Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-18-0024 

8:30 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 5, 2018

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2017 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 148,000 in December, and the unemployment rate

was unchanged at 4.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment gains 

occurred in health care, construction, and manufacturing. 

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal 

adjustment factors, a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted 

estimates back to January 2013 were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 

2017 through November 2017 (as originally published and as revised) appear in table A on 

page 6, along with additional information about the revisions. 

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, December 2015 – December 2017

Percent Thousands

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

Dec-15 Mar-16 Jun-16 Sep-16 Dec-16 Mar-17 Jun-17 Sep-17 Dec-17

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2015 – December 2017

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dec-15 Mar-16 Jun-16 Sep-16 Dec-16 Mar-17 Jun-17 Sep-17 Dec-17
-2- 

Household Survey Data

In December, the unemployment rate was 4.1 percent for the third consecutive month. The number of 

unemployed persons, at 6.6 million, was essentially unchanged over the month. Over the year, the 

unemployment rate and the number of unemployed persons were down by 0.6 percentage point and 

926,000, respectively. (See table A-1.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for teenagers declined to 13.6 percent in 

December, offsetting an increase in November. In December, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.8 

percent), adult women (3.7 percent), Whites (3.7 percent), Blacks (6.8 percent), Asians (2.5 percent), 

and Hispanics (4.9 percent) showed little or no change. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of new entrants decreased by 116,000 in December. New entrants 

are unemployed persons who never previously worked. (See table A-11.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed at 1.5 

million in December and accounted for 22.9 percent of the unemployed. Over the year, the number of 

long-term unemployed declined by 354,000. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, was unchanged over the month and over the year. 

The employment-population ratio was unchanged at 60.1 percent in December but was up by 0.3 

percentage point over the year. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as 

involuntary part-time workers) was essentially unchanged at 4.9 million in December but was down by 

639,000 over the year. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were 

working part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-time 

job. (See table A-8.)

In December, 1.6 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, about unchanged from 

a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, 

wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They 

were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the 

survey. (See table A-16.) 

Among the marginally attached, there were 474,000 discouraged workers in December, little changed 

from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not 

currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.1 

million persons marginally attached to the labor force in December had not searched for work for 

reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 148,000 in December. Job gains occurred in health care, 

construction, and manufacturing. In 2017, payroll employment growth totaled 2.1 million, compared 

with a gain of 2.2 million in 2016. (See table B-1.) 
-3- 

Employment in health care increased by 31,000 in December. Employment continued to trend up in 

ambulatory health care services (+15,000) and hospitals (+12,000). Health care added 300,000 jobs in 

2017, compared with a gain of 379,000 jobs in 2016. 

Construction added 30,000 jobs in December, with most of the increase among specialty trade 

contractors (+24,000). In 2017, construction employment increased by 210,000, compared with a gain of 

155,000 in 2016. 

In December, manufacturing employment rose by 25,000, largely reflecting a gain in durable goods 

industries (+21,000). Manufacturing added 196,000 jobs in 2017, following little net change in 2016 

(-16,000). 

Employment in food services and drinking places changed little in December (+25,000). Over the 

year, the industry added 249,000 jobs, about in line with an increase of 276,000 in 2016. 

In December, employment changed little in professional and business services (+19,000). In 2017, the 

industry added an average of 44,000 jobs per month, in line with its average monthly gain in 2016. 

Employment in retail trade was about unchanged in December (-20,000). Within the industry,

employment in general merchandise stores declined by 27,000 over the month. Retail trade employment 

edged down in 2017 (-67,000), after increasing by 203,000 in 2016. 

Employment in other major industries, including mining, wholesale trade, transportation and 

warehousing, information, financial activities, and government, changed little over the month. 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.5 hours in 

December. In manufacturing, the workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 40.8 hours, while overtime 

remained at 3.5 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 

private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 33.8 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 9 cents 

to $26.63. Over the year, average hourly earnings have risen by 65 cents, or 2.5 percent. Average hourly 

earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees increased by 7 cents to $22.30 in 

December. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised down from +244,000 to 

+211,000, and the change for November was revised up from +228,000 to +252,000. With these 

revisions, employment gains in October and November combined were 9,000 less than previously 

reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government 

agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) After 

revisions, job gains have averaged 204,000 over the last 3 months. 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 2, 2018, 

at 8:30 a.m. (EST). 
-4- 

Upcoming Changes to the Household Survey

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2018 on February 2, 2018, 

new population controls will be used in the household survey estimation process. These new 

controls reflect the annual updating of intercensal population estimates by the U.S. Census 

Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, historical data will not be revised to incorporate the 

new controls; consequently, household survey data for January 2018 will not be directly 

comparable with data for December 2017 or earlier periods. A table showing the effects of the 

new controls on the major labor force series will be included in the January 2018 release. 

Upcoming Changes to Establishment Survey Data 

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2018 on February 2, 2018, 

the establishment survey will introduce revisions to nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and 

earnings data to reflect the annual benchmark adjustment for March 2017 and updated seasonal 

adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data beginning with April 2016 and seasonally 

adjusted data beginning with January 2013 are subject to revision. Consistent with standard 

practice, some historical data may be subject to revisions resulting from issues identified during 

the benchmark process. 

The establishment survey will also revise the basis for industry classification from the 2012 

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) to the 2017 NAICS. The conversion 

will result in minor revisions reflecting content changes within the mining and logging, retail 

trade, information, financial activities, and professional and business services sectors. 

Additionally, some smaller industries will be combined within the mining and logging, durable 

goods manufacturing, retail trade, and information sectors. Several industry titles and 

descriptions also will be updated. 

Approximately 4 percent of employment will be reclassified into different industries as a result 

of the revision. Details of new, discontinued, and combined industries due to the 2017 NAICS 

update, as well as changes due to the annual benchmarking process are available at 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesnewseries.htm. 

For more information on the 2017 NAICS update, visit www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/. 
-5- 

Upcoming Changes to The Employment Situation News Release

Effective with the release of January 2018 data on February 2, 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics will introduce a minor change to The Employment Situation news release table B-1. 

As a result of the update to the 2017 NAICS, the industry title for general merchandise stores 

will change to general merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters. A 

listing of all series changes as a result of the 2017 NAICS update, including the industries 

published in news release table B-1, are available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesnewseries.htm. 
-6- 

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the labor 

force series derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS), or household survey. As a result of this 

process, seasonally adjusted data for January 2013 through November 2017 were subject to revision. 

(Not seasonally adjusted data were not subject to revision.) 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2017 through November 2017, as first published and 

as revised. The rates changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 1 of the 11 months and were 

unchanged in the remaining 10 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major labor force 

series beginning in December 2016 appear in table B. 

An article describing the seasonal adjustment methodology for the household survey data and revised 

data for January 2017 through November 2017 is available at 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables of this release can be accessed at 

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted data are available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/. 

Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2017 and changes due to revision

January - November 2017

January ......................................... 4.8 4.8 0.0

February ....................................... 4.7 4.7 .0

March .......................................... 4.5 4.5 .0

April ............................................. 4.4 4.4 .0

May ............................................. 4.3 4.3 .0

June .............................................. 4.4 4.3 -.1

July .............................................. 4.3 4.3 .0

August .......................................... 4.4 4.4 .0

September .................................... 4.2 4.2 .0

October ........................................ 4.1 4.1 .0

November .................................... 4.1 4.1 .0

Month As first

published As revised Change
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

2016 2017

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 254,742 254,082 254,246 254,414 254,588 254,767 254,957 255,151 255,357 255,562 255,766 255,949 256,109

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,736 159,718 159,997 160,235 160,181 159,729 160,214 160,467 160,598 161,082 160,371 160,533 160,597

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.9 62.9 63.0 62.9 62.7 62.8 62.9 62.9 63.0 62.7 62.7 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,233 152,076 152,511 153,064 153,161 152,892 153,250 153,511 153,471 154,324 153,846 153,917 154,021

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 59.8 59.9 60.0 60.2 60.2 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.1 60.4 60.2 60.1 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,502 7,642 7,486 7,171 7,021 6,837 6,964 6,956 7,127 6,759 6,524 6,616 6,576

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 114,603 114,297 114,375 114,455 114,538 114,627 114,721 114,817 114,918 115,020 115,120 115,212 115,292

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,996 82,051 82,054 82,007 82,054 81,915 82,022 82,128 82,297 82,561 82,366 82,375 82,548

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 71.8 71.7 71.7 71.6 71.5 71.5 71.5 71.6 71.8 71.5 71.5 71.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,396 78,448 78,515 78,548 78,839 78,794 78,753 78,863 78,887 79,393 79,248 79,324 79,431

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 68.4 68.6 68.6 68.6 68.8 68.7 68.6 68.7 68.6 69.0 68.8 68.9 68.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,600 3,603 3,539 3,459 3,215 3,120 3,269 3,266 3,410 3,168 3,118 3,050 3,117

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 123,383 123,052 123,131 123,212 123,296 123,386 123,480 123,577 123,679 123,781 123,882 123,975 124,057

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,898 71,720 72,050 72,233 72,144 71,979 72,187 72,499 72,406 72,497 72,187 72,302 72,293

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 58.3 58.5 58.6 58.5 58.3 58.5 58.7 58.5 58.6 58.3 58.3 58.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,835 68,572 68,978 69,337 69,218 69,087 69,289 69,586 69,502 69,692 69,576 69,665 69,614

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 55.8 55.7 56.0 56.3 56.1 56.0 56.1 56.3 56.2 56.3 56.2 56.2 56.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,062 3,148 3,072 2,896 2,927 2,892 2,898 2,912 2,903 2,804 2,611 2,637 2,679

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 16,756 16,734 16,740 16,747 16,754 16,754 16,756 16,757 16,759 16,761 16,763 16,762 16,760

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,842 5,947 5,894 5,995 5,983 5,836 6,006 5,840 5,895 6,024 5,818 5,857 5,757

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 35.5 35.2 35.8 35.7 34.8 35.8 34.9 35.2 35.9 34.7 34.9 34.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,002 5,056 5,018 5,179 5,104 5,010 5,209 5,062 5,082 5,238 5,022 4,928 4,977

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 29.9 30.2 30.0 30.9 30.5 29.9 31.1 30.2 30.3 31.3 30.0 29.4 29.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 891 876 816 879 825 797 778 813 786 796 929 780

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 15.0 14.9 13.6 14.7 14.1 13.3 13.3 13.8 13.0 13.7 15.9 13.6

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

- 7 -
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Change from:

Nov. 2017-

Dec. 2017

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 254,742 255,766 255,949 256,109 160

Civilian labor force........................................................... 159,736 160,371 160,533 160,597 64

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.7 62.7 62.7 62.7 0.0

Employed................................................................... 152,233 153,846 153,917 154,021 104

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 59.8 60.2 60.1 60.1 0.0

Unemployed............................................................... 7,502 6,524 6,616 6,576 -40

Unemployment rate.................................................... 4.7 4.1 4.1 4.1 0.0

Not in labor force............................................................ 95,006 95,395 95,416 95,512 96

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 4.7 4.1 4.1 4.1 0.0

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 4.4 3.8 3.7 3.8 0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 4.3 3.6 3.6 3.7 0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 14.4 13.7 15.9 13.6 -2.3

White.......................................................................... 4.2 3.5 3.7 3.7 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 7.9 7.3 7.2 6.8 -0.4

Asian.......................................................................... 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.5 -0.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 5.9 4.8 4.8 4.9 0.1

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.4 0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 7.6 6.1 5.2 6.3 1.1

High school graduates, no college........................................ 5.1 4.3 4.3 4.2 -0.1

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 0.0

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.5 2.0 2.1 2.1 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 3,627 3,214 3,149 3,254 105

Job leavers...................................................................... 896 731 739 715 -24

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,202 2,001 2,025 2,003 -22

New entrants.................................................................... 791 626 697 581 -116

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,359 2,128 2,253 2,235 -18

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 2,136 1,943 1,894 1,994 100

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 1,191 856 921 882 -39

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,869 1,645 1,593 1,515 -78

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 5,554 4,880 4,851 4,915 64

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 3,387 2,960 2,995 3,097 102

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,871 1,615 1,558 1,570 12

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,253 20,897 21,022 21,122 100

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,684 1,535 1,481 1,623 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 426 524 469 474 –

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 211 252 148

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 222 239 146

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 38 63 55

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 5 0

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 15 27 30

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 23 31 25

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 13 26 21

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 -0.5 1.5 1.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 10 5 4

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 184 176 91

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 6.8 5.9 9.8

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 -20.1 26.4 -20.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 3.7 11.1 1.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.9

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6 -1 1 7

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 8 7 6

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 47 49 19

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17.4 14.3 16.9 7.0

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 17 50 28

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.2 31.5 38.9 29.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 104 17 29

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -17 18 9 12

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -11 13 2

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 152 167 204

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 152 170 202

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.6 49.5 49.5 49.5

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 48.1 48.1 48.1

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.4 34.5 34.5

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25.98 $26.51 $26.54 $26.63

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $893.71 $911.94 $915.63 $918.74

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.2 107.6 108.1 108.3

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.9 136.4 137.2 137.8

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.4

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (261 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 62.6 68.0 64.2

Manufacturing (78 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.8 66.7 64.7 65.4

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 147,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 634,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime 

during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. 

Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be 

looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The 

unemployment data derived from the household survey in no 

way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of 

unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who received pay for any part of the reference pay 

period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted 

in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced 

for the private sector for all employees and for production 

and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 

related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, 

construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory 

employees in private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2012 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at https://www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 120,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -70,000 to +170,000 

(50,000 +/- 120,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment 

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.6 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254,742 255,949 256,109 254,742 255,357 255,562 255,766 255,949 256,109

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,968 160,466 159,880 159,736 160,598 161,082 160,371 160,533 160,597

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.7 62.4 62.7 62.9 63.0 62.7 62.7 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,798 154,180 153,602 152,233 153,471 154,324 153,846 153,917 154,021

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 60.2 60.0 59.8 60.1 60.4 60.2 60.1 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,170 6,286 6,278 7,502 7,127 6,759 6,524 6,616 6,576

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.9 3.9 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,774 95,483 96,230 95,006 94,759 94,480 95,395 95,416 95,512

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,449 4,877 5,071 5,674 5,809 5,626 5,232 5,265 5,308

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,099 123,707 123,786 123,099 123,413 123,516 123,617 123,707 123,786

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,463 84,943 84,831 85,001 85,177 85,519 85,247 85,221 85,354

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.6 68.7 68.5 69.1 69.0 69.2 69.0 68.9 69.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,368 81,535 81,300 80,897 81,342 81,902 81,667 81,666 81,821

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 65.9 65.7 65.7 65.9 66.3 66.1 66.0 66.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,095 3,408 3,531 4,104 3,836 3,617 3,580 3,555 3,533

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.0 4.2 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,636 38,764 38,955 38,097 38,236 37,996 38,370 38,486 38,432

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,603 115,212 115,292 114,603 114,918 115,020 115,120 115,212 115,292

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,640 82,257 82,193 81,996 82,297 82,561 82,366 82,375 82,548

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 71.4 71.3 71.5 71.6 71.8 71.5 71.5 71.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,984 79,349 79,025 78,396 78,887 79,393 79,248 79,324 79,431

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 68.9 68.5 68.4 68.6 69.0 68.8 68.9 68.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,656 2,909 3,168 3,600 3,410 3,168 3,118 3,050 3,117

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 3.5 3.9 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,963 32,954 33,099 32,607 32,621 32,459 32,755 32,837 32,745

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,643 132,242 132,323 131,643 131,943 132,047 132,149 132,242 132,323

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,505 75,523 75,048 74,735 75,420 75,563 75,124 75,312 75,243

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 57.1 56.7 56.8 57.2 57.2 56.8 57.0 56.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,430 72,645 72,301 71,336 72,129 72,422 72,179 72,251 72,200

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 54.9 54.6 54.2 54.7 54.8 54.6 54.6 54.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,075 2,877 2,747 3,398 3,291 3,142 2,945 3,061 3,043

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,138 56,719 57,275 56,909 56,523 56,484 57,026 56,930 57,080

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,383 123,975 124,057 123,383 123,679 123,781 123,882 123,975 124,057

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,794 72,673 72,237 71,898 72,406 72,497 72,187 72,302 72,293

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 58.6 58.2 58.3 58.5 58.6 58.3 58.3 58.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,984 70,163 69,775 68,835 69,502 69,692 69,576 69,665 69,614

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.9 56.6 56.2 55.8 56.2 56.3 56.2 56.2 56.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,810 2,509 2,462 3,062 2,903 2,804 2,611 2,637 2,679

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.5 3.4 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,589 51,302 51,820 51,485 51,273 51,284 51,696 51,673 51,764

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,756 16,762 16,760 16,756 16,759 16,761 16,763 16,762 16,760

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,534 5,536 5,449 5,842 5,895 6,024 5,818 5,857 5,757

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.0 33.0 32.5 34.9 35.2 35.9 34.7 34.9 34.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,831 4,668 4,801 5,002 5,082 5,238 5,022 4,928 4,977

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8 27.8 28.6 29.9 30.3 31.3 30.0 29.4 29.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 868 648 840 813 786 796 929 780

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.7 15.7 11.9 14.4 13.8 13.0 13.7 15.9 13.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,221 11,226 11,311 10,914 10,864 10,737 10,945 10,906 11,003

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,845 199,386 199,458 198,845 199,082 199,191 199,298 199,386 199,458

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,081 124,966 124,594 124,688 125,030 125,397 124,757 125,110 125,200

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.7 62.5 62.7 62.8 63.0 62.6 62.7 62.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,992 120,749 120,148 119,401 120,242 120,754 120,400 120,514 120,551

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8 60.6 60.2 60.0 60.4 60.6 60.4 60.4 60.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,090 4,217 4,446 5,287 4,788 4,643 4,356 4,596 4,649

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.4 3.6 4.2 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,764 74,420 74,864 74,157 74,053 73,794 74,541 74,276 74,258

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,895 65,297 65,263 65,133 65,298 65,348 65,244 65,394 65,511

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.4 71.6 71.6 71.7 71.7 71.8 71.6 71.7 71.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,194 63,327 62,964 62,534 62,997 63,159 63,155 63,282 63,307

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 69.5 69.0 68.8 69.2 69.4 69.3 69.4 69.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700 1,971 2,299 2,599 2,301 2,189 2,090 2,112 2,204

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.0 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.4

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,856 55,365 55,061 54,965 55,231 55,447 55,014 55,147 55,161

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 57.7 57.4 57.5 57.7 57.9 57.4 57.5 57.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,966 53,729 53,356 52,892 53,276 53,538 53,298 53,342 53,275

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 56.0 55.6 55.3 55.7 55.9 55.6 55.6 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,890 1,635 1,705 2,072 1,955 1,909 1,715 1,805 1,886

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,330 4,304 4,270 4,591 4,500 4,602 4,499 4,569 4,528

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 34.9 34.6 37.2 36.5 37.3 36.5 37.0 36.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,832 3,693 3,828 3,975 3,968 4,057 3,947 3,891 3,970

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 29.9 31.0 32.2 32.2 32.9 32.0 31.5 32.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 611 442 616 532 545 552 678 559

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 14.2 10.4 13.4 11.8 11.8 12.3 14.8 12.3

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,105 32,404 32,436 32,105 32,296 32,333 32,370 32,404 32,436

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,779 20,218 20,050 19,890 20,090 20,254 20,134 20,175 20,153

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 62.4 61.8 62.0 62.2 62.6 62.2 62.3 62.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,307 18,779 18,791 18,310 18,571 18,838 18,654 18,718 18,790

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 58.0 57.9 57.0 57.5 58.3 57.6 57.8 57.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,472 1,439 1,260 1,579 1,519 1,416 1,479 1,457 1,362

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 7.1 6.3 7.9 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.2 6.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,327 12,186 12,385 12,216 12,206 12,079 12,236 12,230 12,283

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,023 9,210 9,128 9,072 9,213 9,294 9,218 9,225 9,178

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 68.0 67.3 67.8 68.3 68.8 68.2 68.1 67.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,337 8,552 8,537 8,378 8,500 8,668 8,539 8,552 8,576

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 63.1 63.0 62.6 63.0 64.2 63.1 63.1 63.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 658 591 695 713 626 679 673 601

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 7.1 6.5 7.7 7.7 6.7 7.4 7.3 6.6

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,088 10,310 10,236 10,114 10,127 10,166 10,204 10,219 10,252

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 63.1 62.5 62.4 62.1 62.3 62.5 62.5 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,459 9,703 9,707 9,411 9,487 9,550 9,560 9,622 9,657

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 59.3 59.3 58.1 58.2 58.5 58.5 58.8 59.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 607 529 703 639 616 644 597 595

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 5.9 5.2 7.0 6.3 6.1 6.3 5.8 5.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 698 686 703 751 794 712 731 723

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.5 27.8 27.4 27.9 29.9 31.6 28.4 29.1 28.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 524 547 522 584 619 555 544 557

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.9 21.8 20.7 23.3 24.7 22.1 21.7 22.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 174 140 181 167 174 157 187 166

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 25.0 20.3 25.8 22.2 22.0 22.0 25.5 22.9

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,433 15,370 15,610 15,433 15,341 15,483 15,466 15,370 15,610

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,681 9,633 9,779 9,685 9,876 9,985 9,864 9,699 9,782

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.7 62.6 62.8 64.4 64.5 63.8 63.1 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,428 9,343 9,546 9,418 9,489 9,626 9,565 9,407 9,536

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.1 60.8 61.2 61.0 61.9 62.2 61.8 61.2 61.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 290 233 267 388 359 299 292 246

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 3.0 2.4 2.8 3.9 3.6 3.0 3.0 2.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,752 5,737 5,831 5,749 5,464 5,498 5,602 5,671 5,829

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 41,190 41,751 41,831 41,190 41,492 41,579 41,665 41,751 41,831

Civilian labor force................................ 27,032 27,479 27,429 27,098 27,325 27,609 27,319 27,389 27,498

Participation rate............................... 65.6 65.8 65.6 65.8 65.9 66.4 65.6 65.6 65.7

Employed....................................... 25,450 26,196 26,077 25,513 25,925 26,209 25,999 26,088 26,141

Employment-population ratio............... 61.8 62.7 62.3 61.9 62.5 63.0 62.4 62.5 62.5

Unemployed.................................... 1,582 1,283 1,352 1,586 1,400 1,400 1,321 1,301 1,356

Unemployment rate......................... 5.9 4.7 4.9 5.9 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.9

Not in labor force................................. 14,158 14,272 14,402 14,092 14,167 13,970 14,346 14,361 14,334

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 14,832 14,999 15,090 14,825 15,012 15,110 14,959 14,969 15,084

Participation rate............................... 79.9 79.8 80.1 79.8 80.4 80.7 79.7 79.6 80.1

Employed....................................... 14,059 14,432 14,457 14,109 14,303 14,502 14,380 14,400 14,507

Employment-population ratio............... 75.7 76.8 76.7 76.0 76.6 77.5 76.7 76.6 77.0

Unemployed.................................... 773 567 634 716 709 608 579 569 577

Unemployment rate......................... 5.2 3.8 4.2 4.8 4.7 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,062 11,314 11,165 11,084 11,098 11,249 11,146 11,222 11,189

Participation rate............................... 58.8 59.3 58.4 58.9 58.5 59.2 58.5 58.8 58.5

Employed....................................... 10,435 10,769 10,604 10,427 10,576 10,637 10,601 10,676 10,598

Employment-population ratio............... 55.5 56.4 55.5 55.4 55.8 56.0 55.7 56.0 55.4

Unemployed.................................... 627 545 561 657 522 612 546 546 591

Unemployment rate......................... 5.7 4.8 5.0 5.9 4.7 5.4 4.9 4.9 5.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,138 1,166 1,174 1,189 1,215 1,250 1,214 1,198 1,225

Participation rate............................... 29.8 30.1 30.3 31.2 31.5 32.4 31.4 30.9 31.6

Employed....................................... 956 995 1,017 976 1,046 1,070 1,018 1,012 1,037

Employment-population ratio............... 25.1 25.7 26.2 25.6 27.1 27.7 26.3 26.2 26.8

Unemployed.................................... 182 171 158 213 169 180 196 185 188

Unemployment rate......................... 16.0 14.7 13.4 17.9 13.9 14.4 16.1 15.5 15.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,461 10,298 10,148 10,476 10,553 10,552 10,328 10,167 10,148

Participation rate.................................. 44.9 45.6 44.8 44.9 46.1 46.2 46.2 45.1 44.8

Employed.......................................... 9,621 9,779 9,455 9,682 9,903 9,846 9,699 9,639 9,507

Employment-population ratio................. 41.3 43.4 41.8 41.5 43.3 43.1 43.4 42.7 42.0

Unemployed....................................... 840 518 693 795 649 706 629 528 641

Unemployment rate............................ 8.0 5.0 6.8 7.6 6.2 6.7 6.1 5.2 6.3

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,535 36,102 35,760 35,683 35,908 35,916 35,572 36,014 35,927

Participation rate.................................. 57.5 57.7 57.5 57.8 57.6 57.4 56.9 57.5 57.8

Employed.......................................... 33,710 34,598 34,245 33,874 34,116 34,377 34,050 34,463 34,425

Employment-population ratio................. 54.6 55.3 55.1 54.8 54.7 55.0 54.4 55.1 55.4

Unemployed....................................... 1,825 1,504 1,515 1,808 1,792 1,539 1,522 1,551 1,503

Unemployment rate............................ 5.1 4.2 4.2 5.1 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 38,188 38,075 37,897 38,216 37,247 37,540 37,761 37,955 37,906

Participation rate.................................. 66.0 66.4 66.2 66.1 65.6 65.9 65.8 66.2 66.2

Employed.......................................... 36,795 36,747 36,590 36,751 35,845 36,189 36,385 36,579 36,534

Employment-population ratio................. 63.6 64.1 63.9 63.6 63.1 63.5 63.4 63.8 63.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,394 1,328 1,307 1,465 1,402 1,351 1,376 1,376 1,372

Unemployment rate............................ 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 54,095 55,498 55,824 54,128 55,576 55,621 55,612 55,501 55,852

Participation rate.................................. 73.6 73.6 73.4 73.7 73.9 74.1 73.8 73.6 73.5

Employed.......................................... 52,843 54,424 54,701 52,789 54,247 54,378 54,477 54,348 54,653

Employment-population ratio................. 71.9 72.2 72.0 71.9 72.1 72.5 72.3 72.1 71.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,252 1,074 1,123 1,339 1,329 1,242 1,135 1,153 1,200

Unemployment rate............................ 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,757 19,389 18,735 17,533 2,022 1,856

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,434 9,521 9,210 8,405 1,224 1,115

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.3 49.1 49.2 47.9 60.5 60.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,009 9,159 8,822 8,084 1,187 1,075

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 47.2 47.1 46.1 58.7 57.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 362 388 321 36 41

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.8 3.0 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,323 9,868 9,525 9,128 798 741

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,038 4,164 3,334 3,469 704 695

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,341 3,383 2,836 2,897 505 486

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.7 81.2 85.1 83.5 71.7 69.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,152 3,270 2,669 2,800 483 470

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.1 78.5 80.0 80.7 68.6 67.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 113 167 97 22 16

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 3.3 5.9 3.4 4.3 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 781 498 572 199 209

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,309 2,981 2,799 2,501 510 480

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,613 2,284 2,252 1,952 361 332

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.0 76.6 80.5 78.1 70.9 69.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,540 2,204 2,182 1,885 358 319

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.8 73.9 78.0 75.4 70.2 66.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 80 70 67 4 13

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.5 3.1 3.4 1.0 4.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 697 547 548 149 148

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,308 7,839 8,010 7,572 298 267

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,875 1,638 1,812 1,573 62 65

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 20.9 22.6 20.8 20.9 24.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,796 1,577 1,740 1,512 56 65

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 20.1 21.7 20.0 18.8 24.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 61 73 61 6 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.7 4.0 3.9 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,433 6,201 6,198 5,999 236 202

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,102 4,405 4,592 3,991 510 414

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,605 2,216 2,310 1,983 295 233

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1 50.3 50.3 49.7 57.9 56.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,522 2,109 2,232 1,887 290 222

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.4 47.9 48.6 47.3 56.9 53.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 107 78 96 5 11

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 4.8 3.4 4.8 1.7 4.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,497 2,189 2,282 2,008 215 181

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224,879 227,397 99,823 101,486 125,055 125,911

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,581 148,288 74,321 75,509 72,260 72,779

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 65.2 74.5 74.4 57.8 57.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,128 142,639 70,793 72,437 69,335 70,203

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 62.7 70.9 71.4 55.4 55.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,454 5,649 3,528 3,073 2,925 2,576

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.8 4.7 4.1 4.0 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,297 79,109 25,502 25,976 52,795 53,133

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,131 29,780 224,611 226,329

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,054 6,211 152,914 153,668

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.1 20.9 68.1 67.9

Employed............................................................................. 5,509 5,690 146,289 147,912

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 18.3 19.1 65.1 65.4

Unemployed.......................................................................... 545 522 6,625 5,757

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.0 8.4 4.3 3.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,077 23,569 71,697 72,661

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,650 2,777 76,792 76,818

Participation rate..................................................................... 34.6 37.5 82.0 81.8

Employed............................................................................. 2,379 2,509 73,182 73,748

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 31.1 33.9 78.2 78.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 271 268 3,610 3,071

Unemployment rate............................................................... 10.2 9.7 4.7 4.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,001 4,622 16,836 17,037

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,347 2,327 67,993 68,380

Participation rate..................................................................... 28.9 30.2 70.4 70.6

Employed............................................................................. 2,152 2,134 65,264 65,960

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 26.5 27.7 67.6 68.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 195 193 2,729 2,421

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.3 8.3 4.0 3.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,763 5,367 28,522 28,461

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,057 1,107 8,128 8,470

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.4 7.5 23.6 23.8

Employed............................................................................. 978 1,047 7,842 8,204

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 6.8 7.1 22.8 23.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 79 60 286 265

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.4 5.4 3.5 3.1

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,312 13,580 26,340 27,163

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 41,623 41,546 20,196 19,966 21,427 21,579

Civilian labor force.................................................. 27,062 27,143 15,560 15,612 11,501 11,531

Participation rate.................................................. 65.0 65.3 77.0 78.2 53.7 53.4

Employed.......................................................... 25,881 26,091 14,945 15,058 10,935 11,033

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.2 62.8 74.0 75.4 51.0 51.1

Unemployed....................................................... 1,181 1,052 615 554 566 498

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.4 3.9 4.0 3.5 4.9 4.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,561 14,403 4,636 4,354 9,925 10,048

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 213,119 214,563 102,903 103,820 110,217 110,744

Civilian labor force.................................................. 131,906 132,736 68,903 69,219 63,004 63,517

Participation rate.................................................. 61.9 61.9 67.0 66.7 57.2 57.4

Employed.......................................................... 125,917 127,510 65,423 66,242 60,495 61,268

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.1 59.4 63.6 63.8 54.9 55.3

Unemployed....................................................... 5,989 5,226 3,480 2,977 2,509 2,249

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.5 3.9 5.1 4.3 4.0 3.5

Not in labor force.................................................... 81,213 81,827 34,000 34,600 47,213 47,227

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,180 2,451 2,368 2,349 2,368 2,311 2,471 2,510 2,552

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,366 1,666 1,590 1,472 1,596 1,554 1,707 1,697 1,717

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 797 754 743 851 725 745 749 791 793

Unpaid family workers........................... 18 30 35 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 149,617 151,729 151,233 149,854 151,175 151,942 151,334 151,453 151,478

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 140,753 142,653 142,295 140,922 142,371 142,959 142,294 142,472 142,505

Government..................................... 21,029 20,950 20,789 20,887 21,037 20,908 20,755 20,717 20,642

Private industries............................... 119,724 121,702 121,506 120,071 121,394 122,055 121,578 121,779 121,900

Private households.......................... 680 608 687 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 119,044 121,094 120,819 119,377 120,695 121,423 121,012 121,140 121,206

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,800 9,030 8,881 8,921 8,645 8,861 8,956 8,922 8,970

Unpaid family workers........................... 64 46 57 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,707 4,642 5,060 5,554 5,209 5,148 4,880 4,851 4,915

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,478 2,872 3,172 3,387 3,232 3,098 2,960 2,995 3,097

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,828 1,497 1,529 1,871 1,631 1,725 1,615 1,558 1,570

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,711 22,123 21,631 21,253 21,468 20,951 20,897 21,022 21,122

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,561 4,554 4,992 5,415 5,125 5,048 4,799 4,759 4,856

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,362 2,819 3,132 3,267 3,196 3,054 2,944 2,952 3,049

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,824 1,486 1,528 1,860 1,622 1,702 1,600 1,552 1,563

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,335 21,744 21,226 20,860 21,133 20,619 20,552 20,645 20,703

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,798 154,180 153,602 152,233 153,471 154,324 153,846 153,917 154,021

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,831 4,668 4,801 5,002 5,082 5,238 5,022 4,928 4,977

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,661 1,794 1,803 1,750 1,923 1,972 1,932 1,929 1,907

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,170 2,874 2,998 3,253 3,150 3,206 3,070 2,996 3,075

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,967 149,512 148,801 147,231 148,389 149,085 148,824 148,989 149,045

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,999 13,963 13,809 14,120 14,227 14,211 14,183 13,982 13,936

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,968 135,549 134,991 133,071 134,086 134,845 134,716 135,009 135,083

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,417 99,823 99,547 98,427 98,584 99,235 99,227 99,407 99,535

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,219 34,821 34,614 34,204 34,317 34,652 34,666 34,692 34,606

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,564 32,316 32,302 31,573 31,830 32,045 32,094 32,146 32,304

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,634 32,685 32,631 32,650 32,437 32,538 32,468 32,568 32,625

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,551 35,726 35,444 34,644 35,502 35,610 35,489 35,602 35,548

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,368 81,535 81,300 80,897 81,342 81,902 81,667 81,666 81,821

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,384 2,186 2,275 2,501 2,455 2,509 2,419 2,342 2,391

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 811 779 810 884 899 884 884 848

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,631 1,375 1,495 1,686 1,564 1,600 1,528 1,443 1,540

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,984 79,349 79,025 78,396 78,887 79,393 79,248 79,324 79,431

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,152 7,157 7,093 7,259 7,357 7,313 7,280 7,210 7,203

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,832 72,192 71,933 71,122 71,506 72,028 72,016 72,102 72,226

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,529 53,178 53,163 52,685 52,574 52,980 53,082 53,084 53,308

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,328 18,650 18,559 18,379 18,438 18,605 18,617 18,617 18,612

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,988 17,347 17,397 17,040 17,085 17,262 17,320 17,300 17,450

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,213 17,181 17,206 17,266 17,051 17,114 17,145 17,167 17,246

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,303 19,014 18,770 18,437 18,933 19,048 18,934 19,018 18,918

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,430 72,645 72,301 71,336 72,129 72,422 72,179 72,251 72,200

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,446 2,482 2,526 2,501 2,627 2,729 2,603 2,586 2,586

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 983 1,024 941 1,039 1,073 1,048 1,044 1,059

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,538 1,499 1,502 1,567 1,586 1,606 1,541 1,552 1,535

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,984 70,163 69,775 68,835 69,502 69,692 69,576 69,665 69,614

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,847 6,806 6,717 6,861 6,870 6,898 6,903 6,772 6,733

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,136 63,357 63,058 61,949 62,580 62,817 62,700 62,906 62,857

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,889 46,645 46,385 45,742 46,011 46,255 46,146 46,322 46,227

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,891 16,171 16,055 15,825 15,880 16,047 16,049 16,074 15,994

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,577 14,969 14,905 14,533 14,745 14,784 14,774 14,846 14,853

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,421 15,504 15,425 15,384 15,386 15,425 15,323 15,402 15,380

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,248 16,712 16,674 16,208 16,569 16,562 16,555 16,584 16,630

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,254 45,581 45,284 45,389 45,319 45,594 45,776 45,621 45,439

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,712 36,151 35,952 35,569 35,519 35,591 35,853 35,844 35,813

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,998 10,064 9,893 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,570 126,468 125,985 124,301 125,882 126,676 126,636 126,758 126,723

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,228 27,713 27,616 27,890 27,529 27,603 27,142 27,138 27,257

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,675 7,593 7,776 7,558 7,350 7,350 7,209 7,342 7,647

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.8 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,835 6,021 6,047 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,596 9,785 9,624 9,772 9,370 9,605 9,705 9,713 9,763

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 7,502 6,616 6,576 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1

16 to 19 years..................................... 840 929 780 14.4 13.8 13.0 13.7 15.9 13.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 365 455 341 17.2 14.6 13.9 15.0 19.1 15.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 492 506 467 13.1 12.9 12.8 13.2 14.4 13.2

20 years and over................................ 6,662 5,688 5,796 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,235 1,075 1,063 8.0 7.2 7.6 7.2 7.1 7.1

25 years and over.............................. 5,420 4,638 4,735 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4

25 to 54 years............................... 4,131 3,474 3,528 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4

25 to 34 years............................. 1,694 1,545 1,615 4.7 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.5

35 to 44 years............................. 1,300 1,023 992 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 1,137 906 921 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7

55 years and over........................... 1,267 1,144 1,200 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.3

Men, 16 years and over............................ 4,104 3,555 3,533 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1

16 to 19 years..................................... 504 505 416 16.8 14.8 15.2 16.0 17.7 14.8

16 to 17 years.................................. 207 231 158 20.3 15.1 15.6 17.4 20.7 15.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 304 287 271 15.3 14.5 15.2 15.7 16.6 15.0

20 years and over................................ 3,600 3,050 3,117 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8

20 to 24 years.................................. 736 662 620 9.2 7.7 8.7 8.0 8.4 7.9

25 years and over.............................. 2,838 2,406 2,480 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.3

25 to 54 years............................... 2,150 1,747 1,814 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.3

25 to 34 years............................. 906 793 841 4.7 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.3

35 to 44 years............................. 673 485 471 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6

45 to 54 years............................. 571 468 502 3.2 3.5 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.8

55 years and over........................... 688 659 667 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.4

Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,398 3,061 3,043 4.5 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.0

16 to 19 years..................................... 336 424 364 11.8 12.9 11.0 11.4 14.1 12.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 158 224 183 14.4 14.2 12.5 12.8 17.7 14.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 189 219 196 10.8 11.3 10.3 10.6 12.4 11.3

20 years and over................................ 3,062 2,637 2,679 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7

20 to 24 years.................................. 499 413 443 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.3 5.8 6.2

25 years and over.............................. 2,583 2,232 2,254 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.5

25 to 54 years............................... 1,981 1,727 1,714 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.6

25 to 34 years............................. 788 752 774 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6

35 to 44 years............................. 627 538 521 4.1 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.4

45 to 54 years............................. 567 438 418 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.8 2.6

55 years and over........................... 594 483 546 3.5 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.8 3.2

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 1,272 969 1,033 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.2

Married women, spouse present1................. 1,071 833 942 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.6

Women who maintain families2.................... 621 590 552 5.8 7.2 6.5 5.6 5.5 5.3

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 6,092 5,189 5,314 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.9 4.0

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,465 1,421 1,295 5.0 4.4 4.3 4.5 5.0 4.5

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,668 2,907 3,298 3,627 3,497 3,316 3,214 3,149 3,254

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,117 807 1,010 1,019 1,030 891 862 950 915

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,550 2,100 2,288 2,608 2,467 2,425 2,352 2,200 2,339

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,863 1,483 1,604 1,903 1,777 1,728 1,688 1,539 1,636

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 687 617 684 705 690 697 664 661 703

Job leavers........................................... 842 757 673 896 790 737 731 739 715

Reentrants............................................ 2,003 1,978 1,827 2,202 2,137 2,068 2,001 2,025 2,003

New entrants......................................... 657 644 480 791 653 663 626 697 581

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 51.2 46.2 52.5 48.3 49.4 48.9 48.9 47.6 49.7

On temporary layoff.............................. 15.6 12.8 16.1 13.6 14.6 13.1 13.1 14.4 14.0

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 35.6 33.4 36.4 34.7 34.9 35.8 35.8 33.3 35.7

Job leavers........................................... 11.7 12.0 10.7 11.9 11.2 10.9 11.1 11.2 10.9

Reentrants............................................ 27.9 31.5 29.1 29.3 30.2 30.5 30.5 30.6 30.6

New entrants......................................... 9.2 10.2 7.7 10.5 9.2 9.8 9.5 10.5 8.9

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4

Reentrants............................................ 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2

New entrants......................................... 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,251 2,084 2,144 2,359 2,221 2,223 2,128 2,253 2,235

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,974 1,753 1,848 2,136 1,996 1,879 1,943 1,894 1,994

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,945 2,449 2,287 3,060 2,802 2,695 2,500 2,514 2,397

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 1,176 921 867 1,191 1,067 962 856 921 882

27 weeks and over............................... 1,769 1,529 1,420 1,869 1,735 1,733 1,645 1,593 1,515

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 25.8 26.3 23.5 25.9 24.3 26.6 25.8 25.2 23.6

Median duration, in weeks......................... 10.5 9.7 8.8 10.8 10.3 10.1 9.8 9.5 9.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 31.4 33.2 34.1 31.2 31.6 32.7 32.4 33.8 33.7

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 27.5 27.9 29.4 28.3 28.4 27.6 29.6 28.4 30.1

15 weeks and over.................................. 41.1 39.0 36.4 40.5 39.9 39.7 38.0 37.7 36.2

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 16.4 14.6 13.8 15.8 15.2 14.2 13.0 13.8 13.3

27 weeks and over............................... 24.7 24.3 22.6 24.7 24.7 25.5 25.0 23.9 22.9

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 151,798 153,602 7,170 6,278 4.5 3.9

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 60,069 62,121 1,361 1,290 2.2 2.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 25,216 25,760 609 514 2.4 2.0

Professional and related occupations.......................... 34,853 36,361 752 775 2.1 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 26,459 25,826 1,493 1,405 5.3 5.2

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,976 33,633 1,482 1,268 4.2 3.6

Sales and related occupations.................................. 16,019 15,985 768 627 4.6 3.8

Office and administrative support occupations............... 17,958 17,649 714 641 3.8 3.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,653 14,299 1,064 961 7.2 6.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 926 1,107 170 195 15.5 15.0

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 7,790 8,198 724 600 8.5 6.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,938 4,994 170 166 3.3 3.2

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 17,641 17,722 1,097 865 5.9 4.7

Production occupations.......................................... 8,315 8,546 487 376 5.5 4.2

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 9,326 9,177 610 489 6.1 5.1

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 7,170 6,278 4.5 3.9

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 5,581 4,841 4.5 3.8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 27 41 3.7 5.1

Construction.......................................................................... 670 554 7.4 5.9

Manufacturing........................................................................ 630 505 4.0 3.3

Durable goods..................................................................... 366 289 3.7 3.0

Nondurable goods................................................................ 264 217 4.5 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 955 841 4.6 4.1

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 241 208 3.6 3.0

Information............................................................................ 87 108 3.1 3.8

Financial activities................................................................... 251 143 2.6 1.5

Professional and business services............................................... 879 712 5.3 4.2

Education and health services..................................................... 667 706 2.9 3.0

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 899 833 6.4 6.2

Other services........................................................................ 276 189 4.2 2.8

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 166 210 11.2 11.9

Government workers................................................................... 401 460 1.9 2.2

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 365 287 3.6 2.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Aug.

2017

Sept.

2017

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017

Dec.

2017

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 4.5 3.9 3.9 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.8 4.2 4.2 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 5.5 4.8 4.9 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.1

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 9.1 7.7 8.0 9.1 8.6 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.1

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2017

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 95,774 96,230 38,636 38,955 57,138 57,275

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,449 5,071 2,631 2,330 2,819 2,742

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,684 1,623 963 811 721 812

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 426 474 295 316 131 158

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,258 1,149 668 495 590 654

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,675 7,776 3,630 3,744 4,045 4,032

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.1 5.1 4.5 4.6 5.7 5.6

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,204 4,391 2,235 2,335 1,969 2,056

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 2,078 1,964 682 668 1,396 1,296

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 282 269 162 154 120 116

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,050 1,091 521 560 529 531

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Change

from:

Nov.2017 -

Dec.2017p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,158 147,952 148,526 148,346 145,325 146,980 147,232 147,380 148

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,522 125,268 125,716 125,654 123,026 124,654 124,893 125,039 146

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,670 20,351 20,299 20,179 19,794 20,141 20,204 20,259 55

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 731 735 730 668 722 727 727 0

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.3 50.0 51.1 51.2 51.0 48.8 49.9 50.7 0.8

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618.3 680.5 683.6 678.9 616.8 673.3 677.5 675.8 -1.7

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177.7 179.3 180.3 178.9 177.3 178.9 179.0 177.9 -1.1

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.7 188.7 187.8 184.4 182.0 186.5 187.1 186.3 -0.8

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.2 52.1 51.1 50.9 49.7 51.6 50.9 50.5 -0.4

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.3 38.9 38.7 38.9 39.1 39.0 38.8 38.8 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.2 97.7 98.0 94.6 93.2 95.9 97.4 97.1 -0.3

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260.9 312.5 315.5 315.6 257.5 307.9 311.4 311.6 0.2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,660 7,125 7,057 6,910 6,783 6,936 6,963 6,993 30

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,491.9 1,564.7 1,556.2 1,544.4 1,503.2 1,534.1 1,543.5 1,550.4 6.9

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751.0 783.0 778.4 780.0 753.6 767.5 772.6 780.8 8.2

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740.9 781.7 777.8 764.4 749.6 766.6 770.9 769.6 -1.3

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 885.3 1,023.7 982.9 917.2 935.0 962.9 957.9 957.2 -0.7

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,282.5 4,536.6 4,517.7 4,448.4 4,345.0 4,439.3 4,461.3 4,485.1 23.8

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 1,882.7 1,988.5 1,982.3 1,954.6 1,912.2 1,952.8 1,961.4 1,971.4 10.0

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,399.8 2,548.1 2,535.4 2,493.8 2,432.8 2,486.5 2,499.9 2,513.7 13.8

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,341 12,495 12,507 12,539 12,343 12,483 12,514 12,539 25

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,709 7,788 7,816 7,847 7,708 7,791 7,817 7,838 21

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.0 396.3 395.2 396.7 396.2 394.9 394.3 395.0 0.7

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407.0 421.4 421.6 416.7 412.3 416.1 418.0 419.7 1.7

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.2 385.6 386.0 390.6 375.8 386.6 387.7 390.3 2.6

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,422.1 1,455.8 1,464.8 1,470.8 1,421.6 1,456.7 1,464.5 1,469.9 5.4

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,075.7 1,094.6 1,103.1 1,113.2 1,075.6 1,098.7 1,106.7 1,112.7 6.0

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,040.7 1,045.3 1,048.8 1,054.9 1,039.4 1,047.1 1,050.6 1,053.6 3.0

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 162.4 167.8 170.1 170.4 162.4 167.7 169.7 169.7 0.0

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.0 84.8 84.7 84.9 84.2 85.0 84.7 84.8 0.1

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.2 362.4 363.2 367.2 362.1 363.5 364.5 366.8 2.3

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.4 397.0 398.3 400.2 396.0 397.9 399.4 400.1 0.7

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 33.3 32.5 32.2 34.6 33.1 32.2 32.2 0.0

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 382.7 394.1 395.6 397.8 383.2 394.8 396.1 397.3 1.2

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,623.8 1,611.2 1,617.0 1,622.1 1,619.8 1,613.5 1,615.9 1,616.9 1.0

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946.1 937.2 941.4 945.5 942.4 938.7 940.2 941.5 1.3

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391.0 391.4 388.8 389.6 392.8 391.0 390.1 389.4 -0.7

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.7 592.2 595.3 594.9 591.4 591.5 592.8 592.8 0.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,632 4,707 4,691 4,692 4,635 4,692 4,697 4,701 4

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,565.8 1,618.2 1,606.3 1,609.7 1,568.2 1,608.7 1,611.9 1,616.4 4.5

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.2 110.1 109.9 110.5 112.2 110.2 109.5 110.3 0.8

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.8 109.2 109.6 108.8 112.8 108.7 108.7 108.5 -0.2

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129.8 118.3 118.2 116.8 128.9 117.3 116.5 115.8 -0.7

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.7 369.0 370.0 369.9 368.3 369.9 370.8 369.6 -1.2

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 444.1 436.6 436.7 436.6 442.3 436.0 435.0 433.9 -1.1

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.0 115.6 113.0 108.4 111.0 112.6 112.2 110.3 -1.9

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812.5 823.4 821.8 828.5 809.8 826.2 826.5 828.4 1.9

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695.8 706.8 711.2 713.1 698.3 710.2 713.5 714.6 1.1

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280.3 299.7 294.0 289.8 283.6 291.8 292.1 293.0 0.9

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,852 104,917 105,417 105,475 103,232 104,513 104,689 104,780 91

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,090 27,479 28,025 28,220 27,374 27,415 27,458 27,448 -10

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,892.8 5,951.6 5,961.0 5,964.3 5,888.4 5,943.5 5,949.4 5,959.2 9.8

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,933.0 2,967.9 2,981.3 2,989.2 2,932.7 2,970.5 2,980.0 2,986.6 6.6

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,054.6 2,072.1 2,069.7 2,065.3 2,052.9 2,063.3 2,062.9 2,065.8 2.9

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Change

from:

Nov.2017 -

Dec.2017p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905.2 911.6 910.0 909.8 902.8 909.7 906.5 906.8 0.3

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,375.9 15,823.9 16,286.6 16,345.9 15,881.0 15,808.4 15,834.8 15,814.5 -20.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,993.4 2,025.7 2,025.3 2,019.1 2,002.0 2,023.7 2,025.4 2,028.3 2.9

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,293.5 1,312.4 1,311.2 1,307.6 1,295.3 1,309.0 1,309.2 1,310.2 1.0

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.2 153.9 150.7 150.0 152.5 155.6 155.8 157.7 1.9

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 554.7 559.4 563.4 561.5 554.2 559.0 560.4 560.4 0.0

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 494.2 487.9 504.6 510.7 478.0 486.1 487.7 489.9 2.2

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 532.7 500.0 513.4 514.3 509.0 497.2 491.5 495.3 3.8

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,242.9 1,284.6 1,282.1 1,276.0 1,283.2 1,306.2 1,309.6 1,311.5 1.9

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,117.5 3,080.1 3,111.3 3,124.0 3,097.0 3,080.3 3,091.6 3,098.1 6.5

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,080.8 1,044.7 1,065.5 1,067.4 1,065.0 1,046.9 1,050.5 1,046.6 -3.9

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929.9 942.0 947.1 938.2 934.3 939.9 944.1 941.1 -3.0

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,489.7 1,308.1 1,434.8 1,457.9 1,340.8 1,317.2 1,316.0 1,312.2 -3.8

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689.0 606.0 671.4 685.0 614.8 608.7 612.4 610.8 -1.6

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,392.0 3,130.5 3,303.0 3,316.8 3,180.2 3,113.0 3,117.2 3,089.9 -27.3

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,448.4 1,277.4 1,393.2 1,425.7 1,301.6 1,278.1 1,281.2 1,273.0 -8.2

Other general merchandise stores. . . . . . . . 1,943.6 1,853.1 1,909.8 1,891.1 1,878.7 1,834.9 1,836.0 1,816.9 -19.1

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840.6 836.8 839.6 842.8 830.3 823.1 825.4 827.2 1.8

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573.2 577.5 588.5 593.7 546.4 566.1 563.4 563.6 0.2

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,264.8 5,150.9 5,225.3 5,357.5 5,048.0 5,109.4 5,120.5 5,122.3 1.8

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.8 492.5 491.2 491.4 479.3 492.5 493.0 493.2 0.2

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.9 205.5 205.5 204.3 210.8 205.3 204.9 204.4 -0.5

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3 65.6 64.5 64.9 64.4 65.5 65.6 66.0 0.4

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,465.0 1,492.5 1,486.6 1,476.2 1,464.9 1,475.2 1,475.9 1,475.3 -0.6

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.6 497.5 493.5 493.5 470.0 480.1 478.0 479.0 1.0

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 46.8 47.1 47.0 48.5 46.8 47.1 46.9 -0.2

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 29.3 38.0 31.4 30.0 35.3 36.4 35.9 36.0 0.1

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 665.8 674.9 674.9 680.5 664.0 670.7 672.9 677.0 4.1

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855.2 662.8 731.6 874.4 668.0 673.8 676.1 678.2 2.1

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965.4 974.8 999.0 995.3 942.8 963.1 971.1 966.3 -4.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.8 552.6 552.2 552.2 556.7 553.4 553.2 552.3 -0.9

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,775 2,715 2,729 2,730 2,762 2,714 2,715 2,722 7

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 733.2 718.8 719.6 719.5 729.5 717.4 717.2 716.0 -1.2

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.0 403.2 412.1 408.8 415.9 405.1 403.1 410.5 7.4

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.6 262.2 260.9 260.3 264.7 260.7 259.6 258.9 -0.7

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793.3 751.8 755.8 756.9 786.2 752.8 754.0 753.3 -0.7

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.9 306.1 306.7 308.4 300.7 305.3 306.6 307.0 0.4

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.9 272.8 274.1 276.5 265.2 273.1 274.7 275.9 1.2

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,373 8,489 8,485 8,505 8,364 8,485 8,492 8,498 6

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,210.7 6,266.9 6,268.8 6,284.9 6,194.6 6,267.4 6,268.1 6,271.8 3.7

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 18.9 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.8 18.7 18.7 18.7 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,644.3 2,659.2 2,661.1 2,668.4 2,637.9 2,663.7 2,663.7 2,664.8 1.1

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,709.1 1,713.2 1,716.1 1,717.3 1,708.9 1,719.3 1,719.3 1,717.9 -1.4

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313.2 1,310.7 1,312.4 1,313.1 1,310.9 1,314.9 1,315.0 1,313.9 -1.1

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 626.4 631.5 630.2 632.3 621.9 629.7 628.9 628.8 -0.1

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 308.8 314.5 314.8 318.8 307.0 314.7 315.6 318.2 2.6

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 934.6 952.4 953.3 956.6 933.0 950.5 952.7 953.4 0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,612.9 2,636.6 2,635.7 2,641.2 2,604.9 2,634.5 2,633.0 2,634.9 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,161.9 2,222.5 2,216.5 2,220.0 2,169.3 2,217.1 2,223.7 2,225.9 2.2

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,586.0 1,617.3 1,615.1 1,622.5 1,586.4 1,612.5 1,616.4 1,618.0 1.6

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552.3 582.0 578.1 574.1 559.5 581.4 584.2 584.7 0.5

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 23.6 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.4 23.2 23.1 23.2 0.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Change

from:

Nov.2017 -

Dec.2017p

Private service-providing - Continued

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,521 21,067 21,125 21,042 20,416 20,875 20,924 20,943 19

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,036.5 9,181.7 9,232.0 9,243.4 9,013.2 9,198.9 9,219.9 9,215.2 -4.7

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130.5 1,130.5 1,130.1 1,133.6 1,126.1 1,128.0 1,127.6 1,128.2 0.6

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 997.8 946.7 979.1 992.2 1,000.0 1,005.1 1,009.1 993.7 -15.4

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,424.8 1,478.5 1,473.3 1,473.5 1,427.3 1,469.9 1,472.6 1,474.9 2.3

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.1 141.8 143.7 143.5 141.2 140.6 142.0 141.7 -0.3

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,028.1 2,081.7 2,087.9 2,079.8 2,031.5 2,071.5 2,075.0 2,078.3 3.3

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,422.3 1,469.8 1,477.8 1,478.5 1,407.4 1,457.0 1,463.6 1,464.4 0.8

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.6 708.8 710.5 711.9 695.0 711.2 711.4 711.6 0.2

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 491.4 489.6 489.5 491.5 488.3 487.3 487.1 489.6 2.5

Other professional and technical services. . . 703.9 734.3 740.1 738.9 696.4 728.1 731.4 732.8 1.4

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,265.6 2,283.7 2,289.4 2,298.5 2,258.9 2,287.4 2,290.2 2,294.0 3.8

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,218.9 9,601.8 9,603.6 9,499.9 9,143.6 9,388.4 9,413.9 9,434.1 20.2

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,807.5 9,182.8 9,186.0 9,081.8 8,730.6 8,970.0 8,995.5 9,014.1 18.6

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 510.5 531.8 534.4 536.2 510.4 531.6 532.6 535.3 2.7

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140.7 147.2 146.7 147.9 140.6 146.3 146.7 148.0 1.3

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,759.5 3,880.4 3,923.2 3,907.8 3,618.0 3,748.4 3,767.4 3,778.2 10.8

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,093.1 3,193.2 3,231.5 3,214.2 2,961.6 3,073.4 3,090.3 3,097.3 7.0

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941.8 930.2 941.6 940.0 920.0 915.3 918.7 915.3 -3.4

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.8 214.5 212.9 213.9 215.0 215.1 214.6 215.8 1.2

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 918.4 928.8 928.3 930.5 910.3 921.0 919.5 924.3 4.8

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,014.8 2,213.7 2,167.8 2,076.1 2,101.4 2,161.4 2,162.1 2,162.0 -0.1

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308.0 336.2 331.1 329.4 314.8 331.0 333.8 335.2 1.4

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411.4 419.0 417.6 418.1 413.0 418.4 418.4 420.0 1.6

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,023 23,429 23,525 23,485 22,871 23,231 23,281 23,309 28

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,699.1 3,820.3 3,860.9 3,778.1 3,603.6 3,658.9 3,669.2 3,668.9 -0.3

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,324.3 19,608.3 19,664.1 19,707.3 19,266.9 19,572.4 19,611.3 19,640.5 29.2

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,641.9 15,863.2 15,901.4 15,949.5 15,594.5 15,833.4 15,862.8 15,894.2 31.4

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,224.2 7,387.8 7,411.1 7,427.8 7,194.7 7,361.6 7,385.5 7,400.3 14.8

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,575.6 2,616.4 2,621.1 2,626.7 2,558.9 2,606.8 2,611.9 2,612.6 0.7

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937.7 948.2 951.0 957.6 937.1 947.2 949.7 957.4 7.7

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 886.0 910.3 919.4 919.2 884.2 907.9 913.5 916.1 2.6

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884.3 920.1 924.8 929.4 880.5 919.9 924.0 926.7 2.7

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 263.1 262.6 263.0 265.3 262.0 261.8 262.4 263.6 1.2

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,384.8 1,428.2 1,432.3 1,432.5 1,380.0 1,420.2 1,426.8 1,426.8 0.0

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.7 302.0 299.5 297.1 291.9 297.9 297.2 297.1 -0.1

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,087.3 5,144.9 5,149.6 5,166.9 5,077.0 5,139.6 5,140.4 5,152.8 12.4

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,330.4 3,330.5 3,340.7 3,354.8 3,322.8 3,332.2 3,336.9 3,341.1 4.2

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,651.1 1,630.5 1,634.5 1,638.9 1,645.8 1,630.7 1,631.9 1,631.8 -0.1

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 616.2 620.9 624.4 628.2 615.8 622.3 624.6 627.5 2.9

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899.1 912.3 913.5 918.9 897.3 912.4 912.3 913.2 0.9

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 164.0 166.8 168.3 168.8 163.9 166.9 168.1 168.6 0.5

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,682.4 3,745.1 3,762.7 3,757.8 3,672.4 3,739.0 3,748.5 3,746.3 -2.2

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,261.8 2,312.8 2,324.5 2,321.9 2,262.0 2,314.7 2,322.0 2,319.2 -2.8

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 166.6 168.6 169.8 172.7 166.0 169.5 170.3 170.9 0.6

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 336.2 336.5 337.5 336.4 335.5 336.9 337.3 337.1 -0.2

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917.8 927.2 930.9 926.8 908.9 917.9 918.9 919.1 0.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,394 15,951 15,738 15,703 15,744 16,004 16,021 16,050 29

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,059.8 2,244.6 2,125.2 2,109.4 2,245.9 2,285.9 2,283.1 2,286.9 3.8

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 424.9 473.7 452.5 450.3 449.8 467.2 466.8 470.3 3.5

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.4 169.4 164.4 164.9 161.4 168.8 171.3 173.5 2.2

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,481.5 1,601.5 1,508.3 1,494.2 1,634.7 1,649.9 1,645.0 1,643.1 -1.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,334.5 13,706.7 13,613.1 13,593.8 13,498.4 13,717.9 13,737.4 13,762.8 25.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Change

from:

Nov.2017 -

Dec.2017p

Accommodation and food services -

Continued

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,882.8 1,948.9 1,911.3 1,899.6 1,949.5 1,961.7 1,965.0 1,965.3 0.3

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,451.7 11,757.8 11,701.8 11,694.2 11,548.9 11,756.2 11,772.4 11,797.5 25.1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,676 5,787 5,790 5,790 5,701 5,789 5,798 5,810 12

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,275.9 1,299.5 1,297.6 1,296.5 1,287.7 1,299.6 1,303.1 1,304.4 1.3

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,461.9 1,504.9 1,509.6 1,511.0 1,462.6 1,503.2 1,506.8 1,510.7 3.9

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,938.2 2,982.8 2,982.5 2,982.2 2,950.4 2,985.8 2,988.2 2,994.5 6.3

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,636 22,684 22,810 22,692 22,299 22,326 22,339 22,341 2

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,837.0 2,804.0 2,794.0 2,819.0 2,819.0 2,807.0 2,802.0 2,803.0 1.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,199.8 2,189.6 2,180.9 2,190.8 2,199.7 2,191.2 2,189.5 2,189.9 0.4

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.4 614.7 613.4 628.0 619.1 615.6 612.9 612.6 -0.3

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,190.0 5,210.0 5,249.0 5,177.0 5,085.0 5,062.0 5,070.0 5,066.0 -4.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,524.2 2,559.7 2,600.9 2,530.0 2,414.1 2,403.5 2,411.6 2,408.6 -3.0

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,665.9 2,650.6 2,648.2 2,646.7 2,671.1 2,658.4 2,657.9 2,657.1 -0.8

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,609.0 14,670.0 14,767.0 14,696.0 14,395.0 14,457.0 14,467.0 14,472.0 5.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,246.2 8,238.5 8,333.5 8,293.2 7,944.6 7,984.7 7,987.4 7,990.0 2.6

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,363.2 6,431.5 6,433.1 6,402.5 6,450.0 6,472.2 6,479.2 6,482.3 3.1

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.4 34.4 34.5 34.5

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.2 40.4 40.5 40.5

Mining and logging................................................................ 43.7 45.4 45.5 45.8

Construction....................................................................... 38.9 39.0 39.1 39.3

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.7 40.9 40.9 40.8

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.2 41.5 41.4 41.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.9 40.0 40.2 39.9

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 33.3 33.3 33.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.4 34.4 34.7 34.6

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 39.0 39.2 39.3

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.1 31.0 31.3 31.2

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.8 38.8 39.0 38.9

Utilities........................................................................... 42.5 42.2 42.2 41.9

Information......................................................................... 36.1 36.3 36.1 36.2

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.0 36.0 36.0 36.0

Education and health services.................................................. 32.9 32.9 32.9 33.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.0 26.1 26.1 26.2

Other services..................................................................... 31.9 31.7 31.7 31.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.5

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Total private............................................... $25.98 $26.51 $26.54 $26.63 $893.71 $911.94 $915.63 $918.74

Goods-producing....................................... 27.24 27.77 27.76 27.81 1,095.05 1,121.91 1,124.28 1,126.31

Mining and logging.................................. 32.48 32.66 32.57 32.59 1,419.38 1,482.76 1,481.94 1,492.62

Construction.......................................... 28.40 29.10 29.17 29.24 1,104.76 1,134.90 1,140.55 1,149.13

Manufacturing........................................ 26.33 26.75 26.71 26.74 1,071.63 1,094.08 1,092.44 1,090.99

Durable goods.................................... 27.60 28.02 28.00 28.06 1,137.12 1,162.83 1,159.20 1,161.68

Nondurable goods................................ 24.13 24.56 24.49 24.45 962.79 982.40 984.50 975.56

Private service-providing.............................. 25.68 26.21 26.26 26.35 855.14 872.79 874.46 880.09

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 22.54 22.90 22.96 23.04 775.38 787.76 796.71 797.18

Wholesale trade.................................. 29.91 30.02 30.22 30.30 1,163.50 1,170.78 1,184.62 1,190.79

Retail trade........................................ 17.97 18.26 18.28 18.34 558.87 566.06 572.16 572.21

Transportation and warehousing............... 23.50 24.07 24.16 24.26 911.80 933.92 942.24 943.71

Utilities............................................. 38.72 39.64 39.46 39.36 1,645.60 1,672.81 1,665.21 1,649.18

Information........................................... 37.45 38.30 38.47 38.59 1,351.95 1,390.29 1,388.77 1,396.96

Financial activities................................... 32.71 33.66 33.69 33.88 1,223.35 1,262.25 1,266.74 1,273.89

Professional and business services.............. 31.23 31.85 31.90 32.04 1,124.28 1,146.60 1,148.40 1,153.44

Education and health services..................... 26.02 26.48 26.51 26.58 856.06 871.19 872.18 877.14

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 15.12 15.55 15.60 15.66 393.12 405.86 407.16 410.29

Other services....................................... 23.39 23.92 23.99 24.04 746.14 758.26 760.48 764.47

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2017 -

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2017 -

Dec.

2017p

Total private..................................... 106.2 107.6 108.1 108.3 0.2 131.9 136.4 137.2 137.8 0.4

Goods-producing............................. 90.7 92.7 93.2 93.5 0.3 111.6 116.4 117.0 117.5 0.4

Mining and logging........................ 91.7 103.0 103.9 104.6 0.7 119.6 135.1 135.9 136.9 0.7

Construction................................ 91.0 93.2 93.8 94.7 1.0 112.2 117.9 118.9 120.4 1.3

Manufacturing.............................. 90.4 91.9 92.1 92.0 -0.1 110.7 114.3 114.4 114.5 0.1

Durable goods........................... 89.4 91.0 91.1 91.4 0.3 109.6 113.3 113.3 113.8 0.4

Nondurable goods...................... 92.3 93.7 94.2 93.6 -0.6 113.0 116.7 117.1 116.1 -0.9

Private service-providing.................... 110.6 112.0 112.2 112.6 0.4 138.0 142.6 143.1 144.2 0.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 102.4 102.6 103.6 103.3 -0.3 124.2 126.4 128.1 128.1 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 99.9 101.1 101.8 102.2 0.4 124.7 126.7 128.3 129.2 0.7

Retail trade.............................. 100.3 99.5 100.7 100.2 -0.5 119.2 120.2 121.7 121.5 -0.2

Transportation and warehousing...... 112.1 113.5 114.3 114.0 -0.3 133.7 138.6 140.1 140.4 0.2

Utilities.................................... 102.4 101.0 101.0 100.1 -0.9 131.0 132.3 131.7 130.2 -1.1

Information................................. 91.1 90.0 89.5 90.0 0.6 121.4 122.7 122.6 123.6 0.8

Financial activities......................... 102.4 104.2 104.6 104.6 0.0 130.7 136.8 137.4 138.3 0.7

Professional and business services..... 115.6 118.2 118.5 118.6 0.1 146.3 152.5 153.1 153.9 0.5

Education and health services........... 122.9 124.8 125.1 125.6 0.4 153.8 159.0 159.5 160.6 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 116.8 119.2 119.3 120.0 0.6 142.5 149.5 150.2 151.6 0.9

Other services............................. 104.9 105.8 106.0 106.5 0.5 134.4 138.7 139.3 140.4 0.8

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Total nonfarm............................................. 72,066 72,757 72,923 72,970 49.6 49.5 49.5 49.5

Total private............................................ 59,275 59,926 60,083 60,125 48.2 48.1 48.1 48.1

Goods-producing.................................... 4,348 4,426 4,450 4,457 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0

Mining and logging............................... 99 99 101 99 14.8 13.7 13.9 13.6

Construction....................................... 853 881 888 893 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.8

Manufacturing..................................... 3,396 3,446 3,461 3,465 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.6

Durable goods.................................. 1,809 1,822 1,833 1,833 23.5 23.4 23.4 23.4

Nondurable goods............................. 1,587 1,624 1,628 1,632 34.2 34.6 34.7 34.7

Private service-providing........................... 54,927 55,500 55,633 55,668 53.2 53.1 53.1 53.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,084 10,967 10,983 10,965 40.5 40.0 40.0 39.9

Wholesale trade................................ 1,744.0 1,753.8 1,755.1 1,753.2 29.6 29.5 29.5 29.4

Retail trade..................................... 7,971.9 7,839.2 7,846.4 7,829.2 50.2 49.6 49.6 49.5

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,239.4 1,246.7 1,253.8 1,256.2 24.6 24.4 24.5 24.5

Utilities........................................... 129.1 127.0 127.3 126.4 23.2 22.9 23.0 22.9

Information......................................... 1,106 1,075 1,073 1,074 40.0 39.6 39.5 39.5

Financial activities................................ 4,746 4,784 4,789 4,787 56.7 56.4 56.4 56.3

Professional and business services............ 9,160 9,398 9,454 9,444 44.9 45.0 45.2 45.1

Education and health services.................. 17,632 17,879 17,905 17,928 77.1 77.0 76.9 76.9

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,196 8,334 8,363 8,394 52.1 52.1 52.2 52.3

Other services..................................... 3,003 3,063 3,066 3,076 52.7 52.9 52.9 52.9

Government............................................. 12,791 12,831 12,840 12,845 57.4 57.5 57.5 57.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Total private............................................................................... 101,372 102,735 102,910 103,033

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,247 14,475 14,524 14,584

Mining and logging.................................................................. 468 522 527 532

Construction.......................................................................... 5,123 5,189 5,208 5,239

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,656 8,764 8,789 8,813

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,300 5,348 5,367 5,388

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,356 3,416 3,422 3,425

Private service-providing.............................................................. 87,125 88,260 88,386 88,449

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,009 23,146 23,159 23,166

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,712.5 4,763.7 4,769.8 4,778.7

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,461.8 13,487.9 13,489.1 13,480.1

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,387.6 4,449.7 4,455.8 4,462.5

Utilities.............................................................................. 447.4 444.8 444.5 444.7

Information............................................................................ 2,227 2,188 2,184 2,191

Financial activities................................................................... 6,512 6,598 6,600 6,602

Professional and business services............................................... 16,697 17,028 17,081 17,072

Education and health services..................................................... 20,069 20,403 20,450 20,480

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,886 14,108 14,117 14,137

Other services........................................................................ 4,725 4,789 4,795 4,801

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.8

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.0 41.2 41.3 41.3

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.5 46.1 46.3 46.4

Construction....................................................................... 39.2 39.5 39.7 39.8

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.9 42.0 42.0 41.9

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.3 42.4 42.3 42.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.1 41.3 41.4 41.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.3 32.5 32.5 32.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.6 33.9 34.0 34.0

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.8 39.1 39.1 39.2

Retail trade...................................................................... 29.8 30.3 30.5 30.4

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.6 38.3 38.4 38.5

Utilities........................................................................... 42.9 42.6 42.5 42.3

Information......................................................................... 35.8 35.8 35.6 35.8

Financial activities................................................................ 37.0 36.9 37.0 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 35.2 35.4 35.4 35.5

Education and health services.................................................. 32.2 32.3 32.3 32.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.8 24.8 24.9 24.9

Other services..................................................................... 30.9 30.7 30.8 30.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.4

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.5

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Total private............................................... $21.80 $22.20 $22.23 $22.30 $732.48 $748.14 $751.37 $753.74

Goods-producing....................................... 22.80 23.33 23.36 23.46 934.80 961.20 964.77 968.90

Mining and logging.................................. 27.36 27.70 27.70 27.86 1,244.88 1,276.97 1,282.51 1,292.70

Construction.......................................... 26.23 26.90 26.95 27.04 1,028.22 1,062.55 1,069.92 1,076.19

Manufacturing........................................ 20.63 21.06 21.07 21.14 864.40 884.52 884.94 885.77

Durable goods.................................... 21.63 22.04 22.04 22.10 914.95 934.50 932.29 937.04

Nondurable goods................................ 19.02 19.49 19.51 19.57 781.72 804.94 807.71 806.28

Private service-providing.............................. 21.59 21.96 21.99 22.06 697.36 713.70 714.68 716.95

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 19.19 19.45 19.51 19.55 644.78 659.36 663.34 664.70

Wholesale trade.................................. 24.45 24.75 24.85 24.88 948.66 967.73 971.64 975.30

Retail trade........................................ 15.28 15.39 15.45 15.51 455.34 466.32 471.23 471.50

Transportation and warehousing............... 20.91 21.56 21.60 21.58 807.13 825.75 829.44 830.83

Utilities............................................. 35.81 36.14 36.09 36.05 1,536.25 1,539.56 1,533.83 1,524.92

Information........................................... 30.44 30.82 30.96 30.97 1,089.75 1,103.36 1,102.18 1,108.73

Financial activities................................... 26.32 26.72 26.62 26.75 973.84 985.97 984.94 989.75

Professional and business services.............. 25.81 26.24 26.27 26.33 908.51 928.90 929.96 934.72

Education and health services..................... 22.77 23.13 23.19 23.26 733.19 747.10 749.04 751.30

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 13.04 13.47 13.52 13.58 323.39 334.06 336.65 338.14

Other services....................................... 19.57 20.18 20.23 20.25 604.71 619.53 623.08 623.70

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2017 -

Dec.

2017p

Dec.

2016

Oct.

2017

Nov.

2017p

Dec.

2017p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2017 -

Dec.

2017p

Total private..................................... 113.5 115.4 115.9 116.0 0.1 165.3 171.1 172.2 172.9 0.4

Goods-producing............................. 89.3 91.1 91.7 92.0 0.3 124.6 130.2 131.1 132.2 0.8

Mining and logging........................ 113.2 127.9 129.7 131.2 1.2 180.1 206.0 208.9 212.5 1.7

Construction................................ 100.6 102.6 103.5 104.4 0.9 142.4 149.1 150.7 152.4 1.1

Manufacturing.............................. 83.3 84.5 84.7 84.8 0.1 112.3 116.4 116.8 117.2 0.3

Durable goods........................... 84.3 85.2 85.3 85.9 0.7 113.8 117.3 117.4 118.5 0.9

Nondurable goods...................... 81.3 83.1 83.5 83.1 -0.5 109.2 114.5 115.1 115.0 -0.1

Private service-providing.................... 119.8 122.2 122.3 122.4 0.1 177.4 184.0 184.5 185.2 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.8 109.4 109.8 109.8 0.0 147.5 151.8 152.8 153.1 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 107.7 109.7 109.8 110.3 0.5 155.1 159.9 160.8 161.7 0.6

Retail trade.............................. 101.5 103.4 104.1 103.7 -0.4 133.0 136.5 137.9 137.9 0.0

Transportation and warehousing...... 127.5 128.3 128.8 129.3 0.4 169.1 175.5 176.5 177.0 0.3

Utilities.................................... 98.2 96.9 96.6 96.2 -0.4 146.7 146.2 145.5 144.8 -0.5

Information................................. 91.0 89.4 88.7 89.5 0.9 137.1 136.4 136.0 137.3 1.0

Financial activities......................... 113.4 114.6 115.0 115.0 0.0 183.7 188.4 188.3 189.3 0.5

Professional and business services..... 131.7 135.1 135.5 135.8 0.2 202.3 211.0 211.8 212.8 0.5

Education and health services........... 137.8 140.5 140.8 141.0 0.1 207.1 214.5 215.6 216.5 0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 126.1 128.2 128.8 128.9 0.1 186.8 196.0 197.7 198.8 0.6

Other services............................. 102.4 103.1 103.6 103.7 0.1 146.0 151.6 152.7 153.0 0.2

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.