For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Tuesday, June 9, 2020 USDL-20-1185

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – APRIL 2020

The number of total separations decreased by 4.8 million to 9.9 million in April, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. Despite the over the month decline, the total separations level is the 

second highest in series history. Within separations, the quits rate fell to 1.4 percent and the layoffs and 

discharges rate decreased to 5.9 percent. Job openings decreased to 5.0 million on the last business day 

of April. Over the month, hires declined to 3.5 million, a series low. The changes in these measures 

reflect the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. This release 

includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm 

sector, by industry, and by four geographic regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of April, the number of job openings declined to 5.0 million (-965,000). The 

job openings rate was little changed at 3.7 percent. Job openings fell in total private (-883,000) and in 

government (-82,000). Among the industries, the largest declines were in professional and business 

services (-309,000), health care and social assistance (-115,000), and retail trade (-113,000). The number 

of job openings decreased in all four regions. (See table 1.)

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on April 2020 JOLTS Data

Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus 

(COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and 

www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-april-2020.htm
- 2 -

Hires

In April, the number and rate of hires decreased to series lows of 3.5 million (-1,587,000) and 2.7

percent, respectively. The hires level decreased for total private (-1,439,000) and for government

(-148,000). Hires decreased in a number of industries, with the largest declines in professional and 

business services (-422,000), accommodation and food services (-247,000), and construction (-196,000). 

The number of hires decreased in all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is 

referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, 

the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and 

discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations 

due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In April, the number and rate of total separations decreased to 9.9 million (-4,755,000) and 7.5 percent, 

respectively. Total separations decreased in many industries, with the largest decreases in

accommodation and food services (-3,001,000), professional and business services 

(-473,000), and retail trade (-460,000). The number of total separations increased in real estate and 

rental and leasing (+47,000), state and local government, excluding education (+46,000), and 

information (+42,000). Total separations decreased in all four regions. (See table 3.)

In April, the number and rate of quits decreased to 1.8 million (-1,003,000) and 1.4 percent, 

respectively. Quits fell to 1.6 million (-976,000) for total private and 143,000 (-27,000) for government. 

Quits decreased in a number of industries, with the largest decreases in accommodation and food 

services (-249,000) and professional and business services (-216,000). The number of quits decreased in

all four regions. (See table 4.)

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges decreased in April to 7.7 million (-3,773,000) and 5.9

percent, respectively. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased for total private to 7.5 million

(-3,816,000) but increased for government to 216,000 (+43,000). The layoffs and discharges level 

decreased significantly in several industries. The majority of the decline occurred in accommodation and 

food services (-2,738,000) followed by retail trade (-338,000). Layoffs and discharges increased in 

construction (+85,000), information (+53,000), and wholesale trade (+50,000). The number of layoffs 

and discharges decreased in all four regions. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in April. The other separations level was little 

changed for total private and for government. Other separations increased in professional and business 

services (+29,000) and health care and social assistance (+19,000). The number of other separations 

decreased in accommodation and food services (-15,000). Other separations were little changed in all 

four regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net 

employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of 

hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. 
- 3 -

Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even 

if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in April, hires totaled 67.2 million and separations totaled 81.1 million, 

yielding a net employment loss of 13.9 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired 

and separated more than once during the year.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for May 2020 are scheduled to be 

released on Tuesday, July 7, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on April 2020 Job Openings and Labor Turnover 

Survey Data 

Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 

42 percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone 

respondents were asked to report electronically via our data collection website. However, data 

collection was adversely impacted due to the inability to reach some respondents that normally 

respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate for April was 44 percent, while response rates prior to the 

pandemic averaged 54 percent.

BLS modified the JOLTS estimates for April to better reflect the impact of the coronavirus (COVID19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes an alignment of monthly hires minus 

separations to the over-the-month change in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment 

estimates. For April estimates, however, BLS suspended the alignment process because the differing 

reference periods for the CES employment estimates (pay period including the 12th of the month) and 

the JOLTS hires and separations estimates (the entire reference month) led to substantially different 

measurement outcomes. For more information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the 

JOLTS survey, including more information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, please see 

www.bls.gov/covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-april-2020.htm

Error in JOLTS federal government estimates

BLS identified errors in the JOLTS federal government estimates for January 2020. These errors also 

affect total nonfarm, government, and the regions. JOLTS has suppressed these data from the 

LABSTAT database. JOLTS plans to reissue the data, possibly with the release on July 7, 2020.
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY

(in thousands)

Total................................................... 7,284 6,011 5,046 6,000 5,111 3,524 5,763 14,643 9,888

Total private....................................... 6,540 5,284 4,401 5,625 4,744 3,305 5,414 14,243 9,467

Mining and logging1............................ 31 12 10 28 19 11 30 42 69

Construction1

................................... 430 240 256 423 389 193 404 756 791

Manufacturing.................................. 479 310 311 359 299 305 352 804 706

Durable goods1

.............................. 304 178 161 208 159 144 203 474 477

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 175 132 150 151 140 161 150 329 229

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 1,346 1,069 882 1,145 1,137 993 1,117 2,408 1,838

Wholesale trade............................. 264 156 150 157 136 124 136 252 261

Retail trade................................... 740 626 513 748 764 688 752 1,654 1,194

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 342 286 219 240 237 181 229 502 383

Information1

..................................... 120 119 122 93 74 34 104 107 149

Financial activities.............................. 343 336 252 228 218 136 218 350 339

Finance and insurance..................... 234 262 185 148 151 104 139 169 111

Real estate and rental and leasing1

. . . . .. 108 75 67 81 67 33 79 181 228

Professional and business services......... 1,178 1,192 883 1,248 1,103 681 1,187 1,714 1,241

Education and health services............... 1,377 1,193 1,076 736 663 519 675 1,747 1,423

Educational services1

....................... 140 106 104 105 92 67 90 327 290

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 1,238 1,087 972 630 571 452 585 1,420 1,133

Leisure and hospitality........................ 1,017 664 454 1,144 673 321 1,114 5,345 2,033

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 114 130 27 163 127 22 159 599 288

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 903 534 427 982 546 299 954 4,746 1,745

Other services.................................. 218 147 156 221 168 112 214 969 879

Government....................................... 744 727 645 376 367 219 349 400 421

Federal1

......................................... 154 131 114 37 58 45 31 39 36

State and local................................. 590 596 531 338 309 174 318 361 384

State and local education.................. 211 215 192 170 153 97 161 180 158

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 379 381 339 168 156 77 157 181 227

RATES BY INDUSTRY

(percent)

Total................................................... 4.6 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.4 2.7 3.8 9.7 7.5

Total private....................................... 4.9 3.9 3.9 4.4 3.7 3.0 4.2 11.1 8.7

Mining and logging1

............................ 4.0 1.7 1.5 3.8 2.7 1.7 4.0 6.0 10.4

Construction1

................................... 5.4 3.1 3.7 5.7 5.1 2.9 5.4 9.9 11.9

Manufacturing.................................. 3.6 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.3 2.7 2.7 6.3 6.1

Durable goods1

.............................. 3.6 2.2 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.5 5.9 6.7

Nondurable goods1

.......................... 3.5 2.7 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.7 3.1 6.9 5.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 4.6 3.7 3.4 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 8.7 7.4

Wholesale trade............................. 4.3 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.3 4.2 4.7

Retail trade................................... 4.5 3.9 3.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 4.8 10.6 8.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities1

..................................... 5.3 4.4 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.7 8.1 6.8

Information1

..................................... 4.0 4.0 4.4 3.3 2.6 1.3 3.6 3.7 5.6

Financial activities.............................. 3.8 3.7 2.9 2.6 2.5 1.6 2.5 4.0 4.0

Finance and insurance..................... 3.5 3.9 2.8 2.3 2.3 1.6 2.2 2.6 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing1

. . . . .. 4.5 3.1 3.1 3.5 2.9 1.5 3.4 7.7 10.7

Professional and business services......... 5.3 5.3 4.4 5.9 5.1 3.5 5.6 8.0 6.4

Education and health services............... 5.4 4.6 4.7 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.8 7.1 6.5

Educational services1

....................... 3.6 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.0 2.4 8.6 8.7

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 5.7 5.0 5.0 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.9 6.9 6.1

Leisure and hospitality........................ 5.8 3.9 4.9 6.9 4.1 3.7 6.7 32.7 23.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . .. 4.5 5.1 2.3 6.7 5.2 1.9 6.6 24.5 25.6

Accommodation and food services. . . . . .. 6.0 3.7 5.3 7.0 3.9 3.9 6.8 34.1 23.0

Other services.................................. 3.6 2.4 3.2 3.7 2.8 2.4 3.6 16.4 19.0

See footnotes at end of table.

1
Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted — Continued

Category

Job openings Hires Total separations

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Government....................................... 3.2 3.1 2.9 1.7 1.6 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.9

Federal1

......................................... 5.2 4.3 3.8 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.3

State and local................................. 2.9 2.9 2.7 1.7 1.6 0.9 1.6 1.8 2.0

State and local education.................. 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.6

State and local, excluding education1

. . .. 3.9 3.9 3.6 1.8 1.7 0.9 1.7 1.9 2.5

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data

are identical.

p Preliminary

2
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job 

openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 

separations, and total separations. The JOLTS 

program covers all private nonfarm establishments, 

as well as civilian federal, state, and local 

government entities in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. Industries are classified in accordance 

with the North American Industry Classification 

System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can 

be full-time or part-time, and it can be 

permanent, short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether 

or not the employer can find a suitable 

candidate during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers 

from outside the establishment to fill the 

position. Active recruiting means that the 

establishment is taking steps to fill a 

position. It may include advertising in 

newspapers, on television, or on the radio; 

posting Internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking or making 

“word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting 

applications; interviewing candidates; 

contacting employment agencies; or 

soliciting employees at job fairs, state or 

local employment offices, or similar

sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future, 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work, and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer including layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 
discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 

closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Excluded from separations are

transfers within the same location; employees on 

strike; employees of temporary help agencies, 

employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or 

consultants. The separations rate is computed by 

dividing the number of separations by employment 

and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 

layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are 

computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of 20,700 nonfarm business and government 

establishments. The sample is stratified by 

ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment 

size class. The establishments are drawn from a 

universe of over 9.4 million establishments compiled 

by the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages 

(QCEW) program which includes all employers 

subject to state unemployment insurance laws and 

federal agencies subject to the Unemployment 

Compensation for Federal Employees program.

Employment estimates are benchmarked, or ratio 

adjusted, monthly to the strike-adjusted employment 

estimates of the Current Employment Statistics 

(CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment 

is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data

elements.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start 

up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance 

on the sampling frame is approximately one year. 

Also within the first year, new businesses may go out 

of business, referred to as a death. Because not all 

births and deaths of establishments can be reflected 

on the sampling frame immediately, the JOLTS 

sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and 

separations from them during their early existence. 

BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses 

establishment birth and death activity from previous 

years. The estimates of job openings, hires, and 

separations produced by the birth/death model are 

added to the sample-based estimates produced from 

the survey to arrive at the estimates for job openings, 

hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus 

separations can be used to derive a measure of net 

employment change. This change should be 

comparable to the net employment change from the 

much larger CES survey. However, definitional 

differences as well as sampling and nonsampling 

errors between the two surveys historically caused 

JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the 

divergence, and improve the quality of the JOLTS 

hires and separations series, BLS implemented the 

monthly alignment method. There are four steps to 

this method: seasonally adjust, align, back out the 

seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust

again.

Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses X-13 ARIMA 

for seasonal adjustment. A concurrent seasonal 

adjustment methodology is used in which new 

seasonal adjustment factors are calculated each

month, using all relevant data up to and including 

current month data. JOLTS seasonal adjustment 

includes both additive and multiplicative models and 

REGARIMA (regression with auto-correlated errors) 

modeling to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. The seasonally 

adjusted CES employment trends are applied to the 

seasonally adjusted JOLTS implied employment 

trends (hires minus separations) forcing them to be 

approximately the same, while preserving the 

seasonality of the JOLTS data. 

Annual estimates. The JOLTS estimates are 

revised annually to reflect annual updates to the CES 

employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal 

adjustment factors. The JOLTS employment levels 

are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and 

the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data 

elements. The seasonally adjusted data are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to 

reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. These 

annual updates result in revisions to both the 

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted 

JOLTS data series, for the period since the last 

benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual 

level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) 
annual average employment level, and multiplying 

that quotient by 100. This figure will be 

approximately equal to the sum of the 12 monthly 

rates. Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates 

are published only for not seasonally adjusted data 

and are released with the January news release each 

year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job 

openings because job openings are a stock, or pointin-time, measurement for the last business day of 

each month.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling 

and nonsampling error. Nonsampling error occurs 

when a sample is surveyed rather than the entire 

population. There is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the true population values 

they represent. The difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected.

This variability is measured by the standard error of 

the estimate. BLS analysis is generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. That means that 

there is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no 

more than 1.6 standard errors from the true

population value because of sampling error. 

Sampling error estimates are available at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

The JOLTS estimates also are affected by 

nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for 

many reasons including: the failure to include a 

segment of the population; the inability to obtain data 

from all units in the sample; the inability or 

unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 

timely basis; mistakes made by respondents; errors 

made in the collection or processing of the data; and 

errors from the employment benchmark data used in 

estimation.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available 

to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 

877-8339.
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total............................................... 7,284 6,552 7,012 7,004 6,011 5,046 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.7

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 6,540 5,838 6,231 6,236 5,284 4,401 4.9 4.3 4.6 4.6 3.9 3.9

Mining and logging3....................... 31 13 19 26 12 10 4.0 1.8 2.7 3.4 1.7 1.5

Construction3

............................... 430 216 267 296 240 256 5.4 2.8 3.4 3.7 3.1 3.7

Manufacturing.............................. 479 360 408 422 310 311 3.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 2.4 2.6

Durable goods3

.......................... 304 222 256 269 178 161 3.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 2.2 2.2

Nondurable goods3

...................... 175 138 152 153 132 150 3.5 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,346 1,192 1,214 1,168 1,069 882 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.4

Wholesale trade......................... 264 187 172 183 156 150 4.3 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.6

Retail trade............................... 740 762 759 715 626 513 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.4 3.9 3.7

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 342 244 283 270 286 219 5.3 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.4 3.7

Information3................................. 120 146 152 132 119 122 4.0 4.8 5.0 4.4 4.0 4.4

Financial activities......................... 343 319 427 400 336 252 3.8 3.5 4.6 4.3 3.7 2.9

Finance and insurance................. 234 235 312 306 262 185 3.5 3.5 4.6 4.5 3.9 2.8

Real estate and rental and leasing3... 108 84 115 94 75 67 4.5 3.4 4.7 3.8 3.1 3.1

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,178 1,223 1,265 1,357 1,192 883 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.9 5.3 4.4

Education and health services........... 1,377 1,203 1,294 1,252 1,193 1,076 5.4 4.7 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.7

Educational services3................... 140 106 133 121 106 104 3.6 2.7 3.4 3.1 2.7 3.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 1,238 1,097 1,161 1,131 1,087 972 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,017 916 919 950 664 454 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.3 3.9 4.9

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 114 127 148 135 130 27 4.5 4.9 5.6 5.2 5.1 2.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 903 789 771 815 534 427 6.0 5.2 5.1 5.4 3.7 5.3

Other services.............................. 218 250 264 232 147 156 3.6 4.1 4.3 3.8 2.4 3.2

Government................................... 744 715 781 769 727 645 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.9

Federal3

..................................... 154 88 113 119 131 114 5.2 3.0 3.8 4.0 4.3 3.8

State and local............................. 590 626 669 649 596 531 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.2 2.9 2.7

State and local education.............. 211 234 275 252 215 192 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.9

State and local, excluding

education3

............................. 379 393 393 397 381 339 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.6

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 1,143 1,135 1,224 1,237 1,102 968 4.0 3.9 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.9

South........................................... 2,721 2,439 2,631 2,589 2,251 1,816 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.4 3.9 3.6

Midwest........................................ 1,742 1,400 1,522 1,556 1,286 1,078 5.0 4.1 4.4 4.5 3.8 3.6

West............................................ 1,678 1,578 1,634 1,621 1,373 1,183 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.4 3.7 3.7

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total............................................... 6,000 5,927 5,925 5,864 5,111 3,524 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.4 2.7

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,625 5,574 5,541 5,489 4,744 3,305 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.7 3.0

Mining and logging......................... 28 25 20 25 19 11 3.8 3.6 2.8 3.4 2.7 1.7

Construction................................ 423 467 435 390 389 193 5.7 6.2 5.7 5.1 5.1 2.9

Manufacturing.............................. 359 334 311 334 299 305 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.7

Durable goods........................... 208 192 174 196 159 144 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.0 2.0

Nondurable goods....................... 151 142 137 138 140 161 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,145 1,161 1,220 1,221 1,137 993 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.1 4.0

Wholesale trade......................... 157 133 138 153 136 124 2.7 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.2

Retail trade............................... 748 772 818 812 764 688 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.2 4.9 5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 240 256 264 256 237 181 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.2

Information.................................. 93 87 86 96 74 34 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.6 1.3

Financial activities......................... 228 218 217 243 218 136 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.5 1.6

Finance and insurance................. 148 135 142 161 151 104 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.3 1.6

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 81 83 75 81 67 33 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.4 2.9 1.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,248 1,151 1,163 1,104 1,103 681 5.9 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 3.5

Education and health services........... 736 723 753 762 663 519 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.4

Educational services.................... 105 104 109 95 92 67 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.0

Health care and social assistance. . .. 630 619 644 667 571 452 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,144 1,165 1,126 1,091 673 321 6.9 6.9 6.7 6.5 4.1 3.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 163 186 176 168 127 22 6.7 7.5 7.1 6.8 5.2 1.9

Accommodation and food services. .. 982 979 949 923 546 299 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 3.9 3.9

Other services.............................. 221 243 210 224 168 112 3.7 4.1 3.5 3.8 2.8 2.4

Government................................... 376 352 384 375 367 219 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.0

Federal...................................... 37 43 48 51 58 45 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.6

State and local............................. 338 309 336 324 309 174 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 0.9

State and local education.............. 170 153 173 157 153 97 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.0

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 168 156 163 167 156 77 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 0.9

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 938 935 949 960 869 479 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.1 2.0

South........................................... 2,365 2,358 2,345 2,321 1,998 1,368 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.6 2.8

Midwest........................................ 1,290 1,263 1,187 1,231 1,097 894 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.1

West............................................ 1,407 1,371 1,444 1,352 1,147 783 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.3 2.6

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total............................................... 5,763 5,762 5,703 5,595 14,643 9,888 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 9.7 7.5

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 5,414 5,419 5,382 5,244 14,243 9,467 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.0 11.1 8.7

Mining and logging......................... 30 31 24 20 42 69 4.0 4.3 3.4 2.8 6.0 10.4

Construction................................ 404 432 386 359 756 791 5.4 5.7 5.1 4.7 9.9 11.9

Manufacturing.............................. 352 342 331 318 804 706 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 6.3 6.1

Durable goods........................... 203 193 184 183 474 477 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 5.9 6.7

Nondurable goods....................... 150 149 147 135 329 229 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.8 6.9 5.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 1,117 1,115 1,220 1,221 2,408 1,838 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.4 8.7 7.4

Wholesale trade......................... 136 123 137 155 252 261 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.6 4.2 4.7

Retail trade............................... 752 741 830 812 1,654 1,194 4.8 4.7 5.3 5.2 10.6 8.8

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 229 250 253 254 502 383 3.7 4.0 4.1 4.1 8.1 6.8

Information.................................. 104 84 75 87 107 149 3.6 2.9 2.6 3.0 3.7 5.6

Financial activities......................... 218 203 217 210 350 339 2.5 2.3 2.5 2.4 4.0 4.0

Finance and insurance................. 139 134 141 150 169 111 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.6 1.7

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 79 69 75 60 181 228 3.4 3.0 3.2 2.5 7.7 10.7

Professional and business services. . . .. 1,187 1,134 1,151 1,073 1,714 1,241 5.6 5.3 5.3 5.0 8.0 6.4

Education and health services........... 675 690 701 699 1,747 1,423 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 7.1 6.5

Educational services.................... 90 97 83 93 327 290 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.4 8.6 8.7

Health care and social assistance. . .. 585 593 617 606 1,420 1,133 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 6.9 6.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 1,114 1,146 1,090 1,036 5,345 2,033 6.7 6.8 6.5 6.1 32.7 23.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 159 184 172 157 599 288 6.6 7.4 6.9 6.3 24.5 25.6

Accommodation and food services. .. 954 963 918 880 4,746 1,745 6.8 6.7 6.4 6.1 34.1 23.0

Other services.............................. 214 242 187 220 969 879 3.6 4.1 3.1 3.7 16.4 19.0

Government................................... 349 343 321 351 400 421 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.9

Federal...................................... 31 45 38 41 39 36 1.1 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3

State and local............................. 318 298 283 311 361 384 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

State and local education.............. 161 164 149 155 180 158 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 157 134 134 156 181 227 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.5

REGION3

Northeast...................................... 849 887 911 888 2,807 1,897 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 10.1 7.9

South........................................... 2,292 2,249 2,252 2,097 4,978 3,325 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.8 9.0 6.9

Midwest........................................ 1,241 1,220 1,249 1,293 3,635 2,212 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.9 11.0 7.8

West............................................ 1,382 1,406 1,291 1,317 3,222 2,454 3.9 4.0 3.6 3.7 9.1 8.1

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total............................................... 3,492 3,528 3,574 3,436 2,789 1,786 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.4

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 3,306 3,331 3,399 3,245 2,619 1,643 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.0 1.5

Mining and logging......................... 17 13 14 12 9 6 2.3 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.3 0.9

Construction................................ 144 170 165 153 130 80 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.2

Manufacturing.............................. 219 206 188 183 150 98 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.8

Durable goods........................... 128 110 103 107 86 43 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.6

Nondurable goods....................... 92 97 84 75 64 54 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 729 734 831 794 607 413 2.6 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.2 1.7

Wholesale trade......................... 94 77 86 101 93 46 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.6 0.8

Retail trade............................... 502 507 597 546 386 282 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.5 2.5 2.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 132 150 148 147 129 85 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.5

Information.................................. 53 41 40 50 35 27 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.0

Financial activities......................... 144 127 145 123 93 59 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.7

Finance and insurance................. 88 88 89 88 70 41 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing3

... 56 40 57 35 23 17 2.4 1.7 2.4 1.5 1.0 0.8

Professional and business services. . . .. 654 622 684 628 561 345 3.1 2.9 3.2 2.9 2.6 1.8

Education and health services........... 447 500 476 478 426 319 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.5

Educational services.................... 44 66 55 58 50 38 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.2

Health care and social assistance. . .. 404 434 421 420 376 281 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 757 771 758 699 534 259 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.2 3.3 3.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 79 72 79 77 52 26 3.2 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.1 2.3

Accommodation and food services. .. 679 698 679 622 483 234 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.3 3.5 3.1

Other services.............................. 141 147 98 125 74 37 2.4 2.5 1.6 2.1 1.3 0.8

Government................................... 187 197 175 191 170 143 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

Federal...................................... 15 23 19 19 17 15 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5

State and local............................. 172 174 156 172 152 128 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7

State and local education.............. 89 98 83 90 79 66 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 83 76 73 82 73 62 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 447 462 492 494 404 269 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.1

South........................................... 1,445 1,452 1,494 1,347 1,098 732 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.5

Midwest........................................ 788 760 797 783 654 399 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.0 1.4

West............................................ 812 854 790 812 633 386 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.3

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total............................................... 1,950 1,893 1,741 1,846 11,489 7,716 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 7.6 5.9

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 1,844 1,815 1,659 1,752 11,316 7,500 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 8.8 6.9

Mining and logging......................... 12 17 9 6 32 61 1.6 2.3 1.2 0.8 4.5 9.3

Construction................................ 240 243 194 202 604 689 3.2 3.2 2.6 2.6 7.9 10.4

Manufacturing.............................. 113 110 115 113 632 587 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 4.9 5.1

Durable goods........................... 65 67 64 63 374 420 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 4.7 5.9

Nondurable goods....................... 49 43 51 49 257 167 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 5.4 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 347 323 325 363 1,730 1,372 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 6.2 5.6

Wholesale trade3

........................ 36 35 47 47 154 204 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 2.6 3.7

Retail trade............................... 227 197 193 224 1,226 888 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 7.8 6.6

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities.................................. 84 90 85 91 350 281 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 5.6 5.0

Information.................................. 38 37 24 32 64 117 1.3 1.3 0.8 1.1 2.2 4.4

Financial activities......................... 49 48 40 67 228 257 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.8 2.6 3.0

Finance and insurance................. 30 24 31 42 77 57 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.2 0.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. .. 18 24 9 25 151 200 0.8 1.0 0.4 1.0 6.4 9.4

Professional and business services. . . .. 477 454 413 392 1,086 800 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.8 5.1 4.1

Education and health services........... 181 150 160 167 1,274 1,036 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 5.2 4.7

Educational services.................... 41 26 22 30 272 246 1.1 0.7 0.6 0.8 7.2 7.4

Health care and social assistance. . .. 140 124 139 136 1,001 790 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 4.8 4.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 329 342 295 318 4,783 1,759 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.9 29.2 20.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. .. 79 108 90 77 545 259 3.3 4.3 3.6 3.1 22.3 23.0

Accommodation and food services. .. 250 234 205 240 4,238 1,500 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 30.4 19.8

Other services.............................. 59 91 84 93 884 822 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.6 15.0 17.7

Government................................... 106 78 82 95 173 216 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.0

Federal...................................... 6 9 8 8 9 11 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4

State and local............................. 99 69 74 86 164 205 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.1

State and local education.............. 50 40 41 42 79 69 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.7

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 49 29 33 44 85 136 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.5

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 352 347 354 348 2,348 1,554 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 8.4 6.5

South........................................... 725 692 601 624 3,747 2,466 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 6.7 5.1

Midwest........................................ 394 389 382 440 2,898 1,713 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 8.8 6.0

West............................................ 480 464 404 435 2,496 1,982 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 7.1 6.5

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total............................................... 321 341 388 313 366 386 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private................................... 264 272 323 247 308 325 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging......................... 1 1 2 2 2 1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2

Construction3

............................... 20 19 27 5 22 22 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.3

Manufacturing.............................. 20 26 28 23 22 22 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods........................... 10 16 16 13 14 14 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods3

...................... 9 9 12 10 9 8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . .. 41 58 64 64 71 52 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 6 10 5 6 5 11 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Retail trade............................... 22 38 40 42 42 25 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities3

................................. 13 10 19 16 24 17 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3

Information3................................. 12 6 11 5 8 5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2

Financial activities......................... 26 27 31 19 30 24 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

Finance and insurance................. 21 22 22 19 22 12 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing3

... 5 5 9 1 7 11 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.5

Professional and business services. . . .. 57 58 54 53 67 96 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5

Education and health services........... 46 39 65 55 47 67 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

Educational services.................... 6 4 7 4 4 5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2

Health care and social assistance3

. .. 40 35 58 51 43 62 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 27 34 37 19 28 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation3

... 2 3 3 2 2 3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3

Accommodation and food services3... 26 30 34 17 26 11 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1

Other services3............................. 15 4 5 2 11 20 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4

Government................................... 57 68 64 66 58 62 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Federal...................................... 10 13 12 14 12 11 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4

State and local............................. 47 56 53 52 46 51 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

State and local education.............. 23 27 25 23 22 22 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local, excluding

education.............................. 24 29 28 29 24 29 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

REGION4

Northeast...................................... 50 77 65 46 56 74 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3

South........................................... 121 104 156 126 133 127 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

Midwest........................................ 60 71 70 70 83 100 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3

West............................................ 90 88 97 71 93 86 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in this series; therefore, identical numbers appear for the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

series.

4 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.
Table 7. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 7,746 5,857 5,347 4.9 3.7 3.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 7,014 5,145 4,719 5.2 3.9 4.2

Mining and logging............................................... 31 12 10 4.1 1.7 1.5

Construction....................................................... 430 240 256 5.5 3.2 3.8

Manufacturing..................................................... 479 310 311 3.6 2.4 2.6

Durable goods.................................................. 304 178 161 3.6 2.2 2.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 175 132 150 3.6 2.7 3.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,350 973 827 4.7 3.4 3.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 283 149 161 4.6 2.5 2.8

Retail trade..................................................... 725 538 446 4.5 3.4 3.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 342 286 219 5.3 4.5 3.8

Information........................................................ 120 119 122 4.1 4.0 4.4

Financial activities................................................ 387 321 286 4.3 3.5 3.2

Finance and insurance........................................ 279 246 218 4.2 3.7 3.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 108 75 67 4.5 3.1 3.1

Professional and business services............................ 1,243 1,160 949 5.5 5.2 4.7

Education and health services.................................. 1,511 1,178 1,191 5.9 4.6 5.1

Educational services.......................................... 140 106 104 3.4 2.6 2.9

Health care and social assistance........................... 1,372 1,072 1,086 6.3 4.9 5.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,204 675 600 6.8 4.1 6.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 162 142 73 6.4 5.9 6.2

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,042 533 528 6.9 3.7 6.5

Other services.................................................... 258 156 168 4.2 2.6 3.5

Government.......................................................... 732 712 629 3.1 3.0 2.8

Federal............................................................. 154 131 114 5.2 4.4 3.8

State and local.................................................... 578 581 514 2.8 2.8 2.6

State and local education..................................... 199 199 175 1.8 1.8 1.7

State and local, excluding education........................ 379 381 339 4.0 4.0 3.7

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,209 1,065 1,002 4.2 3.7 4.0

South................................................................. 2,905 2,203 1,939 5.0 3.8 3.9

Midwest............................................................... 1,830 1,271 1,137 5.3 3.7 3.8

West.................................................................. 1,803 1,317 1,270 4.9 3.6 4.0

1

Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month.

2 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 8. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 6,421 4,656 3,804 4.3 3.1 2.9

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 6,122 4,386 3,655 4.8 3.4 3.4

Mining and logging............................................... 32 19 15 4.4 2.7 2.3

Construction....................................................... 581 362 326 7.9 4.9 5.0

Manufacturing..................................................... 369 279 310 2.9 2.2 2.7

Durable goods.................................................. 213 149 144 2.7 1.9 2.0

Nondurable goods............................................. 156 131 165 3.3 2.8 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,115 1,054 931 4.1 3.8 3.8

Wholesale trade................................................ 165 136 125 2.8 2.3 2.2

Retail trade..................................................... 744 738 659 4.8 4.8 4.9

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 207 180 147 3.4 2.9 2.7

Information........................................................ 90 63 32 3.2 2.2 1.2

Financial activities................................................ 243 200 148 2.8 2.3 1.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 145 140 99 2.3 2.2 1.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 99 60 49 4.3 2.6 2.3

Professional and business services............................ 1,369 1,038 799 6.5 4.9 4.1

Education and health services.................................. 723 592 509 3.0 2.4 2.3

Educational services.......................................... 80 58 42 2.1 1.5 1.2

Health care and social assistance........................... 642 535 466 3.2 2.6 2.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,349 653 448 8.2 4.1 5.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 242 123 32 10.2 5.4 2.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 1,107 530 415 7.9 3.9 5.5

Other services.................................................... 250 127 139 4.2 2.2 3.0

Government.......................................................... 299 269 149 1.3 1.2 0.7

Federal............................................................. 36 58 43 1.3 2.0 1.5

State and local.................................................... 262 212 106 1.3 1.0 0.6

State and local education..................................... 92 79 25 0.8 0.7 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 171 132 80 1.9 1.4 0.9

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 1,039 758 564 3.8 2.7 2.3

South................................................................. 2,465 1,869 1,429 4.5 3.4 3.0

Midwest............................................................... 1,420 1,001 959 4.3 3.1 3.4

West.................................................................. 1,496 1,028 853 4.3 2.9 2.8

1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month.

2 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 9. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 5,573 13,999 9,751 3.7 9.3 7.4

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 5,324 13,710 9,441 4.2 10.8 8.7

Mining and logging............................................... 30 41 68 4.1 5.9 10.5

Construction....................................................... 381 739 828 5.2 10.1 12.7

Manufacturing..................................................... 360 806 732 2.8 6.3 6.4

Durable goods.................................................. 211 487 507 2.6 6.1 7.1

Nondurable goods............................................. 149 319 225 3.1 6.7 5.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 1,064 2,281 1,778 3.9 8.3 7.3

Wholesale trade................................................ 145 252 270 2.5 4.3 4.9

Retail trade..................................................... 717 1,559 1,152 4.6 10.1 8.6

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 203 470 356 3.3 7.6 6.4

Information........................................................ 104 96 146 3.7 3.3 5.5

Financial activities................................................ 231 333 351 2.7 3.8 4.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 151 157 122 2.4 2.4 1.9

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 80 176 228 3.5 7.6 10.8

Professional and business services............................ 1,204 1,629 1,258 5.7 7.7 6.5

Education and health services.................................. 648 1,692 1,391 2.7 6.9 6.3

Educational services.......................................... 64 287 258 1.6 7.3 7.4

Health care and social assistance........................... 584 1,405 1,133 2.9 6.8 6.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 1,095 5,155 2,013 6.7 32.3 23.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 140 547 271 5.9 24.1 24.7

Accommodation and food services.......................... 955 4,608 1,742 6.8 33.6 23.1

Other services.................................................... 208 937 877 3.5 16.0 18.9

Government.......................................................... 249 289 310 1.1 1.3 1.4

Federal............................................................. 28 35 31 1.0 1.2 1.1

State and local.................................................... 221 254 279 1.1 1.3 1.4

State and local education..................................... 94 106 86 0.9 1.0 0.8

State and local, excluding education........................ 127 149 193 1.4 1.6 2.2

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 792 2,654 1,857 2.9 9.6 7.7

South................................................................. 2,273 4,778 3,310 4.1 8.7 6.9

Midwest............................................................... 1,140 3,482 2,132 3.5 10.6 7.5

West.................................................................. 1,368 3,086 2,451 3.9 8.8 8.1

1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month.

2 The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 10. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 3,485 2,453 1,729 2.3 1.6 1.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 3,339 2,327 1,639 2.6 1.8 1.5

Mining and logging............................................... 18 7 6 2.5 1.0 1.0

Construction....................................................... 150 106 79 2.0 1.4 1.2

Manufacturing..................................................... 231 140 103 1.8 1.1 0.9

Durable goods.................................................. 139 79 53 1.7 1.0 0.7

Nondurable goods............................................. 92 60 50 1.9 1.3 1.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 729 561 408 2.7 2.0 1.7

Wholesale trade................................................ 103 93 55 1.7 1.6 1.0

Retail trade..................................................... 491 345 267 3.2 2.2 2.0

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 135 123 87 2.2 2.0 1.6

Information........................................................ 54 28 24 1.9 1.0 0.9

Financial activities................................................ 147 81 62 1.7 0.9 0.7

Finance and insurance........................................ 91 58 44 1.4 0.9 0.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 56 23 17 2.4 1.0 0.8

Professional and business services............................ 659 519 350 3.1 2.5 1.8

Education and health services.................................. 445 395 306 1.8 1.6 1.4

Educational services.......................................... 35 31 21 0.9 0.8 0.6

Health care and social assistance........................... 410 364 284 2.0 1.8 1.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 764 429 260 4.7 2.7 3.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 63 35 10 2.6 1.5 0.9

Accommodation and food services.......................... 701 394 250 5.0 2.9 3.3

Other services.................................................... 142 61 41 2.4 1.0 0.9

Government.......................................................... 146 126 90 0.6 0.5 0.4

Federal............................................................. 14 16 13 0.5 0.6 0.5

State and local.................................................... 132 110 76 0.7 0.5 0.4

State and local education..................................... 55 43 23 0.5 0.4 0.2

State and local, excluding education........................ 77 67 53 0.8 0.7 0.6

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 443 336 254 1.6 1.2 1.1

South................................................................. 1,470 989 733 2.7 1.8 1.5

Midwest............................................................... 756 576 363 2.3 1.8 1.3

West.................................................................. 816 552 379 2.3 1.6 1.3

1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month.

2 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 11. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 1,783 11,207 7,659 1.2 7.4 5.8

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 1,725 11,086 7,486 1.4 8.7 6.9

Mining and logging............................................... 11 32 60 1.5 4.6 9.3

Construction....................................................... 211 611 727 2.9 8.3 11.1

Manufacturing..................................................... 109 645 606 0.9 5.1 5.3

Durable goods.................................................. 61 394 439 0.8 4.9 6.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 48 251 166 1.0 5.3 3.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 294 1,661 1,321 1.1 6.0 5.4

Wholesale trade................................................ 36 154 204 0.6 2.6 3.7

Retail trade..................................................... 204 1,184 865 1.3 7.7 6.5

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 55 323 252 0.9 5.3 4.5

Information........................................................ 38 60 116 1.3 2.1 4.4

Financial activities................................................ 52 221 263 0.6 2.5 3.1

Finance and insurance........................................ 33 76 63 0.5 1.2 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 19 145 200 0.8 6.3 9.5

Professional and business services............................ 495 1,040 818 2.3 4.9 4.2

Education and health services.................................. 159 1,252 1,020 0.7 5.1 4.6

Educational services.......................................... 26 254 234 0.7 6.5 6.7

Health care and social assistance........................... 133 998 786 0.7 4.8 4.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 304 4,698 1,739 1.9 29.4 20.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 76 510 258 3.2 22.5 23.5

Accommodation and food services.......................... 228 4,188 1,481 1.6 30.6 19.6

Other services.................................................... 51 865 815 0.9 14.7 17.6

Government.......................................................... 58 121 173 0.3 0.5 0.8

Federal............................................................. 4 8 8 0.1 0.3 0.3

State and local.................................................... 54 113 164 0.3 0.6 0.9

State and local education..................................... 26 54 51 0.2 0.5 0.5

State and local, excluding education........................ 28 60 114 0.3 0.6 1.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 300 2,270 1,527 1.1 8.2 6.3

South................................................................. 689 3,666 2,465 1.2 6.6 5.1

Midwest............................................................... 331 2,831 1,676 1.0 8.6 5.9

West.................................................................. 463 2,440 1,991 1.3 7.0 6.6

1

Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month.

2 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary
Table 12. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted1

Industry and region

Levels (in thousands) Rates2

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Apr.

2019

Mar.

2020

Apr.

2020p

Total..................................................................... 305 340 363 0.2 0.2 0.3

INDUSTRY

Total private.......................................................... 260 297 315 0.2 0.2 0.3

Mining and logging............................................... 1 2 1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Construction....................................................... 20 22 22 0.3 0.3 0.3

Manufacturing..................................................... 20 22 23 0.2 0.2 0.2

Durable goods.................................................. 11 13 15 0.1 0.2 0.2

Nondurable goods............................................. 9 9 8 0.2 0.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................. 41 59 49 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wholesale trade................................................ 6 4 12 0.1 0.1 0.2

Retail trade..................................................... 22 31 20 0.1 0.2 0.2

Transportation, warehousing, and utilities.................. 13 24 17 0.2 0.4 0.3

Information........................................................ 12 8 5 0.4 0.3 0.2

Financial activities................................................ 31 31 26 0.4 0.4 0.3

Finance and insurance........................................ 26 23 14 0.4 0.4 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing.......................... 5 7 11 0.2 0.3 0.5

Professional and business services............................ 49 70 90 0.2 0.3 0.5

Education and health services.................................. 44 44 65 0.2 0.2 0.3

Educational services.......................................... 4 1 3 0.1 0.0 0.1

Health care and social assistance........................... 40 43 62 0.2 0.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 27 28 14 0.2 0.2 0.2

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................... 2 2 3 0.1 0.1 0.3

Accommodation and food services.......................... 26 26 11 0.2 0.2 0.1

Other services.................................................... 15 11 20 0.3 0.2 0.4

Government.......................................................... 45 42 47 0.2 0.2 0.2

Federal............................................................. 10 11 9 0.4 0.4 0.3

State and local.................................................... 35 32 38 0.2 0.2 0.2

State and local education..................................... 13 9 12 0.1 0.1 0.1

State and local, excluding education........................ 22 22 26 0.2 0.2 0.3

REGION3

Northeast............................................................. 48 47 76 0.2 0.2 0.3

South................................................................. 114 123 113 0.2 0.2 0.2

Midwest............................................................... 53 75 93 0.2 0.2 0.3

West.................................................................. 89 94 81 0.3 0.3 0.3

1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month.

2 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment.

3 The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,

Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest:

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona,

California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero.