For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, March 8, 2023 USDL-23-0434 

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2023 

The number of job openings decreased to 10.8 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 

changed little at 6.4 million and 5.9 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.9 million) 

decreased, while layoffs and discharges (1.7 million) increased. This release includes estimates of the 

number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 

establishment size class. This release also presents 2022 annual estimates for job openings, hires, and 

separations. 

Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the number and rate of job openings decreased to 10.8 million 

(-410,000) and 6.5 percent, respectively. In January, the largest decreases in job openings were in

construction (-240,000), accommodation and food services (-204,000), and finance and insurance 

(-100,000). The number of job openings increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+94,000) 

and in nondurable goods manufacturing (+50,000). (See table 1.) 

Hires

In January, the number and rate of hires changed little at 6.4 million and 4.1 percent, respectively. Hires

changed little in all industries. (See table 2.) 

 4.4

 4.8

 5.2

 5.6

 6.0

 6.4

 6.8

 7.2

 7.6

Jan-21 Jul-21 Jan-22 Jul-22 Jan-23

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

January 2021 - January 2023

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

Jan-21 Jul-21 Jan-22 Jul-22 Jan-23

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

January 2021 - January 2023
- 2 -

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 

workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 

by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 

to other locations of the same firm.

In January, the number of total separations changed little at 5.9 million. The rate was unchanged at 3.8

percent. The number of total separations decreased in federal government (-13,000). (See table 3.)

In January, the number of quits decreased to 3.9 million (-207,000), and the rate was little changed at 

2.5 percent. Quits decreased in professional and business services (-221,000), educational services 

(-14,000), and federal government (-5,000). (See table 4.)

In January, the number of layoffs and discharges increased to 1.7 million (+241,000). The rate was 

little changed at 1.1 percent. Layoffs and discharges increased in professional and business services 

(+190,000) but decreased in federal government (-5,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in January at 302,000. Other separations decreased

in professional and business services (-29,000), finance and insurance (-20,000), and health care and 

social assistance (-18,000). The number of other separations increased in accommodation and food 

services (+15,000); information (+11,000); and arts, entertainment, and recreation (+4,000).

(See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In January, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw little change in their job openings rate, hires rate, 

and total separations rate, but quits rate decreased. Establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw 

little change in their job openings rate, hires rate, and total separations rate. (See table 7.)

Annual Levels and Rates

Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data each year

with the January news release. 

The annual average level of job openings is the average of the 12 monthly levels. Annual levels for hires 

and separations are the sum of the 12 monthly levels. 

Annual average rates for job openings are computed by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS 

levels by the sum of the 12 monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for hires and separations are computed by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels, and

multiplying that quotient by 100.

In 2022, the annual average job openings level was 11.2 million, an increase of 1.2 million from 2021. 

The annual average job openings rate was 6.8 percent in 2022, compared to 6.4 percent in 2021. 

(See tables 15 and 16.)
- 3 - 

In 2022, there were 77.2 million hires, an increase of 1.2 million from 2021. Total separations increased

by 3.2 million in 2022 to 72.3 million. Accounting for 70.0 percent of total separations, quits numbered 

50.6 million in 2022, the highest annual level in the survey’s history (JOLTS annual estimates are 

available back to 2001). Layoffs and discharges increased by 461,000 in 2022 to 17.6 million and 

accounted for 24.3 percent of total separations. Other separations decreased by 138,000 in 2022 to 4.1 

million and accounted for 5.7 percent of total separations. (See tables 17 through 26.) 

The annual average hires rate for 2022 was 4.2 percent, similar to the rate of 4.3 percent from 2021. The 

annual average total separations rate for 2022 was 3.9 percent, unchanged from the previous year. The 

annual average rates for the components of total separations were 2.8 percent for quits, 1.0 percent for 

layoffs and discharges, and 0.2 percent for other separations. (See tables 17 through 26.) 

____________ 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2023 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, April 4, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Changes to the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data

Effective with this release, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) estimates have been

revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment data and the 

JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from 

January 2018 forward were subject to revision. Also effective with this release, JOLTS converted to the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which had a minimal 

impact on the published JOLTS data series. For more information on the 2022 NAICS, visit 

www.census.gov/naics. 

Also effective with this release, JOLTS published two new tables presenting annual average job 

openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each year with January 

data.) In addition, JOLTS modified its method for calculating annual estimates for hires and separations 

rates. Annual rates are computed as annual averages, instead of annual totals, to make the estimates 

more helpful for data users and to be consistent with other Bureau of Labor Statistics programs.

JOLTS also introduced several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with this release. 

Two tables displaying JOLTS data by size class were added to the news release: one for seasonally 

adjusted estimates and the other for not seasonally adjusted estimates. JOLTS also introduced over-themonth change columns for levels and rates to tables 1 through 6. To accommodate the new tables, tables 

starting with table 7 were renumbered. 

Additional information about these changes, including the annual average calculation method and 

sample table shells for all news release tables, is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm. 
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 11,487 11,234 10,824 6,496 6,251 6,372 6,235 5,906 5,902

Total private....................................... 10,441 10,126 9,770 6,099 5,809 5,952 5,861 5,502 5,523

Mining and logging............................. 36 39 38 20 22 25 20 20 22

Construction.................................... 396 488 248 324 380 391 325 335 365

Manufacturing.................................. 905 797 803 482 405 417 460 384 399

Durable goods............................... 556 519 476 263 234 224 244 206 218

Nondurable goods........................... 349 278 328 218 171 193 216 178 182

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,842 1,763 1,814 1,293 1,289 1,338 1,324 1,277 1,341

Wholesale trade............................. 323 265 315 183 175 186 163 165 172

Retail trade................................... 987 964 870 812 753 778 839 765 794

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 532 534 628 298 361 374 322 347 375

Information...................................... 238 106 141 131 97 100 119 99 105

Financial activities.............................. 538 610 459 252 213 207 247 198 200

Finance and insurance..................... 401 445 345 175 132 116 174 129 117

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 138 165 114 76 82 91 73 69 83

Professional and business services......... 2,213 2,087 2,182 1,332 1,155 1,190 1,212 1,125 1,065

Education and health services............... 2,112 2,080 2,081 841 904 901 814 825 766

Educational services........................ 155 181 187 107 98 96 98 89 76

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,957 1,899 1,894 734 806 805 717 736 690

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,683 1,859 1,665 1,211 1,107 1,183 1,110 1,010 1,064

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 165 180 189 163 161 165 162 130 146

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 1,518 1,679 1,475 1,048 947 1,017 947 880 919

Other services.................................. 477 297 340 213 237 201 232 228 196

Government....................................... 1,046 1,109 1,053 397 442 421 373 404 379

Federal.......................................... 132 156 142 44 45 38 44 45 32

State and local................................. 913 953 911 353 397 382 329 359 347

State and local education.................. 339 325 303 182 175 183 166 166 169

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 574 628 608 171 222 200 163 193 179

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 7.1 6.8 6.5 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.8 3.8

Total private....................................... 7.5 7.1 6.9 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging............................. 5.8 5.8 5.6 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.4 3.2 3.5

Construction.................................... 5.0 5.8 3.0 4.3 4.8 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.6

Manufacturing.................................. 6.7 5.8 5.8 3.8 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.0 3.1

Durable goods............................... 6.6 6.0 5.5 3.4 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.5 2.7

Nondurable goods........................... 6.8 5.4 6.3 4.6 3.5 4.0 4.5 3.6 3.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 6.1 5.8 5.9 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.7

Wholesale trade............................. 5.2 4.2 5.0 3.1 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.8

Retail trade................................... 6.0 5.9 5.3 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.4 4.9 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 7.0 6.8 7.9 4.2 5.0 5.1 4.6 4.8 5.1

Information...................................... 7.4 3.3 4.3 4.4 3.1 3.2 4.0 3.2 3.4

Financial activities.............................. 5.7 6.3 4.8 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.2 2.2

Finance and insurance..................... 5.7 6.2 4.9 2.6 2.0 1.7 2.6 1.9 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 5.6 6.4 4.5 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.1 2.9 3.4

Professional and business services......... 9.1 8.4 8.7 6.0 5.1 5.2 5.5 4.9 4.6

Education and health services............... 8.1 7.7 7.7 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.1

Educational services........................ 4.0 4.5 4.6 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.0

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 8.8 8.3 8.3 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.3

Leisure and hospitality........................ 9.9 10.2 9.2 7.9 6.8 7.2 7.2 6.2 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.4 6.7 6.9 7.3 5.4 6.0

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 10.3 10.8 9.5 8.0 6.8 7.2 7.2 6.3 6.5

Other services.................................. 7.8 4.9 5.5 3.8 4.1 3.4 4.1 3.9 3.4

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Government....................................... 4.5 4.7 4.5 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7

Federal.......................................... 4.4 5.1 4.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.1

State and local................................. 4.5 4.7 4.5 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8

State and local education.................. 3.2 3.1 2.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 6.0 6.4 6.2 1.9 2.4 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.9

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data 

The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES 

employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual 

benchmarking process results in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment methodology creates a dependency of the 

not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment process. Therefore, the data series that are 

not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect the effect of the 

updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment process.

With this annual revision, JOLTS also converted to the 2022 North American Industry Classification 

System (NAICS) from NAICS 2017. The conversion had a minimal impact on the published JOLTS 

data series.

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2022. The 

December 2022 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 

final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2018 through 

December 2022 will be available on the JOLTS website later in the day following the release. The 

website also contains all revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision 

tables and data can be accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/. 

Table B. Revisions in job openings data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2022

January........................ 11,283 11,487 204 7.0 7.1 0.1

February..................... 11,344 11,601 257 7.0 7.1 .1

March........................... 11,855 12,027 172 7.3 7.4 .1

April........................... 11,681 11,755 74 7.2 7.2 .0

May.............................. 11,303 11,443 140 6.9 7.0 .1

June........................... 11,040 10,961 -79 6.8 6.7 -.1

July.............................. 11,170 11,380 210 6.8 6.9 .1

August........................ 10,280 10,198 -82 6.3 6.2 -.1

September..................... 10,687 10,854 167 6.5 6.6 .1

October........................ 10,512 10,471 -41 6.4 6.4 .0

November..................... 10,440 10,746 306 6.4 6.5 .1

December..................... 11,012 11,234 222 6.7 6.8 .1

Year and month
Table C. Revisions in hires data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2022

January........................ 6,426 6,496 70 4.3 4.3 0.0

February..................... 6,832 6,800 -32 4.5 4.5 .0

March........................... 6,645 6,577 -68 4.4 4.3 -.1

April........................... 6,527 6,572 45 4.3 4.3 .0

May.............................. 6,507 6,545 38 4.3 4.3 .0

June........................... 6,456 6,448 -8 4.2 4.2 .0

July.............................. 6,238 6,340 102 4.1 4.1 .0

August........................ 6,334 6,478 144 4.1 4.2 .1

September..................... 6,096 6,226 130 4.0 4.1 .1

October........................ 6,111 6,164 53 4.0 4.0 .0

November..................... 6,034 6,253 219 3.9 4.1 .2

December..................... 6,165 6,251 86 4.0 4.0 .0

Year and month

Table D. Revisions in total separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2022

January........................ 6,044 6,235 191 4.0 4.2 0.2

February..................... 6,082 6,071 -11 4.0 4.0 .0

March........................... 6,248 6,194 -54 4.1 4.1 .0

April........................... 5,965 6,175 210 3.9 4.1 .2

May.............................. 6,017 6,025 8 4.0 4.0 .0

June........................... 6,009 5,991 -18 4.0 3.9 -.1

July.............................. 5,794 5,864 70 3.8 3.8 .0

August........................ 6,058 6,244 186 4.0 4.1 .1

September..................... 5,665 5,810 145 3.7 3.8 .1

October........................ 5,756 5,846 90 3.8 3.8 .0

November..................... 5,831 5,945 114 3.8 3.9 .1

December..................... 5,890 5,906 16 3.8 3.8 .0

Year and month
Table E. Revisions in quits data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2022

January........................ 4,258 4,391 133 2.8 2.9 0.1

February..................... 4,384 4,313 -71 2.9 2.9 .0

March........................... 4,449 4,452 3 2.9 2.9 .0

April........................... 4,327 4,497 170 2.9 3.0 .1

May.............................. 4,274 4,208 -66 2.8 2.8 .0

June........................... 4,253 4,161 -92 2.8 2.7 -.1

July.............................. 4,058 4,016 -42 2.7 2.6 -.1

August........................ 4,184 4,242 58 2.7 2.8 .1

September..................... 4,060 4,065 5 2.7 2.6 -.1

October........................ 4,047 4,048 1 2.6 2.6 .0

November..................... 4,102 4,148 46 2.7 2.7 .0

December..................... 4,087 4,091 4 2.7 2.6 -.1

Year and month

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2022

January........................ 1,403 1,425 22 0.9 0.9 0.0

February..................... 1,354 1,423 69 0.9 0.9 .0

March........................... 1,416 1,395 -21 0.9 0.9 .0

April........................... 1,312 1,342 30 0.9 0.9 .0

May.............................. 1,416 1,482 66 0.9 1.0 .1

June........................... 1,400 1,477 77 0.9 1.0 .1

July.............................. 1,390 1,497 107 0.9 1.0 .1

August........................ 1,490 1,627 137 1.0 1.1 .1

September..................... 1,329 1,436 107 0.9 0.9 .0

October........................ 1,445 1,525 80 0.9 1.0 .1

November..................... 1,418 1,485 67 0.9 1.0 .1

December..................... 1,468 1,475 7 1.0 1.0 .0

Year and month
Table G. Revisions in other separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2022

January........................ 383 419 36 0.3 0.3 0.0

February..................... 344 335 -9 0.2 0.2 .0

March........................... 384 347 -37 0.3 0.2 -.1

April........................... 327 336 9 0.2 0.2 .0

May.............................. 328 334 6 0.2 0.2 .0

June........................... 356 353 -3 0.2 0.2 .0

July.............................. 346 351 5 0.2 0.2 .0

August........................ 383 375 -8 0.3 0.2 -.1

September..................... 276 308 32 0.2 0.2 .0

October........................ 264 272 8 0.2 0.2 .0

November..................... 311 312 1 0.2 0.2 .0

December..................... 336 340 4 0.2 0.2 .0

Year and month
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Starting with data for January 2023, 

industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 

North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

• A specific position exists, and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

• The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

• The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future;

positions for which employees have been hired but 

have not yet reported for work; and positions to be 

filled by employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 

dividing the number of job openings by the sum of 

employment and job openings—that is, all filled and 

unfilled jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability, and deaths.

Excluded from separations measures are transfers 

within the same location; employees on strike; and 

employees of temporary help agencies, employee 

leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. 

The sampling frame is made up of 

establishments from two sources: the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the 

Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The QCEW 

database contains establishments that cover 

approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in 

the United States. This database is a compilation of 

administrative data from state unemployment 

insurance (UI) programs and federal government 

establishments covered by the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) 

program. A frame of railroad establishments is 

provided by the FRA. This is added to the QCEW 

database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame.

The JOLTS estimation method involves the 

following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, 

item nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking 

and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and 

death model estimation, estimates review and outlier 

selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and 

variance estimates. Establishment size class levels are 

also produced. Detailed information about the 

estimation method can be found in the Handbook of 

Methods at 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through 

which the JOLTS weighted employment for each 

estimation cell is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells 

are benchmarked monthly to the current employment 

level from the BLS Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked

to ensure that JOLTS weighted employment is equal 

to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. In 

addition, many new establishments fail within the 

first year, referred to as a death. Because new and 

short-lived universe establishments cannot be 

reflected in the sampling frame immediately, the 

JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, 

and separations from these establishments during 

their early existence. BLS has developed a 

birth/death model that uses establishment birth and 

death activity from previous years as collected by the 

QCEW and projects forward to the present using 

over-the-year change in the CES. The birth/death 

model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate 

the amount of churn (meaning the rates of hires and 

separations) that exists in establishments of various 

sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 

with the projected employment change to estimate 

the number of hires and separations that take place in 

these establishments that cannot be measured through 

sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences between the two surveys, as well as 

sampling and nonsampling errors, historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.
Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the 

seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) 

is used to seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each 

month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment 

methodology uses all relevant data, up to and 

including the current month, to calculate new 

seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are 

used as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. 

JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive 

and multiplicative models, as well as regression with 

autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to 

improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 

beginning and end of the series and to detect and 

adjust for outliers in the series.

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The

JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the 

issuance of data for January. Five years of data are 

subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 

1) benchmarks based on CES employment estimates 

newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal 

adjustment factors, and 3) any needed special 

adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels for each data element by the

sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment 

levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error. 

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. Sampling error estimates are available 

at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Total............................................... 11,487 10,471 10,746 11,234 10,824 -410 7.1 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.5 -0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 10,441 9,519 9,671 10,126 9,770 -356 7.5 6.7 6.8 7.1 6.9 -0.2

Mining and logging......................... 36 41 42 39 38 -1 5.8 6.2 6.3 5.8 5.6 -0.2

Construction................................ 396 398 348 488 248 -240 5.0 4.8 4.3 5.8 3.0 -2.8

Manufacturing.............................. 905 735 829 797 803 6 6.7 5.4 6.0 5.8 5.8 0.0

Durable goods........................... 556 476 517 519 476 -43 6.6 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.5 -0.5

Nondurable goods....................... 349 258 312 278 328 50 6.8 5.0 6.0 5.4 6.3 0.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,842 1,591 1,531 1,763 1,814 51 6.1 5.2 5.1 5.8 5.9 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 323 281 213 265 315 50 5.2 4.5 3.4 4.2 5.0 0.8

Retail trade............................... 987 818 852 964 870 -94 6.0 5.0 5.2 5.9 5.3 -0.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 532 491 465 534 628 94 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.8 7.9 1.1

Information.................................. 238 230 213 106 141 35 7.4 6.9 6.4 3.3 4.3 1.0

Financial activities......................... 538 603 576 610 459 -151 5.7 6.2 6.0 6.3 4.8 -1.5

Finance and insurance................. 401 413 405 445 345 -100 5.7 5.8 5.7 6.2 4.9 -1.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 138 190 171 165 114 -51 5.6 7.4 6.6 6.4 4.5 -1.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 2,213 1,890 2,121 2,087 2,182 95 9.1 7.7 8.5 8.4 8.7 0.3

Education and health services........... 2,112 2,151 2,068 2,080 2,081 1 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.7 0.0

Educational services.................... 155 160 160 181 187 6 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.6 0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,957 1,991 1,908 1,899 1,894 -5 8.8 8.7 8.4 8.3 8.3 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,683 1,612 1,629 1,859 1,665 -194 9.9 9.1 9.1 10.2 9.2 -1.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 165 197 164 180 189 9 6.9 7.7 6.4 7.0 7.3 0.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,518 1,415 1,465 1,679 1,475 -204 10.3 9.3 9.6 10.8 9.5 -1.3

Other services.............................. 477 268 314 297 340 43 7.8 4.5 5.2 4.9 5.5 0.6

Government................................... 1,046 952 1,075 1,109 1,053 -56 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.7 4.5 -0.2

Federal...................................... 132 127 138 156 142 -14 4.4 4.2 4.6 5.1 4.7 -0.4

State and local............................. 913 824 937 953 911 -42 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.7 4.5 -0.2

State and local education.............. 339 295 336 325 303 -22 3.2 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.9 -0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 574 530 601 628 608 -20 6.0 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.2 -0.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,989 1,775 1,645 1,746 1,744 -2 6.9 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.9 -0.1

South........................................... 4,364 4,038 4,323 4,415 4,372 -43 7.3 6.6 7.0 7.1 7.1 0.0

Midwest........................................ 2,537 2,129 2,270 2,536 2,346 -190 7.3 6.1 6.4 7.1 6.6 -0.5

West............................................ 2,596 2,528 2,507 2,537 2,361 -176 6.8 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.1 -0.4

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Total............................................... 6,496 6,164 6,253 6,251 6,372 121 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1 0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,099 5,777 5,825 5,809 5,952 143 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 0.1

Mining and logging......................... 20 21 24 22 25 3 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.9 0.4

Construction................................ 324 351 337 380 391 11 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.8 5.0 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 482 442 407 405 417 12 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 0.1

Durable goods........................... 263 233 222 234 224 -10 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Nondurable goods....................... 218 209 186 171 193 22 4.6 4.3 3.8 3.5 4.0 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,293 1,244 1,253 1,289 1,338 49 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 183 167 172 175 186 11 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.1 0.2

Retail trade............................... 812 722 706 753 778 25 5.3 4.7 4.6 4.9 5.0 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 298 355 375 361 374 13 4.2 4.9 5.2 5.0 5.1 0.1

Information.................................. 131 99 112 97 100 3 4.4 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.2 0.1

Financial activities......................... 252 218 248 213 207 -6 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.3 0.0

Finance and insurance................. 175 142 162 132 116 -16 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.0 1.7 -0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 76 77 86 82 91 9 3.3 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.8 0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,332 1,168 1,163 1,155 1,190 35 6.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 0.1

Education and health services........... 841 823 863 904 901 -3 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 0.0

Educational services.................... 107 98 98 98 96 -2 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 734 724 765 806 805 -1 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.8 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,211 1,191 1,203 1,107 1,183 76 7.9 7.4 7.4 6.8 7.2 0.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 163 135 160 161 165 4 7.4 5.7 6.7 6.7 6.9 0.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,048 1,056 1,043 947 1,017 70 8.0 7.7 7.5 6.8 7.2 0.4

Other services.............................. 213 221 214 237 201 -36 3.8 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.4 -0.7

Government................................... 397 387 428 442 421 -21 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.9 -0.1

Federal...................................... 44 43 39 45 38 -7 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.3 -0.2

State and local............................. 353 344 389 397 382 -15 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0

State and local education.............. 182 176 191 175 183 8 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.8 0.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 171 167 198 222 200 -22 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.2 -0.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,012 883 913 923 951 28 3.8 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 0.1

South........................................... 2,623 2,548 2,599 2,628 2,571 -57 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.5 -0.1

Midwest........................................ 1,303 1,282 1,300 1,361 1,352 -9 4.1 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.1 0.0

West............................................ 1,558 1,451 1,441 1,338 1,498 160 4.4 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.1 0.4

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Total............................................... 6,235 5,846 5,945 5,906 5,902 -4 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,861 5,488 5,582 5,502 5,523 21 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 20 18 17 20 22 2 3.4 2.9 2.7 3.2 3.5 0.3

Construction................................ 325 325 294 335 365 30 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.3 4.6 0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 460 397 393 384 399 15 3.6 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 0.1

Durable goods........................... 244 204 213 206 218 12 3.1 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.7 0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 216 192 181 178 182 4 4.5 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.7 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,324 1,220 1,299 1,277 1,341 64 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.7 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 163 151 159 165 172 7 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 0.1

Retail trade............................... 839 742 713 765 794 29 5.4 4.8 4.6 4.9 5.1 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 322 327 426 347 375 28 4.6 4.5 5.9 4.8 5.1 0.3

Information.................................. 119 94 98 99 105 6 4.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4 0.2

Financial activities......................... 247 222 275 198 200 2 2.8 2.4 3.0 2.2 2.2 0.0

Finance and insurance................. 174 142 197 129 117 -12 2.6 2.1 2.9 1.9 1.7 -0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 73 79 77 69 83 14 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.4 0.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,212 1,125 1,166 1,125 1,065 -60 5.5 4.9 5.1 4.9 4.6 -0.3

Education and health services........... 814 749 779 825 766 -59 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.1 -0.2

Educational services.................... 98 102 86 89 76 -13 2.6 2.7 2.2 2.3 2.0 -0.3

Health care and social assistance. . .. 717 647 694 736 690 -46 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.3 -0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,110 1,123 1,093 1,010 1,064 54 7.2 7.0 6.7 6.2 6.5 0.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 162 133 143 130 146 16 7.3 5.6 6.0 5.4 6.0 0.6

Accommodation and food services. .. 947 990 950 880 919 39 7.2 7.2 6.8 6.3 6.5 0.2

Other services.............................. 232 216 168 228 196 -32 4.1 3.8 2.9 3.9 3.4 -0.5

Government................................... 373 358 364 404 379 -25 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7 -0.1

Federal...................................... 44 37 40 45 32 -13 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.1 -0.5

State and local............................. 329 321 324 359 347 -12 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 0.0

State and local education.............. 166 166 157 166 169 3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 163 156 167 193 179 -14 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.9 -0.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 883 797 797 880 862 -18 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.1 -0.1

South........................................... 2,575 2,500 2,412 2,400 2,487 87 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.3 0.1

Midwest........................................ 1,275 1,237 1,183 1,247 1,235 -12 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.7 -0.1

West............................................ 1,502 1,312 1,554 1,379 1,317 -62 4.2 3.6 4.3 3.8 3.6 -0.2

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Total............................................... 4,391 4,048 4,148 4,091 3,884 -207 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5 -0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 4,159 3,829 3,932 3,858 3,665 -193 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Mining and logging......................... 12 13 11 14 15 1 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.2 2.5 0.3

Construction................................ 177 153 135 153 176 23 2.3 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.2 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 313 273 267 263 260 -3 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.0

Durable goods........................... 155 144 143 137 144 7 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.8 0.1

Nondurable goods....................... 158 129 125 125 116 -9 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.4 -0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,010 904 1,002 916 969 53 3.6 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.4 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 109 97 101 96 104 8 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 0.1

Retail trade............................... 682 595 598 598 633 35 4.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.1 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 219 212 303 222 232 10 3.1 2.9 4.2 3.1 3.2 0.1

Information.................................. 52 32 41 46 40 -6 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.3 -0.2

Financial activities......................... 177 142 131 134 140 6 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 0.0

Finance and insurance................. 122 93 82 88 94 6 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 55 49 49 46 46 0 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 0.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 768 712 733 719 498 -221 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.2 -0.9

Education and health services........... 616 583 619 629 595 -34 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 -0.1

Educational services.................... 64 56 54 55 41 -14 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.1 -0.3

Health care and social assistance. . .. 552 527 565 574 554 -20 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 875 871 884 806 837 31 5.7 5.4 5.4 4.9 5.1 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 71 74 78 77 81 4 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 0.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 804 796 807 729 756 27 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.4 0.2

Other services.............................. 159 146 108 177 136 -41 2.8 2.5 1.9 3.1 2.3 -0.8

Government................................... 232 219 217 233 219 -14 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

Federal...................................... 24 16 19 21 16 -5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 -0.2

State and local............................. 209 203 198 213 204 -9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 -0.1

State and local education.............. 108 105 100 103 102 -1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 101 98 98 110 101 -9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 -0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 590 522 504 539 517 -22 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.9 -0.1

South........................................... 1,857 1,818 1,760 1,748 1,666 -82 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 -0.1

Midwest........................................ 883 821 798 835 803 -32 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.4 -0.1

West............................................ 1,061 887 1,087 969 897 -72 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.7 2.4 -0.3

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Total............................................... 1,425 1,525 1,485 1,475 1,716 241 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,351 1,451 1,409 1,378 1,620 242 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 7 4 5 5 5 0 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.1

Construction................................ 140 167 146 166 172 6 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.2 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 118 102 101 99 112 13 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.1

Durable goods........................... 70 48 53 54 57 3 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.0

Nondurable goods....................... 48 54 47 44 55 11 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 246 276 255 304 322 18 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 37 44 49 59 62 3 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.0

Retail trade............................... 138 127 96 138 137 -1 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 71 104 110 107 123 16 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.7 0.2

Information.................................. 61 47 46 46 47 1 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.0

Financial activities......................... 33 63 122 38 53 15 0.4 0.7 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.2

Finance and insurance................. 21 39 102 19 22 3 0.3 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 12 24 19 18 31 13 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.3 0.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 321 360 360 338 528 190 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 2.3 0.8

Education and health services........... 158 143 133 149 140 -9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0

Educational services.................... 24 39 22 29 28 -1 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.7 -0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 134 103 111 120 112 -8 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 207 226 187 193 198 5 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 88 55 63 52 59 7 4.0 2.4 2.7 2.2 2.5 0.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 119 170 124 141 139 -2 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.0

Other services.............................. 59 64 55 41 41 0 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.0

Government................................... 74 74 75 97 97 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.0

Federal...................................... 7 7 7 10 5 -5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

State and local............................. 67 68 69 87 92 5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1

State and local education.............. 32 34 29 37 45 8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 35 33 40 50 47 -3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 221 239 239 279 279 0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.0

South........................................... 543 595 548 521 713 192 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.2 0.3

Midwest........................................ 313 343 327 356 371 15 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.0

West............................................ 348 349 372 319 352 33 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.1

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec.

2022 -

Jan.

2023p

Total............................................... 419 272 312 340 302 -38 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 352 208 240 266 239 -27 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 1 1 1 2 2 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0

Construction................................ 8 5 14 16 17 1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Manufacturing.............................. 28 22 26 23 27 4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Durable goods........................... 18 13 17 15 17 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Nondurable goods....................... 10 9 9 8 10 2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 68 40 41 57 50 -7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 17 10 9 10 7 -3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Retail trade............................... 19 20 19 29 24 -5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 32 10 13 18 20 2 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0

Information.................................. 6 14 12 7 18 11 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4

Financial activities......................... 37 16 22 26 7 -19 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 -0.2

Finance and insurance................. 32 10 14 21 1 -20 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 -0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 5 6 9 5 6 1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 123 53 72 68 39 -29 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Education and health services........... 40 23 27 47 31 -16 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Educational services.................... 9 6 9 5 7 2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 30 17 18 42 24 -18 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 28 26 21 11 30 19 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 2 3 2 1 5 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 25 24 20 9 24 15 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Other services.............................. 13 6 5 10 19 9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Government................................... 67 65 72 73 63 -10 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

Federal...................................... 14 14 14 14 11 -3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 -0.1

State and local............................. 53 51 58 59 52 -7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

State and local education.............. 26 26 29 26 21 -5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 28 25 29 33 30 -3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 -0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 71 36 54 62 65 3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

South........................................... 175 87 104 131 108 -23 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Midwest........................................ 80 73 58 55 61 6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

West............................................ 93 77 95 91 68 -23 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec. 2022 -

Jan. 2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Change

from:

Dec. 2022 -

Jan. 2023p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private.......................... 10,441 9,519 9,671 10,126 9,770 -356 7.5 6.7 6.8 7.1 6.9 -0.2

1 to 9 employees.................. 1,768 1,761 1,724 1,818 2,116 298 7.9 7.1 7.2 7.8 8.1 0.3

10 to 49 employees............... 3,023 2,973 3,018 3,188 3,013 -175 7.6 6.2 6.6 7.0 6.4 -0.6

50 to 249 employees............. 2,944 2,670 2,761 2,953 2,690 -263 7.1 7.1 6.9 7.4 6.9 -0.5

250 to 999 employees............ 1,665 1,203 1,180 1,235 1,044 -191 7.8 6.8 6.4 6.4 6.1 -0.3

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 785 607 665 634 591 -43 7.9 6.9 7.1 6.6 6.6 0.0

5,000 or more employees........ 256 305 322 298 317 19 6.8 6.9 7.5 6.8 6.9 0.1

HIRES

Total private.......................... 6,099 5,777 5,825 5,809 5,952 143 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.5 0.1

1 to 9 employees.................. 856 835 715 800 903 103 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.7 3.8 0.1

10 to 49 employees............... 1,824 1,965 1,997 1,912 1,957 45 5.0 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.4 -0.1

50 to 249 employees............. 2,030 1,755 1,856 1,858 1,884 26 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.2 0.2

250 to 999 employees............ 931 775 807 804 794 -10 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.5 5.0 0.5

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 393 366 370 362 334 -28 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.0 4.0 0.0

5,000 or more employees........ 65 81 80 73 80 7 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.9 0.1

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................... 5,861 5,488 5,582 5,502 5,523 21 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 0.0

1 to 9 employees.................. 861 789 813 826 733 -93 4.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 3.1 -0.7

10 to 49 employees............... 1,734 1,905 1,776 1,923 1,975 52 4.7 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.5 0.0

50 to 249 employees............. 1,946 1,675 1,753 1,594 1,743 149 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.3 4.8 0.5

250 to 999 employees............ 881 711 800 723 680 -43 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.0 4.2 0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 375 342 372 375 333 -42 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.0 -0.2

5,000 or more employees........ 64 65 67 61 59 -2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 -0.1

QUITS

Total private........................ 4,159 3,829 3,932 3,858 3,665 -193 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 -0.1

1 to 9 employees............... 535 415 525 566 450 -116 2.6 1.8 2.4 2.6 1.9 -0.7

10 to 49 employees............ 1,308 1,450 1,337 1,403 1,384 -19 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.1 -0.2

50 to 249 employees........... 1,429 1,226 1,261 1,142 1,177 35 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.3 0.2

250 to 999 employees......... 616 475 522 458 418 -40 3.1 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.6 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 232 221 243 248 198 -50 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.4 -0.4

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 39 43 43 41 39 -2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 -0.1

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private........................ 1,351 1,451 1,409 1,378 1,620 242 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.2

1 to 9 employees............... 267 336 210 206 235 29 1.3 1.5 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.0

10 to 49 employees............ 334 385 384 440 517 77 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.2

50 to 249 employees........... 418 400 440 382 511 129 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.4 0.4

250 to 999 employees......... 209 215 251 235 227 -8 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.4 0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 107 100 110 103 118 15 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.4 0.3

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 16 14 15 12 12 0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private........................ 352 208 240 266 239 -27 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 59 38 79 54 48 -6 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 -0.1

10 to 49 employees............ 92 70 55 80 74 -6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

50 to 249 employees........... 99 49 52 70 56 -14 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

250 to 999 employees......... 55 21 26 30 35 5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 36 21 19 24 17 -7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 9 8 9 8 8 0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 11,432 10,164 10,767 7.2 6.1 6.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 10,414 9,097 9,741 7.6 6.4 6.9

Mining and logging............................................... 37 38 39 6.1 5.6 5.9

Construction....................................................... 408 390 256 5.3 4.8 3.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 890 730 791 6.6 5.3 5.8

Durable goods.................................................. 544 467 464 6.5 5.4 5.4

Nondurable goods............................................. 346 263 327 6.8 5.1 6.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,692 1,579 1,667 5.7 5.1 5.5

Wholesale trade................................................ 333 221 327 5.4 3.5 5.2

Retail trade..................................................... 836 873 721 5.2 5.2 4.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 523 485 618 6.9 6.0 7.8

Information........................................................ 240 107 143 7.5 3.3 4.4

Financial activities................................................ 595 579 504 6.3 6.0 5.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 439 426 374 6.2 6.0 5.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 156 153 130 6.4 6.0 5.2

Professional and business services............................ 2,309 1,912 2,278 9.6 7.7 9.2

Education and health services.................................. 2,244 1,975 2,210 8.7 7.3 8.2

Educational services.......................................... 171 153 204 4.5 3.8 5.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 2,073 1,821 2,006 9.4 8.0 8.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,491 1,518 1,482 9.3 8.7 8.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 160 147 185 7.6 6.1 7.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,331 1,372 1,296 9.5 9.1 8.8

Other services.................................................... 508 268 373 8.4 4.4 6.1

Government.......................................................... 1,018 1,068 1,025 4.4 4.5 4.4

Federal............................................................. 135 141 145 4.5 4.6 4.8

State and local.................................................... 884 927 880 4.4 4.5 4.3

State and local education..................................... 313 302 279 3.0 2.8 2.6

State and local, excluding education........................ 571 625 601 6.0 6.4 6.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 2,031 1,639 1,782 7.1 5.6 6.1

South................................................................. 4,295 3,932 4,301 7.2 6.4 7.0

Midwest............................................................... 2,462 2,220 2,277 7.2 6.3 6.5

West.................................................................. 2,645 2,372 2,407 7.0 6.1 6.2

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 6,273 4,641 6,143 4.2 3.0 4.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,905 4,373 5,754 4.7 3.3 4.4

Mining and logging............................................... 22 16 27 3.8 2.5 4.3

Construction....................................................... 296 235 362 4.1 3.0 4.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 490 281 423 3.9 2.2 3.3

Durable goods.................................................. 274 163 232 3.5 2.0 2.9

Nondurable goods............................................. 216 119 191 4.6 2.4 3.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,149 1,080 1,194 4.1 3.7 4.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 193 127 197 3.3 2.1 3.3

Retail trade..................................................... 680 596 651 4.4 3.8 4.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 276 356 346 3.9 4.7 4.7

Information........................................................ 136 63 104 4.6 2.0 3.4

Financial activities................................................ 280 135 234 3.1 1.5 2.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 198 78 138 3.0 1.2 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 81 57 97 3.6 2.4 4.1

Professional and business services............................ 1,352 901 1,205 6.2 3.9 5.4

Education and health services.................................. 917 679 984 3.9 2.7 4.0

Educational services.......................................... 120 44 108 3.3 1.1 2.9

Health care and social assistance........................... 797 635 876 4.0 3.0 4.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,051 802 1,023 7.2 5.0 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 108 100 108 5.5 4.5 5.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 943 702 915 7.5 5.1 6.8

Other services.................................................... 213 180 199 3.9 3.1 3.5

Government.......................................................... 367 268 388 1.7 1.2 1.7

Federal............................................................. 42 43 36 1.5 1.5 1.3

State and local.................................................... 326 225 352 1.7 1.1 1.8

State and local education..................................... 185 83 188 1.8 0.8 1.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 140 142 165 1.6 1.6 1.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 916 650 861 3.5 2.3 3.2

South................................................................. 2,641 1,969 2,574 4.8 3.4 4.5

Midwest............................................................... 1,191 1,055 1,233 3.8 3.2 3.8

West.................................................................. 1,525 966 1,475 4.4 2.6 4.1

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 6,595 5,598 6,437 4.5 3.6 4.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,262 5,237 6,101 5.0 3.9 4.7

Mining and logging............................................... 24 18 26 4.2 2.9 4.2

Construction....................................................... 363 385 413 5.0 5.0 5.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 441 317 386 3.5 2.4 3.0

Durable goods.................................................. 239 165 213 3.1 2.0 2.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 203 152 173 4.3 3.1 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,610 1,306 1,785 5.7 4.4 6.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 171 145 188 2.9 2.4 3.1

Retail trade..................................................... 962 764 924 6.3 4.8 6.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 476 396 674 6.7 5.2 9.2

Information........................................................ 141 101 124 4.8 3.2 4.0

Financial activities................................................ 292 160 245 3.3 1.8 2.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 198 107 139 3.0 1.6 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 94 53 106 4.1 2.2 4.5

Professional and business services............................ 1,260 1,119 1,124 5.8 4.9 5.0

Education and health services.................................. 884 725 827 3.7 2.9 3.3

Educational services.......................................... 97 75 75 2.7 1.9 2.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 787 650 752 3.9 3.1 3.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,033 902 991 7.1 5.7 6.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 143 127 129 7.3 5.7 6.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 891 775 862 7.0 5.7 6.4

Other services.................................................... 213 204 180 3.9 3.5 3.1

Government.......................................................... 333 361 336 1.5 1.6 1.5

Federal............................................................. 49 56 35 1.7 1.9 1.2

State and local.................................................... 284 305 301 1.5 1.5 1.6

State and local education..................................... 132 124 135 1.3 1.2 1.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 152 182 166 1.7 2.0 1.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 992 890 988 3.8 3.2 3.6

South................................................................. 2,703 2,195 2,696 4.9 3.8 4.7

Midwest............................................................... 1,337 1,214 1,343 4.2 3.7 4.1

West.................................................................. 1,562 1,300 1,410 4.5 3.5 3.9

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 4,282 3,540 3,785 2.9 2.3 2.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 4,082 3,353 3,598 3.2 2.5 2.8

Mining and logging............................................... 12 11 16 2.1 1.7 2.6

Construction....................................................... 175 126 172 2.4 1.6 2.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 282 195 234 2.3 1.5 1.8

Durable goods.................................................. 141 99 130 1.8 1.2 1.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 141 96 104 3.0 2.0 2.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,001 872 968 3.5 3.0 3.4

Wholesale trade................................................ 105 74 101 1.8 1.2 1.7

Retail trade..................................................... 694 549 649 4.5 3.5 4.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 201 249 218 2.8 3.3 3.0

Information........................................................ 54 41 42 1.8 1.3 1.4

Financial activities................................................ 192 105 154 2.2 1.1 1.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 133 69 104 2.0 1.0 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 60 35 50 2.6 1.5 2.1

Professional and business services............................ 773 619 501 3.5 2.7 2.2

Education and health services.................................. 641 554 622 2.7 2.2 2.5

Educational services.......................................... 63 42 40 1.8 1.1 1.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 578 512 582 2.9 2.4 2.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 806 684 764 5.5 4.3 4.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 63 61 71 3.2 2.7 3.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 743 623 692 5.9 4.5 5.1

Other services.................................................... 146 147 125 2.6 2.5 2.2

Government.......................................................... 200 186 187 0.9 0.8 0.8

Federal............................................................. 23 21 15 0.8 0.7 0.5

State and local.................................................... 177 166 172 0.9 0.8 0.9

State and local education..................................... 87 69 82 0.9 0.6 0.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 90 97 90 1.0 1.1 1.0

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 591 452 517 2.2 1.6 1.9

South................................................................. 1,832 1,503 1,639 3.3 2.6 2.9

Midwest............................................................... 846 729 770 2.7 2.2 2.4

West.................................................................. 1,013 855 860 2.9 2.3 2.4

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 1,836 1,698 2,298 1.2 1.1 1.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,770 1,606 2,214 1.4 1.2 1.7

Mining and logging............................................... 10 6 8 1.8 1.0 1.2

Construction....................................................... 179 242 222 2.5 3.1 2.9

Manufacturing..................................................... 122 100 116 1.0 0.8 0.9

Durable goods.................................................. 73 52 59 0.9 0.6 0.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 49 49 57 1.0 1.0 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 539 377 764 1.9 1.3 2.7

Wholesale trade................................................ 49 58 81 0.8 1.0 1.3

Retail trade..................................................... 246 188 247 1.6 1.2 1.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 243 130 436 3.4 1.7 6.0

Information........................................................ 77 54 60 2.6 1.7 2.0

Financial activities................................................ 45 32 64 0.5 0.3 0.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 24 18 25 0.4 0.3 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 21 14 40 0.9 0.6 1.7

Professional and business services............................ 352 417 580 1.6 1.8 2.6

Education and health services.................................. 191 127 166 0.8 0.5 0.7

Educational services.......................................... 22 29 26 0.6 0.7 0.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 169 99 140 0.8 0.5 0.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 200 205 198 1.4 1.3 1.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 78 64 53 4.0 2.9 2.5

Accommodation and food services.......................... 122 141 145 1.0 1.0 1.1

Other services.................................................... 55 47 36 1.0 0.8 0.6

Government.......................................................... 66 92 84 0.3 0.4 0.4

Federal............................................................. 9 14 6 0.3 0.5 0.2

State and local.................................................... 57 78 78 0.3 0.4 0.4

State and local education..................................... 26 34 37 0.3 0.3 0.4

State and local, excluding education........................ 30 43 41 0.3 0.5 0.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 318 363 392 1.2 1.3 1.4

South................................................................. 664 565 920 1.2 1.0 1.6

Midwest............................................................... 408 418 510 1.3 1.3 1.6

West.................................................................. 445 352 476 1.3 1.0 1.3

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 477 361 353 0.3 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 410 277 288 0.3 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 2 1 2 0.3 0.2 0.4

Construction....................................................... 9 17 19 0.1 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 38 23 36 0.3 0.2 0.3

Durable goods.................................................. 25 15 23 0.3 0.2 0.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 12 7 12 0.3 0.2 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 70 57 53 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 16 13 6 0.3 0.2 0.1

Retail trade..................................................... 22 27 27 0.1 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 32 17 20 0.4 0.2 0.3

Information........................................................ 9 7 22 0.3 0.2 0.7

Financial activities................................................ 54 24 26 0.6 0.3 0.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 41 20 10 0.6 0.3 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 13 4 16 0.6 0.2 0.7

Professional and business services............................ 136 83 43 0.6 0.4 0.2

Education and health services.................................. 52 44 40 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 12 4 9 0.3 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 40 40 31 0.2 0.2 0.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 28 12 30 0.2 0.1 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 2 1 5 0.1 0.1 0.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 25 11 25 0.2 0.1 0.2

Other services.................................................... 13 10 19 0.2 0.2 0.3

Government.......................................................... 67 83 65 0.3 0.4 0.3

Federal............................................................. 17 21 14 0.6 0.7 0.5

State and local.................................................... 51 62 51 0.3 0.3 0.3

State and local education..................................... 19 20 16 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 32 42 36 0.4 0.5 0.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 83 72 78 0.3 0.3 0.3

South................................................................. 206 129 137 0.4 0.2 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 83 65 62 0.3 0.2 0.2

West.................................................................. 105 94 75 0.3 0.3 0.2

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private............................................................ 10,414 9,097 9,741 7.6 6.4 6.9

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 2,015 1,513 2,415 9.1 6.5 9.3

10 to 49 employees................................................. 2,956 2,783 2,908 7.6 6.1 6.3

50 to 249 employees............................................... 2,799 2,712 2,519 6.9 6.8 6.6

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 1,572 1,158 978 7.5 6.0 5.8

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 815 634 602 8.3 6.6 6.9

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 258 297 319 6.9 6.8 7.0

HIRES

Total private............................................................ 5,905 4,373 5,754 4.7 3.3 4.4

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 1,029 562 1,089 5.1 2.6 4.6

10 to 49 employees................................................. 1,711 1,328 1,820 4.7 3.1 4.2

50 to 249 employees............................................... 1,841 1,416 1,702 4.9 3.8 4.8

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 883 675 744 4.5 3.8 4.7

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 370 337 313 4.1 3.7 3.8

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 72 56 86 2.1 1.4 2.0

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private............................................................ 6,262 5,237 6,101 5.0 3.9 4.7

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 1,030 767 901 5.1 3.5 3.8

10 to 49 employees................................................. 1,759 1,832 2,069 4.9 4.3 4.8

50 to 249 employees............................................... 2,034 1,472 1,895 5.4 4.0 5.3

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 904 710 719 4.7 4.0 4.6

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 462 394 450 5.2 4.4 5.5

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 73 61 67 2.1 1.5 1.6

QUITS

Total private.......................................................... 4,082 3,353 3,598 3.2 2.5 2.8

1 to 9 employees................................................. 578 479 486 2.9 2.2 2.1

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 1,242 1,191 1,324 3.4 2.8 3.1

50 to 249 employees............................................. 1,421 976 1,178 3.8 2.6 3.3

250 to 999 employees........................................... 582 424 386 3.0 2.4 2.4

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 221 246 186 2.5 2.7 2.3

5,000 or more employees....................................... 38 38 38 1.1 0.9 0.9

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private.......................................................... 1,770 1,606 2,214 1.4 1.2 1.7

1 to 9 employees................................................. 369 244 347 1.8 1.1 1.5

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 405 558 653 1.1 1.3 1.5

50 to 249 employees............................................. 507 413 657 1.3 1.1 1.8

250 to 999 employees........................................... 260 257 293 1.3 1.4 1.9

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 206 121 247 2.3 1.3 3.0

5,000 or more employees....................................... 22 14 17 0.6 0.3 0.4

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................................................... 410 277 288 0.3 0.2 0.2

1 to 9 employees................................................. 83 45 68 0.4 0.2 0.3

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 112 82 92 0.3 0.2 0.2

50 to 249 employees............................................. 105 83 59 0.3 0.2 0.2

250 to 999 employees........................................... 62 30 40 0.3 0.2 0.3

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 35 27 17 0.4 0.3 0.2

5,000 or more employees....................................... 13 10 12 0.4 0.2 0.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 15. Annual average job openings levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 7,104 7,161 6,364 9,967 11,168

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 6,471 6,437 5,646 9,056 10,124

Mining and logging........................................................ 29 28 14 27 36

Construction............................................................... 274 319 257 345 400

Manufacturing............................................................. 466 437 410 822 853

Durable goods.......................................................... 289 273 227 467 530

Nondurable goods...................................................... 177 164 183 355 323

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 1,444 1,321 1,159 1,784 1,782

Wholesale trade........................................................ 210 212 171 284 300

Retail trade.............................................................. 937 787 683 975 968

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 297 322 306 525 514

Information................................................................. 137 141 111 178 228

Financial activities......................................................... 389 372 324 431 562

Finance and insurance................................................ 300 269 245 312 400

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 89 104 79 119 161

Professional and business services.................................... 1,255 1,271 1,177 1,865 2,135

Education and health services.......................................... 1,235 1,307 1,199 1,789 2,163

Educational services................................................... 105 120 103 167 177

Health care and social assistance................................... 1,129 1,186 1,096 1,621 1,986

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 998 996 779 1,425 1,597

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 109 121 103 172 180

Accommodation and food services................................... 889 875 676 1,253 1,418

Other services............................................................. 244 246 216 391 370

Government.................................................................. 633 724 718 910 1,044

Federal..................................................................... 104 121 125 131 140

State and local............................................................ 528 603 592 780 905

State and local education............................................. 199 222 213 304 327

State and local, excluding education................................ 329 381 380 476 578

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 1,204 1,186 1,067 1,723 1,831

South.......................................................................... 2,595 2,693 2,469 3,872 4,343

Midwest....................................................................... 1,683 1,612 1,379 2,136 2,403

West........................................................................... 1,622 1,670 1,449 2,236 2,591

1 The annual average job openings level is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels divided by 12.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 16. Annual average job openings rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 4.6 4.5 4.3 6.4 6.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 4.9 4.8 4.5 6.8 7.2

Mining and logging........................................................ 3.9 3.6 2.2 4.6 5.5

Construction............................................................... 3.6 4.1 3.4 4.4 4.9

Manufacturing............................................................. 3.5 3.3 3.3 6.2 6.2

Durable goods.......................................................... 3.5 3.3 2.9 5.7 6.2

Nondurable goods...................................................... 3.6 3.3 3.8 7.1 6.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 5.0 4.5 4.2 6.1 5.9

Wholesale trade........................................................ 3.5 3.5 3.0 4.7 4.8

Retail trade.............................................................. 5.6 4.8 4.4 6.0 5.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 4.7 4.9 4.7 7.3 6.7

Information................................................................. 4.6 4.7 3.9 5.9 6.9

Financial activities......................................................... 4.3 4.1 3.6 4.7 5.8

Finance and insurance................................................ 4.5 4.0 3.6 4.6 5.7

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 3.8 4.3 3.5 5.0 6.4

Professional and business services.................................... 5.7 5.6 5.5 8.0 8.6

Education and health services.......................................... 5.0 5.1 4.9 7.0 8.2

Educational services................................................... 2.8 3.1 2.9 4.5 4.5

Health care and social assistance................................... 5.4 5.5 5.2 7.5 8.8

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 5.8 5.7 5.6 9.1 9.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 4.4 4.7 5.5 8.0 7.3

Accommodation and food services................................... 6.0 5.8 5.6 9.3 9.5

Other services............................................................. 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.7 6.1

Government.................................................................. 2.7 3.1 3.2 4.0 4.5

Federal..................................................................... 3.6 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.6

State and local............................................................ 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.9 4.5

State and local education............................................. 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.9 3.1

State and local, excluding education................................ 3.5 3.9 4.0 5.0 6.0

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 4.2 4.1 4.0 6.2 6.3

South.......................................................................... 4.5 4.6 4.5 6.6 7.1

Midwest....................................................................... 4.9 4.7 4.3 6.4 6.9

West........................................................................... 4.5 4.5 4.2 6.1 6.7

1 The annual average job openings rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES

employment levels and the sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 17. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 68,620 70,028 72,588 76,006 77,201

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 64,299 65,587 68,406 71,592 72,339

Mining and logging........................................................ 448 306 199 228 280

Construction............................................................... 4,530 4,993 4,978 4,366 4,411

Manufacturing............................................................. 4,397 4,051 4,814 5,354 5,522

Durable goods.......................................................... 2,514 2,272 2,748 2,962 3,020

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,881 1,780 2,065 2,392 2,502

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 13,708 13,961 15,453 16,022 15,691

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,754 1,777 1,813 2,127 2,175

Retail trade.............................................................. 9,053 9,084 9,846 10,051 9,287

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2,901 3,095 3,794 3,840 4,226

Information................................................................. 1,091 1,135 983 1,340 1,295

Financial activities......................................................... 2,499 2,652 2,656 2,743 2,869

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,637 1,682 1,663 1,824 1,905

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 864 970 994 921 959

Professional and business services.................................... 13,740 13,784 13,395 15,091 15,128

Education and health services.......................................... 8,499 8,652 9,355 9,349 10,278

Educational services................................................... 1,157 1,160 1,129 1,247 1,244

Health care and social assistance................................... 7,345 7,492 8,226 8,103 9,037

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 12,794 13,447 13,528 14,338 14,157

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 2,207 1,993 1,635 1,976 1,983

Accommodation and food services................................... 10,586 11,455 11,893 12,363 12,173

Other services............................................................. 2,596 2,609 3,045 2,756 2,706

Government.................................................................. 4,321 4,439 4,184 4,414 4,861

Federal..................................................................... 422 500 890 517 506

State and local............................................................ 3,899 3,939 3,293 3,896 4,357

State and local education............................................. 2,019 2,054 1,646 2,104 2,152

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,881 1,885 1,647 1,795 2,202

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 10,497 10,871 11,644 11,500 11,404

South.......................................................................... 27,327 28,295 27,984 30,688 32,130

Midwest....................................................................... 15,199 14,907 15,801 16,337 15,938

West........................................................................... 15,595 15,958 17,158 17,485 17,726

1 The annual hires level is the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 18. Annual average hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 4.2 4.3 4.7 4.8 4.6

Mining and logging........................................................ 5.1 3.5 2.8 3.4 3.9

Construction............................................................... 5.2 5.6 5.7 4.9 4.7

Manufacturing............................................................. 2.9 2.6 3.3 3.6 3.6

Durable goods.......................................................... 2.6 2.4 3.0 3.2 3.2

Nondurable goods...................................................... 3.3 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4.1 4.2 4.8 4.8 4.6

Wholesale trade........................................................ 2.5 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.0

Retail trade.............................................................. 4.8 4.8 5.5 5.5 5.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 4.0 4.2 5.1 4.8 4.9

Information................................................................. 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.9 3.5

Financial activities......................................................... 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6

Finance and insurance................................................ 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.4

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.4

Professional and business services.................................... 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.9 5.6

Education and health services.......................................... 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.5

Educational services................................................... 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.7

Health care and social assistance................................... 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.7

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 6.5 6.8 8.6 8.4 7.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 7.7 6.8 7.7 8.3 7.2

Accommodation and food services................................... 6.3 6.7 8.7 8.5 7.5

Other services............................................................. 3.7 3.7 4.8 4.2 4.0

Government.................................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8

Federal..................................................................... 1.3 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.5

State and local............................................................ 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.9

State and local education............................................. 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.8

State and local, excluding education................................ 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 2.0

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.5

South.......................................................................... 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.7

Midwest....................................................................... 3.9 3.8 4.3 4.3 4.1

West........................................................................... 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.1

1 The annual average hires rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly hires levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 19. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 66,174 68,001 80,842 69,032 72,273

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 62,034 63,763 75,701 65,036 67,735

Mining and logging........................................................ 392 352 333 207 232

Construction............................................................... 4,217 4,869 4,977 4,155 4,151

Manufacturing............................................................. 4,115 4,043 5,376 4,977 5,118

Durable goods.......................................................... 2,286 2,296 3,159 2,721 2,749

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,830 1,747 2,215 2,254 2,370

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 13,474 13,661 16,097 15,200 15,094

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,714 1,740 2,108 1,902 1,969

Retail trade.............................................................. 9,116 9,069 10,323 10,066 9,218

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2,642 2,849 3,665 3,230 3,905

Information................................................................. 1,061 1,103 1,165 1,070 1,148

Financial activities......................................................... 2,335 2,492 2,731 2,519 2,709

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,530 1,584 1,640 1,721 1,819

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 806 911 1,090 795 890

Professional and business services.................................... 13,309 13,517 13,958 13,748 14,340

Education and health services.......................................... 8,036 8,071 10,377 8,824 9,354

Educational services................................................... 1,130 1,118 1,473 907 1,090

Health care and social assistance................................... 6,908 6,951 8,904 7,918 8,265

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 12,535 13,118 17,106 11,905 13,061

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 2,119 1,960 2,265 1,548 1,759

Accommodation and food services................................... 10,419 11,158 14,840 10,357 11,301

Other services............................................................. 2,564 2,537 3,580 2,433 2,527

Government.................................................................. 4,141 4,239 5,139 3,996 4,538

Federal..................................................................... 404 470 820 547 507

State and local............................................................ 3,737 3,767 4,316 3,452 4,032

State and local education............................................. 1,929 1,948 2,437 1,628 1,990

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,810 1,819 1,881 1,823 2,044

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 10,080 10,390 13,505 10,110 10,465

South.......................................................................... 26,292 27,010 30,224 28,315 30,077

Midwest....................................................................... 14,615 14,401 17,970 14,890 14,820

West........................................................................... 15,189 16,201 19,146 15,718 16,911

1 The annual total separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 20. Annual average total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 3.7 3.8 4.7 3.9 3.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 4.1 4.1 5.2 4.4 4.3

Mining and logging........................................................ 4.5 4.0 4.6 3.1 3.2

Construction............................................................... 4.8 5.4 5.7 4.7 4.5

Manufacturing............................................................. 2.7 2.6 3.7 3.4 3.3

Durable goods.......................................................... 2.4 2.4 3.5 3.0 2.9

Nondurable goods...................................................... 3.2 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4.1 4.1 5.0 4.6 4.4

Wholesale trade........................................................ 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.8 2.8

Retail trade.............................................................. 4.8 4.8 5.8 5.5 5.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 3.7 3.8 4.9 4.0 4.5

Information................................................................. 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.1

Financial activities......................................................... 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.5

Finance and insurance................................................ 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 3.0 3.3 4.1 2.9 3.1

Professional and business services.................................... 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.3

Education and health services.......................................... 2.8 2.8 3.7 3.1 3.2

Educational services................................................... 2.5 2.5 3.5 2.1 2.4

Health care and social assistance................................... 2.9 2.8 3.7 3.3 3.4

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 6.4 6.6 10.8 7.0 6.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 7.4 6.7 10.6 6.5 6.4

Accommodation and food services................................... 6.2 6.6 10.9 7.1 7.0

Other services............................................................. 3.7 3.6 5.6 3.7 3.7

Government.................................................................. 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.7

Federal..................................................................... 1.2 1.4 2.3 1.6 1.5

State and local............................................................ 1.6 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.7

State and local education............................................. 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.3 1.6

State and local, excluding education................................ 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.9

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3.1 3.1 4.4 3.2 3.2

South.......................................................................... 4.0 4.1 4.8 4.3 4.4

Midwest....................................................................... 3.7 3.7 4.9 4.0 3.8

West........................................................................... 3.7 3.8 4.8 3.8 3.9

1 The annual average total separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly total separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly

CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 21. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 40,308 42,125 35,904 47,680 50,596

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 38,149 39,886 33,566 45,310 47,854

Mining and logging........................................................ 246 179 105 118 156

Construction............................................................... 2,058 2,082 1,600 2,126 2,223

Manufacturing............................................................. 2,503 2,487 2,346 3,488 3,551

Durable goods.......................................................... 1,376 1,397 1,274 1,896 1,889

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,126 1,092 1,069 1,593 1,661

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 8,478 8,873 8,304 11,236 11,212

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,068 1,029 1,002 1,322 1,267

Retail trade.............................................................. 5,935 6,195 5,637 7,867 7,306

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1,473 1,647 1,666 2,046 2,638

Information................................................................. 567 552 441 610 602

Financial activities......................................................... 1,408 1,549 1,316 1,583 1,810

Finance and insurance................................................ 858 1,002 905 1,048 1,191

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 551 544 410 533 621

Professional and business services.................................... 7,565 7,767 6,651 8,596 9,108

Education and health services.......................................... 5,381 5,540 5,375 6,719 7,111

Educational services................................................... 583 652 489 604 708

Health care and social assistance................................... 4,799 4,888 4,886 6,115 6,403

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 8,438 9,225 6,386 9,305 10,356

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 920 944 542 834 916

Accommodation and food services................................... 7,517 8,285 5,844 8,472 9,440

Other services............................................................. 1,508 1,631 1,043 1,533 1,725

Government.................................................................. 2,157 2,239 2,338 2,369 2,742

Federal..................................................................... 186 209 234 263 251

State and local............................................................ 1,975 2,030 2,104 2,107 2,492

State and local education............................................. 1,044 1,099 1,194 1,008 1,259

State and local, excluding education................................ 932 928 910 1,100 1,233

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 5,380 5,696 4,800 6,392 6,830

South.......................................................................... 16,458 17,250 15,228 20,044 21,772

Midwest....................................................................... 8,984 9,184 8,013 10,378 10,214

West........................................................................... 9,482 9,996 7,863 10,862 11,781

1 The annual quits level is the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 22. Annual average quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.7 2.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 2.5 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.1

Mining and logging........................................................ 2.8 2.1 1.5 1.8 2.1

Construction............................................................... 2.4 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.4

Manufacturing............................................................. 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.4 2.3

Durable goods.......................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.1 2.0

Nondurable goods...................................................... 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.8 2.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.4 3.3

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.9 1.8

Retail trade.............................................................. 3.1 3.3 3.2 4.3 3.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.5 3.1

Information................................................................. 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.8 1.6

Financial activities......................................................... 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.7

Finance and insurance................................................ 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 2.0 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.2

Professional and business services.................................... 3.0 3.0 2.7 3.4 3.4

Education and health services.......................................... 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.4

Educational services................................................... 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.6

Health care and social assistance................................... 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.6

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 4.3 4.6 4.0 5.5 5.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 3.2 3.2 2.5 3.5 3.3

Accommodation and food services................................... 4.5 4.9 4.3 5.8 5.8

Other services............................................................. 2.2 2.3 1.6 2.3 2.5

Government.................................................................. 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0

Federal..................................................................... 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7

State and local............................................................ 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1

State and local education............................................. 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0

State and local, excluding education................................ 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 1.6 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.1

South.......................................................................... 2.5 2.6 2.4 3.1 3.2

Midwest....................................................................... 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.8 2.6

West........................................................................... 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.6 2.7

1 The annual average quits rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly quits levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 23. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 21,807 21,875 40,830 17,103 17,564

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 20,547 20,616 38,940 16,210 16,581

Mining and logging........................................................ 126 154 207 73 59

Construction............................................................... 2,003 2,589 3,226 1,861 1,760

Manufacturing............................................................. 1,369 1,312 2,755 1,204 1,237

Durable goods.......................................................... 750 748 1,721 648 638

Nondurable goods...................................................... 618 564 1,031 555 600

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4,164 4,046 7,158 3,291 3,233

Wholesale trade........................................................ 503 609 1,030 478 560

Retail trade.............................................................. 2,639 2,410 4,361 1,816 1,626

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1,022 1,025 1,766 996 1,043

Information................................................................. 412 466 660 359 457

Financial activities......................................................... 634 640 1,109 523 584

Finance and insurance................................................ 416 321 495 316 375

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 215 319 613 208 212

Professional and business services.................................... 4,999 5,048 6,480 4,257 4,351

Education and health services.......................................... 2,104 2,037 4,478 1,619 1,788

Educational services................................................... 478 403 928 247 309

Health care and social assistance................................... 1,624 1,636 3,549 1,374 1,479

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 3,797 3,562 10,425 2,259 2,436

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,152 980 1,695 675 818

Accommodation and food services................................... 2,643 2,580 8,727 1,585 1,620

Other services............................................................. 940 766 2,440 765 679

Government.................................................................. 1,262 1,260 1,891 894 983

Federal..................................................................... 89 121 435 120 93

State and local............................................................ 1,170 1,138 1,456 771 895

State and local education............................................. 602 556 824 382 409

State and local, excluding education................................ 567 582 632 389 481

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3,930 3,973 8,050 3,015 2,956

South.......................................................................... 8,354 8,256 13,479 6,598 6,697

Midwest....................................................................... 4,789 4,424 9,096 3,625 3,824

West........................................................................... 4,735 5,226 10,204 3,864 4,086

1 The annual layoffs and discharges level is the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 24. Annual average layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 1.2 1.2 2.4 1.0 1.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 1.4 1.3 2.7 1.1 1.1

Mining and logging........................................................ 1.4 1.8 2.9 1.1 0.8

Construction............................................................... 2.3 2.9 3.7 2.1 1.9

Manufacturing............................................................. 0.9 0.9 1.9 0.8 0.8

Durable goods.......................................................... 0.8 0.8 1.9 0.7 0.7

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1.1 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 1.3 1.2 2.2 1.0 0.9

Wholesale trade........................................................ 0.7 0.9 1.5 0.7 0.8

Retail trade.............................................................. 1.4 1.3 2.4 1.0 0.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1.4 1.4 2.4 1.2 1.2

Information................................................................. 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.0 1.2

Financial activities......................................................... 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.5

Finance and insurance................................................ 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 0.8 1.1 2.3 0.8 0.7

Professional and business services.................................... 2.0 2.0 2.7 1.7 1.6

Education and health services.......................................... 0.7 0.7 1.6 0.6 0.6

Educational services................................................... 1.1 0.9 2.2 0.6 0.7

Health care and social assistance................................... 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.6 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 1.9 1.8 6.6 1.3 1.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 4.0 3.4 8.0 2.8 3.0

Accommodation and food services................................... 1.6 1.5 6.4 1.1 1.0

Other services............................................................. 1.3 1.1 3.8 1.2 1.0

Government.................................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.4

Federal..................................................................... 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.3

State and local............................................................ 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4

State and local education............................................. 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding education................................ 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 1.2 1.2 2.6 1.0 0.9

South.......................................................................... 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.0 1.0

Midwest....................................................................... 1.2 1.1 2.5 1.0 1.0

West........................................................................... 1.1 1.2 2.6 0.9 0.9

1 The annual average layoffs and discharges rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly layoffs and discharges levels as a percent of the sum of the

12 monthly CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 25. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 4,063 4,001 4,107 4,251 4,113

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 3,340 3,259 3,198 3,517 3,299

Mining and logging........................................................ 21 17 19 17 16

Construction............................................................... 156 203 154 168 167

Manufacturing............................................................. 245 243 278 283 335

Durable goods.......................................................... 160 152 166 178 223

Nondurable goods...................................................... 88 88 113 105 111

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 832 743 632 671 653

Wholesale trade........................................................ 145 100 77 103 139

Retail trade.............................................................. 540 464 324 383 288

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 147 180 233 188 226

Information................................................................. 79 85 64 103 90

Financial activities......................................................... 293 303 309 414 313

Finance and insurance................................................ 258 259 242 358 252

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 36 44 68 58 61

Professional and business services.................................... 742 700 828 895 884

Education and health services.......................................... 554 494 522 487 458

Educational services................................................... 69 64 55 57 74

Health care and social assistance................................... 486 427 467 431 384

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 302 332 298 339 265

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 42 36 28 38 26

Accommodation and food services................................... 258 295 264 302 241

Other services............................................................. 114 141 97 136 121

Government.................................................................. 723 739 910 734 812

Federal..................................................................... 127 140 150 162 163

State and local............................................................ 596 601 757 572 650

State and local education............................................. 283 291 421 239 319

State and local, excluding education................................ 309 310 337 333 331

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 768 723 644 696 671

South.......................................................................... 1,479 1,505 1,527 1,681 1,612

Midwest....................................................................... 844 795 861 885 779

West........................................................................... 969 978 1,074 987 1,050

1 The annual other separations level is the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.
Table 26. Annual average other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Total.............................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging........................................................ 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

Construction............................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing............................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.......................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods...................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade........................................................ 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Retail trade.............................................................. 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3

Information................................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Financial activities......................................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3

Finance and insurance................................................ 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services.................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Education and health services.......................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services................................................... 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Other services............................................................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Government.................................................................. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal..................................................................... 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

State and local............................................................ 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local education............................................. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3

State and local, excluding education................................ 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

South.......................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Midwest....................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West........................................................................... 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

1 The annual average other separations rate is equal to the sum of the 12 monthly other separations levels as a percent of the sum of the 12 monthly

CES employment levels.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.