COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Humphreys, Russell and AtLee 

Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia 

NORTHAMPTON COUNTY AND 

 VIRGINIA ASSOCIATION OF 

 COUNTIES GROUP SELF-INSURANCE 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

v. Record No. 0542-15-4 JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR. 

 OCTOBER 20, 2015 

MARK SOMERS 

 FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION 

 J. David Griffin (Winchester Law Group, P.C., on briefs), for 

appellant. 

 Michael A. Kernbach (Law Office of Michael A. Kernbach, P.C., 

on brief), for appellee. 

 Northampton County and the Virginia Association of Counties Group Self-Insurance 

(collectively, “employer”) appeal a decision of the Virginia Workers’ Compensation 

Commission (“the commission”) in favor of Mark Somers (“claimant”). For ease of discussion, 

we condense employer’s five assignments of error into three: (1) claimant’s second claim for 

temporary total disability (“TTD”) was barred by the statute of limitations, (2) the commission 

erred by not adopting and enforcing discovery rules, and (3) claimant’s second claim for TTD 

was not supported by sufficient evidence.1

 Because we agree that the statute of limitations 

barred claimant’s second claim, we reverse in part and affirm in part. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 Employer’s final assignment of error specifically alleges: “The Commission erred in 

ruling that the claimant has sustained his burden of proof that entitles him to a lost time award.” 

The breadth of this assignment makes it unclear, because claimant ultimately claimed multiple 

periods of lost time: TTD from March 8, 2012 to July 29, 2012; temporary partial disabililty 

UNPUBLISHED 
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I. BACKGROUND

 As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and because this 

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite only those facts and incidents of 

the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this appeal. 

“On appeal, this Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party 

below.” Town & Country Hosp., LP v. Davis, 64 Va. App. 658, 660, 770 S.E.2d 790, 791 

(2015). In this case, claimant prevailed below. “‘Factual findings by the commission that are 

supported by credible evidence are conclusive and binding upon this Court on appeal.’” Nurses 

4 You, Inc. v. Ferris, 49 Va. App. 332, 339, 641 S.E.2d 129, 132 (2007) (quoting Southern Iron 

Works, Inc. v. Wallace, 16 Va. App. 131, 134, 428 S.E.2d 32, 34 (1993)). 

 So viewed, the facts are as follows. Claimant was a Northampton County Sheriff’s 

deputy working at the local jail. In 2013, he filed a claim alleging compensable occupational 

heart disease. Claimant sought medical benefits and TTD from March 8, 2012 (the date of his 

diagnosis) through July 29, 2012. A hearing on his claim was rescheduled several times, and the 

parties had discovery disagreements. On March 6, 2014, employer sent a letter to the chief 

deputy commissioner stating: “After continued study and consultation, the Carrier has agreed to 

accept the claimant’s claim as compensable. A stipulated Order is being prepared and circulated 

 

from July 30, 2012 to March 5, 2014; and TTD from March 6, 2014 and continuing. The 

commission made no award for the period from July 30, 2012 to March 5, 2014, and employer 

ultimately conceded that claimant was entitled to an award from March 8, 2012 to July 29, 2012. 

Employer’s briefs focus on the final period of TTD, which the commission ultimately awarded 

from May 8, 2014 and continuing. Therefore, this opinion interprets the above-quoted 

assignment of error to mean that employer objects to the TTD awarded for the period from May 

8, 2014 and continuing. 
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so that further rescheduling of the matter is not necessary.” Claimant never signed the 

“stipulated Order” circulated by employer.2

 On April 8, 2014, claimant requested compensation for the initial period of TTD (from 

March 8, 2012 to July 29, 2012) as well as, for the first time, temporary partial disability from 

July 30, 2012 to March 5, 2014, and TTD from March 6, 2014 and continuing. All matters were 

set for a hearing on August 14, 2014. 

 At the hearing on August 14, 2014, employer apparently offered as an exhibit3 a 

document entitled “Stipulation” which stated: “The defendants stipulate that the claimant’s July 

25, 2013 application is accepted and the claimant is entitled to a medical award for heart disease, 

and a lost time award for TTD from March 8, 2012-July 29, 2012. The employer requests a 

 2

 Employer took two separate steps. First, it wrote the letter quoted above to the chief 

deputy commissioner, accepting compensability of the claim. This acceptance of compensability 

did not include any agreement as to the specific amount or rate of compensation. Next, employer 

apparently drafted a “stipulated Order” and sent such draft order to claimant. (We say 

“apparently” because the appendix does not include the draft order.) This draft order apparently 

did include a proposed agreement as to compensation, and because claimant was uphappy with 

the terms contained in the draft order, he did not endorse it. This draft order was a proposed 

stipulation, rather than a stipulation. (A stipulation is “‘an agreement between counsel 

respecting business before a court.’” Lane v. Lane, 32 Va. App. 125, 129, 526 S.E.2d 773, 775 

(2000) (quoting Burke v. Gale, 193 Va. 130, 137, 67 S.E.2d 917, 920 (1951))). In this case, 

there is no dispute that no agreement was reached, with claimant noting before us “[w]hen the 

[proposed] stipulation was received by [claimant], it was rejected outright and there was never 

any agreement as to the original claim until the time of the hearing on August 14, 2014 and even 

then, there was no agreement as to the wage indemnity claim.” (Emphasis added). As the draft 

“stipulated Order” was not endorsed by both parties, it bound neither. However, employer’s 

unilateral written acceptance of compensability of the claim was not contingent upon the 

occurrence of any other event, and it became binding upon employer at the time the chief deputy 

commissioner received it. 

3

 The record is unclear. The undated document is included in the appendix and has a 

handwritten notation at the bottom labeling it “Comm’s exhibit.” The transcript from the hearing 

does not indicate that such exhibit was offered or admitted into evidence. The chief deputy 

commissioner acknowledged the substance of the document, however, stating: “We have 

stipulations that the claimant has suffered compensable heart disease and the claim is accepted 

and is entitled to an award of benefits. An agreement to a period of temporary total disability 

from March 8th through July 29th 2012.” 
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credit4

 when the time is reinstated.” However, employer alleged that the additional claims made 

by claimant on April 8, 2014 were barred by the two-year statute of limitations, which expired on 

March 8, 2014. The chief deputy commissioner disagreed, and found claimant’s April 8, 2014 

claim to be a change in condition application, rather than a new claim.

 The chief deputy commissioner awarded claimant “temporary total disability during the 

period from March 9, 2012 through July 29, 2012, and beginning May 8, 2014 and continuing 

until conditions justify a modification, suspension or termination thereof.”5 He also awarded 

claimant medical benefits for occupational heart disease “for as long as necessary pursuant to 

Va. Code § 65.2-603.” The full commission subsequently affirmed the opinion of the chief 

deputy commissioner. In explaining its determination that the April 8, 2014 claim was a change 

in condition claim, the commission stated: 

At the hearing, the defendants stipulated the disease was 

compensable and [claimant] was entitled to temporary total 

disability benefits from March 9, 2012 through July 29, 2012. 

These findings could have been made based upon the July 2013 

hearing request without defendants’ agreement. After his return to 

work, the partially disabled claimant worked light duty without 

wage loss until March 6, 2014 when the employer placed him on 

leave. The claimant’s April 8, 2014 claim was timely as a change 

in condition claim. 

This appeal followed. 

 4

 The chief deputy commissioner denied employer’s request for a credit, a finding 

employer did not appeal to the full commission. 

5

 No compensation was awarded for the period of July 30, 2012 to March 5, 2014. 
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II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review 

This case requires us to review the commission’s interpretation of statutes, a question of 

law we review de novo. Ford Motor Co. v. Gordon, 281 Va. 543, 549, 708 S.E.2d 846, 850 

(2011). 

Although “the practical construction given to a statute by public 

officials charged with its enforcement is entitled to great weight by 

the courts and in doubtful cases will be regarded as decisive,” 

Southern Spring Bed Co. v. State Corp. Comm’n, 205 Va. 272, 

275, 136 S.E.2d 900, 902 (1964), “when an issue involves a pure 

question of statutory interpretation, that issue does not invoke the 

agency’s specialized competence but is a question of law to be 

decided by the courts.” Alliance to Save the Mattaponi v. 

Commonwealth, 270 Va. 423, 442, 621 S.E.2d 78, 88 (2005). 

Commonwealth v. Barker, 275 Va. 529, 536, 659 S.E.2d 502, 505 (2008). 

 In interpreting the statutes at issue in this case, however, we must be guided by the 

purpose and principles underlying the Workers’ Compensation Act.

“The purpose of the [Workers’ Compensation] Act is to protect 

employees.” Turf Care, Inc. v. Henson, 51 Va. App. 318, 336, 657 

S.E.2d 787, 795 (2008) (citing Ellis v. Commonwealth Dep’t of 

Highways, 182 Va. 293, 303, 28 S.E.2d 730, 734 (1944)). “Thus, 

it is to be ‘construed liberally and favorably as to’ employees.” Id. 

(quoting Ellis, 182 Va. at 303, 28 S.E.2d at 734); see also Hospice 

Choice, Inc. v. O’Quin, 42 Va. App. 598, 603, 593 S.E.2d 554, 556 

(2004) (“[W]e are guided by the general principle that the 

Workers’ Compensation Act is to be construed liberally in favor of 

the employee.” (citing Creative Dimensions Group v. Hill, 16 

Va. App. 439, 442, 430 S.E.2d 718, 720 (1993))); 7-Eleven, Inc. v. 

Dep’t of Envtl. Quality, 42 Va. App. 65, 75, 590 S.E.2d 84, 89 

(2003) (en banc) (“‘Further, it is a universal rule that statutes 

. . . which are remedial in nature, are to be construed liberally, so 

as to suppress the mischief and advance the remedy, as the 

legislature intended.’” (quoting Bd. of Sup. v. King Land Corp., 

238 Va. 97, 103, 380 S.E.2d 895, 897-98 (1989))). 

Prince William Cty. Sch. Bd. v. Rahim, 58 Va. App. 493, 501, 711 S.E.2d 241, 245 (2011) (en

banc) (alterations in original), aff’d, 284 Va. 316, 733 S.E.2d 235 (2012). Notwithstanding the 
- 6 - 

liberal construction we must give to the Workers’ Compensation Act, “we have a duty, whenever 

possible, to interpret the several parts of a statute as a consistent and harmonious whole so as to 

effectuate the legislative goal. . . . [T]he various parts of the statute shall be harmonized so that, 

if practicable, each is given a sensible and intelligent effect.” Id. at 500, 711 S.E.2d at 245 

(quoting Ford Motor Co., 281 Va. at 549-50, 708 S.E.2d at 850). 

B. Statute of Limitations 

 Employer’s statute of limitations argument is dispositive. Code § 65.2-406(A) addresses 

the relevant limitation period controlling the filing of initial claims for compensation under the 

Workers’ Compensation Act. That Code section states: 

The right to compensation under this chapter shall be forever 

barred unless a claim is filed with the Commission within one of 

the following time periods: 

* * * * * * * 

6. For all other6

 occupational diseases, two years after a diagnosis 

of the disease is first communicated to the employee or within five 

years from the date of the last injurious exposure in employment, 

whichever first occurs. 

Pursuant to Code § 65.2-400(A), an “occupational disease” is “a disease arising out of and in the 

course of employment, but not an ordinary disease of life to which the general public is exposed 

outside of the employment.” Code § 65.2-402(B) establishes the presumption present in this 

case: 

Hypertension or heart disease causing the death of, or any health 

condition or impairment resulting in total or partial disability 

of . . . (iv) sheriffs and deputy sheriffs . . . shall be presumed to be 

occupational diseases, suffered in the line of duty, that are covered 

 6

 The “other” diseases, listed in paragraphs 1 through 5, respectively, of Code 

§ 65.2-406(A), are pneumoconiosis, byssinosis, asbestosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and 

“diseases directly attributable to the rescue and relief efforts at the Pentagon following the 

terrorist attack of September 11, 2001.” 
- 7 - 

by this title unless such presumption is overcome by a 

preponderance of competent evidence to the contrary. 

Employer conceded that claimant’s July 25, 2013 claim for heart disease was compensable. The 

claim was governed by the statute of limitations in Code § 65.2-406(A)(6), requiring the filing of 

a claim within “two years after a diagnosis of the disease is first communicated to the 

employee.” Because the date of communication was March 8, 2012, the statute of limitations for 

the initial claim expired on March 8, 2014. 

 Claimant filed a claim on April 8, 2014. The chief deputy commissioner found this to be 

a change in condition claim, not a new claim. A “change in condition” is a term of art. Code 

§ 65.2-708 governs change in condition claims and states in part: 

A. Upon its own motion or upon the application of any party in 

interest, on the ground of a change in condition, the Commission 

may review any award of compensation and on such review may 

make an award ending, diminishing or increasing the 

compensation previously awarded . . . . No such review shall be 

made after 24 months from the last day for which compensation 

was paid, pursuant to an award under this title, except [in certain 

situations not present here]. 

The commission erroneously found claimant’s April 8, 2014 claim to be a change in condition 

claim, a finding that had the practical effect of extending the statute of limitations significantly. 

By the terms of Code § 65.2-708(A), there must be some previous award to modify in order for 

the commission to address a claim as a change in condition. 

1. Subsection C of Code § 65.2-708 

 In his brief and again at oral argument, claimant asserts that subsection C of Code 

§ 65.2-708 transmutes his April 8, 2014 claim from a new claim into a change in condition 

claim. Code § 65.2-708(C) states: 

All wages paid, for a period not exceeding 24 consecutive months, 

to an employee (i) who is physically unable to return to his 

pre-injury work due to a compensable injury and (ii) who is 

provided work within his capacity at a wage equal to or greater 
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than his pre-injury wage shall be considered compensation paid 

pursuant to an award for compensation . . . . 

From July 30, 2012 until March 5, 2014, employer accommodated claimant and allowed him to 

work in a light-duty position. No award was in place at the time of the accommodation. 

Claimant argues that Code § 65.2-708(C) means that all of the wages paid by employer to 

claimant during this period must be “treated as ‘compensation.’” Viewing subsection C in this 

manner would mean that any subsequent claim would be treated as a change in condition under 

subsection A of Code § 65.2-708. More significantly for claimant, viewing subsection C this 

way would mean that the statute of limitations would not begin running until March 6, 2014, and 

would not end until March 6, 2016, thus preserving all of the claims made by claimant on April 

8, 2014. Claimant’s analysis is faulty, however, and it misinterprets the relationship between 

subsections A and C of Code § 65.2-708. 

 This Court explained the interplay between those two subsections in Rahim. In 

explaining the purpose of subsection C, this Court observed: “‘Code § 65.2-708(C) operates as a 

tolling provision that extends subsection A’s limitation by expanding the definition of 

 “compensation” under subsection A to include wages which meet certain conditions.’” Rahim, 

58 Va. App. at 502, 711 S.E.2d at 246 (quoting Ford Motor Co., 281 Va. at 550, 708 S.E.2d at 

850). Furthermore, “the two subsections ‘operat[e] in conjunction with each other. Subsection 

C is not a stand-alone provision — it instead provides a definition for the tolling mechanism 

applied to subsection A, where a claimant has received wages (rather than compensation) as 

provided in subsection C.’” Id. at 503, 711 S.E.2d at 246 (alteration in original) (quoting Ford 

Motor Co., 281 Va. at 551, 708 S.E.2d at 851 (quoting Gordon v. Ford Motor Co., 55 Va. App. 

363, 373, 685 S.E.2d 880, 885 (2009))). Finally, this Court held: “Therefore, once an award is 

entered, the statute of limitations provided in Code § 65.2-708(A) then begins to run after the 
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date of the entry of the award from either the date compensation was last paid pursuant to the 

award or pursuant to subsection C.” Id. at 506, 711 S.E.2d at 247-48 (emphasis added).7

 A claimant cannot invoke subsection C of Code § 65.2-708 unless there has been a 

previous award of compensation. We are left to determine if an award of compensation was paid 

during this two-year period. 

2. De Facto Awards 

There are two types of compensation award: de jure and de facto. A de jure award of 

compensation is an actual award by the commission. Neither party asserts that the commission 

made a de jure award between March 8, 2012 and March 8, 2014. That leaves open the question 

of whether there was a de facto award in place during that time. 

 “A de facto award is a legal fiction crafted by the courts, ‘a creature of case law not 

statutory law.’” Lysable Transp., Inc. v. Patton, 57 Va. App. 408, 414, 702 S.E.2d 596, 598 

(2010) (quoting Ryan’s Family Steak Houses v. Gowan, 32 Va. App. 459, 465, 529 S.E.2d 720, 

723 (2000) (Bumgardner, J., concurring)). “The de facto award doctrine permits the commission 

to impute an award based on an actual agreement or stipulation. . . . [A]n actual agreement or 

 7

 The primary issue in Rahim was the meaning of the portion of Code § 65.2-708(A) 

stating that “the Commission may review any award . . . .” Specifically, the question was 

whether the phrase “any award” meant only an award of compensation, or whether the term also 

encompassed a medical-only award. This Court found that the phrase “any award” encompassed 

both an award of compensation and a medical-only award and that a medical-only award within 

the twenty-four-month period, even in the absence of any award of compensation, was sufficient 

to toll the statute of limitations and to permit a claimant to invoke subsection C. In 2013, the 

year after the Supreme Court’s affirmance of this Court’s en banc decision in Rahim, the General 

Assembly amended Code § 65.2-708(A), changing the relevant phrase to read that “the 

Commission may review any award of compensation . . . .” (Emphasis added). 2013 Va. Acts 

ch. 445. The General Assembly also amended subsection C of Code § 65.2-708. Id. Although 

these amendments affect Rahim’s holding as to whether a medical-only award, without more, 

can extend the statute of limitations and thus permit a change in condition claim, the 

amendments do not affect the validity of Rahim’s discussion of the relationship between 

subsections A and C of Code § 65.2-708, for which we cite the case. 
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stipulation has been an essential element in every case in which we have applied the doctrine.” 

Id. at 416, 702 S.E.2d at 599. 

Patton listed the factors that must be present to establish a de facto award, recognizing the 

need to be “careful not to extend the judge-made concept beyond its original parameters.” Id. at 

415, 702 S.E.2d at 599. 

The de facto award doctrine applies only when “the employer has 

stipulated to the compensability of the claim, has made payments 

to the employee for some significant period of time without filing a 

memorandum of agreement, and fails to contest the compensability 

of the injury . . . .” 

Id. (emphasis omitted) (quoting Gowan, 32 Va. App. at 463, 528 S.E.2d at 722). Once these 

conditions are present, it is “‘reasonable to infer that the parties have reached an agreement,’ 

. . . regarding compensability of the claim.” Id. (quoting Gowan, 32 Va. App. at 463, 528 S.E.2d 

at 722). In the case at bar, employer conceded the compensability of the medical claim and the 

initial TTD claim. From July 30, 2012 to March 5, 2014, employer accommodated claimant and 

allowed him to work in a light-duty position. Although employer did pay claimant during the 

time claimant worked in this light-duty position, these were not payments pursuant to an 

agreement on claimant’s claim for TTD benefits. 

 In 2003, this Court decided two cases factually similar to claimant’s case, in both 

instances finding that no de facto award had been established. In White v. Redman Corp., 

41 Va. App. 287, 584 S.E.2d 462 (2003), the employer did not contest compensability of the 

claim, and made voluntary payments to the claimant. The claimant and the employer, however, 

never arrived at a specific agreement because the “[c]laimant elected not to sign the agreement 

form because he did not agree with the average weekly wage calculation.” Id. at 291, 584 S.E.2d 

at 464. In Watts v. P & J Hauling, 41 Va. App. 278, 584 S.E.2d 457 (2003), as in White, the 

claimant urged this Court to find that there had been a de facto award, since “the parties 
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stipulated that there was a compensable injury by accident and that employer made voluntary 

payments to claimant for a substantial period of time . . . .” Id. at 285, 584 S.E.2d at 461. 

Although the employer in Watts conceded the compensability, and even made payments, “the 

amount of compensation clearly remained in dispute.” Id. at 286, 584 S.E.2d at 461. In both 

White and Watts, the lack of agreement between the claimant and the employer as to the amount 

of compensation to be paid was fatal to the claimant’s attempt to establish a de facto award of 

compensation. So too, any implied finding8

 of a de facto award fails here for the same 

deficiency. 

 “[T]he concept of a de facto award is grounded in the well-established principle of 

estoppel . . . . [I]n order for there to be any estoppel there must be detrimental reliance by the 

party claiming estoppel.” Roske v. Culbertson Co., 62 Va. App. 512, 521-22, 749 S.E.2d 550, 

555 (2013). Claimant, at the time the statute of limitations expired, could not have relied upon 

the existence of a de facto award, because the parties had not agreed upon all relevant terms. 

Claimant conceded this lack of agreement in his position statement to the commission: “The 

stipulation prepared by the employer was outright rejected by counsel for the claimant. The 

employer refused to reinstate workers’ compensation benefits as of the date of the 

stipulation . . . .” The most the employer did was agree that the injury was compensable. In 

order to preserve a new claim, it was incumbent upon claimant to file such claim within two 

years of the date of diagnosis. At the hearing, the chief deputy commissioner acknowledged the 

lack of specific agreement between the parties when he stated: “There is no stipulation for 

 8

 The commission did not discuss de facto awards at length, nor did it find explicitly that 

a de facto award had been established. However, given the lack of any de jure award, and 

claimant’s filing of a claim more than two years after the date of diagnosis, only the existence of 

a de facto award could justify the commission’s finding that “[t]he claimant’s April 8, 2014 

claim was timely as a change in condition.” 
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pre-injury average weekly wage.” In light of this lack of a specific agreement, there was no de 

facto award, and thus no resulting extension of the statute of limitations. 

C. Other Assignments of Error 

 Because we agree that the statute of limitations barred claimant’s filings on April 8, 2014 

(to the extent they differed from his 2013 claim), we do not reach employer’s assignments of 

error alleging the commission failed to adopt and apply rules of discovery. It is likewise 

unnecessary to address employer’s assignment of error alleging that the evidence was 

insufficient to support claimant’s second lost time claim, as we find such claim barred by the 

statute of limitations. 

III. CONCLUSION

 The new claims contained in claimant’s April 8, 2014 filing were barred by the statute of 

limitations, as the filing was not a change in condition application. Accordingly, the 

commission’s decision affirming the chief deputy commissioner’s award to claimant of TTD 

“beginning May 8, 2014 and continuing until conditions justify a modification, suspension or 

termination thereof” is reversed and is remanded to the commission for further proceedings 

consistent with this opinion. The remaining awards made by the chief deputy commissioner, and 

affirmed by the commission, are affirmed. 

Affirmed in part and 

reversed in part.