For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, January 30, 2024 USDL-24-0143 

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – DECEMBER 2023 

The number of job openings changed little at 9.0 million on the last business day of December, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations

were little changed at 5.6 million and 5.4 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.4 million)

and layoffs and discharges (1.6 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number 

and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 

establishment size class. 

Job Openings

On the last business day of December, the number of job openings changed little at 9.0 million; this 

measure is down from a series high of 12.0 million in March 2022. Over the month, the rate was 

unchanged at 5.4 percent. Job openings increased in professional and business services (+239,000) but 

decreased in wholesale trade (-83,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In December, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.6 million and 3.6 percent, 

respectively. The number of hires decreased in health care and social assistance (-119,000) but increased 

in state and local government, excluding education (+35,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 

voluntary separations initiated by the employee. The quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ 

willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the 

employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to 

other locations of the same firm.

 4.4

 4.8

 5.2

 5.6

 6.0

 6.4

 6.8

 7.2

 7.6

Dec-21 Jun-22 Dec-22 Jun-23 Dec-23

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

December 2021 - December 2023

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

4.2

4.4

4.6

4.8

Dec-21 Jun-22 Dec-22 Jun-23 Dec-23

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

December 2021 - December 2023
- 2 -

The number of total separations in December changed little at 5.4 million, and the rate was unchanged 

at 3.4 percent. Over the month, the number of total separations decreased in health care and social 

assistance (-91,000) but increased in wholesale trade (+39,000). (See table 3.)

In December, the number of quits changed little at 3.4 million, and the rate was unchanged at 2.2 

percent. The number of quits decreased in health care and social assistance (-71,000) and in 

transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-35,000). The number of quits increased in wholesale trade 

(+63,000). (See table 4.)

In December, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.6 million, and the rate was 1.0 

percent for the fourth month in a row. The number of layoffs and discharges increased in transportation, 

warehousing, and utilities (+43,000) and in state and local government, excluding education (+18,000). 

(See table 5.)

The number of other separations changed little in December at 358,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In December, the job openings, hires, and total separations rates changed little for establishments with 1 

to 9 employees. The job openings rate increased for establishments with 5,000 or more employees. 

(See table 7.)

____________ 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for January 2024 are scheduled to be 

released on Wednesday, March 6, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Upcoming Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates and Industry Titles 

Effective with the release of January 2024 data on March 6, 2024, the Job Openings and Labor 

Turnover Survey (JOLTS) estimates will incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment 

Statistics employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data 

and seasonally adjusted data from January 2019 forward are subject to revision.

Also, with the release of data for January 2024, the “education and health services” industry will be 

renamed “private education and health services.” In addition, “educational services” will be renamed 

“private educational services.” This change is being made to align the industry titles with those used 

in the Current Employment Statistics program.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 11,234 8,925 9,026 6,251 5,554 5,621 5,906 5,401 5,365

Total private....................................... 10,126 7,911 8,010 5,809 5,191 5,208 5,502 5,064 5,012

Mining and logging............................. 39 32 32 22 20 15 20 23 19

Construction.................................... 488 470 449 380 363 368 335 345 341

Manufacturing.................................. 797 553 601 405 349 327 384 343 318

Durable goods............................... 519 379 408 234 197 182 206 189 173

Nondurable goods........................... 278 174 192 171 151 145 178 154 144

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,763 1,382 1,315 1,289 1,098 1,118 1,277 1,130 1,116

Wholesale trade............................. 265 307 224 175 154 182 165 144 183

Retail trade................................... 964 612 662 753 623 634 765 663 607

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 534 463 429 361 321 302 347 323 326

Information...................................... 106 162 127 97 71 73 99 79 61

Financial activities.............................. 610 419 457 213 201 217 198 207 210

Finance and insurance..................... 445 292 303 132 129 133 129 135 128

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 165 128 154 82 72 84 69 71 82

Professional and business services......... 2,087 1,480 1,719 1,155 980 1,036 1,125 994 1,055

Education and health services............... 2,080 1,945 2,018 904 921 806 825 824 737

Educational services........................ 181 178 189 98 99 103 89 85 90

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,899 1,767 1,830 806 822 703 736 738 647

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,859 1,126 995 1,107 975 1,040 1,010 933 970

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 180 159 150 161 139 169 130 137 155

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 1,679 967 846 947 837 870 880 796 815

Other services.................................. 297 342 296 237 213 208 228 188 186

Government....................................... 1,109 1,014 1,016 442 364 413 404 336 353

Federal.......................................... 156 169 183 45 38 44 45 39 37

State and local................................. 953 845 833 397 325 369 359 297 317

State and local education.................. 325 297 272 175 168 176 166 155 154

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 628 548 561 222 158 193 193 143 162

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 6.8 5.4 5.4 4.0 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.4 3.4

Total private....................................... 7.1 5.6 5.6 4.4 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.8 3.7

Mining and logging............................. 5.8 4.7 4.7 3.5 3.1 2.4 3.2 3.5 2.9

Construction.................................... 5.8 5.5 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.2

Manufacturing.................................. 5.8 4.1 4.4 3.1 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.4

Durable goods............................... 6.0 4.4 4.8 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.1

Nondurable goods........................... 5.4 3.5 3.8 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.6 3.2 3.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 5.8 4.6 4.4 4.5 3.8 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.9

Wholesale trade............................. 4.2 4.8 3.5 2.9 2.5 3.0 2.7 2.4 3.0

Retail trade................................... 5.9 3.8 4.1 4.9 4.0 4.1 4.9 4.3 3.9

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities...................................... 6.8 6.0 5.6 5.0 4.4 4.2 4.8 4.5 4.5

Information...................................... 3.3 5.1 4.0 3.1 2.3 2.4 3.2 2.6 2.0

Financial activities.............................. 6.3 4.4 4.8 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.3

Finance and insurance..................... 6.2 4.2 4.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . .. 6.4 5.0 5.9 3.4 3.0 3.4 2.9 2.9 3.4

Professional and business services......... 8.4 6.1 7.0 5.1 4.3 4.5 4.9 4.3 4.6

Education and health services............... 7.7 7.0 7.2 3.6 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.8

Educational services........................ 4.5 4.3 4.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.3

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 8.3 7.5 7.7 3.8 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.0

Leisure and hospitality........................ 10.2 6.3 5.6 6.8 5.8 6.2 6.2 5.6 5.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 7.0 6.0 5.6 6.7 5.6 6.7 5.4 5.5 6.2

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 10.8 6.4 5.6 6.8 5.9 6.1 6.3 5.6 5.7

Other services.................................. 4.9 5.5 4.8 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.2 3.1

See footnotes at end of table.

1
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Government....................................... 4.7 4.2 4.2 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5

Federal.......................................... 5.1 5.4 5.8 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.2

State and local................................. 4.7 4.1 4.0 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.6

State and local education.................. 3.1 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5

State and local, excluding education. . . .. 6.4 5.5 5.6 2.4 1.7 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.7

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

2
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Starting with data for January 2023, 

industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 

North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

• A specific position exists, and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

• The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

• The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future;

positions for which employees have been hired but 

have not yet reported for work; and positions to be 

filled by employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 

dividing the number of job openings by the sum of 

employment and job openings—that is, all filled and 

unfilled jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability, and deaths.

Excluded from separations measures are transfers 

within the same location; employees on strike; and 

employees of temporary help agencies, employee 

leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. 

The sampling frame is made up of 

establishments from two sources: the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the 

Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). The QCEW 

database contains establishments that cover 

approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in 

the United States. This database is a compilation of 

administrative data from state unemployment 

insurance (UI) programs and federal government 

establishments covered by the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) 

program. A frame of railroad establishments is 

provided by the FRA. This is added to the QCEW 

database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame.

The JOLTS estimation method involves the 

following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, 

item nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking 

and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and 

death model estimation, estimates review and outlier 

selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and 

variance estimates. Establishment size class levels are 

also produced. Detailed information about the 

estimation method can be found in the Handbook of 

Methods at 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through 

which the JOLTS weighted employment for each 

estimation cell is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells 

are benchmarked monthly to the current employment 

level from the BLS Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked

to ensure that JOLTS weighted employment is equal 

to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. In 

addition, many new establishments fail within the 

first year, referred to as a death. Because new and 

short-lived universe establishments cannot be 

reflected in the sampling frame immediately, the 

JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, 

and separations from these establishments during 

their early existence. BLS has developed a 

birth/death model that uses establishment birth and 

death activity from previous years as collected by the 

QCEW and projects forward to the present using 

over-the-year change in the CES. The birth/death 

model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate 

the amount of churn (meaning the rates of hires and 

separations) that exists in establishments of various 

sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 

with the projected employment change to estimate 

the number of hires and separations that take place in 

these establishments that cannot be measured through 

sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences between the two surveys, as well as 

sampling and nonsampling errors, historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.
Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the 

seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) 

is used to seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each 

month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment 

methodology uses all relevant data, up to and 

including the current month, to calculate new 

seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are 

used as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. 

JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive 

and multiplicative models, as well as regression with 

autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to 

improve the seasonal adjustment factors at the 

beginning and end of the series and to detect and 

adjust for outliers in the series.

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The

JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the 

issuance of data for January. Five years of data are 

subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 

1) benchmarks based on CES employment estimates 

newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal 

adjustment factors, and 3) any needed special 

adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels for each data element by the

sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment 

levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error. 

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. Sampling error estimates are available 

at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation.

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Total............................................... 11,234 9,350 8,852 8,925 9,026 101 6.8 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.4 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 10,126 8,381 7,845 7,911 8,010 99 7.1 5.9 5.5 5.6 5.6 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 39 35 23 32 32 0 5.8 5.2 3.4 4.7 4.7 0.0

Construction................................ 488 427 416 470 449 -21 5.8 5.1 4.9 5.5 5.3 -0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 797 601 561 553 601 48 5.8 4.4 4.1 4.1 4.4 0.3

Durable goods........................... 519 357 362 379 408 29 6.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.8 0.4

Nondurable goods....................... 278 243 200 174 192 18 5.4 4.8 4.0 3.5 3.8 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,763 1,333 1,299 1,382 1,315 -67 5.8 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.4 -0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 265 233 217 307 224 -83 4.2 3.7 3.4 4.8 3.5 -1.3

Retail trade............................... 964 645 550 612 662 50 5.9 4.0 3.4 3.8 4.1 0.3

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 534 455 532 463 429 -34 6.8 5.9 6.8 6.0 5.6 -0.4

Information.................................. 106 133 127 162 127 -35 3.3 4.1 4.0 5.1 4.0 -1.1

Financial activities......................... 610 616 387 419 457 38 6.3 6.3 4.1 4.4 4.8 0.4

Finance and insurance................. 445 441 253 292 303 11 6.2 6.2 3.6 4.2 4.3 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 165 175 133 128 154 26 6.4 6.7 5.2 5.0 5.9 0.9

Professional and business services. . . .. 2,087 1,658 1,642 1,480 1,719 239 8.4 6.7 6.7 6.1 7.0 0.9

Education and health services........... 2,080 1,906 1,861 1,945 2,018 73 7.7 6.9 6.8 7.0 7.2 0.2

Educational services.................... 181 177 172 178 189 11 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.5 0.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,899 1,729 1,689 1,767 1,830 63 8.3 7.4 7.2 7.5 7.7 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,859 1,359 1,240 1,126 995 -131 10.2 7.5 6.9 6.3 5.6 -0.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 180 190 183 159 150 -9 7.0 7.1 6.8 6.0 5.6 -0.4

Accommodation and food services. .. 1,679 1,168 1,057 967 846 -121 10.8 7.6 6.9 6.4 5.6 -0.8

Other services.............................. 297 313 289 342 296 -46 4.9 5.1 4.7 5.5 4.8 -0.7

Government................................... 1,109 970 1,008 1,014 1,016 2 4.7 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 0.0

Federal...................................... 156 162 180 169 183 14 5.1 5.2 5.8 5.4 5.8 0.4

State and local............................. 953 808 827 845 833 -12 4.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.0 -0.1

State and local education.............. 325 307 299 297 272 -25 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.5 -0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 628 501 529 548 561 13 6.4 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.6 0.1

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 1,746 1,571 1,523 1,521 1,533 12 6.0 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.2 0.1

South........................................... 4,415 3,804 3,521 3,546 3,661 115 7.1 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.9 0.2

Midwest........................................ 2,536 2,002 1,921 2,042 2,020 -22 7.1 5.6 5.4 5.7 5.7 0.0

West............................................ 2,537 1,973 1,887 1,816 1,812 -4 6.5 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.7 0.0

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Total............................................... 6,251 5,904 5,828 5,554 5,621 67 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.6 0.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,809 5,536 5,446 5,191 5,208 17 4.4 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.9 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 22 22 23 20 15 -5 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.1 2.4 -0.7

Construction................................ 380 309 379 363 368 5 4.8 3.9 4.7 4.5 4.6 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 405 390 370 349 327 -22 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 -0.2

Durable goods........................... 234 214 206 197 182 -15 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 -0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 171 176 164 151 145 -6 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.0 -0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,289 1,216 1,137 1,098 1,118 20 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.9 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 175 161 157 154 182 28 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 3.0 0.5

Retail trade............................... 753 750 661 623 634 11 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.0 4.1 0.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 361 305 318 321 302 -19 5.0 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.2 -0.2

Information.................................. 97 74 52 71 73 2 3.1 2.4 1.7 2.3 2.4 0.1

Financial activities......................... 213 202 206 201 217 16 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.4 0.2

Finance and insurance................. 132 125 132 129 133 4 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0 0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 82 77 74 72 84 12 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.4 0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,155 1,095 1,146 980 1,036 56 5.1 4.8 5.0 4.3 4.5 0.2

Education and health services........... 904 863 892 921 806 -115 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.1 -0.5

Educational services.................... 98 96 106 99 103 4 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.6 0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 806 767 787 822 703 -119 3.8 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.2 -0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,107 1,148 1,037 975 1,040 65 6.8 6.9 6.2 5.8 6.2 0.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 161 155 157 139 169 30 6.7 6.2 6.3 5.6 6.7 1.1

Accommodation and food services. .. 947 993 880 837 870 33 6.8 7.0 6.2 5.9 6.1 0.2

Other services.............................. 237 217 204 213 208 -5 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Government................................... 442 368 382 364 413 49 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.8 0.2

Federal...................................... 45 44 41 38 44 6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.2

State and local............................. 397 324 341 325 369 44 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.8 0.2

State and local education.............. 175 170 181 168 176 8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 0.1

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 222 154 160 158 193 35 2.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 2.1 0.4

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 923 930 889 898 880 -18 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 -0.1

South........................................... 2,628 2,515 2,402 2,338 2,340 2 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0 0.0

Midwest........................................ 1,361 1,185 1,232 1,181 1,121 -60 4.1 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.3 -0.2

West............................................ 1,338 1,274 1,304 1,136 1,280 144 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.4 0.3

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Total............................................... 5,906 5,595 5,632 5,401 5,365 -36 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,502 5,288 5,328 5,064 5,012 -52 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Mining and logging......................... 20 21 24 23 19 -4 3.2 3.3 3.7 3.5 2.9 -0.6

Construction................................ 335 312 345 345 341 -4 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 -0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 384 382 376 343 318 -25 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.4 -0.2

Durable goods........................... 206 207 208 189 173 -16 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.1 -0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 178 175 168 154 144 -10 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.0 -0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,277 1,181 1,134 1,130 1,116 -14 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 165 154 133 144 183 39 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.4 3.0 0.6

Retail trade............................... 765 731 670 663 607 -56 4.9 4.7 4.3 4.3 3.9 -0.4

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 347 296 331 323 326 3 4.8 4.1 4.6 4.5 4.5 0.0

Information.................................. 99 81 71 79 61 -18 3.2 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.0 -0.6

Financial activities......................... 198 204 216 207 210 3 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.3 0.0

Finance and insurance................. 129 127 141 135 128 -7 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9 -0.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 69 77 75 71 82 11 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.4 0.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,125 1,067 1,164 994 1,055 61 4.9 4.6 5.1 4.3 4.6 0.3

Education and health services........... 825 766 814 824 737 -87 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.8 -0.4

Educational services.................... 89 91 108 85 90 5 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.1 2.3 0.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 736 675 706 738 647 -91 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.0 -0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,010 1,080 987 933 970 37 6.2 6.5 5.9 5.6 5.8 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 130 167 135 137 155 18 5.4 6.7 5.4 5.5 6.2 0.7

Accommodation and food services. .. 880 914 852 796 815 19 6.3 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.7 0.1

Other services.............................. 228 194 198 188 186 -2 3.9 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.1 -0.1

Government................................... 404 306 304 336 353 17 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.0

Federal...................................... 45 41 36 39 37 -2 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 -0.1

State and local............................. 359 266 268 297 317 20 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 0.1

State and local education.............. 166 136 135 155 154 -1 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 193 129 133 143 162 19 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 0.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 880 781 989 858 816 -42 3.2 2.8 3.5 3.1 2.9 -0.2

South........................................... 2,400 2,366 2,320 2,139 2,269 130 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.7 3.9 0.2

Midwest........................................ 1,247 1,191 1,129 1,157 1,105 -52 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.3 -0.2

West............................................ 1,379 1,256 1,193 1,246 1,176 -70 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.2 -0.2

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Total............................................... 4,091 3,646 3,628 3,524 3,392 -132 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,858 3,460 3,448 3,331 3,196 -135 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 -0.1

Mining and logging......................... 14 12 14 14 11 -3 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.2 1.8 -0.4

Construction................................ 153 138 173 166 150 -16 2.0 1.7 2.2 2.1 1.9 -0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 263 231 234 215 203 -12 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 137 123 127 124 104 -20 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.3 -0.2

Nondurable goods....................... 125 108 107 91 99 8 2.6 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.1 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 916 826 774 749 723 -26 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 96 84 80 71 134 63 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.2 1.0

Retail trade............................... 598 554 491 477 423 -54 3.9 3.6 3.2 3.1 2.7 -0.4

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 222 188 203 201 166 -35 3.1 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.3 -0.5

Information.................................. 46 45 44 43 33 -10 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.1 -0.3

Financial activities......................... 134 133 124 125 135 10 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.1

Finance and insurance................. 88 92 88 82 82 0 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 46 41 35 42 52 10 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.1 0.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 719 591 676 606 574 -32 3.1 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.5 -0.1

Education and health services........... 629 550 570 592 528 -64 2.5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.0 -0.3

Educational services.................... 55 58 74 56 64 8 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.4 1.6 0.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 574 492 496 536 465 -71 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.1 -0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 806 814 727 709 730 21 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.2 4.3 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 77 86 71 71 83 12 3.2 3.5 2.8 2.8 3.3 0.5

Accommodation and food services. .. 729 729 656 639 647 8 5.2 5.1 4.6 4.5 4.5 0.0

Other services.............................. 177 120 113 112 108 -4 3.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 -0.1

Government................................... 233 186 180 193 195 2 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.0

Federal...................................... 21 18 16 18 18 0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0

State and local............................. 213 168 164 176 178 2 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.0

State and local education.............. 103 87 80 92 95 3 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 110 81 84 83 83 0 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 539 489 516 509 504 -5 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.0

South........................................... 1,748 1,632 1,592 1,447 1,507 60 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.6 0.1

Midwest........................................ 835 738 771 802 688 -114 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.0 -0.4

West............................................ 969 787 750 766 692 -74 2.7 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.9 -0.2

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Total............................................... 1,475 1,610 1,643 1,531 1,616 85 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,378 1,542 1,561 1,447 1,515 68 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 5 9 7 7 5 -2 0.7 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.8 -0.3

Construction................................ 166 157 163 172 169 -3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 0.0

Manufacturing.............................. 99 131 122 102 92 -10 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 54 70 67 48 55 7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.1

Nondurable goods....................... 44 61 55 54 37 -17 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.8 -0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 304 290 285 315 334 19 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 59 64 47 64 41 -23 1.0 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.7 -0.4

Retail trade............................... 138 136 131 145 145 0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 107 90 108 106 149 43 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.5 2.1 0.6

Information.................................. 46 24 15 27 25 -2 1.5 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.8 -0.1

Financial activities......................... 38 55 62 62 54 -8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 -0.1

Finance and insurance................. 19 24 38 39 30 -9 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 -0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 18 31 24 23 24 1 0.8 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 338 401 409 324 393 69 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.7 0.3

Education and health services........... 149 174 196 170 154 -16 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 -0.1

Educational services.................... 29 28 30 23 22 -1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 -0.1

Health care and social assistance. . .. 120 146 167 147 132 -15 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 193 240 236 206 226 20 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 52 78 61 63 69 6 2.2 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.7 0.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 141 162 175 142 158 16 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.1

Other services.............................. 41 61 66 62 61 -1 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.0

Government................................... 97 68 82 84 101 17 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

Federal...................................... 10 8 8 8 8 0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

State and local............................. 87 60 74 76 93 17 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1

State and local education.............. 37 34 46 40 39 -1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 50 26 28 36 54 18 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.2

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 279 227 401 262 242 -20 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.0

South........................................... 521 632 570 571 642 71 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.1

Midwest........................................ 356 389 299 294 352 58 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.1

West............................................ 319 362 373 403 380 -23 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 -0.1

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov.

2023 -

Dec.

2023p

Total............................................... 340 339 361 346 358 12 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 266 286 319 287 301 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Mining and logging......................... 2 1 3 1 2 1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1

Construction................................ 16 16 10 7 21 14 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 23 20 20 25 22 -3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Durable goods........................... 15 14 14 17 14 -3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Nondurable goods....................... 8 6 6 8 8 0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 57 65 75 66 59 -7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 10 6 7 9 8 -1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Retail trade............................... 29 41 48 41 39 -2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 18 18 20 16 11 -5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Information.................................. 7 12 12 10 2 -8 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 -0.2

Financial activities......................... 26 16 30 20 22 2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Finance and insurance................. 21 11 15 14 16 2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 5 5 15 6 6 0 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 68 76 79 65 87 22 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1

Education and health services........... 47 42 48 62 54 -8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

Educational services.................... 5 5 4 6 4 -2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 42 37 44 56 50 -6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 11 26 23 18 14 -4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 1 3 3 3 4 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 9 23 21 14 10 -4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0

Other services.............................. 10 13 19 14 17 3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1

Government................................... 73 53 42 59 57 -2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

Federal...................................... 14 15 11 13 12 -1 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0

State and local............................. 59 38 31 45 46 1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local education.............. 26 15 10 22 20 -2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 33 23 21 24 25 1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 62 65 73 87 70 -17 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1

South........................................... 131 102 159 121 119 -2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0

Midwest........................................ 55 64 59 62 65 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

West............................................ 91 108 70 76 104 28 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov. 2023 -

Dec. 2023p

Dec.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Change

from:

Nov. 2023 -

Dec. 2023p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private.......................... 10,126 8,381 7,845 7,911 8,010 99 7.1 5.9 5.5 5.6 5.6 0.0

1 to 9 employees.................. 1,818 1,930 1,691 1,652 1,988 336 7.8 8.3 7.4 7.2 7.7 0.5

10 to 49 employees............... 3,188 2,456 2,284 2,350 2,111 -239 7.0 5.4 5.2 5.3 4.8 -0.5

50 to 249 employees............. 2,953 2,219 2,057 1,930 2,031 101 7.4 5.4 5.0 4.8 5.2 0.4

250 to 999 employees............ 1,235 950 1,008 1,122 986 -136 6.4 5.1 5.1 5.6 5.1 -0.5

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 634 584 577 608 612 4 6.6 6.5 5.9 6.5 6.8 0.3

5,000 or more employees........ 298 242 228 248 282 34 6.8 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.7 0.6

HIRES

Total private.......................... 5,809 5,536 5,446 5,191 5,208 17 4.4 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.9 0.0

1 to 9 employees.................. 800 889 895 957 900 -57 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.5 3.8 -0.7

10 to 49 employees............... 1,912 1,678 1,603 1,482 1,642 160 4.5 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.9 0.4

50 to 249 employees............. 1,858 1,808 1,752 1,542 1,576 34 5.0 4.6 4.5 4.0 4.3 0.3

250 to 999 employees............ 804 752 794 803 711 -92 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.3 3.8 -0.5

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 362 325 323 327 300 -27 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.8 3.6 -0.2

5,000 or more employees........ 73 84 78 80 79 -1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 0.0

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................... 5,502 5,288 5,328 5,064 5,012 -52 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.7 -0.1

1 to 9 employees.................. 826 760 799 720 835 115 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.4 3.5 0.1

10 to 49 employees............... 1,923 1,747 1,610 1,584 1,592 8 4.5 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.8 0.1

50 to 249 employees............. 1,594 1,738 1,731 1,598 1,542 -56 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.2 0.0

250 to 999 employees............ 723 700 772 776 668 -108 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.1 3.6 -0.5

1,000 to 4,999 employees. . . . . .. 375 280 363 320 313 -7 4.2 3.3 4.0 3.7 3.7 0.0

5,000 or more employees........ 61 64 53 66 62 -4 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.3 -0.1

QUITS

Total private........................ 3,858 3,460 3,448 3,331 3,196 -135 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 -0.1

1 to 9 employees............... 566 362 486 471 489 18 2.6 1.7 2.3 2.2 2.1 -0.1

10 to 49 employees............ 1,403 1,292 1,091 1,113 1,088 -25 3.3 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 0.0

50 to 249 employees........... 1,142 1,197 1,110 1,060 1,030 -30 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 0.0

250 to 999 employees......... 458 418 503 465 383 -82 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.1 -0.4

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 248 154 226 178 165 -13 2.8 1.8 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.0

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 41 38 32 43 41 -2 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.0

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private........................ 1,378 1,542 1,561 1,447 1,515 68 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 206 319 231 218 274 56 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.2

10 to 49 employees............ 440 370 421 350 403 53 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.2

50 to 249 employees........... 382 472 543 468 448 -20 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.0

250 to 999 employees......... 235 255 241 269 248 -21 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 -0.1

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 103 108 112 125 127 2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 0.1

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 12 17 13 16 14 -2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private........................ 266 286 319 287 301 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

1 to 9 employees............... 54 79 82 32 71 39 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2

10 to 49 employees............ 80 85 98 121 100 -21 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 -0.1

50 to 249 employees........... 70 69 78 69 64 -5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0

250 to 999 employees......... 30 28 27 41 37 -4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees..... 24 18 26 17 21 4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1

5,000 or more employees. . . .. 8 8 9 8 7 -1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 -0.1

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.
Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 10,164 8,262 8,363 6.1 5.0 5.0

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 9,097 7,283 7,377 6.4 5.1 5.2

Mining and logging............................................... 38 32 32 5.6 4.8 4.7

Construction....................................................... 390 395 374 4.8 4.6 4.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 730 546 573 5.3 4.0 4.2

Durable goods.................................................. 467 375 390 5.4 4.4 4.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 263 171 183 5.1 3.4 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,579 1,239 1,187 5.1 4.0 3.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 221 281 184 3.5 4.4 2.9

Retail trade..................................................... 873 509 616 5.2 3.1 3.7

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 485 449 386 6.0 5.7 4.9

Information........................................................ 107 150 121 3.3 4.7 3.8

Financial activities................................................ 579 392 437 6.0 4.1 4.6

Finance and insurance........................................ 426 276 287 6.0 4.0 4.1

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 153 116 150 6.0 4.5 5.8

Professional and business services............................ 1,912 1,329 1,657 7.7 5.4 6.7

Education and health services.................................. 1,975 1,839 1,943 7.3 6.6 6.9

Educational services.......................................... 153 165 168 3.8 3.8 4.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,821 1,674 1,775 8.0 7.1 7.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,518 1,039 807 8.7 5.9 4.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 147 117 97 6.1 4.7 3.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,372 922 710 9.1 6.1 4.8

Other services.................................................... 268 322 246 4.4 5.2 4.0

Government.......................................................... 1,068 978 986 4.5 4.0 4.1

Federal............................................................. 141 166 169 4.6 5.3 5.4

State and local.................................................... 927 812 818 4.5 3.8 3.9

State and local education..................................... 302 280 246 2.8 2.5 2.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 625 532 572 6.4 5.4 5.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,639 1,412 1,493 5.6 4.8 5.0

South................................................................. 3,932 3,238 3,356 6.4 5.2 5.4

Midwest............................................................... 2,220 1,925 1,835 6.3 5.4 5.2

West.................................................................. 2,372 1,687 1,680 6.1 4.3 4.3

1 The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 4,641 5,067 4,102 3.0 3.2 2.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 4,373 4,781 3,850 3.3 3.5 2.9

Mining and logging............................................... 16 16 10 2.5 2.5 1.6

Construction....................................................... 235 272 227 3.0 3.3 2.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 281 292 220 2.2 2.2 1.7

Durable goods.................................................. 163 168 126 2.0 2.1 1.5

Nondurable goods............................................. 119 124 94 2.4 2.6 1.9

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,080 1,374 892 3.7 4.7 3.0

Wholesale trade................................................ 127 125 135 2.1 2.0 2.2

Retail trade..................................................... 596 723 469 3.8 4.6 2.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 356 526 287 4.7 7.1 3.8

Information........................................................ 63 69 50 2.0 2.3 1.6

Financial activities................................................ 135 176 142 1.5 1.9 1.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 78 114 79 1.2 1.7 1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 57 61 63 2.4 2.5 2.6

Professional and business services............................ 901 889 808 3.9 3.8 3.5

Education and health services.................................. 679 762 600 2.7 2.9 2.3

Educational services.......................................... 44 68 52 1.1 1.7 1.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 635 694 548 3.0 3.2 2.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 802 765 749 5.0 4.6 4.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 100 93 110 4.5 3.9 4.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 702 672 639 5.1 4.8 4.5

Other services.................................................... 180 167 152 3.1 2.8 2.6

Government.......................................................... 268 287 252 1.2 1.2 1.1

Federal............................................................. 43 45 41 1.5 1.5 1.4

State and local.................................................... 225 242 211 1.1 1.2 1.0

State and local education..................................... 83 113 84 0.8 1.0 0.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 142 129 127 1.6 1.4 1.4

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 650 784 613 2.3 2.8 2.2

South................................................................. 1,969 2,125 1,715 3.4 3.6 2.9

Midwest............................................................... 1,055 1,103 844 3.2 3.3 2.5

West.................................................................. 966 1,055 929 2.6 2.8 2.5

1 The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 5,598 4,784 5,074 3.6 3.0 3.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,237 4,542 4,759 3.9 3.4 3.5

Mining and logging............................................... 18 18 16 2.9 2.8 2.5

Construction....................................................... 385 356 386 5.0 4.4 4.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 317 286 252 2.4 2.2 1.9

Durable goods.................................................. 165 154 138 2.0 1.9 1.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 152 131 114 3.1 2.7 2.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,306 1,046 1,140 4.4 3.6 3.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 145 122 164 2.4 2.0 2.7

Retail trade..................................................... 764 617 601 4.8 3.9 3.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 396 307 374 5.2 4.1 4.9

Information........................................................ 101 71 58 3.2 2.3 1.9

Financial activities................................................ 160 170 174 1.8 1.9 1.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 107 111 105 1.6 1.6 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 53 60 69 2.2 2.4 2.8

Professional and business services............................ 1,119 927 1,081 4.9 4.0 4.7

Education and health services.................................. 725 671 636 2.9 2.6 2.4

Educational services.......................................... 75 50 72 1.9 1.2 1.8

Health care and social assistance........................... 650 621 563 3.1 2.8 2.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 902 836 849 5.7 5.1 5.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 127 159 153 5.7 6.7 6.4

Accommodation and food services.......................... 775 677 696 5.7 4.8 4.9

Other services.................................................... 204 160 166 3.5 2.7 2.8

Government.......................................................... 361 243 315 1.6 1.0 1.4

Federal............................................................. 56 34 45 1.9 1.2 1.5

State and local.................................................... 305 208 270 1.5 1.0 1.3

State and local education..................................... 124 84 118 1.2 0.8 1.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 182 124 152 2.0 1.3 1.6

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 890 792 815 3.2 2.8 2.9

South................................................................. 2,195 1,791 2,079 3.8 3.0 3.5

Midwest............................................................... 1,214 1,066 1,056 3.7 3.2 3.1

West.................................................................. 1,300 1,135 1,124 3.5 3.0 3.0

1 The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 3,540 3,015 2,852 2.3 1.9 1.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,353 2,868 2,698 2.5 2.1 2.0

Mining and logging............................................... 11 11 8 1.7 1.7 1.3

Construction....................................................... 126 136 119 1.6 1.7 1.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 195 166 147 1.5 1.3 1.1

Durable goods.................................................. 99 95 74 1.2 1.2 0.9

Nondurable goods............................................. 96 72 73 2.0 1.5 1.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 872 688 666 3.0 2.3 2.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 74 53 114 1.2 0.9 1.9

Retail trade..................................................... 549 438 379 3.5 2.8 2.4

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 249 198 173 3.3 2.7 2.3

Information........................................................ 41 38 28 1.3 1.2 0.9

Financial activities................................................ 105 108 107 1.1 1.2 1.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 69 69 64 1.0 1.0 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 35 39 42 1.5 1.6 1.7

Professional and business services............................ 619 552 482 2.7 2.4 2.1

Education and health services.................................. 554 492 455 2.2 1.9 1.7

Educational services.......................................... 42 36 51 1.1 0.9 1.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 512 455 404 2.4 2.1 1.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 684 594 601 4.3 3.6 3.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 61 53 67 2.7 2.2 2.8

Accommodation and food services.......................... 623 541 534 4.5 3.8 3.8

Other services.................................................... 147 82 86 2.5 1.4 1.5

Government.......................................................... 186 147 153 0.8 0.6 0.7

Federal............................................................. 21 16 17 0.7 0.5 0.6

State and local.................................................... 166 131 136 0.8 0.6 0.7

State and local education..................................... 69 57 65 0.6 0.5 0.6

State and local, excluding education........................ 97 75 71 1.1 0.8 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 452 440 421 1.6 1.6 1.5

South................................................................. 1,503 1,206 1,256 2.6 2.0 2.1

Midwest............................................................... 729 701 578 2.2 2.1 1.7

West.................................................................. 855 668 597 2.3 1.8 1.6

1 The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 1,698 1,465 1,826 1.1 0.9 1.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,606 1,409 1,729 1.2 1.0 1.3

Mining and logging............................................... 6 6 6 1.0 0.9 1.0

Construction....................................................... 242 214 246 3.1 2.6 3.1

Manufacturing..................................................... 100 97 83 0.8 0.7 0.6

Durable goods.................................................. 52 45 49 0.6 0.6 0.6

Nondurable goods............................................. 49 52 33 1.0 1.1 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 377 295 416 1.3 1.0 1.4

Wholesale trade................................................ 58 61 40 1.0 1.0 0.7

Retail trade..................................................... 188 140 185 1.2 0.9 1.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 130 94 191 1.7 1.3 2.5

Information........................................................ 54 23 29 1.7 0.7 1.0

Financial activities................................................ 32 52 47 0.3 0.6 0.5

Finance and insurance........................................ 18 34 26 0.3 0.5 0.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 14 18 21 0.6 0.7 0.9

Professional and business services............................ 417 316 480 1.8 1.4 2.1

Education and health services.................................. 127 131 128 0.5 0.5 0.5

Educational services.......................................... 29 11 19 0.7 0.3 0.5

Health care and social assistance........................... 99 121 109 0.5 0.5 0.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 205 208 231 1.3 1.3 1.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 64 102 82 2.9 4.3 3.5

Accommodation and food services.......................... 141 105 149 1.0 0.7 1.1

Other services.................................................... 47 67 63 0.8 1.1 1.1

Government.......................................................... 92 55 97 0.4 0.2 0.4

Federal............................................................. 14 8 11 0.5 0.3 0.4

State and local.................................................... 78 47 86 0.4 0.2 0.4

State and local education..................................... 34 17 36 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 43 30 50 0.5 0.3 0.5

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 363 271 312 1.3 1.0 1.1

South................................................................. 565 484 706 1.0 0.8 1.2

Midwest............................................................... 418 316 403 1.3 0.9 1.2

West.................................................................. 352 394 405 1.0 1.1 1.1

1 The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Total..................................................................... 361 305 397 0.2 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 277 265 331 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 1 1 2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Construction....................................................... 17 6 22 0.2 0.1 0.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 23 22 22 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 15 14 15 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 7 8 7 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 57 62 58 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 13 9 10 0.2 0.1 0.2

Retail trade..................................................... 27 39 37 0.2 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 17 15 10 0.2 0.2 0.1

Information........................................................ 7 10 1 0.2 0.3 0.0

Financial activities................................................ 24 10 20 0.3 0.1 0.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 20 8 14 0.3 0.1 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 4 3 6 0.2 0.1 0.2

Professional and business services............................ 83 59 118 0.4 0.3 0.5

Education and health services.................................. 44 48 53 0.2 0.2 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 4 3 3 0.1 0.1 0.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 40 45 50 0.2 0.2 0.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 12 34 17 0.1 0.2 0.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 1 4 4 0.1 0.2 0.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 11 30 13 0.1 0.2 0.1

Other services.................................................... 10 11 18 0.2 0.2 0.3

Government.......................................................... 83 40 65 0.4 0.2 0.3

Federal............................................................. 21 11 17 0.7 0.4 0.6

State and local.................................................... 62 29 48 0.3 0.1 0.2

State and local education..................................... 20 10 17 0.2 0.1 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 42 19 32 0.5 0.2 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 72 82 82 0.3 0.3 0.3

South................................................................. 129 102 119 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 65 50 74 0.2 0.1 0.2

West.................................................................. 94 72 121 0.3 0.2 0.3

1 The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.
Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally

adjusted

Establishment size class

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

Dec.

2022

Nov.

2023

Dec.

2023p

JOB OPENINGS

Total private............................................................ 9,097 7,283 7,377 6.4 5.1 5.2

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 1,513 1,378 1,747 6.5 6.0 6.8

10 to 49 employees................................................. 2,783 2,184 1,870 6.1 4.9 4.2

50 to 249 employees............................................... 2,712 1,793 1,911 6.8 4.4 4.9

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 1,158 1,075 953 6.0 5.4 4.9

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 634 602 608 6.6 6.4 6.8

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 297 251 288 6.8 5.1 5.8

HIRES

Total private............................................................ 4,373 4,781 3,850 3.3 3.5 2.9

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 562 751 627 2.6 3.5 2.6

10 to 49 employees................................................. 1,328 1,292 1,147 3.1 3.0 2.7

50 to 249 employees............................................... 1,416 1,424 1,182 3.8 3.7 3.2

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 675 839 563 3.8 4.4 3.0

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 337 401 269 3.7 4.6 3.2

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 56 74 61 1.4 1.6 1.3

TOTAL SEPARATIONS

Total private............................................................ 5,237 4,542 4,759 3.9 3.4 3.5

1 to 9 employees.................................................... 767 591 803 3.5 2.8 3.4

10 to 49 employees................................................. 1,832 1,382 1,499 4.3 3.2 3.5

50 to 249 employees............................................... 1,472 1,458 1,377 4.0 3.8 3.7

250 to 999 employees.............................................. 710 734 660 4.0 3.9 3.5

1,000 to 4,999 employees......................................... 394 319 358 4.4 3.6 4.3

5,000 or more employees.......................................... 61 58 62 1.5 1.2 1.3

QUITS

Total private.......................................................... 3,353 2,868 2,698 2.5 2.1 2.0

1 to 9 employees................................................. 479 345 402 2.2 1.6 1.7

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 1,191 950 888 2.8 2.2 2.1

50 to 249 employees............................................. 976 922 850 2.6 2.4 2.3

250 to 999 employees........................................... 424 437 347 2.4 2.3 1.9

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 246 177 174 2.7 2.0 2.1

5,000 or more employees....................................... 38 37 38 0.9 0.8 0.8

LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES

Total private.......................................................... 1,606 1,409 1,729 1.2 1.0 1.3

1 to 9 employees................................................. 244 218 339 1.1 1.0 1.4

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 558 321 501 1.3 0.8 1.2

50 to 249 employees............................................. 413 474 450 1.1 1.2 1.2

250 to 999 employees........................................... 257 256 269 1.4 1.4 1.4

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 121 126 155 1.3 1.4 1.8

5,000 or more employees....................................... 14 14 16 0.3 0.3 0.3

OTHER SEPARATIONS

Total private.......................................................... 277 265 331 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 to 9 employees................................................. 45 29 62 0.2 0.1 0.3

10 to 49 employees.............................................. 82 111 111 0.2 0.3 0.3

50 to 249 employees............................................. 83 62 77 0.2 0.2 0.2

250 to 999 employees........................................... 30 41 45 0.2 0.2 0.2

1,000 to 4,999 employees....................................... 27 15 29 0.3 0.2 0.3

5,000 or more employees....................................... 10 7 8 0.2 0.2 0.2

p Preliminary

NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only.

NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits,

layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings

on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and

discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment.

NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment

estimates.