For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Friday, March 15, 2019 USDL-19-0404

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2019

The number of job openings was little changed at 7.6 million on the last business day of January, the

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, hires and separations were little 

changed at 5.8 million and 5.6 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate was unchanged at 

2.3 percent and the layoffs and discharges rate was little changed at 1.1 percent. This release includes 

estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the nonfarm sector by 

industry and by four geographic regions. The release also includes 2018 annual estimates for hires and 

separations. The annual number of hires at 68.9 million and the annual number of quits at 40.1 million 

increased in 2018. The annual number of layoffs and discharges at 21.9 million edged up in 2018.

Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the job openings level was little changed at 7.6 million. The job 

openings rate was 4.8 percent. The number of job openings was little changed for total private and 

increased for government (+59,000). Job openings increased in a number of industries, with the largest 

increases in wholesale trade (+91,000), real estate and rental and leasing (+60,000), and information

Revisions and Methodology Change

Job openings, hires, and separations have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current 

Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Additionally, 

a new methodology for item imputation has been implemented. See the revision section at the end of 

this release for more information.
- 2 -

(+42,000). The job openings level decreased in other services (-98,000), retail trade (-97,000), and arts, 

entertainment, and recreation (-40,000). The number of job openings was little changed in all four 

regions. (See table 1.)

Hires

The number of hires was little changed at 5.8 million in January. The hires rate was 3.9 percent. The 

hires level was little changed for total private and for government. The number of hires was little 

changed in all industries and all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 

referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 

the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 

discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 

due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations was little changed at 5.6 million in January. The total separations rate 

was 3.7 percent. The number of total separations was little changed for total private and for government. 

Total separations increased in real estate and rental and leasing (+20,000) but decreased in federal 

government (-11,000). The number of total separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 

3.)

The number of quits was little changed in January at 3.5 million. The quits rate was 2.3 percent. The 

quits level was little changed for total private but increased for government (+20,000). Quits increased

in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+19,000) and in state and local government education (+17,000). 

Quits decreased in federal government (-6,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four

regions. (See table 4.)

The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in January at 1.7 million. The layoffs and 

discharges rate was 1.1 percent. The layoffs and discharges level was little changed for total private and

for government. The number of layoffs and discharges was little changed in all industries and in all four 

regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in January. The other separations level was little 

changed for total private and decreased for government (-10,000). Other separations increased in 

transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+8,000) but decreased in federal government (-6,000). The 

number of other separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising. Over the 12 months ending in January, hires totaled 69.2 million and 

separations totaled 66.3 million, yielding a net employment gain of 2.8 million. These totals include 

workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.
- 3 -

Annual Levels and Rates

Calculating annual levels and rates allows additional comparisons across years. Annual levels for hires, 

quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) annual average employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. Consistent with 

BLS practice, annual estimates are published only for not seasonally adjusted data and are released with 

the January news release each year. Note that annual estimates are not calculated for job openings 

because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last business day of each month.

In 2018, there were 68.9 million hires, an increase of 3.3 million from 2017. Total separations (the sum 

of quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations) rose by 2.6 million in 2018 to 66.1 million. Quits 

rose for the ninth consecutive year reaching 40.1 million in 2018, up by 2.4 million. Quits comprised 61 

percent of total separations. Layoffs and discharges edged up by 307,000 in 2018 to 21.9 million and 

comprised 33 percent of total separations. Other separations edged down by 44,000 in 2018 to 4.1

million and comprised 6 percent of total separations. (See tables 13 through 22.)

The annual hires for 2018 was 46.3 percent of the annual average CES employment level. This rate has 

been trending upwards since 2009. The annual total separations rate for 2018 was 44.3 percent. The 

annual rates for the components of total separations were 26.9 percent for quits, 14.7 percent for layoffs 

and discharges, and 2.8 percent for other separations.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey results for February 2019 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, April 9, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 6,591 7,479 7,581 5,525 5,717 5,801 5,317 5,469 5,550

Total private....................................... 6,025 6,860 6,902 5,194 5,353 5,430 4,983 5,122 5,190

Mining and logging1............................ 26 29 40 34 39 38 30 34 33

Construction1................................... 245 299 302 354 399 428 329 369 391

Manufacturing.................................. 436 435 452 365 351 356 347 342 342

Durable goods1.............................. 261 298 305 217 186 186 201 175 170

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 175 137 146 148 165 170 146 167 172

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,367 1,482 1,471 1,132 1,176 1,126 1,103 1,134 1,097

Wholesale trade............................. 203 178 269 143 151 128 160 143 137

Retail trade................................... 873 986 889 763 802 756 736 765 729

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 290 318 312 227 224 243 207 226 232

Information1

..................................... 123 123 165 89 80 81 97 87 87

Financial activities.............................. 398 380 459 221 201 191 208 180 180

Finance and insurance..................... 314 317 336 155 133 112 146 131 111

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 85 63 123 66 67 78 63 49 69

Professional and business services......... 1,124 1,391 1,343 1,092 1,144 1,128 1,028 1,116 1,089

Education and health services............... 1,175 1,348 1,393 693 717 730 626 652 674

Educational services1

....................... 123 91 120 112 124 108 92 101 98

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,052 1,258 1,273 581 593 622 534 551 577

Leisure and hospitality........................ 926 1,102 1,105 1,014 1,037 1,110 1,019 1,007 1,065

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 93 154 114 173 154 183 170 153 155

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 832 948 991 840 883 927 850 853 910

Other services.................................. 205 271 173 201 209 241 196 201 233

Government....................................... 566 619 678 330 364 372 334 347 359

Federal1

......................................... 115 87 122 32 36 36 30 44 33

State and local................................. 452 532 556 298 328 335 304 304 326

State and local education.................. 173 229 223 149 176 166 155 163 166

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 279 304 333 150 152 170 149 141 161

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.3 4.7 4.8 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7

Total private....................................... 4.6 5.1 5.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.1

Mining and logging1

............................ 3.6 3.8 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.2 4.5 4.3

Construction1

................................... 3.3 3.9 3.9 5.0 5.4 5.7 4.6 5.0 5.2

Manufacturing.................................. 3.4 3.3 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7

Durable goods1

.............................. 3.2 3.6 3.6 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.1

Nondurable goods1.......................... 3.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.1 3.5 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.7 5.1 5.0 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9

Wholesale trade............................. 3.4 2.9 4.4 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.3

Retail trade................................... 5.2 5.9 5.3 4.8 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 4.7 5.0 4.9 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.5 3.7 3.8

Information1

..................................... 4.2 4.2 5.5 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.1 3.1

Financial activities.............................. 4.5 4.2 5.0 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.1

Finance and insurance..................... 4.8 4.8 5.0 2.5 2.1 1.8 2.3 2.1 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 3.7 2.7 5.1 2.9 2.9 3.4 2.8 2.1 3.0

Professional and business services......... 5.1 6.1 5.9 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.1

Education and health services............... 4.8 5.3 5.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.8

Educational services1

....................... 3.2 2.4 3.1 3.0 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.6

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.1 5.9 5.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.9

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.4 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.1 6.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 3.8 5.9 4.4 7.3 6.3 7.4 7.2 6.3 6.3

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 5.7 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.1 6.0 6.4

Other services.................................. 3.4 4.4 2.9 3.5 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.4 4.0

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Government....................................... 2.5 2.7 2.9 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6

Federal1

......................................... 3.9 3.0 4.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.6 1.2

State and local................................. 2.3 2.6 2.7 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7

State and local education.................. 1.6 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.6

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 3.0 3.2 3.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.7

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data

are identical.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates, the JOLTS seasonal

adjustment factors, and to implement a new imputation methodology.
Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data 

In accordance with annual practice, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) data have 

been revised to reflect annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey employment 

estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio adjusted to the CES employment 

levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. The result is the revision of 21 

months of not seasonally adjusted data. Additionally, new seasonal factors have been developed based 

on the full revised JOLTS series and have been applied to the data from January 2014 forward. Also 

effective with this release, JOLTS has implemented a new methodology for item imputation. 

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2018. The 

December 2018 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the 

final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for December 2000 through 

December 2017 will be available later today on the JOLTS website. The website also contains all 

revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision tables and data can be 

accessed through the JOLTS homepage at www.bls.gov/jlt/. 

Table B. Revisions in job openings data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2018

January........................ 6,230 6,591 361 4.0 4.3 0.3

February........................ 6,074 6,530 456 3.9 4.2 .3

March........................... 6,638 6,894 256 4.3 4.4 .1

April.............................. 6,840 7,106 266 4.4 4.6 .2

May.............................. 6,659 7,126 467 4.3 4.6 .3

June........................... 6,822 7,393 571 4.4 4.7 .3

July.............................. 7,077 7,442 365 4.5 4.8 .3

August........................ 7,293 7,342 49 4.7 4.7 .0

September..................... 6,960 7,392 432 4.4 4.7 .3

October........................ 7,131 7,593 462 4.5 4.8 .3

November..................... 7,166 7,626 460 4.6 4.8 .2

December..................... 7,335 7,479 144 4.7 4.7 .0

Year and month
Table C. Revisions in hires data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2018

January........................ 5,568 5,525 -43 3.8 3.7 -0.1

February........................ 5,503 5,594 91 3.7 3.8 .1

March........................... 5,476 5,625 149 3.7 3.8 .1

April.............................. 5,581 5,694 113 3.8 3.8 .0

May.............................. 5,747 5,862 115 3.9 3.9 .0

June........................... 5,677 5,833 156 3.8 3.9 .1

July.............................. 5,713 5,833 120 3.8 3.9 .1

August........................ 5,906 5,826 -80 4.0 3.9 -.1

September..................... 5,696 5,670 -26 3.8 3.8 .0

October........................ 5,928 5,877 -51 4.0 3.9 -.1

November..................... 5,812 5,821 9 3.9 3.9 .0

December..................... 5,907 5,717 -190 3.9 3.8 -.1

Year and month

Table D. Revisions in total separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2018

January........................ 5,319 5,317 -2 3.6 3.6 0.0

February........................ 5,172 5,270 98 3.5 3.6 .1

March........................... 5,321 5,446 125 3.6 3.7 .1

April.............................. 5,424 5,467 43 3.7 3.7 .0

May.............................. 5,419 5,502 83 3.6 3.7 .1

June........................... 5,514 5,565 51 3.7 3.7 .0

July.............................. 5,596 5,675 79 3.8 3.8 .0

August........................ 5,779 5,600 -179 3.9 3.7 -.2

September..................... 5,641 5,558 -83 3.8 3.7 -.1

October........................ 5,621 5,642 21 3.8 3.8 .0

November..................... 5,563 5,597 34 3.7 3.7 .0

December..................... 5,545 5,469 -76 3.7 3.6 -.1

Year and month
Table E. Revisions in quits data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2018

January........................ 3,191 3,022 -169 2.2 2.0 -0.2

February........................ 3,208 3,176 -32 2.2 2.1 -.1

March........................... 3,387 3,300 -87 2.3 2.2 -.1

April.............................. 3,349 3,339 -10 2.3 2.2 -.1

May.............................. 3,480 3,342 -138 2.3 2.2 -.1

June........................... 3,477 3,354 -123 2.3 2.3 .0

July.............................. 3,608 3,443 -165 2.4 2.3 -.1

August........................ 3,648 3,473 -175 2.4 2.3 -.1

September..................... 3,564 3,393 -171 2.4 2.3 -.1

October........................ 3,519 3,469 -50 2.3 2.3 .0

November..................... 3,494 3,379 -115 2.3 2.3 .0

December..................... 3,482 3,391 -91 2.3 2.3 .0

Year and month

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2018

January........................ 1,784 1,934 150 1.2 1.3 0.1

February........................ 1,619 1,763 144 1.1 1.2 .1

March........................... 1,546 1,771 225 1.0 1.2 .2

April.............................. 1,731 1,788 57 1.2 1.2 .0

May.............................. 1,618 1,811 193 1.1 1.2 .1

June........................... 1,652 1,843 191 1.1 1.2 .1

July.............................. 1,622 1,859 237 1.1 1.2 .1

August........................ 1,790 1,809 19 1.2 1.2 .0

September..................... 1,707 1,818 111 1.1 1.2 .1

October........................ 1,761 1,855 94 1.2 1.2 .0

November..................... 1,753 1,889 136 1.2 1.3 .1

December..................... 1,697 1,751 54 1.1 1.2 .1

Year and month
Table G. Revisions in other separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands) Rates

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

As

previously

 published

As revised Difference

2018

January........................ 344 361 17 0.2 0.2 0.0

February........................ 346 331 -15 0.2 0.2 .0

March........................... 387 375 -12 0.3 0.3 .0

April.............................. 344 340 -4 0.2 0.2 .0

May.............................. 321 349 28 0.2 0.2 .0

June........................... 384 368 -16 0.3 0.2 -.1

July.............................. 365 373 8 0.2 0.2 .0

August........................ 341 319 -22 0.2 0.2 .0

September..................... 369 348 -21 0.2 0.2 .0

October........................ 341 318 -23 0.2 0.2 .0

November..................... 316 328 12 0.2 0.2 .0

December..................... 366 327 -39 0.2 0.2 .0

Year and month
Technical Note 

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects and compiles 

JOLTS data monthly from a sample of nonfarm 

establishments. A more detailed discussion of JOLTS 

concepts and methodology is available online at 

www.bls.gov/opub/hom/pdf/homch18.pdf. 

Coverage and collection

The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as federal, state, and local government 

entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Data 

are collected for total employment, job openings, hires, 

quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total 

separations. 

Concepts

Industry classification. The industry classifications in 

this release are in accordance with the 2017 version of the 

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). 

Employment. Employment includes persons on the 

payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period 

that includes the 12th day of the reference month. Fulltime, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, 

and hourly employees are included, as are employees on 

paid vacations or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners 

of unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, or 

persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire 

pay period, are not counted as employed. Employees of 

temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, 

outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where they 

are working. 

Job openings. Job openings information is collected for 

the last business day of the reference month. A job 

opening requires that: 1) a specific position exists and 

there is work available for that position, 2) work could 

start within 30 days whether or not the employer found a 

suitable candidate, and 3) the employer is actively 

recruiting from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, 

short-term, and seasonal openings. Active recruiting 

means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position by advertising in newspapers or on the Internet, 

posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or 

using other similar methods. 

Jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, 

demotions, or recall from layoffs are excluded. Also 

excluded are jobs with start dates more than 30 days in 

the future, jobs for which employees have been hired but 

have not yet reported for work, and jobs to be filled by 

employees of temporary help agencies, employee leasing 

companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job 

openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job 

openings by the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. The hires level is the total number of additions to 

the payroll occurring at any time during the reference 

month, including both new and rehired employees, fulltime and part-time, permanent, short-term and seasonal 

employees, employees recalled to the location after a 

layoff lasting more than 7 days, on-call or intermittent 

employees who returned to work after having been 

formally separated, and transfers from other locations. 

The hires count does not include transfers or promotions 

within the reporting site, employees returning from strike, 

employees of temporary help agencies or employee 

leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. 

The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of 

hires by employment and multiplying that quotient by 

100.

Separations. The separations level is the total number of 

employment terminations occurring at any time during the 

reference month, and is reported by type of separation—

quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. 

(Some respondents are only able to report total 

separations.) The quits count includes voluntary 

separations by employees (except for retirements, which 

are reported as other separations). The layoffs and 

discharges count is comprised of involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer and includes layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; formal layoffs lasting or expected to last 

more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 

downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for 

cause; terminations of permanent or short-term 

employees; and terminations of seasonal employees. The 

other separations count includes retirements, transfers to 

other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. 

The separations count does not include transfers within 

the same location or employees on strike. The separations 

rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The 

quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates 

are computed similarly. 

Annual estimates. Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs 

and discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. Annual 

rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the 

Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual average 

employment level, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

This figure will be approximately equal to the sum of the 

12 monthly rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual 

estimates are published only for not seasonally adjusted 

data and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings 

because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, 

measurement for the last business day of each month. 
Sample and estimation methodology

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of 

16,000 nonfarm business and government establishments. 

The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry 

sector, and establishment size class. The establishments 

are drawn from a universe of over 9.1 million 

establishments compiled by the Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages (QCEW) program which

includes all employers subject to state unemployment 

insurance laws and federal agencies subject to the 

Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees

program.

JOLTS total employment estimates are benchmarked, or 

ratio adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the CES survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS 

employment is used to adjust the levels for all other 

JOLTS data elements.

JOLTS business birth/death model

As with any sample survey, the JOLTS sample can only 

be as current as its sampling frame. The time lag from the 

birth of an establishment until its appearance on the 

sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, 

many of these new units may fail within the first year. 

Since these universe units cannot be reflected on the 

sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot 

capture job openings, hires, and separations from these 

units during their early existence. To compensate for the 

inability to capture data from these establishments, BLS 

has developed a birth/death model that uses birth and 

death activity from previous years. The estimates of job 

openings, hires, and separations produced by the 

birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates 

produced from the survey to arrive at the estimates for 

openings, hires, and separations.

Seasonal adjustment

BLS uses X-13 ARIMA to seasonally adjust several 

JOLTS series utilizing moving averages as seasonal 

filters. A concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is 

used in which new seasonal adjustment factors are 

calculated each month, using all relevant data, up to and 

including current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors at 

the beginning and end of the series and to detect and 

adjust for outliers in the series.

Alignment procedure

The JOLTS measures for hires minus separations can be 

used to derive a measure of net employment change. This 

change should be comparable to the net employment 

change from the much larger CES survey. However, 

definitional differences as well as sampling and nonsampling errors between the two surveys historically 

caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit 

the divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

Monthly Alignment Method.

This method applies the CES employment trends to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment trend 

(hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the seasonality 

of the JOLTS data. First, the two series are seasonally 

adjusted and the difference between the JOLTS implied 

employment change and the CES net employment change 

is calculated. Next, the JOLTS implied employment 

change is adjusted to equal the CES net employment 

change through a proportional adjustment. This procedure 

adjusts the two components (hires, separations) 

proportionally to their contribution to the total churn 

(hires plus separations). The adjusted hires and 

separations are converted back to not seasonally adjusted 

data by reversing the application of the original seasonal 

factors. After the Monthly Alignment Method has been 

used to adjust the level estimates, rate estimates are 

computed from the adjusted levels. 

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample is surveyed rather than 

the entire population, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the "true" population values 

they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected, and 

this variability is measured by the standard error of the 

estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at the 90-

percent level of confidence. That means that there is a 90-

percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate 

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 

standard errors from the "true" population value because 

of sampling error. Sampling error estimates are available

at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by non-sampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units in 

the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents 

to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by 

respondents, errors made in the collection or processing 

of the data, and errors from the employment benchmark 

data used in estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total............................................... 6,591 7,392 7,593 7,626 7,479 7,581 4.3 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.8

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,025 6,771 6,956 6,962 6,860 6,902 4.6 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1

Mining and logging3....................... 26 34 36 35 29 40 3.6 4.3 4.6 4.4 3.8 5.0

Construction3

............................... 245 299 278 279 299 302 3.3 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.9 3.9

Manufacturing.............................. 436 469 500 501 435 452 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.3 3.4

Durable goods3

.......................... 261 297 311 315 298 305 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.6

Nondurable goods3

...................... 175 171 189 185 137 146 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.7 2.8 3.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,367 1,554 1,558 1,642 1,482 1,471 4.7 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.1 5.0

Wholesale trade......................... 203 227 219 217 178 269 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6 2.9 4.4

Retail trade............................... 873 978 1,080 1,103 986 889 5.2 5.8 6.4 6.5 5.9 5.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 290 349 259 322 318 312 4.7 5.5 4.1 5.0 5.0 4.9

Information3................................. 123 110 149 124 123 165 4.2 3.7 5.0 4.2 4.2 5.5

Financial activities......................... 398 353 435 412 380 459 4.5 3.9 4.8 4.6 4.2 5.0

Finance and insurance................. 314 266 303 324 317 336 4.8 4.0 4.6 4.9 4.8 5.0

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 85 88 132 88 63 123 3.7 3.7 5.5 3.7 2.7 5.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,124 1,352 1,363 1,313 1,391 1,343 5.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.1 5.9

Education and health services........... 1,175 1,282 1,285 1,324 1,348 1,393 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.5

Educational services3................... 123 76 92 96 91 120 3.2 2.0 2.4 2.5 2.4 3.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,052 1,206 1,192 1,228 1,258 1,273 5.1 5.7 5.6 5.8 5.9 5.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 926 1,074 1,039 1,050 1,102 1,105 5.4 6.2 5.9 6.0 6.2 6.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 93 100 94 102 154 114 3.8 4.0 3.7 4.0 5.9 4.4

Accommodation and food services. .. 832 974 944 948 948 991 5.7 6.5 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.5

Other services.............................. 205 246 314 282 271 173 3.4 4.0 5.1 4.6 4.4 2.9

Government................................... 566 621 637 665 619 678 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.9

Federal3

..................................... 115 83 101 110 87 122 3.9 2.9 3.5 3.8 3.0 4.2

State and local............................. 452 538 536 554 532 556 2.3 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7

State and local education.............. 173 220 231 230 229 223 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1

State and local, excluding

education3

............................. 279 318 304 325 304 333 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.5

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 1,141 1,269 1,277 1,284 1,230 1,272 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4

South........................................... 2,358 2,720 2,862 2,878 2,848 2,847 4.2 4.7 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9

Midwest........................................ 1,550 1,744 1,800 1,805 1,767 1,786 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1

West............................................ 1,543 1,659 1,655 1,660 1,634 1,676 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.6

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates, the JOLTS seasonal

adjustment factors, and to implement a new imputation methodology.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total............................................... 5,525 5,670 5,877 5,821 5,717 5,801 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,194 5,327 5,515 5,447 5,353 5,430 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2

Mining and logging......................... 34 42 37 32 39 38 4.9 5.6 4.9 4.2 5.1 5.0

Construction................................ 354 378 363 393 399 428 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.7

Manufacturing.............................. 365 336 382 368 351 356 2.9 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.8

Durable goods........................... 217 192 228 202 186 186 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.3

Nondurable goods....................... 148 145 155 166 165 170 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,132 1,158 1,225 1,183 1,176 1,126 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.0

Wholesale trade......................... 143 141 163 186 151 128 2.4 2.4 2.8 3.2 2.6 2.2

Retail trade............................... 763 797 785 744 802 756 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.7 5.1 4.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 227 220 277 253 224 243 3.9 3.7 4.6 4.2 3.7 4.0

Information.................................. 89 89 85 97 80 81 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.4 2.8 2.9

Financial activities......................... 221 223 170 213 201 191 2.6 2.6 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.2

Finance and insurance................. 155 148 102 135 133 112 2.5 2.3 1.6 2.1 2.1 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 66 75 68 79 67 78 2.9 3.3 3.0 3.4 2.9 3.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,092 1,129 1,200 1,136 1,144 1,128 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.3

Education and health services........... 693 669 715 692 717 730 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0

Educational services.................... 112 89 97 106 124 108 3.0 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.3 2.9

Health care and social assistance. . .. 581 580 618 586 593 622 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,014 1,086 1,114 1,085 1,037 1,110 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 173 177 191 180 154 183 7.3 7.3 7.9 7.4 6.3 7.4

Accommodation and food services. .. 840 909 923 905 883 927 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.6

Other services.............................. 201 216 224 249 209 241 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.2 3.6 4.1

Government................................... 330 343 362 375 364 372 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7

Federal...................................... 32 37 37 44 36 36 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.3

State and local............................. 298 306 325 331 328 335 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

State and local education.............. 149 158 170 178 176 166 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 150 148 155 153 152 170 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 846 814 870 924 871 863 3.1 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1

South........................................... 2,183 2,310 2,394 2,268 2,204 2,334 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.2

Midwest........................................ 1,212 1,321 1,287 1,312 1,324 1,288 3.7 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.9

West............................................ 1,283 1,225 1,326 1,318 1,318 1,317 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates, the JOLTS seasonal

adjustment factors, and to implement a new imputation methodology.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total............................................... 5,317 5,558 5,642 5,597 5,469 5,550 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 4,983 5,216 5,279 5,230 5,122 5,190 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.1

Mining and logging......................... 30 37 31 35 34 33 4.2 5.0 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.3

Construction................................ 329 361 344 380 369 391 4.6 4.9 4.7 5.2 5.0 5.2

Manufacturing.............................. 347 320 352 361 342 342 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7

Durable goods........................... 201 180 208 203 175 170 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1

Nondurable goods....................... 146 141 144 157 167 172 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,103 1,174 1,195 1,141 1,134 1,097 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.9

Wholesale trade......................... 160 135 154 165 143 137 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.3

Retail trade............................... 736 838 801 741 765 729 4.7 5.3 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 207 201 240 235 226 232 3.5 3.3 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.8

Information.................................. 97 92 68 88 87 87 3.5 3.3 2.4 3.1 3.1 3.1

Financial activities......................... 208 209 166 195 180 180 2.5 2.4 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.1

Finance and insurance................. 146 143 104 132 131 111 2.3 2.3 1.6 2.1 2.1 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 63 66 63 63 49 69 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.1 3.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,028 1,079 1,161 1,092 1,116 1,089 5.0 5.1 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.1

Education and health services........... 626 628 663 651 652 674 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8

Educational services.................... 92 95 99 101 101 98 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6

Health care and social assistance. . .. 534 532 564 549 551 577 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,019 1,097 1,079 1,056 1,007 1,065 6.3 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.1 6.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 170 164 176 177 153 155 7.2 6.8 7.2 7.3 6.3 6.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 850 932 904 879 853 910 6.1 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.0 6.4

Other services.............................. 196 219 219 233 201 233 3.4 3.7 3.7 4.0 3.4 4.0

Government................................... 334 342 363 367 347 359 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6

Federal...................................... 30 36 32 35 44 33 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.2

State and local............................. 304 306 332 332 304 326 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7

State and local education.............. 155 160 185 184 163 166 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 149 146 147 147 141 161 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 859 854 816 790 820 791 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9

South........................................... 2,121 2,253 2,193 2,253 2,197 2,291 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.2

Midwest........................................ 1,117 1,234 1,314 1,347 1,231 1,231 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.7

West............................................ 1,221 1,216 1,319 1,206 1,221 1,236 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.6

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates, the JOLTS seasonal

adjustment factors, and to implement a new imputation methodology.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total............................................... 3,022 3,393 3,469 3,379 3,391 3,490 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 2,853 3,223 3,287 3,184 3,205 3,284 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6

Mining and logging......................... 21 21 19 20 22 18 2.9 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.4

Construction................................ 155 170 180 174 185 184 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5

Manufacturing.............................. 208 202 205 226 211 209 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6

Durable goods........................... 117 110 112 126 111 106 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.3

Nondurable goods....................... 91 92 93 100 100 103 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 650 763 732 706 715 716 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6

Wholesale trade......................... 92 88 85 95 89 89 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5

Retail trade............................... 451 569 514 480 493 496 2.9 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 108 107 133 131 133 132 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

Information.................................. 48 41 43 56 43 46 1.7 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.6

Financial activities......................... 115 125 108 101 106 105 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2

Finance and insurance................. 75 75 61 64 76 62 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing3

... 40 51 47 37 31 43 1.8 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 550 605 673 625 649 675 2.7 2.9 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.2

Education and health services........... 377 411 461 451 448 435 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8

Educational services.................... 48 51 66 52 52 45 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 330 360 395 400 397 389 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9

Leisure and hospitality.................... 615 739 732 686 706 767 3.8 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 72 81 89 70 56 75 3.0 3.4 3.7 2.9 2.3 3.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 544 658 643 615 650 692 3.9 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.9

Other services.............................. 113 144 134 139 120 129 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.2

Government................................... 169 170 182 195 186 206 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

Federal...................................... 13 18 16 18 20 14 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5

State and local............................. 156 152 166 178 166 192 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0

State and local education.............. 81 75 92 96 89 106 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 76 76 74 81 77 86 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 417 447 406 412 464 452 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.6

South........................................... 1,203 1,420 1,436 1,391 1,423 1,457 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6

Midwest........................................ 676 747 797 817 744 790 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.4

West............................................ 726 778 831 759 760 790 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates, the JOLTS seasonal

adjustment factors, and to implement a new imputation methodology.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total............................................... 1,934 1,818 1,855 1,889 1,751 1,723 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,829 1,701 1,731 1,780 1,653 1,624 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

Mining and logging......................... 8 14 10 13 10 13 1.1 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.7

Construction................................ 167 180 148 192 164 184 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.6 2.2 2.5

Manufacturing.............................. 111 101 130 109 111 112 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9

Durable goods........................... 67 59 83 60 51 52 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6

Nondurable goods....................... 44 41 47 49 60 60 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 373 360 409 366 360 312 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.1

Wholesale trade3

........................ 52 42 58 50 45 39 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

Retail trade............................... 232 231 256 221 230 190 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 89 87 96 94 85 83 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4

Information.................................. 41 46 21 24 38 31 1.5 1.6 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.1

Financial activities......................... 69 56 34 64 58 53 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6

Finance and insurance................. 48 43 20 44 44 33 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 21 13 14 20 14 20 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 418 399 418 426 406 362 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.7

Education and health services........... 185 162 165 166 155 192 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8

Educational services.................... 40 37 28 45 42 45 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 146 125 136 121 112 147 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 382 314 320 329 279 274 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 96 75 85 100 96 78 4.0 3.1 3.5 4.1 3.9 3.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 286 239 236 230 183 195 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.4

Other services.............................. 75 69 75 89 73 90 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.5

Government................................... 106 117 125 110 98 100 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4

Federal...................................... 9 7 7 5 9 10 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4

State and local............................. 96 110 118 104 89 89 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

State and local education.............. 51 66 67 63 51 37 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 45 44 51 42 38 52 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 387 341 350 318 303 277 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0

South........................................... 782 708 663 720 649 697 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3

Midwest........................................ 364 413 442 464 407 378 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.1

West............................................ 402 356 401 387 392 371 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates, the JOLTS seasonal

adjustment factors, and to implement a new imputation methodology.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total............................................... 361 348 318 328 327 336 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 302 291 261 266 263 282 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 1 2 2 1 2 1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

Construction3

............................... 8 11 16 14 21 22 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 28 18 16 25 19 21 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Durable goods........................... 17 10 12 17 13 12 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Nondurable goods3

...................... 11 7 4 8 6 9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 80 52 55 69 59 69 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 16 6 12 20 8 9 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2

Retail trade............................... 54 39 31 40 41 44 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 10 7 12 10 9 17 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Information3................................. 9 5 3 7 6 10 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4

Financial activities......................... 24 27 24 30 15 22 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 23 26 23 24 11 16 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing3

... 2 2 1 5 4 6 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3

Professional and business services. . . .. 60 75 70 41 61 52 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2

Education and health services........... 63 54 38 33 49 47 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Educational services.................... 4 8 5 5 7 7 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Health care and social assistance3

. .. 59 47 33 29 42 40 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 22 43 27 41 22 23 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation3

... 2 9 2 7 1 1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0

Accommodation and food services3... 20 35 25 34 21 23 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2

Other services3............................. 7 5 9 4 9 14 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Government................................... 59 56 57 62 64 54 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

Federal...................................... 7 11 9 12 15 9 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3

State and local............................. 51 45 48 50 49 45 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

State and local education.............. 23 19 26 26 23 23 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 28 26 21 24 25 22 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 55 66 61 61 53 62 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

South........................................... 137 125 95 142 125 137 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Midwest........................................ 77 75 74 66 80 62 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

West............................................ 92 82 88 60 70 75 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates, the JOLTS seasonal

adjustment factors, and to implement a new imputation methodology.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total..................................................................... 6,484 6,921 7,484 4.3 4.4 4.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,940 6,321 6,834 4.6 4.7 5.2

Mining and logging............................................... 26 29 40 3.7 3.8 5.1

Construction....................................................... 245 299 302 3.5 3.9 4.1

Manufacturing..................................................... 436 435 452 3.4 3.3 3.4

Durable goods.................................................. 261 298 305 3.2 3.6 3.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 175 137 146 3.6 2.8 3.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,245 1,350 1,336 4.4 4.5 4.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 219 163 286 3.6 2.7 4.6

Retail trade..................................................... 735 868 738 4.5 5.1 4.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 290 318 312 4.7 4.8 4.9

Information........................................................ 123 123 165 4.2 4.1 5.6

Financial activities................................................ 431 373 495 4.9 4.1 5.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 346 310 372 5.2 4.7 5.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 85 63 123 3.7 2.7 5.2

Professional and business services............................ 1,103 1,275 1,325 5.1 5.6 6.0

Education and health services.................................. 1,251 1,294 1,491 5.1 5.1 5.9

Educational services.......................................... 123 91 120 3.3 2.3 3.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,129 1,204 1,372 5.4 5.6 6.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 868 893 1,053 5.3 5.2 6.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 93 102 112 4.2 4.3 4.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 776 791 940 5.5 5.4 6.4

Other services.................................................... 211 250 176 3.6 4.1 2.9

Government.......................................................... 545 600 649 2.4 2.6 2.8

Federal............................................................. 115 87 122 4.0 3.0 4.2

State and local.................................................... 430 514 527 2.2 2.5 2.6

State and local education..................................... 151 210 194 1.4 1.9 1.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 279 304 333 3.0 3.2 3.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,112 1,154 1,248 4.0 4.0 4.4

South................................................................. 2,340 2,672 2,830 4.2 4.6 5.0

Midwest............................................................... 1,475 1,619 1,712 4.4 4.6 5.0

West.................................................................. 1,558 1,476 1,693 4.4 4.1 4.7

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total..................................................................... 5,250 4,210 5,514 3.6 2.8 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 4,959 3,991 5,180 4.0 3.1 4.1

Mining and logging............................................... 38 27 41 5.5 3.6 5.5

Construction....................................................... 326 221 395 4.8 3.0 5.6

Manufacturing..................................................... 380 233 371 3.0 1.8 2.9

Durable goods.................................................. 234 123 202 3.0 1.5 2.5

Nondurable goods............................................. 146 110 168 3.1 2.3 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 946 953 936 3.5 3.3 3.4

Wholesale trade................................................ 160 113 144 2.8 1.9 2.5

Retail trade..................................................... 583 612 575 3.7 3.8 3.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 204 228 217 3.5 3.6 3.6

Information........................................................ 102 60 93 3.7 2.1 3.3

Financial activities................................................ 252 138 221 3.0 1.6 2.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 180 96 137 2.9 1.5 2.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 72 42 84 3.3 1.9 3.7

Professional and business services............................ 1,142 938 1,175 5.6 4.4 5.6

Education and health services.................................. 725 515 767 3.1 2.1 3.2

Educational services.......................................... 105 68 103 2.9 1.8 2.8

Health care and social assistance........................... 619 447 664 3.1 2.2 3.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 845 770 938 5.5 4.8 5.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 120 101 127 5.7 4.5 5.8

Accommodation and food services.......................... 725 668 811 5.4 4.8 5.9

Other services.................................................... 204 135 245 3.6 2.3 4.2

Government.......................................................... 291 219 333 1.3 1.0 1.5

Federal............................................................. 29 27 33 1.0 1.0 1.2

State and local.................................................... 262 192 300 1.3 1.0 1.5

State and local education..................................... 145 95 163 1.4 0.9 1.6

State and local, excluding education........................ 118 97 138 1.3 1.1 1.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 763 640 779 2.9 2.3 2.9

South................................................................. 2,214 1,650 2,360 4.2 3.0 4.4

Midwest............................................................... 1,095 949 1,159 3.4 2.9 3.6

West.................................................................. 1,178 971 1,216 3.5 2.8 3.5

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total..................................................................... 5,861 5,139 6,018 4.0 3.4 4.1

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,562 4,842 5,697 4.5 3.8 4.5

Mining and logging............................................... 33 33 38 4.8 4.3 5.1

Construction....................................................... 366 392 435 5.4 5.4 6.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 346 287 341 2.8 2.2 2.7

Durable goods.................................................. 207 143 175 2.6 1.8 2.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 140 144 166 3.0 3.0 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,487 1,195 1,425 5.4 4.2 5.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 168 124 144 2.9 2.1 2.5

Retail trade..................................................... 963 807 911 6.1 5.0 5.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 356 263 371 6.1 4.2 6.1

Information........................................................ 123 77 108 4.4 2.7 3.9

Financial activities................................................ 244 168 208 2.9 1.9 2.4

Finance and insurance........................................ 168 121 126 2.7 1.9 2.0

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 76 46 81 3.5 2.0 3.6

Professional and business services............................ 1,155 1,111 1,199 5.7 5.2 5.7

Education and health services.................................. 667 557 719 2.9 2.3 3.0

Educational services.......................................... 90 76 97 2.5 2.0 2.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 577 481 622 2.9 2.4 3.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 952 858 999 6.2 5.3 6.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 128 118 115 6.1 5.2 5.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 824 741 883 6.2 5.3 6.5

Other services.................................................... 188 163 225 3.3 2.8 3.9

Government.......................................................... 298 297 320 1.3 1.3 1.4

Federal............................................................. 39 45 44 1.4 1.6 1.6

State and local.................................................... 260 253 277 1.3 1.3 1.4

State and local education..................................... 129 127 138 1.2 1.2 1.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 131 126 139 1.5 1.4 1.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 991 801 889 3.7 2.9 3.3

South................................................................. 2,338 1,956 2,487 4.4 3.5 4.6

Midwest............................................................... 1,222 1,210 1,330 3.8 3.6 4.1

West.................................................................. 1,309 1,172 1,312 3.9 3.4 3.8

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total..................................................................... 3,002 2,908 3,456 2.1 1.9 2.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,852 2,771 3,273 2.3 2.2 2.6

Mining and logging............................................... 20 18 18 2.9 2.4 2.4

Construction....................................................... 141 157 171 2.1 2.1 2.4

Manufacturing..................................................... 195 154 197 1.6 1.2 1.5

Durable goods.................................................. 112 81 102 1.4 1.0 1.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 83 73 95 1.8 1.5 2.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 652 657 714 2.4 2.3 2.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 97 72 95 1.7 1.2 1.6

Retail trade..................................................... 461 448 503 2.9 2.7 3.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 94 138 115 1.6 2.2 1.9

Information........................................................ 53 36 51 1.9 1.3 1.8

Financial activities................................................ 115 99 104 1.4 1.2 1.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 75 69 61 1.2 1.1 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 40 31 43 1.9 1.3 1.9

Professional and business services............................ 599 583 721 2.9 2.7 3.5

Education and health services.................................. 398 377 456 1.7 1.6 1.9

Educational services.......................................... 47 36 44 1.3 0.9 1.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 351 341 412 1.8 1.7 2.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 567 597 715 3.7 3.7 4.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 55 40 58 2.6 1.8 2.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 512 557 658 3.8 4.0 4.8

Other services.................................................... 111 93 126 1.9 1.6 2.2

Government.......................................................... 150 137 183 0.7 0.6 0.8

Federal............................................................. 14 18 14 0.5 0.6 0.5

State and local.................................................... 136 119 169 0.7 0.6 0.9

State and local education..................................... 67 58 89 0.6 0.5 0.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 69 61 80 0.8 0.7 0.9

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 447 404 479 1.7 1.5 1.8

South................................................................. 1,201 1,182 1,452 2.3 2.1 2.7

Midwest............................................................... 648 638 756 2.0 1.9 2.3

West.................................................................. 706 684 768 2.1 2.0 2.2

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total..................................................................... 2,432 1,915 2,173 1.7 1.3 1.5

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 2,346 1,818 2,092 1.9 1.4 1.7

Mining and logging............................................... 12 12 19 1.7 1.7 2.5

Construction....................................................... 216 214 242 3.2 2.9 3.4

Manufacturing..................................................... 118 113 120 0.9 0.9 0.9

Durable goods.................................................. 73 48 58 0.9 0.6 0.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 45 66 62 1.0 1.4 1.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 730 485 623 2.7 1.7 2.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 52 45 39 0.9 0.8 0.7

Retail trade..................................................... 426 323 346 2.7 2.0 2.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 252 116 238 4.3 1.8 3.9

Information........................................................ 61 35 48 2.2 1.2 1.7

Financial activities................................................ 95 54 74 1.1 0.6 0.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 61 42 42 1.0 0.7 0.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 34 12 32 1.6 0.5 1.4

Professional and business services............................ 474 471 408 2.3 2.2 2.0

Education and health services.................................. 205 133 215 0.9 0.6 0.9

Educational services.......................................... 38 35 45 1.1 0.9 1.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 167 97 171 0.9 0.5 0.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 364 239 260 2.4 1.5 1.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 72 77 57 3.4 3.4 2.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 293 163 203 2.2 1.2 1.5

Other services.................................................... 70 61 84 1.2 1.0 1.5

Government.......................................................... 87 97 81 0.4 0.4 0.4

Federal............................................................. 12 10 14 0.4 0.4 0.5

State and local.................................................... 74 87 66 0.4 0.4 0.3

State and local education..................................... 44 53 32 0.4 0.5 0.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 30 34 34 0.3 0.4 0.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 479 352 341 1.8 1.3 1.3

South................................................................. 975 647 877 1.8 1.2 1.6

Midwest............................................................... 474 490 490 1.5 1.5 1.5

West.................................................................. 503 426 465 1.5 1.2 1.4

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Jan.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019p

Total..................................................................... 427 316 389 0.3 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 365 253 332 0.3 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging............................................... 2 2 1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Construction....................................................... 8 21 22 0.1 0.3 0.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 33 21 24 0.3 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 22 14 15 0.3 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 11 6 9 0.2 0.1 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 105 54 89 0.4 0.2 0.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 18 8 10 0.3 0.1 0.2

Retail trade..................................................... 77 37 62 0.5 0.2 0.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 10 9 17 0.2 0.1 0.3

Information........................................................ 9 6 10 0.3 0.2 0.4

Financial activities................................................ 34 14 29 0.4 0.2 0.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 32 10 23 0.5 0.2 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 2 4 6 0.1 0.2 0.3

Professional and business services............................ 83 58 70 0.4 0.3 0.3

Education and health services.................................. 64 47 49 0.3 0.2 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 5 5 9 0.1 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 59 42 40 0.3 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 22 22 23 0.1 0.1 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 2 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Accommodation and food services.......................... 20 21 23 0.1 0.1 0.2

Other services.................................................... 7 9 14 0.1 0.2 0.2

Government.......................................................... 62 63 57 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal............................................................. 12 16 15 0.4 0.6 0.5

State and local.................................................... 49 46 42 0.3 0.2 0.2

State and local education..................................... 18 16 17 0.2 0.1 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 32 30 25 0.4 0.3 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 64 45 68 0.2 0.2 0.3

South................................................................. 162 128 158 0.3 0.2 0.3

Midwest............................................................... 101 81 85 0.3 0.2 0.3

West.................................................................. 100 62 79 0.3 0.2 0.2

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 13. Annual hires levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 58,955 62,616 63,724 65,669 68,949

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 55,369 58,548 59,515 61,526 64,569

Mining and logging........................................................ 393 302 292 373 470

Construction............................................................... 3,716 3,987 4,067 4,593 4,544

Manufacturing............................................................. 3,146 3,223 3,351 3,986 4,403

Durable goods.......................................................... 1,846 1,880 1,924 2,238 2,517

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,295 1,342 1,426 1,750 1,886

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 12,855 13,072 12,866 12,659 13,870

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,723 1,643 1,644 1,653 1,754

Retail trade.............................................................. 8,905 9,095 8,798 8,487 9,242

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 2,227 2,332 2,425 2,515 2,874

Information................................................................. 1,001 979 982 1,020 1,084

Financial activities......................................................... 2,311 2,370 2,402 2,531 2,516

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,536 1,589 1,598 1,657 1,651

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 774 781 803 870 865

Professional and business services.................................... 12,209 12,947 13,332 13,440 13,866

Education and health services.......................................... 6,928 7,511 7,687 8,010 8,260

Educational services................................................... 1,069 1,095 1,114 1,141 1,184

Health care and social assistance................................... 5,859 6,416 6,573 6,866 7,073

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 10,585 11,646 12,219 12,227 12,920

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,782 1,845 1,907 2,037 2,227

Accommodation and food services................................... 8,802 9,798 10,312 10,189 10,694

Other services............................................................. 2,221 2,513 2,313 2,692 2,636

Government.................................................................. 3,589 4,069 4,211 4,143 4,378

Federal..................................................................... 337 413 414 382 420

State and local............................................................ 3,254 3,652 3,796 3,762 3,962

State and local education............................................. 1,554 1,819 1,844 1,826 2,050

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,700 1,834 1,950 1,937 1,913

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 8,975 9,914 10,194 10,492 10,652

South.......................................................................... 23,219 24,459 24,399 25,910 27,208

Midwest....................................................................... 13,202 13,934 14,342 14,348 15,527

West........................................................................... 13,562 14,309 14,791 14,916 15,563

1 The annual hires level is the total number of hires during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 14. Annual hires rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 42.4 44.1 44.1 44.8 46.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 47.3 48.9 48.7 49.5 51.0

Mining and logging........................................................ 44.1 37.1 43.7 55.2 64.2

Construction............................................................... 60.4 61.7 60.4 65.9 62.3

Manufacturing............................................................. 25.8 26.1 27.1 32.0 34.7

Durable goods.......................................................... 24.1 24.2 24.9 28.9 31.7

Nondurable goods...................................................... 28.7 29.3 30.7 37.2 39.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 48.8 48.7 47.3 46.2 50.1

Wholesale trade........................................................ 30.0 28.4 28.4 28.4 30.0

Retail trade.............................................................. 58.0 58.3 55.6 53.6 58.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 42.7 42.9 43.5 43.7 48.1

Information................................................................. 36.7 35.6 35.1 36.2 38.3

Financial activities......................................................... 29.0 29.2 29.0 29.9 29.4

Finance and insurance................................................ 25.9 26.3 26.0 26.5 26.1

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 37.8 37.4 37.5 39.7 38.4

Professional and business services.................................... 63.8 65.7 66.3 65.5 66.0

Education and health services.......................................... 32.3 34.1 34.0 34.5 34.9

Educational services................................................... 31.3 31.5 31.2 31.1 31.8

Health care and social assistance................................... 32.5 34.6 34.5 35.2 35.5

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 72.0 76.8 78.0 76.2 79.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 84.7 85.2 84.7 87.3 93.1

Accommodation and food services................................... 69.9 75.4 76.9 74.3 76.6

Other services............................................................. 39.9 44.7 40.6 46.7 45.1

Government.................................................................. 16.4 18.5 18.9 18.5 19.5

Federal..................................................................... 12.3 15.0 14.8 13.6 15.0

State and local............................................................ 17.0 18.9 19.5 19.2 20.2

State and local education............................................. 15.2 17.7 17.8 17.6 19.6

State and local, excluding education................................ 19.0 20.4 21.4 21.2 20.8

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 34.8 37.9 38.4 39.0 38.9

South.......................................................................... 45.9 47.3 46.3 48.4 49.9

Midwest....................................................................... 42.5 44.1 44.9 44.5 47.4

West........................................................................... 43.0 44.2 44.6 44.0 45.1

1 The annual hires rate is the number of hires during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 15. Annual total separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 55,931 59,925 61,509 63,454 66,097

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 52,434 56,008 57,439 59,400 61,907

Mining and logging........................................................ 358 452 395 328 406

Construction............................................................... 3,410 3,644 3,923 4,281 4,227

Manufacturing............................................................. 2,934 3,159 3,366 3,812 4,137

Durable goods.......................................................... 1,689 1,884 1,980 2,120 2,297

Nondurable goods...................................................... 1,248 1,276 1,386 1,694 1,841

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 12,226 12,659 12,482 12,502 13,564

Wholesale trade........................................................ 1,641 1,626 1,614 1,625 1,684

Retail trade.............................................................. 8,600 8,906 8,626 8,534 9,236

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 1,982 2,127 2,244 2,341 2,642

Information................................................................. 991 950 929 1,009 1,086

Financial activities......................................................... 2,197 2,227 2,218 2,386 2,401

Finance and insurance................................................ 1,480 1,481 1,468 1,579 1,602

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 718 745 751 807 797

Professional and business services.................................... 11,584 12,430 13,013 13,018 13,301

Education and health services.......................................... 6,423 6,874 7,102 7,550 7,694

Educational services................................................... 984 1,017 1,034 1,063 1,107

Health care and social assistance................................... 5,440 5,858 6,070 6,487 6,589

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 10,151 11,149 11,762 11,900 12,545

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,725 1,771 1,824 1,956 2,092

Accommodation and food services................................... 8,426 9,378 9,938 9,942 10,452

Other services............................................................. 2,163 2,460 2,246 2,610 2,549

Government.................................................................. 3,495 3,915 4,072 4,055 4,188

Federal..................................................................... 330 382 372 402 410

State and local............................................................ 3,165 3,531 3,699 3,653 3,780

State and local education............................................. 1,510 1,764 1,816 1,767 1,932

State and local, excluding education................................ 1,655 1,766 1,884 1,887 1,845

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 8,907 9,462 9,898 10,298 10,110

South.......................................................................... 21,858 23,416 23,647 25,110 26,175

Midwest....................................................................... 12,338 13,351 13,807 13,822 14,703

West........................................................................... 12,829 13,694 14,157 14,225 15,107

1 The annual total separations level is the total number of total separations during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 16. Annual total separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 40.3 42.2 42.6 43.3 44.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 44.8 46.7 47.0 47.8 48.9

Mining and logging........................................................ 40.2 55.6 59.1 48.5 55.5

Construction............................................................... 55.4 56.4 58.3 61.4 58.0

Manufacturing............................................................. 24.1 25.6 27.2 30.6 32.6

Durable goods.......................................................... 22.0 24.3 25.7 27.4 28.9

Nondurable goods...................................................... 27.7 27.9 29.9 36.1 38.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 46.4 47.2 45.9 45.6 49.0

Wholesale trade........................................................ 28.6 28.1 27.9 27.9 28.8

Retail trade.............................................................. 56.0 57.0 54.5 53.9 58.3

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 38.0 39.1 40.2 40.7 44.2

Information................................................................. 36.4 34.5 33.2 35.8 38.4

Financial activities......................................................... 27.5 27.4 26.8 28.2 28.0

Finance and insurance................................................ 25.0 24.5 23.9 25.2 25.4

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 35.1 35.7 35.1 36.9 35.3

Professional and business services.................................... 60.6 63.1 64.7 63.5 63.3

Education and health services.......................................... 30.0 31.2 31.4 32.6 32.5

Educational services................................................... 28.8 29.3 29.0 29.0 29.7

Health care and social assistance................................... 30.2 31.6 31.8 33.2 33.0

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 69.1 73.5 75.1 74.1 76.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 82.0 81.8 81.0 83.8 87.4

Accommodation and food services................................... 66.9 72.2 74.1 72.5 74.9

Other services............................................................. 38.9 43.8 39.5 45.2 43.6

Government.................................................................. 16.0 17.8 18.3 18.1 18.7

Federal..................................................................... 12.1 13.9 13.3 14.3 14.7

State and local............................................................ 16.5 18.3 19.0 18.7 19.2

State and local education............................................. 14.8 17.2 17.6 17.0 18.5

State and local, excluding education................................ 18.5 19.6 20.7 20.6 20.0

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 34.6 36.1 37.3 38.2 37.0

South.......................................................................... 43.2 45.3 44.9 46.9 48.0

Midwest....................................................................... 39.7 42.3 43.2 42.8 44.9

West........................................................................... 40.7 42.3 42.7 42.0 43.8

1 The annual total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 17. Annual quits levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 30,415 33,654 35,879 37,692 40,073

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 28,726 31,786 33,836 35,673 37,913

Mining and logging........................................................ 180 177 162 173 243

Construction............................................................... 1,294 1,356 1,490 1,853 2,055

Manufacturing............................................................. 1,429 1,614 1,779 2,294 2,498

Durable goods.......................................................... 799 920 998 1,262 1,385

Nondurable goods...................................................... 631 691 780 1,030 1,113

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 6,999 7,458 7,701 7,880 8,548

Wholesale trade........................................................ 900 930 977 1,022 1,049

Retail trade.............................................................. 5,141 5,455 5,578 5,613 6,020

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 958 1,070 1,145 1,243 1,478

Information................................................................. 445 496 479 519 575

Financial activities......................................................... 1,159 1,218 1,217 1,366 1,391

Finance and insurance................................................ 746 825 809 913 845

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 412 395 407 456 544

Professional and business services.................................... 5,775 6,470 7,140 7,454 7,595

Education and health services.......................................... 3,877 4,488 4,642 4,917 5,042

Educational services................................................... 498 548 569 575 567

Health care and social assistance................................... 3,381 3,940 4,071 4,345 4,474

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 6,292 7,143 7,921 7,749 8,470

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 647 670 809 773 912

Accommodation and food services................................... 5,647 6,473 7,114 6,975 7,557

Other services............................................................. 1,270 1,369 1,308 1,469 1,501

Government.................................................................. 1,689 1,868 2,043 2,021 2,159

Federal..................................................................... 122 140 149 175 189

State and local............................................................ 1,569 1,728 1,892 1,842 1,974

State and local education............................................. 759 871 929 921 1,040

State and local, excluding education................................ 810 857 964 923 931

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 4,247 4,804 5,130 5,421 5,375

South.......................................................................... 12,551 13,766 14,394 15,313 16,312

Midwest....................................................................... 6,760 7,477 7,973 8,113 9,008

West........................................................................... 6,859 7,607 8,383 8,850 9,377

1 The annual quits level is the total number of quits during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 18. Annual quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 21.9 23.7 24.9 25.7 26.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 24.5 26.5 27.7 28.7 29.9

Mining and logging........................................................ 20.2 21.8 24.3 25.6 33.2

Construction............................................................... 21.0 21.0 22.1 26.6 28.2

Manufacturing............................................................. 11.7 13.1 14.4 18.4 19.7

Durable goods.......................................................... 10.4 11.8 12.9 16.3 17.4

Nondurable goods...................................................... 14.0 15.1 16.8 21.9 23.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 26.6 27.8 28.3 28.7 30.9

Wholesale trade........................................................ 15.7 16.1 16.9 17.6 17.9

Retail trade.............................................................. 33.5 34.9 35.2 35.4 38.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 18.4 19.7 20.5 21.6 24.7

Information................................................................. 16.3 18.0 17.1 18.4 20.3

Financial activities......................................................... 14.5 15.0 14.7 16.2 16.2

Finance and insurance................................................ 12.6 13.7 13.2 14.6 13.4

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 20.1 18.9 19.0 20.8 24.1

Professional and business services.................................... 30.2 32.9 35.5 36.3 36.2

Education and health services.......................................... 18.1 20.4 20.5 21.2 21.3

Educational services................................................... 14.6 15.8 15.9 15.7 15.2

Health care and social assistance................................... 18.8 21.2 21.3 22.3 22.4

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 42.8 47.1 50.6 48.3 51.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 30.8 30.9 35.9 33.1 38.1

Accommodation and food services................................... 44.8 49.8 53.1 50.8 54.2

Other services............................................................. 22.8 24.4 23.0 25.5 25.7

Government.................................................................. 7.7 8.5 9.2 9.0 9.6

Federal..................................................................... 4.5 5.1 5.3 6.2 6.8

State and local............................................................ 8.2 9.0 9.7 9.4 10.0

State and local education............................................. 7.4 8.5 9.0 8.9 10.0

State and local, excluding education................................ 9.1 9.5 10.6 10.1 10.1

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 16.5 18.3 19.3 20.1 19.6

South.......................................................................... 24.8 26.6 27.3 28.6 29.9

Midwest....................................................................... 21.7 23.7 24.9 25.1 27.5

West........................................................................... 21.7 23.5 25.3 26.1 27.2

1 The annual quits rate is the number of quits during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 19. Annual layoffs and discharges levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 21,147 21,777 21,243 21,581 21,888

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 20,074 20,434 19,903 20,242 20,581

Mining and logging........................................................ 141 241 172 129 141

Construction............................................................... 1,986 2,136 2,241 2,245 2,016

Manufacturing............................................................. 1,213 1,278 1,295 1,252 1,387

Durable goods.......................................................... 716 791 802 702 750

Nondurable goods...................................................... 497 487 494 550 638

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4,061 4,014 3,688 3,730 4,190

Wholesale trade........................................................ 615 572 493 488 493

Retail trade.............................................................. 2,629 2,586 2,304 2,300 2,681

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 814 862 891 945 1,017

Information................................................................. 454 344 307 397 430

Financial activities......................................................... 666 706 707 685 711

Finance and insurance................................................ 423 416 419 381 497

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 243 288 288 302 216

Professional and business services.................................... 5,216 5,210 5,199 4,887 4,936

Education and health services.......................................... 2,039 1,825 1,977 2,062 2,087

Educational services................................................... 424 400 395 425 469

Health care and social assistance................................... 1,617 1,424 1,580 1,639 1,616

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 3,535 3,714 3,471 3,841 3,762

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1,044 1,064 987 1,145 1,134

Accommodation and food services................................... 2,489 2,648 2,484 2,696 2,631

Other services............................................................. 762 970 848 1,011 921

Government.................................................................. 1,072 1,344 1,341 1,338 1,308

Federal..................................................................... 92 128 121 118 92

State and local............................................................ 979 1,213 1,222 1,221 1,213

State and local education............................................. 484 615 609 556 607

State and local, excluding education................................ 498 597 611 665 606

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3,858 3,808 4,028 4,123 3,959

South.......................................................................... 7,598 7,892 7,527 8,179 8,334

Midwest....................................................................... 4,664 4,969 4,921 4,863 4,844

West........................................................................... 5,026 5,108 4,765 4,413 4,748

1 The annual layoffs and discharges level is the total number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 20. Annual layoffs and discharges rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 15.2 15.4 14.7 14.7 14.7

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 17.1 17.1 16.3 16.3 16.3

Mining and logging........................................................ 15.8 29.6 25.7 19.1 19.3

Construction............................................................... 32.3 33.1 33.3 32.2 27.7

Manufacturing............................................................. 10.0 10.4 10.5 10.1 10.9

Durable goods.......................................................... 9.3 10.2 10.4 9.1 9.4

Nondurable goods...................................................... 11.0 10.6 10.6 11.7 13.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 15.4 15.0 13.6 13.6 15.1

Wholesale trade........................................................ 10.7 9.9 8.5 8.4 8.4

Retail trade.............................................................. 17.1 16.6 14.6 14.5 16.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 15.6 15.9 16.0 16.4 17.0

Information................................................................. 16.7 12.5 11.0 14.1 15.2

Financial activities......................................................... 8.3 8.7 8.5 8.1 8.3

Finance and insurance................................................ 7.1 6.9 6.8 6.1 7.9

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 11.9 13.8 13.5 13.8 9.6

Professional and business services.................................... 27.3 26.5 25.8 23.8 23.5

Education and health services.......................................... 9.5 8.3 8.7 8.9 8.8

Educational services................................................... 12.4 11.5 11.1 11.6 12.6

Health care and social assistance................................... 9.0 7.7 8.3 8.4 8.1

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 24.1 24.5 22.2 23.9 23.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 49.6 49.1 43.8 49.1 47.4

Accommodation and food services................................... 19.8 20.4 18.5 19.7 18.9

Other services............................................................. 13.7 17.3 14.9 17.5 15.8

Government.................................................................. 4.9 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8

Federal..................................................................... 3.4 4.6 4.3 4.2 3.3

State and local............................................................ 5.1 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2

State and local education............................................. 4.7 6.0 5.9 5.3 5.8

State and local, excluding education................................ 5.6 6.6 6.7 7.3 6.6

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 15.0 14.5 15.2 15.3 14.5

South.......................................................................... 15.0 15.3 14.3 15.3 15.3

Midwest....................................................................... 15.0 15.7 15.4 15.1 14.8

West........................................................................... 15.9 15.8 14.4 13.0 13.8

1 The annual layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 21. Annual other separations levels by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[in thousands]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 4,371 4,492 4,388 4,180 4,136

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 3,637 3,787 3,702 3,484 3,413

Mining and logging........................................................ 37 34 62 25 21

Construction............................................................... 131 153 192 181 154

Manufacturing............................................................. 293 267 292 271 255

Durable goods.......................................................... 177 172 180 155 161

Nondurable goods...................................................... 117 95 112 112 90

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 1,163 1,189 1,096 892 829

Wholesale trade........................................................ 128 127 147 116 143

Retail trade.............................................................. 832 867 744 624 538

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 206 192 207 155 149

Information................................................................. 89 109 141 95 81

Financial activities......................................................... 372 306 297 332 298

Finance and insurance................................................ 310 242 241 284 259

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 63 63 57 48 37

Professional and business services.................................... 593 752 672 675 773

Education and health services.......................................... 511 561 485 570 567

Educational services................................................... 64 68 65 65 69

Health care and social assistance................................... 445 493 418 506 498

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 323 294 370 309 314

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 35 37 27 41 49

Accommodation and food services................................... 289 256 341 271 267

Other services............................................................. 128 124 89 126 128

Government.................................................................. 736 706 690 698 725

Federal..................................................................... 118 112 102 106 130

State and local............................................................ 616 593 585 590 592

State and local education............................................. 271 281 278 292 286

State and local, excluding education................................ 349 313 306 300 308

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 800 849 737 746 774

South.......................................................................... 1,714 1,759 1,724 1,622 1,530

Midwest....................................................................... 912 907 916 848 853

West........................................................................... 943 978 1,010 966 981

1 The annual other separations level is the total number of other separations during the entire year.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.
Table 22. Annual other separations rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

[percent]

Industry and region 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Total.............................................................................. 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.................................................................. 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7

Mining and logging........................................................ 4.2 4.2 9.3 3.7 2.9

Construction............................................................... 2.1 2.4 2.9 2.6 2.1

Manufacturing............................................................. 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.0

Durable goods.......................................................... 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.0

Nondurable goods...................................................... 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.4 1.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities...................................... 4.4 4.4 4.0 3.3 3.0

Wholesale trade........................................................ 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.0 2.4

Retail trade.............................................................. 5.4 5.6 4.7 3.9 3.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities........................... 3.9 3.5 3.7 2.7 2.5

Information................................................................. 3.3 4.0 5.0 3.4 2.9

Financial activities......................................................... 4.7 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.5

Finance and insurance................................................ 5.2 4.0 3.9 4.5 4.1

Real estate and rental and leasing................................... 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.2 1.6

Professional and business services.................................... 3.1 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.7

Education and health services.......................................... 2.4 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.4

Educational services................................................... 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9

Health care and social assistance................................... 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.6 2.5

Leisure and hospitality.................................................... 2.2 1.9 2.4 1.9 1.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.................................. 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.8 2.0

Accommodation and food services................................... 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.9

Other services............................................................. 2.3 2.2 1.6 2.2 2.2

Government.................................................................. 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2

Federal..................................................................... 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.8 4.6

State and local............................................................ 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0

State and local education............................................. 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7

State and local, excluding education................................ 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3

REGION2

Northeast..................................................................... 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.8

South.......................................................................... 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.8

Midwest....................................................................... 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6

West........................................................................... 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8

1 The annual other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire year as a percent of annual average employment.

2 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and to implement a

new imputation methodology.