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Filed 4/26/13 P. v. Colver CA1/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

GREGORY D. COLVER, JR.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 A133855

 (San Mateo County

 Super. Ct. No. SC073442A)

I. INTRODUCTION

After a jury trial, appellant was convicted of violations of both Penal Code 

sections 273a, subdivision (a) and 273d1in connection with burns incurred by his then 

17-month-old son. He appeals, claiming that the two crimes of which he was convicted 

were “mutually exclusive” and that, therefore, one of those convictions should be set 

aside. He also claims that the probation revocation fee imposed on him should be set 

aside because the trial court did not properly assess his ability to pay the same. We reject 

both arguments and affirm both the conviction and the sentence, including the probation 

fee imposed. 

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Appellant and his girlfriend, Elina Jimenez, are the parents of the victim in this 

case, then 17-month-old John Doe. The three of them lived together in an apartment in 

 

1 Unless otherwise noted, all further statutory references are to the Penal Code. 
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Daly City. They also shared a car and a very similar job: Jimenez worked the day shift at 

two Shell gasoline stations in Daly City and appellant the graveyard shift. 

During the afternoon of December 28, 2010, when Jimenez was working at one of 

those stations, appellant was at their apartment with their son. There was a blackout at 

one of the Shell stations and, as a result, Jimenez had to work later than usual, i.e., until 

about 8:30 or 8:45 p.m. During this period, appellant tried to call Jimenez several times, 

but she could not or did not answer those calls. Appellant thus left voicemails for her, 

advising her that “our son had burned himself and that I needed to come home.” 

When Jimenez got to their apartment, she immediately saw that Doe had “burns on 

his legs on both sides.” According to Jimenez, appellant told her that when “he was 

asleep . . . the baby burned himself, somehow.” Appellant elaborated on this a bit, by 

stating to her that, when he was asleep he “woke up to our son whining next to him, so 

he, thinking he just wants a bottle, got him up, put him in the crib, went to go into the 

kitchen to make him a bottle, noticed the oven was on and open, ran back to him, and 

seeing that his legs were burned and called me.” Jimenez conceded in her direct 

testimony that such was the “version of events [appellant] told [her]” when she came 

home.

Jimenez, however, testified that she concluded that a different “version” of events 

was necessary “so this [the charges against appellant] wouldn‟t wind up happening.” The 

version of events devised by Jimenez was that appellant was “preheating the oven” to 

cook a pizza, then “went to the bathroom, and the baby touched the oven.”

Jimenez took Doe to the Seton Medical Center, where Dr. Marc Levsky examined 

him and treated his burns. She related to him her “version” of the events that led to 

Doe‟s burns.

Dr. Levsky, however, noted that the burn marks on Doe were “not oriented in any 

specific pattern.” More specifically, only the back of Doe‟s left leg, the front of his right 

leg, and one heel were burned, and the burn lines “don‟t follow any specific pattern that I 

can recognize.” Levsky then thought this might well be a “non-accidental trauma”, and 

arranged to get Doe transferred to Saint Francis Hospital‟s burn center for further 
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evaluation; he also arranged for contacts to be made with both Child Protective Services 

and the Daly City Police Department.

Michelle LeVynh, a CPS worker, came to the Seton Hospital‟s emergency room 

and took pictures of Doe‟s injuries; later the same evening, she visited appellant‟s home 

with both Jimenez and Daly City Police Officer Andre Bray.

While there, they observed the kitchen area and noted that there was a “baby gate 

barricade” separating “the kitchen from the hallway,” and also a toy box next to the oven 

door. A baking sheet was on the lowest rack inside the oven, and a plate of cold, “half 

eaten pizza on the counter” in the kitchen. 

The oven was off and cold to the touch, but when LeVynh turned it on to 450 

degrees (the temperature specified on the frozen pizza boxes in the refrigerator), it heated 

up quickly. The oven rose about three to three and a half feet above the kitchen floor. In 

that connection, while LeVynh and Officer Bray were at the apartment, Jimenez repeated 

to them “the same version of events” surrounding her son‟s burning, and specifically 

noted that her son “was a good climber.”

Later that same evening, appellant arrived at Seton Hospital, and voluntarily 

accompanied LeVynh and Officer Bray to the Daly City Police Department for an 

interview. He claimed, in that interview, that somehow his son had climbed over the 

baby gate barricade and gotten onto the top of the stove, manipulated the knobs on the 

oven thus turning it on, stepped down onto the open oven door, and fell “backwards into 

the oven and burn[ed] himself.” Appellant told Officer Bray and LeVynh that he was 

asleep at the time and awoke up to find his son “whimpering beside him and he noticed 

the . . . door to the oven was down.” Appellant admitted he did not see the event, but told 

Bray and LeVynh his “surmising” as to how the accident happened. 

After that interview, Officer Bray and his superior determined that there was 

probable cause to arrest appellant for child abuse.

As noted above, Doe had already been transferred to Saint Francis Hospital where 

he was examined and treated by Dr. Jeffrey DeWeese. The doctor noted that Doe had no 

burns on his face or upper extremities, unlike other children who had somehow gotten 
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into an oven. He thus concluded that Doe‟s “injuries were suspicious for nonaccidental 

trauma.”

After this examination, and as a result of Dr. DeWeese‟s conclusions, Doe was 

placed in protective custody and released to CPS, which permitted him to stay at home, 

but only with Jimenez. 

Two days later, i.e., on December 30, 2010, Daly City Police Detective Ron 

Harrison was assigned to investigate the matter. He interviewed appellant later the same 

day and, in the course of that interview, suggested that perhaps appellant had been trying 

to discipline Doe regarding the danger of hot ovens, and that “he made a mistake” in the 

course of so doing. Appellant then changed his version of the events of two days earlier. 

He stated to Detective Harrison that he had preheated the oven, then left the kitchen to 

use the bathroom, and returned to the kitchen to observe his son “smacking on the oven 

door.” Per appellant‟s statements to Harrison, he asked Doe if “you want to feel that 

shit” and “[y]ou want to see what it feels like.” He then put his son by the oven but, 

when the latter tried to get away from his father‟s grasp, appellant lost his grip, and Doe 

fell and his legs were then burned by the hot coils in the oven. Appellant even 

demonstrated “with his hands how he put his child in the oven.”

Notwithstanding these admissions by appellant, some days later Jimenez tried to 

establish that Doe could have entered a heated oven on his own; she did so by 

videotaping him as she tried to coax him to enter an open but unheated oven. After about 

eight minutes of standing on the same oven door, Doe entered the oven, but then started 

crying when his mother, Jimenez, tried to get him to insert “his legs . . . into that oven.”

On May 11, 2011, appellant was charged by an information with two counts, child 

abuse in violation of section 273a, subdivision (a), and cruel or inhuman corporal 

punishment in violation of section 273d. Both counts contained a special allegation that 

appellant had personally inflicted great bodily injury on a child under the age of five 

within the meaning of Penal Code section 12022.7, subdivision (d).

An expert witness for the prosecution, Dr. John Sterling, the Director of the Center 

for Child Protection at the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center County Hospital, opined 
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that the best explanation for the burns suffered by Doe was that he had been “suspended,” 

then inserted part way into a hot oven, and then kicked his legs so that they hit the oven‟s 

racks and were thus burned. When recalled to the witness stand later, Dr. Sterling opined 

that it would be “very unreasonable” to infer that Doe would have or could have opened 

the oven, climbed on top of it by himself, waited for the oven to heat up, and then burned 

the outside of one leg and the back of another.

Defense experts Dr. Laura Liptai and Dr. Terri Haddix testified that the injuries 

suffered by Doe were such that there was a reasonable possibility they were caused by an 

accident.

On July 18, 2011, the jury convicted appellant on both counts and found the 

special allegations to be true.

In an October 14, 2011, sentencing hearing, the trial court suspended imposition of 

a sentence on appellant and, instead, placed him on five years of supervised probation, 

including one year in county jail.

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on November 21, 2011.

III. DISCUSSION

As noted above, appellant‟s principal contention is that the two counts on which 

he was convicted are “mutually exclusive” and, therefore, one of his two convictions 

should be stricken. We disagree, for the reasons which follow.

Count 1 of the information alleged that appellant had violated section 273a, 

subdivision (a), thusly: “On or about 12/28/2010, Gregory David Colver Jr. did willfully 

and unlawfully, under circumstances or conditions likely to produce great bodily harm or 

death, cause or permit a child(ren) to suffer or inflicted unjustifiable physical pain or 

mental suffering, or having the care or custody of said child(ren), caused, or permitted the 

person or health of said child(ren) to be placed in such a situation that his/her person and 

health was endangered, in violation of Penal Code section 273a(a), a felony.”

Count 2 then charged: “On or about 12/28/2010, Gregory David Colver Jr. did 

willfully and unlawfully inflict cruel or inhuman corporal punishment or injury, resulting 
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in a traumatic condition, upon a child, to wit: John Doe, age 17 months old [,] in violation 

of Penal Code section 273d, a felony.”

After the evidence was completed, the court instructed the jury regarding the 

elements of the two crimes charged. As to the first count, the one alleging a violation of 

section 273a, it stated, in relevant part: “To [p]rove that the defendant is guilty of this 

crime [section 273a, subdivision (a)], the People must prove that, one, the defendant 

while having care or custody of a child willfully caused or permitted the child to be 

placed in a situation where the child‟s person or health was in danger. [¶] And, two, the 

defendant caused or permitted the child to suffer or be injured under circumstances or 

conditions likely to produce great bodily injury or death. [¶] And, three, the defendant 

was criminally negligent when he caused or permitted the child to suffer or be injured. 

[¶] And, four, the defendant did not act while reasonably disciplining a child. Someone 

commits an act willfully if he or she does it willingly or on purpose.”

As to the second count, i.e., the count charging a violation of section 273d, the 

court instructed the jury that: “. . . [T]he People must prove that, one, the defendant 

willfully inflicted cruel or inhuman physical punishment or injury on a child. And, two, 

the punishment or injury inflicted by the defendant caused a traumatic physical condition 

to the child. And, three, when the defendant acted, he was not reasonably disciplining a 

child.”

As noted above, the jury convicted appellant on both counts. This was error, 

appellant contends, because (1) “[t]he prosecution expressly elected to proceed on the 

direct infliction branch of child abuse” but (2) the jury was instructed only on indirect 

infliction branch of section 273a, subdivision (a), because of the language used in the 

instruction it was given regarding the first count. Thus, according to appellant, although 

“[n]o court has expressly stated that the direct and indirect infliction of child abuse 

constitute mutually exclusive offenses,” because “an omission is not an act . . . 

[¶] . . . Colver should not have been convicted of both passive conduct (count 1) and 

active conduct (count 2) based on the same facts.”
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One of our sister courts has explained the differences in the four offenses specified 

in section 273a thusly: “Section 273a, subdivision (a) „is an omnibus statute that 

proscribes essentially four branches of conduct.‟ ([People v.] Sargent [(1999)] 19 Cal.4th 

[1206,] 1215.) These four branches or prongs are: „ “Any person who, under 

circumstances or conditions likely to produce great bodily harm or death, [1] willfully 

causes or permits any child to suffer, or [2] inflicts thereon unjustifiable physical pain or 

mental suffering, or [3] having the care or custody of any child, willfully causes or 

permits the person or health of that child to be injured, or [4] willfully causes or permits 

that child to be placed in a situation where his or her person or health is 

endangered . . . .” ‟ (People v. Valdez (2002) 27 Cal.4th 778, 783 (Valdez).) [¶] In 

addressing these four separate types of conduct, our Supreme Court describes the second 

category as „direct infliction‟ and the first, third and fourth categories as „indirect 

infliction.‟ (Valdez, supra, 27 Cal.4th at p. 786, italics omitted.) Under Sargent, the 

appropriate mens rea for the second category of direct infliction is general criminal intent, 

similar to battery or assault with a deadly weapon. (Sargent, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 

1220.) Under Valdez, the necessary mens rea for the other three categories of indirect 

infliction is criminal negligence. (Valdez, supra, at p. 789.) In addressing indirect 

infliction, the Valdez court concluded, „criminal negligence is the appropriate standard 

when the act is intrinsically lawful . . . but warrants criminal liability because the 

surrounding circumstances present a high risk of serious injury. Criminal negligence is 

not a “lesser state of mind”; it is a standard for determining when an act . . . is such a 

departure from what would be the conduct of an ordinarily prudent or careful person 

under the same circumstances.‟ (Id. at pp. 789-790.) Thus, this standard applies to the 

first, third and fourth prongs of section 273a, subdivision (a), where indirect infliction of 

harm on a child has occurred, such as failing to seek medical treatment, child 

endangerment, or willfully permitting situations that imperil children. (Sargent, supra, at 

p. 1218.)” (In re L.K. (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 1438, 1444-1445, fn. omitted.)

However, the fact that, under the terminology used in In re L.K. and by our 

Supreme Court in Valdez, one of appellant‟s convictions pertained to a charged indirect 
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infliction of harm while the other, i.e., his conviction under count 2 of violating section 

273d may have pertained to a more direct infliction of harm, does not make these 

offenses “mutually exclusive.”

In the first place, appellant acknowledges that “[n]o court has expressly stated that 

the direct and indirect infliction of child abuse constitute mutually exclusive offenses.” 

Second, in his reply brief, he concedes that the Attorney General‟s argument that they are 

not, as a matter of law, mutually exclusive “is superficially compelling.” Third, the 

concept of “mutually exclusive” offenses has apparently been recognized rarely in 

California criminal law, e.g., a defendant cannot be convicted of being both a “principal” 

in a felony conviction and also an accessory after the fact. (See People v. Prado (1977) 

67 Cal.App.3d 267, 273.) As our Supreme Court has noted, even theft and the receipt-ofstolen-goods convictions are not “mutually exclusive.” (People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 

324, 464; see also People v. Ceja (2010) 49 Cal.4th 1, 6.) Fourth, this is far from the 

only case in which a defendant has been convicted of both violations of sections 273a and 

273d. (See Sargent, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 1219-1220, and cases cited therein.)

Fifth and finally, in a case relied upon by the Attorney General, but not discussed 

or even cited by appellant, the court made clear why a defendant may properly be found 

guilty of violating both sections 273a and 273d: they are directed to different types of 

offenses. In People v. Moussabeck (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 975, 981 (Moussabeck), the 

defendant was convicted of one count of misdemeanor child abuse under section 273a, 

subdivision (b), and one count of felony infliction of physical injury on a child under 

section 273d, subdivision (a). On appeal—although apparently not specifically asserting 

a “mutually exclusive” argument—the defendant contended that he could not have 

properly been convicted of both offenses because the former was a lesser included 

offense of the latter. 

The court rejected this argument and, in so doing, explained the difference 

between the focus of the two statutes: “Sections 273a and 273d have different elements. 

The former criminalizes child endangerment or the unjustifiable infliction of pain or 

suffering upon a child, while the latter criminalizes the infliction of a traumatic condition 
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(i.e., physical injury) upon a child. Moussabeck contends that when one inflicts a 

physical injury upon a child, he necessarily inflicts physical pain or mental suffering, i.e., 

injury „equates‟ to pain and suffering. Although that may often be the case, we cannot 

say that is necessarily always the case. And just because the same act of child abuse 

under any given set of circumstances is criminal under both sections 273a and 273d, does 

not mean the former is a lesser included offense of the latter. A defendant may be 

charged with and convicted of multiple offenses based upon the same act or course of 

conduct (§ 954), although he may not be punished more than once (§ 654).” 

(Moussabeck, supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 981.)2

Appellant cites no authority even slightly at odds with this statement of the law. 

We thus conclude that there was no error in the trial court‟s instructions to the jury or in 

the jury‟s verdict, regarding the two counts charged against appellant.

Appellant‟s second contention is that the trial court erred in failing to inquire into 

his ability to pay the probation supervision costs mandated by section 1203.1b. 

At the October 14, 2011, sentencing hearing, the trial court, contrary to the 

recommendation of the probation department, determined that appellant should be 

granted probation. In the course of so doing, it imposed several fines and fees upon 

appellant, including a $75 monthly probation supervision fee pursuant to section 1203.1b. 

Appellant argues that such an imposition was unjustified, because neither the probation 

department nor the trial court made any inquiry as to his ability to pay such a fee.

It is true the probation department did not inquire into that issue, for the simple 

reason that it did not recommend probation; rather, it‟s position was that appellant should 

be sent to prison. But the trial court determined otherwise and, at the sentencing hearing 

where appellant was represented by counsel, no objection was made to any of the terms 

and conditions of probation imposed by the court, including the probation supervision 

 

2 Also noting differences between the focus of the two statutes is People v. 

Cockburn (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1151, 1160. In any event, it “is well settled that, as a 

general rule, inherently inconsistent verdicts are allowed to stand.” (People v. Lewis 

(2001) 25 Cal.4th 610, 656; see also People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 600.)
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fee. Appellant explicitly accepted those terms, and his counsel confirmed that she had 

advised him of his rights. Thus, under this court‟s decision in People v. Valtakis (2003) 

105 Cal.App.4th 1066, appellant‟s objection on appeal to the imposition of the probation 

supervision fee has been waived. (See also People v. Phillips (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 62, 

70.) 

IV. DISPOSITION

The conviction and the sentence imposed are both affirmed.

_________________________

Haerle, Acting P.J.

We concur:

_________________________

Lambden, J.

_________________________

Richman, J.