Table 16. TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT INDUSTRIES: Employer costs for employes compensation, and costs at

compensation, March 1994 .
. Benefit costs
Total ‘Wages -
Series compen- | and supple: Retirement} Legaity
: i «Other
sation ‘salaries and qequired
Total | Paid leave | mental pay! Insurance savings |. benefits ‘benefits?
Cost per hour worked
‘Transportation equipment industries (SIC 37) |. $30.67 | $17.78 | size9 | sos | sis2 | sa7e}| $217] $2571  $o.s8
31.98 21.37 10.61 2.90 73 2.95 1.53 "2.38 Tat
3329) 2264 | 10.65 3.04 c 291 |’ 1.50 2.52 10
gass | 2670] 11.96 3.63 54 a17 1.83 27 7
8013 | 1612 | 14.01 230 1.91 445 2.48 2.66. 1
28.51 18.72 12.79 205 1.30 454 2.06 2.39 AS
Aircratt manutacturing (SIC 3721) vewew-nnewnnnnennenne| 29.94 | 19.53 9.82 254 1.05 270] 127 223 03
sneneenennenn 20.33 | 20.67 967 2.80 55 2.65 1.42 220 |" 04
Blue-collar ccUpAtIONS Lewnnensnsnennennennenomnenene| — 2B.01 | 17.91 | 10.10 244 1.83 275 1.06 230 82
Percent of total compensation
‘Transportation equipment industries (SIC 37) 100.0% | 58.0% | 42.0% 8.1% 49% | 123% | 7.1% 84% 1.2%
100.0 66.8 332 94 23 92 48 75 4
100.0 68.0 32.0 O41 WT 87 45 76 3
100.0 69.1 30.8 94 14 82 47 7.0 2
100.0 535 48.5 78 63 13.8 82 88 7
100.0 55.1 449 72 46 189 72 a4 16
Alreratt manutacturing (SIC 3721) a eennnnnm—e| 100.0 665 as as 36 92 43 |- 76 a
White-coltar: — 100.0 eat a9 92. 18 as 47 72 a
+ Blve-Collar OCCUpAHONS eeennneeneenennesencnereneenen| ~ 100.0 63.9 961 78 65 98 38 82 a

7 includes severance pay and supplemental

{ unemployment benefits.
__ NOTE: SiG lr he 1957 Sancars nati Clsiaton Syson onde as

defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.



14

Table 10. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee

. Compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1994.

Benefit costs
Total | Wages
Series compen- |" and Retiremerit| Legatly
sation | salaries |. Total | Paid leave mene pay Insurance | 20d | required | thes
savings | benefits
Cost per hour worked .
sia | s4os | St soag | siz3 | sos2 | $1.60 | so.o¢
“14.72 554 1.46 AT 136 59 1.60 05
20.14 752 210 61 1.74 31 24 05
21.40 7.85 220 87 175 - 37 221 | *- 06
17.19 676 1.89 47 171 7 1:89 93
22.50 8.63 2.59 84 4.76 95 223 16
10.56 3.26 65 36 75 27 1.22 (7).
10.36 429 1.05 29 132 a2 1.19 02
Blue-collar OCCUpaHONS nan 1es2 | 11.31 562 27 58 1:45 63 1.94 ‘os
Precision production, craft, and repair 2176 | 1463 TAT 1.30 70 175 84 246 05
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 16.04 10.30 5.74 1.04 a 1.64 61 1.65 09
‘Transportation and material MOVING rune 7.08 | 11.41 5.67 93 43 138 7 217 03
11.96 8.29 367 54 35 93 36 1.48 (2)
8.38 6.33 2.05 36 2 47 32 88 (7)
2085 | 1387 6.98 1.38 ral 1.85 85 2.08 (1
2ose | 14.14 645 4 st 1.88 cr 291 (7)
20.72 | 13.69 7.03 1.55 72 4.96 at 1.87 a2
2247 | 1452 7.95 172 63 225 94 2.01 “19
18.42 | 12.60 5.82 1.32 57 1.58 £4 1.70 103°
1582 | 11.56 426 1.02 36 1.03 AI 1.44 02
24.58 | 16.68 7.89. 1.96 54 2.08 34 234 03
1842 | 13.11 531 120 48 142 47 172 02
9.17 714 2.03 37 14 40 4 1.01 (7)
21.02 | 15.04 5.99 150 81 143 68 1.82 05
16.79 | 12.37 4.42 41.12 33 1.06 43 1.47 02
Percent of total compensation
100.0% | 71.1% | 28.9% 65% | 2.6% 72% 3.0% 94% 0.2%
tooo | ver.| 273 72 23 67 29 73 2-
100.0 728 272 78 22 63 {| . a3 7s 2
190.0 732 268 78 23 60 33 76 2
100.0 718 202 73 20 cal 33 79 a
100.9 723 | 277 83 27 57 31 78 3
100.0 764 236 47 26 54 20 88 @)
100.0 70.7 29.3 72 2.0 20 29 82 a
100.0 668 332 57 34 86 37 114 3
100.0 673 327 60 32 8.1 39 113 -2
100.0 642 35.8 65 45 “102 38 10.3 &
100.0. | 66.8 932 55 29 84 39 127 2
100.0 693 307 45 29 73 3.0 wa | (?)
100.0 785 245 43 14 58: 14 u7 @?)
100.0 66.5 33.5 66 34 8s 41 10.0 5
100.0 687 31.3 at 3.0 67 44 141 (7°
100.0 66.1 33.9 75 35 95 39 9.0 6
100.0 64.6 35.4 17 37 10.0 42 89 2
100.0 68.4 ate 72 at 86 a4 92 a
100.9 734 269 64 22 6s 26 94 a
400.0 | 679 a1 8.0 22 as 3.8 95 4
100.0 712 288 65 26 17 26 94 “1
100.0 .| 779 224 49 1.6 44 12 11.0 (?)
100.0 715 28.5 aI ae 68 32 72 2
100.0 738 26.4 67 2.0 63 26 88 a

1 includes’ severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits.

2 Cost per hour worked & $0.01 orless.
3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utiliies; wholesale and
retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries.



Table 1. CIVILIAN WORKERS BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: Em
employee compensation and costs as. a

B.

ployer costs per hour worked for
Percent of total compensation, March 1994 . .

Compensation Civiian workers White-cotar Biye-collar Service
~ component -
Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent
Total COMPENSALON in nnnnnnnmennn-] $1843 | 100.0% | $21.86 | 100.0% | $17.09 | 100.0% | $10.00 | 100.0%
‘Wages and salaries ........ 13.06 70.9 15.85 725 11.38 CE 7.18 718
Total DEMERS —ennneneenrnenennennenen| 5.37 | 294 601 | 275 570 | 33.4 2082 | 282
1.23 67 1.55 7A 1.02 60 58 58
58 30 65 30 $2 3.1 26 26
42 23 52 24 36 24 -18 18
20 ww 28 13 10 6 10 10
7 4 09 4 05 3 03 3
40 22 38 18 Ss? 33 16 16
AT 3 09 4 39 23 08 8&
05 3 04 2 07 4 04 4
7 e) 25 12 a 7 03 3
1.38 75 1.85 Al 1.48 B7 70 7.0
05 3 06 3 05 3 02 2
1.29 7.0 1.44 66 1.38 81 67 67
05 3 05 2 05 3 a) a)
73 40 88 4.0. 67 39° 37 37
64 35 76 35 59 34 36 3.6
09 $ 33 6 08 5 () @)
1.59 BE 1.60 73 1.91 i 1.00 10.0
1.04 sé 122 5.6 38 5.7 59 59
03 A 02 a 03 2 03 3
W 6 AW 5 14 8 08 &
39 24 24 4 72 42 a) 3.0
04 2 04 2 05 3 G) C)
: ‘benefits in addition.to those shown.

1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less.
fatirement

. 2 Includes railroad
rallroad unemployment insurance,

and supplemental retirement,

$ Includes severance’ pay and supplementat unemployment



21
EXPLANATORY NOTES

Employer costs for employee compensation is a measure of the average cost per employee
hour worked to employers for wages and salaries and benefits. _

Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate, or for workers not paid
on an hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by the corresponding hours. Straight-time
wage and salary rates are total éarnings before payroll deductions, excluding premium pay for . .
overtime and for work‘on weekends and holidays, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and.
lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage increases. Production bonuses, incentive earings,
commission payments, and cost-of-living adjustments are included in straight-time wage and
salary rates. .

Benefits covered are: Paid leave--paid vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave;
supplemental pay--premium pay for overtime and work on weekends and holidays, shift
differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage
increases; insurance benefits—life, health, and sickness and accident insurance; retirement and
savings benefits—pension and other retirement plans and savings and thrift plans; legally -
required benefits--social security, railroad retirement and supplemental retirement, railroad
unemployment insurance, Federal and state unemployment insurance, workers' compensation,
and other benefits required by law, such as state temporary disability insurance; and other
benefits--severance pay and supplemental unemployment plans. .

The Survey

Employer costs for employee compensation cover all occupations in private industry,
excluding farms and households, and state and local governments. These cost levels are.
published once a year with the payroll period including March 12th.as the reference period. .

. The cost levels are based on compensation cost data collected for the Bureau of Labor _

Statistics Employment Cost Index (ECD), released quarterly. Cost data were collected from the |

ECI's March 1994 sample which consisted of about 23,000 occupations within 4,600 sample i
. establishments in private industry and 7,000 occupations within 1,000 establishments in state and |

local governments. The sample establishments are classified in industry categories based on the - .

1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as defined by the U.S. Office of

Management and Budget. Within an establishment, specific job categories are selected to

Tepresent broader major occupational groups such as professional specialty and technical .

occupations.

The cost levels are calculated with current employment weights each year. In contrast, the
ECI, which measures the change in employer costs for employee compensation, is calculated
with fixed employment counts from the 1980 Census to prevent employment shifts among
occupations and industries from influencing the changes. Therefore, year-to-year changes in the
cost levels will differ from those in the ECL

The March 1994 compensation cost levels were calculated with the March 1994 employment
counts from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics program benchmarked |
to the 1993 universe of all private nonfarm establishments. For private industry, in most cases, : i
the employment counts used were total employment estimates for 2-digit major industry groups i

“(such as primary metal manufacturing or food stores) as defined by the SIC system. (For the i
aerospace industries, employment estimates for 4-digit industries such as aircraft manufacturing
were used.) For state and local governments, the employment counts used ranged from those for



3 ‘23

Appendix. Employer costs per hour worked for components of compensation, and relative standard errors,’ by major industry and occupation categories,

March 1994
. Benefit costs
Industry or Occupation Total | Wages ,
Category Compen- d ; Suppie- Retirement eat - Other
. . ‘sation salaries Totat | Paid Leave| mental pay| insurance savings } benefits benefits?
. $18. $13.06 | $537 | $123 | $040] $i.38 | $073} siso}  so.04
T% Th M% 12% 2.9% 1.4% 1.8% 7%{| 17.4%
‘State and focal goverment workers : :
Cost per hour worked .. $2527 | $i7s7 | $7.71 $t.94 $20] $215 | $190] $1.49 $.03
RELELVE ERP seers 1.0% 1.0% 11% 16% 47% 14% 17% 1.6% | 11.5%
Private industry workers : . :
* Cost per hour worked .. sizos | $1214 | $494] $1.11 $44} $1.23 $52 | $1.60 $.04
Relative Error... 9% B% 1.1% 16% 3.0% 1.3% 7% B%| 19.4%
szoes | $i3s7 | $698 | $1.38 $71 $1.85 $85 | $2.08 $11
1.5% 1.4% 2.0% 22% 4.8% 2.7% 4.1% 15% | 28.3%
$ise2 ] sitse | s426 |] $1.02 $36 | $1.03 $.41 $1.44 $.02
11% 1.1% 1.3% 2.0% 32% 1.4% 3.8% 8% | 14.7%
s2072 | sias9 | s7os | siss| $72] $1.96 $.8t $1.87 $.12
1.6% 15% | 2.0% 22% 4.3% 29% 4.1% 1.8% | 30.9%
" 1619 | size | $4.43] $1.00 $2a] $1.06 $45 | $1.53 $.02
11% 1.0% 1.4% 2.0% 3.9% 1.4% 3.5% 9% | 181%
$2026 | $1472 | ssss] $1.46 $47 | $1.36 sso | $1.60 $.05
12% 12% 15% 2.0% 48% 1.6% 37% 9% | 31.2%
$16.92 | $17.31 $5.62 $37 $58 | $1.45 $.63.| $1.94 | -$.05
13% 11% 1.9% 21% 27% 2.7% 4.3% 1.3% | 17.0%
$28 | $633] $205 $.36 $.12 $47, $12 s98°} (3) °
12% 11% 23% 3.3% 6.1% | 5.2% 6.6% 14% | (3)

The relative error is the standard error expressed as‘a percent of the cost. We ‘severance pay and supplementat
can be 95-percent confident that the interval around the cost estimate bounded by” - 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or tess.
‘two times pius and two times minus the standard error contains the ‘true’ cost.

unemployment benefits.



Table 14. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY ESTABLISHMENT EMPLOYMENT SIZE: Employer costs per f hour worked tor employee compensation, and
costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1994

. Benefit costs
Industry and occupational group, . ,
and employment size | ‘Supple- Retrement aad, | Omer
Total | Paid teave | mental pay} insurance savings | benefits - benefits!
Cost per hour worked |
i
Al workers in private INGUSHY weremnesnceeesereerererernsereenssens| $17.08 $4.94 $0.44 | $1.23 $0.52 $08 * |
14.58 3.86 34 cc) 33 (?) i
19.45 597 54 y 70 07 |
15.88 451 40 112 AS “05 |
23.35 756 69 2.01 36 09 |
20.85 6.98 1.38" 71 1.85 8S Ba
18.17 557 83 ‘57 1.31 +59 03 i
22.26 7.72 1.68 7 244 98 15 i
18.35 5.85 115 57 1.57 63 A
26.11 9.56 219 37 2.70 132 cr)
Service-producing industries 4 1582 | 11.56 426 |. 1.02 36 .03 Al 1.44 " !
4-89 WOFKETS snare nnemenenenenene a0 | 1031 3.49 7 29 27 133 | (7) i
18.13 1299 5.15 1.30 43 1.27 56 1.56. x {
1480 | 10.88 392 3 33 92 a7 137 02
2194 | 1540 6.55 174 55 1.67 78 1.78 104
2026 | 14,72 5.54 1.46 AT 1.36 59 1.60 ‘
17.68 13.17 + 451 1.12 A2 1.09 40 VAT @ )
22.49 | 16.06 6.43 176 52 1.60 76 472 J
18.70 | 13.71 498 127 40 1.22 50 1.50 203
25.94 18.20 7.74 220 63 1.93 1.00 1.92 06
16.92, 1131 5.62 97 58 1.45 63 1.94 05
14.79 | 1037 442 65 ‘40. 1.04 At 191 02
18.94 | 12.19 6.75 128 75 1.84 84 1.96 08
15.82 | 10.72 5.10 0 55 131 56 176 |. (2)
2286 | 14.03 Bas 175 1.00 251 148 224 18
Percent of total compensation |
yoo0% | 711% | 289%] 6.5% 26%] 72%] 3.0% 94% | 02%
100.0 73.5 26.5 + 54 23; 62 | 23 102). (7)
100.0 693 307 73 28 80 36 a7 |. 3
100.0 16 284 62 25 | 70 28 95 3
500 workers or more... ———an| 100.0 676 924 at 3.0 86 41 82 4
Goods-producing industries 3 400.0 685 335 66 34 89 41 19.0. 5
1-89 workers eae eenenntnnenneee| 100.0 e393 | -307 48 32 72 32 123 2
100 WOFKETS OF MOTE eennenereennerenneneneneeeneneet 100.0 653 347 7S 35 26 44 9.0 7
100-499 workers a 100.0 68.1 31.9 63 31 85 35 “39 s
‘500 workers or more mneenenenecnsenmnensnreen| 100.07 634 366 84 37 103 SA a4 7 |
. 100.0 73.4 269 64 22 |. 65 26 “at ae
100.0 747 25.3 56 24 59 20 97 (7)
100.0 18 284 “72 24 70 ar as
100.0 735 26.5 62 22 62 25 92] 4
100.0 702 238 79 25 76 36 at 2
100.0 727 72 23 67 “29 79 2
100.0 45 63 24 62 22 83 ey
100. 714 7.8 23 ral 34 76 3
100.0 73.3 68 241 65 27 8.0 5 i
100.0 702 85 24 78 3.8 74 2 :
100.0 668 32 57 a4 86 a7 W4 3 |
100.0 70.4 29.9 44 27 7.0 27 129 A
100.0 64.4 356 67 40 97 44 10.4 4
100.0 678 322 57 35 83 35. WA (2)
100.0 614 sas 7 44 11.0 52 97 7 8
3 includes severance pay and supplemental Unemployment benefits. * includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and
2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. . retail trade; finance, insurance, and reai estate; and service industries.

bd Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

|
|
|
|
|
|
j
|
}


10 . .
Table 6. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: ‘Employer costs per hour worked for
employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1994 .
|
7 i
All workers in i
Compensation ; private Industy White-cotiar Blue-collar - Service.
component i
Cost Percent Cost .| Percent Cost Percent: | Cost Percent . |
Total COMpENSALION even annnennnne| $17.08 | 100.0% | $20.26 | 100.0% | $1692 | 100.0% | $838 | . 100.0%
Wages and Salafies eemeeerenernnenennn| 12.16 | > 71.4 1472 | 727 11.31 66.8 6.33 758
Tota! DENEAES crenennnenenerenennnnenes| — 4,96 28.9 554 | 273 5.62 33.2 2.05 24.5
PAID NCAVE cavenreecennerrrsneennneenemsenee]| ATT 65 146 72 7 87 36 43
5 32 70 34 St 3.0 17 20
38 22 49 24 35 24 412 14
14 8 2 10 08 6
05 3 7 3 04 2 ) ()
44 26 47 23 58 34 - 12 14
19 11 40 Ss 39 23 06 7
20 12 31 18 12 7 02 3
06 3 05 3 07 4 03 4
123 72 1.36 67 14s | “86 47 56
05 3 08 3 05 3a @) )
veneer 1.14 67 125 62 1.35 80 45 84
Sickness and accident insurance 05 3 06 3 4 3 Oy P
"Retirement and savings Leeneene 52 3.0 59 29 $3 37 12 14
nee Al 2.4 a4 22 54 32 40 12
— at 6 15 & 09 5 C) «)
+ 1.60 9.4 1.60 79 194 | 11.4 28 117 {
1.02 59 1.20 5.9 98 5.8 56 67 |
03 2 03 2 03 2 04 4
213 7 12 6 15 3 09 441 \
At 24 24 12 74 44 29 34
4 2 05 2 05 3 “) a)
+ Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or ess. ‘benefits in addition to those shown.

2 Includes. ralfoad retirement ‘and ‘and. supplemental retirement, ~naee seve Dey and meviomeet eremloment
faliroad unemployment , insurance, and other ‘legally required benefits.



7

able 3. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour
worked for employee compensation, and costs as ‘a percent of total compensation, March 1994

“ All workers in State and x .
Compensation local governments White-collar occupations Service occupations | Service industries
; Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent’
$25.27 100.0% $28.60 100.0% $17.71 100.0% $26.94 100.0%
- 1757 69.5 20.38 712 11.25 63.6 19.25 18
zal 305 . 822 238 645, 364 7.69, 288
1.94 17 2.05 72 1.66 94 1.80 67
65 26 61 24 70 40 48 18
62 25 87 23 ‘St 29 59 22
50 20 7 20 33 1 54 20 “
A7 7 20 a YW 6 19 7 .
20 8 “12 4 39 22 4 s
WW 4 04 a 21 12 05 2 |
05 2 03 a a 6 04 2 |
05 2 05 2 ‘07 4 104 2
215 35 23t at 1.73 98 224 83
05 2 05 2 04 2 05 2
2.06 a2 | 222 17 1.67 94 2.16 8.0
m4 a 04 a 02 a 04 a
1.90 75 au 74 1.53 86 1.97 73
1.88 74 2.09 73, 1.52 86 1.96 73
‘02 1 02 a Ce) Cy 02 a
1.49 $9 1.60 56 1.12 63 1.50 56
112 44 128 45 7 40 1.20 45 |
¢) «) ) ©) ©) C) ©) ©
05 2 2 04
3 12 27 2 36 2a 25 3 \
Other benefits? ane 83 a 03 a 02 a 03 1

. 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or ass. those shown.
2 includes rafiroad retirement and supplemental retirement, railroad S inciudes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits.
Unemployment Insurance, and-other legally required benefits in addition to



‘able 2. CIVILIAN WORKERS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, by

accupational and industry group, March 1994

~ Benefit costs
Total | Wages
Series compen | and s Retirement! Legal
: sation | salafes | roi | paidieave|mentiipay| Insurance | _ 28 oy reed ores
savings | benefits | benefits
‘Cost per hour worked
SHAN WOIKETS esnennttenrnennnnnnennnnnnnnmnnnnen| $1843 | $1306 | $537 | $123 | so4o | $t38 | $073 | siso | $0.04
Occupational group |
‘White-collar’ seeeneennnte - 21.86 18.85 601 185 38 1.55 - 88 1.60 04
Professional specialty and technical vewnenecnen 2915 | 21.37 177 1.94 37 1.99 1.46 1.96 ‘04
i 3023 | 22.30 7.93 1.93 35 203 |. 1.58 4.99 04
27.46 19.80 7.66 204 1.08 151 80 220 ‘02
30.71 23.31 7.40 1.39 03 2.13 137 1.84 03"
enrnereenentnenn 24.13 17.07 7.06 202 47 1.82 st 1e2 03
Exeautve administrative, and managerial orem 3128 | 22.44 B84 269 a1 1.84 121 226 4
Administrative support including ‘clerical .. 14,90 10.41 449 1.43 26 1.41 St 1.17 02
Biue-collar occupations... 17.09 11.38 $70 | 4.02 a7 1.48 $7 1.91 05
10.00 7.18 | | 282 58 16 70 a7 4.00 (7)
industry group :
‘Services - 19.68 14.39 529 2B 1.49
Health Se0ViC8S sansienrenreneensneenernnnnnemennenee| 19.29 13.64 5.66 57 1.53
Hospitals 20.57 14.37 620 60 1.58
Educational services " wwe 25,62 18.87 675 162 157
Elementary and secondary education 25.52 18.80 672 1.65 1.52
Higher education sennreonmeeinnee 28.14 | 20.60 7.54 1.83 12
100.0% | 70.9% | 29.1% 6.7% 22% 75% 4.0% 8.6% 02%
100.0 725 275 vA 18 7A 40 73 2
100.0 733 287 67 13 68 50 -| 67 a
100.0 738 262 64 12 67 52 66 a
100.0 72.4 273 74 39 55 29 8.0 a
100.0 759 241 45 a 63 64 60 A
100.0 707 293 84 19 75° 38 78 +
Executive, administrative, and managerial 100.0 717 283 86 23 53 39 72 4
Administrative support including ClerICal nanan] 100.0 69.9 30.4 78 7 95 34 79 a
‘Blue-coltar occupations neertmnrtnenerseeerenese| 100.0 66.6 33.4 6.0 33 87 “38 2 3
Service occupations... ennenmene| 100.0 71.8 28.2 58 16 70 37 10.0 (?)
” Industry group
Sarvices 100.0 73.4 26.9 65 13 7A 43 78 a
Health $00ViC0S ween eee] 100.0 707 293 ai 28 7s 29 739 4
Hospitals | 100.0 698 | -s02.] as 3.0 79 29 77 a
Educational services | 100.0 737 26.3 59 2 77 63 61 a
Blementary and secondary education vam 100.0 737 26.3 55 “2 a2 65 6.0 a
Higher education 100.0 732 26.8 68 4 79 65 61. (7)

1 Includes severance pay and suppiemental unemployment benefits.
2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less.



19

* Table 15. PRIVATE INDUSTRY HEALTH SERVICES BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: Employer costs Per hour worked for employee
compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1994 . - . .

Benefit costs
. * Totat Wages
, © | "Seton" | saaas Toa | paid leave ment pay} insurance oe vores bene!
bay savings | benefits
Cost per hour worked
Health services eee eeeeeees| $18.01 $13.06 $4.94 $1.31 $0.46 $1.23 $0.43 $1.51 (?)
Professional spaciatty and technical occupations | 24.95 18.28 6.67 1.86" 7” 1.43 57 2.02 $.02
Professional OCCuUpaHONS 1 aewinrereennenernnnnneeene| + 28.39 -] 20.86 7.53 218 ” 155 64 222 03
Nurses 2721 19.66 755 201 1.09 152 | * 67 226 02
Technical OCCUpaYONS ena cnceneeesennnensenvnen 18.96 13.78 5.18 1.29 51 122 A 1.68 (2)
‘ includit i 13.90 9.76 414 99 28 1.34 46 108° | (2)
10.81 7.76 3.05 87 25 84 19 1.08 ()
Hospitals . 20.85 14.57 6.08 4.66 65 1.65 Av 1.63 02
Professional specialty and technical occupations 25.08 17.92 7.46 2.00 95 1.64 55 2.00 02
Professional OCCUPAUONS cecseimnensnnereennsnennnn neon] 27.25 1986 7.59 2.44 1.05 1.62 59 2.18 02
Nurses 277 19.95 7e2 | . 21 124 1.62 60 223 02
Technical OCCUPALIONS en eneerinnenteennnnenenne| 19.15 13.18 5.97 1.62 63 1.67 43 1.55 02
‘Administrative support including clerical occupations —...] 14.82 10.13 469 119 29 167 39 1.14 02
SONIC OCCUPAHONS a eeeenresnnesecnnnnteeneemnennnenee] 18.14 8.80 433 |" 97 39 1.59 29 1.07 02
11.06 8.15 291 66 23 s7 1.34 (2)
iatty and 17.41 12.96 445 1.10 43 +63 212 (?)
Professional occupati 19.50 14.86 4.66 124 3g 59 226 (2)
Technical occupations 1.2... 15.68 11.38 4.29 98 AB 66 2.03 (7) |
Servic i 8.87 645 241 49 19 53 1.12 (?) |
: Percent of total compensation
Hetith 2070088 veneer] 100.0% | 725%] o7se| 72%) ose] eat 24% | s4m] (2)
Protessional specialty and technical occupations | 100.0 733 267 74 34 57 23 at 1%
Professional OCCUpAHONS eevee eennnnneneenenne} 100.0 735 26.5 7 32 55 23 78 a
Nurses 100.0 72.3 27.7 74 40 56 24, 82 a
Technical OCCUPELIONS eceannenennieene enone} 1000 | 727 273 68 27 64 24 89 {?)
‘Administrative support including clerical occupations. 100.0 702° | 298 TA 19 96 a3 78 () i
Service eseeeeenntssnneneneeennenssss! 100.0 71.8 282 62 23 77 WW 10.1 (2)
. i 100.0 70.6 294, 8.0 32 80 23 79 a
Speciaity and technical occupations | 100.0 715 28.5 380 38 65 |. 80 a
Protessional: errno] 100.0 721 279 739 38 60 22 79° a
Nurses a ~ ~ 100.0 718 +282 76 45 59 22 60 4
Technical anne} 100.9 68.8 312 as 36 87 22 84 1
‘Administrative support including clerical occupations | 100.0 68.4 31.6 8.0 20 2 26. wT A
Service : cereermennnine| 100.0 67.0 33.0 74 30 121 22 a1 2
Nursing Homes nnn nee | 100.0 737 263 6.0 24 sa ) 124 (2). *
| ‘Specialty and technical occupations | 100.0 744 25.6 63 25 35 9 122 (?)
Professional occupations | 400.0, 762 238 64 20 3.0 a] 15 (2)
‘Technical occupations, a * 100.0 726 274 63 3.0 42 1.0 129 @)
‘Service occupations eee} © 10020 72.8 27.2 55 22 59 9 127 (7)
Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits,
2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less.



|.  ¢able §. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY SROAD INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and
, costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1994 .. .

“ ” All workers in ~ a nutact. lonmanutacturi
‘Goods-producing' Service-producing? Mat Ne
' Compensation private industry inh me
‘component . :
: : Cost | Percent | Cost_ | Percent | Cost | Percent | Cost | Percent | cost | Percent
Total COMPERSABON meevmnenemnennnnneenee| $17.08 | 100.0% | $20.85 | 100.0%} $15.82 | 100.0% | $20.72 | 100.0% | ‘stare | 100.0%
= Wages and salaries nenennnnsnnennen| 12.14 TA 1387 | 685 11.56 73.4 13.69 66.1 11.76 72.6
4.94 28.9 6.98 335 4.26 26.9 7.03 33.9 443 | ora
1A ‘es | 7 138 66 1.02 64 1.55 75 1.00 62
: 32 72 as 48 34 279 38 48 3.0
38 22 50 24 34 22 57 27 3 2a
14 8 a 5 “15 3 13 6 14 3
05 3 05 3 05 3 06 3 o | 3
Ah 26 ” 34 36 22° wz] 35 38 23
19 14 40 19 12 7 40 19 14 8
20 12 23 ww “19 12 22 1 19 12 |
06 3 08 4 05 3 10 s 04 3
123 72 1.85 89 4.03 65 1.96 95 106 65 /
05 3 07 04 2 08 4 04 2
1.14 67 1.70 at 95 6.0 1.79 as 98 60 |
05 3 08 4 04 2 09 4 04 “2 |
52 3.0 as 44 At 26 81. 39 45 “2.8
“I 24 68 33 32 20 63 a4 a5 22 i
at 6 17 8 09 | 6 17 8 09 6 |
1.60 94 2.08 10.0 1.44 94 1.87 90 1.53 95 i
1.02 59 1.20 58 95 69 1.20 58 7 69
o | 2 03 a 03 2 03 4 03 2 i
State unemployment insurance... 213 7 Az aro own 7 16 8 12 7
Workers’ COMPENSATION ooeenemaneneeenee At 24 68 32 32 20 * 48 23 39 24 |
Otherbenefitss | oe fk nM 8 02 a 12 6 02 1

1 Includes mining, constuction, and manufacturing unemployment insurance, and other legally required benefits in addition to those
2 Includes transportation, communication, and shown. .

fatal trade; finance, insurance, and rea! estate; and service industries. * Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits.
8 rallroad retirement and supplemental -



4 . United States . : <
News
_ . y of Labor . >

- * Office of.information Washington, D.C. 20210 .
Technical contact: tee USDL: 94-290 ~-
Brenda Rogers (202) 606-6199 _ :
Media contact: . . FOR RELEASE: 10:00 AM.EDT -
Kathryn Hoyle (202) 606-5902 ; Thursday, June 16, 1994..:. 9). =

EMPLOYER COSTS FOR EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION - MARCH 1994

Employer costs for employee compensation in the United States (private industry and state.
and local governments) averaged $18.43 per hour worked in March 1994, the U.S. Department
of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics teported today. Straight-time wages and salaries (70.9

percent of the costs) averaged $13.06 an hour, and benefit costs (the remaining 29.1-percent)
averaged $5.37. - : : . . : .

Legally required benefits (¢.g., social security, workers’ compensation, unemployment:
insurance) averaged $1.59 per hour worked--the largest cost to employers among the benefit
categories. Legally required benefits accounted for 8.6 percent of total compensation costs and
nearly one-third of all benefit costs. (See table 1.)

Other important benefit Categories and their average costs per hour worked were: Insurance
($1.38), paid leave ($1.23), retirement and savings (73 cents), and supplemental pay (40 cents),
which includes premium pay for overtime, shift pay, nonproduction bonuses, and lump-sum
payments provided in lieu of wage increases. . ‘

Private indus met

‘In private industry, March 1994 loyer compensation costs averaged $17.08 perhour -
worked, straight-time wages and salaries, $12 14 per hour, and benefit costs, $4.94 per hour.
(See table 5.) Compensation costs varied widely by industry and occupational group, union
Status, part-time and full-time status, establishment employment size, and geographic region.
Highlights for private industry follow: - | * _ . : —_

Compensation costs averaged more for workers in goods-producing industries ($20.85 per
hour worked) than for those eres pose industries ($15.82). (See table 10.) In goods- ©

This release presents, for the first time, Compensation costs by occupational category in
Private industry health services. (See table 15.) Also, wherever feasible, data are now shown
separately for professional specialty and for technical occupations. In addition, table 9
Provides information on compensation costs for full-time and part-time workers in private
industry; March 1993 data for those two groups of workers are examined in an article in the
June 1994 issue of the BLS publication. i i itions.



Table 8. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY ESTABLISHMENT EMPLOYMENT SIZE: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation,
and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1994

All workers in 1-99
privata industry workers 100 workers or more
co «
component Total ee 500 workers or more
Cost Percent Cost Percent

Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent

Total COMPENSAHON vennnninnne—-| $17.08 | 100.0% | st4se | 100.0%} si94s | too0% | sises | 100.0% | s2a25 | 100.0%
Wages and Salariss veninsniemnnenenenr} 1244 | 714 10.72 73.5 13.48 69.3 4187, | 71.6 18:79 676
Tota! BENEMS sanrremnenneene 44 | 209 3.86 26.5 8.97 30.7 451 28.4 756 | 224
PAID LOA cee eee 11 65 78 54 1.42 73 35 62 1.89 84
‘Vacations ... 54 32 37 26 70 36 4? 3.0 95- 41
38 22 28 tg 48 25 35 22 62 27
14 8 10 7 +17 2 42 8 23 10
05 3 03 2 a7 3 05 3 08 4
a 26 34 23 34 28 40 25 69 3.0
ag 1 13 3 24 13 20 13 23 12
06 3 C) C) 210 3 08 3 15 6
20 12 20 14 20 10 16 3 25 11
123 72 90 62 1.55 80 1.42 79 201 86
05 3 03 2 06 3 04 3 08 3
1.14 67 4 87 1.42 73 1.03 65 1.84 73
3 03 2 or 3 04 3 208 4
52 30 33 23 70 36 45 28 98 4
PENSIONS nsevemennennterscnnntnnenen 41 24 _ 19 4 28 34 24 76, 32
Savings and thrift — an 6 08 4 16 ‘8 at 7 21 ae)
Legally requirad benefits? _. 1.60 94 1.49 10.2 1.70 a7 1.50 9.5 1.91 82
‘Social Securtty a neesmnen “| 1.02 59 90 61 1.13 5B 34 59 1.33 87
Federal unemployment «-nnnenernnmm| 03 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 03 a
State unemployment seers] 13. 7 13 3 12 6 3 8: 12 5
Workers’ COMPENSALION senna At 24 43 30 38 20. 39 25 a7 16
Other benefits? 4 2 @) 0) 7 3 5 . 3 09 ad

1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. .
retirement and supplemental retirement, railroad
unemployment insurance, and other fegally required benefits in addition to thase

2 Includes railroad

3 includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits.



n,

able 7. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY REGION AND BARGAINING STATUS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs
“48 a percent of total compensation, March 1994 . .

: Region * Bargaining status
. Compensation Northeast South Midwest West” Union Nonunion
Cost_| Percent | Cost_| Percent | Cost | Percent | Cost | Percent | Cost | Parcent | Cost | Percent
Total COMPESAHON wemennenennnenen| $20.03 | 100.0%| $18.05 | 100.0%] $16.26 | 1000%| $18.08 | -1000%] szazs | to0.0%| 16.04 | 100.0%
Wages and salaries nnnranee 14.13 | 705 | 1088 | 721 -| 11.94 1301 | 720 | 1476 | 634 | 11.70} 729
Total DENCTIS —aneernnnnnennne| 5.90 | 295 420 | 279 431 5.06 | 280 ast. | 366 434 | 274
ee 1.43 cAI a 63 1.03 64 1,12 6:2 1.66" Pal . 102 1 63
Vacation pay ensnemennomm 8] 34 46 a1 2] 32 55 30 90 | 39 48} 30
49 | 24 a2 f 24 sé] 22 38 24 53} 23 36] 22
19 3 412 & W 7 AS & 16 7 14 B
07 4 04 3 04 3 04 2] 08 3 04 3
53 26 36 24 46 28 AB 25 75 32 39 24
ag a 7 AT Ww 21 13 19 wot 50 24 14 &
28 4 15 1.0 19 12 21 ww Shi 5 21 13
06 3 04 3 08 4 06 3 14 6 04 3
148] 74 1.04 129] 79 18 65 246 | 106 103 | 64
06 3 04 05 3 04 2 08 3 04 3
137 | 69 95 119 | 73 4.10 61 228 98 4] 89
08 3 05 05 3 04 2 10 4 04 2 /
61 30 421 28 Ss] 34 52 29 4.23 5.3 40] 25
49} 25 a2} 22 46] 28 as] 24 42} 48 23 18
12 6 10 7 09 6 13 7 o12 5 a 7
13] 91] 142] 94 153} 94 wz | 95 29 | 14a] 92
116 | 58 St 6.0 37 | 59 108 | 60 55 a7 |. 61
2 03 2 03 2 103 2 1 03 2
18 3 09 6 12 8 13 7 7 12 7
a2] 24 3a] 25 38] 23 43 | 27 32 35) 22
Other benefits? 03 a 02 a 06 3. 07 4 a 5. 3 2 |
Includes railroad retirement and sup; supplemental retirement, rallroad. unemployment 2 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits.

‘surance, and oterogay required benef in adcon to hase shown.



Table 4. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total
compensation, by occupational and Industry group, March 1994 aoe mo .

Benefit costs
Total Wages
Series compen- and . Retirement |
sation salaries im Supple and required | | Other
Total | Paidteave |rientalpay| insurance | 20. | f20UHEd | genetast
Cost per hour worked

State and local goverment WOLKETS .evreseesessseenneeneesmee| $25.27 $17.57 $7.71 $1.94 $0.20 $2.15 $1.90 $1.49 $0.03”

Occupational group :
IF OCCUPATIONS .reresetemees > 28.60 20.38 8.22 2.05 AZ 2.31 “ent 1.60 + 03.
Professional specialty and technical 34.04 24.90 9.15 2.03 13 252 260 1.83 04
Professional ._..... imevemene] 35.31 25.93 9.38 2.04 10 2.60 2.72 1.88 05
37.22 27.77 9.45 178 04 272 297 1.90 04.
Executive, administrative, and managerial 31.81 22.04 977 3.19 15 220 237 1.85 02
Administrative support including clerical a -wnniunn 16.40 10.53 558 1.50 03 1.94 1.01 4.02 )
Blue-collar OCCUPATIONS. aneneendmneneren 19.42 12.49 6.93 1.78 36 1.94 134 149 02 |
wt 11.25 645 1.66 39 1.73 4.53 4.12 02
26.94 19.25 7.69 1.80 14 2.24 197 1.50 03
20.03 13.37 6.65 2.05 52 1.60 1.08 4.29 02
20.28 13.64 6.64 2.08 50 | 156 407 441 02
28.60 20.67 7.83 175 o7 | 237 217 1.54 03 |
28.78 20.82 7.96 1.65 05 248 223 1.51 05 |
28.94 20.91 8.03 2.03 13 2A5 207 1.65 (7) i
22.41 14.47 7.64 219 29 1.90 1.86 1.37 02

Percent of total compensation:

State and local goverment WOIKEIS seomeinucnnennnnnenens} 100.0% | 69.5% | 30.5% 77% 0.8% 8.5% 75%} 59% 0.1%
‘ecupational group
White-collar OCCUpaHONS cnceseneneenneenenerneneeneenee] 100.0 712 288 72 4 et 74 56 a |
Professional specialty and technical 100.9 73.4 26.9 60 4 TA 78 54 a :
PHOLESSIONAN caeenrenseteentennrnrnerenrnonenennncnaren| 100.0 734 266 | 58 3 74 TT 53 a
Teachers _ 100.0 746 25.4 48. at 73 80 51 a
administrative, and managerial | 100.0 69.3 307 |. 100 5 69 74 58 <a i
Administrative support Including clerical ... 100.0 65.4 36.6 93 5 121 63 63. (7)
‘Blue-collar occupations ........ en Be (3X) 64.3 387 92 19 10.0 69 7 A |
Sarvies occupations ...... 100.0 636 364 94 22 9.8 86 63 a
rdustry group.” . .
Services 100.0 “| 71.5 28.5 67 5 83 73 56 a,
_ Health services ————| 100.0 668 93.2 102 26 8.0 54 70 a
100.9 673 927 102 25 77 53 70 a
Educational SEIVICES wececteenene nee} 100.0 723 a7 64 2 83 78 54 a
Elementary and secondary cenneemenennnse| 100.0 724 276 57 2 86 7.8 53
Higher education annem} 100.0 723 277 70 4 14 7 87 (?) '
100.0 655 348 99 13 86 84 62

Public administration ....

} Inctudes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits.
?. Gost per hour worked is $0.01 or less.



‘2 1.

3-digit industries such as hospitals to those for major industry divisions, such as public
administration. :

The employment data from these 2-digit, 3-digit, or 4-digit industries were distributed to
major occupational groups (such as executives, administrators, and managers or machine
operators, assemblers, and inspectors), using the relative importance of the groups as estimated
by the ECI sample. Because the ECI establishment sample is completely replaced, industry by
industry, on a 4-year cycle, the major occupational group employment counts from the ECI are,
on average, 2 to 3 years old. However, comparisons of cost level estimates showed that
differences of a few years in the age of the occupation data within industries have a negligible
impact on the estimates. :

More information on the cost levels, including how the costs are calciilated, appears in the
article “Analyzing employers’ costs for wages, salaries, and benefits" in the October 1987 issue
of the Monthly Labor Review. The published cost levels for March 1987 also appearin that
article. .° : .

An annual bulletin is issued from the ECI program. The most recent bulletin, Employment
Cost Indexes and Levels--1975-93 (Bulletin 2434), provides complete historical data on ECI
indexes and levels, and measures of the precision of the two series through June 1993. It also
includes an explanation of survey methods and discussion of the published information: ‘The
next annual bulletin, to be issued later this year, will include this material as well as complete

“historical ECI data and measures of precision through June 1994.

ani E
Because the data are based on a sample survey, the compensation cost estimates probably
differ from the figures that would be obtained from all units covered by the survey. To
determine the precision of each cost level estimate, a standard error was calculated.

" ‘The standard error defines a range (confidence interval) around the cost estimate. The ~
‘ apptoximate 95-percent confidence interval is the estimate plus or minus twice the standard

. emror. The standard error can also be expressed as a percent of the cost estimate, or the relative. ©

standard error. For example, the 95-percent confidence interval for a cost estimate of $10 with a
Telative’standard’error of 1.0 percent would be $10.00 plus or minus 2.0 percent (2 times 1.0
percent) or $9.80 to $10.20.. We can be 95 percent confident that the "true" cost falls within the
confidence interval. : co .

The relative standard error is shown with the cost estimates for some series in the appendix.
Relative standard errors for all published estimates are available upon request. They also will
appear in the 1994 ECT annual bulletin to be published later this year. A fuller explanation of the

relative standard errors is provided in the article “Analyzing employers’ costs for wages, salaries, ©

and benefits" in the October 1987 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.



. . Lo .. 4
Relative importance of employer costs for employee. compensation,
private industry and state and local government, March 1994

Private industry

Legally required
benefits
(9.4 percent)

"Wages and salarie:
. TIA

Insurance
(7.2 percent)

(6.5 percent)

Retirement and savings
(8.0 percent)
Supplemental pay
(2.6 percent)

State and local government

Legally. required
benefits
(5.9 percent)

Wages and salaries

69.5% Insurance

B (8.5 percent)

Paid leave
(7.7 percent)

Retirement and savings

(7.5 percent) —

Supplemental pay .
(0.8 percent)



15

Table 11. PRIVATE GOODS-PRODUCING AND SERVICE-PRODUCING INDUSTRIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee _
_, compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1994 . .

Benafit costs
. Total ‘Wages
salon salaries Totat Suppie~ eta . red |, Other |
‘otal Paid leave } mental pay| Insurance savings | benefits -benefits
. . Cost per hour worked
All workers, goods-producing Industries? csneun-. $2oe5 | $1367 | se9s'| suse | so71 | stes | soss | s208 | so11
1 060 ns 26.29 18.32 798 216 62 2.08 90 2.04 17
20.75 9.48 268 75 244 129 2.24 09
23.06 | 1022 295 * 84 252 1.43 238 or
16.25 8.04 246 57 229 1.00 1.95 + 06
(26.52 10.81 3.20 73 2.32 1A7 2.84. 50
11.03 520 WIS At 173 49 1.37 03
12.14 6.62 1,08 75 177 83 212 08 :
15.51 818 131 84 204 1:13 277 08
- 10.75 622 4.12 7a |. 180 70 171 a
12.04 677 1.01 76 17 92, 223 08
9.04 455 58 47 118 52 177 03
‘Service occupations nner 15.47 10.36 5.11 a7 42 1.48 68 1.52 7
All workers, service-producing industries? | 15.82 | 11.56 426 102 | 36 1.03 A 1.44 02
1926 | 14.13 514 | > 1.35 45 124 54 1.53 03
27.13 | 20.01 742 1.99 58 1.59 84 2.09 04
2048 | 21.09 7.40 2.05" 84 1.60 88 2.18 05
23.87 17.41 6.46 1.82 AS 1.57 73 1.87 02 |
2926 | 21.29 787 2.40 86 1.59 89 217 “06
13.44 10.29 318 62 35 72 26] 119 (4) |
14.38 10.25 4.13 1.03 26 1.25 Al 1.16 (4) |
14.70 10.30 4.40 a 38 1.07 38 1.72 (4)
19.10 13.44 5.65 1.28 1 137 45 2.04 (4)
16.38 WAS 5.23 90 38 123 SE} 244 (4)
11.01 78S 3.16 52 28 79 27 1.31 (4 ) |
‘Service occupations e2t 623 1.97 4 4 45 10 a | (4)
. Percent of total compensation i
“All workers, goods-producing Industries?.._..___.| 100% | 665% | sas 66% } "3.4% 89% 41% | 100%]. 05%
Wittte-collar OCCUpBHONS neces] 190.0 e7 | 303 82 24 | 79° 34 78 2°
Professional specialty end technical 100.0 686 314 as 25 Bt 43 74 3 i
Protessic * 100.0 69.3 307 89 25 76 43 72 3 H
‘echnical 100.0 66.9 834 a9 24 94 4a 80 3
Executive, administrative, managerial 100.0 71.0" | 29.0 86 24 62 SA 78 13
‘Administrative support including clerical... “100.0 68.0 220 vA 27 107 3.0 84 2 :
Biue-cotlar occupations 100.0 64.7 353 57 40 94 44 13 4 |
: ‘production, craft, and repair 100.0 655 45 55 se | es | 48 7 4 |
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors | 100.0 63 36.7 66 | . 46 106 ar" 10.4 “Ss
Transportation and material moving ....] 100.0 64.0 36.0 $4 40 94 49 19 4
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers —) 100.0 665 33.5 42° 34 a7 39 13.0 2
‘Service occupations ———} 100.0 67.0 33.0 63 27 9.4 44 98 5 !
All. workers, service-producing industries? 0m} 100.0 73.1 26.9 64 |. 22 65 26 Ex a |
White-collar CCCupations een eenesneenennenssueenneeae| 100.0 733 26.7 7.0 23 65 28 | 79 A
Professional specialty and technical ..-----.| 100.0 738 262 73 21 59 34 7 La
- Professional eeennintiemnrnneeeneen} 100.0 74.0 26.0 72 22 56 34 78 2
Technical 100.0 729 24 7s 19 66 3.0 78 4
Executive, administrative, MANAQEFA .neerererrnnnemnene| 100.0 72.8 272 B2 29 54 3.0 74 2
SMCS WOES naar errno} 100.0 766 23.4 46 26 54 19 89 (4)
Administrative support including enn] 100.0 13 28.7 72 1B a7 28 at “4 |
Bhve-collar occupations nee] 100.0 70.1 29.9 57 26 |- 73 26 W7 (4)
Precision production, craft, and FOPAIE neeneeereeeereminneee| 100.0 70.3 29.7 67 26 72 24 10.7 q ) i
‘Transportation and material MOVING cevveneeconnneenen} 100.0 68.1 31.9 55 23 75. 34 13.1 199]
Handlers, équipment cleaners, heipers, and laborers —....| 100.0 71.3 28.7 47 25 Al 24 . 11.9 (*)
‘Service occupations ———| 100.0 759 244 42 13 54 12 118 “ty
1 . se
inckxdes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries.
2 includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 of fess.

* Includes transportation, communication, and public utlities: wholesale and


w7

Table 13. PRIVATE INDUSTRY UNION AND NONUNION WORKERS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs
‘88 & percent of total compensation, March 1994 . 7 .

. . . : Benefit costs
wo Total | Wages . -
Series compen- | and : Retirement] Legally
sation | salaries Suppie- and wired | , Other
- Total | Paid leave | mental pay] insurance savings tenets. | benefits!
Cost per hour worked :

All unton workers, private industry ....... size | sast | sies | sozs | szas | st2a | g290 | sort
Biue-collar occupations —— 14.84 935 1.63 22 265 142 2.59 14
Goods producing industries a erennerenrennerenenmne| - 25.19 | 15.22 998 1.62 101./ 280 160 | 266 20
Service producing industiies wo cmecneeeee| 2150. ] 14.34 7A7 tes |. st 2.06 30 | 199 es
Ma MUtactsring enesaseeeceseecneeseeceeersenseeee 23.68 14.10 9.58 1.80 1.10 2.88 133° 225 22
Blue-coltar occupations «wn-esnen 2377 | 1405 972 1180 41313 283 135 228 23
Nonmanutacturing a... 2 2301 | 15.15 7.86 157 54 221 118 233 |. 04
All nonunion Workers, private industry 16.04 11.70 4.34 1.02 39 1.03 40 1.48 03

Blue-collar Occupations Anan 13.74 976 3.98 68 43 92 28 res | (2)
13.36 S84 . 129 59 1.45" 56 187 |. 8
11.25 394 4 ws ch) 35 7 138 02
13.54 6.06 1.45 57 1.61 61 1.73 08

10.13 478 ‘89 60 125 at ts7 | (2)

11.33 400 33 38 mI 38 1.43
Percent of total compensation

63.4% 36.8% TA% 32% 10.6% 5.3% 99% 0.5%

613 | 337 67 3.8 11.0 59 10.7 6

Goods-producing IndUStHi6S .aeeinnenenenennrnennnnes| 100.0 60.4 39.6 64 49 115 63 105 a
Service-producing industries os nnneneennn| 100.0 667 33.3 78 23 96 42 92 a /
MaNUEECRUTING aeeensenssersesessteesceenetteinneennenseenenenes| 100.0 59:5 405 76 46 122 56 95 3 |
Biue-collar OCCUPATIONS eee eeseemeeneneenennnneen} 100.0 $9.1 40.9 76 48 123 57. 9.6 10 i
2 inten} 100.0 658 42 68 23 96 5.1 =} 10.1 “2 |

All nonunion workers, private INGUStTY —enneennennenes| 100.0 729 274 63 24 [. 64 |. 25. 92. f: 12

Blue-Collar Occupations ae nenennnemnennnnnn| 100.0 10 23.0 50 34 67 20 120 (7)
Goods-producing industtés eee | 100.0 696 sos | Gz 3.4 78 29 | 977 4 i
Service-pr industries | 100.0 744 25.9 62 22 60 23 at oye oa |
MAUEECIT NG ees 100.9 69.1 30.9 74 29 82 34 as. 4 :
Biue-collar occupations 108.6 682 318° 69 49 84 28 106 (7) |
Nonmanufacturing a eeetere rennet 100.0 739 26.1 61 23 59 23 “93 a |

: : . |
} Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. + . . :
? Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less.



3

Among work activities, average compensation costs were higher per hour worked in services
(e.g., health and educational services) than in public administration ($26.94 and $22.11,
respectively). Those two categori¢s account for most state and local government employment.

Compensation costs in state ‘and local governments averaged more for white-collar
-_ occupations ($28.60) than for blue-collar ($19.42) and service occupations ($17.71). Service
occupations include police and firefighters, as well as janitors, cooks, and nursing aides.

The relative importance of March 1994 employer costs for employee benefits also varied
among occupational categories. Benefits accounted for 28.8 percent of compensation costs for
white-collar occupations, compared with 35.7 percent for blue-collar and 36.4 percent for service
occupations. : . . .

Notes

Aggregate compensation cost levels in state and local governments should not be compared
directly with those in private industry. Differences between the two sectors stem from a number
of factors, particularly the variation in work activities and occupational structures. :
Manufacturing and sales, for example, make up a large part of private industry work activities
but are rarely found in state and local governments. White-collar occupations account for two-
thirds of the state and local government workforce (largely professional occupations including
teachers), compared with one-half in private industry.

Differences in compensation cost levels for private industry and state and local governments
are reduced as comparisons move from broad worker categories (such as white-collar workers)
to more specific occupational groups (such as administrative support including clerical).

. Occupational categories in some cases contain a substantially different mix of occupations in
Private industry than in state and local governments. Service occupations in state and local
governments (including police and firefighters) had compensation.costs that averaged nearly
twice as much as those in private industry (where accupations such as waiters and waitresses,
cooks, bartenders, arid janitors were prevalent)-$17.71 an hour compared with:$8.38. .

An article examining in more detail differences in compensation levels between private
. industry and state and local govemments, “Cost of Employee Compensation in Public and
Private Sectors,” was in the May 1993 issue of the BLS 1 iblication, Monthly Labor Review.

The March 1994 levels. of employer costs for employee compensation shown in this release
were calculated using March 1994 employment patterns. Therefore, changes in cost levels over
time reflect both changing rates of compensation and changes in relative employment among
occupations and industries with different rates of compensation. .

A measure of the change in rates of compensation that is not influenced by employment shifts
among occupations and industries is provided by the Employment Cost Index (ECD, which is
published quarterly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.



2
producing industries, compensation cost levels ranged from $18.42 in nondurable goods

manufacturing to $22.47 in durable goods manufacturing. Among service-producing industries, * ;

compensation costs ranged from $9.17 in retail trade to $24.58 in transportation and public
utilities. . . .

March 1994 compensation costs also varied within industries. In health services, for “"
example, where compensation costs averaged $18.01 per hour worked, those costs were $11.06
in nursing homes and $20.65 in hospitals. (See table 15.) eo,

Among occupational categories, average compensation costs were higher for white-collar |
occupations ($20.26) than for blue-collar occupations ($16.92) and service occupations ($8.38).
(See table 6.) The level of compensation varied considerably, however, by occupational group
within the blue-collar and white-collar categories. : :

Benefits in private industry made up a larger proportion of compensation costs for blue-collar . -

occupations (33.2 percent) than for white-collar occupations (27.3 percent) and service
occupations (24.5 percent). (See table 10.) In goods-producing industries, benefitsmade up
35.3 percent of compensation costs for blue-collar occupations, compared with 30.3 percent for
white-collar occupations. The corresponding proportions in service-producing industries were ~
-29.9 percent and 26.7 percent. (See table 11.) .

March 1994 compensation costs averaged more for union workers ($23.26) in private
industry than for nonunion workers ($16.04). (See table 13.) In addition, benefits made up a
larger proportion of compensation costs for uriion workers (36.6 percent) than for nonunion
workers (27.1 percent). Union and nonunion cost levels reflect a variety of influences, including
coverage by a collective bargaining agreement and variation in distribution of union and -
nonunion workers among occupations, industries, and establishment size groups. ~

Compensation costs in private industry increased with establishment employment size. (See
- table 8.) Compensation costs averaged $14.58 per hour worked in establishments of under 100

employees, $15.88 in establishments of 100 to 499 employees, and $23.35 in establishments of ..

500 or more employees.

March 1994 compensation costs for full-time workers were more than double those for part-
time workers.: (See table 9.) Compensation costs averaged $19.28 per hour worked for full-time
* ‘workers, compared with $8.80 for part-time workers. Benefit costs made up 29.9 percent of total
compensation for full-time workers, and 20.8 percent for part-time workers. Employees in an
establishment are.classified as full-time or part-time in accordance with the practices of the
establishment, rather than on the basis of the number of hours worked per week. -

Compensation costs by region ranged from $15.05 in the South to $20.03 in the Northeast.
The proportion of compensation costs made up of. benefits ranged from 27.9 percent in the South
to 30.2 percent in the Midwest. (See table 7.) ~ . .

State and local governments

In state and local governments, March 1994 employer costs averaged $25.27 per hour
worked, straight-time wages and salaries, $17.57, and benefit costs, $7.71. (See table 4.)
Compensation costs varied widely by type of work activity and occupational group. Highlights
for state and local governments follow:



13

ble 9. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY FULLY “TIME AND PART-TIME STATUS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and

aula 88 a percent of total compensation, March 1994

on Benefit costs
Total | Wages
compen. | and supple Retroment| Legaty | oer
~ sation ies 5 required ’
Total | Paid teave | mental pay| Insurance savings | benefits benefits’
Cost per hour worked
All fulltime workers in private industry | $1928 | siase | ssz7 | siss-| sose $148 | Soes | $1.75 $0.05
White-collar OCCUpaWONS ceeeneentnenneeneneeneeneeneee| 22.42 16.12 6.30 wt 54 1.59 69 172 06
- Sales occupations ... srteececermestaneeeseneere| 18.20 13.73 448 94 53 1.10 40° 1.49 (?)
Administrative support, including clerical] 1847 "| 10.80 467 1.17 32 147 48 1.23 02
Biue-COUAr OCCUPAHIONS aeeneernenneenennnnnnnennenee| 17-58 | 14.74 595 1.05 62 1.55 + 67-"|. 2.01 05
Service OCCUPALIONS arene neenenentennee} — 10.43 757 2868 58 18 79 19 10 ey
18.48 13.30 5.18 1.30 M4 1.30 2 1.60 02
11.89 9.09 2.80 59 ai 63 a5 1.20 (?)
18.65 13.53 Sat 1.36 37 1.28 53 158 2
8.20 6.97 1.83 27 4 30 mn 1.02 (?)
10.99" a72 227 41 20 40 15 am {?)
7.40 5.92 1.48 23 10 25 0B Bt (2)
9.90 7.79 2m 37 12 44 16 1.00 (7)
9.40 7.06 2.33 24 A7 47 20 4.25 (2)
6.18 5.00 1.18 WM 05 13 03 BS (?)
8.72 6.31 1.81 26 AK 29 at 1.01 (2)
6.35 5.12 1.23 14 07 16 06 80 (2)
11.10 8.79 237 38 21 39 13 1.20 (?)
Percent of total compensation
‘All full-time workers in private industry...» 100.0% | 70.1% | 29.9% 69% 27% 17% 32% 9.4% 0.3%
White-collar occupations ... reenemeeennenes| 100.0 719 28.1 76 24 7A 31 77 2
Sales occupations 100.0 75.4 24.6 52 29 60 22 82 (?)
Administrative support, including clerical 100.0 698 302 78 21 95 30 -| 79 7a
Blue-cotar : 100.9 66.4 33.6 59 a5 8B 38 144 3
Service occupations 100.0 726 oh 56 17 78 19 107 | - (2)
industries? .. 100.0 72.0 28.0 79 24 7.0 28° a6” yt
etal trad@ einen | 100.0 764 236 43° 18 $3 13 10.1 (2)
Service Industries ~ 100.0 726 274 73 20 69 28. a4 a
apart wc tn private industry ————emnene| 100.0 792 20.8 3.0 15 34 12 us | (2)°
\White-cotar occupations x 100.0 793 207 37 18 36 14 10.1 (?)
Sales occupations | 100.0° | ‘80.0 20.0 32 13° 34 1 11.0 (2)
Aamikarave sop. cing cal ———————| 100.0 787 213 38 12 45 16 10.1 (2)
Buue-cottar 100.0 782 248 26 1 {| 50 21 13.3 (@)
Senoe oosupatons 400.0 20.9 19.4 19 3 24 5 137 ()
industries? 100.0 792 208- 3.0 15 |. 34 12 116 «?)
Retail trade —. ene]. 100.0 80.6 19.4 24 WwW 25 3 127 )
Service industries smnenen} 100.0 792 208 a5 1B 35 12 10.8 (7)

2, Inetudes severance pay and ‘supplemental unemployment benefits,
2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less.

3 includes transportation, communication, and public ulilties; wholesale and

‘retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries.



. 46

Table 12. PRIVATE MANUFACTURING AND NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee

compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1994

Benefit costs
Total | Wages
Series compen- | and Retiremant! Lega
sation | salaries | tora | Paid teave esta pay insurance | 204 required Piri
5 savings | -benefits |°
Cost per hour worked ;
All workers, manufacturing industries szo7e | sizes | s7os | siss | soz2 | sigs | soer-| sie7 | sor2
‘White-collar occupations 26.45 18.40 8.08 227 56 215 90 | (198 19
Professional specaty and technical 2946 | 20.35 2.10 265 50 2.48 120 221 a7
atennnnnnnnnee| 8223 | 2283 9.70 291 48 2.56 134 235 ‘O7
Feomieal —nnnennf 24.12 | 16.17 735 215 55 232. | -. 94 194 | -. (05
Executive, administrative, managerial : 99.96 | 2783 | 1153 3.62 ‘7 2.45 126 2.68 64
Administrative support including clericat ......... 16.47 1115 5.33 1.22 43 1.78 Ag _ 138° 03
Biue-collar occupations ... 48.21 11.60 6.60 1.23 80 1.88 76 1.83 os
Precision production, craft, and Tei annem 2413 | 1538 876 1.82 1.04 2.40 1.08 231 210
Machine operators, assemblers,.and inspectors 16.98 10.75 622 1.13 78 1.80 70 1.71 W
‘Transportation and material moving ....-....... 18.60 11.93 6.67 1.15 72 1.89 BS 1.98 08
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 13.32 8.70 463 74 53 137 ‘AT 149 04
Service CCCUPALONS eecnennnnrnnenninnnnnnnnnnnee| 16.11 | 10.86 5.45 1.06 45 1.58 75 1.54 08
* Allworkers, nonmanufacturing Industries cam nnnne] 16.19 | 11.76 443 1.00 38 1.06 AS 1.53 02
White-collar OCCUBAYIONS cvneneenreeennenenennnmnenee 1941 | 1422 | S19 1.35 as | 126 ss | 15 03
Protessional speciaty and techrical. | 27-32 | 2008 722 2.00 63 1.60 86 2.09 04
Profesional men TT} 873 | 2120 752 207 1 161 90 219 05
ase | 17.42 650 1.83 45 1.58: 74 1.88 02
execute, administrative, taragoal ae 2937 | 21.36 8.01 237 83 1,81 89 225 | . 06
SALES WOTKEIS esanennsrre 13.50 10.33 3.17 £2 35 73 26 1.20 (?)
14.39 10.25 4.14 1.03 27 125 4 117 (7)
16.03 | 11.10 4.93 73 42 1.15 $3 2.01 02
20.70 1431 639 1.07 5S 1.47. 74 2.53 03
moving ... 1671 | 11.28 543 ‘88 43 1.26 62 222 02
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers «| 11.54 817 337 48 29 ‘BO 33 148 |. (2)
Service OCCUPALIONS eeenminvenenteseeeeneteeemseneee| BZ 623 197 3 a A5 10 37 (7)
All workers, manufacturing industries | 100.0% 39%} 9.0% |. 06%
‘White-collar occupations 100.0 34 75 2
Professional specialty and technical 100.0 44 7S 2
Professional 2 * 100.0 42 73a | . 2
Technical 100.0 39 80 2
Executive, administrative, managerial anew 100.0 32 68 16
Administrative support including clerical 100.0 30 84 2
Blue-coflar OCCupatlONS a nnennennenereeerneerrteneenee| 100.0 63.7 3 68 44 10.3 42 10.4 5S
Precision production, craft, and repair. 100.0 63.7 363 78 43 99 4s 96 4
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors | 100.0 633 367 6s 46 108 ar 10.1 . 6
+ Transportation and material MOVING amen] 100.0 641 359 62 39 102 48 107 4
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers | 100.0 653 347 55 40 103 35 12 3
‘Service occupations .. — 100.0 | ‘682 a8 66 28 98 47 95 s
All workers, nonmanufacturing industries... 100.0 726 24 62 23 6s 28 3s a
‘White-coliar pations . 100.0 732 26.8 7.0. 24 “65 28 8.0 a
Professional speciatty and technical —--| 100.0 736 26.4 73 23 58 aa 77 2
Professional .... one] 100.0 738 262 72 25 56 31 76 2
Technical 100.0 728 272 76 19 66 31 78 a
Executive, administrative, managerial. 100.0 727 273 at 28 55 3.0 77 2
SB10S WOTKEES amenities} 100.0 765 235 46 26 54 19 ag {?)
Administrative support including clerical 100.0 | 712 288 71 1. 19 a7 29 aa (?)
Blue-coliar occupations | 1000 .| 693 30.7 “49 26 72 33 125 a
Precision production, craft, and repair | 100.0 69.1 30.9 52 27 7A 36 122 2
‘Transportation and material Moving none m| 100.0 675 325 53 26 78 37 133 2
Handlers, equipment cisaners, helpers, and laborers | 100.0 70.8 29.2 44 25 69 29 128 (*)
__ Service occupations 100.0 a 42 13 s4 12 18 (?)

* Inctudes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits,

2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less.