Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-19-0002 

8:30 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 4, 2019

Technical information: 

 Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2018 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 312,000 in December, and the unemployment rate

rose to 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in health care, 

food services and drinking places, construction, manufacturing, and retail trade.

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal adjustment factors, 

a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted estimates back to January 2014 

were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 2018 through November 2018 (as 

originally published and as revised) appear in table A on page 5, along with additional information about 

the revisions. 

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, December 2016 – December 2018

Percent Thousands

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

Dec-16 Mar-17 Jun-17 Sep-17 Dec-17 Mar-18 Jun-18 Sep-18 Dec-18

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2016 – December 2018

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dec-16 Mar-17 Jun-17 Sep-17 Dec-17 Mar-18 Jun-18 Sep-18 Dec-18
- 2 - 

Household Survey Data 

The unemployment rate rose by 0.2 percentage point to 3.9 percent in December, and the number of 

unemployed persons increased by 276,000 to 6.3 million. A year earlier, the jobless rate was 4.1 

percent, and the number of unemployed persons was 6.6 million. (See table A-1.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.6 percent) and Blacks (6.6 

percent) increased in December. The jobless rates for adult women (3.5 percent), teenagers (12.5 

percent), Whites (3.4 percent), Asians (3.3 percent), and Hispanics (4.4 percent) showed little or no 

change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of job leavers increased by 142,000 in December to 839,000. Job 

leavers are unemployed persons who quit or otherwise voluntarily left their previous job and 

immediately began looking for new employment. (See table A-11.) 

In December, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little 

changed at 1.3 million and accounted for 20.5 percent of the unemployed. Over the year, the number of 

long-term unemployed was down by 205,000. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate, at 63.1 percent, changed little in December, and the employmentpopulation ratio was 60.6 percent for the third consecutive month. Both measures were up by 0.4 

percentage point over the year. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as 

involuntary part-time workers), at 4.7 million, changed little in December but was down by 329,000 

over the year. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part 

time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 

In December, 1.6 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, little changed from a 

year earlier. (Data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted 

and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not 

counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. 

(See table A-16.) 

Among the marginally attached, there were 375,000 discouraged workers in December, down by 

99,000 from a year earlier. (Data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not 

currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.2 

million persons marginally attached to the labor force in December had not searched for work for 

reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.) 

Establishment Survey Data 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 312,000 in December. Job gains occurred in health 

care, food services and drinking places, construction, manufacturing, and retail trade. Payroll 

employment rose by 2.6 million in 2018, compared with a gain of 2.2 million in 2017. (See

table B-1.) 
- 3 - 

Employment in health care rose by 50,000 in December. Within the industry, job gains occurred in 

ambulatory health care services (+38,000) and hospitals (+7,000). Health care added 346,000 jobs in 

2018, more than the gain of 284,000 jobs in 2017. 

In December, employment in food services and drinking places increased by 41,000. Over the year, 

the industry added 235,000 jobs, similar to the increase in 2017 (+261,000). 

Construction employment rose by 38,000 in December, with job gains in heavy and civil engineering 

construction (+16,000) and nonresidential specialty trade construction (+16,000). The construction 

industry added 280,000 jobs in 2018, compared with an increase of 250,000 in 2017. 

Manufacturing added 32,000 jobs in December. Most of the gain occurred in the durable goods 

component (+19,000), with job growth in fabricated metal products (+7,000) and in computer and 

electronic products (+4,000). Employment in the nondurable goods component also increased over the 

month (+13,000). Manufacturing employment increased by 284,000 over the year, with about threefourths of the gain in durable goods industries. Manufacturing had added 207,000 jobs in 2017. 

In December, employment in retail trade rose by 24,000. Job growth occurred in general merchandise 

stores (+15,000) and automobile dealers (+6,000). These gains were partially offset by a job loss in 

sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores (-9,000). Retail trade employment increased by 92,000 in 

2018, after little net change in 2017 (-29,000). 

Over the month, employment in professional and business services continued to trend up (+43,000). 

The industry added 583,000 jobs in 2018, outpacing the 458,000 jobs added in 2017. 

Employment in other major industries, including mining, wholesale trade, transportation and 

warehousing, information, financial activities, and government, showed little change over the month. 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 34.5 

hours in December. In manufacturing, both the workweek and overtime increased by 0.1 hour to 40.9 

hours and 3.6 hours, respectively. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 

employees on private nonfarm payrolls held at 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose 11 cents to 

$27.48. Over the year, average hourly earnings have increased by 84 cents, or 3.2 percent. Average 

hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees increased by 9 cents to 

$23.05 in December. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for November was revised up from +155,000 to 

+176,000, and the change for October was revised up from +237,000 to +274,000. With these revisions, 

employment gains in October and November combined were 58,000 more than previously reported. 

(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies 

since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) After revisions, job 

gains have averaged 254,000 per month over the last 3 months. 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 1, 2019, 

at 8:30 a.m. (EST).
- 4 - 

Upcoming Changes to the Household Survey

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2019 on February 1, 2019, new 

population controls will be used in the household survey estimation process. These new controls reflect 

the annual updating of intercensal population estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau. In accordance with 

usual practice, historical data will not be revised to incorporate the new controls; consequently, 

household survey data for January 2019 will not be directly comparable with data for December 2018 or 

earlier periods. A table showing the effects of the new controls on the major labor force series will be 

included in the January 2019 news release.

Upcoming Revisions of Establishment Survey Data

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2019 on February 1, 2019, the 

establishment survey will introduce revisions to nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and earnings data 

to reflect the annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally 

adjusted data beginning with April 2017 and seasonally adjusted data beginning with January 2014 are 

subject to revision. Consistent with standard practice, additional historical data are subject to revision as 

a result of the benchmark process.

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the labor 

force series derived from the household survey. As a result of this process, seasonally adjusted data for 

January 2014 through November 2018 were subject to revision. (Not seasonally adjusted data were not 

subject to revision.) 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2018 through November 2018, as first published and 

as revised. The rates changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 3 of the 11 months and were 

unchanged in the remaining 8 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major labor force 

series beginning in December 2017 appear in table B. 

More information on this year’s revisions to seasonally adjusted series is available at 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. Detailed information on the seasonal 

adjustment methodology can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables of this news release can be accessed

at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted data are available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/. 
- 5 - 

Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2018 and changes due to revision

January - November 2018

January ....................................... 4.1 4.1 0.0

February ..................................... 4.1 4.1 .0

March ......................................... 4.1 4.0 -.1

April ........................................... 3.9 3.9 .0

May ............................................ 3.8 3.8 .0

June ............................................ 4.0 4.0 .0

July ............................................. 3.9 3.9 .0

August ........................................ 3.9 3.8 -.1

September .................................. 3.7 3.7 .0

October ...................................... 3.7 3.8 .1

November .................................. 3.7 3.7 .0

Month As first

published As revised Change

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

2017 2018

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . ..

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Employed.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . ..

Employment-population ratio. . . . ..

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . ..

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Employed.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . ..

Employment-population ratio. . . . ..

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . ..

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Employed.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . ..

Employment-population ratio. . . . ..

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . ..

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Employed.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . ..

Employment-population ratio. . . . ..

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

256,109 256,780 256,934 257,097 257,272 257,454 257,642 257,843 258,066 258,290 258,514 258,708 258,888

160,636 161,123 161,900 161,646 161,551 161,667 162,129 162,209 161,802 162,055 162,694 162,821 163,240

62.7 62.7 63.0 62.9 62.8 62.8 62.9 62.9 62.7 62.7 62.9 62.9 63.1

154,065 154,482 155,213 155,160 155,216 155,539 155,592 155,964 155,604 156,069 156,582 156,803 156,945

60.2 60.2 60.4 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.5 60.3 60.4 60.6 60.6 60.6

6,572 6,641 6,687 6,486 6,335 6,128 6,537 6,245 6,197 5,986 6,112 6,018 6,294

4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.9

115,292 115,669 115,748 115,832 115,921 116,017 116,115 116,220 116,328 116,437 116,546 116,646 116,739

82,594 82,915 83,258 83,149 83,163 83,257 83,103 83,019 83,044 83,104 83,277 83,408 83,500

71.6 71.7 71.9 71.8 71.7 71.8 71.6 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.5 71.5 71.5

79,493 79,719 80,186 80,091 80,108 80,299 80,006 80,217 80,149 80,251 80,388 80,633 80,501

68.9 68.9 69.3 69.1 69.1 69.2 68.9 69.0 68.9 68.9 69.0 69.1 69.0

3,101 3,196 3,072 3,059 3,055 2,958 3,097 2,801 2,895 2,853 2,889 2,775 2,999

3.8 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.6

124,057 124,328 124,407 124,491 124,579 124,674 124,771 124,875 124,983 125,091 125,200 125,299 125,393

72,272 72,238 72,595 72,580 72,558 72,590 73,155 73,295 73,153 73,107 73,442 73,478 73,769

58.3 58.1 58.4 58.3 58.2 58.2 58.6 58.7 58.5 58.4 58.7 58.6 58.8

69,587 69,620 69,849 69,946 70,033 70,161 70,455 70,622 70,563 70,710 70,935 70,949 71,218

56.1 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.2 56.3 56.5 56.6 56.5 56.5 56.7 56.6 56.8

2,686 2,618 2,746 2,634 2,525 2,429 2,701 2,673 2,590 2,398 2,507 2,529 2,550

3.7 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5

16,760 16,783 16,778 16,774 16,771 16,763 16,755 16,748 16,755 16,762 16,768 16,763 16,756

5,771 5,970 6,047 5,916 5,829 5,820 5,871 5,896 5,604 5,843 5,974 5,935 5,971

34.4 35.6 36.0 35.3 34.8 34.7 35.0 35.2 33.4 34.9 35.6 35.4 35.6

4,985 5,143 5,178 5,123 5,074 5,079 5,131 5,125 4,892 5,108 5,258 5,221 5,226

29.7 30.6 30.9 30.5 30.3 30.3 30.6 30.6 29.2 30.5 31.4 31.1 31.2

785 827 870 793 755 741 740 771 712 735 715 714 745

13.6 13.9 14.4 13.4 13.0 12.7 12.6 13.1 12.7 12.6 12.0 12.0 12.5

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Change from:

Nov. 2018-

Dec. 2018

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 256,109 258,514 258,708 258,888 180

Civilian labor force........................................................... 160,636 162,694 162,821 163,240 419

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.7 62.9 62.9 63.1 0.2

Employed................................................................... 154,065 156,582 156,803 156,945 142

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.2 60.6 60.6 60.6 0.0

Unemployed............................................................... 6,572 6,112 6,018 6,294 276

Unemployment rate.................................................... 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.9 0.2

Not in labor force............................................................ 95,473 95,821 95,886 95,649 -237

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.9 0.2

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.6 0.3

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 13.6 12.0 12.0 12.5 0.5

White.......................................................................... 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.4 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 6.7 6.2 6.0 6.6 0.6

Asian.......................................................................... 2.5 3.1 2.7 3.3 0.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.9 4.4 4.5 4.4 -0.1

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.1 0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.8 0.2

High school graduates, no college........................................ 4.2 4.0 3.5 3.8 0.3

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.3 0.2

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 -0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 3,249 2,858 2,842 2,903 61

Job leavers...................................................................... 726 731 697 839 142

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,985 1,914 1,880 1,958 78

New entrants.................................................................... 568 605 577 588 11

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,230 2,062 2,128 2,126 -2

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,984 1,845 1,842 2,027 185

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 892 859 865 897 32

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,511 1,370 1,259 1,306 47

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,986 4,630 4,781 4,657 -124

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 3,081 2,837 2,882 2,891 9

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,570 1,461 1,562 1,496 -66

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,163 21,448 20,909 21,234 325

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,623 1,491 1,678 1,556 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 474 506 453 375 –

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 274 176 312

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 281 173 301

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 64 27 74

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 0 4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 31 0 38

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 29 27 32

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 19 14 19

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 6.2 -1.4 1.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 13 13

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 217 146 227

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 5.6 9.3 8.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -25.9 0.1 29.2 23.8

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 16.7 28.9 2.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.2 1.4 0.6 0.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4 7 -5 -1

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 10 1 6

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 56 44 43

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.0 15.8 10.5 10.3

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 44 21 82

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.9 47.8 31.3 57.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 67 18 55

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 -1 8

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -7 3 11

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 226 190 254

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 222 190 252

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.5 49.7 49.7 49.7

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 48.3 48.3 48.3

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 34.5 34.4 34.5

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26.64 $27.31 $27.37 $27.48

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $919.08 $942.20 $941.53 $948.06

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.5 110.3 110.1 110.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.5 -0.2 0.5

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.2 144.0 144.1 145.4

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.9

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (258 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.5 68.4 61.0 70.0

Manufacturing (76 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 62.5 62.5 67.1

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 149,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 651,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime 

during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. 

Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be 

looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The 

unemployment data derived from the household survey in no 

way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of 

unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who received pay for any part of the reference pay 

period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted 

in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced 

for the private sector for all employees and for production 

and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 

related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, 

construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory 

employees in private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at https://www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 115,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -65,000 to +165,000 

(50,000 +/- 115,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment 

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.6 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,109 258,708 258,888 256,109 258,066 258,290 258,514 258,708 258,888

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,880 162,665 162,510 160,636 161,802 162,055 162,694 162,821 163,240

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.9 62.8 62.7 62.7 62.7 62.9 62.9 63.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,602 157,015 156,481 154,065 155,604 156,069 156,582 156,803 156,945

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 60.7 60.4 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.6 60.6 60.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,278 5,650 6,029 6,572 6,197 5,986 6,112 6,018 6,294

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.5 3.7 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,230 96,043 96,378 95,473 96,264 96,235 95,821 95,886 95,649

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,071 5,060 5,121 5,285 5,401 5,266 5,333 5,397 5,327

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,786 125,137 125,227 123,786 124,816 124,928 125,041 125,137 125,227

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,831 85,974 85,857 85,409 85,868 85,912 86,146 86,330 86,441

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.5 68.7 68.6 69.0 68.8 68.8 68.9 69.0 69.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,300 83,033 82,440 81,893 82,565 82,686 82,894 83,194 83,041

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 66.4 65.8 66.2 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.5 66.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,531 2,941 3,417 3,517 3,303 3,226 3,252 3,136 3,401

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.4 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,955 39,163 39,370 38,377 38,948 39,016 38,895 38,807 38,785

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,292 116,646 116,739 115,292 116,328 116,437 116,546 116,646 116,739

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,193 83,231 83,101 82,594 83,044 83,104 83,277 83,408 83,500

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 71.4 71.2 71.6 71.4 71.4 71.5 71.5 71.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,025 80,636 80,036 79,493 80,149 80,251 80,388 80,633 80,501

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.5 69.1 68.6 68.9 68.9 68.9 69.0 69.1 69.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,168 2,596 3,066 3,101 2,895 2,853 2,889 2,775 2,999

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.1 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,099 33,414 33,638 32,699 33,284 33,333 33,269 33,238 33,239

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,323 133,571 133,662 132,323 133,250 133,362 133,474 133,571 133,662

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,048 76,691 76,654 75,227 75,934 76,143 76,548 76,492 76,798

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 57.4 57.3 56.9 57.0 57.1 57.4 57.3 57.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,301 73,982 74,041 72,172 73,039 73,383 73,688 73,609 73,904

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.6 55.4 55.4 54.5 54.8 55.0 55.2 55.1 55.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,747 2,709 2,612 3,055 2,895 2,760 2,860 2,883 2,894

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,275 56,880 57,008 57,096 57,316 57,219 56,926 57,079 56,864

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,057 125,299 125,393 124,057 124,983 125,091 125,200 125,299 125,393

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,237 73,820 73,768 72,272 73,153 73,107 73,442 73,478 73,769

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 58.9 58.8 58.3 58.5 58.4 58.7 58.6 58.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,775 71,438 71,422 69,587 70,563 70,710 70,935 70,949 71,218

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.2 57.0 57.0 56.1 56.5 56.5 56.7 56.6 56.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,462 2,383 2,345 2,686 2,590 2,398 2,507 2,529 2,550

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,820 51,479 51,625 51,785 51,829 51,984 51,757 51,821 51,624

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,760 16,763 16,756 16,760 16,755 16,762 16,768 16,763 16,756

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,449 5,613 5,641 5,771 5,604 5,843 5,974 5,935 5,971

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.5 33.5 33.7 34.4 33.4 34.9 35.6 35.4 35.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,801 4,941 5,023 4,985 4,892 5,108 5,258 5,221 5,226

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.6 29.5 30.0 29.7 29.2 30.5 31.4 31.1 31.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 672 619 785 712 735 715 714 745

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.9 12.0 11.0 13.6 12.7 12.6 12.0 12.0 12.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,311 11,150 11,115 10,989 11,151 10,918 10,795 10,828 10,785

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,458 200,690 200,774 199,458 200,356 200,476 200,596 200,690 200,774

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,594 126,165 126,072 125,227 125,347 125,617 126,100 126,334 126,680

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 62.9 62.8 62.8 62.6 62.7 62.9 63.0 63.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,148 122,247 121,900 120,585 121,074 121,507 121,923 122,036 122,318

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 60.9 60.7 60.5 60.4 60.6 60.8 60.8 60.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,446 3,918 4,173 4,642 4,272 4,110 4,177 4,299 4,362

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,864 74,525 74,702 74,231 75,009 74,858 74,496 74,355 74,094

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,263 65,825 65,822 65,559 65,527 65,661 65,771 65,961 66,110

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 71.6 71.6 71.9 71.4 71.5 71.6 71.8 71.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,964 64,000 63,649 63,370 63,513 63,664 63,785 63,960 64,046

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 69.6 69.2 69.5 69.2 69.4 69.4 69.6 69.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,299 1,826 2,174 2,190 2,014 1,996 1,986 2,000 2,064

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,061 56,054 55,939 55,131 55,372 55,378 55,778 55,819 55,995

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 58.1 58.0 57.5 57.5 57.5 57.8 57.9 58.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,356 54,413 54,368 53,231 53,616 53,792 54,062 54,023 54,226

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.6 56.4 56.3 55.5 55.7 55.8 56.1 56.0 56.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,705 1,642 1,571 1,900 1,757 1,586 1,716 1,796 1,769

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,270 4,285 4,311 4,537 4,447 4,578 4,551 4,554 4,575

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.8 35.1 36.8 36.1 37.2 37.0 37.0 37.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,828 3,835 3,883 3,985 3,945 4,051 4,076 4,052 4,047

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.0 31.2 31.6 32.3 32.1 32.9 33.1 32.9 32.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 450 428 552 501 527 476 502 528

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 10.5 9.9 12.2 11.3 11.5 10.5 11.0 11.6

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,436 32,923 32,956 32,436 32,810 32,848 32,887 32,923 32,956

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,050 20,467 20,325 20,181 20,384 20,504 20,564 20,451 20,460

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 62.2 61.7 62.2 62.1 62.4 62.5 62.1 62.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,791 19,288 19,067 18,827 19,108 19,265 19,290 19,232 19,107

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.9 58.6 57.9 58.0 58.2 58.6 58.7 58.4 58.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,260 1,179 1,257 1,354 1,276 1,239 1,274 1,219 1,353

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 5.8 6.2 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,385 12,456 12,632 12,255 12,426 12,345 12,323 12,472 12,496

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,128 9,298 9,214 9,193 9,394 9,349 9,400 9,310 9,284

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.3 67.3 66.7 67.8 68.3 67.9 68.2 67.4 67.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,537 8,771 8,645 8,598 8,828 8,800 8,814 8,771 8,709

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 63.5 62.5 63.4 64.2 63.9 63.9 63.5 63.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 528 570 595 565 549 586 539 575

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 5.7 6.2 6.5 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.8 6.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,236 10,375 10,329 10,262 10,356 10,422 10,327 10,303 10,359

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 62.4 62.1 62.7 62.5 62.8 62.2 62.0 62.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,707 9,872 9,779 9,672 9,769 9,874 9,825 9,789 9,749

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.3 59.4 58.8 59.1 59.0 59.5 59.2 58.9 58.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 503 551 590 587 548 501 515 611

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 4.8 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 794 781 726 634 733 837 837 817

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 31.9 31.4 28.9 25.4 29.4 33.6 33.6 32.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 645 644 557 510 591 650 672 650

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 25.9 25.9 22.2 20.5 23.7 26.1 27.0 26.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 149 137 169 124 141 187 165 167

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 18.7 17.5 23.3 19.5 19.3 22.4 19.7 20.5

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,610 16,096 16,138 15,610 16,093 16,011 16,030 16,096 16,138

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,779 10,281 10,250 9,787 10,260 10,303 10,280 10,334 10,262

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 63.9 63.5 62.7 63.8 64.3 64.1 64.2 63.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,546 9,999 9,928 9,547 9,951 9,943 9,956 10,050 9,929

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 62.1 61.5 61.2 61.8 62.1 62.1 62.4 61.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 282 322 241 309 360 324 284 334

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.7 3.1 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.1 2.7 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,831 5,814 5,888 5,823 5,832 5,709 5,750 5,762 5,876

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 41,831 43,146 43,234 41,831 42,863 42,959 43,054 43,146 43,234

Civilian labor force................................ 27,429 28,854 28,913 27,499 28,253 28,388 28,513 28,820 28,963

Participation rate............................... 65.6 66.9 66.9 65.7 65.9 66.1 66.2 66.8 67.0

Employed....................................... 26,077 27,585 27,659 26,140 26,935 27,102 27,266 27,524 27,701

Employment-population ratio............... 62.3 63.9 64.0 62.5 62.8 63.1 63.3 63.8 64.1

Unemployed.................................... 1,352 1,269 1,255 1,359 1,317 1,287 1,248 1,296 1,261

Unemployment rate......................... 4.9 4.4 4.3 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4

Not in labor force................................. 14,402 14,293 14,321 14,332 14,610 14,571 14,541 14,326 14,271

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,090 15,599 15,639 15,103 15,425 15,424 15,448 15,595 15,651

Participation rate............................... 80.1 80.1 80.1 80.2 79.7 79.5 79.5 80.1 80.2

Employed....................................... 14,457 15,080 15,042 14,522 14,852 14,832 14,854 15,063 15,107

Employment-population ratio............... 76.7 77.4 77.1 77.1 76.8 76.5 76.4 77.3 77.4

Unemployed.................................... 634 519 596 581 574 592 594 533 544

Unemployment rate......................... 4.2 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.4 3.5

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,165 11,945 11,996 11,175 11,608 11,689 11,767 11,857 12,002

Participation rate............................... 58.4 60.6 60.8 58.4 59.3 59.6 59.9 60.2 60.8

Employed....................................... 10,604 11,395 11,511 10,584 11,025 11,188 11,266 11,308 11,487

Employment-population ratio............... 55.5 57.8 58.3 55.4 56.3 57.0 57.3 57.4 58.2

Unemployed.................................... 561 550 485 591 582 501 501 550 515

Unemployment rate......................... 5.0 4.6 4.0 5.3 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.6 4.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,174 1,310 1,278 1,221 1,220 1,276 1,298 1,367 1,310

Participation rate............................... 30.3 33.0 32.2 31.5 30.9 32.3 32.8 34.5 33.0

Employed....................................... 1,017 1,110 1,105 1,035 1,058 1,082 1,145 1,154 1,107

Employment-population ratio............... 26.2 28.0 27.8 26.7 26.8 27.4 28.9 29.1 27.9

Unemployed.................................... 158 200 173 186 161 193 153 214 202

Unemployment rate......................... 13.4 15.3 13.6 15.3 13.2 15.2 11.8 15.6 15.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,148 10,254 10,265 10,167 10,310 10,204 10,268 10,191 10,283

Participation rate.................................. 44.8 47.0 46.0 44.9 46.3 46.1 47.8 46.7 46.1

Employed.......................................... 9,455 9,700 9,604 9,529 9,722 9,635 9,658 9,619 9,683

Employment-population ratio................. 41.8 44.4 43.1 42.1 43.7 43.5 44.9 44.0 43.4

Unemployed....................................... 693 554 661 638 588 569 610 572 600

Unemployment rate............................ 6.8 5.4 6.4 6.3 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.8

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,760 35,967 36,011 35,924 36,132 36,213 36,103 35,901 36,154

Participation rate.................................. 57.5 57.7 57.8 57.8 57.3 57.5 57.6 57.6 58.1

Employed.......................................... 34,245 34,764 34,631 34,412 34,718 34,856 34,650 34,631 34,776

Employment-population ratio................. 55.1 55.8 55.6 55.3 55.1 55.3 55.3 55.6 55.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,515 1,203 1,380 1,511 1,414 1,357 1,454 1,271 1,377

Unemployment rate............................ 4.2 3.3 3.8 4.2 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.5 3.8

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,897 37,649 37,132 37,958 37,296 37,390 37,531 37,471 37,175

Participation rate.................................. 66.2 65.6 65.6 66.3 65.6 65.2 65.2 65.3 65.7

Employed.......................................... 36,590 36,516 35,952 36,599 35,977 36,200 36,392 36,293 35,954

Employment-population ratio................. 63.9 63.6 63.5 63.9 63.2 63.1 63.2 63.2 63.5

Unemployed....................................... 1,307 1,133 1,180 1,359 1,320 1,189 1,139 1,178 1,222

Unemployment rate............................ 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 55,824 58,392 58,701 55,834 57,686 57,294 57,968 58,451 58,701

Participation rate.................................. 73.4 73.7 73.6 73.4 74.1 73.6 73.5 73.8 73.6

Employed.......................................... 54,701 57,194 57,519 54,637 56,508 56,167 56,782 57,150 57,442

Employment-population ratio................. 72.0 72.2 72.1 71.9 72.6 72.2 72.0 72.1 72.0

Unemployed....................................... 1,123 1,198 1,182 1,197 1,178 1,127 1,186 1,301 1,260

Unemployment rate............................ 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,389 19,028 17,533 17,153 1,856 1,875

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,521 9,337 8,405 8,175 1,115 1,162

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.1 49.1 47.9 47.7 60.1 62.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,159 9,040 8,084 7,906 1,075 1,135

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.2 47.5 46.1 46.1 57.9 60.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 296 321 269 41 27

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.2 3.8 3.3 3.6 2.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,868 9,691 9,128 8,978 741 713

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,164 4,251 3,469 3,556 695 696

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,383 3,437 2,897 2,951 486 486

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.2 80.8 83.5 83.0 69.9 69.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,270 3,313 2,800 2,841 470 471

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 77.9 80.7 79.9 67.6 67.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 124 97 110 16 15

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 814 572 605 209 210

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,981 3,062 2,501 2,547 480 514

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,284 2,371 1,952 1,988 332 383

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.6 77.5 78.1 78.0 69.1 74.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,204 2,300 1,885 1,924 319 376

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.9 75.1 75.4 75.5 66.4 73.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 71 67 64 13 7

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.0 3.4 3.2 4.0 1.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 690 548 559 148 131

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,839 7,434 7,572 7,179 267 255

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,638 1,550 1,573 1,492 65 57

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.9 20.8 20.8 20.8 24.3 22.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,577 1,511 1,512 1,453 65 57

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.1 20.3 20.0 20.2 24.3 22.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 39 61 39 0 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 2.5 3.9 2.6 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,201 5,884 5,999 5,687 202 198

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,405 4,281 3,991 3,871 414 410

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,216 1,978 1,983 1,744 233 235

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.3 46.2 49.7 45.0 56.3 57.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,109 1,917 1,887 1,687 222 230

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 44.8 47.3 43.6 53.5 56.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 62 96 56 11 5

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 3.1 4.8 3.2 4.9 2.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,189 2,303 2,008 2,127 181 175

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,397 231,032 101,486 103,609 125,911 127,424

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,288 151,248 75,509 76,777 72,779 74,470

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 65.5 74.4 74.1 57.8 58.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142,639 145,746 72,437 73,757 70,203 71,989

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 63.1 71.4 71.2 55.8 56.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,649 5,502 3,073 3,020 2,576 2,481

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.6 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,109 79,785 25,976 26,831 53,133 52,954

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,780 30,426 226,329 228,462

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,211 6,288 153,668 156,222

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.9 20.7 67.9 68.4

Employed............................................................................. 5,690 5,793 147,912 150,688

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 19.1 19.0 65.4 66.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 522 495 5,757 5,535

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.4 7.9 3.7 3.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,569 24,138 72,661 72,240

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,777 2,690 76,818 77,618

Participation rate..................................................................... 37.5 35.5 81.8 82.3

Employed............................................................................. 2,509 2,469 73,748 74,570

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 33.9 32.6 78.6 79.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 268 221 3,071 3,048

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.7 8.2 4.0 3.9

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,622 4,880 17,037 16,681

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,327 2,455 68,380 69,515

Participation rate..................................................................... 30.2 31.2 70.6 71.6

Employed............................................................................. 2,134 2,230 65,960 67,262

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 27.7 28.3 68.1 69.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 193 225 2,421 2,253

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.3 9.2 3.5 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,367 5,414 28,461 27,528

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,107 1,144 8,470 9,090

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.5 7.6 23.8 24.5

Employed............................................................................. 1,047 1,094 8,204 8,856

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.1 7.3 23.0 23.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 60 49 265 234

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.4 4.3 3.1 2.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,580 13,843 27,163 28,031

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 41,546 42,985 19,966 20,855 21,579 22,130

Civilian labor force.................................................. 27,143 28,359 15,612 16,140 11,531 12,219

Participation rate.................................................. 65.3 66.0 78.2 77.4 53.4 55.2

Employed.......................................................... 26,091 27,393 15,058 15,633 11,033 11,761

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.8 63.7 75.4 75.0 51.1 53.1

Unemployed....................................................... 1,052 966 554 507 498 459

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.9 3.4 3.5 3.1 4.3 3.8

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,403 14,626 4,354 4,715 10,048 9,911

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 214,563 215,903 103,820 104,372 110,744 111,532

Civilian labor force.................................................. 132,736 134,151 69,219 69,717 63,517 64,435

Participation rate.................................................. 61.9 62.1 66.7 66.8 57.4 57.8

Employed.......................................................... 127,510 129,088 66,242 66,807 61,268 62,281

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.4 59.8 63.8 64.0 55.3 55.8

Unemployed....................................................... 5,226 5,064 2,977 2,910 2,249 2,154

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.9 3.8 4.3 4.2 3.5 3.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 81,827 81,752 34,600 34,655 47,227 47,097

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,368 2,553 2,393 2,512 2,346 2,478 2,418 2,556 2,522

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,590 1,784 1,659 1,680 1,534 1,661 1,674 1,772 1,747

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 743 742 708 791 771 813 722 768 752

Unpaid family workers........................... 35 27 26 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 151,233 154,461 154,088 151,628 153,376 153,634 154,135 154,297 154,520

Wage and salary workers1...................... 142,295 145,430 145,063 142,677 144,380 144,480 145,071 145,313 145,478

Government..................................... 20,789 21,270 20,709 20,731 20,785 20,753 21,186 21,054 20,677

Private industries............................... 121,506 124,161 124,354 121,938 123,584 123,773 124,063 124,365 124,787

Private households.......................... 687 811 879 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 120,819 123,349 123,474 121,245 122,806 122,968 123,239 123,512 123,904

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,881 8,961 8,973 8,971 8,872 8,957 8,949 8,889 9,031

Unpaid family workers........................... 57 69 52 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,060 4,558 4,740 4,986 4,368 4,656 4,630 4,781 4,657

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,172 2,760 2,984 3,081 2,581 2,807 2,837 2,882 2,891

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,529 1,541 1,456 1,570 1,377 1,471 1,461 1,562 1,496

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,631 21,930 21,726 21,163 21,803 21,404 21,448 20,909 21,234

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,992 4,512 4,621 4,953 4,311 4,575 4,549 4,726 4,580

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,132 2,719 2,909 3,032 2,546 2,767 2,779 2,843 2,816

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,528 1,541 1,435 1,566 1,367 1,462 1,453 1,571 1,473

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,226 21,539 21,349 20,716 21,501 21,002 21,083 20,521 20,826

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,602 157,015 156,481 154,065 155,604 156,069 156,582 156,803 156,945

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,801 4,941 5,023 4,985 4,892 5,108 5,258 5,221 5,226

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,803 1,807 1,695 1,889 1,776 1,765 1,954 1,915 1,784

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998 3,134 3,328 3,099 3,118 3,299 3,305 3,295 3,441

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,801 152,073 151,458 149,080 150,712 150,961 151,324 151,582 151,720

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,809 13,899 13,753 13,937 13,829 14,022 13,897 13,942 13,885

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,991 138,174 137,706 135,087 136,816 136,887 137,504 137,615 137,786

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,547 101,273 100,845 99,551 100,328 100,333 100,892 100,844 100,833

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,614 35,779 35,664 34,631 35,352 35,511 35,693 35,672 35,689

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,302 32,958 32,884 32,304 32,655 32,501 32,857 32,796 32,881

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,631 32,537 32,298 32,616 32,322 32,320 32,343 32,376 32,263

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,444 36,901 36,860 35,536 36,489 36,554 36,612 36,771 36,954

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,300 83,033 82,440 81,893 82,565 82,686 82,894 83,194 83,041

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,275 2,397 2,404 2,400 2,416 2,435 2,506 2,561 2,540

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 775 777 845 813 779 895 848 848

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,495 1,622 1,627 1,554 1,605 1,640 1,621 1,711 1,686

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,025 80,636 80,036 79,493 80,149 80,251 80,388 80,633 80,501

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,093 7,019 6,934 7,200 6,987 7,162 7,082 7,089 7,044

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,933 73,617 73,102 72,263 73,099 73,021 73,331 73,519 73,435

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,163 54,032 53,612 53,333 53,605 53,575 53,789 53,933 53,774

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,559 19,205 19,084 18,635 19,011 19,123 19,169 19,201 19,165

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,397 17,698 17,645 17,455 17,643 17,512 17,625 17,664 17,701

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,206 17,128 16,883 17,243 16,952 16,941 16,995 17,068 16,908

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,770 19,585 19,490 18,931 19,494 19,445 19,542 19,587 19,661

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,301 73,982 74,041 72,172 73,039 73,383 73,688 73,609 73,904

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,526 2,544 2,619 2,586 2,476 2,674 2,753 2,660 2,686

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,024 1,032 918 1,044 962 986 1,059 1,067 936

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,502 1,512 1,701 1,545 1,513 1,659 1,684 1,584 1,755

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,775 71,438 71,422 69,587 70,563 70,710 70,935 70,949 71,218

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,717 6,880 6,819 6,737 6,842 6,860 6,816 6,853 6,841

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,058 64,557 64,604 62,823 63,718 63,866 64,173 64,096 64,352

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,385 47,242 47,233 46,218 46,723 46,757 47,103 46,912 47,059

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,055 16,573 16,580 15,996 16,341 16,388 16,524 16,471 16,524

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,905 15,260 15,238 14,850 15,012 14,989 15,231 15,132 15,180

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,425 15,408 15,415 15,372 15,369 15,379 15,348 15,308 15,355

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,674 17,316 17,371 16,605 16,995 17,109 17,070 17,184 17,293

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,284 46,164 45,720 45,520 45,876 45,972 46,192 46,204 45,984

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,952 36,521 36,603 35,747 36,066 36,041 36,089 36,220 36,379

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,893 9,816 9,667 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,985 129,464 129,143 126,771 128,649 128,958 129,255 129,774 129,913

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,616 27,551 27,338 27,269 26,912 27,120 27,311 27,017 26,994

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,776 7,934 8,030 7,636 7,924 7,717 7,873 7,749 7,866

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,047 6,226 6,085 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,624 9,703 9,682 9,762 9,644 9,770 9,671 9,657 9,783

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 6,572 6,018 6,294 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 785 714 745 13.6 12.7 12.6 12.0 12.0 12.5

16 to 17 years.................................. 335 291 286 15.1 13.3 13.8 10.6 13.2 13.8

18 to 19 years.................................. 466 430 476 13.1 12.0 12.1 12.9 11.5 12.1

20 years and over................................ 5,786 5,305 5,549 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,055 979 1,074 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.8 6.6 7.2

25 years and over.............................. 4,709 4,314 4,454 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 3,513 3,218 3,377 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 1,590 1,360 1,460 4.4 4.1 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 1,005 979 942 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8

45 to 54 years............................. 918 879 975 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.9

55 years and over........................... 1,197 1,084 1,090 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,517 3,136 3,401 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 416 360 402 14.8 14.4 13.3 12.6 12.3 13.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 159 147 148 15.8 15.3 14.6 11.1 14.8 14.9

18 to 19 years.................................. 270 214 269 14.8 14.0 12.9 13.5 11.1 13.7

20 years and over................................ 3,101 2,775 2,999 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 615 556 597 7.9 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.8

25 years and over.............................. 2,460 2,217 2,375 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 1,801 1,631 1,775 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 2.9 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 829 655 730 4.3 4.1 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.7

35 to 44 years............................. 476 526 517 2.7 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8

45 to 54 years............................. 496 450 528 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.0

55 years and over........................... 658 587 600 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.9 3.0

Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,055 2,883 2,894 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 370 353 343 12.5 11.0 11.9 11.4 11.7 11.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 176 144 138 14.4 11.5 13.1 10.1 11.9 12.9

18 to 19 years.................................. 196 216 207 11.3 9.9 11.3 12.3 12.0 10.5

20 years and over................................ 2,686 2,529 2,550 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 440 423 477 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.1 5.8 6.5

25 years and over.............................. 2,249 2,097 2,080 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 1,712 1,587 1,602 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.3

25 to 34 years............................. 761 706 730 4.5 4.1 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2

35 to 44 years............................. 529 453 425 3.4 3.2 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.7

45 to 54 years............................. 422 429 447 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8

55 years and over........................... 550 498 501 3.2 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.8

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 1,008 923 964 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1

Married women, spouse present1................. 944 871 866 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.3

Women who maintain families2.................... 552 558 453 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.4 4.5

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 5,321 4,739 4,951 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.7

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,263 1,280 1,353 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.8

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,298 2,598 2,947 3,249 2,868 2,796 2,858 2,842 2,903

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,010 699 834 923 855 812 793 804 762

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,288 1,899 2,113 2,326 2,013 1,984 2,066 2,038 2,141

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,604 1,242 1,415 1,627 1,351 1,257 1,365 1,337 1,432

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 684 657 698 699 663 727 701 701 710

Job leavers........................................... 673 699 775 726 866 739 731 697 839

Reentrants............................................ 1,827 1,829 1,810 1,985 1,864 1,889 1,914 1,880 1,958

New entrants......................................... 480 524 496 568 586 588 605 577 588

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 52.5 46.0 48.9 49.8 46.4 46.5 46.8 47.4 46.2

On temporary layoff.............................. 16.1 12.4 13.8 14.1 13.8 13.5 13.0 13.4 12.1

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 36.4 33.6 35.0 35.6 32.6 33.0 33.8 34.0 34.1

Job leavers........................................... 10.7 12.4 12.9 11.1 14.0 12.3 12.0 11.6 13.3

Reentrants............................................ 29.1 32.4 30.0 30.4 30.1 31.4 31.3 31.4 31.1

New entrants......................................... 7.7 9.3 8.2 8.7 9.5 9.8 9.9 9.6 9.3

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.1 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,144 1,974 2,050 2,230 2,199 2,065 2,062 2,128 2,126

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,848 1,670 1,901 1,984 1,722 1,751 1,845 1,842 2,027

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,287 2,005 2,078 2,404 2,247 2,240 2,229 2,124 2,203

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 867 817 859 892 927 861 859 865 897

27 weeks and over............................... 1,420 1,188 1,219 1,511 1,320 1,379 1,370 1,259 1,306

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 23.5 22.7 21.5 23.8 22.6 24.1 22.4 21.7 21.8

Median duration, in weeks......................... 8.8 8.9 8.9 8.9 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.0 9.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 34.1 34.9 34.0 33.7 35.7 34.1 33.6 34.9 33.4

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 29.4 29.6 31.5 30.0 27.9 28.9 30.1 30.2 31.9

15 weeks and over.................................. 36.4 35.5 34.5 36.3 36.4 37.0 36.3 34.9 34.7

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 13.8 14.5 14.2 13.5 15.0 14.2 14.0 14.2 14.1

27 weeks and over............................... 22.6 21.0 20.2 22.8 21.4 22.8 22.3 20.7 20.5

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 153,602 156,481 6,278 6,029 3.9 3.7

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 62,121 63,642 1,290 1,368 2.0 2.1

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 25,760 26,450 514 582 2.0 2.2

Professional and related occupations.......................... 36,361 37,192 775 786 2.1 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 25,826 26,271 1,405 1,301 5.2 4.7

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,633 33,718 1,268 1,244 3.6 3.6

Sales and related occupations.................................. 15,985 16,217 627 602 3.8 3.6

Office and administrative support occupations............... 17,649 17,500 641 642 3.5 3.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,299 14,439 961 858 6.3 5.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,107 1,148 195 143 15.0 11.1

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,198 8,390 600 539 6.8 6.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,994 4,901 166 175 3.2 3.4

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 17,722 18,412 865 746 4.7 3.9

Production occupations.......................................... 8,546 8,689 376 298 4.2 3.3

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 9,177 9,722 489 448 5.1 4.4

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 6,278 6,029 3.9 3.7

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,841 4,605 3.8 3.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 41 21 5.1 2.6

Construction.......................................................................... 554 493 5.9 5.1

Manufacturing........................................................................ 505 441 3.3 2.8

Durable goods..................................................................... 289 231 3.0 2.3

Nondurable goods................................................................ 217 210 3.8 3.5

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 841 753 4.1 3.7

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 208 280 3.0 3.9

Information............................................................................ 108 103 3.8 3.9

Financial activities................................................................... 143 248 1.5 2.4

Professional and business services............................................... 712 723 4.2 4.3

Education and health services..................................................... 706 519 3.0 2.1

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 833 814 6.2 6.0

Other services........................................................................ 189 211 2.8 3.0

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 210 151 11.9 8.6

Government workers................................................................... 460 526 2.2 2.5

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 287 251 2.9 2.5

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Aug.

2018

Sept.

2018

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018

Dec.

2018

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.1 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.9 3.5 3.7 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.9

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.2 3.7 3.9 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.9 4.5 4.6 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 8.0 7.2 7.5 8.1 7.4 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.6

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2017

Dec.

2018

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 96,230 96,378 38,955 39,370 57,275 57,008

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,071 5,121 2,330 2,514 2,742 2,607

Marginally attached to the labor force1........................ 1,623 1,556 811 878 812 678

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 474 375 316 232 158 143

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,149 1,181 495 646 654 535

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,776 8,030 3,744 3,952 4,032 4,078

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.1 5.1 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.5

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,391 4,329 2,335 2,331 2,056 1,998

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,964 2,177 668 733 1,296 1,445

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 269 267 154 180 116 88

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,091 1,203 560 700 531 504

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Change

from:

Nov.2018 -

Dec.2018p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,530 150,760 151,244 151,190 147,625 149,775 149,951 150,263 312

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,855 127,997 128,371 128,431 125,294 127,384 127,557 127,858 301

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,230 21,051 20,947 20,856 20,328 20,851 20,878 20,952 74

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 764 758 759 698 754 754 758 4

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.1 48.1 47.3 47.4 49.7 47.2 46.5 47.1 0.6

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649.6 716.2 710.2 711.2 648.3 707.1 707.0 710.7 3.7

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.3 153.3 155.2 155.1 144.5 153.2 154.4 154.7 0.3

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.7 194.2 192.0 190.2 185.8 191.1 191.2 192.1 0.9

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.9 53.2 53.2 54.0 51.8 52.9 53.3 53.9 0.6

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.4 38.9 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.9 38.5 38.4 -0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 102.1 100.4 97.8 95.7 99.3 99.4 99.8 0.4

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320.6 368.7 363.0 365.9 318.0 362.8 361.4 363.9 2.5

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,970 7,496 7,389 7,253 7,072 7,314 7,314 7,352 38

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,555.5 1,646.7 1,636.7 1,625.9 1,563.8 1,621.2 1,626.5 1,634.5 8.0

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.0 817.3 817.3 815.7 767.5 805.6 811.6 816.2 4.6

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789.5 829.4 819.4 810.2 796.3 815.6 814.9 818.3 3.4

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 942.4 1,092.6 1,054.0 1,003.0 991.3 1,034.6 1,037.5 1,053.8 16.3

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,471.7 4,756.8 4,698.4 4,623.9 4,516.7 4,657.9 4,650.2 4,663.4 13.2

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 1,964.9 2,085.3 2,060.9 2,018.3 1,986.5 2,042.2 2,040.5 2,037.6 -2.9

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,506.8 2,671.5 2,637.5 2,605.6 2,530.2 2,615.7 2,609.7 2,625.8 16.1

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,560 12,791 12,800 12,844 12,558 12,783 12,810 12,842 32

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,829 8,000 8,015 8,045 7,821 8,004 8,018 8,037 19

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399.1 408.6 407.9 406.8 398.5 407.0 406.8 405.7 -1.1

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.0 425.9 425.3 422.2 415.8 422.0 423.2 424.6 1.4

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379.9 381.5 384.2 387.1 378.7 382.1 385.4 386.4 1.0

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,458.2 1,495.4 1,495.1 1,503.2 1,456.0 1,498.0 1,497.5 1,504.2 6.7

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,097.5 1,129.8 1,133.2 1,140.3 1,097.2 1,133.9 1,136.6 1,139.9 3.3

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,057.2 1,070.2 1,072.9 1,080.2 1,055.8 1,072.2 1,074.6 1,078.2 3.6

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 166.3 170.7 170.8 170.6 166.0 170.7 170.4 170.3 -0.1

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.5 85.5 85.7 86.4 86.5 85.6 85.9 86.3 0.4

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.6 368.8 370.2 372.4 366.6 369.9 370.8 371.3 0.5

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.1 412.3 413.3 417.6 404.1 413.3 414.6 417.2 2.6

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 32.9 32.9 33.2 32.7 32.7 32.9 33.1 0.2

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 395.6 408.1 409.9 411.2 395.1 408.7 410.2 410.6 0.4

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,642.3 1,685.1 1,692.1 1,700.3 1,639.0 1,686.4 1,690.9 1,695.0 4.1

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959.2 968.9 968.9 973.8 956.3 969.0 967.6 969.4 1.8

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.2 391.3 390.4 391.0 392.2 391.0 391.4 390.7 -0.7

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593.6 603.7 603.7 602.4 592.3 602.3 601.0 601.3 0.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,731 4,791 4,785 4,799 4,737 4,779 4,792 4,805 13

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,620.0 1,655.4 1,644.8 1,649.6 1,623.9 1,646.5 1,650.2 1,653.9 3.7

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.8 111.1 112.4 112.4 111.5 111.3 112.2 112.3 0.1

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.0 111.0 111.2 111.8 112.8 110.7 110.7 111.3 0.6

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.5 111.8 111.2 110.9 115.9 111.6 110.7 110.6 -0.1

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369.8 377.0 377.3 379.7 370.0 378.6 378.4 380.2 1.8

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 439.3 432.4 432.6 432.2 436.9 431.6 430.9 429.9 -1.0

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.0 119.0 115.3 114.6 114.9 116.4 115.3 116.6 1.3

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831.6 836.1 841.6 844.6 830.3 838.0 844.3 843.1 -1.2

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723.9 727.1 732.8 735.7 724.3 731.0 733.7 735.9 2.2

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.4 310.1 305.4 307.2 296.0 303.5 305.6 311.1 5.5

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,625 106,946 107,424 107,575 104,966 106,533 106,679 106,906 227

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,337 27,897 28,506 28,704 27,593 27,861 27,929 27,963 34

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,951.7 6,021.9 6,036.2 6,042.8 5,941.9 6,013.1 6,022.4 6,030.8 8.4

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998.1 3,038.1 3,050.5 3,058.4 2,994.9 3,041.4 3,048.8 3,053.7 4.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,057.5 2,063.5 2,065.2 2,061.3 2,054.8 2,053.3 2,055.1 2,057.0 1.9

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Change

from:

Nov.2018 -

Dec.2018p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.1 920.3 920.5 923.1 892.2 918.4 918.5 920.1 1.6

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,371.1 15,890.4 16,370.2 16,446.7 15,861.1 15,899.7 15,928.9 15,952.7 23.8

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,010.6 2,047.4 2,039.9 2,038.3 2,019.9 2,044.0 2,040.3 2,047.6 7.3

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,300.8 1,314.9 1,311.3 1,314.8 1,303.4 1,312.4 1,311.0 1,317.3 6.3

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.8 157.2 152.0 148.9 155.9 158.0 156.9 157.1 0.2

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 562.0 575.3 576.6 574.6 560.6 573.6 572.4 573.2 0.8

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 503.2 489.1 502.9 512.1 480.7 487.1 487.1 489.8 2.7

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 513.0 489.8 492.6 489.9 495.0 487.1 476.6 476.7 0.1

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,261.0 1,276.6 1,271.5 1,264.4 1,299.5 1,303.1 1,303.5 1,304.4 0.9

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,125.2 3,106.4 3,134.8 3,144.1 3,099.8 3,105.3 3,110.9 3,114.9 4.0

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,089.1 1,055.2 1,079.4 1,086.0 1,065.9 1,058.6 1,061.3 1,061.2 -0.1

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930.3 941.3 945.9 940.6 933.1 940.4 942.2 943.5 1.3

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,486.5 1,340.6 1,468.2 1,487.0 1,347.5 1,355.2 1,351.5 1,351.5 0.0

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674.4 557.4 589.8 588.4 598.8 553.7 541.1 531.7 -9.4

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,334.3 3,148.2 3,374.4 3,420.9 3,121.7 3,145.9 3,182.9 3,197.9 15.0

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,315.2 1,175.5 1,298.7 1,344.1 1,175.5 1,180.5 1,190.7 1,198.8 8.1

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,019.1 1,972.7 2,075.7 2,076.8 1,946.2 1,965.4 1,992.1 1,999.1 7.0

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.6 831.2 847.7 850.6 821.2 820.8 832.2 835.3 3.1

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607.9 607.2 623.1 624.4 578.0 598.5 599.3 598.2 -1.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,459.1 5,432.8 5,547.2 5,659.3 5,236.2 5,394.9 5,423.8 5,426.0 2.2

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.7 506.0 504.9 505.5 499.6 506.2 506.6 507.3 0.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211.8 216.4 216.4 216.4 212.1 215.8 216.0 216.7 0.7

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 66.0 64.7 64.6 65.8 65.6 65.5 65.6 0.1

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,460.2 1,505.9 1,504.2 1,497.5 1,460.3 1,489.9 1,494.0 1,496.9 2.9

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511.0 512.8 510.8 509.5 495.5 494.5 494.4 494.2 -0.2

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 47.0 46.8 46.9 47.6 47.0 46.8 46.6 -0.2

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 30.0 35.9 32.4 31.3 36.0 35.2 36.9 36.9 0.0

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 703.8 720.7 725.8 730.4 700.2 717.6 724.0 725.7 1.7

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887.9 748.8 845.1 958.3 707.7 764.9 777.4 772.2 -5.2

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,044.2 1,073.3 1,096.1 1,098.9 1,011.4 1,058.2 1,062.2 1,063.9 1.7

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.9 551.9 552.6 554.8 554.1 552.8 553.4 553.9 0.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,784 2,773 2,782 2,763 2,776 2,766 2,761 2,760 -1

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 720.3 715.1 718.0 716.9 717.0 713.8 715.0 713.4 -1.6

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.6 420.5 417.5 397.1 416.3 413.7 402.4 403.3 0.9

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.7 263.6 266.0 264.6 263.0 262.3 264.1 262.9 -1.2

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778.1 746.5 749.6 751.9 773.9 749.5 748.9 748.4 -0.5

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320.1 328.1 327.8 328.6 319.6 327.7 328.6 328.9 0.3

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.5 299.0 302.8 304.0 285.9 299.3 302.4 302.8 0.4

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,516 8,626 8,612 8,629 8,511 8,614 8,615 8,621 6

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,301.6 6,339.6 6,345.9 6,348.3 6,291.2 6,336.3 6,340.5 6,337.4 -3.1

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 19.0 19.2 19.2 19.2 18.9 19.2 19.1 19.2 0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,660.6 2,662.5 2,657.8 2,655.0 2,657.3 2,664.1 2,658.5 2,652.9 -5.6

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,714.5 1,713.2 1,714.4 1,715.9 1,716.0 1,719.1 1,718.0 1,717.9 -0.1

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,321.1 1,313.2 1,313.6 1,313.2 1,322.5 1,318.1 1,316.8 1,315.0 -1.8

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 629.9 632.7 627.5 623.4 625.9 628.9 625.2 620.7 -4.5

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 316.2 316.6 315.9 315.7 315.4 316.2 315.3 314.3 -1.0

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 952.5 971.3 978.2 981.2 950.8 969.5 976.7 977.9 1.2

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,669.5 2,686.6 2,690.7 2,692.9 2,664.2 2,683.5 2,686.2 2,687.4 1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,214.7 2,286.4 2,266.4 2,280.3 2,219.5 2,277.7 2,274.9 2,283.2 8.3

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,615.5 1,653.6 1,644.8 1,657.6 1,611.1 1,646.5 1,646.5 1,652.1 5.6

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.8 607.5 596.5 597.5 584.2 606.0 603.5 606.1 2.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Change

from:

Nov.2018 -

Dec.2018p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 24.4 25.3 25.1 25.2 24.2 25.2 24.9 25.0 0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,770 21,381 21,431 21,349 20,677 21,173 21,217 21,260 43

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,110.2 9,316.4 9,370.7 9,391.5 9,080.8 9,322.4 9,348.9 9,366.5 17.6

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,143.8 1,141.7 1,139.5 1,143.2 1,137.1 1,138.6 1,137.3 1,136.7 -0.6

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 979.8 969.0 998.8 1,017.0 982.1 1,019.5 1,020.9 1,023.7 2.8

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,454.6 1,502.2 1,500.4 1,499.8 1,456.0 1,493.4 1,498.7 1,500.1 1.4

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140.6 139.8 142.5 142.6 138.3 138.8 140.1 140.3 0.2

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,066.2 2,140.1 2,153.6 2,142.6 2,064.5 2,129.6 2,139.8 2,142.0 2.2

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,439.1 1,484.7 1,488.7 1,492.7 1,424.1 1,470.0 1,472.8 1,477.0 4.2

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.5 688.5 691.0 695.1 663.1 690.1 691.9 695.5 3.6

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.0 496.7 498.9 500.5 490.9 495.5 498.2 499.6 1.4

Other professional and technical services. . . 730.6 753.7 757.3 758.0 724.7 746.9 749.3 751.6 2.3

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,312.1 2,338.8 2,337.7 2,341.0 2,308.4 2,340.2 2,337.3 2,337.7 0.4

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,347.8 9,725.9 9,722.5 9,616.3 9,287.4 9,510.6 9,531.0 9,556.2 25.2

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,931.5 9,288.6 9,286.8 9,179.0 8,869.4 9,074.3 9,094.0 9,117.0 23.0

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 519.3 530.2 532.7 532.2 518.7 529.2 530.0 531.4 1.4

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3 159.6 158.3 158.0 155.8 158.2 157.9 158.2 0.3

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,800.5 3,902.9 3,935.8 3,920.7 3,673.6 3,769.6 3,777.6 3,792.4 14.8

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,113.6 3,198.2 3,229.6 3,215.5 2,998.1 3,075.9 3,086.4 3,096.7 10.3

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932.1 924.6 937.3 935.3 908.5 910.3 913.3 911.5 -1.8

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.9 217.4 213.4 212.5 216.4 217.2 215.3 215.1 -0.2

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 933.2 949.0 952.2 958.7 927.9 944.0 947.8 952.5 4.7

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,052.0 2,258.3 2,217.2 2,121.5 2,137.6 2,203.8 2,208.7 2,209.9 1.2

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.2 346.6 339.9 340.1 331.1 342.2 343.4 345.9 2.5

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.3 437.3 435.7 437.3 418.0 436.3 437.0 439.2 2.2

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,556 23,997 24,066 24,077 23,380 23,794 23,815 23,897 82

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,808.3 3,900.3 3,919.4 3,865.3 3,695.7 3,738.4 3,728.5 3,752.6 24.1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,748.0 20,096.3 20,146.7 20,212.1 19,684.4 20,055.4 20,086.7 20,144.6 57.9

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,921.8 16,163.9 16,207.3 16,272.3 15,867.0 16,134.8 16,162.8 16,213.0 50.2

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,419.1 7,571.2 7,597.3 7,640.6 7,388.6 7,549.9 7,570.5 7,608.3 37.8

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,628.0 2,661.3 2,668.5 2,682.7 2,612.2 2,652.9 2,659.4 2,666.1 6.7

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945.2 956.6 957.5 965.8 943.5 954.5 955.3 962.5 7.2

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 908.4 943.5 950.2 954.6 905.6 942.2 945.6 951.2 5.6

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916.2 943.7 949.8 953.6 914.0 943.5 948.1 951.2 3.1

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 275.6 284.5 284.0 287.5 274.0 284.0 284.2 285.9 1.7

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,436.5 1,478.5 1,483.3 1,493.7 1,430.5 1,471.9 1,474.8 1,488.1 13.3

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309.2 303.1 304.0 302.7 308.8 301.0 303.1 303.2 0.1

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,135.9 5,221.7 5,236.1 5,244.8 5,124.0 5,215.1 5,224.4 5,231.8 7.4

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,366.8 3,371.0 3,373.9 3,386.9 3,354.4 3,369.8 3,367.9 3,372.9 5.0

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,626.6 1,612.5 1,616.4 1,620.8 1,619.7 1,611.4 1,612.0 1,612.7 0.7

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 635.8 637.0 635.8 640.7 635.0 637.7 636.1 639.0 2.9

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934.0 947.5 947.5 949.6 929.4 946.6 945.6 945.7 0.1

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 170.4 174.0 174.2 175.8 170.3 174.0 174.1 175.4 1.3

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,826.2 3,932.4 3,939.4 3,939.8 3,817.4 3,920.6 3,923.9 3,931.6 7.7

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,366.7 2,458.8 2,463.8 2,468.8 2,366.4 2,458.3 2,461.7 2,470.0 8.3

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 172.0 175.9 177.5 178.4 170.6 176.5 177.4 176.7 -0.7

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 344.0 347.5 346.5 345.1 345.0 347.7 346.3 345.8 -0.5

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943.5 950.2 951.6 947.5 935.5 938.1 938.4 939.1 0.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,862 16,384 16,153 16,184 16,207 16,440 16,458 16,513 55

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,174.0 2,355.9 2,226.2 2,232.1 2,349.9 2,393.5 2,391.9 2,398.9 7.0

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 475.4 528.6 492.7 488.6 496.5 516.4 508.3 508.4 0.1

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.0 176.6 171.8 169.9 171.5 176.1 177.7 178.3 0.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Change

from:

Nov.2018 -

Dec.2018p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,535.6 1,650.7 1,561.7 1,573.6 1,681.9 1,701.0 1,705.9 1,712.2 6.3

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,687.7 14,028.3 13,927.2 13,952.3 13,857.5 14,046.1 14,065.6 14,114.3 48.7

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,948.5 2,020.4 1,967.0 1,968.0 2,013.8 2,032.3 2,027.2 2,035.2 8.0

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,739.2 12,007.9 11,960.2 11,984.3 11,843.7 12,013.8 12,038.4 12,079.1 40.7

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,800 5,888 5,874 5,869 5,822 5,885 5,884 5,892 8

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,309.6 1,328.9 1,320.2 1,321.0 1,316.8 1,327.2 1,325.6 1,327.7 2.1

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,507.2 1,543.4 1,540.5 1,541.0 1,507.0 1,539.6 1,537.6 1,540.8 3.2

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,982.8 3,015.3 3,013.3 3,006.9 2,998.0 3,018.2 3,021.1 3,023.5 2.4

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,675 22,763 22,873 22,759 22,331 22,391 22,394 22,405 11

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,811.0 2,799.0 2,804.0 2,820.0 2,795.0 2,801.0 2,807.0 2,804.0 -3.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,180.3 2,195.2 2,187.9 2,192.7 2,182.4 2,194.2 2,193.2 2,195.2 2.0

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630.2 603.7 615.6 627.6 612.6 607.2 613.6 609.2 -4.4

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,233.0 5,292.0 5,302.0 5,243.0 5,129.0 5,133.0 5,126.0 5,131.0 5.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,576.9 2,632.7 2,641.9 2,578.9 2,462.3 2,464.1 2,456.9 2,457.0 0.1

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,655.6 2,659.4 2,659.7 2,663.9 2,667.1 2,668.4 2,669.1 2,673.9 4.8

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,631.0 14,672.0 14,767.0 14,696.0 14,407.0 14,457.0 14,461.0 14,470.0 9.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,246.2 8,217.5 8,296.2 8,263.0 7,938.2 7,959.0 7,954.1 7,956.3 2.2

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,384.9 6,454.0 6,470.6 6,432.8 6,468.4 6,497.9 6,506.4 6,513.2 6.8

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.5 34.5 34.4 34.5

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.5 40.3 40.2 40.6

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.7 45.8 45.7 46.0

Construction....................................................................... 39.5 39.0 38.7 39.5

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.9

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.3 41.1 41.1 41.2

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.0 40.1 40.3 40.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 33.3 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.5 34.4 34.5 34.4

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.3 38.9 39.0 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.1 30.9 31.0 30.9

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.7 38.9 39.0 38.9

Utilities........................................................................... 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.2

Information......................................................................... 36.2 36.2 36.2 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.8 37.6 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.2

Education and health services.................................................. 33.0 33.0 32.9 33.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.2 26.0 26.0 26.0

Other services..................................................................... 31.8 31.8 31.8 31.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Total private............................................... $26.64 $27.31 $27.37 $27.48 $919.08 $942.20 $941.53 $948.06

Goods-producing....................................... 27.84 28.41 28.50 28.61 1,127.52 1,144.92 1,145.70 1,161.57

Mining and logging.................................. 32.24 32.87 33.07 33.07 1,473.37 1,505.45 1,511.30 1,521.22

Construction.......................................... 29.31 30.23 30.29 30.44 1,157.75 1,178.97 1,172.22 1,202.38

Manufacturing........................................ 26.77 27.12 27.23 27.30 1,092.22 1,106.50 1,110.98 1,116.57

Durable goods.................................... 28.05 28.53 28.71 28.76 1,158.47 1,172.58 1,179.98 1,184.91

Nondurable goods................................ 24.58 24.71 24.70 24.79 983.20 990.87 995.41 996.56

Private service-providing.............................. 26.36 27.05 27.11 27.21 877.79 900.77 902.76 906.09

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 23.04 23.63 23.64 23.80 794.88 812.87 815.58 818.72

Wholesale trade.................................. 30.30 30.83 30.87 31.04 1,190.79 1,199.29 1,203.93 1,210.56

Retail trade........................................ 18.34 19.03 19.05 19.26 570.37 588.03 590.55 595.13

Transportation and warehousing............... 24.22 24.44 24.40 24.40 937.31 950.72 951.60 949.16

Utilities............................................. 39.52 41.13 41.30 41.44 1,659.84 1,731.57 1,742.86 1,748.77

Information........................................... 38.80 40.57 40.73 41.02 1,404.56 1,468.63 1,474.43 1,493.13

Financial activities................................... 34.04 35.02 35.31 35.45 1,279.90 1,323.76 1,327.66 1,329.38

Professional and business services.............. 31.96 32.73 32.80 32.86 1,150.56 1,181.55 1,184.08 1,189.53

Education and health services..................... 26.65 27.18 27.24 27.27 879.45 896.94 896.20 899.91

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 15.69 16.14 16.20 16.27 411.08 419.64 421.20 423.02

Other services....................................... 24.22 24.56 24.58 24.65 770.20 781.01 781.64 783.87

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2018 -

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2018 -

Dec.

2018p

Total private..................................... 108.5 110.3 110.1 110.7 0.5 138.2 144.0 144.1 145.4 0.9

Goods-producing............................. 93.8 95.7 95.6 96.9 1.4 118.0 122.9 123.2 125.3 1.7

Mining and logging........................ 100.2 108.5 108.3 109.6 1.2 129.7 143.2 143.8 145.5 1.2

Construction................................ 96.3 98.3 97.6 100.1 2.6 122.6 129.2 128.4 132.4 3.1

Manufacturing.............................. 92.2 93.8 94.0 94.5 0.5 114.8 118.3 119.1 120.0 0.8

Durable goods........................... 90.9 92.6 92.8 93.2 0.4 113.3 117.4 118.3 119.1 0.7

Nondurable goods...................... 94.6 95.7 96.4 96.4 0.0 118.0 119.9 120.8 121.3 0.4

Private service-providing.................... 112.5 114.1 114.3 114.5 0.2 144.1 150.0 150.6 151.4 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 103.5 104.2 104.8 104.6 -0.2 128.4 132.6 133.3 134.0 0.5

Wholesale trade......................... 101.9 102.1 102.5 102.6 0.1 128.8 131.3 132.0 132.9 0.7

Retail trade.............................. 100.2 99.8 100.3 100.1 -0.2 121.5 125.6 126.3 127.5 1.0

Transportation and warehousing...... 116.0 120.1 121.1 120.8 -0.2 142.5 149.0 149.9 149.6 -0.2

Utilities.................................... 100.7 100.7 101.0 101.1 0.1 131.5 136.8 137.9 138.5 0.4

Information................................. 91.8 91.4 91.3 91.8 0.5 126.8 132.1 132.4 134.0 1.2

Financial activities......................... 104.8 106.6 106.1 105.9 -0.2 139.2 145.7 146.1 146.4 0.2

Professional and business services..... 117.1 120.2 120.5 121.0 0.4 151.6 159.4 160.1 161.1 0.6

Education and health services........... 126.0 128.2 127.9 128.8 0.7 161.5 167.6 167.7 168.9 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 121.2 122.0 122.1 122.5 0.3 153.4 158.8 159.6 160.8 0.8

Other services............................. 106.7 107.9 107.9 108.0 0.1 141.7 145.2 145.3 146.0 0.5

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Total nonfarm............................................. 73,124 74,447 74,559 74,726 49.5 49.7 49.7 49.7

Total private............................................ 60,286 61,522 61,631 61,787 48.1 48.3 48.3 48.3

Goods-producing.................................... 4,466 4,634 4,648 4,654 22.0 22.2 22.3 22.2

Mining and logging............................... 91 96 96 97 13.0 12.7 12.7 12.8

Construction....................................... 902 944 952 954 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.0

Manufacturing..................................... 3,473 3,594 3,600 3,603 27.7 28.1 28.1 28.1

Durable goods.................................. 1,831 1,901 1,904 1,906 23.4 23.8 23.7 23.7

Nondurable goods............................. 1,642 1,693 1,696 1,697 34.7 35.4 35.4 35.3

Private service-providing........................... 55,820 56,888 56,983 57,133 53.2 53.4 53.4 53.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,057 11,165 11,204 11,222 40.1 40.1 40.1 40.1

Wholesale trade................................ 1,755.4 1,798.6 1,799.3 1,801.5 29.5 29.9 29.9 29.9

Retail trade..................................... 7,888.2 7,897.0 7,929.3 7,944.7 49.7 49.7 49.8 49.8

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,285.8 1,340.4 1,346.0 1,346.0 24.6 24.8 24.8 24.8

Utilities........................................... 127.4 128.7 129.5 129.8 23.0 23.3 23.4 23.4

Information......................................... 1,095 1,091 1,087 1,082 39.4 39.4 39.4 39.2

Financial activities................................ 4,797 4,862 4,859 4,859 56.4 56.4 56.4 56.4

Professional and business services............ 9,327 9,614 9,624 9,644 45.1 45.4 45.4 45.4

Education and health services.................. 17,981 18,355 18,393 18,451 76.9 77.1 77.2 77.2

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,477 8,664 8,675 8,725 52.3 52.7 52.7 52.8

Other services..................................... 3,086 3,137 3,141 3,150 53.0 53.3 53.4 53.5

Government............................................. 12,838 12,925 12,928 12,939 57.5 57.7 57.7 57.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Total private............................................................................... 103,244 104,937 105,047 105,321

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,633 14,969 14,972 15,058

Mining and logging.................................................................. 517 563 560 566

Construction.......................................................................... 5,294 5,439 5,427 5,473

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,822 8,967 8,985 9,019

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,371 5,510 5,524 5,549

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,451 3,457 3,461 3,470

Private service-providing.............................................................. 88,611 89,968 90,075 90,263

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,304 23,557 23,610 23,635

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,765.4 4,824.2 4,835.8 4,849.1

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,533.9 13,582.8 13,594.4 13,607.2

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,559.0 4,706.5 4,735.9 4,734.1

Utilities.............................................................................. 445.8 443.8 443.8 444.5

Information............................................................................ 2,236 2,230 2,229 2,228

Financial activities................................................................... 6,609 6,677 6,673 6,685

Professional and business services............................................... 16,846 17,289 17,319 17,361

Education and health services..................................................... 20,528 20,890 20,903 20,956

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,276 14,452 14,468 14,520

Other services........................................................................ 4,812 4,873 4,873 4,878

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.8 33.7 33.7 33.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.3 41.3 41.2 41.5

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.5 46.3 45.8 46.3

Construction....................................................................... 40.0 39.6 39.3 40.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.8 42.0 42.0 42.0

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.2 42.4 42.3 42.5

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.3

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.0 33.9 33.9 33.8

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.2 38.8 38.9 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.4 30.4 30.3 30.2

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.3 38.2 38.3 38.1

Utilities........................................................................... 42.4 42.6 42.8 42.5

Information......................................................................... 35.8 35.5 35.5 35.6

Financial activities................................................................ 37.0 37.1 37.0 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 35.4 35.3 35.2 35.3

Education and health services.................................................. 32.3 32.2 32.2 32.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.0 24.8 24.8 24.7

Other services..................................................................... 30.9 30.9 31.0 30.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.8

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Total private............................................... $22.31 $22.88 $22.96 $23.05 $754.08 $771.06 $773.75 $776.79

Goods-producing....................................... 23.54 24.20 24.27 24.37 972.20 999.46 999.92 1,011.36

Mining and logging.................................. 27.79 28.84 28.95 28.89 1,292.24 1,335.29 1,325.91 1,337.61

Construction.......................................... 27.12 28.05 28.15 28.27 1,084.80 1,110.78 1,106.30 1,133.63

Manufacturing........................................ 21.21 21.68 21.76 21.80 886.58 910.56 913.92 915.60

Durable goods.................................... 22.21 22.63 22.72 22.78 937.26 959.51 961.06 968.15

Nondurable goods................................ 19.61 20.13 20.18 20.17 807.93 831.37 835.45 833.02

Private service-providing.............................. 22.05 22.60 22.68 22.77 716.63 732.24 734.83 737.75

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 19.53 20.14 20.20 20.33 664.02 682.75 684.78 687.15

Wholesale trade.................................. 24.80 25.55 25.59 25.82 972.16 991.34 995.45 1,001.82

Retail trade........................................ 15.52 16.09 16.14 16.24 471.81 489.14 489.04 490.45

Transportation and warehousing............... 21.54 22.04 22.02 22.14 824.98 841.93 843.37 843.53

Utilities............................................. 36.12 36.95 37.28 37.24 1,531.49 1,574.07 1,595.58 1,582.70

Information........................................... 31.05 32.37 32.57 32.75 1,111.59 1,149.14 1,156.24 1,165.90

Financial activities................................... 26.82 26.99 27.15 27.26 992.34 1,001.33 1,004.55 1,008.62

Professional and business services.............. 26.30 26.95 27.03 27.12 931.02 951.34 951.46 957.34

Education and health services..................... 23.30 23.78 23.90 23.90 752.59 765.72 769.58 771.97

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 13.60 14.06 14.10 14.18 340.00 348.69 349.68 350.25

Other services....................................... 20.45 20.77 20.79 20.84 631.91 641.79 644.49 641.87

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2018 -

Dec.

2018p

Dec.

2017

Oct.

2018

Nov.

2018p

Dec.

2018p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2018 -

Dec.

2018p

Total private..................................... 116.3 117.8 117.9 118.3 0.3 173.3 180.1 181.0 182.2 0.7

Goods-producing............................. 92.4 94.5 94.3 95.5 1.3 133.1 140.0 140.1 142.5 1.7

Mining and logging........................ 127.8 138.5 136.3 139.3 2.2 206.5 232.3 229.5 234.0 2.0

Construction................................ 106.0 107.8 106.8 109.9 2.9 155.3 163.3 162.3 167.7 3.3

Manufacturing.............................. 84.7 86.5 86.6 87.0 0.5 117.4 122.6 123.3 124.0 0.6

Durable goods........................... 85.2 87.8 87.8 88.6 0.9 118.1 124.0 124.6 126.0 1.1

Nondurable goods...................... 83.8 84.1 84.4 84.4 0.0 116.1 119.7 120.4 120.4 0.0

Private service-providing.................... 122.6 124.1 124.3 124.5 0.2 185.4 192.4 193.3 194.5 0.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 110.5 111.3 111.6 111.4 -0.2 153.9 159.9 160.8 161.5 0.4

Wholesale trade......................... 110.0 110.2 110.8 110.8 0.0 160.7 165.9 167.0 168.5 0.9

Retail trade.............................. 104.1 104.5 104.3 104.0 -0.3 138.5 144.1 144.2 144.8 0.4

Transportation and warehousing...... 131.4 135.3 136.5 135.8 -0.5 179.6 189.2 190.7 190.7 0.0

Utilities.................................... 96.7 96.7 97.1 96.6 -0.5 145.7 149.1 151.2 150.2 -0.7

Information................................. 91.4 90.4 90.3 90.5 0.2 140.4 144.8 145.6 146.8 0.8

Financial activities......................... 115.1 116.6 116.2 116.4 0.2 189.9 193.6 194.1 195.3 0.6

Professional and business services..... 133.7 136.8 136.6 137.3 0.5 209.2 219.4 219.8 221.7 0.9

Education and health services........... 141.4 143.4 143.5 144.3 0.6 217.4 225.1 226.4 227.7 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 130.7 131.3 131.4 131.4 0.0 201.9 209.6 210.4 211.5 0.5

Other services............................. 104.3 105.6 105.9 105.4 -0.5 155.4 159.8 160.5 160.0 -0.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2017 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.