For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, May 29, 2013 USDL-13-1041

Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: 

SELECTED SERVICE-PROVIDING AND MINING INDUSTRIES, 2011 

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose in 63 percent of the 52 service-providing and 

mining industries studied in 2011, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was down 

from 67 percent in 2010. Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit 

of output, declined in 35 percent of the industries in 2011, compared to 44 percent in 2010. 

More industries recorded gains in output and in hours in 2011 than in the previous year. (See chart 1 and 

table 1.) Output rose in 37 of the 52 service-providing and mining industries studied in 2011, an increase 

from 32 industries in 2010. Hours rose in 29 of the industries in 2011 compared to 14 in 2010. Both 

output and hours rose in more industries in 2011 than in any year since 2006. 

Unit labor costs fell in 17 of 47 service-providing industries in 2011, down from 23 industries in 2010, 

but in only 1 of the 5 mining industries. Unit labor costs declined more frequently in industries where 

productivity rose, as productivity gains offset movements in hourly compensation. Almost 90 percent of 

the industries with declines in unit labor costs in 2011 posted gains in productivity. 

Industry labor productivity measures are updated and revised as data become available. The latest 

productivity measures for service-providing and mining industries and industries in other sectors are

available on the BLS Labor Productivity and Costs web site at http://www.bls.gov/lpc/iprprodydata.htm. 

0 

10

20

30

40

2010 2011

Number of Industries

Increasing Productivity Increasing Output Increasing Hours

Chart 1. Number of service-providing and mining industries with increases in 

productivity, output, and hours, 2010 and 2011
Service-Providing Industries: Output per hour increased in 2011 in 32 of the 47 industries studied. In 

most of these industries, productivity rose as output growth was accompanied by declines or more 

modest increases in hours. Several industries posted double-digit productivity gains as a result: wireless 

telecommunications carriers; passenger car rental; photography studios, portrait; and photofinishing. 

In a few industries, productivity rose as declining output was met with even greater reductions in hours: 

postal service; couriers and messengers; video tape and disc rental; tax preparation services; drinking 

places (alcoholic beverages); reupholstery and furniture repair; and coin-operated laundries and 

drycleaners. 

Mining Industries: Output per hour declined in four of the five detailed mining industries studied in 

2011, as hours rose while output fell or grew more slowly. Only nonmetallic mineral mining and 

quarrying posted a productivity increase. The overall mining sector experienced a double-digit decline in 

productivity, as labor hours increased more than four times as much as output. 

Chart 2 shows the 2011 percent change in productivity in the 20 largest service-providing and mining 

industries. Among these industries, automotive repair and maintenance recorded the largest productivity 

increase, as output growth was accompanied by a modest decrease in hours. Productivity fell the most in 

power generation and supply, where hours rose while output declined. 

7.7

6.3

6.0

5.4

4.8

3.3

2.5

2.5

2.4

2.1

1.3

1.1

0.6

0.3

-1.7

-1.7

-2.1

-2.8

-3.0

-5.6

-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0

Automotive repair and maintenance

Wired telecommunications carriers

General warehousing and storage

Hair, nail and skin care services

Traveler accommodation

Special food services

General freight trucking, long-distance

Janitorial services

General freight trucking, local

Drinking places (alcoholic beverages)

Full-service restaurants

Postal service

Couriers and messengers

Air transportation

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers

Engineering services

Limited-service eating places

Commercial banking

Support activities for mining

Power generation and supply

Percent change

Chart 2. Percent change in output per hour in the largest (by employment) service-providing 

and mining industries, 2010-2011

2
Long-Term Trends

More industries posted productivity gains over the 1987-2011 period than in 2011. Chart 3 contrasts the 

distribution of productivity changes over the long term with those in the most recent year. Between 1987 

and 2011, labor productivity increased in 85 percent of the detailed service-providing and mining 

industries, with over 70 percent of industries recording average annual productivity growth between 0.1 

and 4.0 percent per year. In 2011, only 27 percent of industries recorded productivity growth in that 

range. Industry productivity performance in 2011 was more widely distributed, with 37 percent of 

industries posting productivity declines and 37 percent posting productivity gains of 4.1 percent or more. 

 Chart 3. Distribution of percent change in output per hour, 1987-2011 and 2010-2011

The measures in this news release incorporate data from the 2011 Service Annual Survey published by 

the Census Bureau, as well as the March 2013 annual benchmark revision of the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey. All of the measures for 2011 in this release are preliminary and 

subject to revision. The industries included in this release are classified according to the 2007 NAICS. 

While the rates of change reported in this news release are rounded to one decimal place, all industry 

productivity percent changes are calculated using index numbers rounded to three decimal places. 

Year-to-year movements in industry productivity may be erratic, particularly in smaller industries. The 

annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census of 

establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect 

cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity trends 

tend to be more reliable indicators of industry performance than year-to-year changes.

Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases on the BLS website at

https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. More detailed data, including 

indexes, annual rates of change, and levels are available on the Labor Productivity and Costs web site at 

www.bls.gov/lpc. Additional information is available by calling the Division of Industry Productivity 

Studies (202-691-5618) or by sending a request by email to dipsweb@bls.gov. Information in this report 

will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5618; TDD 

message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 

0 

10

20

30

40

50

Percent of Industries

Average Annual Percent Change

1987-2011

0 

10

20

30

40

50

Annual Percent Change

2010-2011

3
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between 

industry output and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to 

period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although the labor productivity measures 

relate output to hours of all persons in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor 

or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including 

changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of 

purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; 

managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the workforce.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products 

or services (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output is usually derived 

by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes, but for some industries it is 

measured by physical quantities of output. 

Industry output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual 

surveys of the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price 

changes primarily from BLS. Other data sources include the Energy Information Administration, U.S. 

Department of Energy; the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation; the 

U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior; the U.S. Postal Service; the Postal Rate 

Commission; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 

Labor Hours: The primary source of industry employment and hours data is the BLS Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CES provides monthly data on the number of total and 

nonsupervisory worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, as well as data 

on the average weekly hours of nonsupervisory workers in those establishments. CES data are 

supplemented with data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to estimate employment and hours of 

self-employed and unpaid family workers in each industry. Data from the CPS, together with CES data, 

are also used to estimate the historical average weekly hours of supervisory workers for each industry. 

CES and CPS data are supplemented or further disaggregated for some industries using data from the 

BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. Other 

sources of employment and hours data for some service industries include the Association of American 

Railroads, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service. Hours of all persons in an 

industry are treated as homogeneous and are directly aggregated. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of industry labor compensation by an 

index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation per 

hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor 

costs; increases in labor productivity offset compensation increases and lower unit labor costs. 

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. 

The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. 

4
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2010-2011

Industry NAICS

code

2011

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2010-2011

Output

per hour Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Mining Industries

Mining.......................................................................... 21 759.3 -11.3 4.2 17.5 16.6 11.9

Oil and gas extraction........................................................ 211 173.0 -11.0 4.7 17.6 10.3 5.4

Oil and gas extraction........................................................ 2111 173.0 -11.0 4.7 17.6 10.3 5.4

Mining, except oil and gas................................................... 212 221.2 -5.1 2.7 8.2 10.2 7.3

Coal mining.................................................................... 2121 87.5 -4.6 5.0 10.1 12.3 6.9

Metal ore mining.............................................................. 2122 42.4 -18.5 -2.0 20.2 19.8 22.3

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying................................. 2123 91.3 2.8 4.3 1.4 0.9 -3.3

Support activities for mining................................................. 213 365.1 -3.0 19.9 23.6 27.3 6.2

Support activities for mining................................................. 2131 365.1 -3.0 19.9 23.6 27.3 6.2

Utilities

Power generation and supply................................................ 2211 398.4 -5.6 -4.5 1.1 3.9 8.8

Natural gas distribution....................................................... 2212 107.9 4.3 0.7 -3.4 3.9 3.2

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation.............................................................. 481 425.2 0.3 1.9 1.6 3.7 1.7

Line-haul railroads............................................................ 482111 179.4 -2.7 3.8 6.8 10.5 6.4

Truck transportation.......................................................... 484 1,495.8 1.1 5.1 4.0 7.5 2.3

General freight trucking...................................................... 4841 1,078.7 2.3 5.3 2.9 6.5 1.1

General freight trucking, local............................................... 48411 281.8 2.4 7.7 5.2 7.0 -0.7

General freight trucking, long-distance..................................... 48412 796.9 2.5 4.8 2.2 6.3 1.4

Used household and office goods moving................................. 48421 86.6 -12.1 -3.5 9.8 5.7 9.5

Postal service................................................................. 491 630.9 1.1 -2.7 -3.8 -0.5 2.3

Postal service................................................................. 4911 630.9 1.1 -2.7 -3.8 -0.5 2.3

Couriers and messengers.................................................... 492 561.3 0.6 -0.5 -1.1 5.0 5.6

Warehousing and storage.................................................... 493 659.4 3.3 8.1 4.6 4.1 -3.7

Warehousing and storage.................................................... 4931 659.4 3.3 8.1 4.6 4.1 -3.7

General warehousing and storage.......................................... 49311 552.6 6.0 10.1 3.9 3.8 -5.8

Refrigerated warehousing and storage..................................... 49312 51.0 -11.8 -1.8 11.3 5.5 7.5

Information

Publishing...................................................................... 511 788.8 1.0 2.4 1.4 6.2 3.7

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers................................ 5111 517.2 -1.7 -2.5 -0.8 1.6 4.2

Software publishers........................................................... 5112 271.6 1.0 6.4 5.3 10.3 3.7

Motion picture and video exhibition......................................... 51213 124.3 -0.1 -2.3 -2.2 -1.4 0.9

Broadcasting, except internet................................................ 515 291.4 3.5 2.9 -0.6 3.6 0.7

Radio and television broadcasting.......................................... 5151 215.9 0.5 0.8 0.3 2.8 2.1

Cable and other subscription programming................................ 5152 75.5 7.5 4.8 -2.5 5.1 0.3

Wired telecommunications carriers......................................... 5171 590.1 6.3 0.9 -5.2 -2.8 -3.7

Wireless telecommunications carriers...................................... 5172 169.6 10.0 10.5 0.5 5.6 -4.5

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking.......................................................... 52211 1,314.5 -2.8 -1.0 1.8 5.2 6.3

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental......................................................... 532111 101.0 15.2 12.9 -2.0 2.7 -9.1

Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing.................................... 53212 55.8 5.9 4.1 -1.7 3.9 -0.2

Video tape and disc rental................................................... 53223 41.2 43.3 -16.0 -41.4 -30.4 -17.1

Professional and Technical Services

Tax preparation services..................................................... 541213 147.7 1.2 -0.4 -1.6 7.7 8.1

Architectural services......................................................... 54131 177.4 5.3 3.9 -1.4 2.6 -1.2

Engineering services......................................................... 54133 921.9 -1.7 1.9 3.6 3.6 1.7

Advertising agencies......................................................... 54181 194.6 -0.8 5.0 5.9 9.8 4.5

Photography studios, portrait................................................ 541921 69.0 11.7 1.4 -9.2 -0.4 -1.9

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement agencies........................................... 561311 237.9 9.0 15.7 6.1 8.0 -6.7

Travel arrangement and reservation services............................. 5615 213.9 -2.0 5.4 7.5 6.7 1.3

5
Table 1. Percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 2010-2011 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

2011

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2010-2011

Output

per hour Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Travel agencies............................................................... 56151 98.2 3.5 6.5 2.9 9.6 2.9

Janitorial services............................................................. 56172 1,262.2 2.5 4.0 1.5 3.5 -0.5

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories........................................ 6215 243.6 -2.2 3.9 6.3 3.4 -0.5

Medical laboratories.......................................................... 621511 168.0 -1.1 7.2 8.4 3.8 -3.2

Diagnostic imaging centers.................................................. 621512 75.7 -2.6 -1.4 1.3 2.8 4.2

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement and theme parks............................................... 71311 144.3 -0.9 4.6 5.5 5.0 0.3

Bowling centers............................................................... 71395 68.6 -0.6 4.3 4.9 1.0 -3.1

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services......................................... 72 11,698.6 0.8 3.6 2.7 4.9 1.3

Accommodation............................................................... 721 1,825.3 4.9 3.6 -1.3 5.1 1.5

Traveler accommodation..................................................... 7211 1,752.2 4.8 3.5 -1.2 5.1 1.5

Food services and drinking places.......................................... 722 9,873.3 -0.1 3.6 3.6 4.9 1.2

Full-service restaurants...................................................... 7221 4,647.7 1.3 5.0 3.7 5.0 0.0

Limited-service eating places................................................ 7222 4,165.5 -2.1 2.8 5.0 3.7 0.9

Special food services......................................................... 7223 692.4 3.3 2.5 -0.8 8.6 6.0

Drinking places (alcoholic beverages)...................................... 7224 367.7 2.1 -0.3 -2.4 3.3 3.7

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance........................................ 8111 1,034.9 7.7 3.4 -4.0 -0.9 -4.1

Reupholstery and furniture repair........................................... 81142 19.7 5.5 -0.3 -5.5 2.7 3.0

Personal care services....................................................... 8121 1,104.3 6.6 3.2 -3.2 -3.0 -6.0

Hair, nail and skin care services............................................ 81211 923.1 5.4 2.1 -3.2 -2.7 -4.7

Funeral homes and funeral services........................................ 81221 104.3 -4.5 0.3 5.0 2.8 2.4

Drycleaning and laundry services........................................... 8123 320.4 9.4 3.6 -5.3 0.7 -2.8

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners.................................. 81231 41.9 15.7 -0.3 -13.8 2.0 2.3

Drycleaning and laundry services........................................... 81232 155.1 9.4 1.9 -6.9 -2.0 -3.8

Linen and uniform supply.................................................... 81233 123.4 7.5 6.5 -0.9 2.4 -3.8

Photofinishing................................................................. 81292 14.4 16.6 10.4 -5.3 13.9 3.2

6
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-2011

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2011

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Mining Industries

Mining............................................................................................ 21 -0.4 0.1 0.5 5.2 5.1

Oil and gas extraction.......................................................................... 211 0.5 -0.2 -0.7 5.5 5.7

Oil and gas extraction.......................................................................... 2111 0.5 -0.2 -0.7 5.5 5.7

Mining, except oil and gas..................................................................... 212 1.5 0.4 -1.1 2.3 1.9

Coal mining...................................................................................... 2121 1.6 -0.1 -1.7 1.3 1.5

Metal ore mining................................................................................ 2122 1.5 1.9 0.4 5.0 3.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying................................................... 2123 0.7 -0.3 -1.0 2.5 2.8

Support activities for mining................................................................... 213 1.3 4.1 2.7 8.4 4.1

Support activities for mining................................................................... 2131 1.3 4.1 2.7 8.4 4.1

Utilities

Power generation and supply.................................................................. 2211 1.9 0.7 -1.2 2.9 2.2

Natural gas distribution......................................................................... 2212 2.7 1.2 -1.5 3.4 2.1

Transportation and Warehousing

Air transportation................................................................................ 481 3.1 2.7 -0.4 2.8 0.1

Line-haul railroads.............................................................................. 482111 3.9 2.0 -1.8 1.5 -0.5

Truck transportation1

........................................................................... 484 0.6 1.7 1.1 2.5 0.8

General freight trucking1....................................................................... 4841 1.4 2.3 0.9 3.0 0.7

General freight trucking, local1

................................................................ 48411 3.0 3.6 0.6 3.7 0.1

General freight trucking, long-distance....................................................... 48412 1.4 2.3 0.9 2.3 0.0

Used household and office goods moving................................................... 48421 -1.2 -1.1 0.1 1.9 3.0

Postal service................................................................................... 491 0.9 -0.3 -1.2 3.5 3.8

Postal service................................................................................... 4911 0.9 -0.3 -1.2 3.5 3.8

Couriers and messengers...................................................................... 492 -0.8 1.2 2.0 4.6 3.3

Warehousing and storage1

.................................................................... 493 2.9 5.8 2.8 5.2 -0.5

Warehousing and storage1.................................................................... 4931 2.9 5.8 2.8 5.2 -0.5

General warehousing and storage1

.......................................................... 49311 5.2 8.0 2.7 5.7 -2.2

Refrigerated warehousing and storage1

..................................................... 49312 -0.2 3.1 3.3 4.3 1.1

Information

Publishing........................................................................................ 511 3.8 3.5 -0.3 5.1 1.5

Newspaper, book, and directory publishers.................................................. 5111 0.0 -1.8 -1.8 2.2 4.1

Software publishers............................................................................. 5112 13.0 19.7 6.0 11.6 -6.8

Motion picture and video exhibition........................................................... 51213 1.4 1.6 0.2 3.2 1.6

Broadcasting, except internet.................................................................. 515 2.1 2.6 0.5 4.4 1.8

Radio and television broadcasting............................................................ 5151 1.0 0.7 -0.4 3.0 2.3

Cable and other subscription programming.................................................. 5152 3.9 7.5 3.5 10.5 2.8

Wired telecommunications carriers............................................................ 5171 4.3 3.3 -1.0 2.0 -1.2

Wireless telecommunications carriers........................................................ 5172 10.4 20.7 9.3 12.2 -7.1

Finance and Insurance

Commercial banking............................................................................ 52211 3.6 3.6 -0.1 5.5 1.9

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

Passenger car rental............................................................................ 532111 2.6 2.7 0.1 4.8 2.0

Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing...................................................... 53212 2.9 2.0 -0.9 2.9 0.9

Video tape and disc rental..................................................................... 53223 6.4 1.7 -4.4 -0.7 -2.4

Professional and Technical Services

Tax preparation services....................................................................... 541213 0.6 2.7 2.1 4.3 1.6

Architectural services........................................................................... 54131 1.2 2.0 0.8 4.1 2.1

Engineering services............................................................................ 54133 0.9 2.7 1.7 6.1 3.4

Advertising agencies............................................................................ 54181 2.2 2.5 0.3 4.7 2.1

Photography studios, portrait.................................................................. 541921 0.8 1.8 1.0 3.7 1.9

Administrative and Waste Services

Employment placement agencies2

........................................................... 561311 6.4 7.2 0.8 5.5 -1.6

Travel arrangement and reservation services3

.............................................. 5615 7.5 3.5 -3.6 1.2 -2.3

See footnotes at end of table.

7
Table 2. Average annual percent change in output per hour, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-

2011 — Continued

Industry NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2011

Output

per hour Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Travel agencies................................................................................. 56151 5.9 4.2 -1.6 3.1 -1.1

Janitorial services............................................................................... 56172 2.0 3.7 1.6 5.3 1.5

Health Care and Social Assistance

Medical and diagnostic laboratories2

......................................................... 6215 2.9 6.2 3.2 5.9 -0.2

Medical laboratories2.......................................................................... 621511 2.5 5.7 3.1 5.5 -0.3

Diagnostic imaging centers2

.................................................................. 621512 3.3 6.9 3.5 7.0 0.1

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

Amusement and theme parks................................................................. 71311 -0.5 2.3 2.8 6.0 3.6

Bowling centers................................................................................. 71395 0.2 -1.6 -1.8 1.0 2.7

Accommodation and Food Services

Accommodation and food services............................................................ 72 0.8 2.1 1.2 4.9 2.8

Accommodation................................................................................. 721 1.7 2.3 0.6 4.6 2.2

Traveler accommodation....................................................................... 7211 1.7 2.4 0.6 4.6 2.1

Food services and drinking places............................................................ 722 0.6 2.0 1.4 5.1 3.0

Full-service restaurants......................................................................... 7221 0.6 2.1 1.4 5.9 3.7

Limited-service eating places.................................................................. 7222 0.6 2.1 1.6 4.9 2.7

Special food services........................................................................... 7223 1.4 2.4 0.9 3.7 1.2

Drinking places (alcoholic beverages)........................................................ 7224 -0.3 -0.7 -0.4 2.4 3.1

Other Services

Automotive repair and maintenance.......................................................... 8111 1.0 1.2 0.1 3.4 2.2

Reupholstery and furniture repair............................................................. 81142 -0.6 -3.2 -2.6 0.2 3.6

Personal care services......................................................................... 8121 2.2 3.3 1.0 4.9 1.6

Hair, nail and skin care services.............................................................. 81211 2.2 3.0 0.8 4.7 1.7

Funeral homes and funeral services.......................................................... 81221 -0.7 -0.5 0.2 3.8 4.3

Drycleaning and laundry services............................................................. 8123 1.6 0.5 -1.2 2.4 2.0

Coin-operated laundries and drycleaners.................................................... 81231 2.5 0.4 -2.0 2.2 1.8

Drycleaning and laundry services............................................................. 81232 1.1 -1.1 -2.2 1.0 2.1

Linen and uniform supply...................................................................... 81233 1.2 1.8 0.6 3.9 2.1

Photofinishing................................................................................... 81292 2.8 -4.3 -6.9 -2.5 1.9

1 For NAICS industries 484, 4841, 48411, 493, 4931, 49311, and 49312, average annual percent changes are for 1992-2011.

2 For NAICS industries 561311, 6215, 621511, and 621512, average annual percent changes are for 1994-2011.

3 For NAICS industry 5615, average annual percent changes are for 1997-2011.

8