For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, March 21, 2023 USDL-23-0538

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

STATE JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JANUARY 2023

Job openings rates decreased in 13 states and the District of Columbia and increased in 3 states on the 

last business day of January, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires rates increased in

7 states and decreased in 4 states. Total separations rates increased in 4 states and decreased in 4 states.

Nationally, the job openings rate decreased in January, while the hires and total separations rates showed 

little or no change.

This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, total separations, quits, and 

layoffs and discharges for the total nonfarm sector and for all states and the District of Columbia.

Job Openings

In January, job openings rates decreased in 13 states and the District of Columbia, increased in 3 states,

and were little changed in 34 states. The largest decreases in job openings rates occurred in North 

Dakota (-1.8 percentage points), Iowa (-1.7 points), and Michigan (-1.6 points). The increases occurred 

in Georgia and South Dakota (+0.8 point each), as well as in Florida (+0.5 point). Over the month, the

national job openings rate decreased (-0.3 point). (See table A.)

The number of job openings decreased in 13 states and the District of Columbia, increased in 5 states,

and was little changed in 32 states in January. The largest decreases in the job openings level occurred in

California (-163,000), Texas (-98,000), and Michigan (-78,000). The largest increases occurred in

Florida (+59,000), Georgia (+48,000), and New Hampshire (+5,000). Nationally, the number of job 

openings decreased over the month (-410,000). (See table A.)

Hires

In January, hires rates increased in 7 states, decreased in 4 states, and were little changed in 39 states

and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in hires rates occurred in Arizona and South Dakota

(+0.8 percentage point each), as well as in Ohio and Pennsylvania (+0.6 point each). The largest 

decreases occurred in Missouri (-1.1 points), Minnesota (-0.9 point), and North Dakota (-0.7 point). The 

national hires rate was little changed over the month. (See table B.)

The number of hires increased in 8 states, decreased in 3 states, and was little changed in 39 states and 

the District of Columbia in January. The largest increases in the hires level occurred in California

(+87,000), Pennsylvania (+38,000), and Ohio (+35,000). The decreases occurred in Missouri and North 

Carolina (-32,000 each), as well as in Minnesota (-24,000). Nationally, the number of hires was little 

changed over the month. (See table B.)
- 2 - 

Total Separations

In January, total separations rates increased in 4 states, decreased in 4 states, and were little changed in

42 states and the District of Columbia. The increases in total separations rates occurred in Alaska 

(+1.1 percentage points) and Georgia (+0.8 point), as well as in Minnesota and North Carolina (+0.7 

point each). The largest decreases occurred in Idaho (-1.1 points) and in Iowa and Utah (-0.7 point 

each). Over the month, the national total separations rate was unchanged. (See table C.)

In January, the number of total separations increased in 5 states, decreased in 4 states, and was little 

changed in 41 states and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in the total separations level 

occurred in Georgia (+36,000), North Carolina (+34,000), and Minnesota (+21,000). The largest 

decreases occurred in Indiana (-17,000), Iowa (-12,000), and Utah (-11,000). Nationally, the number of 

total separations was little changed over the month. (See table C.) 

 

Quits

In January, quits rates decreased in 8 states, increased in 1 state, and were little changed in 41 states and 

the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in quits rates occurred in Idaho and Utah (-0.9 

percentage point each) and in Wyoming (-0.7 point). The increase occurred in Maryland (+0.5 point).

Over the month, the national quits rate was little changed. (See table D.)

The number of quits decreased in 8 states, increased in 1 state, and was little changed in 41 states and 

the District of Columbia in January. The largest decreases in the quits level occurred in Texas

(-47,000), Florida (-25,000), and Utah (-13,000). The increase occurred in Maryland (+13,000). 

Nationally, the number of quits decreased over the month (-207,000). (See table D.) 

 

Layoffs and Discharges

In January, layoffs and discharges rates increased in 10 states, decreased in 1 state, and were little 

changed in 39 states and the District of Columbia. The largest increases in layoffs and discharges rates 

occurred in Alaska (+1.2 percentage points), North Carolina (+0.7 point), and Florida (+0.6 point). The

decrease occurred in Indiana (-0.3 point). Over the month, the national layoffs and discharges rate was

little changed. (See table E.) 

The number of layoffs and discharges increased in 10 states, decreased in 2 states, and was little 

changed in 38 states and the District of Columbia in January. The largest increases in the layoffs and 

discharges levels occurred in Florida (+58,000), North Carolina (+34,000), and Texas (+33,000). The

decreases occurred in Indiana and Missouri (-10,000 each). Nationally, the number of layoffs and 

discharges increased over the month (+241,000). (See table E.) 

For more information, please see the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) interactive 

charts at www.bls.gov/charts/state-job-openings-and-labor-turnover/state-job-openings-rates.htm#. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey State estimates for February 2023 are scheduled 

to be released on Wednesday, April 19, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
- 3 - 

Changes to Annual Estimates for States from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover

Survey

Effective with the release of the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) national data for 

January on March 8, 2023, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) published historical annual average job 

openings levels and rates for states. State annual averages for 2001 through 2021 are available in the 

BLS database at www.bls.gov/jlt/data.htm. 

Also effective with the release of national data on March 8, 2023, JOLTS modified its method for 

calculating annual estimates for hires and separations rates. Annual rates are computed as annual 

averages, instead of annual totals, to make the estimates more helpful for data users and to be consistent 

with other BLS programs. State annual average hires and separations rates for 2001 through 2021 are 

available in the BLS database. 

The 2022 state annual estimates will be published on July 26, 2023. 

Additional information about these changes, including the annual average calculation method, is 

available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm. 

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 11,234 10,824 -410 6.8 6.5 -0.3

California....................................................................................... 1,219 1,056 -163 6.4 5.6 -0.8

Connecticut................................................................................... 110 97 -13 6.2 5.5 -0.7

Delaware....................................................................................... 38 35 -3* 7.6 6.8 -0.8

District of Columbia....................................................................... 55 45 -10 6.6 5.5 -1.1

Florida............................................................................................ 647 706 59 6.3 6.8 0.5

Georgia.......................................................................................... 388 436 48 7.4 8.2 0.8

Idaho............................................................................................. 65 58 -7 7.3 6.4 -0.9

Indiana........................................................................................... 221 206 -15 6.4 6.0 -0.4*

Iowa............................................................................................... 135 104 -31 7.8 6.1 -1.7

Maine............................................................................................. 48 42 -6 6.9 6.1 -0.8

Michigan........................................................................................ 369 291 -78 7.8 6.2 -1.6

Minnesota...................................................................................... 231 212 -19 7.2 6.7 -0.5

New Hampshire............................................................................. 51 56 5 6.8 7.4 0.6*

New Mexico................................................................................... 70 63 -7 7.6 6.8 -0.8

North Dakota................................................................................. 35 26 -9 7.5 5.7 -1.8

Ohio............................................................................................... 409 389 -20* 6.9 6.5 -0.4

Oregon.......................................................................................... 153 140 -13 7.1 6.6 -0.5*

South Dakota................................................................................. 33 37 4 6.7 7.5 0.8

Tennessee..................................................................................... 263 243 -20 7.4 6.8 -0.6

Texas............................................................................................. 1,033 935 -98 7.0 6.4 -0.6

Vermont......................................................................................... 22 25 3 6.7 7.5 0.8*

* Not significant

Table A. States with significant changes in job openings from December 2022 to January 2023, seasonally 

adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

p Preliminary
- 4 - 

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 6,251 6,372 121 4.0 4.1 0.1

Arizona.......................................................................................... 135 159 24 4.3 5.1 0.8

California....................................................................................... 542 629 87 3.0 3.5 0.5

Idaho............................................................................................. 37 43 6 4.5 5.1 0.6*

Minnesota...................................................................................... 126 102 -24 4.3 3.4 -0.9

Missouri......................................................................................... 147 115 -32 5.0 3.9 -1.1

North Carolina............................................................................... 239 207 -32 4.9 4.3 -0.6

North Dakota................................................................................. 19 16 -3* 4.4 3.7 -0.7

Ohio............................................................................................... 195 230 35 3.5 4.1 0.6

Pennsylvania................................................................................. 183 221 38 3.0 3.6 0.6

South Dakota................................................................................. 20 24 4 4.4 5.2 0.8

Washington.................................................................................... 138 160 22 3.9 4.4 0.5

Wisconsin...................................................................................... 112 128 16 3.8 4.3 0.5

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table B. States with significant changes in hires from December 2022 to January 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 5,906 5,902 -4 3.8 3.8 0.0

Alaska............................................................................................ 18 22 4 5.6 6.7 1.1

Arkansas........................................................................................ 55 64 9 4.2 4.7 0.5*

Georgia.......................................................................................... 220 256 36 4.5 5.3 0.8

Idaho............................................................................................. 47 39 -8 5.7 4.6 -1.1

Indiana........................................................................................... 154 137 -17 4.8 4.2 -0.6

Iowa............................................................................................... 67 55 -12 4.2 3.5 -0.7

Minnesota...................................................................................... 89 110 21 3.0 3.7 0.7

North Carolina............................................................................... 175 209 34 3.6 4.3 0.7

Utah............................................................................................... 82 71 -11 4.9 4.2 -0.7

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table C. States with significant changes in total separations from December 2022 to January 2023, 

seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
- 5 - 

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 4,091 3,884 -207 2.6 2.5 -0.1

Colorado........................................................................................ 93 81 -12 3.2 2.8 -0.4

Florida............................................................................................ 287 262 -25 3.0 2.7 -0.3*

Idaho............................................................................................. 34 27 -7 4.1 3.2 -0.9

Indiana........................................................................................... 99 91 -8* 3.1 2.8 -0.3

Iowa............................................................................................... 43 37 -6 2.7 2.3 -0.4

Maryland........................................................................................ 55 68 13 2.0 2.5 0.5

Oregon.......................................................................................... 62 54 -8 3.1 2.7 -0.4*

Texas............................................................................................. 440 393 -47 3.2 2.9 -0.3

Utah............................................................................................... 63 50 -13 3.8 2.9 -0.9

Virginia........................................................................................... 109 96 -13* 2.7 2.3 -0.4

Wyoming........................................................................................ 12 10 -2 4.2 3.5 -0.7

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table D. States with significant changes in quits from December 2022 to January 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

December

2022

January

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 1,475 1,716 241 1.0 1.1 0.1

Alaska............................................................................................ 4 8 4 1.2 2.4 1.2

Arizona.......................................................................................... 22 30 8* 0.7 1.0 0.3

Florida............................................................................................ 68 126 58 0.7 1.3 0.6

Georgia.......................................................................................... 47 74 27 1.0 1.5 0.5

Illinois............................................................................................ 61 82 21 1.0 1.3 0.3

Indiana........................................................................................... 49 39 -10 1.5 1.2 -0.3

Louisiana....................................................................................... 21 31 10 1.1 1.6 0.5

Minnesota...................................................................................... 24 35 11 0.8 1.2 0.4

Missouri......................................................................................... 42 32 -10 1.4 1.1 -0.3*

North Carolina............................................................................... 42 76 34 0.9 1.6 0.7

Oregon.......................................................................................... 13 21 8 0.7 1.1 0.4

South Carolina............................................................................... 24 33 9 1.1 1.5 0.4*

Texas............................................................................................. 114 147 33 0.8 1.1 0.3

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table E. States with significant changes in layoffs and discharges from December 2022 to January 2023, 

seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
Technical Note 

 This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. State estimates are published for 

job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and 

total separations. The JOLTS program covers all 

private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 

federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 

states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data 

for January 2023, industries are classified in 

accordance with the 2022 North American Industry 

Classification System. 

 Definitions 

 Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements. 

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can be 

full-time or part-time, and it can be permanent, 

short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether or 

not the employer can find a suitable candidate 

during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers from 

outside the establishment to fill the position. 

Active recruiting means that the establishment is 

taking steps to fill a position. It may include 

advertising in newspapers, on television, or on 

the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking, or making “word-ofmouth” announcements; accepting applications; 

interviewing candidates; contacting employment 

agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, 

state or local employment offices, or similar 

sources. 

 Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future; 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work; and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

 Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, such as layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 

discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Other separations comprise 

less than 8 percent of total separations. Other 

separations rates are generally very low, and other 

separations variance estimates are relatively high. 

Consequently, the other separations component is not 

published for states. 

Excluded from separations are transfers within the 

same location; employees on strike; employees of 

temporary help agencies, employee leasing 

companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The 

separations rate is computed by dividing the number 

of separations by employment and multiplying that 

quotient by 100. The quits and layoffs and discharges 

rates are computed similarly. 

State Estimation Method 

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. The JOLTS sample of 

21,000 establishments does not directly support the 

production of sample-based state estimates. However, 

state estimates have been produced by combining the 

available sample with model-based estimates. 

 The state estimates consist of four major 

estimating models; the Composite Regional model 

(an unpublished intermediate model), the Synthetic 

model (an unpublished intermediate model), the 

Composite Synthetic model (published historical 

series through the most current benchmark year), and 

the Extended Composite Synthetic model (published 

current-year monthly series). The Composite 

Regional model uses JOLTS microdata, JOLTS 

regional published estimates, and Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) employment data. The 

Composite Synthetic model uses JOLTS microdata 

and Synthetic model estimates derived from monthly 

employment changes in microdata from the Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), and 

JOLTS published regional data. The Extended 

Composite Synthetic model extends the Composite 

Synthetic estimates by ratio-adjusting the Composite 

Synthetic model by the ratio of the current Composite 

Regional model estimate to the Composite Regional 

model estimate from the previous year. 

 The Extended Composite Synthetic model (and 

its major component—the Composite Regional 

model) is used to extend the Composite Synthetic 

estimates because all of the inputs required by this 

model are available at the time monthly estimate are 

produced. In contrast, the Composite Synthetic model 

(and its major component—the Synthetic model) can 

only be produced when the latest QCEW data are 

available. The Extended Composite Synthetic model 

estimates are used to extend the Composite Synthetic 

model estimates during the annual JOLTS retabulation process. The extension of the Composite 

Synthetic model using current data-based Composite 

Regional model estimates ensures that the Composite 

Synthetic model estimates reflect current economic 

trends. 

 The Composite Regional approach calculates 

state-level JOLTS estimates from JOLTS microdata 

using sample weights and the adjustments for nonresponse. The Composite Regional estimate is then 

benchmarked to CES state-supersector employment 

to produce state-supersector estimates. The JOLTS 

sample, by itself, cannot ensure a reasonably sized 

sample for each state-supersector cell. The small 

JOLTS sample results in several state-supersector 

cells that lack enough data to produce a reasonable 

estimate. To overcome this issue, the state-level 

estimates derived directly from the JOLTS sample 

are augmented using JOLTS regional estimates when 

the number of respondents is low (that is, less than 

30). This approach is known as a composite estimate, 

which leverages the small JOLTS sample to the 

greatest extent possible and supplements that with a 

model-based estimate. Previous research has found 

that regional industry estimates are a good proxy at 

finer levels of geographical detail. That is, one can 

make a reliable prediction of JOLTS estimates at the 

regional-level using only national industry-level 

JOLTS rates. The assumption in this approach is that 

one can make a good prediction of JOLTS estimates 

at the state-level using only regional industry-level 

JOLTS rates.) 

 In this approach, the JOLTS microdata-based 

estimate is used, without model augmentation, in all 

state-supersector cells that have 30 or more 

respondents. The JOLTS regional estimate will be 

used, without a sample-based component, in all statesupersector cells that have fewer than five 

respondents. In all state-supersector cells with 5 to 30 
respondents, an estimate is calculated that is a 

composition of a weighted estimate of the microdatabased estimate and a weighted estimate of the JOLTS 

regional estimate. The weight assigned to the JOLTS 

data in those cells is proportional the number of 

JOLTS respondents in the cell (weight=n∕30, where n 

is the number of respondents). The sum of state 

estimates within a region is made equal to the aligned 

regional JOLTS published regional estimates.

 Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses the seasonal 

adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) to 

seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all 

relevant data, up to and including the current month, 

to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving 

averages are used as seasonal filters in seasonal 

adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes 

both additive and multiplicative models, as well as 

regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) 

modeling, to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. 

 Annual estimates and benchmarking. The 

JOLTS state estimates utilize and leverage data from 

three BLS programs; JOLTS, CES, and QCEW. 

These state estimates are published as a historical 

series made up of a historical annually revised 

benchmark component ofthe Composite Synthetic 

model and a current component of the Extended 

Composite Synthetic model that provides monthly 

"real-time" estimates between lagged benchmarks.

 The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. 

 The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual 

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established. 

 Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

 Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

 Annual average rates for hires, total separations 

quits, and layoffs and discharges are calculated by 

dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 

levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

 Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.) 

Reliability of the estimates 

 JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error. 

 Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a 

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are 

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. For sampling error estimates, see 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm. 

 Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation. 

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design. 

 The JOLTS state variance estimates account for 

both sampling error and the error attributable to 

modeling. A small area domain model uses a 

Bayesian approach to develop estimates of JOLTS 

state variance. The small area model uses QCEWbased JOLTS synthetic model data to generate a 

Bayesian prior distribution, then updates the prior 
distribution using JOLTS microdata and samplebased variance estimates at the state and US Census 

regional level to generate a Bayesian posterior 

distribution. Once the Bayesian posterior distribution 

has been generated, estimates of JOLTS state 

variances are made by drawing 2,500 estimates from 

the Bayesian posterior distribution. This Bayesian 

approach thus indirectly accounts for sampling error 

and directly for model error. 

Other information

 If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services. 
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 11,487 10,471 10,746 11,234 10,824 7.1 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.5

Alabama.......................................... 151 156 154 161 162 6.8 6.9 6.8 7.1 7.0

Alaska............................................ 33 30 29 31 30 9.4 8.5 8.2 8.7 8.4

Arizona........................................... 236 231 214 214 225 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.7

Arkansas......................................... 92 103 95 103 108 6.6 7.2 6.7 7.2 7.4

California......................................... 1,148 1,212 1,239 1,219 1,056 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.4 5.6

Colorado......................................... 236 231 215 213 209 7.7 7.4 6.9 6.9 6.8

Connecticut...................................... 108 96 100 110 97 6.2 5.4 5.7 6.2 5.5

Delaware......................................... 36 38 37 38 35 7.4 7.6 7.4 7.6 6.8

District of Columbia............................. 45 48 46 55 45 5.6 5.9 5.6 6.6 5.5

Florida............................................ 704 562 637 647 706 7.1 5.6 6.2 6.3 6.8

Georgia........................................... 394 396 392 388 436 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.4 8.2

Hawaii............................................ 48 38 34 39 41 7.4 5.8 5.2 5.9 6.1

Idaho............................................. 63 61 60 65 58 7.2 6.9 6.8 7.3 6.4

Illinois............................................. 484 374 416 474 464 7.5 5.8 6.4 7.2 7.1

Indiana........................................... 257 219 209 221 206 7.5 6.4 6.1 6.4 6.0

Iowa............................................... 123 106 117 135 104 7.3 6.3 6.9 7.8 6.1

Kansas........................................... 97 97 90 100 99 6.5 6.4 6.0 6.6 6.4

Kentucky......................................... 158 150 155 153 156 7.6 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.3

Louisiana......................................... 143 175 180 181 178 7.0 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.4

Maine............................................. 54 43 43 48 42 7.9 6.3 6.2 6.9 6.1

Maryland......................................... 212 188 198 203 206 7.3 6.4 6.8 6.9 7.0

Massachusetts.................................. 270 264 239 281 290 7.0 6.6 6.0 7.0 7.2

Michigan......................................... 357 280 286 369 291 7.7 6.0 6.1 7.8 6.2

Minnesota........................................ 260 206 185 231 212 8.3 6.5 5.9 7.2 6.7

Mississippi....................................... 84 85 86 88 91 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.2

Missouri.......................................... 229 196 197 220 211 7.3 6.3 6.3 7.0 6.6

Montana.......................................... 45 42 41 44 43 8.2 7.7 7.5 8.0 7.7

Nebraska......................................... 84 64 59 73 75 7.7 5.8 5.4 6.5 6.7

Nevada........................................... 113 106 104 114 114 7.3 6.7 6.6 7.2 6.9

New Hampshire................................. 61 53 47 51 56 8.3 7.2 6.4 6.8 7.4

New Jersey...................................... 299 246 203 266 280 6.8 5.5 4.5 5.9 6.1

New Mexico..................................... 67 71 68 70 63 7.4 7.7 7.4 7.6 6.8

New York........................................ 591 509 442 473 452 6.0 5.1 4.4 4.7 4.5

North Carolina................................... 352 365 363 367 351 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.7

North Dakota.................................... 34 25 28 35 26 7.4 5.5 6.1 7.5 5.7

Ohio............................................... 388 356 345 409 389 6.7 6.1 5.9 6.9 6.5

Oklahoma........................................ 119 124 132 135 139 6.7 6.8 7.2 7.3 7.4

Oregon........................................... 151 143 140 153 140 7.3 6.7 6.6 7.1 6.6

Pennsylvania.................................... 506 393 428 458 465 8.0 6.1 6.6 7.0 7.1

Rhode Island.................................... 39 35 33 37 38 7.4 6.6 6.2 6.9 7.1

South Carolina.................................. 181 169 182 188 178 7.7 7.0 7.5 7.7 7.3

South Dakota.................................... 37 29 30 33 37 7.7 6.0 6.2 6.7 7.5

Tennessee....................................... 258 244 259 263 243 7.5 7.0 7.3 7.4 6.8

Texas............................................. 940 933 886 1,033 935 6.7 6.4 6.1 7.0 6.4

Utah............................................... 124 107 111 112 113 7.0 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.2

Vermont.......................................... 24 23 20 22 25 7.4 7.1 6.2 6.7 7.5

Virginia........................................... 310 356 320 344 333 7.2 8.0 7.2 7.7 7.5

Washington...................................... 221 230 214 242 248 6.0 6.1 5.7 6.4 6.5

West Virginia.................................... 57 61 66 69 71 7.6 7.9 8.4 8.9 9.2

Wisconsin........................................ 237 226 243 236 233 7.5 7.1 7.6 7.4 7.2

Wyoming......................................... 24 23 22 22 22 7.8 7.5 7.1 7.1 7.1

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 6,496 6,164 6,253 6,251 6,372 4.3 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.1

Alabama.......................................... 106 116 98 103 99 5.2 5.5 4.7 4.9 4.6

Alaska............................................ 19 20 20 22 22 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.8 6.7

Arizona........................................... 156 141 130 135 159 5.2 4.5 4.2 4.3 5.1

Arkansas......................................... 63 61 62 67 62 4.8 4.6 4.7 5.1 4.6

California......................................... 638 634 585 542 629 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.0 3.5

Colorado......................................... 153 126 118 116 121 5.4 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.2

Connecticut...................................... 59 50 56 58 56 3.6 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.3

Delaware......................................... 27 25 24 24 22 6.0 5.4 5.2 5.2 4.6

District of Columbia............................. 22 27 27 28 23 2.9 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.0

Florida............................................ 391 380 357 371 378 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.9 3.9

Georgia........................................... 266 245 228 248 259 5.7 5.1 4.7 5.1 5.3

Hawaii............................................ 30 23 20 24 28 5.0 3.7 3.2 3.9 4.5

Idaho............................................. 43 38 35 37 43 5.3 4.6 4.2 4.5 5.1

Illinois............................................. 254 241 241 257 262 4.3 4.0 3.9 4.2 4.3

Indiana........................................... 154 142 142 149 141 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.4

Iowa............................................... 61 57 67 64 61 3.9 3.6 4.2 4.0 3.8

Kansas........................................... 49 60 56 59 59 3.5 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.1

Kentucky......................................... 112 96 94 96 93 5.8 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.7

Louisiana......................................... 98 108 92 102 99 5.2 5.6 4.7 5.3 5.1

Maine............................................. 28 22 30 28 26 4.4 3.4 4.6 4.3 4.0

Maryland......................................... 99 111 113 113 115 3.7 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2

Massachusetts.................................. 167 142 123 126 133 4.6 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.6

Michigan......................................... 182 171 166 175 171 4.2 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9

Minnesota........................................ 106 104 107 126 102 3.7 3.5 3.6 4.3 3.4

Mississippi....................................... 55 51 53 58 57 4.7 4.4 4.6 5.0 4.8

Missouri.......................................... 95 103 108 147 115 3.3 3.5 3.7 5.0 3.9

Montana.......................................... 28 28 28 29 30 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.8

Nebraska......................................... 42 40 38 40 42 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.8 4.0

Nevada........................................... 71 76 73 74 75 5.0 5.2 4.9 5.0 4.9

New Hampshire................................. 33 26 27 30 29 4.9 3.8 3.9 4.4 4.2

New Jersey...................................... 167 139 135 141 143 4.0 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3

New Mexico..................................... 39 39 35 40 38 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.7 4.4

New York........................................ 310 262 282 323 309 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.4 3.2

North Carolina................................... 273 229 223 239 207 5.9 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.3

North Dakota.................................... 19 16 19 19 16 4.5 3.7 4.4 4.4 3.7

Ohio............................................... 219 226 211 195 230 4.0 4.1 3.8 3.5 4.1

Oklahoma........................................ 84 75 82 85 85 5.1 4.4 4.8 5.0 4.9

Oregon........................................... 84 86 78 85 91 4.4 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.6

Pennsylvania.................................... 205 188 192 183 221 3.5 3.1 3.2 3.0 3.6

Rhode Island.................................... 23 19 19 22 21 4.7 3.8 3.8 4.4 4.2

South Carolina.................................. 114 96 109 113 108 5.2 4.3 4.9 5.0 4.8

South Dakota.................................... 19 19 21 20 24 4.3 4.2 4.6 4.4 5.2

Tennessee....................................... 162 164 162 161 166 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0

Texas............................................. 536 554 609 608 583 4.1 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.2

Utah............................................... 81 69 66 79 85 4.9 4.1 3.9 4.7 5.0

Vermont.......................................... 14 11 12 12 14 4.7 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.6

Virginia........................................... 169 164 174 177 178 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.3

Washington...................................... 133 135 132 138 160 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.4

West Virginia.................................... 34 34 36 37 37 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3

Wisconsin........................................ 118 108 106 112 128 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.8 4.3

Wyoming......................................... 15 16 16 16 17 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.9

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 6,235 5,846 5,945 5,906 5,902 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.8

Alabama.......................................... 97 100 96 99 94 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.4

Alaska............................................ 22 22 23 18 22 6.9 6.8 7.1 5.6 6.7

Arizona........................................... 155 151 145 125 125 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.0 4.0

Arkansas......................................... 57 58 65 55 64 4.4 4.4 4.9 4.2 4.7

California......................................... 667 540 592 598 571 3.9 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.2

Colorado......................................... 138 109 152 128 118 4.9 3.8 5.2 4.4 4.1

Connecticut...................................... 56 44 55 56 53 3.4 2.6 3.3 3.4 3.2

Delaware......................................... 21 23 22 21 21 4.6 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.4

District of Columbia............................. 23 25 23 24 20 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.1 2.6

Florida............................................ 363 367 351 373 401 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.9 4.2

Georgia........................................... 246 243 238 220 256 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.3

Hawaii............................................ 23 23 24 23 20 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.2

Idaho............................................. 43 37 39 47 39 5.3 4.5 4.7 5.7 4.6

Illinois............................................. 199 215 256 210 232 3.3 3.5 4.2 3.4 3.8

Indiana........................................... 140 143 134 154 137 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.8 4.2

Iowa............................................... 65 60 70 67 55 4.2 3.8 4.4 4.2 3.5

Kansas........................................... 47 55 55 59 53 3.4 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.7

Kentucky......................................... 96 84 89 93 96 5.0 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8

Louisiana......................................... 85 93 97 100 102 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.2

Maine............................................. 24 23 24 29 25 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.5 3.9

Maryland......................................... 94 106 102 90 100 3.5 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.7

Massachusetts.................................. 112 98 104 109 102 3.1 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.7

Michigan......................................... 181 154 158 160 167 4.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

Minnesota........................................ 91 106 100 89 110 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.0 3.7

Mississippi....................................... 57 61 55 53 52 4.9 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.4

Missouri.......................................... 117 109 100 124 112 4.0 3.7 3.4 4.2 3.8

Montana.......................................... 26 26 28 28 27 5.2 5.1 5.5 5.5 5.2

Nebraska......................................... 41 40 38 38 36 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.5

Nevada........................................... 69 69 70 69 69 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.5

New Hampshire................................. 30 28 29 32 33 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.7

New Jersey...................................... 147 120 130 141 140 3.6 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.2

New Mexico..................................... 36 35 39 37 36 4.3 4.1 4.6 4.3 4.2

New York........................................ 271 270 233 280 288 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.9 3.0

North Carolina................................... 202 206 196 175 209 4.3 4.3 4.0 3.6 4.3

North Dakota.................................... 19 17 17 18 17 4.5 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.9

Ohio............................................... 234 218 198 209 198 4.3 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.6

Oklahoma........................................ 72 76 74 75 74 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3

Oregon........................................... 82 78 92 81 80 4.3 3.9 4.6 4.1 4.0

Pennsylvania.................................... 207 166 169 200 185 3.5 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.0

Rhode Island.................................... 19 21 17 22 22 3.9 4.2 3.4 4.4 4.4

South Carolina.................................. 104 95 97 111 110 4.8 4.2 4.3 4.9 4.8

South Dakota.................................... 18 18 18 18 18 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9

Tennessee....................................... 154 186 168 150 144 4.9 5.7 5.1 4.6 4.4

Texas............................................. 546 535 514 573 561 4.2 3.9 3.8 4.2 4.1

Utah............................................... 76 68 77 82 71 4.6 4.1 4.6 4.9 4.2

Vermont.......................................... 14 11 12 12 13 4.7 3.6 4.0 4.0 4.2

Virginia........................................... 162 164 154 153 148 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6

Washington...................................... 145 114 148 126 123 4.2 3.2 4.2 3.5 3.4

West Virginia.................................... 32 31 33 34 34 4.6 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.9

Wisconsin........................................ 102 98 95 102 98 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.3

Wyoming......................................... 16 15 16 17 15 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.9 5.2

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 4,391 4,048 4,148 4,091 3,884 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5

Alabama.......................................... 69 76 71 70 64 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.0

Alaska............................................ 16 14 13 13 13 5.0 4.4 4.0 4.0 4.0

Arizona........................................... 111 109 96 94 87 3.7 3.5 3.1 3.0 2.8

Arkansas......................................... 40 42 45 40 44 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.0 3.2

California......................................... 469 372 437 399 388 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.2

Colorado......................................... 96 70 89 93 81 3.4 2.4 3.1 3.2 2.8

Connecticut...................................... 38 29 35 35 34 2.3 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.0

Delaware......................................... 15 16 15 15 14 3.3 3.5 3.2 3.3 2.9

District of Columbia............................. 16 18 15 16 13 2.1 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.7

Florida............................................ 262 280 266 287 262 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.7

Georgia........................................... 171 176 174 162 170 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.5

Hawaii............................................ 17 16 16 16 14 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.2

Idaho............................................. 28 25 25 34 27 3.4 3.0 3.0 4.1 3.2

Illinois............................................. 148 139 142 141 142 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Indiana........................................... 107 93 102 99 91 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.8

Iowa............................................... 43 43 50 43 37 2.8 2.7 3.2 2.7 2.3

Kansas........................................... 35 38 38 38 35 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.4

Kentucky......................................... 67 63 65 69 69 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.5

Louisiana......................................... 62 68 70 66 67 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.4

Maine............................................. 16 16 16 17 15 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.3

Maryland......................................... 70 71 73 55 68 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.0 2.5

Massachusetts.................................. 76 69 74 65 57 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.5

Michigan......................................... 144 111 108 111 100 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.3

Minnesota........................................ 64 74 74 60 69 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.3

Mississippi....................................... 43 44 39 37 36 3.7 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.1

Missouri.......................................... 74 77 77 76 75 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5

Montana.......................................... 18 17 18 20 18 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.9 3.5

Nebraska......................................... 29 27 26 26 23 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.2

Nevada........................................... 44 46 46 49 45 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.9

New Hampshire................................. 18 17 17 17 17 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4

New Jersey...................................... 102 82 81 77 76 2.5 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8

New Mexico..................................... 25 23 22 26 24 3.0 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.8

New York........................................ 174 163 155 183 176 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.8

North Carolina................................... 130 156 137 127 126 2.8 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.6

North Dakota.................................... 14 12 11 12 11 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.5

Ohio............................................... 153 144 143 148 140 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.5

Oklahoma........................................ 52 55 55 49 48 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.8

Oregon........................................... 57 55 57 62 54 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.1 2.7

Pennsylvania.................................... 134 117 115 124 122 2.3 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.0

Rhode Island.................................... 12 13 11 12 12 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.4

South Carolina.................................. 80 69 71 79 72 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.2

South Dakota.................................... 13 13 13 13 12 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6

Tennessee....................................... 109 125 122 105 102 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.2 3.1

Texas............................................. 418 411 408 440 393 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.9

Utah............................................... 51 48 52 63 50 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.8 2.9

Vermont.......................................... 9 7 8 7 8 3.0 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.6

Virginia........................................... 119 122 108 109 96 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.3

Washington...................................... 88 77 99 89 85 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.4

West Virginia.................................... 24 23 24 23 23 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3

Wisconsin........................................ 74 68 68 67 67 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2

Wyoming......................................... 11 10 10 12 10 3.9 3.5 3.5 4.2 3.5

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 1,425 1,525 1,485 1,475 1,716 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1

Alabama.......................................... 23 21 21 23 24 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1

Alaska............................................ 4 6 9 4 8 1.3 1.9 2.8 1.2 2.4

Arizona........................................... 33 34 40 22 30 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.7 1.0

Arkansas......................................... 13 13 17 13 17 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3

California......................................... 166 133 116 163 162 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9

Colorado......................................... 28 34 55 23 30 1.0 1.2 1.9 0.8 1.0

Connecticut...................................... 14 13 17 17 13 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8

Delaware......................................... 5 7 6 5 7 1.1 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.5

District of Columbia............................. 6 7 6 5 6 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8

Florida............................................ 83 71 69 68 126 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.3

Georgia........................................... 56 58 53 47 74 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.5

Hawaii............................................ 4 6 7 5 5 0.7 1.0 1.1 0.8 0.8

Idaho............................................. 11 10 11 10 9 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1

Illinois............................................. 50 62 108 61 82 0.8 1.0 1.8 1.0 1.3

Indiana........................................... 22 42 29 49 39 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.5 1.2

Iowa............................................... 19 13 13 19 16 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.0

Kansas........................................... 9 13 14 17 15 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.0

Kentucky......................................... 25 18 21 19 23 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.2

Louisiana......................................... 17 21 25 21 31 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.6

Maine............................................. 6 6 6 9 8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.2

Maryland......................................... 17 30 24 29 26 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.0

Massachusetts.................................. 29 27 24 37 34 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9

Michigan......................................... 31 37 44 43 53 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.2

Minnesota........................................ 21 26 20 24 35 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.2

Mississippi....................................... 11 14 14 13 15 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3

Missouri.......................................... 21 26 17 42 32 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.4 1.1

Montana.......................................... 6 7 8 7 7 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4

Nebraska......................................... 9 11 9 10 11 0.9 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1

Nevada........................................... 21 20 20 15 20 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.3

New Hampshire................................. 9 10 10 13 14 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.0

New Jersey...................................... 26 34 41 58 53 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.2

New Mexico..................................... 8 10 14 8 10 1.0 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.2

New York........................................ 75 95 68 74 89 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.9

North Carolina................................... 52 45 47 42 76 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.6

North Dakota.................................... 5 4 5 5 5 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2

Ohio............................................... 70 64 42 52 53 1.3 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.0

Oklahoma........................................ 16 19 15 20 22 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.3

Oregon........................................... 19 19 26 13 21 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.1

Pennsylvania.................................... 62 42 36 60 55 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9

Rhode Island.................................... 5 7 5 8 8 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.6 1.6

South Carolina.................................. 19 23 21 24 33 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.5

South Dakota.................................... 4 4 4 5 5 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1

Tennessee....................................... 37 56 40 35 37 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.1

Texas............................................. 100 107 90 114 147 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.1

Utah............................................... 19 16 19 15 17 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0

Vermont.......................................... 4 3 3 4 4 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3

Virginia........................................... 34 37 38 35 44 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1

Washington...................................... 49 32 37 30 29 1.4 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8

West Virginia.................................... 7 7 7 7 9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3

Wisconsin........................................ 22 25 21 30 26 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.9

Wyoming......................................... 3 4 4 4 4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

p Preliminary
Table 6. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 11,432 10,164 10,767 7.2 6.1 6.6

Alabama................................................................. 141 146 155 6.5 6.3 6.8

Alaska................................................................... 29 27 28 8.8 8.0 8.3

Arizona.................................................................. 264 208 259 8.1 6.1 7.6

Arkansas................................................................ 88 92 108 6.3 6.3 7.4

California................................................................ 1,153 1,122 1,052 6.3 5.9 5.6

Colorado................................................................ 244 199 213 8.1 6.4 7.0

Connecticut............................................................. 118 100 100 6.8 5.6 5.7

Delaware................................................................ 39 30 36 8.0 5.9 7.2

District of Columbia.................................................... 46 43 47 5.8 5.3 5.8

Florida................................................................... 683 606 699 6.9 5.9 6.8

Georgia.................................................................. 393 364 440 7.8 6.9 8.3

Hawaii................................................................... 47 42 41 7.4 6.2 6.1

Idaho.................................................................... 62 64 57 7.2 7.1 6.4

Illinois.................................................................... 459 421 450 7.3 6.4 7.0

Indiana.................................................................. 243 189 194 7.3 5.5 5.7

Iowa..................................................................... 116 116 100 7.1 6.8 6.0

Kansas.................................................................. 98 90 100 6.7 5.8 6.5

Kentucky................................................................ 156 141 154 7.6 6.6 7.3

Louisiana................................................................ 147 157 183 7.2 7.5 8.7

Maine.................................................................... 59 45 43 8.8 6.6 6.4

Maryland................................................................ 210 187 206 7.4 6.4 7.1

Massachusetts......................................................... 262 249 287 6.9 6.3 7.3

Michigan................................................................ 339 303 270 7.4 6.5 5.9

Minnesota............................................................... 255 207 213 8.3 6.5 6.8

Mississippi.............................................................. 76 80 85 6.2 6.4 6.8

Missouri................................................................. 222 205 204 7.2 6.5 6.5

Montana................................................................. 40 45 39 7.6 8.1 7.1

Nebraska................................................................ 86 65 80 8.0 5.9 7.2

Nevada.................................................................. 105 106 110 6.9 6.5 6.8

New Hampshire........................................................ 65 52 60 9.0 7.0 8.1

New Jersey............................................................. 309 254 288 7.1 5.5 6.4

New Mexico............................................................ 76 65 71 8.4 7.0 7.7

New York............................................................... 609 440 444 6.3 4.3 4.5

North Carolina.......................................................... 352 331 350 7.1 6.3 6.8

North Dakota........................................................... 34 31 26 7.6 6.7 5.8

Ohio..................................................................... 378 358 374 6.6 6.0 6.4

Oklahoma............................................................... 117 119 142 6.6 6.5 7.7

Oregon.................................................................. 153 146 146 7.5 6.8 6.9

Pennsylvania........................................................... 519 443 495 8.3 6.8 7.6

Rhode Island........................................................... 39 32 37 7.6 6.0 7.1

South Carolina......................................................... 191 164 190 8.2 6.7 7.8

South Dakota........................................................... 30 28 31 6.6 5.7 6.4

Tennessee.............................................................. 266 224 250 7.8 6.3 7.1

Texas.................................................................... 896 863 874 6.5 5.9 6.0

Utah..................................................................... 138 114 127 7.8 6.3 7.0

Vermont................................................................. 26 24 26 8.0 7.2 8.0

Virginia.................................................................. 297 324 319 7.0 7.3 7.2

Washington............................................................. 211 211 246 5.9 5.6 6.5

West Virginia........................................................... 51 62 66 6.9 8.1 8.7

Wisconsin............................................................... 239 208 235 7.8 6.5 7.4

Wyoming................................................................ 21 24 19 7.2 7.8 6.4

p Preliminary
Table 7. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 6,273 4,641 6,143 4.2 3.0 4.0

Alabama................................................................. 102 78 93 5.0 3.6 4.4

Alaska................................................................... 16 12 18 5.3 3.9 5.7

Arizona.................................................................. 158 96 170 5.2 3.0 5.4

Arkansas................................................................ 61 46 61 4.7 3.4 4.5

California................................................................ 595 393 605 3.5 2.2 3.4

Colorado................................................................ 149 88 121 5.4 3.1 4.3

Connecticut............................................................. 57 39 51 3.5 2.3 3.1

Delaware................................................................ 27 16 22 6.1 3.4 4.6

District of Columbia.................................................... 22 19 22 2.9 2.4 2.9

Florida................................................................... 428 290 408 4.7 3.0 4.2

Georgia.................................................................. 258 188 255 5.5 3.9 5.3

Hawaii................................................................... 28 19 27 4.7 3.1 4.3

Idaho.................................................................... 39 27 40 4.9 3.2 4.8

Illinois.................................................................... 236 219 246 4.0 3.6 4.1

Indiana.................................................................. 135 114 124 4.3 3.5 3.9

Iowa..................................................................... 53 49 51 3.5 3.1 3.3

Kansas.................................................................. 48 44 57 3.5 3.0 4.0

Kentucky................................................................ 103 72 85 5.4 3.6 4.3

Louisiana................................................................ 105 76 106 5.6 3.9 5.5

Maine.................................................................... 27 19 24 4.5 3.0 3.8

Maryland................................................................ 95 83 112 3.6 3.0 4.2

Massachusetts......................................................... 157 85 121 4.5 2.3 3.3

Michigan................................................................ 167 143 156 3.9 3.2 3.6

Minnesota............................................................... 100 90 91 3.6 3.1 3.1

Mississippi.............................................................. 51 44 54 4.4 3.7 4.6

Missouri................................................................. 93 107 110 3.3 3.6 3.8

Montana................................................................. 23 23 25 4.7 4.4 5.0

Nebraska................................................................ 42 33 43 4.2 3.1 4.2

Nevada.................................................................. 69 47 77 4.9 3.1 5.1

New Hampshire........................................................ 33 23 29 4.9 3.3 4.2

New Jersey............................................................. 156 102 132 3.9 2.3 3.1

New Mexico............................................................ 37 25 38 4.5 2.9 4.5

New York............................................................... 276 225 277 3.0 2.3 2.9

North Carolina.......................................................... 260 162 192 5.6 3.3 4.0

North Dakota........................................................... 18 14 15 4.2 3.3 3.4

Ohio..................................................................... 201 141 211 3.8 2.5 3.8

Oklahoma............................................................... 82 62 86 5.0 3.6 5.0

Oregon.................................................................. 81 61 90 4.3 3.1 4.6

Pennsylvania........................................................... 178 133 196 3.1 2.2 3.3

Rhode Island........................................................... 21 14 18 4.5 2.7 3.8

South Carolina......................................................... 114 84 107 5.3 3.7 4.8

South Dakota........................................................... 14 14 18 3.2 3.1 4.1

Tennessee.............................................................. 155 119 163 4.9 3.6 5.0

Texas.................................................................... 567 469 607 4.4 3.4 4.4

Utah..................................................................... 81 60 92 5.0 3.5 5.5

Vermont................................................................. 13 11 14 4.4 3.5 4.6

Virginia.................................................................. 158 135 168 4.0 3.3 4.1

Washington............................................................. 126 102 158 3.7 2.8 4.5

West Virginia........................................................... 30 26 34 4.4 3.7 4.9

Wisconsin............................................................... 100 87 111 3.5 2.9 3.8

Wyoming................................................................ 12 12 13 4.5 4.4 4.6

p Preliminary
Table 8. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 6,595 5,598 6,437 4.5 3.6 4.2

Alabama................................................................. 99 88 98 4.9 4.1 4.6

Alaska................................................................... 16 16 18 5.3 5.0 5.8

Arizona.................................................................. 174 110 140 5.8 3.5 4.4

Arkansas................................................................ 57 51 65 4.4 3.8 4.8

California................................................................ 685 570 631 4.0 3.2 3.6

Colorado................................................................ 125 124 110 4.5 4.3 3.8

Connecticut............................................................. 68 55 63 4.2 3.3 3.8

Delaware................................................................ 25 20 25 5.6 4.1 5.4

District of Columbia.................................................... 27 23 24 3.6 3.0 3.1

Florida................................................................... 389 340 464 4.3 3.5 4.8

Georgia.................................................................. 255 197 266 5.5 4.0 5.5

Hawaii................................................................... 28 18 25 4.8 2.8 4.0

Idaho.................................................................... 40 46 38 5.1 5.5 4.6

Illinois.................................................................... 212 213 263 3.6 3.5 4.4

Indiana.................................................................. 144 147 146 4.6 4.5 4.6

Iowa..................................................................... 67 63 57 4.4 4.0 3.6

Kansas.................................................................. 50 53 57 3.7 3.6 4.0

Kentucky................................................................ 102 88 105 5.4 4.4 5.3

Louisiana................................................................ 85 95 105 4.5 4.8 5.4

Maine.................................................................... 25 28 26 4.2 4.4 4.1

Maryland................................................................ 109 88 125 4.1 3.2 4.7

Massachusetts......................................................... 117 106 108 3.3 2.9 2.9

Michigan................................................................ 181 159 180 4.3 3.6 4.1

Minnesota............................................................... 92 98 116 3.3 3.3 4.0

Mississippi.............................................................. 58 48 54 5.1 4.0 4.6

Missouri................................................................. 121 118 118 4.2 4.0 4.0

Montana................................................................. 25 26 28 5.1 5.0 5.5

Nebraska................................................................ 50 35 45 5.0 3.3 4.4

Nevada.................................................................. 68 68 74 4.8 4.4 4.9

New Hampshire........................................................ 30 32 35 4.4 4.6 5.1

New Jersey............................................................. 156 151 163 3.9 3.5 3.9

New Mexico............................................................ 34 37 36 4.2 4.3 4.2

New York............................................................... 304 265 337 3.3 2.7 3.6

North Carolina.......................................................... 214 154 217 4.6 3.2 4.5

North Dakota........................................................... 20 18 18 4.9 4.2 4.2

Ohio..................................................................... 248 193 210 4.6 3.5 3.8

Oklahoma............................................................... 77 70 80 4.7 4.0 4.7

Oregon.................................................................. 78 79 82 4.1 4.0 4.2

Pennsylvania........................................................... 232 216 219 4.0 3.5 3.7

Rhode Island........................................................... 21 22 24 4.4 4.4 5.1

South Carolina......................................................... 111 100 119 5.2 4.4 5.3

South Dakota........................................................... 18 17 19 4.3 3.6 4.3

Tennessee.............................................................. 188 134 179 6.0 4.0 5.5

Texas.................................................................... 552 520 587 4.2 3.8 4.3

Utah..................................................................... 81 78 79 5.0 4.6 4.7

Vermont................................................................. 13 12 12 4.4 3.8 4.0

Virginia.................................................................. 155 148 148 3.9 3.6 3.6

Washington............................................................. 155 117 137 4.6 3.3 3.9

West Virginia........................................................... 34 33 37 5.0 4.7 5.4

Wisconsin............................................................... 112 99 112 3.9 3.3 3.8

Wyoming................................................................ 14 14 14 5.1 4.8 5.1

p Preliminary
Table 9. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 4,282 3,540 3,785 2.9 2.3 2.5

Alabama................................................................. 68 56 60 3.3 2.6 2.9

Alaska................................................................... 10 10 9 3.5 3.3 3.0

Arizona.................................................................. 116 81 91 3.8 2.6 2.9

Arkansas................................................................ 39 33 41 3.0 2.4 3.0

California................................................................ 425 351 372 2.5 2.0 2.1

Colorado................................................................ 82 87 70 2.9 3.0 2.5

Connecticut............................................................. 38 30 35 2.3 1.8 2.1

Delaware................................................................ 17 13 15 3.8 2.7 3.1

District of Columbia.................................................... 19 15 15 2.5 1.9 1.9

Florida................................................................... 257 269 256 2.8 2.8 2.7

Georgia.................................................................. 170 137 166 3.6 2.8 3.4

Hawaii................................................................... 19 12 16 3.2 1.9 2.6

Idaho.................................................................... 23 31 23 2.9 3.7 2.8

Illinois.................................................................... 138 130 137 2.4 2.1 2.3

Indiana.................................................................. 100 87 88 3.2 2.7 2.8

Iowa..................................................................... 38 35 33 2.5 2.2 2.1

Kansas.................................................................. 34 31 34 2.5 2.2 2.3

Kentucky................................................................ 67 60 70 3.5 3.0 3.6

Louisiana................................................................ 58 58 63 3.1 3.0 3.3

Maine.................................................................... 16 14 13 2.6 2.3 2.1

Maryland................................................................ 75 48 76 2.9 1.7 2.8

Massachusetts......................................................... 78 52 55 2.2 1.4 1.5

Michigan................................................................ 133 99 95 3.1 2.2 2.2

Minnesota............................................................... 59 58 68 2.1 2.0 2.3

Mississippi.............................................................. 41 32 33 3.6 2.7 2.8

Missouri................................................................. 71 66 74 2.5 2.2 2.5

Montana................................................................. 16 17 17 3.2 3.3 3.3

Nebraska................................................................ 30 20 24 3.0 1.9 2.4

Nevada.................................................................. 42 46 46 3.0 3.0 3.0

New Hampshire........................................................ 17 14 15 2.5 2.0 2.2

New Jersey............................................................. 102 58 75 2.5 1.3 1.8

New Mexico............................................................ 23 25 22 2.7 2.9 2.6

New York............................................................... 170 163 180 1.9 1.7 1.9

North Carolina.......................................................... 127 104 119 2.7 2.1 2.5

North Dakota........................................................... 12 10 10 3.0 2.3 2.3

Ohio..................................................................... 139 124 132 2.6 2.2 2.4

Oklahoma............................................................... 53 42 49 3.3 2.4 2.9

Oregon.................................................................. 50 57 49 2.6 2.9 2.5

Pennsylvania........................................................... 136 104 125 2.4 1.7 2.1

Rhode Island........................................................... 12 11 13 2.6 2.1 2.6

South Carolina......................................................... 83 66 75 3.8 2.9 3.3

South Dakota........................................................... 11 10 11 2.7 2.2 2.5

Tennessee.............................................................. 118 90 108 3.8 2.7 3.3

Texas.................................................................... 411 369 385 3.2 2.7 2.8

Utah..................................................................... 49 56 47 3.0 3.3 2.8

Vermont................................................................. 8 6 6 2.5 1.8 2.1

Virginia.................................................................. 109 92 87 2.8 2.2 2.1

Washington............................................................. 85 73 87 2.5 2.0 2.5

West Virginia........................................................... 23 20 22 3.4 2.9 3.2

Wisconsin............................................................... 68 60 65 2.4 2.0 2.2

Wyoming................................................................ 9 8 8 3.1 2.9 3.0

p Preliminary
Table 10. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

Jan.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 1,836 1,698 2,298 1.2 1.1 1.5

Alabama................................................................. 24 25 29 1.2 1.2 1.4

Alaska................................................................... 4 4 8 1.3 1.3 2.4

Arizona.................................................................. 40 21 38 1.3 0.7 1.2

Arkansas................................................................ 14 15 20 1.1 1.1 1.5

California................................................................ 223 182 239 1.3 1.0 1.3

Colorado................................................................ 28 25 32 1.0 0.9 1.1

Connecticut............................................................. 24 21 22 1.5 1.3 1.4

Delaware................................................................ 6 6 9 1.4 1.2 2.0

District of Columbia.................................................... 6 6 7 0.8 0.8 0.9

Florida................................................................... 109 57 194 1.2 0.6 2.0

Georgia.................................................................. 57 49 80 1.2 1.0 1.7

Hawaii................................................................... 7 4 8 1.2 0.6 1.3

Idaho.................................................................... 13 12 11 1.7 1.5 1.4

Illinois.................................................................... 72 74 118 1.2 1.2 2.0

Indiana.................................................................. 29 54 51 0.9 1.7 1.6

Iowa..................................................................... 25 22 21 1.6 1.4 1.3

Kansas.................................................................. 12 18 21 0.9 1.2 1.5

Kentucky................................................................ 29 22 30 1.5 1.1 1.5

Louisiana................................................................ 20 23 37 1.0 1.2 1.9

Maine.................................................................... 7 11 10 1.1 1.7 1.6

Maryland................................................................ 26 34 41 1.0 1.2 1.5

Massachusetts......................................................... 32 46 40 0.9 1.2 1.1

Michigan................................................................ 40 54 70 0.9 1.2 1.6

Minnesota............................................................... 27 34 43 1.0 1.2 1.5

Mississippi.............................................................. 13 12 18 1.1 1.0 1.5

Missouri................................................................. 27 45 40 0.9 1.5 1.3

Montana................................................................. 6 7 9 1.3 1.3 1.8

Nebraska................................................................ 15 12 18 1.5 1.2 1.7

Nevada.................................................................. 21 17 25 1.5 1.1 1.6

New Hampshire........................................................ 10 16 17 1.5 2.3 2.5

New Jersey............................................................. 34 86 75 0.8 2.0 1.8

New Mexico............................................................ 8 8 12 1.0 1.0 1.4

New York............................................................... 110 75 130 1.2 0.8 1.4

North Carolina.......................................................... 60 44 89 1.3 0.9 1.8

North Dakota........................................................... 7 7 7 1.6 1.6 1.6

Ohio..................................................................... 97 58 73 1.8 1.0 1.3

Oklahoma............................................................... 18 22 27 1.1 1.3 1.6

Oregon.................................................................. 22 16 26 1.1 0.8 1.3

Pennsylvania........................................................... 81 93 85 1.4 1.5 1.4

Rhode Island........................................................... 7 10 10 1.4 2.0 2.0

South Carolina......................................................... 22 26 38 1.0 1.1 1.7

South Dakota........................................................... 6 6 7 1.3 1.2 1.6

Tennessee.............................................................. 58 35 62 1.9 1.1 1.9

Texas.................................................................... 108 135 176 0.8 1.0 1.3

Utah..................................................................... 25 17 25 1.5 1.0 1.5

Vermont................................................................. 4 5 4 1.4 1.7 1.5

Virginia.................................................................. 36 46 51 0.9 1.1 1.2

Washington............................................................. 59 35 38 1.7 1.0 1.1

West Virginia........................................................... 8 8 12 1.2 1.2 1.8

Wisconsin............................................................... 37 34 43 1.3 1.1 1.5

Wyoming................................................................ 4 4 5 1.4 1.4 1.8

p Preliminary