# Patent

## Title
Noise suppression by adaptive speed regulations of towed marine geophysical streamer

## Abstract

A method for towing marine geophysical sensor streamers in a body of water includes moving a towing vessel at a selected speed along the surface of the body of water. At least one geophysical sensor streamer is towed by the vessel at a selected depth in the water. A velocity of the streamer in the water is measured at at least one position along the streamer. The selected speed of the towing vessel is adjusted if the measured velocity is outside of a selected range.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/798,137, filed Mar. 30, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,472,281 which is herein incorporated by reference.


STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
Not applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates generally to the field of marine geophysical surveying. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and systems for adaptive speed control of towed marine streamers.
Marine geophysical surveying systems include towed electromagnetic sensor streamers. Such sensor streamers are towed by a vessel at a selected depth in a body of water and include a plurality of electric field and/or magnetic field sensors disposed along the length of the streamer. The sensors generate signals related to electromagnetic fields induced in formations below the bottom of the body of water by a transmitter.
A significant source of noise in the signals detected by the sensors in an electromagnetic streamer cable is from motion of the cable in the Earth's magnetic field. In marine seismic surveying, seismic streamers are towed at relatively shallow depths in the water, and for practical purposes it is assumed that the streamer velocity is approximately the same as the velocity of the towing vessel. In the case of marine electromagnetic surveying, the sensor streamers are towed at greater depth in the water. There is thus a weaker correlation between the velocity of the streamers in the water and the velocity of the tow vessel. If the actual velocity of the streamers at depth in the water becomes excessive as a result of subsurface water currents, excessive noise may be induced in the measurements made by the electromagnetic sensors.
There exists a need for measurement and control of streamer velocity at the selected towing depth.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an example towed marine geophysical sensor streamer.
FIG. 2 shows a laterally spaced apart array of streamers.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 shows a geophysical survey vessel 10 moving along the surface of a body of water 11 such as a lake or the ocean. The vessel 10 may include equipment thereon, shown generally at 12 and referred to for convenience as a “recording system.” The recording system 12 typically includes devices such as a data recording unit (not shown separately) for making a record with respect to time of signals generated by various sensors in the acquisition system. The recording system 12 also typically includes navigation equipment (not shown separately) to determine and record, at selected times, the geodetic position of the vessel 10.
The vessel 10 may tow one or more source cables 14. The source cable 14 may include thereon an electromagnetic energy source such as a pair of spaced apart electrodes 15. Operation of electromagnetic energy sources for geophysical surveying is well known in the art and need not be repeated here.
In the present example, a sensor streamer cable 20 may be towed at a selected depth in the water 11 and maintained at such depth by a depressor 18. The streamer cable 20 may include a plurality of longitudinally spaced apart electromagnetic sensors 22, non-limiting examples of which are magnetometers, wire coils, spaced apart electrodes, or combinations thereof. The sensors 22 detect components of electromagnetic energy in response to electromagnetic energy imparted into the formations 24 below the water bottom 23.
The depressor 18 in the present example receives power and control signals to change depth and direction (using control surfaces such as diving planes 18A and rudder 18B) from a lead in cable 17 connected from the depressor 18 to the vessel 10. The lead in cable 17 also includes electrical and/or optical conductors that enable real time communication of signals detected by the sensors 22 to the recording unit 12.
In other examples, the depressor 18 may be a passive device such as a weight. In still other examples, the depressor may be omitted entirely.
If it is desirable to operate more than one streamer at the same time, FIG. 2 shows an example of how this may be performed using streamer cables having additional navigation components to avoid tangling and fouling. Each of four sensor streamers 20 as explained with reference to FIG. 1 may be coupled at its forward end to a respective depressor 18. Each depressor 18 may be coupled to the vessel 10 by a respective lead in cable 17 as explained above. In the present example, the streamers 20 may be caused to remain in a selected pattern (e.g., such as parallel as shown) and to be responsive to the effects of water cross currents to maintain such pattern by the use of lateral force and control (LFD) devices 26 disposed at selected positions along the streamers. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,342 issued to Bertheas et al. Lateral distance between the streamers 20 at selected points therealong (to maintain the selected pattern) may be determined using an acoustic range finding system, components of which are shown at 27. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,376,045 issued to Falkenberg et al. and commonly owned with the present invention.
Referring once again to FIG. 1, because the streamer(s) are towed at substantial depth in the water, the actual velocity of the streamer at any point therealong may differ substantially from the velocity of the vessel 10 near the water surface. In the present example, one or more acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) 40 may be affixed to the exterior of the streamer 20. One suitable ADCP is sold under the trademark DOPPLER VOLUME SAMPLER, which is a trademark of Teledyne RD Instruments USA, 14020 Stowe Drive, Poway, Calif. 92064.
During operation of a system according to the invention, the ADCP 40 measures in-water velocity of the streamer. The velocity measurement may be conducted over the streamer 20 and lead in cable 17 to the recording unit 12. The recording unit 12 may be configured to automatically control the speed of the vessel 10 to maintain the velocity of the streamer to within a selected range (e.g., below a selected threshold and above a selected minimum). For example, the velocity at the streamer 20 may be reduced to a level consistent with acceptable levels of motion-induced noise (e.g., to below a selected threshold). In some embodiments, the velocity of the streamer 20 may be increased (e.g., to above a selected minimum). Because the downward force exerted by the depressor 18 and the LFD devices (26 in FIG. 2) is dependent on the angle of attack of the respective control surfaces and the velocity, the recording unit 12 may transmit control signals to both the depressor 18 and the LFD devices (if used) to increase or decrease the angle of attack of the depth control surfaces to maintain depth of the streamer(s) 20 in the water.
While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the invention as disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the attached claims.

## Claims

1. A method for towing one or more geophysical sensor streamers in a body of water, comprising:
moving a towing vessel at a selected speed along the surface of the body of water;
towing at least one of the one or more streamers from the vessel at a selected depth in the water;
measuring a velocity of the streamer in the water at at least one position along the streamer, the velocity of the streamer in the water proportional to motion induced noise of electromagnetic sensors; and
adjusting the selected speed of the towing vessel if the motion induced noise is outside of a selected range.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising adjusting an angle of attack of a depth control surface of a depressor at a forward end of the streamer to maintain a selected downward force on the streamer in response to the adjusted selected speed.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the velocity is measured using an acoustic Doppler current profiler affixed to an exterior surface of the streamer.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein geophysical sensors on the streamer comprise at least one of magnetometers, wire loops, and spaced apart electrode pairs.

5. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
measuring a lateral position of the streamer in the water at at least one position along the streamer; and
adjusting the lateral position of the streamer with a lateral force and control device proximate the at least one position along the streamer.

6. The method of claim 5 further comprising adjusting an angle of attack of at least one of the lateral force and control device and a depth control surface of a depressor at a forward end of the streamer to maintain a selected downward force on the streamer in response to the adjusted selected speed.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein adjusting the selected speed further comprises increasing the selected speed if the motion induced noise is below the selected range.

8. A marine geophysical survey system comprising:
a towing vessel;
a geophysical sensor streamer connected to the towing vessel;
a plurality of electromagnetic sensors longitudinally spaced apart along the geophysical sensor streamer;
a depressor at a forward end of the streamer;
a velocity measuring device affixed to an exterior surface of the geophysical sensor streamer, the velocity measuring device configured to measure velocity of the geophysical sensor streamer; and
a recording unit disposed on the towing vessel and operationally coupled to the velocity measuring device, the recording unit configured to control the speed of the towing vessel to maintain acceptable levels of motion-induced noise.

9. The system of claim 8 wherein the velocity measuring device comprises an acoustic Doppler current profiler.

10. The system of claim 8 wherein the velocity measuring device is configured to transmit velocity measurement signals to the towing vessel.

11. The system of claim 8 wherein the depressor comprises at least one of a depth control surface and a rudder.

12. The system of claim 8 wherein the depressor is configured to receive control signals from the towing vessel.

13. The system of claim 8 further comprising a lateral force and control device on the streamer.

14. The system of claim 13 wherein the lateral force and control device is configured to receive control signals from the towing vessel.

15. The system of claim 8 further comprising a lateral position measuring device on the streamer.

16. The system of claim 15 wherein the lateral position measuring device is a component of an acoustic range finding system.

17. The system of claim 15 wherein the lateral position measuring device is conjured to transmit lateral position measurement signals to the towing vessel.

18. The system of claim 8 wherein adjusting the recoding unit is configured to increase the speed of the tow vessel if the motion induced noise is below the acceptable level.

19. A method of geophysical surveying comprising:
moving a towing vessel at a selected speed along a surface of a body of water;
towing a geophysical sensor streamer from the vessel at a selected depth in the water;
actuating an energy source in the water to impart energy into formations below the body of water;
detecting energy in response to the energy imparted into the formations with sensors disposed along the streamer;
measuring a velocity of the streamer in the water at at least one position along the streamer, the velocity of the streamer in the water proportional to motion induced noise of electromagnetic sensors; and
adjusting the selected speed of the towing vessel if the motion induced noise is outside of a selected range.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein the energy source is an electromagnetic energy source, and the detected energy comprises components of electromagnetic energy.

21. The method of claim 19 wherein adjusting the selected speed further comprises increasing the selected speed if the motion induced noise is below the selected range.