For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, May 31, 2023 USDL-23-1193

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – APRIL 2023

The number of job openings edged up to 10.1 million on the last business day of April, the U.S. Bureau 

of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires changed little at 6.1 million. 

Total separations decreased to 5.7 million. Within separations, quits (3.8 million) changed little, while 

layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) decreased. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of 

job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by establishment size 

class.

Job Openings

On the last business day of April, the number of job openings edged up to 10.1 million (+358,000). The 

job openings rate was little changed at 6.1 percent. In April, job openings increased in retail trade 

(+209,000); health care and social assistance (+185,000); and transportation, warehousing, and utilities 

(+154,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In April, the number of hires was little changed at 6.1 million, and the rate held at 3.9 percent. Hires

decreased in information (-37,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 

workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 

by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 

to other locations of the same firm.

 4.4

 4.8

 5.2

 5.6

 6.0

 6.4

 6.8

 7.2

 7.6

Apr-21 Oct-21 Apr-22 Oct-22 Apr-23

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

April 2021 - April 2023

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

Apr-21 Oct-21 Apr-22 Oct-22 Apr-23

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

April 2021 - April 2023
- 2 -

The number of total separations decreased to 5.7 million (-286,000) in April, and the rate was little 

changed at 3.7 percent. Over the month, the number of total separations was little changed in all 

industries. (See table 3.)

In April, the number and rate of quits changed little at 3.8 million and 2.4 percent, respectively. The 

number of quits increased in wholesale trade (+29,000) but decreased in state and local government, 

excluding education (-18,000). (See table 4.)

In April, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased to 1.6 million (-264,000) and 1.0

percent, respectively. Layoffs and discharges decreased in construction (-113,000) and in information

(-33,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in April at 333,000. Other separations increased in 

health care and social assistance (+24,000), state and local government, excluding education (+10,000), 

and mining and logging (+2,000). Other separations decreased in accommodation and food services

(-18,000) and in arts, entertainment, and recreation (-3,000). (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In April, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw an increase in their job openings rate and a decrease

in their layoffs and discharges rate. Establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw an increase in 

both their job openings and hires rates. (See table 7.)

____________

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for May 2023 are scheduled to be 

released on Thursday, July 6, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 11,755 9,745 10,103 6,572 6,066 6,115 6,175 5,994 5,708

Total private....................................... 10,726 8,710 9,140 6,177 5,671 5,739 5,806 5,643 5,357

Mining and logging............................. 42 30 31 25 24 24 17 23 19

Construction.................................... 418 315 383 334 383 356 349 454 371

Manufacturing.................................. 1,024 702 676 503 373 387 461 394 387

Durable goods............................... 631 422 382 275 216 208 243 225 197

Nondurable goods........................... 393 281 294 229 156 179 218 169 190

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,962 1,436 1,765 1,345 1,195 1,241 1,324 1,241 1,279

Wholesale trade............................. 306 296 261 195 149 174 174 160 183

Retail trade................................... 1,121 733 942 787 701 716 833 747 758

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 535 407 561 363 345 351 317 334 339

Information...................................... 274 181 174 109 117 80 82 96 72

Financial activities.............................. 534 479 513 286 198 229 260 195 199

Finance and insurance..................... 378 349 412 196 127 147 167 121 126

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 156 130 102 90 71 82 93 74 74

Professional and business services......... 2,309 1,805 1,748 1,304 1,169 1,261 1,224 1,134 1,110

Education and health services............... 2,223 1,932 2,097 881 883 869 813 844 772

Educational services........................ 189 210 189 108 100 101 95 96 83

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 2,034 1,722 1,907 773 783 769 718 748 689

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,511 1,463 1,377 1,172 1,089 1,096 1,067 1,053 954

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 156 243 237 157 170 170 154 166 146

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 1,354 1,220 1,140 1,015 919 925 913 887 809

Other services.................................. 429 367 376 217 239 195 209 209 195

Government....................................... 1,029 1,034 963 396 395 376 369 351 351

Federal.......................................... 107 133 130 39 47 43 45 38 40

State and local................................. 922 902 833 356 348 333 324 313 311

State and local education.................. 352 321 298 178 170 173 154 158 163

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 570 580 535 178 178 160 170 155 148

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 7.2 5.9 6.1 4.3 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.7

Total private....................................... 7.6 6.2 6.4 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.0

Mining and logging............................. 6.5 4.6 4.6 4.1 3.8 3.8 2.8 3.7 2.9

Construction.................................... 5.2 3.8 4.6 4.3 4.9 4.5 4.5 5.8 4.7

Manufacturing.................................. 7.4 5.1 4.9 3.9 2.9 3.0 3.6 3.0 3.0

Durable goods............................... 7.4 5.0 4.5 3.5 2.7 2.6 3.1 2.8 2.4

Nondurable goods........................... 7.5 5.4 5.7 4.7 3.2 3.7 4.5 3.5 3.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 6.4 4.7 5.8 4.7 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.4

Wholesale trade............................. 4.9 4.7 4.1 3.3 2.5 2.9 2.9 2.6 3.0

Retail trade................................... 6.7 4.5 5.7 5.1 4.5 4.6 5.4 4.8 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 6.9 5.3 7.1 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.6

Information...................................... 8.3 5.5 5.3 3.6 3.8 2.6 2.7 3.1 2.3

Financial activities.............................. 5.6 5.0 5.3 3.2 2.2 2.5 2.9 2.1 2.2

Finance and insurance..................... 5.4 5.0 5.8 2.9 1.9 2.2 2.5 1.8 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 6.2 5.1 4.0 3.8 3.0 3.4 4.0 3.1 3.0

Professional and business services......... 9.3 7.3 7.1 5.8 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.0 4.8

Education and health services............... 8.4 7.2 7.7 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.1

Educational services........................ 4.8 5.1 4.6 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 9.1 7.5 8.2 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.2

Leisure and hospitality........................ 8.8 8.1 7.7 7.5 6.6 6.6 6.8 6.4 5.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 6.5 9.1 8.9 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.0

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 9.2 8.0 7.5 7.6 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.3 5.7

Other services.................................. 7.0 5.9 6.0 3.8 4.1 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Government....................................... 4.4 4.4 4.1 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6

Federal.......................................... 3.6 4.4 4.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.4

State and local................................. 4.6 4.4 4.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6

State and local education.................. 3.3 3.0 2.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 5.9 5.9 5.5 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Starting with data for January 2023, 

industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 

North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions 

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

• A specific position exists, and there is work

available for that position. The position can

be full-time or part-time, and it can be

permanent, short-term, or seasonal.

• The job could start within 30 days, whether

or not the employer can find a suitable

candidate during that time.

• The employer is actively recruiting workers

from outside the establishment to fill the

position. Active recruiting means that the

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future; 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

have not yet reported for work; and positions to be 

filled by employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 

dividing the number of job openings by the sum of 

employment and job openings—that is, all filled and 

unfilled jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability, and deaths.

Excluded from separations measures are transfers 

within the same location; employees on strike; and 

employees of temporary help agencies, employee 

leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. 

The sampling frame is made up of 

establishments from two sources: the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the 

Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The QCEW 

database contains establishments that cover 

approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in 

the United States. This database is a compilation of 

administrative data from state unemployment 

insurance (UI) programs and federal government 

establishments covered by the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) 

program. A frame of railroad establishments is 

provided by the FRA. This is added to the QCEW 

database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame.

The JOLTS estimation method involves the 

following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, 

item nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking 

and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and 

death model estimation, estimates review and outlier 

selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and 

variance estimates. Establishment size class levels are 

also produced. Detailed information about the 

estimation method can be found in the Handbook of 

Methods at 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through 

which the JOLTS weighted employment for each 

estimation cell is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells 

are benchmarked monthly to the current employment 

level from the BLS Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked

to ensure that JOLTS weighted employment is equal 

to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. In 

addition, many new establishments fail within the 

first year, referred to as a death. Because new and 

short-lived universe establishments cannot be 

reflected in the sampling frame immediately, the 

JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, 

and separations from these establishments during 

their early existence. BLS has developed a 

birth/death model that uses establishment birth and 

death activity from previous years as collected by the 

QCEW and projects forward to the present using 

over-the-year change in the CES. The birth/death 

model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate 

the amount of churn (meaning the rates of hires and 

separations) that exists in establishments of various 

sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 

with the projected employment change to estimate 

the number of hires and separations that take place in 

these establishments that cannot be measured through 

sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences between the two surveys, as well as 

sampling and nonsampling errors, historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.
Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the 

seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) 

is used to seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each 

month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment 

methodology uses all relevant data, up to and 

including the current month, to calculate new 

seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are 

used as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. 

JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive 

and multiplicative models, as well as regression with 

autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to 

improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 

beginning and end of the series and to detect and 

adjust for outliers in the series.

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The

JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the 

issuance of data for January. Five years of data are 

subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 

1) benchmarks based on CES employment estimates 

newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal 

adjustment factors, and 3) any needed special 

adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels for each data element by the

sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment 

levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error. 

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. Sampling error estimates are available 

at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Total............................................... 11,755 10,563 9,974 9,745 10,103 358 7.2 6.4 6.0 5.9 6.1 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 10,726 9,536 8,959 8,710 9,140 430 7.6 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.4 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 42 36 39 30 31 1 6.5 5.3 5.8 4.6 4.6 0.0

Construction................................ 418 283 404 315 383 68 5.2 3.5 4.9 3.8 4.6 0.8

Manufacturing.............................. 1,024 732 707 702 676 -26 7.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 -0.2

Durable goods........................... 631 462 459 422 382 -40 7.4 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.5 -0.5

Nondurable goods....................... 393 270 248 281 294 13 7.5 5.2 4.8 5.4 5.7 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,962 1,837 1,671 1,436 1,765 329 6.4 6.0 5.5 4.7 5.8 1.1

Wholesale trade......................... 306 304 291 296 261 -35 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.1 -0.6

Retail trade............................... 1,121 901 801 733 942 209 6.7 5.5 4.9 4.5 5.7 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 535 633 579 407 561 154 6.9 8.0 7.4 5.3 7.1 1.8

Information.................................. 274 138 169 181 174 -7 8.3 4.3 5.2 5.5 5.3 -0.2

Financial activities......................... 534 451 461 479 513 34 5.6 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.3 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 378 337 331 349 412 63 5.4 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.8 0.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 156 114 130 130 102 -28 6.2 4.5 5.1 5.1 4.0 -1.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 2,309 2,101 1,852 1,805 1,748 -57 9.3 8.4 7.5 7.3 7.1 -0.2

Education and health services........... 2,223 2,012 1,874 1,932 2,097 165 8.4 7.5 7.0 7.2 7.7 0.5

Educational services.................... 189 178 184 210 189 -21 4.8 4.4 4.5 5.1 4.6 -0.5

Health care and social assistance. . .. 2,034 1,834 1,690 1,722 1,907 185 9.1 8.0 7.4 7.5 8.2 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,511 1,588 1,428 1,463 1,377 -86 8.8 8.8 8.0 8.1 7.7 -0.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 156 188 218 243 237 -6 6.5 7.2 8.2 9.1 8.9 -0.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,354 1,400 1,210 1,220 1,140 -80 9.2 9.1 7.9 8.0 7.5 -0.5

Other services.............................. 429 359 353 367 376 9 7.0 5.8 5.7 5.9 6.0 0.1

Government................................... 1,029 1,027 1,015 1,034 963 -71 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.1 -0.3

Federal...................................... 107 169 140 133 130 -3 3.6 5.5 4.6 4.4 4.3 -0.1

State and local............................. 922 858 876 902 833 -69 4.6 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.1 -0.3

State and local education.............. 352 323 331 321 298 -23 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.8 -0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 570 535 545 580 535 -45 5.9 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.5 -0.4

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,838 1,679 1,617 1,623 1,589 -34 6.4 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.4 -0.1

South........................................... 4,560 4,312 4,141 4,039 4,059 20 7.5 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.6 0.1

Midwest........................................ 2,653 2,311 2,031 2,022 2,159 137 7.6 6.5 5.8 5.7 6.1 0.4

West............................................ 2,705 2,261 2,185 2,060 2,296 236 7.0 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.9 0.6

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Total............................................... 6,572 6,327 6,150 6,066 6,115 49 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,177 5,917 5,754 5,671 5,739 68 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.3 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 25 26 26 24 24 0 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.8 0.0

Construction................................ 334 387 367 383 356 -27 4.3 4.9 4.7 4.9 4.5 -0.4

Manufacturing.............................. 503 420 416 373 387 14 3.9 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.0 0.1

Durable goods........................... 275 219 217 216 208 -8 3.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 -0.1

Nondurable goods....................... 229 201 199 156 179 23 4.7 4.1 4.1 3.2 3.7 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,345 1,335 1,263 1,195 1,241 46 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.3 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 195 179 194 149 174 25 3.3 3.0 3.2 2.5 2.9 0.4

Retail trade............................... 787 798 728 701 716 15 5.1 5.1 4.7 4.5 4.6 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 363 358 341 345 351 6 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.8 0.1

Information.................................. 109 85 95 117 80 -37 3.6 2.7 3.1 3.8 2.6 -1.2

Financial activities......................... 286 214 211 198 229 31 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.5 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 196 124 118 127 147 20 2.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.2 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 90 90 93 71 82 11 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.0 3.4 0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,304 1,158 1,114 1,169 1,261 92 5.8 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.5 0.4

Education and health services........... 881 902 863 883 869 -14 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 0.0

Educational services.................... 108 99 104 100 101 1 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 773 803 759 783 769 -14 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.6 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,172 1,182 1,182 1,089 1,096 7 7.5 7.2 7.2 6.6 6.6 0.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 157 161 193 170 170 0 7.0 6.7 8.0 7.0 7.0 0.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,015 1,021 988 919 925 6 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.5 6.6 0.1

Other services.............................. 217 210 218 239 195 -44 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.1 3.3 -0.8

Government................................... 396 410 396 395 376 -19 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 -0.1

Federal...................................... 39 40 48 47 43 -4 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.5 -0.1

State and local............................. 356 370 348 348 333 -15 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 -0.1

State and local education.............. 178 198 174 170 173 3 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.7 0.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 178 172 173 178 160 -18 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 -0.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 944 927 915 970 958 -12 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 -0.1

South........................................... 2,721 2,576 2,577 2,490 2,556 66 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.4 0.1

Midwest........................................ 1,361 1,319 1,292 1,247 1,290 43 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.9 0.1

West............................................ 1,547 1,505 1,366 1,359 1,310 -49 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.7 3.6 -0.1

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Total............................................... 6,175 5,900 5,841 5,994 5,708 -286 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 -0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,806 5,557 5,506 5,643 5,357 -286 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.0 -0.2

Mining and logging......................... 17 22 26 23 19 -4 2.8 3.5 4.1 3.7 2.9 -0.8

Construction................................ 349 356 352 454 371 -83 4.5 4.5 4.5 5.8 4.7 -1.1

Manufacturing.............................. 461 406 409 394 387 -7 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 0.0

Durable goods........................... 243 217 209 225 197 -28 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.4 -0.4

Nondurable goods....................... 218 189 199 169 190 21 4.5 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.9 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,324 1,300 1,267 1,241 1,279 38 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.4 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 174 167 184 160 183 23 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.6 3.0 0.4

Retail trade............................... 833 768 745 747 758 11 5.4 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.9 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 317 365 339 334 339 5 4.4 5.0 4.7 4.6 4.6 0.0

Information.................................. 82 104 100 96 72 -24 2.7 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.3 -0.8

Financial activities......................... 260 208 193 195 199 4 2.9 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 0.1

Finance and insurance................. 167 124 117 121 126 5 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 93 84 76 74 74 0 4.0 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,224 1,129 1,062 1,134 1,110 -24 5.5 4.9 4.6 5.0 4.8 -0.2

Education and health services........... 813 768 794 844 772 -72 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.1 -0.3

Educational services.................... 95 75 96 96 83 -13 2.5 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.1 -0.4

Health care and social assistance. . .. 718 693 699 748 689 -59 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.2 -0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,067 1,061 1,112 1,053 954 -99 6.8 6.5 6.7 6.4 5.8 -0.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 154 141 154 166 146 -20 6.8 5.9 6.3 6.8 6.0 -0.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 913 920 958 887 809 -78 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.3 5.7 -0.6

Other services.............................. 209 202 190 209 195 -14 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.3 -0.3

Government................................... 369 343 335 351 351 0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.0

Federal...................................... 45 35 39 38 40 2 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 0.1

State and local............................. 324 309 295 313 311 -2 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.0

State and local education.............. 154 158 145 158 163 5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 0.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 170 151 151 155 148 -7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 -0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 932 889 799 888 810 -78 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.2 2.9 -0.3

South........................................... 2,504 2,507 2,548 2,456 2,303 -153 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.0 -0.3

Midwest........................................ 1,367 1,187 1,157 1,221 1,305 84 4.2 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.9 0.2

West............................................ 1,372 1,318 1,336 1,430 1,290 -140 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.9 3.5 -0.4

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Total............................................... 4,497 3,878 3,980 3,842 3,793 -49 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.4 -0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 4,265 3,681 3,785 3,630 3,595 -35 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 13 15 18 15 10 -5 2.1 2.4 2.9 2.3 1.5 -0.8

Construction................................ 228 179 153 143 166 23 3.0 2.3 1.9 1.8 2.1 0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 323 267 277 256 244 -12 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.9 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 165 144 142 144 119 -25 2.1 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 -0.3

Nondurable goods....................... 158 123 134 112 125 13 3.3 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.6 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,015 921 885 875 896 21 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 119 101 114 102 131 29 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.2 0.5

Retail trade............................... 678 592 561 560 550 -10 4.4 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 217 228 210 213 216 3 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0 0.1

Information.................................. 52 41 43 44 50 6 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 0.2

Financial activities......................... 196 143 107 125 146 21 2.2 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.6 0.2

Finance and insurance................. 124 97 57 73 89 16 1.9 1.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 72 46 51 52 57 5 3.1 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 828 546 649 664 626 -38 3.7 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.7 -0.2

Education and health services........... 627 607 614 623 571 -52 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3 -0.2

Educational services.................... 73 40 58 61 59 -2 1.9 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.5 -0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 554 567 556 561 512 -49 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.4 -0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 846 825 915 751 758 7 5.4 5.0 5.5 4.5 4.6 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 76 79 76 68 81 13 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.3 0.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 770 746 839 682 678 -4 5.8 5.3 6.0 4.8 4.8 0.0

Other services.............................. 138 136 124 135 127 -8 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.2 -0.1

Government................................... 233 198 195 212 198 -14 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

Federal...................................... 24 17 20 17 18 1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.0

State and local............................. 208 180 175 195 180 -15 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 -0.1

State and local education.............. 99 95 88 99 102 3 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 110 85 87 96 78 -18 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 -0.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 611 501 503 528 508 -20 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 -0.1

South........................................... 1,831 1,680 1,857 1,685 1,649 -36 3.2 2.9 3.2 2.9 2.9 0.0

Midwest........................................ 1,016 779 747 777 778 1 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 0.0

West............................................ 1,039 919 873 852 858 6 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 0.0

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Total............................................... 1,342 1,719 1,557 1,845 1,581 -264 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 -0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,269 1,630 1,475 1,763 1,495 -268 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 -0.2

Mining and logging......................... 3 5 7 7 6 -1 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.0 -0.1

Construction................................ 108 161 182 302 189 -113 1.4 2.0 2.3 3.8 2.4 -1.4

Manufacturing.............................. 112 114 113 118 120 2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

Durable goods........................... 61 57 53 66 64 -2 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.0

Nondurable goods....................... 52 57 61 52 56 4 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 251 323 326 289 314 25 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 43 61 54 50 49 -1 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.0

Retail trade............................... 127 142 156 134 160 26 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 80 120 116 105 105 0 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 0.0

Information.................................. 28 48 49 49 16 -33 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.5 -1.1

Financial activities......................... 34 54 38 52 47 -5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.5 -0.1

Finance and insurance................. 18 22 20 32 31 -1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 17 32 18 21 16 -5 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.7 -0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 325 529 382 423 414 -9 1.5 2.3 1.7 1.8 1.8 0.0

Education and health services........... 144 132 144 188 144 -44 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.6 -0.2

Educational services.................... 16 28 32 32 21 -11 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 -0.3

Health care and social assistance. . .. 128 104 112 157 123 -34 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 204 215 182 276 190 -86 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.1 -0.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 75 58 72 94 64 -30 3.3 2.4 3.0 3.9 2.6 -1.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 129 157 110 182 126 -56 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.3 0.9 -0.4

Other services.............................. 59 49 52 59 55 -4 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 -0.1

Government................................... 73 88 82 82 87 5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

Federal...................................... 7 5 6 6 6 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local............................. 67 84 76 76 80 4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

State and local education.............. 31 42 36 38 41 3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 36 42 40 38 40 2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 270 334 258 323 250 -73 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.2 0.9 -0.3

South........................................... 524 710 561 652 543 -109 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 -0.2

Midwest........................................ 279 350 347 377 436 59 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.2

West............................................ 269 324 391 493 352 -141 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.0 -0.3

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar.

2023 -

Apr.

2023p

Total............................................... 336 303 304 306 333 27 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 273 246 246 250 267 17 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 1 2 1 1 3 2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2

Construction................................ 13 15 18 9 15 6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 27 25 19 20 22 2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Durable goods........................... 18 16 14 15 14 -1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Nondurable goods....................... 9 9 4 5 8 3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 59 56 57 77 69 -8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 11 5 16 8 3 -5 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 -0.1

Retail trade............................... 27 34 29 53 48 -5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 20 17 13 16 18 2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Information.................................. 3 15 8 4 6 2 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1

Financial activities......................... 30 11 48 17 7 -10 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Finance and insurance................. 25 5 40 16 6 -10 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 -0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 5 5 8 1 1 0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 71 54 31 47 70 23 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1

Education and health services........... 42 29 36 33 56 23 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Educational services.................... 7 6 5 4 2 -2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 36 23 31 30 54 24 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 17 21 15 27 6 -21 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 4 4 6 4 1 -3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 13 17 9 23 5 -18 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 -0.2

Other services.............................. 11 17 14 14 13 -1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Government................................... 63 57 57 56 66 10 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1

Federal...................................... 14 12 14 15 15 0 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0

State and local............................. 49 45 44 41 51 10 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

State and local education.............. 25 20 21 21 21 0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 25 25 23 20 30 10 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 51 53 37 37 52 15 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

South........................................... 149 117 130 119 110 -9 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Midwest........................................ 72 58 63 66 90 24 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

West............................................ 64 75 73 85 81 -4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar. 2023 -

Apr. 2023p

Apr.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Change

from:

Mar. 2023 -

Apr. 2023p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private.......................... 10,726 9,536 8,959 8,710 9,140 430 7.6 6.7 6.3 6.2 6.4 0.2

1 to 9 employees.................. 1,689 1,906 1,654 1,396 1,785 389 7.5 7.9 7.2 6.1 7.7 1.6

10 to 49 employees............... 3,323 2,934 2,918 2,829 2,715 -114 7.3 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.8 -0.2

50 to 249 employees............. 3,142 2,653 2,436 2,525 2,538 13 7.8 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.0 -0.3

250 to 999 employees............ 1,565 1,102 1,038 1,040 1,172 132 7.9 6.0 5.8 5.6 6.6 1.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 743 647 625 637 634 -3 8.5 7.0 7.0 7.3 8.0 0.7

5,000 or more employees........ 266 294 289 283 297 14 7.8 7.0 6.5 6.3 7.4 1.1

HIRES

Total private.......................... 6,177 5,917 5,754 5,671 5,739 68 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.3 4.3 0.0

1 to 9 employees.................. 991 885 874 930 884 -46 4.7 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.1 -0.3

10 to 49 employees............... 1,917 1,923 1,978 1,892 1,859 -33 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 -0.1

50 to 249 employees............. 1,875 1,880 1,743 1,693 1,803 110 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.5 4.6 0.1

250 to 999 employees............ 934 831 766 773 793 20 5.2 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.8 0.4

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 383 327 321 312 321 9 4.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 4.4 0.6

5,000 or more employees........ 77 72 72 71 78 7 2.4 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.1 0.4

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................... 5,806 5,557 5,506 5,643 5,357 -286 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.0 -0.2

1 to 9 employees.................. 863 705 714 865 766 -99 4.1 3.2 3.4 4.1 3.6 -0.5

10 to 49 employees............... 1,799 1,966 2,008 1,920 1,859 -61 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 -0.2

50 to 249 employees............. 1,779 1,753 1,654 1,769 1,676 -93 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.2 -0.5

250 to 999 employees............ 954 731 730 702 728 26 5.3 4.2 4.3 4.0 4.4 0.4

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 351 342 334 325 272 -53 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.7 -0.3

5,000 or more employees........ 60 59 66 61 57 -4 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 0.0

QUITS

Total private........................ 4,265 3,681 3,785 3,630 3,595 -35 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 656 394 478 461 485 24 3.1 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.3 0.1

10 to 49 employees............ 1,395 1,395 1,412 1,279 1,304 25 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 0.0

50 to 249 employees........... 1,306 1,194 1,178 1,213 1,154 -59 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.9 -0.3

250 to 999 employees......... 638 452 468 441 447 6 3.5 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.7 0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 228 207 208 198 172 -26 2.8 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.3 -0.1

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 41 39 41 38 35 -3 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.0

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private........................ 1,269 1,630 1,475 1,763 1,495 -268 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 -0.2

1 to 9 employees............... 163 259 156 345 208 -137 0.8 1.2 0.7 1.6 1.0 -0.6

10 to 49 employees............ 324 507 525 548 439 -109 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 -0.2

50 to 249 employees........... 404 507 429 501 485 -16 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 -0.1

250 to 999 employees......... 264 229 246 245 265 20 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 103 115 104 110 83 -27 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1 -0.2

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 11 12 16 16 15 -1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private........................ 273 246 246 250 267 17 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 44 52 81 60 73 13 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0

10 to 49 employees............ 79 64 71 93 116 23 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

50 to 249 employees........... 69 53 47 55 38 -17 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

250 to 999 employees......... 52 50 17 16 16 0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 20 20 23 18 17 -1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 9 8 8 8 7 -1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 12,435 9,592 10,642 7.6 5.8 6.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 11,393 8,536 9,688 8.1 6.1 6.8

Mining and logging............................................... 42 31 31 6.7 4.8 4.6

Construction....................................................... 483 334 438 6.0 4.2 5.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 1,014 710 663 7.4 5.2 4.9

Durable goods.................................................. 631 437 367 7.4 5.1 4.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 383 273 296 7.4 5.3 5.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,958 1,331 1,768 6.5 4.4 5.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 349 300 289 5.6 4.7 4.6

Retail trade..................................................... 1,067 623 895 6.5 3.9 5.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 542 408 584 7.1 5.3 7.5

Information........................................................ 284 185 178 8.6 5.7 5.5

Financial activities................................................ 578 433 564 6.0 4.6 5.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 410 319 454 5.8 4.6 6.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 168 114 109 6.7 4.6 4.4

Professional and business services............................ 2,408 1,789 1,798 9.7 7.3 7.3

Education and health services.................................. 2,415 1,862 2,292 9.1 6.9 8.3

Educational services.......................................... 194 204 194 4.7 4.8 4.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 2,221 1,657 2,097 9.8 7.3 9.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,734 1,498 1,521 10.1 8.5 8.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 178 290 266 7.5 11.4 10.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,557 1,208 1,255 10.5 8.0 8.2

Other services.................................................... 477 363 435 7.8 5.9 6.9

Government.......................................................... 1,042 1,056 954 4.4 4.4 4.0

Federal............................................................. 127 151 147 4.2 5.0 4.8

State and local.................................................... 915 905 808 4.5 4.3 3.9

State and local education..................................... 334 300 277 3.1 2.7 2.5

State and local, excluding education........................ 581 605 531 6.1 6.2 5.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,902 1,584 1,611 6.6 5.4 5.5

South................................................................. 4,867 3,983 4,293 8.0 6.5 6.9

Midwest............................................................... 2,877 2,026 2,351 8.2 5.8 6.6

West.................................................................. 2,788 1,999 2,387 7.2 5.2 6.1

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 6,814 5,507 6,303 4.5 3.6 4.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,506 5,218 6,022 5.0 4.0 4.5

Mining and logging............................................... 28 27 28 4.7 4.3 4.4

Construction....................................................... 447 388 460 5.9 5.1 5.9

Manufacturing..................................................... 516 356 393 4.1 2.8 3.0

Durable goods.................................................. 282 213 210 3.6 2.6 2.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 234 143 183 4.9 2.9 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,274 1,038 1,168 4.5 3.6 4.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 215 145 192 3.6 2.4 3.2

Retail trade..................................................... 781 650 708 5.1 4.2 4.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 278 242 269 3.9 3.4 3.7

Information........................................................ 102 100 70 3.4 3.3 2.3

Financial activities................................................ 311 165 264 3.5 1.8 2.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 202 108 163 3.0 1.6 2.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 108 57 100 4.6 2.4 4.2

Professional and business services............................ 1,400 1,093 1,353 6.3 4.8 5.9

Education and health services.................................. 877 789 864 3.6 3.1 3.4

Educational services.......................................... 80 67 73 2.1 1.7 1.8

Health care and social assistance........................... 797 722 791 3.9 3.4 3.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,309 1,049 1,208 8.5 6.5 7.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 225 175 239 10.2 7.8 10.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,085 874 969 8.2 6.3 6.9

Other services.................................................... 241 213 214 4.3 3.7 3.7

Government.......................................................... 308 289 281 1.4 1.3 1.2

Federal............................................................. 39 41 41 1.4 1.4 1.4

State and local.................................................... 269 248 239 1.4 1.2 1.2

State and local education..................................... 88 98 83 0.8 0.9 0.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 181 150 157 2.0 1.6 1.7

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,033 898 1,074 3.8 3.3 3.9

South................................................................. 2,771 2,296 2,583 4.9 4.0 4.5

Midwest............................................................... 1,382 1,130 1,299 4.3 3.4 3.9

West.................................................................. 1,628 1,183 1,347 4.5 3.2 3.7

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 6,208 5,235 5,641 4.1 3.4 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,931 4,980 5,393 4.6 3.8 4.1

Mining and logging............................................... 17 22 18 2.8 3.5 2.8

Construction....................................................... 325 366 334 4.3 4.8 4.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 502 406 422 3.9 3.1 3.3

Durable goods.................................................. 275 240 221 3.5 3.0 2.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 227 167 201 4.7 3.4 4.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,299 1,057 1,232 4.6 3.7 4.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 187 151 200 3.2 2.5 3.3

Retail trade..................................................... 814 610 729 5.3 4.0 4.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 297 296 303 4.2 4.1 4.2

Information........................................................ 91 83 76 3.0 2.7 2.5

Financial activities................................................ 280 167 215 3.1 1.8 2.4

Finance and insurance........................................ 182 107 142 2.7 1.6 2.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 98 60 74 4.2 2.5 3.1

Professional and business services............................ 1,315 1,063 1,184 5.9 4.7 5.2

Education and health services.................................. 822 741 779 3.4 2.9 3.1

Educational services.......................................... 78 59 66 2.0 1.5 1.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 745 682 713 3.7 3.2 3.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,072 875 945 6.9 5.5 5.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 128 97 123 5.8 4.3 5.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 944 778 822 7.1 5.6 5.9

Other services.................................................... 208 201 188 3.7 3.5 3.2

Government.......................................................... 277 255 249 1.2 1.1 1.1

Federal............................................................. 38 30 34 1.3 1.0 1.2

State and local.................................................... 239 225 215 1.2 1.1 1.1

State and local education..................................... 94 91 97 0.9 0.8 0.9

State and local, excluding education........................ 146 134 118 1.6 1.5 1.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 912 706 793 3.4 2.6 2.9

South................................................................. 2,560 2,301 2,293 4.5 4.0 4.0

Midwest............................................................... 1,305 1,019 1,232 4.0 3.1 3.7

West.................................................................. 1,432 1,210 1,324 4.0 3.3 3.6

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 4,657 3,444 3,869 3.1 2.2 2.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 4,470 3,277 3,722 3.5 2.5 2.8

Mining and logging............................................... 13 15 10 2.3 2.4 1.6

Construction....................................................... 221 124 164 2.9 1.6 2.1

Manufacturing..................................................... 356 267 266 2.8 2.1 2.1

Durable goods.................................................. 192 157 134 2.4 1.9 1.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 164 110 131 3.4 2.3 2.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,041 774 907 3.7 2.7 3.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 133 98 150 2.2 1.6 2.5

Retail trade..................................................... 679 465 534 4.4 3.0 3.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 229 210 224 3.2 2.9 3.1

Information........................................................ 54 37 53 1.8 1.2 1.7

Financial activities................................................ 218 107 164 2.4 1.2 1.8

Finance and insurance........................................ 140 63 105 2.1 0.9 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 78 44 59 3.3 1.9 2.5

Professional and business services............................ 929 603 699 4.1 2.7 3.1

Education and health services.................................. 634 567 579 2.6 2.3 2.3

Educational services.......................................... 60 41 50 1.5 1.0 1.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 575 526 528 2.8 2.5 2.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 866 645 759 5.6 4.0 4.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 63 49 68 2.8 2.2 2.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 803 596 691 6.0 4.3 4.9

Other services.................................................... 136 138 121 2.4 2.4 2.1

Government.......................................................... 188 168 146 0.8 0.7 0.6

Federal............................................................. 22 15 16 0.8 0.5 0.6

State and local.................................................... 166 153 130 0.8 0.8 0.7

State and local education..................................... 61 60 61 0.6 0.6 0.6

State and local, excluding education........................ 105 92 69 1.2 1.0 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 634 444 529 2.3 1.6 1.9

South................................................................. 1,926 1,576 1,691 3.4 2.7 2.9

Midwest............................................................... 1,009 678 762 3.1 2.1 2.3

West.................................................................. 1,089 746 886 3.0 2.0 2.4

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 1,236 1,514 1,449 0.8 1.0 0.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,193 1,468 1,397 0.9 1.1 1.1

Mining and logging............................................... 3 6 6 0.5 1.0 0.9

Construction....................................................... 91 231 153 1.2 3.0 2.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 119 121 133 0.9 0.9 1.0

Durable goods.................................................. 64 70 72 0.8 0.9 0.9

Nondurable goods............................................. 55 52 61 1.1 1.1 1.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 202 207 255 0.7 0.7 0.9

Wholesale trade................................................ 43 44 48 0.7 0.7 0.8

Retail trade..................................................... 111 93 147 0.7 0.6 1.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 48 70 60 0.7 1.0 0.8

Information........................................................ 32 43 18 1.0 1.4 0.6

Financial activities................................................ 33 48 45 0.4 0.5 0.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 18 33 31 0.3 0.5 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 16 15 14 0.7 0.6 0.6

Professional and business services............................ 320 412 418 1.4 1.8 1.8

Education and health services.................................. 144 145 139 0.6 0.6 0.6

Educational services.......................................... 12 17 14 0.3 0.4 0.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 132 129 125 0.6 0.6 0.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 189 206 176 1.2 1.3 1.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 62 44 54 2.8 2.0 2.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 128 162 122 1.0 1.2 0.9

Other services.................................................... 60 47 54 1.1 0.8 0.9

Government.......................................................... 43 46 52 0.2 0.2 0.2

Federal............................................................. 5 4 4 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local.................................................... 39 42 47 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local education..................................... 18 20 25 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 20 22 22 0.2 0.2 0.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 228 229 212 0.8 0.8 0.8

South................................................................. 502 626 508 0.9 1.1 0.9

Midwest............................................................... 229 280 376 0.7 0.8 1.1

West.................................................................. 277 380 353 0.8 1.0 1.0

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 315 276 324 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 269 235 273 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 1 1 2 0.1 0.1 0.3

Construction....................................................... 13 10 17 0.2 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 28 18 23 0.2 0.1 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 19 13 15 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 9 5 8 0.2 0.1 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 57 76 70 0.2 0.3 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 11 8 3 0.2 0.1 0.0

Retail trade..................................................... 25 52 48 0.2 0.3 0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 21 16 19 0.3 0.2 0.3

Information........................................................ 5 3 6 0.2 0.1 0.2

Financial activities................................................ 29 12 6 0.3 0.1 0.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 24 11 5 0.4 0.2 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 5 0 1 0.2 0.0 0.0

Professional and business services............................ 66 47 67 0.3 0.2 0.3

Education and health services.................................. 44 29 61 0.2 0.1 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 6 2 2 0.1 0.0 0.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 38 27 59 0.2 0.1 0.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 16 24 10 0.1 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 3 3 1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 13 21 9 0.1 0.2 0.1

Other services.................................................... 11 16 13 0.2 0.3 0.2

Government.......................................................... 46 41 50 0.2 0.2 0.2

Federal............................................................. 11 11 13 0.4 0.4 0.4

State and local.................................................... 35 30 37 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local education..................................... 14 11 11 0.1 0.1 0.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 21 20 26 0.2 0.2 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 49 33 52 0.2 0.1 0.2

South................................................................. 132 99 93 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 67 61 94 0.2 0.2 0.3

West.................................................................. 67 83 85 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

Apr.

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private............................................................ 11,393 8,536 9,688 8.1 6.1 6.8

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 1,974 1,332 2,077 8.6 5.9 8.9

10 to 49 employees................................................. 3,599 2,687 2,914 7.9 5.8 6.2

50 to 249 employees............................................... 3,282 2,522 2,632 8.1 6.3 6.3

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 1,564 1,056 1,184 8.0 5.8 6.7

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 718 653 595 8.2 7.5 7.6

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 256 286 285 7.6 6.5 7.2

HIRES

Total private............................................................ 6,506 5,218 6,022 5.0 4.0 4.5

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 1,243 822 1,107 6.0 3.9 5.2

10 to 49 employees................................................. 2,128 1,709 2,037 5.1 3.9 4.6

50 to 249 employees............................................... 1,906 1,634 1,836 5.1 4.4 4.7

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 851 717 716 4.7 4.2 4.3

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 319 271 265 4.0 3.4 3.6

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 59 65 62 1.9 1.6 1.7

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private............................................................ 5,931 4,980 5,393 4.6 3.8 4.1

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 906 726 819 4.3 3.4 3.8

10 to 49 employees................................................. 1,963 1,585 1,945 4.7 3.6 4.4

50 to 249 employees............................................... 1,769 1,634 1,643 4.8 4.4 4.2

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 911 677 698 5.0 3.9 4.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 330 303 240 4.1 3.8 3.3

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 54 55 48 1.7 1.3 1.3

QUITS

Total private.......................................................... 4,470 3,277 3,722 3.5 2.5 2.8

1 to 9 employees................................................. 695 398 537 3.3 1.9 2.5

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 1,578 1,090 1,417 3.8 2.5 3.2

50 to 249 employees............................................. 1,331 1,149 1,157 3.6 3.1 2.9

250 to 999 employees........................................... 607 416 424 3.4 2.4 2.6

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 221 189 156 2.8 2.3 2.1

5,000 or more employees....................................... 38 35 31 1.2 0.8 0.8

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private.......................................................... 1,193 1,468 1,397 0.9 1.1 1.1

1 to 9 employees................................................. 165 278 202 0.8 1.3 0.9

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 311 400 409 0.7 0.9 0.9

50 to 249 employees............................................. 369 436 450 1.0 1.2 1.1

250 to 999 employees........................................... 248 245 256 1.4 1.4 1.5

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 91 97 70 1.1 1.2 1.0

5,000 or more employees....................................... 8 13 10 0.3 0.3 0.3

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................................................... 269 235 273 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 to 9 employees................................................. 45 50 81 0.2 0.2 0.4

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 73 94 119 0.2 0.2 0.3

50 to 249 employees............................................. 69 50 36 0.2 0.1 0.1

250 to 999 employees........................................... 56 16 17 0.3 0.1 0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 17 17 14 0.2 0.2 0.2

5,000 or more employees....................................... 8 8 6 0.3 0.2 0.2

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.