Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-18-1412 

8:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, September 7, 2018

Technical information:

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — AUGUST 2018 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 201,000 in August, and the unemployment rate was 

unchanged at 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in 

professional and business services, health care, wholesale trade, transportation and warehousing, and 

mining. 

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate remained at 3.9 percent in August, and the number of unemployed persons, at 

6.2 million, changed little. (See table A-1.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.5 percent), adult women 

(3.6 percent), teenagers (12.8 percent), Whites (3.4 percent), Blacks (6.3 percent), Asians (3.0 percent), 

and Hispanics (4.7 percent) showed little or no change in August. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed in 

August at 1.3 million and accounted for 21.5 percent of the unemployed. Over the year, the number of 

long-term unemployed has declined by 403,000. (See table A-12.)

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, August 2016 – August 2018

Percent Thousands

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

Aug-16 Nov-16 Feb-17 May-17 Aug-17 Nov-17 Feb-18 May-18 Aug-18

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

August 2016 – August 2018

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Aug-16 Nov-16 Feb-17 May-17 Aug-17 Nov-17 Feb-18 May-18 Aug-18
-2- 

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.3 

percent, declined by 0.2 percentage point in August. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as 

involuntary part-time workers), at 4.4 million, changed little over the month but was down by 830,000 

over the year. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part 

time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

In August, 1.4 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, little different from a year 

earlier. (Data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted and 

were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not 

counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. 

(See table A-16.) 

Among the marginally attached, there were 434,000 discouraged workers in August, essentially 

unchanged from a year earlier. (Data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not 

currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.0 

million persons marginally attached to the labor force in August had not searched for work for reasons 

such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 201,000 in August, in line with the average monthly 

gain of 196,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment increased in professional and 

business services, health care, wholesale trade, transportation and warehousing, and mining. (See

table B-1.) 

Professional and business services added 53,000 jobs in August and 519,000 jobs over the year. 

In August, health care employment rose by 33,000, with job gains in ambulatory health care services 

(+21,000) and hospitals (+8,000). Health care has added 301,000 jobs over the year. 

Wholesale trade employment increased by 22,000 in August and by 99,000 over the year. Durable 

goods wholesalers added 14,000 jobs over the month and accounted for about two-thirds of the over-theyear job gain in wholesale trade. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing rose by 20,000 in August and by 173,000 over the 

past 12 months. Within the industry, couriers and messengers added 4,000 jobs in August. 

Mining employment increased by 6,000 in August, after showing little change in July. Since a recent 

trough in October 2016, the industry has added 104,000 jobs, almost entirely in support activities for 

mining.

Employment in construction continued to trend up in August (+23,000) and has increased by 297,000 

over the year.

Manufacturing employment changed little in August (-3,000). Over the year, employment in the 

industry was up by 254,000, with more than three-fourths of the gain in the durable goods component. 
-3- 

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including retail trade, 

information, financial activities, leisure and hospitality, and government. 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.5 hours in 

August. In manufacturing, the workweek held steady at 41.0 hours, and overtime was unchanged at 3.5 

hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm 

payrolls was 33.8 hours for the fifth consecutive month. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

In August, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 10 cents to 

$27.16. Over the year, average hourly earnings have increased by 77 cents, or 2.9 percent. Average 

hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees increased by 7 cents to 

$22.73 in August. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for June was revised down from +248,000 to 

+208,000, and the change for July was revised down from +157,000 to +147,000. With these revisions, 

employment gains in June and July combined were 50,000 less than previously reported. (Monthly 

revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last 

published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) After revisions, job gains have 

averaged 185,000 per month over the last 3 months. 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for September is scheduled to be released on Friday, October 5, 2018, 

at 8:30 a.m. (EDT).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Change from:

July 2018-

Aug. 2018

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 255,357 257,642 257,843 258,066 223

Civilian labor force........................................................... 160,598 162,140 162,245 161,776 -469

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.9 62.9 62.9 62.7 -0.2

Employed................................................................... 153,471 155,576 155,965 155,542 -423

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.1 60.4 60.5 60.3 -0.2

Unemployed............................................................... 7,127 6,564 6,280 6,234 -46

Unemployment rate.................................................... 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.9 0.0

Not in labor force............................................................ 94,759 95,502 95,598 96,290 692

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 4.4 4.0 3.9 3.9 0.0

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.5 0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.6 -0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 13.8 12.6 13.1 12.8 -0.3

White.......................................................................... 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.4 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 7.6 6.5 6.6 6.3 -0.3

Asian.......................................................................... 3.9 3.2 3.1 3.0 -0.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 5.1 4.6 4.5 4.7 0.2

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.2 0.0

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 6.2 5.5 5.1 5.7 0.6

High school graduates, no college........................................ 5.0 4.2 4.0 3.9 -0.1

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.5 0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 -0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 3,497 3,065 3,017 2,875 -142

Job leavers...................................................................... 790 811 844 862 18

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,137 2,086 1,799 1,846 47

New entrants.................................................................... 653 578 591 584 -7

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,221 2,227 2,091 2,208 117

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,996 1,882 1,820 1,720 -100

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 1,067 836 971 923 -48

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,735 1,478 1,435 1,332 -103

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 5,209 4,743 4,567 4,379 -188

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 3,232 3,042 2,877 2,551 -326

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,631 1,447 1,431 1,365 -66

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,468 21,304 21,532 21,781 249

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,548 1,437 1,498 1,443 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 448 359 512 434 –

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 208 147 201

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 192 153 204

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 36 36 26

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7 0 6

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 8 18 23

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 21 18 -3

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 19 16 -4

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 4.8 -3.5 -4.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 2 1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 156 117 178

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 12.7 10.8 22.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 -41.8 4.1 -5.9

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.4 15.0 6.6 20.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.2 -0.4 -3.1 0.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 -2 -1 -6

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 12 2 11

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 47 37 53

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 -6.5 10.9 10.0

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 67 41 53

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 29.4 35.4 40.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 28 32 17

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 18 -12 13

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 16 -6 -3

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 217 208 185

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 209 202 183

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.5 49.7 49.7 49.7

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 48.3 48.3 48.3

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.6 34.5 34.5

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26.39 $26.99 $27.06 $27.16

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $907.82 $933.85 $933.57 $937.02

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.6 109.9 109.7 109.9

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.5 -0.2 0.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.7 141.8 142.0 142.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.5

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (258 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 64.1 59.5 60.7

Manufacturing (76 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 65.8 61.2 52.6

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 149,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 651,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime 

during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. 

Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be 

looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The 

unemployment data derived from the household survey in no 

way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of 

unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who received pay for any part of the reference pay 

period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted 

in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced 

for the private sector for all employees and for production 

and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 

related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, 

construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory 

employees in private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at https://www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 115,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -65,000 to +165,000 

(50,000 +/- 115,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment 

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.6 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255,357 257,843 258,066 255,357 257,272 257,454 257,642 257,843 258,066

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,863 163,734 161,909 160,598 161,527 161,539 162,140 162,245 161,776

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 63.5 62.7 62.9 62.8 62.7 62.9 62.9 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,576 157,004 155,539 153,471 155,181 155,474 155,576 155,965 155,542

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.1 60.9 60.3 60.1 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.5 60.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,287 6,730 6,370 7,127 6,346 6,065 6,564 6,280 6,234

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,494 94,109 96,157 94,759 95,745 95,915 95,502 95,598 96,290

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,852 5,483 5,534 5,809 5,115 5,183 5,258 5,163 5,389

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,413 124,704 124,816 123,413 124,418 124,509 124,604 124,704 124,816

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,633 87,102 86,212 85,177 86,152 86,157 86,056 85,950 85,854

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.4 69.8 69.1 69.0 69.2 69.2 69.1 68.9 68.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,975 83,828 83,062 81,342 82,611 82,784 82,522 82,684 82,545

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.4 67.2 66.5 65.9 66.4 66.5 66.2 66.3 66.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,659 3,274 3,150 3,836 3,541 3,373 3,534 3,266 3,309

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.8 3.7 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,780 37,602 38,604 38,236 38,266 38,352 38,548 38,754 38,962

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,918 116,220 116,328 114,918 115,921 116,017 116,115 116,220 116,328

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,474 83,534 83,140 82,297 83,199 83,234 83,115 83,058 83,030

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 71.9 71.5 71.6 71.8 71.7 71.6 71.5 71.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,255 80,800 80,409 78,887 80,111 80,329 80,013 80,240 80,134

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 69.5 69.1 68.6 69.1 69.2 68.9 69.0 68.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,219 2,734 2,731 3,410 3,088 2,905 3,102 2,818 2,895

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.3 3.3 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,445 32,685 33,188 32,621 32,723 32,783 33,001 33,162 33,298

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,943 133,139 133,250 131,943 132,853 132,944 133,038 133,139 133,250

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,230 76,632 75,697 75,420 75,375 75,382 76,084 76,295 75,922

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 57.6 56.8 57.2 56.7 56.7 57.2 57.3 57.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,601 73,176 72,477 72,129 72,569 72,690 73,054 73,281 72,997

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 55.0 54.4 54.7 54.6 54.7 54.9 55.0 54.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,628 3,456 3,220 3,291 2,805 2,692 3,030 3,013 2,925

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.4 3.7 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,713 56,507 57,553 56,523 57,479 57,562 56,954 56,844 57,328

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,679 124,875 124,983 123,679 124,579 124,674 124,771 124,875 124,983

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,045 73,004 72,782 72,406 72,498 72,493 73,139 73,285 73,154

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 58.5 58.2 58.5 58.2 58.1 58.6 58.7 58.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,835 69,975 69,880 69,502 69,992 70,077 70,419 70,598 70,529

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 56.0 55.9 56.2 56.2 56.2 56.4 56.5 56.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,210 3,028 2,902 2,903 2,506 2,415 2,720 2,687 2,625

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,634 51,871 52,201 51,273 52,081 52,181 51,633 51,590 51,829

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,759 16,748 16,755 16,759 16,771 16,763 16,755 16,748 16,755

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,344 7,196 5,987 5,895 5,831 5,812 5,886 5,902 5,592

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.9 43.0 35.7 35.2 34.8 34.7 35.1 35.2 33.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,487 6,228 5,250 5,082 5,078 5,068 5,144 5,127 4,879

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 37.2 31.3 30.3 30.3 30.2 30.7 30.6 29.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 967 737 813 752 745 743 775 714

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 13.4 12.3 13.8 12.9 12.8 12.6 13.1 12.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,415 9,552 10,767 10,864 10,941 10,951 10,869 10,846 11,163

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,082 200,236 200,356 199,082 199,950 200,039 200,132 200,236 200,356

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,280 126,927 125,462 125,030 125,731 125,688 125,784 125,720 125,306

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 63.4 62.6 62.8 62.9 62.8 62.9 62.8 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,365 122,332 121,040 120,242 121,233 121,303 121,347 121,506 121,027

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 61.1 60.4 60.4 60.6 60.6 60.6 60.7 60.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,915 4,595 4,421 4,788 4,498 4,385 4,437 4,214 4,279

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,802 73,309 74,894 74,053 74,219 74,350 74,348 74,517 75,049

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,455 65,957 65,601 65,298 65,982 65,890 65,855 65,614 65,505

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 71.9 71.5 71.7 72.1 72.0 71.9 71.6 71.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,281 64,110 63,702 62,997 63,746 63,785 63,695 63,690 63,486

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.5 69.9 69.4 69.2 69.7 69.7 69.5 69.5 69.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,174 1,847 1,899 2,301 2,235 2,106 2,159 1,924 2,019

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 2.8 2.9 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.3 2.9 3.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,980 55,382 55,100 55,231 55,179 55,197 55,420 55,534 55,351

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 57.5 57.2 57.7 57.4 57.4 57.6 57.7 57.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,797 53,272 53,100 53,276 53,429 53,450 53,608 53,746 53,592

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 55.3 55.1 55.7 55.6 55.6 55.7 55.8 55.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,183 2,110 2,000 1,955 1,750 1,747 1,812 1,787 1,759

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,845 5,588 4,761 4,500 4,570 4,601 4,510 4,572 4,450

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.3 45.4 38.7 36.5 37.1 37.3 36.6 37.2 36.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,288 4,950 4,239 3,968 4,057 4,068 4,044 4,069 3,949

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 40.2 34.4 32.2 32.9 33.0 32.8 33.1 32.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 638 522 532 512 533 466 502 501

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 11.4 11.0 11.8 11.2 11.6 10.3 11.0 11.3

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,296 32,771 32,810 32,296 32,672 32,704 32,737 32,771 32,810

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,142 20,708 20,452 20,090 20,220 20,296 20,364 20,495 20,404

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 63.2 62.3 62.2 61.9 62.1 62.2 62.5 62.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,542 19,255 19,114 18,571 18,892 19,092 19,045 19,144 19,114

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 58.8 58.3 57.5 57.8 58.4 58.2 58.4 58.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600 1,453 1,338 1,519 1,328 1,204 1,319 1,351 1,289

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 7.0 6.5 7.6 6.6 5.9 6.5 6.6 6.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,154 12,063 12,358 12,206 12,452 12,408 12,373 12,276 12,406

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,214 9,410 9,431 9,213 9,257 9,382 9,162 9,320 9,407

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 68.5 68.6 68.3 67.7 68.5 66.8 67.9 68.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,521 8,841 8,884 8,500 8,663 8,792 8,573 8,751 8,841

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 64.4 64.6 63.0 63.3 64.2 62.5 63.7 64.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 570 546 713 594 590 589 569 566

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 6.1 5.8 7.7 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,108 10,391 10,345 10,127 10,229 10,233 10,406 10,426 10,361

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.8 62.4 62.1 62.0 62.0 63.0 63.0 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,405 9,709 9,690 9,487 9,707 9,754 9,838 9,793 9,766

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.7 58.7 58.5 58.2 58.9 59.1 59.5 59.2 59.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 682 655 639 522 479 568 633 595

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 6.6 6.3 6.3 5.1 4.7 5.5 6.1 5.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 906 676 751 734 681 796 750 635

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 36.3 27.1 29.9 29.3 27.3 31.9 30.0 25.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 705 539 584 521 547 635 600 508

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 28.2 21.6 23.3 20.8 21.9 25.4 24.1 20.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 201 137 167 213 135 162 149 128

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 22.2 20.3 22.2 29.0 19.8 20.3 19.9 20.1

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,341 15,922 16,093 15,341 15,933 15,874 15,934 15,922 16,093

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,894 10,227 10,279 9,876 10,034 9,932 10,140 10,153 10,259

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 64.2 63.9 64.4 63.0 62.6 63.6 63.8 63.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,498 9,889 9,967 9,489 9,755 9,720 9,817 9,838 9,950

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 62.1 61.9 61.9 61.2 61.2 61.6 61.8 61.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 338 312 388 280 212 322 314 309

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.3 3.0 3.9 2.8 2.1 3.2 3.1 3.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,446 5,695 5,814 5,464 5,898 5,942 5,794 5,769 5,834

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 41,492 42,767 42,863 41,492 42,507 42,592 42,679 42,767 42,863

Civilian labor force................................ 27,335 28,701 28,219 27,325 28,229 28,205 28,369 28,495 28,242

Participation rate............................... 65.9 67.1 65.8 65.9 66.4 66.2 66.5 66.6 65.9

Employed....................................... 25,922 27,380 26,898 25,925 26,860 26,827 27,077 27,223 26,927

Employment-population ratio............... 62.5 64.0 62.8 62.5 63.2 63.0 63.4 63.7 62.8

Unemployed.................................... 1,413 1,322 1,322 1,400 1,368 1,378 1,292 1,273 1,315

Unemployment rate......................... 5.2 4.6 4.7 5.1 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.7

Not in labor force................................. 14,157 14,066 14,644 14,167 14,278 14,387 14,310 14,272 14,621

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,038 15,578 15,428 15,012 15,535 15,444 15,557 15,519 15,421

Participation rate............................... 80.5 80.7 79.7 80.4 81.0 80.3 80.8 80.4 79.7

Employed....................................... 14,367 15,141 14,899 14,303 14,901 14,845 14,961 15,017 14,849

Employment-population ratio............... 76.9 78.4 77.0 76.6 77.7 77.2 77.7 77.8 76.7

Unemployed.................................... 670 436 528 709 635 599 596 502 572

Unemployment rate......................... 4.5 2.8 3.4 4.7 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,028 11,630 11,513 11,098 11,398 11,507 11,626 11,684 11,593

Participation rate............................... 58.2 59.6 58.8 58.5 58.8 59.2 59.7 59.8 59.2

Employed....................................... 10,481 11,038 10,902 10,576 10,856 10,917 11,065 11,131 11,009

Employment-population ratio............... 55.3 56.5 55.7 55.8 56.0 56.2 56.8 57.0 56.3

Unemployed.................................... 547 592 611 522 541 590 561 553 584

Unemployment rate......................... 5.0 5.1 5.3 4.7 4.7 5.1 4.8 4.7 5.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,269 1,494 1,279 1,215 1,296 1,254 1,186 1,292 1,228

Participation rate............................... 32.9 37.9 32.4 31.5 33.0 31.9 30.2 32.8 31.1

Employed....................................... 1,073 1,200 1,097 1,046 1,103 1,065 1,051 1,075 1,068

Employment-population ratio............... 27.9 30.5 27.8 27.1 28.1 27.1 26.7 27.3 27.1

Unemployed.................................... 196 294 182 169 192 189 135 218 160

Unemployment rate......................... 15.4 19.7 14.2 13.9 14.8 15.1 11.4 16.8 13.0

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,499 10,047 10,307 10,553 10,285 10,242 10,508 10,212 10,311

Participation rate.................................. 45.9 46.1 46.3 46.1 45.9 45.2 45.9 46.9 46.3

Employed.......................................... 9,924 9,573 9,790 9,903 9,683 9,688 9,926 9,695 9,728

Employment-population ratio................. 43.4 44.0 44.0 43.3 43.3 42.7 43.4 44.5 43.7

Unemployed....................................... 575 474 516 649 602 554 582 517 583

Unemployment rate............................ 5.5 4.7 5.0 6.2 5.9 5.4 5.5 5.1 5.7

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,098 36,368 36,344 35,908 35,468 35,702 36,050 36,534 36,121

Participation rate.................................. 57.9 57.6 57.6 57.6 56.9 57.2 57.9 57.9 57.3

Employed.......................................... 34,278 34,900 34,919 34,116 33,940 34,306 34,549 35,056 34,699

Employment-population ratio................. 55.0 55.3 55.4 54.7 54.5 54.9 55.5 55.5 55.0

Unemployed....................................... 1,821 1,468 1,425 1,792 1,528 1,395 1,501 1,478 1,422

Unemployment rate............................ 5.0 4.0 3.9 5.0 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.0 3.9

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,076 37,533 36,930 37,247 37,944 37,921 37,863 37,531 37,300

Participation rate.................................. 65.3 65.4 64.9 65.6 65.5 65.7 65.3 65.4 65.6

Employed.......................................... 35,617 36,305 35,552 35,845 36,629 36,694 36,602 36,340 35,987

Employment-population ratio................. 62.7 63.2 62.5 63.1 63.2 63.6 63.2 63.3 63.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,458 1,229 1,378 1,402 1,315 1,228 1,261 1,191 1,313

Unemployment rate............................ 3.9 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.5

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 55,222 56,771 57,237 55,576 56,794 56,739 56,613 56,940 57,638

Participation rate.................................. 73.4 73.2 73.5 73.9 74.2 74.1 74.0 73.4 74.0

Employed.......................................... 53,720 55,330 55,906 54,247 55,616 55,593 55,296 55,672 56,452

Employment-population ratio................. 71.4 71.4 71.8 72.1 72.6 72.6 72.2 71.8 72.5

Unemployed....................................... 1,503 1,441 1,331 1,329 1,178 1,147 1,317 1,268 1,186

Unemployment rate............................ 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,532 19,151 18,500 17,283 2,032 1,868

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,204 9,388 8,955 8,250 1,250 1,138

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.0 48.4 47.7 61.5 60.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,830 9,031 8,648 7,944 1,183 1,087

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 47.2 46.7 46.0 58.2 58.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 357 307 307 67 51

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.7 5.4 4.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,328 9,763 9,545 9,033 782 730

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,114 4,159 3,379 3,420 735 740

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,322 3,343 2,777 2,804 545 539

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.7 80.4 82.2 82.0 74.2 72.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,183 3,213 2,678 2,698 505 515

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.4 77.3 79.3 78.9 68.7 69.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 130 99 106 40 24

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.8 7.4 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 816 603 615 190 201

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,376 3,099 2,875 2,639 501 459

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,677 2,449 2,293 2,122 384 327

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.3 79.0 79.8 80.4 76.5 71.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,609 2,373 2,239 2,056 369 317

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.3 76.6 77.9 77.9 73.7 69.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 76 54 66 14 10

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.1 2.4 3.1 3.7 3.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 649 582 517 118 132

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,020 7,573 7,730 7,315 290 258

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,811 1,551 1,753 1,508 58 44

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.6 20.5 22.7 20.6 20.0 16.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,720 1,481 1,666 1,440 54 41

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 19.6 21.6 19.7 18.8 15.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 71 87 68 4 3

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.6 5.0 4.5 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,209 6,022 5,977 5,807 232 214

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,022 4,320 4,516 3,909 506 411

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,395 2,044 2,132 1,816 263 228

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.7 47.3 47.2 46.5 52.0 55.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,318 1,963 2,065 1,749 254 214

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.2 45.4 45.7 44.7 50.2 52.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 81 67 67 9 14

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 4.0 3.1 3.7 3.5 6.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,627 2,276 2,384 2,093 243 183

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,806 230,011 100,305 103,000 125,501 127,012

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,156 150,271 75,497 76,886 72,659 73,386

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 65.3 75.3 74.6 57.9 57.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,595 144,538 72,300 74,183 69,295 70,355

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.8 72.1 72.0 55.2 55.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,561 5,733 3,198 2,702 3,364 3,031

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 3.8 4.2 3.5 4.6 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,650 79,740 24,808 26,114 52,842 53,626

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,547 29,823 224,810 228,243

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,276 6,207 154,587 155,702

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.5 20.8 68.8 68.2

Employed............................................................................. 5,750 5,713 147,826 149,826

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 18.8 19.2 65.8 65.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 526 494 6,761 5,876

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.4 8.0 4.4 3.8

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,271 23,616 70,223 72,540

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,798 2,651 77,501 77,953

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.4 35.1 83.1 82.8

Employed............................................................................. 2,544 2,429 74,271 75,207

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 32.2 32.2 79.6 79.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 254 222 3,230 2,746

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.1 8.4 4.2 3.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,101 4,896 15,784 16,221

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,321 2,377 68,708 68,862

Participation rate..................................................................... 29.6 31.0 71.1 70.9

Employed............................................................................. 2,097 2,172 65,459 66,043

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 26.7 28.3 67.7 68.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 224 205 3,249 2,819

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.7 8.6 4.7 4.1

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,518 5,291 27,918 28,314

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,157 1,179 8,378 8,887

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.8 8.1 24.0 24.1

Employed............................................................................. 1,109 1,112 8,096 8,576

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.5 7.6 23.2 23.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 48 67 282 311

Unemployment rate............................................................... 4.1 5.7 3.4 3.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,652 13,429 26,521 28,006

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 41,630 42,695 20,232 20,671 21,398 22,023

Civilian labor force.................................................. 27,673 28,053 15,798 16,140 11,875 11,914

Participation rate.................................................. 66.5 65.7 78.1 78.1 55.5 54.1

Employed.......................................................... 26,520 27,110 15,190 15,716 11,330 11,395

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.7 63.5 75.1 76.0 52.9 51.7

Unemployed....................................................... 1,153 943 607 424 545 519

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.2 3.4 3.8 2.6 4.6 4.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 13,957 14,642 4,434 4,532 9,523 10,110

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 213,726 215,371 103,182 104,145 110,545 111,226

Civilian labor force.................................................. 133,190 133,856 69,836 70,073 63,355 63,783

Participation rate.................................................. 62.3 62.2 67.7 67.3 57.3 57.3

Employed.......................................................... 127,056 128,429 66,784 67,346 60,271 61,082

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.4 59.6 64.7 64.7 54.5 54.9

Unemployed....................................................... 6,134 5,427 3,051 2,726 3,083 2,701

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.6 4.1 4.4 3.9 4.9 4.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 80,536 81,515 33,346 34,072 47,190 47,443

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,508 2,656 2,465 2,368 2,294 2,345 2,350 2,498 2,345

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,750 1,822 1,660 1,596 1,517 1,573 1,567 1,658 1,528

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 745 806 789 725 745 742 736 783 772

Unpaid family workers........................... 13 28 17 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 151,068 154,348 153,074 151,175 152,889 153,211 153,309 153,473 153,262

Wage and salary workers1...................... 142,368 145,370 144,183 142,371 143,785 144,124 144,524 144,447 144,276

Government..................................... 20,479 20,036 20,218 21,037 21,222 21,045 20,986 20,900 20,791

Private industries............................... 121,889 125,335 123,965 121,394 122,616 123,090 123,478 123,541 123,513

Private households.......................... 670 800 782 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 121,220 124,534 123,183 120,695 121,858 122,319 122,757 122,772 122,749

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,631 8,911 8,812 8,645 8,995 9,013 8,728 8,880 8,861

Unpaid family workers........................... 69 66 79 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,204 4,766 4,319 5,209 4,985 4,948 4,743 4,567 4,379

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,214 2,922 2,521 3,232 2,994 3,004 3,042 2,877 2,551

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,564 1,445 1,268 1,631 1,586 1,480 1,447 1,431 1,365

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,405 20,059 19,991 21,468 21,258 21,095 21,304 21,532 21,781

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,130 4,701 4,263 5,125 4,898 4,872 4,662 4,482 4,311

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,158 2,891 2,492 3,196 2,923 2,948 3,004 2,836 2,522

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,558 1,425 1,263 1,622 1,575 1,464 1,431 1,415 1,355

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,066 19,694 19,653 21,133 20,891 20,766 20,941 21,177 21,448

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,576 157,004 155,539 153,471 155,181 155,474 155,576 155,965 155,542

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,487 6,228 5,250 5,082 5,078 5,068 5,144 5,127 4,879

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,151 2,296 1,971 1,923 1,838 1,771 1,797 1,815 1,770

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,336 3,933 3,280 3,150 3,257 3,285 3,344 3,315 3,110

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,089 150,775 150,289 148,389 150,102 150,406 150,432 150,838 150,663

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,551 14,668 14,122 14,227 14,172 14,069 14,046 14,128 13,841

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,538 136,107 136,167 134,086 135,906 136,373 136,422 136,762 136,749

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,289 100,005 99,902 98,584 99,965 100,105 100,204 100,417 100,276

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,242 35,353 35,200 34,317 35,083 35,221 35,288 35,444 35,316

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,770 32,546 32,568 31,830 32,614 32,492 32,566 32,690 32,636

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,277 32,107 32,134 32,437 32,268 32,392 32,350 32,283 32,324

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,249 36,102 36,265 35,502 35,941 36,268 36,218 36,346 36,473

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,975 83,828 83,062 81,342 82,611 82,784 82,522 82,684 82,545

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,720 3,028 2,653 2,455 2,500 2,455 2,509 2,444 2,410

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,027 1,072 935 884 858 849 855 814 812

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,693 1,956 1,718 1,564 1,651 1,610 1,644 1,629 1,598

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,255 80,800 80,409 78,887 80,111 80,329 80,013 80,240 80,134

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,627 7,522 7,227 7,357 7,291 7,205 7,191 7,149 6,990

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,628 73,278 73,182 71,506 72,840 73,131 72,869 73,126 73,106

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,686 53,794 53,638 52,574 53,686 53,728 53,588 53,673 53,599

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,482 19,126 19,020 18,438 18,946 18,992 19,006 19,054 19,007

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,141 17,737 17,692 17,085 17,644 17,634 17,598 17,691 17,642

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,063 16,931 16,927 17,051 17,096 17,101 16,984 16,928 16,950

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,942 19,484 19,543 18,933 19,154 19,403 19,281 19,453 19,507

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,601 73,176 72,477 72,129 72,569 72,690 73,054 73,281 72,997

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,767 3,201 2,597 2,627 2,578 2,613 2,635 2,683 2,468

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,124 1,224 1,036 1,039 980 922 942 1,001 958

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,643 1,977 1,561 1,586 1,606 1,675 1,700 1,687 1,512

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,835 69,975 69,880 69,502 69,992 70,077 70,419 70,598 70,529

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,925 7,146 6,895 6,870 6,882 6,864 6,855 6,979 6,851

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,910 62,829 62,985 62,580 63,067 63,243 63,553 63,636 63,643

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,603 46,211 46,264 46,011 46,280 46,377 46,616 46,744 46,677

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,760 16,226 16,180 15,880 16,137 16,229 16,282 16,390 16,309

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,630 14,809 14,876 14,745 14,970 14,858 14,969 14,998 14,994

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,213 15,176 15,207 15,386 15,172 15,291 15,366 15,355 15,374

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,307 16,618 16,722 16,569 16,787 16,865 16,937 16,892 16,966

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,370 45,626 45,882 45,319 45,995 46,041 45,689 45,751 45,858

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,966 35,272 35,542 35,519 36,140 35,978 35,976 35,986 36,070

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,573 9,842 9,806 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,353 130,644 129,975 125,882 127,753 128,657 128,568 129,021 128,577

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,223 26,359 25,564 27,529 27,508 26,883 27,028 26,992 26,913

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,961 7,833 7,540 7,350 7,667 7,442 7,619 8,072 7,944

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.1

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,829 5,545 5,768 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,376 9,718 9,601 9,370 9,741 9,755 9,464 9,663 9,633

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 7,127 6,280 6,234 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 813 775 714 13.8 12.9 12.8 12.6 13.1 12.8

16 to 17 years.................................. 330 285 274 14.6 13.8 14.8 14.4 13.6 13.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 468 473 430 12.9 12.7 12.2 11.4 12.5 12.2

20 years and over................................ 6,313 5,505 5,520 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,099 1,048 1,012 7.2 6.7 7.1 7.4 6.9 6.8

25 years and over.............................. 5,175 4,460 4,483 3.7 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.2

25 to 54 years............................... 4,020 3,286 3,337 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 1,749 1,294 1,510 4.9 4.4 3.8 3.9 3.5 4.1

35 to 44 years............................. 1,113 1,033 972 3.4 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.9

45 to 54 years............................. 1,157 960 855 3.4 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.6

55 years and over........................... 1,166 1,157 1,155 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.1

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,836 3,266 3,309 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 426 449 414 14.8 15.3 16.0 14.7 15.5 14.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 157 156 150 15.1 17.2 18.0 16.5 16.1 15.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 265 276 262 14.5 14.6 15.1 13.2 14.5 14.1

20 years and over................................ 3,410 2,818 2,895 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 618 575 570 7.7 7.7 7.9 8.2 7.4 7.5

25 years and over.............................. 2,762 2,250 2,317 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 2,136 1,637 1,717 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 962 687 821 5.0 4.6 3.8 3.8 3.5 4.1

35 to 44 years............................. 563 467 470 3.2 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.6

45 to 54 years............................. 611 484 426 3.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.4

55 years and over........................... 626 613 600 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.0

Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,291 3,013 2,925 4.4 3.7 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 388 327 300 12.9 10.4 9.6 10.5 10.9 10.8

16 to 17 years.................................. 172 129 125 14.2 10.6 11.6 12.4 11.4 11.5

18 to 19 years.................................. 203 197 168 11.3 10.6 9.2 9.5 10.5 10.0

20 years and over................................ 2,903 2,687 2,625 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.7 3.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 482 473 442 6.6 5.7 6.2 6.6 6.3 6.1

25 years and over.............................. 2,413 2,210 2,166 3.7 3.2 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.3

25 to 54 years............................... 1,884 1,649 1,620 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.4

25 to 34 years............................. 788 607 689 4.7 4.2 3.9 4.0 3.6 4.1

35 to 44 years............................. 550 566 502 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.2

45 to 54 years............................. 546 476 430 3.4 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.0 2.7

55 years and over........................... 524 529 539 3.1 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.1

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 1,195 931 931 2.6 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.0

Married women, spouse present1................. 1,030 939 931 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5

Women who maintain families2.................... 742 588 556 7.2 5.5 4.7 5.5 5.6 5.4

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 5,808 5,058 4,993 4.4 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.7

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,274 1,242 1,196 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.3

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,536 3,164 2,885 3,497 2,958 2,854 3,065 3,017 2,875

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,051 1,080 893 1,030 862 803 906 890 872

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,485 2,084 1,992 2,467 2,096 2,052 2,159 2,127 2,003

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,788 1,438 1,337 1,777 1,418 1,439 1,486 1,455 1,345

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 697 646 655 690 678 612 673 672 658

Job leavers........................................... 874 869 967 790 815 852 811 844 862

Reentrants............................................ 2,151 1,893 1,869 2,137 2,009 1,882 2,086 1,799 1,846

New entrants......................................... 725 803 649 653 623 571 578 591 584

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 48.5 47.0 45.3 49.4 46.2 46.3 46.9 48.3 46.6

On temporary layoff.............................. 14.4 16.0 14.0 14.6 13.5 13.0 13.9 14.2 14.1

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 34.1 31.0 31.3 34.9 32.7 33.3 33.0 34.0 32.5

Job leavers........................................... 12.0 12.9 15.2 11.2 12.7 13.8 12.4 13.5 14.0

Reentrants............................................ 29.5 28.1 29.3 30.2 31.4 30.6 31.9 28.8 29.9

New entrants......................................... 10.0 11.9 10.2 9.2 9.7 9.3 8.8 9.5 9.5

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,199 2,248 2,183 2,221 2,115 2,034 2,227 2,091 2,208

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,411 2,185 2,037 1,996 2,017 1,945 1,882 1,820 1,720

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,677 2,297 2,149 2,802 2,329 2,166 2,314 2,406 2,255

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 936 818 809 1,067 1,036 977 836 971 923

27 weeks and over............................... 1,741 1,480 1,341 1,735 1,293 1,189 1,478 1,435 1,332

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 23.7 22.0 22.2 24.3 23.1 21.3 21.2 23.2 22.6

Median duration, in weeks......................... 10.1 8.8 9.0 10.3 9.8 9.2 8.9 9.5 9.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 30.2 33.4 34.3 31.6 32.7 33.1 34.7 33.1 35.7

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 33.1 32.5 32.0 28.4 31.2 31.7 29.3 28.8 27.8

15 weeks and over.................................. 36.7 34.1 33.7 39.9 36.0 35.2 36.0 38.1 36.5

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 12.8 12.2 12.7 15.2 16.0 15.9 13.0 15.4 14.9

27 weeks and over............................... 23.9 22.0 21.0 24.7 20.0 19.4 23.0 22.7 21.5

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 153,576 155,539 7,287 6,370 4.5 3.9

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 59,559 61,593 1,731 1,591 2.8 2.5

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 25,085 25,675 611 534 2.4 2.0

Professional and related occupations.......................... 34,474 35,918 1,120 1,057 3.1 2.9

Service occupations................................................ 27,582 27,032 1,554 1,317 5.3 4.6

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,730 33,302 1,422 1,320 4.0 3.8

Sales and related occupations.................................. 15,616 15,786 691 575 4.2 3.5

Office and administrative support occupations............... 18,114 17,517 730 745 3.9 4.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,413 14,685 772 579 5.1 3.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,244 1,155 75 91 5.7 7.3

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,256 8,508 520 357 5.9 4.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,913 5,021 177 131 3.5 2.5

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,293 18,927 1,064 887 5.5 4.5

Production occupations.......................................... 8,248 8,694 497 324 5.7 3.6

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,045 10,234 567 562 5.3 5.2

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 7,287 6,370 4.5 3.9

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 5,399 4,708 4.2 3.7

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 31 15 4.5 1.9

Construction.......................................................................... 448 328 4.7 3.4

Manufacturing........................................................................ 596 498 3.9 3.2

Durable goods..................................................................... 371 254 3.9 2.6

Nondurable goods................................................................ 225 244 4.0 4.3

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 919 874 4.6 4.3

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 320 247 4.6 3.4

Information............................................................................ 131 94 5.1 3.5

Financial activities................................................................... 243 266 2.5 2.7

Professional and business services............................................... 783 611 4.5 3.5

Education and health services..................................................... 880 743 3.8 3.1

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 765 808 5.2 5.8

Other services........................................................................ 284 222 4.2 3.2

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 75 126 4.3 7.2

Government workers................................................................... 766 584 3.6 2.8

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 321 304 3.3 3.0

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

July

2018

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Apr.

2018

May

2018

June

2018

July

2018

Aug.

2018

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 4.5 4.1 3.9 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.8 4.4 4.2 4.7 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.2 4.1

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 5.4 5.0 4.8 5.4 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.7

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 8.6 7.9 7.4 8.6 7.8 7.6 7.8 7.5 7.4

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

Aug.

2017

Aug.

2018

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 94,494 96,157 37,780 38,604 56,713 57,553

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,852 5,534 2,538 2,568 3,315 2,966

Marginally attached to the labor force1........................ 1,548 1,443 832 783 717 660

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 448 434 318 279 129 155

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,101 1,009 513 504 587 505

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 6,961 7,540 3,533 3,639 3,428 3,901

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.5 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.8 5.4

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 3,761 4,338 2,113 2,310 1,647 2,028

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,804 1,784 650 586 1,154 1,197

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 334 294 225 189 108 106

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,017 1,061 522 522 494 539

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Change

from:

July2018 -

Aug.2018p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,801 150,040 148,892 149,226 146,949 148,931 149,078 149,279 201

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,528 127,761 127,813 127,912 124,610 126,582 126,735 126,939 204

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,481 20,986 21,049 21,083 20,115 20,660 20,696 20,722 26

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 747 750 760 690 740 740 746 6

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.6 48.5 49.9 49.7 48.6 48.1 48.6 48.2 -0.4

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647.1 698.2 700.3 710.3 641.5 692.3 691.3 697.3 6.0

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.2 154.5 154.7 154.3 145.0 152.7 152.6 151.9 -0.7

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190.1 193.4 193.6 194.7 185.7 189.3 189.5 189.9 0.4

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.7 53.2 52.9 53.2 52.5 53.1 53.1 53.1 0.0

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1 39.5 39.8 39.6 38.8 39.1 39.2 39.1 -0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.3 100.7 100.9 101.9 94.4 97.1 97.2 97.7 0.5

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310.8 350.3 352.0 361.3 310.8 350.3 349.2 355.5 6.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,228 7,442 7,495 7,515 6,962 7,218 7,236 7,259 23

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,583.1 1,640.4 1,653.8 1,654.0 1,539.8 1,603.8 1,608.9 1,616.3 7.4

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768.2 814.4 820.2 819.4 748.9 795.4 797.5 801.7 4.2

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814.9 826.0 833.6 834.6 790.9 808.4 811.4 814.6 3.2

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,062.4 1,072.7 1,084.6 1,086.8 991.4 1,015.0 1,016.5 1,016.3 -0.2

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,582.9 4,728.7 4,756.9 4,774.5 4,430.4 4,599.0 4,610.8 4,626.1 15.3

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,018.5 2,086.1 2,090.6 2,101.9 1,948.6 2,019.0 2,023.7 2,032.4 8.7

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,564.4 2,642.6 2,666.3 2,672.6 2,481.8 2,580.0 2,587.1 2,593.7 6.6

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,555 12,797 12,804 12,808 12,463 12,702 12,720 12,717 -3

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,781 8,000 7,985 7,980 7,750 7,938 7,954 7,950 -4

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.8 411.0 410.1 408.1 397.1 405.4 405.4 404.8 -0.6

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.9 427.5 426.6 426.7 411.3 419.2 418.8 418.5 -0.3

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.8 383.2 380.9 381.5 374.6 382.6 381.0 381.7 0.7

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,436.1 1,499.3 1,498.7 1,498.4 1,434.4 1,488.8 1,491.5 1,495.6 4.1

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,087.6 1,132.6 1,136.0 1,131.3 1,083.6 1,123.9 1,128.2 1,127.0 -1.2

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,046.3 1,072.4 1,075.1 1,070.9 1,041.4 1,066.2 1,068.4 1,066.6 -1.8

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 161.2 170.6 170.6 169.7 159.9 169.5 169.2 168.2 -1.0

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.4 86.5 86.0 84.0 87.0 85.6 85.4 84.1 -1.3

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.9 371.9 373.5 371.4 360.2 369.7 371.0 370.3 -0.7

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.6 410.8 412.7 413.1 400.2 409.0 410.6 411.8 1.2

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 32.6 32.3 32.7 34.1 32.3 32.2 32.3 0.1

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 391.0 406.7 408.7 408.5 389.9 404.0 405.8 406.8 1.0

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,636.5 1,673.3 1,653.5 1,662.0 1,633.8 1,661.8 1,664.9 1,660.6 -4.3

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956.3 967.2 942.0 951.4 954.5 960.0 956.5 951.6 -4.9

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.4 393.2 394.2 393.9 392.8 390.6 391.2 389.9 -1.3

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.1 600.3 601.4 599.1 590.7 595.9 598.5 598.1 -0.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,774 4,797 4,819 4,828 4,713 4,764 4,766 4,767 1

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,651.8 1,651.6 1,671.2 1,680.7 1,609.2 1,638.9 1,641.0 1,639.7 -1.3

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.7 111.7 111.7 112.5 112.0 111.8 111.9 112.5 0.6

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.3 111.5 111.5 112.2 114.8 110.7 111.0 111.0 0.0

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.0 114.9 113.6 114.0 118.1 114.8 114.9 114.5 -0.4

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369.3 377.2 377.2 378.1 368.5 375.4 375.6 377.4 1.8

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 442.6 435.4 435.0 434.2 442.2 433.8 433.5 432.7 -0.8

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.5 119.0 120.5 120.6 115.7 116.5 117.0 117.0 0.0

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.1 835.6 836.3 839.4 822.9 831.6 831.4 836.0 4.6

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721.0 729.9 731.1 725.6 718.0 726.7 726.6 723.0 -3.6

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300.4 309.8 311.2 310.5 292.0 303.5 303.0 302.8 -0.2

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,047 106,775 106,764 106,829 104,495 105,922 106,039 106,217 178

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,449 27,803 27,773 27,767 27,490 27,765 27,783 27,820 37

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,932.5 6,004.2 6,011.2 6,026.5 5,908.2 5,973.9 5,984.7 6,007.1 22.4

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,980.5 3,032.7 3,034.2 3,044.0 2,966.3 3,017.9 3,021.0 3,034.6 13.6

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,052.4 2,061.0 2,061.8 2,064.6 2,045.4 2,048.7 2,052.6 2,058.9 6.3

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Change

from:

July2018 -

Aug.2018p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899.6 910.5 915.2 917.9 896.5 907.3 911.1 913.6 2.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,843.9 15,936.9 15,947.6 15,900.1 15,851.5 15,915.3 15,919.4 15,913.5 -5.9

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,022.7 2,043.8 2,049.6 2,051.7 2,008.9 2,030.8 2,034.3 2,038.7 4.4

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,301.4 1,311.4 1,314.1 1,315.3 1,296.7 1,308.3 1,309.4 1,311.5 2.1

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.7 165.2 164.6 163.2 156.3 155.5 155.3 155.7 0.4

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 557.6 567.2 570.9 573.2 555.9 567.0 569.5 571.4 1.9

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 470.4 477.8 477.1 476.1 475.1 482.3 481.5 479.5 -2.0

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 494.2 488.8 491.3 491.6 503.3 498.4 498.4 497.0 -1.4

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,277.9 1,376.7 1,346.3 1,305.6 1,275.2 1,311.5 1,311.2 1,309.0 -2.2

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,104.1 3,117.5 3,123.7 3,119.9 3,084.2 3,089.3 3,098.8 3,102.3 3.5

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,053.5 1,053.7 1,048.2 1,046.9 1,058.8 1,056.7 1,054.0 1,055.6 1.6

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946.3 950.1 951.3 950.3 931.0 938.3 939.2 938.6 -0.6

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,363.4 1,355.4 1,377.8 1,367.6 1,368.4 1,372.2 1,379.2 1,358.4 -20.8

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592.5 579.7 550.8 558.1 604.1 594.2 563.9 573.1 9.2

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,113.7 3,067.3 3,097.9 3,098.5 3,142.8 3,117.3 3,129.9 3,126.8 -3.1

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,157.5 1,136.4 1,149.2 1,138.7 1,179.7 1,170.4 1,169.2 1,160.0 -9.2

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 1,956.2 1,930.9 1,948.7 1,959.8 1,963.0 1,946.9 1,960.7 1,966.8 6.1

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837.9 836.4 840.6 838.5 826.1 828.3 830.1 832.8 2.7

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567.3 589.7 593.0 595.3 573.6 596.0 598.9 601.7 2.8

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,116.4 5,305.5 5,258.8 5,287.3 5,176.3 5,322.2 5,328.8 5,349.0 20.2

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.6 508.1 509.2 509.2 494.3 503.8 504.8 505.6 0.8

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.6 214.4 214.4 214.4 213.8 213.2 213.6 213.3 -0.3

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 68.3 69.1 68.8 65.0 65.9 66.1 66.1 0.0

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,470.5 1,489.3 1,493.5 1,506.5 1,452.5 1,476.0 1,477.4 1,483.1 5.7

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.5 492.0 430.9 434.3 488.5 498.3 491.6 496.6 5.0

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.0 47.4 47.3 46.9 48.0 47.3 47.2 46.9 -0.3

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 46.7 44.1 46.1 45.8 35.5 35.1 35.0 35.5 0.5

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 695.2 711.5 711.9 715.1 692.7 710.4 711.1 713.7 2.6

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658.9 709.5 708.5 715.3 691.2 740.7 748.1 751.9 3.8

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991.0 1,020.9 1,027.9 1,031.0 994.8 1,031.5 1,033.9 1,036.3 2.4

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.3 556.3 555.2 552.6 553.8 553.3 550.2 550.5 0.3

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,805 2,785 2,785 2,782 2,792 2,769 2,768 2,762 -6

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 722.9 715.0 716.3 716.9 720.6 715.5 713.1 713.0 -0.1

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434.0 418.8 422.9 421.3 425.0 410.2 413.1 409.3 -3.8

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.0 263.3 260.9 262.5 263.5 263.2 262.5 262.9 0.4

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779.5 763.0 758.7 752.5 779.2 760.5 757.3 753.3 -4.0

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318.8 330.7 328.7 330.0 318.4 328.3 327.7 328.4 0.7

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287.3 293.9 297.1 298.3 285.1 291.1 294.1 294.9 0.8

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,542 8,638 8,660 8,654 8,477 8,575 8,577 8,588 11

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,306.7 6,353.3 6,359.9 6,353.4 6,287.3 6,331.3 6,328.1 6,333.5 5.4

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.4 19.0 19.2 19.2 19.3 0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,672.2 2,681.7 2,683.2 2,679.6 2,662.9 2,670.1 2,667.7 2,669.0 1.3

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,723.4 1,731.1 1,731.3 1,726.6 1,716.3 1,722.9 1,720.2 1,719.1 -1.1

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,330.4 1,331.2 1,330.2 1,325.8 1,325.8 1,326.7 1,322.6 1,320.4 -2.2

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 629.2 634.6 635.8 638.6 627.3 633.3 634.0 636.3 2.3

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 319.6 316.0 316.1 314.4 319.3 313.9 313.6 313.6 0.0

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 954.4 967.3 974.8 977.3 945.4 964.2 966.5 970.5 4.0

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,661.0 2,685.0 2,682.4 2,677.1 2,660.0 2,677.8 2,674.7 2,674.7 0.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,235.0 2,284.4 2,300.5 2,300.3 2,189.7 2,243.7 2,249.2 2,254.1 4.9

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,620.4 1,646.5 1,658.2 1,657.5 1,596.6 1,627.7 1,631.3 1,632.2 0.9

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590.0 611.9 616.3 617.1 568.8 590.6 592.6 596.6 4.0

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Change

from:

July2018 -

Aug.2018p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 24.6 26.0 26.0 25.7 24.3 25.4 25.3 25.3 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,679 21,129 21,139 21,215 20,543 20,972 21,009 21,062 53

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,020.8 9,220.6 9,264.6 9,272.1 9,034.4 9,229.7 9,247.8 9,275.4 27.6

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,137.6 1,150.0 1,147.6 1,136.8 1,135.5 1,139.5 1,136.8 1,135.3 -1.5

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 938.3 953.0 955.7 959.8 999.0 1,007.8 1,010.8 1,014.4 3.6

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,457.6 1,496.6 1,504.4 1,507.0 1,441.2 1,477.7 1,481.9 1,487.9 6.0

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.6 139.3 137.5 139.3 136.7 138.4 136.7 138.9 2.2

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,058.9 2,101.4 2,125.8 2,126.5 2,049.1 2,103.3 2,110.9 2,114.8 3.9

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,414.9 1,451.4 1,458.1 1,462.5 1,407.9 1,448.2 1,450.8 1,457.2 6.4

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667.7 688.2 693.5 690.7 662.3 680.1 682.9 684.6 1.7

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.1 498.8 499.4 503.2 491.0 497.1 497.4 501.1 3.7

Other professional and technical services. . . 715.1 741.9 742.6 746.3 711.8 737.6 739.5 741.3 1.8

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,309.8 2,346.4 2,347.5 2,346.6 2,298.8 2,331.8 2,331.8 2,336.5 4.7

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,348.4 9,561.9 9,526.7 9,596.5 9,210.0 9,410.5 9,429.1 9,450.0 20.9

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,929.4 9,125.8 9,087.9 9,159.7 8,797.8 8,981.6 8,999.3 9,019.5 20.2

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.0 526.3 526.7 528.3 512.3 524.7 526.1 528.3 2.2

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.8 156.0 156.1 157.5 153.8 155.6 156.3 156.5 0.2

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,651.1 3,733.3 3,693.5 3,758.6 3,625.8 3,711.7 3,723.5 3,728.3 4.8

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,981.2 3,038.5 3,000.2 3,065.0 2,961.7 3,026.2 3,037.1 3,047.1 10.0

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.5 894.3 894.9 902.1 906.9 908.9 910.4 913.6 3.2

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.3 221.3 219.4 220.0 218.7 217.2 216.2 217.2 1.0

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 922.2 939.9 944.8 950.6 919.6 941.1 945.3 946.5 1.2

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,243.2 2,311.8 2,312.6 2,304.8 2,133.7 2,185.0 2,184.3 2,193.4 9.1

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.3 342.9 339.9 337.8 326.9 337.3 337.3 335.6 -1.7

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419.0 436.1 438.8 436.8 412.2 428.9 429.8 430.5 0.7

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,938 23,425 23,322 23,411 23,283 23,638 23,679 23,732 53

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,364.9 3,519.1 3,423.0 3,443.0 3,703.5 3,747.6 3,753.1 3,765.0 11.9

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,572.9 19,905.7 19,899.0 19,968.3 19,579.8 19,890.4 19,925.8 19,966.5 40.7

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,793.2 16,031.0 16,058.3 16,100.1 15,770.2 16,016.6 16,038.1 16,071.3 33.2

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,330.7 7,491.7 7,502.6 7,531.7 7,323.8 7,488.2 7,501.5 7,522.6 21.1

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597.0 2,634.9 2,641.6 2,644.3 2,595.5 2,636.9 2,638.8 2,643.7 4.9

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934.6 950.3 947.5 955.0 932.0 946.7 947.1 950.2 3.1

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 897.1 930.4 928.6 934.9 893.6 927.1 929.0 931.7 2.7

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903.1 930.1 935.2 935.6 902.8 930.5 933.9 935.5 1.6

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 270.1 281.5 282.9 283.8 270.1 281.4 282.4 283.4 1.0

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,422.9 1,456.2 1,459.3 1,472.6 1,424.5 1,456.9 1,462.4 1,470.3 7.9

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.9 308.3 307.5 305.5 305.3 308.7 308.0 307.7 -0.3

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,096.9 5,174.0 5,187.6 5,194.9 5,094.7 5,175.0 5,181.1 5,189.3 8.2

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,365.6 3,365.3 3,368.1 3,373.5 3,351.7 3,353.4 3,355.5 3,359.4 3.9

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,635.2 1,614.4 1,613.1 1,614.5 1,629.7 1,609.5 1,608.7 1,608.8 0.1

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 630.3 636.1 636.2 638.5 628.6 634.7 634.1 637.0 2.9

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928.3 942.2 945.1 946.5 923.8 938.7 941.3 941.6 0.3

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 171.8 172.6 173.7 174.0 169.7 170.5 171.5 172.1 0.6

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,779.7 3,874.7 3,840.7 3,868.2 3,809.6 3,873.8 3,887.7 3,895.2 7.5

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,355.6 2,434.6 2,442.8 2,436.8 2,355.8 2,422.1 2,435.1 2,437.5 2.4

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 166.8 173.5 172.4 175.1 167.6 173.0 172.6 174.6 2.0

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 348.6 349.2 353.6 350.5 344.6 345.2 346.8 346.1 -0.7

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.7 917.4 871.9 905.8 941.6 933.5 933.1 936.9 3.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,809 17,040 17,149 17,082 16,121 16,325 16,357 16,374 17

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,635.9 2,658.5 2,717.6 2,652.1 2,339.3 2,344.8 2,346.2 2,343.2 -3.0

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 526.5 520.6 517.8 510.7 495.7 486.9 485.3 480.1 -5.2

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.9 191.5 193.0 187.8 167.2 173.4 173.9 174.2 0.3

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Change

from:

July2018 -

Aug.2018p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,928.5 1,946.4 2,006.8 1,953.6 1,676.4 1,684.5 1,687.0 1,688.9 1.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,173.2 14,381.5 14,431.8 14,429.4 13,781.3 13,979.9 14,010.7 14,030.7 20.0

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,145.0 2,139.0 2,199.7 2,182.1 2,006.0 2,034.1 2,039.8 2,042.3 2.5

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 12,028.2 12,242.5 12,232.1 12,247.3 11,775.3 11,945.8 11,970.9 11,988.4 17.5

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,825 5,955 5,936 5,918 5,789 5,878 5,866 5,879 13

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,311.8 1,334.2 1,325.5 1,325.1 1,308.8 1,321.0 1,320.0 1,323.8 3.8

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,495.2 1,549.1 1,533.5 1,540.3 1,490.0 1,530.9 1,523.2 1,531.9 8.7

Membership associations and organizations. . . 3,018.1 3,072.1 3,077.0 3,052.9 2,990.3 3,026.2 3,022.7 3,023.3 0.6

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,273 22,279 21,079 21,314 22,339 22,349 22,343 22,340 -3

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,811.0 2,811.0 2,811.0 2,806.0 2,803.0 2,795.0 2,796.0 2,796.0 0.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201.6 2,207.0 2,205.8 2,202.2 2,189.1 2,189.3 2,189.9 2,190.0 0.1

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609.4 603.8 605.0 603.5 613.7 605.4 606.3 606.4 0.1

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,861.0 4,877.0 4,797.0 4,840.0 5,149.0 5,119.0 5,118.0 5,117.0 -1.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,171.2 2,189.5 2,113.5 2,159.8 2,471.7 2,453.0 2,452.9 2,455.3 2.4

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,689.6 2,687.8 2,683.7 2,680.4 2,677.0 2,666.0 2,665.4 2,662.1 -3.3

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,601.0 14,591.0 13,471.0 13,668.0 14,387.0 14,435.0 14,429.0 14,427.0 -2.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,960.7 7,906.7 6,742.5 7,002.2 7,935.1 7,948.8 7,943.6 7,941.6 -2.0

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,640.7 6,683.9 6,728.7 6,665.5 6,451.7 6,485.8 6,485.1 6,485.5 0.4

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.4 34.6 34.5 34.5

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.3 40.6 40.6 40.6

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.0 46.5 46.0 46.2

Construction....................................................................... 38.9 39.3 39.5 39.3

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.8 41.0 41.0 41.0

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.3 41.4 41.4 41.3

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.9 40.2 40.3 40.3

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.2 33.4 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 34.6 34.5 34.5

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.1 39.0 39.1 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.9 31.2 31.1 31.0

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.7 38.9 38.9 39.0

Utilities........................................................................... 41.7 42.0 41.9 42.1

Information......................................................................... 36.1 35.8 36.1 36.1

Financial activities................................................................ 37.5 37.7 37.5 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.0 36.2 36.2 36.1

Education and health services.................................................. 32.9 33.0 32.9 33.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.0 26.2 26.1 26.1

Other services..................................................................... 31.7 31.8 31.8 31.9

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Total private............................................... $26.39 $26.99 $27.06 $27.16 $907.82 $933.85 $933.57 $937.02

Goods-producing....................................... 27.61 28.16 28.22 28.28 1,112.68 1,143.30 1,145.73 1,148.17

Mining and logging.................................. 32.06 32.61 32.55 32.55 1,442.70 1,516.37 1,497.30 1,503.81

Construction.......................................... 28.99 29.75 29.89 29.95 1,127.71 1,169.18 1,180.66 1,177.04

Manufacturing........................................ 26.60 27.01 27.02 27.08 1,085.28 1,107.41 1,107.82 1,110.28

Durable goods.................................... 27.85 28.34 28.40 28.49 1,150.21 1,173.28 1,175.76 1,176.64

Nondurable goods................................ 24.47 24.72 24.66 24.68 976.35 993.74 993.80 994.60

Private service-providing.............................. 26.10 26.71 26.79 26.89 866.52 892.11 892.11 895.44

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 22.84 23.30 23.35 23.48 783.41 806.18 805.58 810.06

Wholesale trade.................................. 30.02 30.58 30.51 30.63 1,173.78 1,192.62 1,192.94 1,194.57

Retail trade........................................ 18.26 18.66 18.73 18.85 564.23 582.19 582.50 584.35

Transportation and warehousing............... 23.93 24.32 24.36 24.48 926.09 946.05 947.60 954.72

Utilities............................................. 38.81 40.33 40.86 40.68 1,618.38 1,693.86 1,712.03 1,712.63

Information........................................... 38.50 39.51 39.54 39.79 1,389.85 1,414.46 1,427.39 1,436.42

Financial activities................................... 33.36 34.67 34.82 34.92 1,251.00 1,307.06 1,305.75 1,312.99

Professional and business services.............. 31.64 32.38 32.46 32.59 1,139.04 1,172.16 1,175.05 1,176.50

Education and health services..................... 26.44 26.96 27.03 27.12 869.88 889.68 889.29 894.96

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 15.53 15.92 15.98 16.02 403.78 417.10 417.08 418.12

Other services....................................... 23.93 24.34 24.38 24.38 758.58 774.01 775.28 777.72

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Percent

change

from:

July

2018 -

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Percent

change

from:

July

2018 -

Aug.

2018p

Total private..................................... 107.6 109.9 109.7 109.9 0.2 135.7 141.8 142.0 142.7 0.5

Goods-producing............................. 92.4 95.6 95.7 95.9 0.2 115.3 121.6 122.1 122.5 0.3

Mining and logging........................ 97.6 108.1 107.0 108.3 1.2 125.6 141.6 139.8 141.5 1.2

Construction................................ 93.4 97.8 98.5 98.3 -0.2 117.6 126.4 128.0 128.0 0.0

Manufacturing.............................. 91.5 93.7 93.8 93.8 0.0 113.2 117.7 117.9 118.1 0.2

Durable goods........................... 90.1 92.5 92.7 92.4 -0.3 111.5 116.5 116.9 117.0 0.1

Nondurable goods...................... 93.9 95.6 95.9 95.9 0.0 116.5 119.9 120.0 120.1 0.1

Private service-providing.................... 111.6 113.8 113.6 113.8 0.2 141.6 147.7 147.9 148.7 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 102.6 104.5 104.2 104.4 0.2 126.1 131.0 131.0 131.9 0.7

Wholesale trade......................... 100.8 101.7 102.1 102.2 0.1 126.3 129.7 130.0 130.7 0.5

Retail trade.............................. 99.5 100.9 100.6 100.2 -0.4 120.1 124.4 124.5 124.9 0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 114.7 118.5 118.6 119.4 0.7 139.2 146.2 146.7 148.3 1.1

Utilities.................................... 99.9 100.5 99.7 100.3 0.6 128.1 134.0 134.7 134.8 0.1

Information................................. 92.0 90.5 91.3 91.1 -0.2 126.2 127.4 128.5 129.0 0.4

Financial activities......................... 104.1 105.9 105.3 105.8 0.5 135.5 143.2 143.1 144.0 0.6

Professional and business services..... 116.3 119.4 119.6 119.6 0.0 149.1 156.6 157.3 157.9 0.4

Education and health services........... 125.1 127.4 127.2 127.9 0.6 159.1 165.2 165.4 166.8 0.8

Leisure and hospitality.................... 119.6 122.0 121.8 121.9 0.1 149.8 156.7 157.0 157.6 0.4

Other services............................. 105.8 107.8 107.6 108.1 0.5 138.8 143.8 143.7 144.5 0.6

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Total nonfarm............................................. 72,786 73,966 74,050 74,138 49.5 49.7 49.7 49.7

Total private............................................ 59,960 61,094 61,181 61,267 48.1 48.3 48.3 48.3

Goods-producing.................................... 4,415 4,575 4,595 4,603 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.2

Mining and logging............................... 91 94 94 95 13.2 12.7 12.7 12.7

Construction....................................... 883 927 930 932 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.8

Manufacturing..................................... 3,441 3,554 3,571 3,576 27.6 28.0 28.1 28.1

Durable goods.................................. 1,814 1,872 1,886 1,888 23.4 23.6 23.7 23.7

Nondurable goods............................. 1,627 1,682 1,685 1,688 34.5 35.3 35.4 35.4

Private service-providing........................... 55,545 56,519 56,586 56,664 53.2 53.4 53.4 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,028 11,151 11,166 11,166 40.1 40.2 40.2 40.1

Wholesale trade................................ 1,741.3 1,775.9 1,789.9 1,799.7 29.5 29.7 29.9 30.0

Retail trade..................................... 7,893.0 7,927.8 7,929.7 7,919.3 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.8

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,266.5 1,318.1 1,317.9 1,318.2 24.5 24.8 24.7 24.6

Utilities........................................... 127.5 129.1 128.6 128.7 23.0 23.3 23.4 23.4

Information......................................... 1,107 1,096 1,090 1,084 39.6 39.6 39.4 39.2

Financial activities................................ 4,795 4,845 4,845 4,844 56.6 56.5 56.5 56.4

Professional and business services............ 9,239 9,501 9,501 9,523 45.0 45.3 45.2 45.2

Education and health services.................. 17,930 18,222 18,266 18,307 77.0 77.1 77.1 77.1

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,383 8,581 8,596 8,605 52.0 52.6 52.6 52.6

Other services..................................... 3,063 3,123 3,122 3,135 52.9 53.1 53.2 53.3

Government............................................. 12,826 12,872 12,869 12,871 57.4 57.6 57.6 57.6

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Total private............................................................................... 102,713 104,319 104,419 104,568

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,462 14,853 14,867 14,868

Mining and logging.................................................................. 501 553 549 553

Construction.......................................................................... 5,216 5,387 5,393 5,401

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,745 8,913 8,925 8,914

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,318 5,459 5,468 5,459

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,427 3,454 3,457 3,455

Private service-providing.............................................................. 88,251 89,466 89,552 89,700

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,178 23,476 23,494 23,511

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,736.0 4,789.3 4,803.0 4,821.3

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,501.8 13,611.6 13,606.3 13,592.3

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,494.5 4,632.2 4,644.5 4,655.9

Utilities.............................................................................. 445.3 442.6 440.2 441.0

Information............................................................................ 2,250 2,230 2,225 2,223

Financial activities................................................................... 6,592 6,644 6,636 6,649

Professional and business services............................................... 16,786 17,122 17,156 17,202

Education and health services..................................................... 20,454 20,766 20,799 20,844

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,199 14,366 14,388 14,401

Other services........................................................................ 4,792 4,862 4,854 4,870

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.6 33.8 33.8 33.8

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.2 41.5 41.7 41.6

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.6 47.9 46.7 47.2

Construction....................................................................... 39.6 39.9 40.2 40.0

Manufacturing..................................................................... 42.0 42.1 42.3 42.2

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.3 42.5 42.5 42.5

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.4 41.5 41.9 41.7

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.4 32.5 32.5 32.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.7 34.0 34.0 34.0

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.0 39.0 38.9 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.1 30.5 30.5 30.5

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.4

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.7 42.4 43.0

Information......................................................................... 35.7 35.4 35.7 35.6

Financial activities................................................................ 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.1

Professional and business services............................................ 35.4 35.4 35.4 35.4

Education and health services.................................................. 32.1 32.3 32.3 32.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.8 25.0 24.9 24.8

Other services..................................................................... 30.7 30.8 30.7 30.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Total private............................................... $22.11 $22.63 $22.66 $22.73 $742.90 $764.89 $765.91 $768.27

Goods-producing....................................... 23.23 23.86 23.90 23.95 957.08 990.19 996.63 996.32

Mining and logging.................................. 27.47 28.16 28.19 28.41 1,252.63 1,348.86 1,316.47 1,340.95

Construction.......................................... 26.84 27.55 27.69 27.73 1,062.86 1,099.25 1,113.14 1,109.20

Manufacturing........................................ 20.93 21.45 21.43 21.47 879.06 903.05 906.49 906.03

Durable goods.................................... 21.94 22.43 22.44 22.46 928.06 953.28 953.70 954.55

Nondurable goods................................ 19.33 19.86 19.81 19.88 800.26 824.19 830.04 829.00

Private service-providing.............................. 21.88 22.37 22.40 22.47 708.91 727.03 728.00 730.28

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 19.38 19.89 19.89 19.98 653.11 676.26 676.26 679.32

Wholesale trade.................................. 24.72 25.28 25.15 25.25 964.08 985.92 978.34 984.75

Retail trade........................................ 15.34 15.87 15.91 15.96 461.73 484.04 485.26 486.78

Transportation and warehousing............... 21.40 21.83 21.87 21.94 819.62 838.27 842.00 842.50

Utilities............................................. 35.92 36.56 36.59 36.97 1,515.82 1,561.11 1,551.42 1,589.71

Information........................................... 30.74 31.68 31.65 31.91 1,097.42 1,121.47 1,129.91 1,136.00

Financial activities................................... 26.67 26.89 26.87 26.89 986.79 994.93 994.19 997.62

Professional and business services.............. 26.07 26.71 26.76 26.83 922.88 945.53 947.30 949.78

Education and health services..................... 23.10 23.62 23.65 23.72 741.51 762.93 763.90 763.78

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 13.43 13.81 13.87 13.91 333.06 345.25 345.36 344.97

Other services....................................... 20.19 20.57 20.63 20.60 619.83 633.56 633.34 634.48

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Percent

change

from:

July

2018 -

Aug.

2018p

Aug.

2017

June

2018

July

2018p

Aug.

2018p

Percent

change

from:

July

2018 -

Aug.

2018p

Total private..................................... 115.0 117.5 117.6 117.8 0.2 169.9 177.7 178.1 178.9 0.4

Goods-producing............................. 91.1 94.2 94.7 94.5 -0.2 129.5 137.6 138.6 138.6 0.0

Mining and logging........................ 121.4 140.8 136.2 138.7 1.8 194.0 230.5 223.4 229.2 2.6

Construction................................ 103.4 107.6 108.6 108.2 -0.4 149.9 160.1 162.3 162.0 -0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 84.3 86.1 86.7 86.4 -0.3 115.4 120.8 121.5 121.2 -0.2

Durable goods........................... 84.5 87.2 87.3 87.2 -0.1 115.8 122.1 122.4 122.3 -0.1

Nondurable goods...................... 83.6 84.5 85.3 84.9 -0.5 114.2 118.5 119.5 119.3 -0.2

Private service-providing.................... 121.8 123.8 123.9 124.2 0.2 182.7 189.9 190.4 191.3 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 108.9 111.3 111.4 111.4 0.0 150.5 157.9 158.0 158.8 0.5

Wholesale trade......................... 108.8 110.0 110.0 110.7 0.6 158.4 163.8 163.0 164.7 1.0

Retail trade.............................. 102.9 105.1 105.0 104.9 -0.1 135.3 142.9 143.2 143.5 0.2

Transportation and warehousing...... 129.6 133.9 134.6 134.6 0.0 175.9 185.4 186.7 187.3 0.3

Utilities.................................... 96.1 96.7 95.4 97.0 1.7 144.1 147.5 145.8 149.6 2.6

Information................................. 91.7 90.1 90.7 90.3 -0.4 139.5 141.3 142.1 142.7 0.4

Financial activities......................... 114.8 115.7 115.6 116.1 0.4 188.4 191.5 191.1 192.1 0.5

Professional and business services..... 133.2 135.8 136.1 136.5 0.3 206.6 215.9 216.7 217.9 0.6

Education and health services........... 140.0 143.0 143.2 143.1 -0.1 213.4 223.0 223.6 224.0 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 129.0 131.6 131.2 130.8 -0.3 196.7 206.3 206.7 206.7 0.0

Other services............................. 103.2 105.0 104.5 105.2 0.7 151.8 157.4 157.1 157.9 0.5

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.