Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-22-1082

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, June 3, 2022

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MAY 2022

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 390,000 in May, and the unemployment rate remained at 

3.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains occurred in leisure and 

hospitality, in professional and business services, and in transportation and warehousing. Employment in 

retail trade declined.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

In May, the unemployment rate was 3.6 percent for the third month in a row, and the number of 

unemployed persons was essentially unchanged at 6.0 million. These measures are little different from 

their values in February 2020 (3.5 percent and 5.7 million, respectively), prior to the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic. (See table A-1.) 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

May 2019 – May 2022

Percent

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

155,000

160,000

May-19 Nov-19 May-20 Nov-20 May-21 Nov-21 May-22

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 

May 2019 – May 2022

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

May-19 Nov-19 May-20 Nov-20 May-21 Nov-21 May-22
 

-2-

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Asians declined to 2.4 percent in May. 

The jobless rates for adult men (3.4 percent), adult women (3.4 percent), teenagers (10.4 percent), 

Whites (3.2 percent), Blacks (6.2 percent), and Hispanics (4.3 percent) showed little or no change over 

the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers remained at 1.4 million in May. The 

number of persons on temporary layoff was little changed at 810,000. Both measures are little different 

from their values in February 2020. (See table A-11.) 

In May, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) edged down to 1.4 

million. This measure is 235,000 higher than in February 2020. The long-term unemployed accounted 

for 23.2 percent of all unemployed persons in May. (See table A-12.) 

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.3 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.1 

percent, were little changed over the month. Both measures are 1.1 percentage points below their 

February 2020 values. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons increased by 295,000 to 4.3 million 

in May, reflecting an increase in the number of persons whose hours were cut due to slack work or 

business conditions. The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons is little different 

from its February 2020 level. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were 

working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See 

table A-8.) 

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was little changed at 5.7 

million in May. This measure remains above its February 2020 level of 5.0 million. These individuals 

were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks 

preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force, at 1.5 million, changed little in May. These individuals wanted and were available for 

work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed 

that no jobs were available for them, numbered 415,000 in May, also little changed from the prior 

month. (See Summary table A.) 

Household Survey Supplemental Data 

In May, 7.4 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, down 

from 7.7 percent in the prior month. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked at 

home for pay at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey specifically because of the pandemic. 

In May, 1.8 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer closed 

or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at some 

point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey due to the pandemic. This measure is little changed from the 

previous month. Among those who reported in May that they were unable to work because of pandemicrelated closures or lost business, 19.9 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the 

hours not worked, also little different from the prior month. 
 

-3-

Among those not in the labor force in May, 455,000 persons were prevented from looking for work 

due to the pandemic, down from 586,000 in the prior month. (To be counted as unemployed, by 

definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.) 

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May 2020 to 

help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables 

with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm. 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 390,000 in May. Notable job gains occurred in leisure and 

hospitality, in professional and business services, and in transportation and warehousing. Employment in 

retail trade declined over the month. Nonfarm employment is down by 822,000, or 0.5 percent, from its 

pre-pandemic level in February 2020. (See table B-1.) 

Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 84,000 in May, as job growth continued in food 

services and drinking places (+46,000) and accommodation (+21,000). Employment in leisure and 

hospitality is down by 1.3 million, or 7.9 percent, compared with February 2020. 

Employment in professional and business services rose by 75,000 in May. Within the industry, job 

gains occurred in accounting and bookkeeping services (+16,000), computer systems design and related 

services (+13,000), and scientific research and development services (+6,000). Employment in 

professional and business services is 821,000 higher than in February 2020. 

In May, transportation and warehousing added 47,000 jobs. Employment rose in warehousing and 

storage (+18,000), truck transportation (+13,000), and air transportation (+6,000). Employment in 

transportation and warehousing is 709,000 above its February 2020 level. 

Employment in construction increased by 36,000 in May, following no change in April. In May, job 

gains occurred in specialty trade contractors (+17,000) and heavy and civil engineering construction 

(+11,000). Construction employment is 40,000 higher than in February 2020. 

In May, employment increased by 36,000 in state government education and by 33,000 in private 

education. Employment changed little in local government education (+14,000). Compared with 

February 2020, employment in state government education is up by 27,000, while employment in 

private education has essentially recovered. Employment in local government education is down by 

308,000, or 3.8 percent, compared with February 2020. 

Employment in health care rose by 28,000 in May, including a gain in hospitals (+16,000). 

Employment in health care overall is 223,000, or 1.3 percent, lower than in February 2020.

Manufacturing employment continued to trend up in May (+18,000). Job gains occurred in fabricated 

metal products (+7,000), wood products (+4,000), and electronic instruments (+3,000). Employment in 

manufacturing overall is slightly below (-17,000 or -0.1 percent) its February 2020 level. 

Wholesale trade added 14,000 jobs in May, including gains in durable goods (+10,000) and electronic 

markets and agents and brokers (+6,000). Employment in wholesale trade is down by 41,000, or 0.7 

percent, compared with February 2020. 
 

-4-

Mining employment increased by 6,000 in May and is 80,000 higher than a recent low in February 

2021. 

Employment in retail trade declined by 61,000 in May but is 159,000 above its February 2020 level. 

Over the month, job losses occurred in general merchandise stores (-33,000), clothing and clothing 

accessories stores (-9,000), food and beverage stores (-8,000), building material and garden supply 

stores (-7,000), and health and personal care stores (-5,000). 

In May, employment showed little change in other major industries, including information, financial 

activities, and other services. 

Average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 10 cents, or 0.3 

percent, to $31.95 in May. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 5.2 

percent. In May, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees

rose by 15 cents, or 0.6 percent, to $27.33. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

In May, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was 34.6 hours for the 

third month in a row. In manufacturing, the average workweek for all employees was little changed at 

40.4 hours, and overtime fell by 0.1 hour to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and 

nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained unchanged at 34.1 hours. (See tables 

B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for March was revised down by 30,000, from 

+428,000 to +398,000, and the change for April was revised up by 8,000, from +428,000 to +436,000. 

With these revisions, employment in March and April combined is 22,000 lower than previously 

reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government 

agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for June is scheduled to be released on Friday, July 8, 2022, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET). 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

Change from:

Apr. 2022-

May 2022

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 261,210 263,444 263,559 263,679 120

Civilian labor force........................................................... 160,801 164,409 164,046 164,376 330

Participation rate.......................................................... 61.6 62.4 62.2 62.3 0.1

Employed................................................................... 151,550 158,458 158,105 158,426 321

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 58.0 60.1 60.0 60.1 0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 9,251 5,952 5,941 5,950 9

Unemployment rate.................................................... 5.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 0.0

Not in labor force............................................................ 100,409 99,035 99,513 99,302 -211

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 5.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 0.0

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 5.8 3.4 3.5 3.4 -0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 5.3 3.3 3.2 3.4 0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 9.6 10.0 10.2 10.4 0.2

White.......................................................................... 5.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 9.1 6.2 5.9 6.2 0.3

Asian.......................................................................... 5.5 2.8 3.1 2.4 -0.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 7.1 4.2 4.1 4.3 0.2

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 5.1 2.9 3.0 3.0 0.0

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 8.9 5.2 5.4 5.2 -0.2

High school graduates, no college........................................ 6.9 4.0 3.8 3.8 0.0

Some college or associate degree........................................ 6.0 3.0 3.1 3.4 0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 3.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 5,822 2,831 2,839 2,736 -103

Job leavers...................................................................... 783 787 793 764 -29

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,174 1,985 1,882 1,943 61

New entrants.................................................................... 526 463 515 535 20

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 1,974 2,289 2,227 2,066 -161

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 2,218 1,684 1,617 1,767 150

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 1,230 571 551 661 110

27 weeks and over............................................................. 3,765 1,428 1,483 1,356 -127

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 5,267 4,170 4,033 4,328 295

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 4,016 2,880 2,647 2,996 349

Could only find part-time work............................................. 998 1,055 1,071 999 -72

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 19,362 20,870 20,826 20,806 -20

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,946 1,360 1,622 1,472 -150

Discouraged workers........................................................ 592 373 456 415 -41

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 398 436 390

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 385 405 333

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 85 69 59

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 8 5

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -12 22 0 36

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 58 61 18

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 41 34 11

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 18.4 7.5 -3.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 17 27 7

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 300 336 274

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 25.9 22.9 14.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -25.2 -22.9 12.3 -60.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.8 3.7 46.2 47.0

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.9 -0.5 0.5 0.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 18 15 16

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 11 35 8

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 94 49 75

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.7 8.2 6.6 19.3

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 51 60 74

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 37.8 44.2 42.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 104 83 84

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 15 13 16

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 13 31 57

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 539 516 408

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 527 498 374

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.3 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 81.5 81.5 81.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 34.6 34.6 34.6

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $30.36 $31.75 $31.85 $31.95

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,059.56 $1,098.55 $1,102.01 $1,105.47

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.9 111.8 112.1 112.4

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156.6 169.7 170.7 171.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (256 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 74.2 72.3 69.3

Manufacturing (74 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 72.3 71.6 66.2

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 131,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 670,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 120,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -70,000 to +170,000 

(50,000 +/- 120,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,210 263,559 263,679 261,210 263,202 263,324 263,444 263,559 263,679

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,607 163,449 164,157 160,801 163,687 163,991 164,409 164,046 164,376

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 62.0 62.3 61.6 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.2 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,778 157,991 158,609 151,550 157,174 157,722 158,458 158,105 158,426

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 59.9 60.2 58.0 59.7 59.9 60.1 60.0 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,829 5,458 5,548 9,251 6,513 6,270 5,952 5,941 5,950

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 3.3 3.4 5.8 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,603 100,110 99,521 100,409 99,516 99,333 99,035 99,513 99,302

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,087 5,712 6,180 6,583 5,704 5,355 5,737 5,859 5,681

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,369 128,411 128,470 126,369 128,236 128,296 128,355 128,411 128,470

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,329 87,041 87,312 85,307 87,074 87,567 87,660 87,377 87,366

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5 67.8 68.0 67.5 67.9 68.3 68.3 68.0 68.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,430 83,922 84,379 80,197 83,518 84,247 84,465 84,089 84,218

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.6 65.4 65.7 63.5 65.1 65.7 65.8 65.5 65.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,899 3,119 2,933 5,110 3,556 3,320 3,195 3,288 3,148

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 3.6 3.4 6.0 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,040 41,371 41,158 41,062 41,162 40,729 40,695 41,034 41,104

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,059 119,780 119,831 118,059 119,612 119,669 119,726 119,780 119,831

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,394 84,157 84,273 82,297 83,967 84,446 84,426 84,295 84,249

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 70.3 70.3 69.7 70.2 70.6 70.5 70.4 70.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,786 81,324 81,649 77,489 80,767 81,473 81,554 81,334 81,422

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.9 67.9 68.1 65.6 67.5 68.1 68.1 67.9 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,608 2,834 2,624 4,808 3,199 2,973 2,872 2,961 2,827

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 3.4 3.1 5.8 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,665 35,623 35,558 35,762 35,645 35,224 35,300 35,486 35,582

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,841 135,148 135,209 134,841 134,966 135,028 135,089 135,148 135,209

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,277 76,409 76,845 75,494 76,612 76,425 76,749 76,670 77,010

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 56.5 56.8 56.0 56.8 56.6 56.8 56.7 57.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,348 74,069 74,230 71,353 73,656 73,475 73,992 74,017 74,208

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.9 54.8 54.9 52.9 54.6 54.4 54.8 54.8 54.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,929 2,339 2,615 4,141 2,957 2,950 2,757 2,653 2,802

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 3.1 3.4 5.5 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,563 58,739 58,364 59,347 58,354 58,604 58,340 58,479 58,199

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,704 126,749 126,802 126,704 126,570 126,631 126,691 126,749 126,802

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,323 73,418 73,782 72,499 73,494 73,446 73,695 73,514 73,911

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 57.9 58.2 57.2 58.1 58.0 58.2 58.0 58.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,664 71,348 71,488 68,633 70,857 70,775 71,244 71,170 71,432

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 56.3 56.4 54.2 56.0 55.9 56.2 56.2 56.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,659 2,069 2,293 3,866 2,637 2,671 2,451 2,344 2,479

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 2.8 3.1 5.3 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,381 53,331 53,020 54,206 53,076 53,185 52,996 53,234 52,891

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,446 17,030 17,046 16,446 17,020 17,024 17,027 17,030 17,046

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,889 5,874 6,103 6,005 6,226 6,100 6,288 6,237 6,216

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.8 34.5 35.8 36.5 36.6 35.8 36.9 36.6 36.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,327 5,319 5,472 5,428 5,550 5,474 5,660 5,601 5,571

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.4 31.2 32.1 33.0 32.6 32.2 33.2 32.9 32.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 555 631 578 676 626 629 636 645

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 9.5 10.3 9.6 10.9 10.3 10.0 10.2 10.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,558 11,156 10,943 10,441 10,795 10,924 10,739 10,793 10,830

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,743 202,982 203,039 201,743 202,819 202,875 202,932 202,982 203,039

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,766 125,320 125,560 123,915 125,782 126,139 126,364 125,664 125,772

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 61.7 61.8 61.4 62.0 62.2 62.3 61.9 61.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,808 121,625 121,823 117,626 121,497 121,967 122,357 121,606 121,724

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 59.9 60.0 58.3 59.9 60.1 60.3 59.9 60.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,958 3,694 3,737 6,289 4,285 4,172 4,007 4,058 4,048

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 2.9 3.0 5.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,976 77,663 77,479 77,828 77,038 76,736 76,568 77,319 77,267

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,589 65,546 65,632 64,544 65,736 65,972 66,059 65,540 65,653

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 70.0 70.1 69.7 70.2 70.5 70.6 70.0 70.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,508 63,615 63,780 61,273 63,612 63,995 64,043 63,521 63,620

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.5 67.9 68.1 66.2 68.0 68.4 68.4 67.8 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,082 1,931 1,852 3,271 2,124 1,977 2,015 2,020 2,033

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 2.9 2.8 5.1 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,564 55,143 55,208 54,669 55,169 55,312 55,376 55,215 55,315

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.2 56.9 57.0 56.3 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.0 57.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,105 53,794 53,754 52,072 53,449 53,571 53,803 53,656 53,731

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.6 55.5 55.5 53.6 55.2 55.3 55.6 55.4 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,459 1,348 1,455 2,597 1,720 1,740 1,572 1,559 1,583

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 2.4 2.6 4.8 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,613 4,630 4,719 4,702 4,877 4,855 4,930 4,909 4,804

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.2 37.1 37.8 39.0 39.1 38.9 39.5 39.4 38.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,196 4,216 4,289 4,281 4,435 4,400 4,510 4,429 4,373

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 33.8 34.4 35.5 35.6 35.3 36.2 35.5 35.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 415 430 421 442 455 420 480 431

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 9.0 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.4 8.5 9.8 9.0

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,572 34,055 34,079 33,572 33,978 34,004 34,030 34,055 34,079

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,409 21,176 21,441 20,489 21,056 21,145 21,134 21,209 21,475

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.8 62.2 62.9 61.0 62.0 62.2 62.1 62.3 63.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,603 19,992 20,147 18,617 19,597 19,751 19,825 19,963 20,141

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 58.7 59.1 55.5 57.7 58.1 58.3 58.6 59.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,806 1,184 1,294 1,872 1,459 1,394 1,309 1,246 1,335

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 5.6 6.0 9.1 6.9 6.6 6.2 5.9 6.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,163 12,880 12,638 13,083 12,922 12,859 12,895 12,846 12,604

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,469 9,955 9,993 9,468 9,741 9,966 9,817 9,969 9,983

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 68.8 69.0 66.7 67.5 69.0 67.9 68.9 68.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,550 9,343 9,430 8,549 9,051 9,327 9,264 9,360 9,416

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 64.5 65.1 60.3 62.7 64.5 64.1 64.7 65.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920 612 563 920 690 640 553 608 566

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 6.1 5.6 9.7 7.1 6.4 5.6 6.1 5.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,260 10,573 10,705 10,321 10,568 10,537 10,569 10,555 10,731

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 61.8 62.5 60.7 61.9 61.7 61.8 61.7 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,467 10,090 10,115 9,461 9,954 9,897 9,984 10,022 10,102

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.7 59.0 59.1 55.7 58.3 57.9 58.4 58.6 59.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 482 590 860 614 640 585 533 629

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 4.6 5.5 8.3 5.8 6.1 5.5 5.0 5.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 648 743 700 747 642 749 686 762

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 26.2 30.0 29.3 30.2 26.0 30.3 27.7 30.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 558 602 608 592 528 577 581 622

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.6 22.6 24.3 25.4 24.0 21.4 23.3 23.5 25.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 89 140 92 155 114 172 104 140

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 13.8 18.9 13.2 20.7 17.8 22.9 15.2 18.3

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,529 16,826 16,815 16,529 16,903 16,782 16,803 16,826 16,815

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,401 10,763 10,854 10,477 10,880 10,555 10,761 10,837 10,912

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 64.0 64.5 63.4 64.4 62.9 64.0 64.4 64.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,834 10,453 10,613 9,899 10,492 10,231 10,460 10,504 10,651

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 62.1 63.1 59.9 62.1 61.0 62.3 62.4 63.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 310 241 578 388 324 300 333 261

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 2.9 2.2 5.5 3.6 3.1 2.8 3.1 2.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,128 6,064 5,961 6,051 6,022 6,227 6,042 5,989 5,903

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 44,786 45,963 46,039 44,786 45,740 45,816 45,888 45,963 46,039

Civilian labor force................................ 29,076 30,311 30,512 29,165 30,390 30,492 30,475 30,376 30,610

Participation rate............................... 64.9 65.9 66.3 65.1 66.4 66.6 66.4 66.1 66.5

Employed....................................... 27,105 29,155 29,305 27,086 28,893 29,136 29,209 29,121 29,279

Employment-population ratio............... 60.5 63.4 63.7 60.5 63.2 63.6 63.7 63.4 63.6

Unemployed.................................... 1,971 1,156 1,207 2,080 1,497 1,356 1,265 1,255 1,331

Unemployment rate......................... 6.8 3.8 4.0 7.1 4.9 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.3

Not in labor force................................. 15,709 15,652 15,527 15,620 15,350 15,324 15,414 15,587 15,429

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,035 16,634 16,693 16,043 16,586 16,700 16,619 16,604 16,717

Participation rate............................... 79.2 79.9 80.0 79.3 80.0 80.4 79.9 79.7 80.1

Employed....................................... 15,063 16,036 16,199 15,020 15,867 16,086 15,979 15,989 16,152

Employment-population ratio............... 74.4 77.0 77.7 74.2 76.6 77.5 76.8 76.8 77.4

Unemployed.................................... 972 598 494 1,023 719 614 640 615 566

Unemployment rate......................... 6.1 3.6 3.0 6.4 4.3 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.4

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,848 12,294 12,430 11,887 12,383 12,403 12,477 12,331 12,466

Participation rate............................... 57.8 58.8 59.4 58.0 59.6 59.6 59.8 59.0 59.6

Employed....................................... 11,006 11,859 11,874 11,006 11,775 11,802 11,950 11,857 11,876

Employment-population ratio............... 53.7 56.8 56.7 53.7 56.6 56.7 57.3 56.8 56.8

Unemployed.................................... 842 434 556 881 608 601 527 474 591

Unemployment rate......................... 7.1 3.5 4.5 7.4 4.9 4.8 4.2 3.8 4.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,194 1,384 1,389 1,235 1,421 1,389 1,379 1,441 1,427

Participation rate............................... 29.6 32.6 32.6 30.6 33.6 32.8 32.5 34.0 33.5

Employed....................................... 1,037 1,260 1,231 1,061 1,251 1,248 1,280 1,275 1,252

Employment-population ratio............... 25.7 29.7 29.0 26.3 29.6 29.5 30.2 30.1 29.4

Unemployed.................................... 157 124 157 175 170 141 98 165 175

Unemployment rate......................... 13.1 8.9 11.3 14.1 12.0 10.2 7.1 11.5 12.2

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,911 9,300 9,399 8,772 8,687 8,962 9,097 9,207 9,194

Participation rate.................................. 43.4 44.9 45.0 42.7 44.5 46.8 45.6 44.4 44.0

Employed.......................................... 8,181 8,808 8,975 7,989 8,142 8,574 8,627 8,713 8,719

Employment-population ratio................. 39.8 42.5 43.0 38.9 41.7 44.8 43.2 42.0 41.8

Unemployed....................................... 730 492 425 783 545 388 470 494 475

Unemployment rate............................ 8.2 5.3 4.5 8.9 6.3 4.3 5.2 5.4 5.2

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 34,921 36,498 36,088 34,990 37,064 36,589 36,847 36,464 36,118

Participation rate.................................. 55.5 56.8 56.8 55.6 57.2 56.2 56.8 56.8 56.8

Employed.......................................... 32,661 35,168 34,826 32,582 35,361 34,953 35,368 35,064 34,760

Employment-population ratio................. 51.9 54.7 54.8 51.8 54.6 53.7 54.5 54.6 54.7

Unemployed....................................... 2,260 1,330 1,262 2,408 1,703 1,636 1,479 1,401 1,358

Unemployment rate............................ 6.5 3.6 3.5 6.9 4.6 4.5 4.0 3.8 3.8

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,811 35,628 35,739 35,975 35,320 35,391 35,555 35,540 35,787

Participation rate.................................. 63.2 63.5 63.4 63.5 63.1 63.6 63.4 63.4 63.5

Employed.......................................... 33,812 34,586 34,600 33,830 34,059 34,060 34,480 34,445 34,565

Employment-population ratio................. 59.7 61.7 61.4 59.7 60.9 61.2 61.5 61.4 61.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,999 1,042 1,139 2,145 1,261 1,331 1,075 1,095 1,222

Unemployment rate............................ 5.6 2.9 3.2 6.0 3.6 3.8 3.0 3.1 3.4

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 60,493 61,702 62,162 60,647 61,699 62,003 61,597 61,705 62,295

Participation rate.................................. 72.2 72.9 73.2 72.4 72.6 72.4 72.8 72.9 73.3

Employed.......................................... 58,715 60,579 61,069 58,755 60,294 60,656 60,386 60,459 61,078

Employment-population ratio................. 70.1 71.6 71.9 70.1 70.9 70.9 71.4 71.5 71.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,779 1,123 1,093 1,892 1,404 1,347 1,211 1,247 1,217

Unemployment rate............................ 2.9 1.8 1.8 3.1 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,850 18,403 16,839 16,378 2,011 2,025

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,146 8,790 7,958 7,605 1,188 1,185

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 47.8 47.3 46.4 59.1 58.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,767 8,548 7,644 7,381 1,123 1,168

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.5 46.4 45.4 45.1 55.8 57.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 242 314 224 65 18

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 2.7 3.9 2.9 5.5 1.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,704 9,613 8,881 8,773 823 840

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,833 4,936 3,985 4,031 848 906

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,836 3,928 3,273 3,292 563 636

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.4 79.6 82.1 81.7 66.3 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,683 3,801 3,159 3,180 524 621

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.2 77.0 79.3 78.9 61.8 68.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 126 114 112 39 15

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.2 3.5 3.4 6.9 2.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998 1,009 712 739 286 270

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,128 3,182 2,643 2,722 485 459

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,304 2,267 1,941 1,955 364 312

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.7 71.3 73.4 71.8 75.0 68.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,215 2,210 1,865 1,900 350 310

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.8 69.5 70.6 69.8 72.2 67.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 57 76 55 14 2

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 2.5 3.9 2.8 3.8 0.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823 914 702 767 121 147

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,739 6,274 6,478 6,024 261 250

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,126 926 1,080 881 45 44

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 14.8 16.7 14.6 17.4 17.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,089 899 1,048 855 42 44

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.2 14.3 16.2 14.2 16.0 17.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 26 33 26 4 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.0 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,613 5,348 5,398 5,143 216 206

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,150 4,011 3,733 3,601 417 410

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,881 1,669 1,664 1,477 216 193

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 41.6 44.6 41.0 51.9 47.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,780 1,637 1,572 1,446 208 192

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.9 40.8 42.1 40.1 49.8 46.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 32 92 31 9 1

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 1.9 5.5 2.1 4.1 0.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,269 2,342 2,069 2,124 201 217

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,681 236,329 105,100 107,735 128,581 128,593

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,294 153,054 76,311 78,607 72,983 74,448

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 64.8 72.6 73.0 56.8 57.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,045 147,993 71,819 75,999 69,225 71,995

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 62.6 68.3 70.5 53.8 56.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,249 5,061 4,492 2,608 3,758 2,453

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 3.3 5.9 3.3 5.1 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,387 83,274 28,789 29,129 55,598 54,146

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,888 32,686 230,322 230,993

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,375 7,497 154,232 156,661

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.6 22.9 67.0 67.8

Employed............................................................................. 5,723 6,961 146,056 151,649

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 18.5 21.3 63.4 65.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 653 536 8,176 5,012

Unemployment rate............................................................... 10.2 7.1 5.3 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,513 25,189 76,091 74,332

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,625 3,086 76,833 78,119

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.2 38.3 82.0 82.5

Employed............................................................................. 2,304 2,834 72,535 75,607

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 30.8 35.2 77.4 79.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 321 252 4,297 2,512

Unemployment rate............................................................... 12.2 8.2 5.6 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,843 4,974 16,895 16,558

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,640 3,074 68,042 69,039

Participation rate..................................................................... 33.3 36.2 70.8 71.9

Employed............................................................................. 2,373 2,842 64,636 66,794

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 29.9 33.5 67.2 69.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 267 232 3,406 2,245

Unemployment rate............................................................... 10.1 7.5 5.0 3.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,286 5,406 28,128 26,978

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,110 1,337 9,357 9,502

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.2 8.3 23.1 23.6

Employed............................................................................. 1,045 1,285 8,885 9,248

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 6.7 8.0 22.0 22.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 65 52 473 255

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.8 3.9 5.1 2.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,384 14,810 31,067 30,796

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 42,869 45,230 20,609 22,058 22,259 23,172

Civilian labor force.................................................. 27,327 29,648 15,578 16,949 11,749 12,699

Participation rate.................................................. 63.7 65.5 75.6 76.8 52.8 54.8

Employed.......................................................... 25,789 28,690 14,745 16,432 11,045 12,258

Employment-population ratio................................. 60.2 63.4 71.5 74.5 49.6 52.9

Unemployed....................................................... 1,537 958 834 516 704 441

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.6 3.2 5.4 3.0 6.0 3.5

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,542 15,582 5,031 5,110 10,511 10,473

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 218,341 218,448 105,760 106,412 112,581 112,037

Civilian labor force.................................................. 133,280 134,509 69,751 70,364 63,529 64,146

Participation rate.................................................. 61.0 61.6 66.0 66.1 56.4 57.3

Employed.......................................................... 125,989 129,919 65,685 67,947 60,303 61,972

Employment-population ratio................................. 57.7 59.5 62.1 63.9 53.6 55.3

Unemployed....................................................... 7,291 4,590 4,066 2,417 3,226 2,173

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.5 3.4 5.8 3.4 5.1 3.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 85,061 83,939 36,009 36,048 49,052 47,891

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,337 2,265 2,399 2,291 2,326 2,383 2,378 2,349 2,355

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,543 1,435 1,574 1,527 1,501 1,525 1,571 1,505 1,553

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 756 798 801 732 771 801 758 800 776

Unpaid family workers........................... 37 32 24 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 149,442 155,726 156,210 149,381 154,598 155,094 155,871 155,729 156,183

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 139,977 146,650 146,725 139,967 145,993 146,263 146,955 146,638 146,455

Government..................................... 20,613 21,128 20,985 20,475 21,274 20,971 21,296 20,948 20,885

Private industries............................... 119,364 125,521 125,740 119,334 124,240 124,886 125,204 125,371 125,619

Private households.......................... 586 591 610 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 118,778 124,931 125,130 118,732 123,512 124,144 124,505 124,658 124,955

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,370 9,030 9,410 9,265 9,089 9,175 9,260 9,086 9,291

Unpaid family workers........................... 94 46 75 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,046 3,822 4,115 5,267 3,717 4,135 4,170 4,033 4,328

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,843 2,500 2,858 4,016 2,430 2,707 2,880 2,647 2,996

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,012 1,077 1,002 998 969 1,060 1,055 1,071 999

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 19,364 21,479 20,822 19,362 20,198 20,667 20,870 20,826 20,806

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 5,016 3,777 4,033 5,227 3,620 4,105 4,149 3,996 4,235

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,819 2,472 2,796 3,983 2,400 2,672 2,842 2,617 2,927

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,012 1,071 993 995 960 1,053 1,049 1,064 988

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 18,984 21,092 20,447 18,991 19,839 20,275 20,498 20,435 20,438

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,778 157,991 158,609 151,550 157,174 157,722 158,458 158,105 158,426

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,327 5,319 5,472 5,428 5,550 5,474 5,660 5,601 5,571

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,967 2,115 2,068 2,083 2,188 2,295 2,310 2,316 2,194

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,361 3,204 3,404 3,357 3,378 3,205 3,392 3,307 3,396

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,451 152,672 153,137 146,122 151,624 152,248 152,798 152,504 152,855

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,082 13,532 13,667 13,178 13,756 13,834 13,774 13,673 13,768

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,369 139,140 139,471 133,035 137,840 138,412 139,055 138,737 139,047

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,419 101,849 101,954 97,287 100,647 101,109 101,769 101,605 101,734

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,470 35,523 35,609 34,436 34,985 35,125 35,367 35,472 35,569

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,567 34,696 34,773 32,517 34,147 34,535 34,695 34,612 34,675

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,383 31,630 31,573 30,334 31,515 31,448 31,707 31,522 31,490

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,949 37,292 37,516 35,748 37,193 37,304 37,287 37,132 37,313

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,430 83,922 84,379 80,197 83,518 84,247 84,465 84,089 84,218

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,643 2,598 2,730 2,708 2,751 2,774 2,911 2,754 2,795

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967 1,018 1,000 1,016 1,022 1,131 1,137 1,097 1,054

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,677 1,580 1,730 1,695 1,744 1,659 1,804 1,662 1,748

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,786 81,324 81,649 77,489 80,767 81,473 81,554 81,334 81,422

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,709 6,887 6,991 6,727 7,032 7,059 6,975 6,958 7,009

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,077 74,436 74,658 70,878 73,752 74,457 74,613 74,340 74,406

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,835 54,296 54,412 51,740 53,693 54,227 54,331 54,259 54,258

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,382 18,830 18,832 18,371 18,555 18,788 18,782 18,851 18,830

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,590 18,636 18,708 17,541 18,420 18,696 18,696 18,605 18,628

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,863 16,830 16,872 15,828 16,718 16,743 16,852 16,803 16,800

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,242 20,141 20,246 19,138 20,059 20,230 20,282 20,081 20,147

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,348 74,069 74,230 71,353 73,656 73,475 73,992 74,017 74,208

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,684 2,721 2,742 2,719 2,799 2,699 2,748 2,847 2,776

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 1,097 1,068 1,067 1,166 1,164 1,173 1,219 1,140

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,684 1,624 1,674 1,663 1,634 1,546 1,589 1,645 1,648

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,664 71,348 71,488 68,633 70,857 70,775 71,244 71,170 71,432

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,373 6,644 6,676 6,451 6,725 6,775 6,799 6,715 6,759

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,291 64,704 64,813 62,157 64,088 63,955 64,442 64,397 64,641

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,584 47,553 47,543 45,547 46,954 46,882 47,438 47,346 47,475

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,087 16,693 16,777 16,065 16,430 16,338 16,584 16,621 16,739

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,976 16,060 16,065 14,976 15,727 15,838 15,999 16,007 16,047

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,520 14,800 14,701 14,506 14,798 14,705 14,855 14,718 14,690

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,707 17,151 17,270 16,610 17,134 17,074 17,004 17,051 17,165

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,849 45,496 45,531 43,673 45,342 45,648 45,325 45,259 45,306

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,986 36,221 36,455 34,935 35,885 35,870 36,043 35,999 36,356

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,711 10,014 10,019 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,579 131,362 132,820 126,514 131,164 131,806 132,718 132,067 132,800

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,199 26,629 25,789 25,189 25,817 25,801 25,902 26,091 25,766

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,249 7,532 7,313 7,235 7,486 7,431 7,370 7,539 7,302

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,063 6,678 6,823 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,126 9,828 10,211 9,998 9,860 9,976 10,018 9,886 10,067

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 9,251 5,941 5,950 5.8 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 578 636 645 9.6 10.9 10.3 10.0 10.2 10.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 205 223 248 9.0 11.3 10.2 8.6 8.8 10.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 369 442 395 9.9 10.6 10.1 10.9 11.8 10.4

20 years and over................................ 8,673 5,305 5,305 5.6 3.7 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,474 1,016 993 10.1 7.3 7.5 7.5 6.9 6.7

25 years and over.............................. 7,135 4,234 4,255 5.1 3.4 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 5,336 3,190 3,245 5.2 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 2,116 1,461 1,451 5.8 4.3 4.1 3.9 4.0 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 1,715 1,033 1,045 5.0 3.5 3.3 2.8 2.9 2.9

45 to 54 years............................. 1,505 697 749 4.7 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.3

55 years and over........................... 1,808 1,045 1,031 4.8 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.7

Men, 16 years and over............................ 5,110 3,288 3,148 6.0 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 302 327 322 10.0 11.5 11.1 10.0 10.6 10.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 94 120 102 8.5 13.5 9.0 8.7 9.8 8.8

18 to 19 years.................................. 215 228 224 11.2 10.2 12.4 10.7 12.1 11.4

20 years and over................................ 4,808 2,961 2,827 5.8 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 820 611 530 10.9 8.6 7.8 8.5 8.1 7.0

25 years and over.............................. 3,927 2,302 2,239 5.2 3.4 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 3,009 1,715 1,691 5.5 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 1,202 835 773 6.1 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.2 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 981 538 543 5.3 3.5 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.8

45 to 54 years............................. 826 341 376 5.0 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.2

55 years and over........................... 918 587 548 4.6 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.8 2.6

Women, 16 years and over........................ 4,141 2,653 2,802 5.5 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 276 308 324 9.2 10.2 9.4 10.0 9.8 10.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 111 103 146 9.4 9.3 11.2 8.5 7.8 11.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 154 214 170 8.5 11.0 7.6 11.2 11.5 9.4

20 years and over................................ 3,866 2,344 2,479 5.3 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 655 405 464 9.2 5.9 7.2 6.4 5.7 6.4

25 years and over.............................. 3,208 1,932 2,016 4.9 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 2,327 1,475 1,554 4.9 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 914 626 678 5.4 4.2 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 734 494 502 4.7 3.5 3.3 2.7 3.0 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 679 355 373 4.5 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.5

55 years and over........................... 883 482 480 5.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.7

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 1,565 870 911 3.5 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.0

Married women, spouse present1................. 1,324 778 841 3.7 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.3

Women who maintain families2.................... 687 420 525 6.6 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.0 5.0

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 7,802 4,729 4,722 5.8 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,365 1,187 1,157 5.1 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.3

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 5,384 2,650 2,323 5,822 3,220 3,044 2,831 2,839 2,736

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,562 731 545 1,820 959 888 787 853 810

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 3,821 1,919 1,778 4,001 2,261 2,156 2,044 1,987 1,927

Permanent job losers.......................... 3,113 1,373 1,304 3,228 1,630 1,583 1,392 1,386 1,386

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 709 546 474 773 632 573 652 601 541

Job leavers........................................... 737 752 719 783 952 963 787 793 764

Reentrants............................................ 2,224 1,654 1,989 2,174 1,959 1,947 1,985 1,882 1,943

New entrants......................................... 483 402 516 526 433 417 463 515 535

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 61.0 48.6 41.9 62.6 49.1 47.8 46.7 47.1 45.8

On temporary layoff.............................. 17.7 13.4 9.8 19.6 14.6 13.9 13.0 14.1 13.5

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 43.3 35.2 32.0 43.0 34.5 33.8 33.7 33.0 32.2

Job leavers........................................... 8.4 13.8 13.0 8.4 14.5 15.1 13.0 13.1 12.8

Reentrants............................................ 25.2 30.3 35.9 23.4 29.8 30.6 32.7 31.2 32.5

New entrants......................................... 5.5 7.4 9.3 5.7 6.6 6.6 7.6 8.5 8.9

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3.4 1.6 1.4 3.6 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,963 1,895 1,994 1,974 2,417 2,131 2,289 2,227 2,066

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,793 1,344 1,449 2,218 1,607 1,800 1,684 1,617 1,767

15 weeks and over.................................. 5,073 2,219 2,105 4,995 2,507 2,437 1,999 2,033 2,017

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 1,381 814 826 1,230 816 735 571 551 661

27 weeks and over............................... 3,692 1,405 1,279 3,765 1,691 1,702 1,428 1,483 1,356

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 30.7 26.6 23.2 29.4 24.6 26.6 24.2 25.0 22.5

Median duration, in weeks......................... 19.9 10.4 9.4 19.3 10.1 9.6 7.5 7.5 9.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 22.2 34.7 35.9 21.5 37.0 33.5 38.3 37.9 35.3

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 20.3 24.6 26.1 24.1 24.6 28.3 28.2 27.5 30.2

15 weeks and over.................................. 57.5 40.7 37.9 54.4 38.4 38.3 33.5 34.6 34.5

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 15.6 14.9 14.9 13.4 12.5 11.5 9.6 9.4 11.3

27 weeks and over............................... 41.8 25.7 23.1 41.0 25.9 26.7 23.9 25.2 23.2

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 151,778 158,609 8,829 5,548 5.5 3.4

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 64,268 67,652 1,879 1,098 2.8 1.6

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 27,876 28,870 833 422 2.9 1.4

Professional and related occupations.......................... 36,392 38,782 1,046 677 2.8 1.7

Service occupations................................................ 24,023 26,025 1,965 1,153 7.6 4.2

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,363 30,434 1,868 1,267 5.8 4.0

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,265 14,477 980 633 6.4 4.2

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,098 15,957 889 635 5.2 3.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,100 14,290 995 535 6.6 3.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,155 1,002 109 54 8.6 5.1

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 7,922 8,514 670 403 7.8 4.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 5,022 4,774 216 78 4.1 1.6

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,025 20,209 1,628 968 7.9 4.6

Production occupations.......................................... 7,769 8,281 529 334 6.4 3.9

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,256 11,928 1,099 634 8.9 5.0

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 8,829 5,548 5.5 3.4

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 7,154 4,353 5.7 3.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 64 24 9.6 4.1

Construction.......................................................................... 642 392 6.7 3.8

Manufacturing........................................................................ 705 422 4.8 2.8

Durable goods..................................................................... 467 256 5.0 2.7

Nondurable goods................................................................ 238 166 4.3 2.9

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 1,301 819 6.6 4.2

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 566 348 7.2 4.1

Information............................................................................ 157 70 5.8 2.9

Financial activities................................................................... 292 193 3.0 1.9

Professional and business services............................................... 952 583 5.4 3.1

Education and health services..................................................... 840 620 3.4 2.5

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 1,294 681 10.1 5.1

Other services........................................................................ 341 200 5.3 3.1

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 138 49 8.4 3.1

Government workers................................................................... 474 356 2.2 1.7

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 579 273 5.3 2.6

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Apr.

2022

May

2022

May

2021

Jan.

2022

Feb.

2022

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022

May

2022

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 3.2 1.4 1.3 3.1 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 3.4 1.6 1.4 3.6 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 5.5 3.3 3.4 5.8 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 5.8 3.6 3.6 6.1 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.9

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 6.6 4.3 4.2 6.9 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.5

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 9.7 6.6 6.7 10.1 7.1 7.2 6.9 7.0 7.1

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

May

2021

May

2022

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 100,603 99,521 41,040 41,158 59,563 58,364

Persons who currently want a job................................ 7,087 6,180 3,482 2,996 3,605 3,184

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,872 1,417 1,018 758 854 659

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 551 379 317 207 234 172

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,321 1,038 701 551 620 487

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,249 7,313 3,570 3,545 3,679 3,768

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.2 5.2 5.1

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,041 4,295 2,143 2,184 1,898 2,112

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,668 1,714 574 607 1,094 1,107

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 373 372 226 261 147 110

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,093 868 592 462 501 406

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Change

from:

Apr.2022 -

May2022p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,304 149,905 150,964 151,773 145,141 150,856 151,292 151,682 390

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,111 127,478 128,463 129,293 123,165 128,680 129,085 129,418 333

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,220 20,645 20,865 21,076 20,209 20,922 20,991 21,050 59

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 601 609 614 560 605 613 618 5

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 45.5 40.8 41.7 45.5 45.6 44.4 43.9 -0.5

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512.2 555.1 567.9 572.1 514.5 559.0 568.3 574.1 5.8

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.8 129.7 136.2 136.5 116.0 130.9 137.3 137.4 0.1

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.0 172.9 176.5 179.9 173.7 176.5 176.4 178.7 2.3

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.3 37.0 37.4 37.7 36.3 36.8 37.0 37.7 0.7

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 42.8 43.1 43.6 41.2 43.0 43.4 43.6 0.2

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.6 93.1 96.0 98.6 96.2 96.7 96.0 97.4 1.4

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.4 252.5 255.2 255.7 224.8 251.6 254.6 258.0 3.4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,432 7,393 7,554 7,715 7,381 7,628 7,628 7,664 36

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637.1 1,662.6 1,684.4 1,713.2 1,639.6 1,699.7 1,706.9 1,714.3 7.4

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853.1 873.2 886.2 903.7 853.5 893.3 897.9 902.9 5.0

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.0 789.4 798.2 809.5 786.1 806.4 809.0 811.4 2.4

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,070.2 1,005.1 1,067.9 1,110.2 1,044.1 1,070.8 1,072.5 1,083.8 11.3

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,725.1 4,725.6 4,802.1 4,891.1 4,697.7 4,857.2 4,848.8 4,866.2 17.4

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,187.5 2,193.4 2,225.3 2,269.2 2,175.9 2,242.8 2,242.8 2,254.5 11.7

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,537.6 2,532.2 2,576.8 2,621.9 2,521.8 2,614.4 2,606.0 2,611.7 5.7

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,232 12,651 12,702 12,747 12,268 12,689 12,750 12,768 18

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,605 7,873 7,902 7,925 7,616 7,887 7,921 7,932 11

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.4 427.2 430.4 432.4 406.5 427.4 431.2 435.0 3.8

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.5 402.6 408.5 415.5 398.2 410.0 408.9 410.8 1.9

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.3 360.1 359.3 361.3 348.4 359.7 360.5 362.2 1.7

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,373.7 1,427.1 1,427.1 1,435.0 1,374.9 1,428.0 1,429.6 1,436.7 7.1

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,050.2 1,084.3 1,087.6 1,088.6 1,052.3 1,086.3 1,092.2 1,089.0 -3.2

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,054.2 1,068.3 1,072.3 1,077.5 1,056.3 1,070.2 1,074.8 1,079.2 4.4

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 156.5 158.8 160.1 160.5 156.9 159.5 160.2 160.8 0.6

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.4 84.7 84.5 83.9 85.6 84.1 84.5 84.2 -0.3

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366.1 375.1 376.2 378.7 367.0 375.5 377.7 379.4 1.7

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.3 418.9 419.9 423.9 416.5 419.8 420.5 423.9 3.4

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.9 30.8 31.6 30.5 30.3 31.3 32.0 31.0 -1.0

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 392.0 407.3 408.5 408.6 393.6 408.2 409.4 410.0 0.6

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,606.1 1,677.9 1,692.0 1,683.3 1,608.6 1,674.0 1,693.5 1,685.6 -7.9

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931.2 989.4 1,002.1 992.3 933.4 989.3 996.8 993.3 -3.5

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.9 385.8 382.7 386.0 369.8 387.1 386.1 387.1 1.0

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607.6 632.4 633.2 636.6 607.7 635.6 634.8 635.9 1.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,627 4,778 4,800 4,822 4,652 4,802 4,829 4,836 7

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,610.1 1,666.8 1,668.0 1,678.1 1,632.1 1,682.5 1,690.2 1,696.3 6.1

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.3 99.6 100.5 100.7 97.0 100.0 101.1 100.4 -0.7

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.2 106.4 106.0 105.7 103.3 106.1 105.8 105.7 -0.1

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.5 94.6 93.7 95.7 91.2 94.9 94.2 95.1 0.9

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.5 358.4 358.5 359.2 345.8 357.2 358.4 359.5 1.1

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 365.4 371.6 375.5 377.1 366.6 373.4 377.8 377.4 -0.4

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.1 104.2 107.9 108.7 105.2 107.0 108.5 107.7 -0.8

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865.2 889.3 890.8 893.9 867.0 888.7 890.7 894.4 3.7

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720.3 744.7 747.9 748.8 720.6 740.8 746.6 746.2 -0.4

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.5 342.6 350.8 354.1 322.8 351.5 355.9 353.0 -2.9

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,891 106,833 107,598 108,217 102,956 107,758 108,094 108,368 274

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,335 28,361 28,357 28,420 27,538 28,569 28,650 28,651 1

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,657.1 5,789.3 5,823.6 5,860.6 5,655.6 5,814.7 5,837.6 5,851.7 14.1

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,108.7 3,191.2 3,206.7 3,227.1 3,110.7 3,201.3 3,213.2 3,223.6 10.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,067.6 2,113.7 2,127.2 2,138.5 2,061.6 2,128.2 2,134.2 2,132.4 -1.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Change

from:

Apr.2022 -

May2022p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.8 484.4 489.7 495.0 483.3 485.2 490.2 495.7 5.5

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,227.4 15,669.9 15,658.6 15,641.9 15,313.6 15,804.9 15,817.2 15,756.5 -60.7

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,944.8 1,960.1 1,966.9 1,972.5 1,938.5 1,966.8 1,967.3 1,966.4 -0.9

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,222.0 1,235.4 1,236.5 1,235.9 1,220.8 1,235.6 1,236.6 1,235.0 -1.6

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.1 167.0 170.1 175.6 169.2 171.5 169.2 169.8 0.6

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 547.7 557.7 560.3 561.0 548.6 559.6 561.4 561.5 0.1

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 439.6 444.6 436.9 435.2 443.3 445.7 441.7 439.6 -2.1

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 415.3 428.6 427.6 425.8 423.8 432.9 432.7 433.5 0.8

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,459.1 1,402.1 1,388.4 1,411.8 1,398.7 1,385.9 1,367.2 1,359.9 -7.3

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,104.9 3,145.7 3,154.9 3,158.6 3,124.4 3,156.9 3,179.1 3,170.8 -8.3

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,024.3 1,067.5 1,058.6 1,049.3 1,030.1 1,071.0 1,062.7 1,057.4 -5.3

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928.6 953.5 960.9 973.1 933.1 967.7 972.9 975.7 2.8

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 997.6 1,047.1 1,048.3 1,053.3 1,030.7 1,088.9 1,092.9 1,084.1 -8.8

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510.6 522.0 523.6 528.4 524.6 539.2 540.4 543.8 3.4

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,982.1 3,227.2 3,211.6 3,140.2 3,040.2 3,252.4 3,255.8 3,223.1 -32.7

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891.2 949.2 937.3 927.4 932.7 975.9 971.7 966.7 -5.0

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,090.9 2,278.0 2,274.3 2,212.8 2,107.5 2,276.6 2,284.1 2,256.3 -27.8

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803.9 830.2 842.7 856.8 798.3 844.7 851.7 850.3 -1.4

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616.6 641.3 638.2 636.9 627.9 652.8 652.8 651.9 -0.9

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,909.1 6,363.8 6,337.7 6,379.0 6,026.6 6,410.6 6,456.8 6,503.8 47.0

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.3 537.9 541.8 549.9 461.7 539.1 543.2 548.9 5.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.0 145.9 146.2 146.2 147.3 145.7 145.9 146.4 0.5

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 56.7 58.3 60.5 56.5 58.6 58.8 59.6 0.8

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,497.6 1,534.6 1,549.5 1,572.0 1,510.9 1,554.0 1,568.0 1,581.3 13.3

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.5 407.4 408.8 413.7 375.1 394.1 394.7 398.2 3.5

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.6 50.3 50.2 49.7 49.7 50.3 50.2 -0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 22.0 21.2 22.4 26.8 20.2 25.7 24.9 25.2 0.3

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 707.4 765.3 768.5 768.6 712.9 766.9 771.3 774.7 3.4

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985.8 1,074.1 1,030.7 1,029.7 1,067.6 1,110.2 1,116.0 1,117.9 1.9

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,589.8 1,771.1 1,761.2 1,761.4 1,624.7 1,766.6 1,783.7 1,801.4 17.7

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541.1 537.7 537.1 538.3 542.3 538.3 538.8 539.3 0.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,796 2,926 2,944 2,959 2,803 2,936 2,951 2,967 16

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 787.9 814.2 816.9 816.4 790.3 814.6 819.1 818.7 -0.4

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.4 412.1 414.7 428.2 354.8 424.7 420.7 431.3 10.6

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.7 233.6 232.8 233.6 235.9 233.2 233.4 233.5 0.1

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.5 658.9 662.9 656.4 665.8 656.2 660.3 658.9 -1.4

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379.7 405.4 412.2 417.8 379.3 404.7 411.6 416.8 5.2

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.3 401.4 404.8 406.3 376.7 402.7 406.2 407.7 1.5

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,720 8,855 8,901 8,920 8,747 8,905 8,940 8,948 8

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,487.1 6,554.9 6,577.3 6,563.7 6,507.8 6,562.5 6,589.9 6,583.5 -6.4

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,700.1 2,714.5 2,715.1 2,710.9 2,705.4 2,716.0 2,717.8 2,716.3 -1.5

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,742.4 1,732.1 1,726.6 1,728.5 1,741.8 1,731.6 1,729.0 1,728.0 -1.0

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,362.1 1,341.0 1,335.0 1,333.9 1,360.2 1,339.5 1,337.4 1,333.1 -4.3

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 628.6 641.9 647.6 645.8 633.4 645.0 649.5 650.4 0.9

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 329.1 340.5 340.9 336.6 330.3 339.3 339.2 337.9 -1.3

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 980.9 1,007.4 1,012.3 1,014.8 986.4 1,013.6 1,018.2 1,019.4 1.2

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,785.4 2,812.3 2,829.2 2,817.3 2,795.2 2,812.1 2,833.1 2,827.0 -6.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,233.1 2,300.4 2,323.6 2,356.6 2,239.3 2,342.1 2,350.0 2,364.0 14.0

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,728.9 1,769.4 1,784.4 1,799.9 1,735.5 1,795.8 1,801.8 1,809.2 7.4

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.9 510.9 518.1 535.4 483.3 525.8 526.9 533.4 6.5

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Change

from:

Apr.2022 -

May2022p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 20.3 20.1 21.1 21.3 20.5 20.5 21.3 21.4 0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,993 21,911 22,100 22,154 21,023 22,090 22,139 22,214 75

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,738.6 10,309.5 10,380.6 10,318.3 9,804.9 10,299.9 10,340.1 10,388.3 48.2

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,144.5 1,169.8 1,172.8 1,174.0 1,148.8 1,174.9 1,178.2 1,178.8 0.6

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,013.9 1,165.6 1,160.8 1,066.1 1,049.9 1,078.7 1,086.3 1,101.9 15.6

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,527.5 1,587.6 1,602.9 1,615.7 1,531.8 1,609.6 1,615.0 1,620.3 5.3

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.4 146.5 149.4 152.2 139.5 148.8 150.3 151.9 1.6

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,271.6 2,385.1 2,413.6 2,420.3 2,278.0 2,404.7 2,414.2 2,427.3 13.1

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,608.1 1,716.7 1,731.7 1,735.2 1,615.4 1,731.8 1,737.4 1,744.2 6.8

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812.1 856.3 862.0 867.8 816.4 861.8 866.5 872.5 6.0

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 439.0 476.3 477.0 474.6 440.2 476.7 477.3 475.4 -1.9

Other professional and technical services. . . 782.5 805.6 810.4 812.4 785.0 812.9 814.8 816.0 1.2

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,324.6 2,360.1 2,358.9 2,365.3 2,330.8 2,366.9 2,365.1 2,371.9 6.8

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,929.8 9,241.6 9,360.8 9,470.7 8,887.1 9,422.8 9,433.3 9,453.4 20.1

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,478.8 8,776.9 8,894.5 9,000.2 8,435.4 8,952.9 8,962.8 8,981.6 18.8

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 540.9 572.7 582.4 587.0 539.1 577.1 582.4 584.8 2.4

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.5 153.5 153.6 149.3 156.2 153.0 154.4 150.8 -3.6

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,419.9 3,827.0 3,791.4 3,825.4 3,447.1 3,857.3 3,854.5 3,875.7 21.2

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,777.3 3,126.3 3,091.5 3,120.7 2,803.2 3,141.4 3,148.0 3,167.3 19.3

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800.0 786.4 790.6 784.7 814.2 791.1 801.8 800.0 -1.8

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.7 147.8 151.4 153.8 133.6 150.2 151.8 152.5 0.7

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 914.0 913.0 916.0 917.1 911.3 913.5 913.9 914.7 0.8

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,222.5 2,066.9 2,191.1 2,262.9 2,142.1 2,196.9 2,186.5 2,184.2 -2.3

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291.3 309.6 318.0 320.0 291.8 313.8 317.5 318.9 1.4

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451.0 464.7 466.3 470.5 451.7 469.9 470.5 471.8 1.3

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,645 24,231 24,314 24,290 23,620 24,124 24,184 24,258 74

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,571.4 3,892.9 3,911.7 3,827.0 3,550.6 3,753.5 3,769.3 3,801.8 32.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,073.2 20,338.5 20,402.7 20,463.0 20,069.3 20,370.0 20,414.2 20,456.3 42.1

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,990.8 16,169.4 16,211.3 16,245.0 16,017.8 16,202.8 16,239.6 16,267.9 28.3

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,847.2 8,076.9 8,107.1 8,120.3 7,846.2 8,091.9 8,113.7 8,120.1 6.4

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,728.6 2,798.2 2,810.1 2,819.2 2,728.6 2,803.0 2,811.7 2,817.5 5.8

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990.7 1,020.4 1,023.9 1,025.5 990.3 1,024.0 1,025.2 1,026.1 0.9

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,003.4 1,065.8 1,073.1 1,072.0 1,001.0 1,070.8 1,073.5 1,069.6 -3.9

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993.6 1,015.9 1,013.7 1,013.8 993.7 1,013.9 1,014.0 1,015.1 1.1

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 305.7 313.6 316.5 316.6 306.0 313.1 315.1 316.5 1.4

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,513.8 1,546.5 1,553.8 1,557.2 1,515.0 1,551.3 1,558.3 1,559.0 0.7

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311.4 316.5 316.0 316.0 311.5 315.8 316.0 316.4 0.4

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,110.2 5,134.4 5,137.7 5,145.9 5,127.1 5,137.6 5,144.4 5,160.7 16.3

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,033.4 2,958.1 2,966.5 2,978.8 3,044.5 2,973.3 2,981.5 2,987.1 5.6

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,374.4 1,333.8 1,334.3 1,338.9 1,383.7 1,342.7 1,346.8 1,348.1 1.3

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 609.2 593.9 598.5 601.1 609.1 595.2 599.2 600.6 1.4

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895.4 874.3 879.2 884.0 896.9 878.8 879.9 882.9 3.0

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 154.4 156.1 154.5 154.8 154.7 156.7 155.6 155.4 -0.2

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,082.4 4,169.1 4,191.4 4,218.0 4,051.5 4,167.2 4,174.6 4,188.4 13.8

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,712.2 2,752.7 2,765.8 2,784.0 2,703.2 2,758.1 2,763.0 2,776.0 13.0

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 194.0 200.9 201.2 200.3 194.9 199.8 200.9 201.1 0.2

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 273.2 274.4 275.3 274.6 273.3 277.2 275.4 274.6 -0.8

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903.0 941.1 949.1 959.1 880.0 932.1 935.3 936.8 1.5

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,006 14,942 15,332 15,782 13,830 15,471 15,554 15,638 84

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,979.0 2,081.0 2,204.8 2,336.9 1,923.5 2,256.6 2,275.3 2,291.5 16.2

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 367.8 440.1 491.4 512.2 352.8 473.4 488.1 498.3 10.2

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137.3 144.4 150.9 159.4 136.4 154.6 154.9 158.3 3.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Change

from:

Apr.2022 -

May2022p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,473.9 1,496.5 1,562.5 1,665.3 1,434.3 1,628.6 1,632.3 1,634.9 2.6

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,027.4 12,861.3 13,126.8 13,444.7 11,906.4 13,214.2 13,279.1 13,346.6 67.5

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,404.0 1,595.8 1,645.7 1,711.8 1,424.5 1,692.2 1,715.3 1,736.7 21.4

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 10,623.4 11,265.5 11,481.1 11,732.9 10,481.9 11,522.0 11,563.8 11,609.9 46.1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,396 5,607 5,650 5,692 5,395 5,663 5,676 5,692 16

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,333.1 1,406.3 1,416.2 1,427.1 1,327.4 1,413.1 1,416.2 1,422.1 5.9

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,336.8 1,420.7 1,437.7 1,454.1 1,330.3 1,439.8 1,443.2 1,450.0 6.8

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,726.1 2,780.0 2,796.5 2,810.3 2,737.1 2,809.8 2,816.1 2,820.1 4.0

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,193 22,427 22,501 22,480 21,976 22,176 22,207 22,264 57

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,888 2,853 2,861 2,879 2,889 2,876 2,875 2,880 5

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,287.9 2,246.4 2,254.0 2,280.8 2,286.8 2,266.8 2,266.8 2,275.9 9.1

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600.3 606.8 606.9 598.4 601.9 609.3 607.7 603.9 -3.8

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,204 5,349 5,376 5,254 5,231 5,213 5,224 5,260 36

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,517.8 2,730.3 2,747.7 2,626.5 2,545.4 2,587.8 2,596.8 2,633.1 36.3

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,686.2 2,618.4 2,628.4 2,627.9 2,685.8 2,625.2 2,627.5 2,626.9 -0.6

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,101 14,225 14,264 14,347 13,856 14,087 14,108 14,124 16

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,788.7 7,961.8 7,969.9 7,982.6 7,540.7 7,727.1 7,742.2 7,756.6 14.4

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,312.6 6,262.8 6,293.6 6,364.4 6,314.8 6,360.3 6,365.8 6,367.0 1.2

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.9 34.6 34.6 34.6

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.0 40.1 40.0 40.1

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.1 45.8 45.1 46.0

Construction....................................................................... 39.0 38.7 38.8 39.0

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.4 40.7 40.5 40.4

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.6 41.0 40.9 40.7

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.1 40.1 39.9 39.9

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.9 33.6 33.6 33.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.7 34.0 34.0 34.0

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.2 39.4 39.2 39.1

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.9 30.2 30.1 30.1

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 39.3 37.8 38.1 38.2

Utilities........................................................................... 42.7 42.4 42.4 42.6

Information......................................................................... 37.1 36.9 36.8 36.6

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.7 37.6 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 36.6 36.7 36.7 36.6

Education and health services.................................................. 33.4 33.5 33.5 33.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.4 25.9 26.0 25.9

Other services..................................................................... 32.5 32.3 32.3 32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Total private............................................... $30.36 $31.75 $31.85 $31.95 $1,059.56 $1,098.55 $1,102.01 $1,105.47

Goods-producing....................................... 30.84 32.03 32.18 32.29 1,233.60 1,284.40 1,287.20 1,294.83

Mining and logging.................................. 34.71 35.73 35.39 35.70 1,565.42 1,636.43 1,596.09 1,642.20

Construction.......................................... 32.74 34.14 34.34 34.56 1,276.86 1,321.22 1,332.39 1,347.84

Manufacturing........................................ 29.53 30.62 30.76 30.78 1,193.01 1,246.23 1,245.78 1,243.51

Durable goods.................................... 31.01 32.19 32.36 32.41 1,259.01 1,319.79 1,323.52 1,319.09

Nondurable goods................................ 27.08 27.97 28.09 28.05 1,085.91 1,121.60 1,120.79 1,119.20

Private service-providing.............................. 30.25 31.69 31.78 31.88 1,025.48 1,064.78 1,067.81 1,067.98

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 26.16 27.42 27.47 27.62 907.75 932.28 933.98 939.08

Wholesale trade.................................. 33.46 34.70 34.79 34.85 1,311.63 1,367.18 1,363.77 1,362.64

Retail trade........................................ 21.82 22.81 22.77 22.85 674.24 688.86 685.38 687.79

Transportation and warehousing............... 26.19 27.81 27.96 28.23 1,029.27 1,051.22 1,065.28 1,078.39

Utilities............................................. 44.66 46.80 46.61 47.31 1,906.98 1,984.32 1,976.26 2,015.41

Information........................................... 44.20 45.23 45.37 45.71 1,639.82 1,668.99 1,669.62 1,672.99

Financial activities................................... 40.05 40.99 41.05 40.96 1,505.88 1,545.32 1,543.48 1,536.00

Professional and business services.............. 36.27 38.31 38.55 38.65 1,327.48 1,405.98 1,414.79 1,414.59

Education and health services..................... 29.74 31.27 31.35 31.44 993.32 1,047.55 1,050.23 1,053.24

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 18.01 19.66 19.76 19.86 475.46 509.19 513.76 514.37

Other services....................................... 27.30 28.11 28.02 28.16 887.25 907.95 905.05 909.57

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2022 -

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2022 -

May

2022p

Total private..................................... 107.9 111.8 112.1 112.4 0.3 156.6 169.7 170.7 171.7 0.6

Goods-producing............................. 92.1 95.6 95.7 96.2 0.5 128.4 138.4 139.1 140.4 0.9

Mining and logging........................ 79.4 87.1 86.9 89.3 2.8 110.6 124.9 123.4 128.0 3.7

Construction................................ 99.2 101.8 102.0 103.0 1.0 141.2 150.9 152.2 154.7 1.6

Manufacturing.............................. 89.2 92.9 92.9 92.8 -0.1 122.4 132.3 132.9 132.8 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 87.1 91.0 91.2 90.9 -0.3 119.9 130.2 131.1 130.8 -0.2

Nondurable goods...................... 93.1 96.1 96.2 96.3 0.1 127.9 136.4 137.1 137.1 0.0

Private service-providing.................... 112.4 116.6 116.9 116.9 0.0 165.2 179.6 180.6 181.1 0.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 104.3 106.0 106.3 106.3 0.0 147.1 156.7 157.5 158.3 0.5

Wholesale trade......................... 97.8 101.1 100.9 100.9 0.0 136.9 146.7 146.9 147.1 0.1

Retail trade.............................. 96.1 96.9 96.7 96.3 -0.4 138.6 146.1 145.5 145.4 -0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 136.1 139.2 141.3 142.8 1.1 181.3 197.0 201.1 205.0 1.9

Utilities.................................... 100.2 98.7 98.8 99.4 0.6 147.8 152.7 152.2 155.4 2.1

Information................................. 95.0 98.9 99.2 99.2 0.0 149.5 159.3 160.2 161.4 0.7

Financial activities......................... 107.8 110.0 110.1 109.9 -0.2 168.3 175.9 176.4 175.7 -0.4

Professional and business services..... 120.6 127.1 127.4 127.5 0.1 177.2 197.2 198.9 199.5 0.3

Education and health services........... 128.8 132.0 132.3 132.7 0.3 184.3 198.5 199.5 200.7 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 104.2 114.3 115.4 115.6 0.2 151.4 181.3 184.0 185.2 0.7

Other services............................. 101.1 105.5 105.7 106.0 0.3 151.3 162.5 162.3 163.6 0.8

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Total nonfarm............................................. 72,298 75,053 75,312 75,493 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 59,637 62,184 62,415 62,601 48.4 48.3 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,595 4,800 4,825 4,847 22.7 22.9 23.0 23.0

Mining and logging............................... 75 79 80 80 13.4 13.1 13.1 12.9

Construction....................................... 1,003 1,062 1,062 1,071 13.6 13.9 13.9 14.0

Manufacturing..................................... 3,517 3,659 3,683 3,696 28.7 28.8 28.9 28.9

Durable goods.................................. 1,864 1,947 1,959 1,963 24.5 24.7 24.7 24.7

Nondurable goods............................. 1,653 1,712 1,724 1,733 35.5 35.7 35.7 35.8

Private service-providing........................... 55,042 57,384 57,590 57,754 53.5 53.3 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 10,855 11,308 11,343 11,340 39.4 39.6 39.6 39.6

Wholesale trade................................ 1,713.8 1,760.5 1,774.5 1,784.8 30.3 30.3 30.4 30.5

Retail trade..................................... 7,456.0 7,700.8 7,707.7 7,678.6 48.7 48.7 48.7 48.7

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,550.0 1,712.0 1,724.8 1,740.3 25.7 26.7 26.7 26.8

Utilities........................................... 135.1 134.9 135.8 136.1 24.9 25.1 25.2 25.2

Information......................................... 1,113 1,168 1,173 1,185 39.7 39.8 39.7 39.9

Financial activities................................ 4,927 4,971 4,980 4,989 56.3 55.8 55.7 55.8

Professional and business services............ 9,721 10,217 10,263 10,280 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.3

Education and health services.................. 18,204 18,530 18,579 18,650 77.1 76.8 76.8 76.9

Leisure and hospitality........................... 7,356 8,179 8,238 8,290 53.2 52.9 53.0 53.0

Other services..................................... 2,866 3,011 3,014 3,020 53.1 53.2 53.1 53.1

Government............................................. 12,661 12,869 12,897 12,892 57.6 58.0 58.1 57.9

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Total private............................................................................... 100,217 104,827 105,182 105,420

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,372 14,992 15,048 15,082

Mining and logging.................................................................. 414 456 459 461

Construction.......................................................................... 5,456 5,635 5,638 5,661

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,502 8,901 8,951 8,960

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,180 5,463 5,488 5,482

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,322 3,438 3,463 3,478

Private service-providing.............................................................. 85,845 89,835 90,134 90,338

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,249 24,113 24,187 24,152

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,500.9 4,634.3 4,653.7 4,659.0

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,088.2 13,446.6 13,468.3 13,405.3

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,228.2 5,603.1 5,635.4 5,658.1

Utilities.............................................................................. 431.9 429.1 430.0 429.3

Information............................................................................ 2,214 2,336 2,353 2,360

Financial activities................................................................... 6,608 6,702 6,722 6,731

Professional and business services............................................... 16,863 17,649 17,707 17,770

Education and health services..................................................... 20,633 20,999 21,035 21,094

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 11,940 13,449 13,534 13,619

Other services........................................................................ 4,338 4,587 4,596 4,612

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.3 34.1 34.1 34.1

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.9 40.9 40.9 41.0

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.5 47.5 47.1 47.9

Construction....................................................................... 39.6 39.3 39.6 39.9

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.5 41.5 41.3 41.3

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.6 41.8 41.6 41.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.4 41.1 40.9 41.0

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.2 33.0 32.9 33.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.4 34.0 34.1 34.2

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 39.4 39.3 39.3

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.9 30.5 30.6 30.6

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.8 37.5 37.7 37.9

Utilities........................................................................... 42.7 42.0 42.5 42.8

Information......................................................................... 36.9 36.6 36.6 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.5 37.5 37.3

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.4 36.3 36.3

Education and health services.................................................. 32.7 32.7 32.5 32.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.1 24.8 24.7 24.7

Other services..................................................................... 31.5 31.3 31.3 31.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Total private............................................... $25.67 $27.06 $27.18 $27.33 $880.48 $922.75 $926.84 $931.95

Goods-producing....................................... 26.31 27.53 27.60 27.84 1,076.08 1,125.98 1,128.84 1,141.44

Mining and logging.................................. 30.87 32.32 32.08 32.08 1,435.46 1,535.20 1,510.97 1,536.63

Construction.......................................... 30.27 31.72 31.75 32.19 1,198.69 1,246.60 1,257.30 1,284.38

Manufacturing........................................ 23.64 24.74 24.83 24.94 981.06 1,026.71 1,025.48 1,030.02

Durable goods.................................... 24.67 25.89 26.04 26.15 1,026.27 1,082.20 1,083.26 1,082.61

Nondurable goods................................ 22.03 22.90 22.89 23.00 912.04 941.19 936.20 943.00

Private service-providing.............................. 25.54 26.96 27.09 27.22 847.93 889.68 891.26 898.26

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 22.19 23.60 23.71 23.86 763.34 802.40 808.51 816.01

Wholesale trade.................................. 27.50 28.76 28.86 29.08 1,069.75 1,133.14 1,134.20 1,142.84

Retail trade........................................ 18.43 19.42 19.47 19.51 569.49 592.31 595.78 597.01

Transportation and warehousing............... 23.50 25.74 25.94 26.18 911.80 965.25 977.94 992.22

Utilities............................................. 39.72 41.38 41.70 41.94 1,696.04 1,737.96 1,772.25 1,795.03

Information........................................... 36.90 36.92 36.75 37.10 1,361.61 1,351.27 1,345.05 1,350.44

Financial activities................................... 30.30 31.55 31.75 32.04 1,133.22 1,183.13 1,190.63 1,195.09

Professional and business services.............. 30.33 32.14 32.36 32.44 1,100.98 1,169.90 1,174.67 1,177.57

Education and health services..................... 26.77 28.38 28.54 28.62 875.38 928.03 927.55 935.87

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 15.86 17.50 17.58 17.73 398.09 434.00 434.23 437.93

Other services....................................... 23.50 24.22 24.30 24.34 740.25 758.09 760.59 761.84

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2022 -

May

2022p

May

2021

Mar.

2022

Apr.

2022p

May

2022p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2022 -

May

2022p

Total private..................................... 114.5 119.1 119.5 119.8 0.3 196.5 215.4 217.1 218.8 0.8

Goods-producing............................. 89.8 93.7 94.1 94.5 0.4 144.7 158.0 158.9 161.1 1.4

Mining and logging........................ 102.3 115.1 114.9 117.3 2.1 183.7 216.4 214.3 218.9 2.1

Construction................................ 108.2 110.9 111.8 113.1 1.2 176.8 189.9 191.7 196.6 2.6

Manufacturing.............................. 81.0 84.8 84.9 84.9 0.0 125.2 137.2 137.8 138.6 0.6

Durable goods........................... 81.0 85.8 85.8 85.3 -0.6 124.7 138.7 139.4 139.2 -0.1

Nondurable goods...................... 81.0 83.3 83.5 84.0 0.6 126.1 134.7 135.0 136.6 1.2

Private service-providing.................... 121.4 126.3 126.3 127.0 0.6 212.7 233.6 234.8 237.1 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 111.8 114.7 115.3 115.5 0.2 177.4 193.4 195.4 197.0 0.8

Wholesale trade......................... 103.9 108.4 108.5 108.7 0.2 168.7 184.0 184.9 186.5 0.9

Retail trade.............................. 102.3 103.8 104.3 103.8 -0.5 161.6 172.7 174.0 173.5 -0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 153.5 159.0 160.8 162.3 0.9 229.6 260.5 265.5 270.4 1.8

Utilities.................................... 94.3 92.2 93.5 94.0 0.5 156.4 159.2 162.7 164.5 1.1

Information................................. 93.2 97.6 98.3 98.0 -0.3 170.3 178.4 178.8 180.1 0.7

Financial activities......................... 116.3 118.3 118.6 118.2 -0.3 216.8 229.6 231.7 232.9 0.5

Professional and business services..... 136.9 143.6 143.7 144.2 0.3 246.9 274.5 276.6 278.2 0.6

Education and health services........... 143.9 146.4 145.8 147.1 0.9 254.2 274.2 274.6 277.8 1.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 109.8 122.2 122.4 123.2 0.7 197.7 242.8 244.5 248.1 1.5

Other services............................. 95.8 100.7 100.9 101.2 0.3 164.1 177.7 178.6 179.5 0.5

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.