For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, September 9, 2020 USDL-20-1691

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JULY 2020

The number of job openings increased to 6.6 million on the last business day of July, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. Hires decreased to 5.8 million in July. Total separations was little 

changed at 5.0 million. Within separations, the quits rate rose to 2.1 percent while the layoffs and 

discharges rate decreased to 1.2 percent. These changes in the labor market reflected an ongoing

resumption of economic activity that had been curtailed due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic 

and efforts to contain it. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, 

and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by four geographic regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of July, the number and rate of job openings increased to 6.6 million

(+617,000) and 4.5 percent, respectively. Job openings rose in a number of industries, with the largest 

increases in retail trade (+172,000), health care and social assistance (+146,000), and construction 

(+90,000). The number of job openings increased in the South and Midwest regions. (See table 1.)

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on July 2020 JOLTS Data

Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and at 

www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-july-2020.htm.

 3.0

 3.2

 3.4

 3.6

 3.8

 4.0

 4.2

 4.4

 4.6

 4.8

 5.0

Jul-17 Jan-18 Jul-18 Jan-19 Jul-19 Jan-20 Jul-20

Percent

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted,

July 2017 - July 2020

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

Jul-17 Jan-18 Jul-18 Jan-19 Jul-19 Jan-20 Jul-20

Hires

Separations

Percent

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted,

July 2017 - July 2020
- 2 -

Hires

In July, the number and rate of hires decreased to 5.8 million (-1,183,000) and 4.1 percent, respectively.

Over the year, the hires level was little changed. Hires decreased in a number of industries, with the 

largest fall in accommodation and food services (-599,000), followed by other services (-143,000), and 

health care and social assistance (-137,000). Hires increased in federal government (+33,000), largely 

because of Census hiring. Hires also increased in real estate and rental and leasing (+26,000). The 

number of hires decreased in all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 

referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 

the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 

discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 

due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In July, the number and rate of total separations was little changed at 5.0 million and 3.6 percent, 

respectively. Total separations increased in retail trade (+112,000) and in state and local government 

education (+49,000). The number of total separations decreased in durable goods manufacturing

(-44,000). Total separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.)

In July, the number and rate of quits increased to 2.9 million (+344,000) and 2.1 percent, respectively. 

Quits increased in retail trade (+152,000), professional and business services (+98,000), and state and 

local government education (+35,000). The number of quits increased in the Midwest and West regions.

(See table 4.)

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased to 1.7 million (-274,000) and 1.2 percent, 

respectively in July. The layoffs and discharges level decreased in durable goods manufacturing

(-40,000), transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-40,000), and wholesale trade (-21,000). The 

number of layoffs and discharges decreased in the Northeast and South regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in July at 337,000. Other separations increased in a 

few industries, with the largest increases in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+35,000) and state 

and local government education (+16,000). Other separations decreased in health care and social 

assistance (-22,000). Other separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in July, hires totaled 70.2 million and separations totaled 78.5 million, 

yielding a net employment loss of 8.2 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 

and separated more than once during the year.
- 3 -

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for August 2020 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, October 6, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on July 2020 Job Openings and Labor Turnover 

Survey Data

Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 

42 percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 

respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due 

to the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate 

for July was 46 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent.

BLS modified the JOLTS estimation methods starting in March and continuing through July to better 

reflect the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes 

an alignment of monthly hires minus separations to the over-the-month change in the Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) employment estimates. For July estimates, as in earlier months, BLS 

suspended the alignment process because the differing reference periods for the CES employment 

estimates (pay period including the 12th of the month) and the JOLTS hires and separations estimates 

(the entire reference month) led to substantially different measurement outcomes. More information 

about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including information about the 

JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-laborturnover-covid19-july-2020.htm.

Upcoming Changes to JOLTS Series Codes

JOLTS will be changing the structure of its series codes to allow for the publication of establishment 

size class data and the future publication of state data and potential publication of Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (MSA) data. These changes will occur with the release of JOLTS data on October 6, 

2020. For more information on these changes, please visit www.bls.gov/jlt/jlt_series_changes.htm.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 7,236 6,001 6,618 5,975 6,970 5,787 5,769 4,899 5,007

Total private....................................... 6,529 5,347 5,947 5,605 6,688 5,455 5,427 4,656 4,722

Mining and logging1............................ 40 16 16 22 11 19 26 28 28

Construction1................................... 353 244 334 379 499 400 381 343 354

Manufacturing.................................. 477 346 408 335 432 321 325 392 353

Durable goods1.............................. 282 179 213 185 254 155 177 241 197

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 195 167 195 150 178 166 148 152 157

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,288 1,075 1,292 1,220 1,362 1,207 1,218 1,077 1,167

Wholesale trade............................. 169 163 181 168 165 122 168 166 146

Retail trade................................... 838 669 841 796 911 828 801 640 752

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 281 243 269 257 286 257 249 271 269

Information1

..................................... 172 97 96 102 57 64 109 54 55

Financial activities.............................. 381 298 291 247 189 229 236 177 190

Finance and insurance..................... 257 232 224 160 134 146 146 122 118

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 124 65 68 87 56 82 90 55 73

Professional and business services......... 1,287 1,077 1,200 1,195 1,175 1,136 1,144 926 1,008

Education and health services............... 1,325 1,089 1,262 763 899 748 674 603 584

Educational services1

....................... 145 90 117 109 116 102 84 55 67

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,180 999 1,145 655 783 646 589 548 517

Leisure and hospitality........................ 957 838 760 1,121 1,759 1,169 1,108 858 807

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 113 113 97 159 162 171 148 136 116

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 844 725 663 962 1,597 998 959 722 691

Other services.................................. 249 268 287 220 305 162 206 199 175

Government....................................... 707 654 671 370 281 333 342 243 285

Federal1

......................................... 129 112 132 38 40 73 37 42 46

State and local................................. 579 542 539 332 241 260 305 200 239

State and local education.................. 215 186 180 178 123 121 158 70 119

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 364 356 358 153 118 138 148 130 120

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.6 4.2 4.5 4.0 5.1 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.6

Total private....................................... 4.8 4.4 4.8 4.4 5.7 4.6 4.2 4.0 4.0

Mining and logging1

............................ 5.2 2.5 2.5 3.0 1.8 3.0 3.6 4.4 4.5

Construction1

................................... 4.5 3.3 4.4 5.1 7.0 5.6 5.1 4.8 4.9

Manufacturing.................................. 3.6 2.8 3.3 2.6 3.6 2.6 2.5 3.2 2.9

Durable goods1

.............................. 3.4 2.3 2.7 2.3 3.4 2.0 2.2 3.2 2.6

Nondurable goods1.......................... 3.9 3.6 4.1 3.1 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.4 4.0 4.7 4.4 5.3 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.5

Wholesale trade............................. 2.8 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.2 2.8 2.9 2.6

Retail trade................................... 5.1 4.4 5.4 5.1 6.3 5.6 5.1 4.4 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 4.3 4.1 4.5 4.2 5.0 4.5 4.0 4.8 4.7

Information1

..................................... 5.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 2.2 2.5 3.8 2.1 2.1

Financial activities.............................. 4.2 3.3 3.3 2.8 2.2 2.7 2.7 2.1 2.2

Finance and insurance..................... 3.8 3.5 3.3 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . .. 5.1 2.9 3.0 3.8 2.6 3.8 3.9 2.6 3.4

Professional and business services......... 5.7 5.2 5.7 5.6 6.0 5.7 5.4 4.7 5.1

Education and health services............... 5.2 4.6 5.2 3.2 3.9 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.5

Educational services1

....................... 3.7 2.5 3.3 2.9 3.4 2.9 2.2 1.6 1.9

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.5 4.9 5.5 3.2 4.1 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.7

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.5 6.6 5.7 6.8 14.7 9.3 6.7 7.2 6.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 4.5 7.1 5.8 6.6 10.9 10.9 6.1 9.2 7.4

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 5.6 6.5 5.7 6.8 15.3 9.1 6.8 6.9 6.3

Other services.................................. 4.0 4.9 5.1 3.7 5.9 3.0 3.5 3.9 3.3

See footnotes at end of table.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

Government....................................... 3.0 3.0 3.0 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.3

Federal1

......................................... 4.3 3.7 4.3 1.3 1.4 2.5 1.3 1.5 1.6

State and local................................. 2.8 2.9 2.8 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.3

State and local education.................. 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.5 0.7 1.2

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 3.8 3.9 3.9 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data

are identical.

p Preliminary
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data

elements.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 

annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected.

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

Total............................................... 7,236 6,011 4,996 5,371 6,001 6,618 4.6 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.5

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,529 5,284 4,332 4,736 5,347 5,947 4.8 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.8

Mining and logging3

....................... 40 12 10 10 16 16 5.2 1.7 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5

Construction3............................... 353 240 247 315 244 334 4.5 3.1 3.6 4.3 3.3 4.4

Manufacturing.............................. 477 310 315 306 346 408 3.6 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.3

Durable goods3

.......................... 282 178 170 166 179 213 3.4 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.7

Nondurable goods3

...................... 195 132 146 141 167 195 3.9 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.6 4.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,288 1,069 883 997 1,075 1,292 4.4 3.7 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.7

Wholesale trade......................... 169 156 145 153 163 181 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.1

Retail trade............................... 838 626 521 670 669 841 5.1 3.9 3.8 4.7 4.4 5.4

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 281 286 217 174 243 269 4.3 4.4 3.7 3.0 4.1 4.5

Information3................................. 172 119 132 78 97 96 5.7 4.0 4.8 2.9 3.6 3.6

Financial activities......................... 381 336 251 264 298 291 4.2 3.7 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.3

Finance and insurance................. 257 262 185 215 232 224 3.8 3.9 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.3

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 124 75 66 49 65 68 5.1 3.1 3.0 2.2 2.9 3.0

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,287 1,192 982 976 1,077 1,200 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.8 5.2 5.7

Education and health services........... 1,325 1,193 1,051 975 1,089 1,262 5.2 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.6 5.2

Educational services3................... 145 106 102 78 90 117 3.7 2.7 3.0 2.3 2.5 3.3

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,180 1,087 949 896 999 1,145 5.5 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.9 5.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 957 664 314 622 838 760 5.5 3.9 3.5 5.9 6.6 5.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 113 130 41 101 113 97 4.5 5.1 3.4 7.8 7.1 5.8

Accommodation and food services. .. 844 534 273 521 725 663 5.6 3.7 3.5 5.6 6.5 5.7

Other services.............................. 249 147 147 194 268 287 4.0 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.9 5.1

Government................................... 707 727 664 635 654 671 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0

Federal3

..................................... 129 131 114 70 112 132 4.3 4.3 3.8 2.4 3.7 4.3

State and local............................. 579 596 550 564 542 539 2.8 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8

State and local education.............. 215 215 194 209 186 180 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.8

State and local, excluding

education3

............................. 364 381 356 355 356 358 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 1,145 1,102 972 948 1,123 1,161 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.3 4.3

South........................................... 2,695 2,251 1,856 2,049 2,226 2,463 4.6 3.9 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.6

Midwest........................................ 1,694 1,286 1,067 1,123 1,329 1,557 4.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.2 4.9

West............................................ 1,702 1,373 1,101 1,251 1,323 1,438 4.6 3.7 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.2

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

Total............................................... 5,975 5,111 4,047 7,199 6,970 5,787 4.0 3.4 3.1 5.4 5.1 4.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,605 4,744 3,812 6,952 6,688 5,455 4.4 3.7 3.5 6.2 5.7 4.6

Mining and logging......................... 22 19 13 16 11 19 3.0 2.7 2.1 2.6 1.8 3.0

Construction................................ 379 389 246 679 499 400 5.1 5.1 3.7 9.7 7.0 5.6

Manufacturing.............................. 335 299 326 523 432 321 2.6 2.3 2.8 4.5 3.6 2.6

Durable goods........................... 185 159 161 286 254 155 2.3 2.0 2.3 3.9 3.4 2.0

Nondurable goods....................... 150 140 166 236 178 166 3.1 2.9 3.8 5.3 3.9 3.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,220 1,137 1,025 1,341 1,362 1,207 4.4 4.1 4.2 5.4 5.3 4.6

Wholesale trade......................... 168 136 117 187 165 122 2.8 2.3 2.1 3.4 2.9 2.2

Retail trade............................... 796 764 723 886 911 828 5.1 4.9 5.4 6.5 6.3 5.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 257 237 185 268 286 257 4.2 3.8 3.3 4.8 5.0 4.5

Information.................................. 102 74 39 66 57 64 3.6 2.6 1.5 2.5 2.2 2.5

Financial activities......................... 247 218 162 201 189 229 2.8 2.5 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.7

Finance and insurance................. 160 151 129 113 134 146 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 87 67 34 88 56 82 3.8 2.9 1.6 4.1 2.6 3.8

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,195 1,103 800 938 1,175 1,136 5.6 5.1 4.2 4.8 6.0 5.7

Education and health services........... 763 663 545 1,093 899 748 3.2 2.7 2.5 4.9 3.9 3.3

Educational services.................... 109 92 69 98 116 102 2.9 2.4 2.1 2.9 3.4 2.9

Health care and social assistance. . .. 655 571 477 995 783 646 3.2 2.8 2.6 5.3 4.1 3.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,121 673 490 1,513 1,759 1,169 6.8 4.1 5.7 15.2 14.7 9.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 159 127 31 145 162 171 6.6 5.2 2.7 12.1 10.9 10.9

Accommodation and food services. .. 962 546 460 1,368 1,597 998 6.8 3.9 6.2 15.6 15.3 9.1

Other services.............................. 220 168 165 582 305 162 3.7 2.8 3.6 12.0 5.9 3.0

Government................................... 370 367 235 247 281 333 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5

Federal...................................... 38 58 46 50 40 73 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.4 2.5

State and local............................. 332 309 189 197 241 260 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4

State and local education.............. 178 153 111 128 123 121 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 153 156 78 69 118 138 1.7 1.7 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.6

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 940 869 534 1,103 1,214 1,038 3.4 3.1 2.2 4.5 4.8 4.1

South........................................... 2,442 1,998 1,584 2,409 2,417 2,072 4.4 3.6 3.3 4.9 4.8 4.1

Midwest........................................ 1,270 1,097 914 1,628 1,682 1,297 3.9 3.3 3.2 5.6 5.6 4.3

West............................................ 1,323 1,147 1,015 2,059 1,656 1,380 3.8 3.3 3.3 6.7 5.2 4.3

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

Total............................................... 5,769 14,643 9,975 4,236 4,899 5,007 3.8 9.7 7.6 3.2 3.6 3.6

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,427 14,243 9,536 3,935 4,656 4,722 4.2 11.1 8.8 3.5 4.0 4.0

Mining and logging......................... 26 42 67 31 28 28 3.6 6.0 10.2 4.9 4.4 4.5

Construction................................ 381 756 835 292 343 354 5.1 9.9 12.7 4.2 4.8 4.9

Manufacturing.............................. 325 804 762 285 392 353 2.5 6.3 6.6 2.4 3.2 2.9

Durable goods........................... 177 474 511 180 241 197 2.2 5.9 7.2 2.5 3.2 2.6

Nondurable goods....................... 148 329 251 105 152 157 3.1 6.9 5.8 2.4 3.4 3.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,218 2,408 1,953 936 1,077 1,167 4.4 8.7 8.0 3.8 4.2 4.5

Wholesale trade......................... 168 252 281 166 166 146 2.8 4.2 5.1 3.0 2.9 2.6

Retail trade............................... 801 1,654 1,267 530 640 752 5.1 10.6 9.5 3.9 4.4 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 249 502 405 240 271 269 4.0 8.1 7.2 4.3 4.8 4.7

Information.................................. 109 107 128 56 54 55 3.8 3.7 4.9 2.2 2.1 2.1

Financial activities......................... 236 350 299 160 177 190 2.7 4.0 3.5 1.9 2.1 2.2

Finance and insurance................. 146 169 112 104 122 118 2.3 2.6 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 90 181 187 57 55 73 3.9 7.7 8.8 2.7 2.6 3.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,144 1,714 1,359 875 926 1,008 5.4 8.0 7.1 4.5 4.7 5.1

Education and health services........... 674 1,747 1,323 538 603 584 2.8 7.1 6.1 2.4 2.6 2.5

Educational services.................... 84 327 277 58 55 67 2.2 8.6 8.3 1.7 1.6 1.9

Health care and social assistance. . .. 589 1,420 1,046 480 548 517 2.9 6.9 5.7 2.5 2.8 2.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,108 5,345 1,989 640 858 807 6.7 32.7 23.2 6.4 7.2 6.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 148 599 314 105 136 116 6.1 24.5 27.2 8.8 9.2 7.4

Accommodation and food services. .. 959 4,746 1,675 534 722 691 6.8 34.1 22.5 6.1 6.9 6.3

Other services.............................. 206 969 821 121 199 175 3.5 16.4 17.9 2.5 3.9 3.3

Government................................... 342 400 439 302 243 285 1.5 1.8 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.3

Federal...................................... 37 39 39 53 42 46 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.9 1.5 1.6

State and local............................. 305 361 400 248 200 239 1.5 1.8 2.1 1.4 1.1 1.3

State and local education.............. 158 180 170 128 70 119 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.3 0.7 1.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 148 181 230 120 130 120 1.6 1.9 2.6 1.4 1.5 1.4

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 861 2,807 1,851 727 841 766 3.1 10.1 7.7 3.0 3.3 3.0

South........................................... 2,235 4,978 3,429 1,675 1,862 1,851 4.0 9.0 7.2 3.4 3.7 3.6

Midwest........................................ 1,254 3,635 2,170 900 1,080 1,170 3.8 11.0 7.6 3.1 3.6 3.9

West............................................ 1,419 3,222 2,525 933 1,115 1,220 4.0 9.1 8.3 3.0 3.5 3.8

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

Total............................................... 3,612 2,789 1,877 2,067 2,605 2,949 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,433 2,619 1,731 1,945 2,492 2,798 2.7 2.0 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.4

Mining and logging......................... 14 9 6 8 10 12 1.9 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.9

Construction................................ 178 130 86 104 131 138 2.4 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9

Manufacturing.............................. 193 150 104 143 186 167 1.5 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.4

Durable goods........................... 102 86 49 83 101 94 1.3 1.1 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.2

Nondurable goods....................... 91 64 55 60 85 73 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 772 607 447 484 613 772 2.8 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.4 3.0

Wholesale trade......................... 88 93 52 55 79 85 1.5 1.6 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.5

Retail trade............................... 542 386 305 306 410 562 3.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.8 3.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 143 129 90 122 123 126 2.3 2.1 1.6 2.2 2.2 2.2

Information.................................. 43 35 28 22 28 31 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2

Financial activities......................... 141 93 70 87 84 93 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.1

Finance and insurance................. 91 70 48 69 60 57 1.4 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 49 23 21 18 25 36 2.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.6

Professional and business services. . . .. 687 561 337 411 441 539 3.2 2.6 1.7 2.1 2.2 2.7

Education and health services........... 473 426 356 286 394 418 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.8

Educational services.................... 57 50 43 23 23 33 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.7 1.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 416 376 313 262 371 385 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 787 534 255 369 487 507 4.8 3.3 3.0 3.7 4.1 4.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 77 52 30 31 29 31 3.2 2.1 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 709 483 225 338 457 476 5.0 3.5 3.0 3.9 4.4 4.3

Other services.............................. 146 74 44 32 117 121 2.5 1.3 1.0 0.7 2.3 2.3

Government................................... 180 170 146 122 113 152 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7

Federal...................................... 17 17 15 17 17 19 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7

State and local............................. 163 152 130 105 96 132 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7

State and local education.............. 85 79 69 67 31 66 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 77 73 62 37 66 66 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 489 404 275 272 392 401 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.6

South........................................... 1,479 1,098 791 919 1,054 1,153 2.7 2.0 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3

Midwest........................................ 811 654 418 443 599 718 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.4

West............................................ 834 633 394 433 560 677 2.4 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.1

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

Total............................................... 1,812 11,489 7,708 1,903 1,995 1,721 1.2 7.6 5.9 1.4 1.4 1.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,714 11,316 7,481 1,780 1,913 1,650 1.3 8.8 6.9 1.6 1.6 1.4

Mining and logging......................... 12 32 59 22 17 15 1.6 4.5 9.1 3.4 2.6 2.4

Construction................................ 187 604 709 177 197 201 2.5 7.9 10.8 2.5 2.7 2.8

Manufacturing.............................. 113 632 635 121 184 157 0.9 4.9 5.5 1.0 1.5 1.3

Durable goods........................... 63 374 447 85 127 87 0.8 4.7 6.3 1.2 1.7 1.2

Nondurable goods....................... 50 257 188 37 57 70 1.0 5.4 4.3 0.8 1.3 1.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 370 1,730 1,458 419 419 320 1.3 6.2 6.0 1.7 1.6 1.2

Wholesale trade3

........................ 69 154 220 97 80 59 1.2 2.6 4.0 1.7 1.4 1.0

Retail trade............................... 212 1,226 940 221 203 166 1.4 7.8 7.1 1.6 1.4 1.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 89 350 297 101 135 95 1.4 5.6 5.3 1.8 2.4 1.7

Information.................................. 57 64 97 29 21 19 2.0 2.2 3.7 1.1 0.8 0.8

Financial activities......................... 67 228 208 56 67 72 0.8 2.6 2.4 0.7 0.8 0.8

Finance and insurance................. 32 77 53 23 41 39 0.5 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 35 151 156 33 25 33 1.5 6.4 7.3 1.5 1.2 1.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 397 1,086 904 405 423 411 1.9 5.1 4.7 2.1 2.1 2.1

Education and health services........... 162 1,274 918 215 155 132 0.7 5.2 4.2 1.0 0.7 0.6

Educational services.................... 22 272 227 30 30 30 0.6 7.2 6.8 0.9 0.9 0.9

Health care and social assistance. . .. 140 1,001 691 185 126 103 0.7 4.8 3.7 1.0 0.7 0.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 299 4,783 1,722 257 351 278 1.8 29.2 20.1 2.6 2.9 2.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 69 545 281 74 103 81 2.8 22.3 24.3 6.1 7.0 5.2

Accommodation and food services. .. 231 4,238 1,441 183 248 197 1.6 30.4 19.4 2.1 2.4 1.8

Other services.............................. 49 884 770 80 81 45 0.8 15.0 16.8 1.7 1.6 0.8

Government................................... 98 173 227 123 81 71 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3

Federal...................................... 7 9 12 24 14 12 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4

State and local............................. 91 164 215 100 67 59 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.3

State and local education.............. 47 79 78 39 29 25 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 44 85 137 61 38 33 0.5 0.9 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.4

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 312 2,348 1,509 402 395 295 1.1 8.4 6.3 1.6 1.6 1.2

South........................................... 630 3,747 2,510 664 706 577 1.1 6.7 5.3 1.4 1.4 1.1

Midwest........................................ 376 2,898 1,650 408 416 381 1.1 8.8 5.8 1.4 1.4 1.3

West............................................ 494 2,496 2,039 429 478 468 1.4 7.1 6.7 1.4 1.5 1.4

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020

May

2020

June

2020

July

2020p

Total............................................... 345 366 390 266 300 337 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 281 308 324 209 251 274 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging......................... 1 2 2 1 1 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Construction3

............................... 17 22 40 11 15 15 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 19 22 23 21 22 30 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 12 14 14 12 12 15 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods3...................... 7 9 8 8 9 14 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 76 71 48 34 45 75 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 11 5 9 13 6 2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0

Retail trade............................... 47 42 21 3 27 24 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 18 24 18 17 13 48 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.8

Information3................................. 10 8 3 4 5 4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Financial activities......................... 28 30 21 17 26 26 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 23 22 11 12 21 21 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 5 7 10 6 5 4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services. . . .. 60 67 119 60 62 58 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3

Education and health services........... 38 47 50 37 53 34 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1

Educational services.................... 5 4 7 5 2 4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Health care and social assistance3

. .. 33 43 43 32 52 30 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 22 28 12 14 20 22 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation3

... 2 2 3 1 3 4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3

Accommodation and food services3... 19 26 9 13 17 18 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Other services3............................. 11 11 7 9 2 9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2

Government................................... 64 58 66 57 48 63 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

Federal...................................... 13 12 11 13 11 14 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5

State and local............................. 51 46 55 44 37 48 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

State and local education.............. 25 22 23 22 11 27 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 26 24 31 22 26 21 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 61 56 68 54 55 70 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

South........................................... 126 133 129 92 102 121 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest........................................ 66 83 102 49 66 71 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2

West............................................ 92 93 92 71 78 74 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

Total..................................................................... 7,597 5,843 6,949 4.8 4.0 4.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,815 5,167 6,230 5.0 4.2 5.0

Mining and logging............................................... 40 16 16 5.1 2.4 2.5

Construction....................................................... 353 244 334 4.4 3.2 4.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 477 346 408 3.6 2.8 3.2

Durable goods.................................................. 282 179 213 3.4 2.3 2.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 195 167 195 3.9 3.5 4.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,392 1,055 1,434 4.8 3.9 5.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 196 171 214 3.2 2.9 3.7

Retail trade..................................................... 916 641 951 5.5 4.2 6.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 281 243 269 4.4 4.1 4.5

Information........................................................ 172 97 96 5.6 3.6 3.6

Financial activities................................................ 387 278 293 4.2 3.1 3.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 262 212 225 3.9 3.2 3.4

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 124 65 68 5.0 2.9 3.0

Professional and business services............................ 1,357 1,030 1,262 5.9 4.9 5.9

Education and health services.................................. 1,360 1,021 1,295 5.4 4.3 5.4

Educational services.......................................... 145 90 117 4.0 2.7 3.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,215 931 1,178 5.6 4.6 5.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,018 830 794 5.6 6.3 5.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 105 104 83 3.6 5.9 4.4

Accommodation and food services.......................... 912 726 711 5.9 6.3 5.9

Other services.................................................... 258 250 297 4.1 4.6 5.2

Government.......................................................... 782 676 720 3.5 3.1 3.4

Federal............................................................. 129 112 132 4.3 3.7 4.3

State and local.................................................... 654 564 588 3.4 3.0 3.3

State and local education..................................... 290 209 229 3.1 2.2 2.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 364 356 358 3.7 3.8 3.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,191 1,074 1,193 4.1 4.1 4.5

South................................................................. 2,856 2,163 2,617 4.9 4.1 4.9

Midwest............................................................... 1,732 1,305 1,598 5.0 4.1 5.0

West.................................................................. 1,818 1,301 1,541 4.9 3.9 4.6

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

Total..................................................................... 6,551 7,819 6,343 4.3 5.6 4.6

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,131 7,476 5,962 4.7 6.4 5.0

Mining and logging............................................... 24 13 21 3.2 2.0 3.2

Construction....................................................... 433 581 436 5.6 7.9 5.9

Manufacturing..................................................... 379 503 363 2.9 4.1 3.0

Durable goods.................................................. 206 292 172 2.5 3.8 2.3

Nondurable goods............................................. 173 211 191 3.6 4.6 4.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,262 1,452 1,225 4.6 5.6 4.7

Wholesale trade................................................ 194 187 139 3.3 3.3 2.5

Retail trade..................................................... 818 982 852 5.2 6.8 5.8

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 250 283 234 4.1 5.0 4.1

Information........................................................ 110 61 73 3.8 2.4 2.8

Financial activities................................................ 276 222 262 3.1 2.6 3.0

Finance and insurance........................................ 180 152 170 2.8 2.4 2.6

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 96 69 93 4.0 3.2 4.2

Professional and business services............................ 1,270 1,306 1,213 5.9 6.6 6.1

Education and health services.................................. 878 921 867 3.7 4.1 3.8

Educational services.......................................... 142 120 130 4.1 3.7 4.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 736 800 737 3.6 4.1 3.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,246 2,041 1,315 7.2 16.4 10.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 164 270 183 5.9 16.3 10.1

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,082 1,771 1,132 7.5 16.4 10.0

Other services.................................................... 252 378 187 4.2 7.2 3.5

Government.......................................................... 420 344 381 2.0 1.6 1.9

Federal............................................................. 37 44 73 1.3 1.5 2.5

State and local.................................................... 383 300 308 2.1 1.6 1.8

State and local education..................................... 203 90 145 2.3 1.0 1.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 180 210 163 1.9 2.3 1.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,115 1,450 1,229 4.0 5.7 4.8

South................................................................. 2,625 2,637 2,238 4.8 5.2 4.4

Midwest............................................................... 1,340 1,891 1,379 4.1 6.3 4.5

West.................................................................. 1,471 1,841 1,497 4.2 5.7 4.6

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

Total..................................................................... 6,242 5,077 5,405 4.1 3.7 3.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,819 4,665 5,046 4.5 4.0 4.2

Mining and logging............................................... 26 23 28 3.5 3.7 4.4

Construction....................................................... 399 317 380 5.1 4.3 5.1

Manufacturing..................................................... 354 402 382 2.7 3.3 3.1

Durable goods.................................................. 201 243 217 2.5 3.2 2.9

Nondurable goods............................................. 154 159 165 3.2 3.5 3.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,250 1,030 1,198 4.5 4.0 4.6

Wholesale trade................................................ 179 166 157 3.0 2.9 2.8

Retail trade..................................................... 825 625 775 5.3 4.3 5.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 247 240 266 4.0 4.2 4.7

Information........................................................ 116 52 60 4.0 2.0 2.3

Financial activities................................................ 240 183 198 2.7 2.1 2.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 147 125 119 2.3 1.9 1.8

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 93 58 79 3.9 2.7 3.6

Professional and business services............................ 1,186 915 1,051 5.5 4.6 5.2

Education and health services.................................. 799 700 683 3.3 3.1 3.0

Educational services.......................................... 117 122 96 3.4 3.8 3.0

Health care and social assistance........................... 682 578 587 3.3 3.0 3.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,205 846 866 7.0 6.8 6.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 142 104 99 5.1 6.3 5.5

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,063 742 767 7.3 6.9 6.8

Other services.................................................... 243 196 200 4.1 3.7 3.7

Government.......................................................... 423 411 360 2.0 1.9 1.8

Federal............................................................. 36 39 46 1.3 1.3 1.6

State and local.................................................... 387 373 314 2.1 2.0 1.8

State and local education..................................... 233 249 194 2.6 2.7 2.3

State and local, excluding education........................ 154 123 120 1.6 1.4 1.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 902 879 793 3.3 3.5 3.1

South................................................................. 2,470 1,917 2,054 4.5 3.8 4.0

Midwest............................................................... 1,349 1,101 1,245 4.1 3.6 4.1

West.................................................................. 1,521 1,180 1,313 4.3 3.7 4.1

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

Total..................................................................... 4,099 2,752 3,392 2.7 2.0 2.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,886 2,551 3,208 3.0 2.2 2.7

Mining and logging............................................... 16 9 14 2.1 1.3 2.3

Construction....................................................... 216 139 182 2.8 1.9 2.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 228 196 192 1.8 1.6 1.6

Durable goods.................................................. 125 106 109 1.5 1.4 1.4

Nondurable goods............................................. 103 90 84 2.1 2.0 1.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 832 624 836 3.0 2.4 3.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 94 80 92 1.6 1.4 1.6

Retail trade..................................................... 578 431 606 3.7 3.0 4.1

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 160 112 138 2.6 2.0 2.4

Information........................................................ 49 25 37 1.7 1.0 1.4

Financial activities................................................ 151 85 101 1.7 1.0 1.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 101 60 65 1.6 0.9 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 49 25 36 2.1 1.1 1.6

Professional and business services............................ 748 453 604 3.5 2.3 3.0

Education and health services.................................. 546 421 473 2.3 1.9 2.1

Educational services.......................................... 77 41 50 2.2 1.3 1.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 469 380 424 2.3 2.0 2.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 921 491 618 5.3 3.9 4.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 98 29 48 3.5 1.8 2.7

Accommodation and food services.......................... 823 462 570 5.7 4.3 5.0

Other services.................................................... 180 108 150 3.0 2.1 2.8

Government.......................................................... 214 201 184 1.0 0.9 0.9

Federal............................................................. 17 17 20 0.6 0.6 0.7

State and local.................................................... 196 184 164 1.1 1.0 0.9

State and local education..................................... 111 116 91 1.2 1.2 1.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 85 68 73 0.9 0.8 0.8

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 542 402 457 2.0 1.6 1.8

South................................................................. 1,699 1,107 1,352 3.1 2.2 2.7

Midwest............................................................... 923 633 813 2.8 2.1 2.7

West.................................................................. 935 609 770 2.7 1.9 2.4

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

Total..................................................................... 1,768 1,971 1,643 1.2 1.4 1.2

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,640 1,861 1,550 1.3 1.6 1.3

Mining and logging............................................... 10 13 13 1.3 2.1 2.0

Construction....................................................... 167 163 182 2.2 2.2 2.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 106 184 158 0.8 1.5 1.3

Durable goods.................................................. 63 124 91 0.8 1.6 1.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 44 60 67 0.9 1.3 1.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 333 367 280 1.2 1.4 1.1

Wholesale trade................................................ 69 80 59 1.2 1.4 1.0

Retail trade..................................................... 195 171 142 1.3 1.2 1.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 69 115 80 1.1 2.0 1.4

Information........................................................ 58 22 18 2.0 0.8 0.7

Financial activities................................................ 66 70 74 0.7 0.8 0.9

Finance and insurance........................................ 27 41 35 0.4 0.6 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 38 29 39 1.6 1.3 1.7

Professional and business services............................ 374 401 385 1.7 2.0 1.9

Education and health services.................................. 212 222 173 0.9 1.0 0.8

Educational services.......................................... 32 75 40 0.9 2.3 1.3

Health care and social assistance........................... 180 146 133 0.9 0.8 0.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 262 334 226 1.5 2.7 1.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 41 71 47 1.5 4.3 2.6

Accommodation and food services.......................... 221 263 179 1.5 2.4 1.6

Other services.................................................... 51 86 41 0.9 1.6 0.8

Government.......................................................... 128 110 92 0.6 0.5 0.5

Federal............................................................. 7 12 12 0.2 0.4 0.4

State and local.................................................... 121 98 80 0.7 0.5 0.5

State and local education..................................... 84 74 59 0.9 0.8 0.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 38 25 21 0.4 0.3 0.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 292 408 254 1.1 1.6 1.0

South................................................................. 647 698 579 1.2 1.4 1.1

Midwest............................................................... 357 390 356 1.1 1.3 1.2

West.................................................................. 473 476 453 1.3 1.5 1.4

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

July

2019

June

2020

July

2020p

Total..................................................................... 375 354 370 0.2 0.3 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 293 254 287 0.2 0.2 0.2

Mining and logging............................................... 1 2 1 0.1 0.3 0.1

Construction....................................................... 17 15 15 0.2 0.2 0.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 20 22 32 0.2 0.2 0.3

Durable goods.................................................. 13 13 18 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 7 9 14 0.1 0.2 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 84 40 82 0.3 0.2 0.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 16 5 6 0.3 0.1 0.1

Retail trade..................................................... 51 22 28 0.3 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 18 13 48 0.3 0.2 0.8

Information........................................................ 10 5 4 0.3 0.2 0.2

Financial activities................................................ 24 29 23 0.3 0.3 0.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 19 24 19 0.3 0.4 0.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 5 5 4 0.2 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services............................ 64 61 62 0.3 0.3 0.3

Education and health services.................................. 41 57 36 0.2 0.3 0.2

Educational services.......................................... 8 6 6 0.2 0.2 0.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 33 52 30 0.2 0.3 0.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 22 20 22 0.1 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 2 3 4 0.1 0.2 0.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 19 17 18 0.1 0.2 0.2

Other services.................................................... 11 2 9 0.2 0.0 0.2

Government.......................................................... 82 100 83 0.4 0.5 0.4

Federal............................................................. 12 10 14 0.4 0.3 0.5

State and local.................................................... 70 90 69 0.4 0.5 0.4

State and local education..................................... 38 60 44 0.4 0.6 0.5

State and local, excluding education........................ 32 30 26 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 69 68 83 0.2 0.3 0.3

South................................................................. 125 112 123 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 69 78 75 0.2 0.3 0.2

West.................................................................. 112 96 89 0.3 0.3 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.