1.8

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.9 23.1 23.1 22.9 23.4 23.4 23.5 0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,552 22,549 22,693 22,718 22,797 22,930 22,947 22,954 7

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,727.0 10,917.6 10,986.5 10,961.8 10,732.8 10,956.4 10,970.5 10,979.0 8.5

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171.0 1,181.4 1,185.6 1,177.1 1,179.1 1,187.7 1,190.0 1,187.0 -3.0

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,219.6 1,195.3 1,236.1 1,240.6 1,139.0 1,162.4 1,162.5 1,162.7 0.2

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,625.7 1,660.5 1,667.5 1,665.5 1,648.8 1,683.0 1,690.7 1,689.7 -1.0

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.9 154.2 153.4 151.0 153.0 156.2 154.9 153.3 -1.6

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,459.7 2,524.2 2,530.7 2,513.9 2,481.1 2,528.9 2,533.0 2,537.1 4.1

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,830.9 1,877.6 1,882.3 1,878.9 1,846.2 1,890.3 1,891.2 1,896.3 5.1

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919.5 945.6 947.3 949.1 926.2 953.9 952.8 956.0 3.2

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500.2 514.5 517.7 518.6 502.3 520.4 520.0 520.9 0.9

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849.5 864.3 865.9 867.1 857.1 873.8 875.4 876.0 0.6

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,545.0 2,548.0 2,555.6 2,549.4 2,553.8 2,556.2 2,563.0 2,558.3 -4.7

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,279.8 9,083.6 9,151.3 9,206.4 9,510.5 9,417.0 9,413.1 9,416.8 3.7

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,789.8 8,578.7 8,644.7 8,698.6 9,014.1 8,903.4 8,900.3 8,903.0 2.7

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 607.6 627.8 629.0 629.7 613.2 634.3 635.4 636.7 1.3

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.0 173.3 175.4 175.3 167.2 173.7 174.7 174.9 0.2

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,639.9 3,434.8 3,482.4 3,480.7 3,714.3 3,546.5 3,535.7 3,536.0 0.3

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,876.6 2,668.3 2,718.6 2,710.2 2,940.4 2,772.0 2,760.1 2,758.8 -1.3

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749.0 720.9 716.3 709.4 754.8 719.1 716.9 714.8 -2.1

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.6 194.3 194.3 194.9 185.9 197.2 197.3 197.3 0.0

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 992.6 1,005.3 1,013.7 1,013.0 997.8 1,016.3 1,020.9 1,018.3 -2.6

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,118.7 2,088.1 2,096.0 2,156.5 2,244.9 2,273.2 2,274.5 2,281.2 6.7

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.4 334.2 337.6 339.1 336.0 343.2 344.9 343.7 -1.2

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490.0 504.9 506.6 507.8 496.4 513.6 512.8 513.8 1.0

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 25,133 25,748 26,119 26,205 25,030 25,931 26,013 26,101 88

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,931.5 3,763.6 4,003.0 4,014.4 3,793.8 3,869.7 3,866.2 3,872.3 6.1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,201.7 21,983.9 22,115.6 22,190.2 21,236.0 22,061.5 22,146.9 22,228.2 81.3

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,705.1 17,292.9 17,386.5 17,453.9 16,742.3 17,354.1 17,418.3 17,490.6 72.3

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,340.0 8,620.6 8,678.7 8,702.8 8,356.5 8,659.9 8,691.2 8,718.7 27.5

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,872.6 2,984.5 2,996.1 2,996.7 2,879.8 2,992.7 3,001.0 3,006.1 5.1

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,018.0 1,027.3 1,030.2 1,031.0 1,022.1 1,030.8 1,034.5 1,035.3 0.8

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,134.3 1,176.6 1,192.4 1,191.5 1,138.3 1,185.9 1,191.5 1,195.6 4.1

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,056.3 1,077.5 1,075.3 1,078.4 1,054.1 1,076.2 1,073.3 1,077.1 3.8

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 317.9 322.2 323.3 322.6 318.7 322.7 323.1 323.5 0.4

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,595.3 1,681.8 1,707.2 1,725.4 1,598.7 1,699.4 1,713.0 1,724.7 11.7

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345.6 350.7 354.2 357.2 344.9 352.2 354.7 356.4 1.7

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,270.4 5,451.8 5,477.8 5,506.6 5,277.9 5,462.2 5,487.3 5,514.4 27.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Change

from:

Feb.2024 -

Mar.2024p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,094.7 3,220.5 3,230.0 3,244.5 3,107.9 3,232.0 3,239.8 3,257.5 17.7

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,388.3 1,447.1 1,447.5 1,453.7 1,397.5 1,450.9 1,453.3 1,462.8 9.5

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.2 651.3 657.5 659.1 625.0 655.4 659.4 661.6 2.2

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927.5 963.7 965.7 970.3 929.4 966.4 967.7 971.8 4.1

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 155.7 158.4 159.3 161.4 156.1 159.3 159.4 161.4 2.0

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,496.6 4,691.0 4,729.1 4,736.3 4,493.7 4,707.4 4,728.6 4,737.6 9.0

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,966.9 3,127.2 3,153.4 3,159.8 2,970.4 3,137.3 3,154.8 3,164.0 9.2

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 216.3 223.3 225.5 225.1 215.1 224.0 224.4 224.2 -0.2

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 278.0 283.4 286.1 287.5 279.1 287.4 288.1 288.1 0.0

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,035.4 1,057.1 1,064.1 1,063.9 1,029.1 1,058.7 1,061.3 1,061.3 0.0

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,031 16,076 16,225 16,473 16,447 16,813 16,856 16,905 49

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,292.8 2,372.4 2,403.6 2,477.5 2,461.1 2,618.4 2,629.8 2,647.3 17.5

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511.0 552.8 571.7 592.9 545.6 618.9 620.9 627.9 7.0

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160.7 163.5 163.7 169.6 169.4 177.0 177.5 178.4 0.9

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,621.1 1,656.1 1,668.2 1,715.0 1,746.1 1,822.5 1,831.4 1,841.0 9.6

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,738.3 13,703.8 13,821.2 13,995.0 13,986.2 14,194.8 14,226.3 14,257.8 31.5

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,806.7 1,821.5 1,829.4 1,855.2 1,880.1 1,923.7 1,926.7 1,929.9 3.2

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,931.6 11,882.3 11,991.8 12,139.8 12,106.1 12,271.1 12,299.6 12,327.9 28.3

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,750 5,796 5,821 5,858 5,795 5,874 5,885 5,901 16

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,429.2 1,457.7 1,461.4 1,473.1 1,437.2 1,475.9 1,477.8 1,482.0 4.2

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511.5 1,524.0 1,530.8 1,540.2 1,524.9 1,546.9 1,549.3 1,554.0 4.7

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,809.4 2,813.8 2,829.0 2,844.7 2,832.6 2,851.3 2,857.6 2,865.4 7.8

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,886 23,002 23,447 23,571 22,606 23,136 23,199 23,270 71

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,884 2,958 2,972 2,980 2,900 2,974 2,984 2,993 9

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,280.2 2,353.5 2,364.9 2,371.6 2,296.0 2,368.1 2,377.3 2,386.3 9.0

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603.5 604.8 607.1 608.2 603.6 605.9 606.3 607.1 0.8

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,374 5,321 5,555 5,582 5,249 5,420 5,431 5,444 13

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,682.1 2,561.1 2,785.6 2,804.1 2,549.8 2,644.4 2,648.9 2,659.0 10.1

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,691.7 2,759.6 2,769.0 2,777.5 2,699.0 2,775.6 2,781.7 2,784.8 3.1

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,628 14,723 14,920 15,009 14,457 14,742 14,784 14,833 49

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,204.7 8,159.3 8,318.2 8,357.1 7,930.7 8,047.6 8,061.7 8,079.6 17.9

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,422.8 6,563.3 6,601.3 6,651.9 6,526.1 6,694.0 6,722.5 6,753.3 30.8

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.4 34.2 34.3 34.4

Goods-producing.................................................................... 39.9 39.5 39.7 39.9

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.7 44.6 45.1 45.4

Construction....................................................................... 38.9 38.5 38.9 39.3

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.2 39.8 40.0 40.0

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.7 40.3 40.5 40.5

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.5 39.1 39.1 39.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.4 33.1 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.0 33.6 33.9 34.0

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.8 38.9 39.1 39.1

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.1 29.4 29.8 29.8

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.2 38.1 38.0 38.4

Utilities........................................................................... 42.4 42.2 42.1 42.1

Information......................................................................... 36.4 36.3 36.4 36.5

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.3 37.5 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.5 36.3 36.4 36.5

Private education and health services......................................... 33.4 33.2 33.3 33.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.4 25.3 25.6 25.5

Other services..................................................................... 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.0

Nondurable goods................................................................... 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Total private............................................... $33.31 $34.51 $34.57 $34.69 $1,145.86 $1,180.24 $1,185.75 $1,193.34

Goods-producing....................................... 33.56 35.09 35.16 35.36 1,339.04 1,386.06 1,395.85 1,410.86

Mining and logging.................................. 37.28 39.10 39.34 39.10 1,703.70 1,743.86 1,774.23 1,775.14

Construction.......................................... 35.99 37.60 37.60 37.80 1,400.01 1,447.60 1,462.64 1,485.54

Manufacturing........................................ 31.91 33.35 33.43 33.63 1,282.78 1,327.33 1,337.20 1,345.20

Durable goods.................................... 33.45 35.15 35.25 35.49 1,361.42 1,416.55 1,427.63 1,437.35

Nondurable goods................................ 29.28 30.23 30.24 30.38 1,156.56 1,181.99 1,182.38 1,190.90

Private service-providing.............................. 33.25 34.38 34.44 34.54 1,110.55 1,137.98 1,146.85 1,150.18

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 28.69 29.72 29.76 29.85 975.46 998.59 1,008.86 1,014.90

Wholesale trade.................................. 36.38 37.29 37.37 37.61 1,411.54 1,450.58 1,461.17 1,470.55

Retail trade........................................ 23.67 24.24 24.33 24.35 712.47 712.66 725.03 725.63

Transportation and warehousing............... 28.83 30.46 30.48 30.55 1,101.31 1,160.53 1,158.24 1,173.12

Utilities............................................. 49.37 50.78 50.77 50.81 2,093.29 2,142.92 2,137.42 2,139.10

Information........................................... 48.21 49.14 49.25 49.48 1,754.84 1,783.78 1,792.70 1,806.02

Financial activities................................... 42.75 44.78 44.99 45.23 1,598.85 1,670.29 1,687.13 1,700.65

Professional and business services.............. 39.99 41.43 41.51 41.68 1,459.64 1,503.91 1,510.96 1,521.32

Private education and health services............ 32.89 33.78 33.84 33.83 1,098.53 1,121.50 1,126.87 1,123.16

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 20.98 21.67 21.79 21.90 532.89 548.25 557.82 558.45

Other services....................................... 29.93 31.15 31.18 31.06 963.75 1,003.03 1,007.11 1,003.24

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2024 -

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2024 -

Mar.

2024p

Total private..................................... 114.5 115.4 115.9 116.5 0.5 182.4 190.4 191.6 193.2 0.8

Goods-producing............................. 97.8 97.9 98.5 99.2 0.7 148.3 155.3 156.5 158.5 1.3

Mining and logging........................ 91.2 89.8 91.0 92.0 1.1 136.5 141.0 143.7 144.4 0.5

Construction................................ 106.5 108.1 109.6 111.2 1.5 166.5 176.6 179.0 182.7 2.1

Manufacturing.............................. 93.5 92.8 93.2 93.2 0.0 138.8 144.0 144.9 145.8 0.6

Durable goods........................... 92.5 92.4 92.8 92.9 0.1 137.4 144.2 145.3 146.4 0.8

Nondurable goods...................... 95.8 94.1 94.0 94.1 0.1 142.3 144.4 144.2 145.1 0.6

Private service-providing.................... 119.5 120.1 121.0 121.2 0.2 193.1 200.6 202.5 203.5 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.1 106.0 107.1 107.5 0.4 165.6 169.9 171.9 173.1 0.7

Wholesale trade......................... 104.3 105.6 106.1 106.2 0.1 158.8 164.7 165.8 167.1 0.8

Retail trade.............................. 95.4 93.5 94.9 95.0 0.1 149.4 149.8 152.6 152.9 0.2

Transportation and warehousing...... 144.2 142.7 142.8 144.3 1.1 211.6 221.1 221.4 224.3 1.3

Utilities.................................... 104.9 106.9 107.2 107.1 -0.1 171.0 179.3 179.8 179.8 0.0

Information................................. 101.5 100.1 100.3 100.6 0.3 174.3 175.2 175.9 177.2 0.7

Financial activities......................... 112.1 112.8 113.3 113.6 0.3 186.9 197.0 198.8 200.5 0.9

Professional and business services..... 130.2 130.2 130.7 131.1 0.3 210.9 218.5 219.7 221.3 0.7

Private education and health services... 136.5 140.6 141.4 141.5 0.1 216.0 228.4 230.3 230.3 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 119.2 121.4 123.1 123.0 -0.1 201.8 212.2 216.4 217.3 0.4

Other services............................. 107.6 109.1 109.6 109.9 0.3 176.5 186.2 187.3 187.1 -0.1

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Total nonfarm............................................. 77,301 78,587 78,689 78,847 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.9

Total private............................................ 64,109 65,072 65,140 65,257 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,958 5,020 5,008 5,009 23.1 23.1 23.0 23.0

Mining and logging............................... 82 85 86 87 12.9 13.3 13.4 13.5

Construction....................................... 1,121 1,161 1,163 1,164 14.1 14.3 14.2 14.2

Manufacturing..................................... 3,755 3,774 3,759 3,758 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.0

Durable goods.................................. 2,006 2,026 2,022 2,022 24.8 24.9 24.8 24.8

Nondurable goods............................. 1,749 1,748 1,737 1,736 36.0 36.3 36.1 36.1

Private service-providing........................... 59,151 60,052 60,132 60,248 53.2 53.3 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,340 11,274 11,260 11,261 39.3 39.0 38.9 38.9

Wholesale trade................................ 1,875.6 1,872.1 1,868.0 1,870.9 30.8 30.4 30.4 30.4

Retail trade..................................... 7,529.8 7,516.8 7,509.6 7,514.8 48.3 48.1 48.0 48.0

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,784.8 1,730.0 1,726.8 1,719.4 27.2 26.5 26.4 26.3

Utilities........................................... 149.7 155.3 156.0 155.4 26.2 26.5 26.5 26.4

Information......................................... 1,228 1,221 1,215 1,215 40.2 40.4 40.3 40.3

Financial activities................................ 5,087 5,137 5,135 5,133 55.6 55.7 55.7 55.6

Professional and business services............ 10,504 10,537 10,561 10,571 46.1 46.0 46.0 46.1

Private education and health services......... 19,243 19,919 19,984 20,064 76.9 76.8 76.8 76.9

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,664 8,833 8,837 8,855 52.7 52.5 52.4 52.4

Other services..................................... 3,085 3,131 3,140 3,149 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.4

Government............................................. 13,192 13,515 13,549 13,590 58.4 58.4 58.4 58.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Total private............................................................................... 107,954 109,430 109,606 109,815

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,433 15,540 15,535 15,564

Mining and logging.................................................................. 482 501 504 509

Construction.......................................................................... 5,853 5,971 5,977 6,010

Manufacturing........................................................................ 9,098 9,068 9,054 9,045

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,606 5,582 5,572 5,567

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,492 3,486 3,482 3,478

Private service-providing.............................................................. 92,521 93,890 94,071 94,251

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,285 24,355 24,394 24,411

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,833.6 4,861.5 4,853.2 4,859.1

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,254.5 13,357.1 13,364.8 13,379.6

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,743.1 5,669.6 5,706.1 5,703.8

Utilities.............................................................................. 453.9 466.7 469.9 468.6

Information............................................................................ 2,436 2,432 2,425 2,418

Financial activities................................................................... 6,892 6,948 6,957 6,963

Professional and business services............................................... 18,065 18,082 18,097 18,115

Private education and health services............................................ 21,774 22,600 22,678 22,760

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,356 14,699 14,740 14,794

Other services........................................................................ 4,713 4,774 4,780 4,790

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.9 33.6 33.8 33.9

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.5 39.9 40.4 40.7

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.7 46.9 47.6 47.6

Construction....................................................................... 39.6 38.9 39.6 40.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.6 40.2 40.6 40.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.9 40.4 40.9 40.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.3 39.9 40.1 40.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.7 32.5 32.7 32.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.0 33.8 33.9 34.0

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.8 38.8 39.2 39.1

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.3 30.1 30.2 30.2

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.8 37.6 37.5 37.8

Utilities........................................................................... 42.7 42.4 42.3 42.5

Information......................................................................... 36.0 35.8 35.7 36.0

Financial activities................................................................ 37.2 36.8 36.9 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.1 36.3 36.4

Private education and health services......................................... 32.6 32.4 32.5 32.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.2 24.0 24.3 24.4

Other services..................................................................... 31.2 31.1 31.3 31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.8 3.4 3.6 3.6

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.5

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Total private............................................... $28.58 $29.64 $29.72 $29.79 $968.86 $995.90 $1,004.54 $1,009.88

Goods-producing....................................... 29.14 30.57 30.68 30.84 1,180.17 1,219.74 1,239.47 1,255.19

Mining and logging.................................. 33.71 36.11 36.55 36.21 1,607.97 1,693.56 1,739.78 1,723.60

Construction.......................................... 33.76 35.30 35.24 35.42 1,336.90 1,373.17 1,395.50 1,420.34

Manufacturing........................................ 25.95 27.21 27.36 27.48 1,053.57 1,093.84 1,110.82 1,118.44

Durable goods.................................... 27.08 28.53 28.74 28.93 1,107.57 1,152.61 1,175.47 1,183.24

Nondurable goods................................ 24.12 25.05 25.11 25.11 972.04 999.50 1,006.91 1,009.42

Private service-providing.............................. 28.46 29.45 29.53 29.57 930.64 957.13 965.63 966.94

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 25.01 25.78 25.88 25.96 850.34 871.36 877.33 882.64

Wholesale trade.................................. 30.17 30.94 31.05 31.17 1,170.60 1,200.47 1,217.16 1,218.75

Retail trade........................................ 20.38 20.75 20.81 20.92 617.51 624.58 628.46 631.78

Transportation and warehousing............... 27.45 28.94 29.10 29.06 1,037.61 1,088.14 1,091.25 1,098.47

Utilities............................................. 43.71 44.88 44.64 44.96 1,866.42 1,902.91 1,888.27 1,910.80

Information........................................... 39.16 40.55 40.40 40.72 1,409.76 1,451.69 1,442.28 1,465.92

Financial activities................................... 33.38 35.03 35.24 35.41 1,241.74 1,289.10 1,300.36 1,310.17

Professional and business services.............. 33.82 34.96 35.03 35.19 1,227.67 1,262.06 1,271.59 1,280.92

Private education and health services............ 29.97 30.83 30.96 30.86 977.02 998.89 1,006.20 1,002.95

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 18.33 19.22 19.27 19.28 443.59 461.28 468.26 470.43

Other services....................................... 25.68 26.99 27.00 26.83 801.22 839.39 845.10 842.46

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2024 -

Mar.

2024p

Mar.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024p

Mar.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2024 -

Mar.

2024p

Total private..................................... 122.0 122.5 123.5 124.1 0.5 232.9 242.7 245.2 247.0 0.7

Goods-producing............................. 95.5 94.8 95.9 96.8 0.9 170.4 177.4 180.2 182.8 1.4

Mining and logging........................ 122.2 124.9 127.5 128.7 0.9 239.5 262.2 271.0 271.1 0.0

Construction................................ 116.1 116.3 118.5 120.7 1.9 211.6 221.7 225.5 230.8 2.4

Manufacturing.............................. 84.8 83.7 84.4 84.5 0.1 143.9 148.9 151.0 151.9 0.6

Durable goods........................... 86.1 84.7 85.6 85.5 -0.1 145.6 150.9 153.6 154.5 0.6

Nondurable goods...................... 82.9 82.0 82.3 82.4 0.1 141.3 145.1 146.0 146.2 0.1

Private service-providing.................... 128.9 130.0 131.1 131.3 0.2 251.6 262.6 265.5 266.3 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 115.6 115.2 115.8 116.2 0.3 206.6 212.3 214.1 215.5 0.7

Wholesale trade......................... 111.3 111.9 112.9 112.8 -0.1 198.2 204.4 206.9 207.4 0.2

Retail trade.............................. 101.8 101.9 102.3 102.4 0.1 177.9 181.4 182.6 183.8 0.7

Transportation and warehousing...... 164.3 161.3 161.9 163.2 0.8 287.1 297.2 300.0 301.8 0.6

Utilities.................................... 99.1 101.2 101.7 101.9 0.2 180.8 189.6 189.4 191.1 0.9

Information................................. 100.1 99.4 98.8 99.4 0.6 194.1 199.5 197.6 200.3 1.4

Financial activities......................... 120.7 120.3 120.8 121.3 0.4 247.8 259.3 261.9 264.2 0.9

Professional and business services..... 146.4 145.7 146.6 147.2 0.4 294.5 303.0 305.5 308.1 0.9

Private education and health services... 151.3 156.1 157.1 157.7 0.4 299.4 317.7 321.1 321.2 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 127.3 129.2 131.2 132.2 0.8 264.9 282.0 287.1 289.5 0.8

Other services............................. 103.1 104.1 104.9 105.5 0.6 193.0 204.8 206.4 206.2 -0.1

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.