For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, April 19, 2023 USDL-23-0724

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 • JoltsInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/jlt

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

STATE JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – FEBRUARY 2023

Job openings rates decreased in 20 states and increased in 2 states on the last business day of February, 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires rates decreased in 4 states and increased in 1

state. Total separations rates decreased in 4 states and increased in 3 states. Nationally, the job openings

rate decreased in February, while the hires and total separations rates showed little change.

This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, total separations, quits, and 

layoffs and discharges for the total nonfarm sector and for all states and the District of Columbia.

Job Openings

In February, job openings rates decreased in 20 states, increased in 2 states, and were little changed in 

28 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in job openings rates occurred in West 

Virginia (-1.9 percentage points), Wisconsin (-1.8 points), and Washington (-1.4 points). The increases

occurred in Maine (+0.9 point) and Colorado (+0.5 point). Over the month, the national job openings 

rate decreased (-0.4 point). (See table A.)

The number of job openings decreased in 21 states and the District of Columbia, increased in 2 states,

and was little changed in 27 states in February. The largest decreases in the job openings level occurred 

in Florida (-75,000), Wisconsin (-61,000), and California (-57,000). The increases occurred in Colorado

(+18,000) and Maine (+7,000). Nationally, the number of job openings decreased over the month

(-632,000). (See table A.)

Hires

In February, hires rates decreased in 4 states, increased in 1 state, and were little changed in 45 states

and the District of Columbia. The decreases in the hires rates occurred in Arizona and Georgia

(-0.7 percentage point each), as well as in Pennsylvania and Washington (-0.6 point each). The increase 

occurred in Colorado (+0.7 point). The national hires rate was little changed over the month. 

(See table B.)

The number of hires decreased in 4 states, increased in 2 states, and was little changed in 44 states and 

the District of Columbia in February. The largest decreases in the hires level occurred in Pennsylvania

(-35,000), Georgia (-33,000), and Washington (-21,000). The increases occurred in Colorado (+22,000) 

and Nebraska (+7,000). Nationally, the number of hires was little changed over the month. (See table B.)
- 2 - 

Total Separations

In February, total separations rates decreased in 4 states, increased in 3 states, and were little changed 

in 43 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in total separations rates occurred in 

New Jersey (-1.3 percentage points), New Hampshire (-1.0 point), and South Carolina (-0.7 point). The

increases occurred in South Dakota (+1.1 points), Maryland (+0.8 point), and Indiana (+0.5 point). Over 

the month, the national total separations rate was little changed. (See table C.)

In February, the number of total separations decreased in 3 states, increased in 2 states, and was little 

changed in 45 states and the District of Columbia. The decreases in the total separations level occurred 

in New Jersey (-57,000), South Carolina (-15,000), and New Hampshire (-7,000). The increases

occurred in Maryland (+20,000) and South Dakota (+5,000). Nationally, the number of total separations 

was little changed over the month. (See table C.) 

 

Quits

In February, quits rates increased in 8 states and the District of Columbia, decreased in 1 state, and 

were little changed in 41 states. The largest increases in quits rates occurred in the District of Columbia

(+0.8 percentage point), Georgia and Maryland (+0.7 point each), and Maine (+0.6 point). The decrease 

occurred in Pennsylvania (-0.3 point). Over the month, the national quits rate was little changed. (See 

table D.) 

The number of quits increased in 7 states and the District of Columbia, decreased in 1 state, and was

little changed in 42 states in February. The largest increases in the quits level occurred in Texas

(+45,000), Georgia (+34,000), and Virginia (+20,000). The decrease occurred in Pennsylvania 

(-18,000). Nationally, the number of quits edged up over the month. (See table D.) 

 

Layoffs and Discharges

In February, layoffs and discharges rates decreased in 11 states, increased in 1 state, and were little 

changed in 38 states and the District of Columbia. The largest decreases in layoffs and discharges rates 

occurred in New Jersey (-1.4 percentage points) and New Hampshire (-0.9 point), as well as in North 

Carolina, Rhode Island, and South Carolina (-0.6 point each). The increase occurred in South Dakota 

(+0.6 point). Over the month, the national layoffs and discharges rate was little changed. (See table E.) 

The number of layoffs and discharges decreased in 10 states, increased in 1 state, and was little 

changed in 39 states and the District of Columbia in February. The largest decreases in the layoffs and 

discharges levels occurred in New Jersey (-57,000), Texas (-49,000), and North Carolina (-28,000). The

increase occurred in South Dakota (+3,000). Nationally, the number of layoffs and discharges decreased 

over the month (-215,000). (See table E.) 

For more information, please see the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) interactive 

charts at www.bls.gov/charts/state-job-openings-and-labor-turnover/state-job-openings-rates.htm#. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey State estimates for March 2023 are scheduled to 

be released on Wednesday, May 17, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
- 3 - 

Upcoming Changes to State Estimates from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover

Survey 

Effective with the release of May 2023 data on July 26, 2023, the Job Openings and Labor Turnover 

Survey (JOLTS) state estimates will be benchmarked, or revised, to incorporate the annual updates to 

the Current Employment Statistics state employment estimates, Quarterly Census of Employment and 

Wages (QCEW) updates through fourth quarter 2022, revised JOLTS national data and revised JOLTS 

seasonal adjustment factors. This represents a change from 2022 when estimates were published in June 

for release of April data. This change in release date from 2022 is being made to incorporate QCEW 

data through the fourth quarter of 2022. Not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted data from 

January 2018 forward are subject to revision. Additional historical data may also be revised due to

benchmarking. 

JOLTS will introduce several changes to the monthly news release tables beginning with the May 2023 

news release. Significance tables A through E will be removed from the news release and provided as 

supplemental tables on the JOLTS website. JOLTS will also introduce over-the-month change columns 

for levels and rates to tables 1 through 5. Also, two tables will be added to present annual average job 

openings levels and rates. (Annual estimates of levels and rates are published each year with the annual 

processing.) 

Also effective with the release of May 2023 data, JOLTS will modify its estimation methodology to 

reduce variance. State data from January 2018 forward is subject to revision. 

Additional information about these changes is available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts-2023-changes.htm. 
- 4 - 

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 10,563 9,931 -632 6.4 6.0 -0.4

Arizona.......................................................................................... 211 181 -30 6.3 5.4 -0.9

California....................................................................................... 1,021 964 -57 5.4 5.1 -0.3

Colorado........................................................................................ 200 218 18 6.5 7.0 0.5

District of Columbia....................................................................... 46 40 -6 5.6 4.9 -0.7*

Florida............................................................................................ 686 611 -75 6.6 5.9 -0.7

Illinois............................................................................................ 461 407 -54 7.0 6.2 -0.8

Indiana........................................................................................... 202 175 -27 5.9 5.1 -0.8

Kentucky........................................................................................ 151 135 -16 7.1 6.3 -0.8

Louisiana....................................................................................... 172 158 -14 8.1 7.5 -0.6

Maine............................................................................................. 39 46 7 5.7 6.6 0.9

Massachusetts.............................................................................. 276 258 -18 6.9 6.5 -0.4*

Michigan........................................................................................ 291 258 -33 6.2 5.5 -0.7

Minnesota...................................................................................... 203 187 -16 6.4 5.9 -0.5

Nebraska....................................................................................... 74 65 -9 6.6 5.9 -0.7

New Hampshire............................................................................. 53 44 -9 7.0 5.9 -1.1

Ohio............................................................................................... 375 336 -39 6.3 5.7 -0.6

Oklahoma...................................................................................... 136 123 -13 7.3 6.6 -0.7

Oregon.......................................................................................... 133 121 -12 6.3 5.7 -0.6*

South Dakota................................................................................. 37 33 -4 7.5 6.7 -0.8

Texas............................................................................................. 943 888 -55 6.4 6.0 -0.4

Utah............................................................................................... 106 98 -8* 5.9 5.4 -0.5

Vermont......................................................................................... 24 20 -4 7.3 6.1 -1.2

Washington.................................................................................... 241 188 -53 6.3 4.9 -1.4

West Virginia.................................................................................. 72 57 -15 9.4 7.5 -1.9

Wisconsin...................................................................................... 235 174 -61 7.3 5.5 -1.8

Table A. States with significant changes in job openings from January 2023 to February 2023, seasonally 

adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

p Preliminary

* Not significant

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 6,327 6,163 -164 4.1 4.0 -0.1

Arizona.......................................................................................... 156 136 -20 5.0 4.3 -0.7

Colorado........................................................................................ 115 137 22 4.0 4.7 0.7

Georgia.......................................................................................... 258 225 -33 5.3 4.6 -0.7

Nebraska....................................................................................... 41 48 7 3.9 4.6 0.7*

Pennsylvania................................................................................. 211 176 -35 3.5 2.9 -0.6

Washington.................................................................................... 157 136 -21 4.4 3.8 -0.6

Table B. States with significant changes in hires from January 2023 to February 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

p Preliminary

* Not significant
- 5 - 

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 5,900 5,820 -80 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Indiana........................................................................................... 126 142 16* 3.9 4.4 0.5

Maryland........................................................................................ 105 125 20 3.8 4.6 0.8

Michigan........................................................................................ 157 138 -19* 3.6 3.1 -0.5

New Hampshire............................................................................. 31 24 -7 4.4 3.4 -1.0

New Jersey.................................................................................... 183 126 -57 4.2 2.9 -1.3

South Carolina............................................................................... 113 98 -15 5.0 4.3 -0.7

South Dakota................................................................................. 17 22 5 3.7 4.8 1.1

Table C. States with significant changes in total separations from January 2023 to February 2023, seasonally 

adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

p Preliminary

* Not significant

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 3,878 4,024 146 2.5 2.6 0.1

District of Columbia....................................................................... 14 20 6 1.8 2.6 0.8

Georgia.......................................................................................... 166 200 34 3.4 4.1 0.7

Indiana........................................................................................... 84 97 13 2.6 3.0 0.4

Louisiana....................................................................................... 68 77 9 3.5 4.0 0.5

Maine............................................................................................. 14 18 4 2.2 2.8 0.6

Maryland........................................................................................ 69 87 18 2.5 3.2 0.7

Oklahoma...................................................................................... 49 55 6* 2.8 3.2 0.4

Pennsylvania................................................................................. 121 103 -18 2.0 1.7 -0.3

Texas............................................................................................. 394 439 45 2.9 3.2 0.3

Virginia........................................................................................... 95 115 20 2.3 2.8 0.5

Table D. States with significant changes in quits from January 2023 to February 2023, seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate

p Preliminary

* Not significant
- 6 - 

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

January

2023

February

2023p

Over-themonth 

changep

TOTAL U.S..................................................................................... 1,719 1,504 -215 1.1 1.0 -0.1

Arkansas........................................................................................ 17 12 -5 1.3 0.9 -0.4

Delaware....................................................................................... 7 5 -2* 1.5 1.0 -0.5

Georgia.......................................................................................... 69 45 -24 1.4 0.9 -0.5

Louisiana....................................................................................... 32 22 -10 1.6 1.1 -0.5

New Hampshire............................................................................. 13 7 -6 1.9 1.0 -0.9

New Jersey.................................................................................... 98 41 -57 2.3 0.9 -1.4

North Carolina............................................................................... 76 48 -28 1.6 1.0 -0.6

Rhode Island................................................................................. 9 6 -3 1.8 1.2 -0.6

South Carolina............................................................................... 33 18 -15 1.4 0.8 -0.6

South Dakota................................................................................. 5 8 3 1.1 1.7 0.6

Texas............................................................................................. 154 105 -49 1.1 0.8 -0.3

Virginia........................................................................................... 45 31 -14 1.1 0.8 -0.3

p Preliminary

* Not significant

Table E. States with significant changes in layoffs and discharges from January 2023 to February 2023, 

seasonally adjusted

State

Level (in thousands) Rate
Technical Note 

 This news release presents statistics from the Job 

Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The 

JOLTS program provides information on labor 

demand and turnover. Additional information about 

the JOLTS program can be found at 

www.bls.gov/jlt/. State estimates are published for 

job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and 

total separations. The JOLTS program covers all 

private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 

federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 

states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data 

for January 2023, industries are classified in 

accordance with the 2022 North American Industry 

Classification System. 

 Definitions 

 Employment. Employment includes persons on 

the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay 

period that includes the 12th day of the reference 

month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, 

seasonal, salaried, and hourly employees are 

included, as are employees on paid vacation or other 

paid leave. Proprietors or partners of unincorporated 

businesses, unpaid family workers, or employees on 

strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 

leave without pay for the entire pay period are not 

counted as employed. Employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, and consultants are counted by their 

employer of record, not by the establishment where 

they are working. JOLTS does not publish 

employment estimates but uses the reported 

employment for validation of the other reported data 

elements. 

Job Openings. Job openings include all 

positions that are open on the last business day of the 

reference month. A job is open only if it meets all 

three of these conditions: 

 A specific position exists and there is work 

available for that position. The position can be 

full-time or part-time, and it can be permanent, 

short-term, or seasonal. 

 The job could start within 30 days, whether or 

not the employer can find a suitable candidate 

during that time. 

 The employer is actively recruiting workers from 

outside the establishment to fill the position. 

Active recruiting means that the establishment is 

taking steps to fill a position. It may include 

advertising in newspapers, on television, or on 

the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help 

wanted” signs, networking, or making “word-ofmouth” announcements; accepting applications; 

interviewing candidates; contacting employment 

agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, 

state or local employment offices, or similar 

sources. 

 Excluded are positions open only to internal 

transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from 

layoffs. Also excluded are openings for positions 

with start dates more than 30 days in the future; 

positions for which employees have been hired but 

the employees have not yet reported for work; and 

positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is 

computed by dividing the number of job openings by 

the sum of employment and job openings and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll 

during the entire reference month, including newly 

hired and rehired employees; full-time and part-time 

employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal 

employees; employees who were recalled to a job at 

the location following a layoff (formal suspension 

from pay status) lasting more than 7 days; on-call or 

intermittent employees who returned to work after 

having been formally separated; workers who were 

hired and separated during the month, and transfers 

from other locations. Excluded are transfers or 

promotions within the reporting location, employees 

returning from strike, employees of temporary help 

agencies, employee leasing companies, outside 

contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is 

computed by dividing the number of hires by 

employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. 

 Separations. Separations include all separations 

from the payroll during the entire reference month 

and is reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs 

and discharges, and other separations. Quits include 

employees who left voluntarily, with the exception of 

retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs 

and discharges includes involuntary separations 

initiated by the employer, such as layoffs with no 

intent to rehire; layoffs (formal suspensions from pay 

status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; 

discharges resulting from mergers, downsizing, or 
closings; firings or other discharges for cause; 

terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 

and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or 

not they are expected to return the next season). 

Other separations include retirements, transfers to 

other locations, separations due to employee 

disability; and deaths. Other separations comprise 

less than 8 percent of total separations. Other 

separations rates are generally very low, and other 

separations variance estimates are relatively high. 

Consequently, the other separations component is not 

published for states. 

Excluded from separations are transfers within the 

same location; employees on strike; employees of 

temporary help agencies, employee leasing 

companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The 

separations rate is computed by dividing the number 

of separations by employment and multiplying that 

quotient by 100. The quits and layoffs and discharges 

rates are computed similarly. 

State Estimation Method 

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random 

sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business 

and government establishments. The sample is 

stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and 

establishment size class. The JOLTS sample of 

21,000 establishments does not directly support the 

production of sample-based state estimates. However, 

state estimates have been produced by combining the 

available sample with model-based estimates. 

 The state estimates consist of four major 

estimating models; the Composite Regional model 

(an unpublished intermediate model), the Synthetic 

model (an unpublished intermediate model), the 

Composite Synthetic model (published historical 

series through the most current benchmark year), and 

the Extended Composite Synthetic model (published 

current-year monthly series). The Composite 

Regional model uses JOLTS microdata, JOLTS 

regional published estimates, and Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) employment data. The 

Composite Synthetic model uses JOLTS microdata 

and Synthetic model estimates derived from monthly 

employment changes in microdata from the Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), and 

JOLTS published regional data. The Extended 

Composite Synthetic model extends the Composite 

Synthetic estimates by ratio-adjusting the Composite 

Synthetic model by the ratio of the current Composite 

Regional model estimate to the Composite Regional 

model estimate from the previous year. 

 The Extended Composite Synthetic model (and 

its major component—the Composite Regional 

model) is used to extend the Composite Synthetic 

estimates because all of the inputs required by this 

model are available at the time monthly estimate are 

produced. In contrast, the Composite Synthetic model 

(and its major component—the Synthetic model) can 

only be produced when the latest QCEW data are 

available. The Extended Composite Synthetic model 

estimates are used to extend the Composite Synthetic 

model estimates during the annual JOLTS retabulation process. The extension of the Composite 

Synthetic model using current data-based Composite 

Regional model estimates ensures that the Composite 

Synthetic model estimates reflect current economic 

trends. 

 The Composite Regional approach calculates 

state-level JOLTS estimates from JOLTS microdata 

using sample weights and the adjustments for nonresponse. The Composite Regional estimate is then 

benchmarked to CES state-supersector employment 

to produce state-supersector estimates. The JOLTS 

sample, by itself, cannot ensure a reasonably sized 

sample for each state-supersector cell. The small 

JOLTS sample results in several state-supersector 

cells that lack enough data to produce a reasonable 

estimate. To overcome this issue, the state-level 

estimates derived directly from the JOLTS sample 

are augmented using JOLTS regional estimates when 

the number of respondents is low (that is, less than 

30). This approach is known as a composite estimate, 

which leverages the small JOLTS sample to the 

greatest extent possible and supplements that with a 

model-based estimate. Previous research has found 

that regional industry estimates are a good proxy at 

finer levels of geographical detail. That is, one can 

make a reliable prediction of JOLTS estimates at the 

regional-level using only national industry-level 

JOLTS rates. The assumption in this approach is that 

one can make a good prediction of JOLTS estimates 

at the state-level using only regional industry-level 

JOLTS rates.) 

 In this approach, the JOLTS microdata-based 

estimate is used, without model augmentation, in all 

state-supersector cells that have 30 or more 

respondents. The JOLTS regional estimate will be 

used, without a sample-based component, in all statesupersector cells that have fewer than five 

respondents. In all state-supersector cells with 5 to 30 
respondents, an estimate is calculated that is a 

composition of a weighted estimate of the microdatabased estimate and a weighted estimate of the JOLTS 

regional estimate. The weight assigned to the JOLTS 

data in those cells is proportional the number of 

JOLTS respondents in the cell (weight=n∕30, where n 

is the number of respondents). The sum of state 

estimates within a region is made equal to the aligned 

regional JOLTS published regional estimates.

 Seasonal adjustment. BLS uses the seasonal 

adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) to 

seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all 

relevant data, up to and including the current month, 

to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving 

averages are used as seasonal filters in seasonal 

adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes 

both additive and multiplicative models, as well as 

regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) 

modeling, to improve the seasonal adjustment factors 

at the beginning and end of the series and to detect 

and adjust for outliers in the series. 

 Annual estimates and benchmarking. The 

JOLTS state estimates utilize and leverage data from 

three BLS programs; JOLTS, CES, and QCEW. 

These state estimates are published as a historical 

series made up of a historical annually revised 

benchmark component ofthe Composite Synthetic 

model and a current component of the Extended 

Composite Synthetic model that provides monthly 

"real-time" estimates between lagged benchmarks.

 The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted 

to the CES employment levels, and the resulting 

ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. 

 The seasonally adjusted estimates are 

recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect 

updated seasonal adjustment factors. These annual 

updates result in revisions to both the seasonally 

adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data 

series for the period since the last benchmark was 

established. 

 Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and 

discharges, other separations, and total separations 

are the sum of the 12 published monthly levels. 

 Annual average levels for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published 

monthly levels by 12. 

 Annual average rates for hires, total separations 

quits, and layoffs and discharges are calculated by 

dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 

levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100. 

 Annual average rates for job openings are 

calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly 

JOLTS published levels by the sum of the 12 

monthly CES published employment levels plus the 

sum of the 12 monthly job openings levels, and 

multiplying that quotient by 100.) 

Reliability of the estimates 

 JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of 

error: sampling error and nonsampling error. 

 Sampling error can result when a sample, rather 

than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a 

chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The exact 

difference, or sampling error, varies with the sample 

selected, and this variability is measured by the 

standard error of the estimate. BLS analyses are 

generally conducted at the 90-percent level of 

confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent 

chance that the true population mean will fall into the 

interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 

1.65 standard errors. Estimates of median standard 

errors are released monthly as part of the significant 

change tables on the JOLTS webpage. Standard 

errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 

years of data. For sampling error estimates, see 

www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm. 

 Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to include a segment of the 

population, the inability to obtain data from all units 

in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of 

respondents to provide data on a timely basis, 

mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the 

collection or processing of the data, and errors from 

the employment benchmark data used in estimation. 

The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures 

to reduce nonsampling error in the survey’s design. 

 The JOLTS state variance estimates account for 

both sampling error and the error attributable to 

modeling. A small area domain model uses a 

Bayesian approach to develop estimates of JOLTS 

state variance. The small area model uses QCEWbased JOLTS synthetic model data to generate a 

Bayesian prior distribution, then updates the prior 
distribution using JOLTS microdata and samplebased variance estimates at the state and US Census 

regional level to generate a Bayesian posterior 

distribution. Once the Bayesian posterior distribution 

has been generated, estimates of JOLTS state 

variances are made by drawing 2,500 estimates from 

the Bayesian posterior distribution. This Bayesian 

approach thus indirectly accounts for sampling error 

and directly for model error. 

Other information

 If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services. 
Table 1. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 11,601 10,746 11,234 10,563 9,931 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.4 6.0

Alabama.......................................... 152 154 161 155 148 6.9 6.8 7.1 6.8 6.5

Alaska............................................ 34 29 31 29 27 9.7 8.2 8.7 8.2 7.6

Arizona........................................... 237 214 214 211 181 7.2 6.5 6.4 6.3 5.4

Arkansas......................................... 89 95 103 105 106 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.2 7.3

California......................................... 1,299 1,239 1,219 1,021 964 7.0 6.5 6.4 5.4 5.1

Colorado......................................... 203 215 213 200 218 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.5 7.0

Connecticut...................................... 112 100 110 92 100 6.4 5.7 6.2 5.2 5.6

Delaware......................................... 33 37 38 34 36 6.8 7.4 7.6 6.6 7.0

District of Columbia............................. 43 46 55 46 40 5.3 5.6 6.6 5.6 4.9

Florida............................................ 688 637 647 686 611 6.9 6.2 6.3 6.6 5.9

Georgia........................................... 432 392 388 420 421 8.4 7.5 7.4 7.9 7.9

Hawaii............................................ 47 34 39 39 37 7.3 5.2 5.9 5.8 5.5

Idaho............................................. 67 60 65 55 53 7.6 6.8 7.3 6.1 5.9

Illinois............................................. 472 416 474 461 407 7.3 6.4 7.2 7.0 6.2

Indiana........................................... 231 209 221 202 175 6.8 6.1 6.4 5.9 5.1

Iowa............................................... 115 117 135 103 102 6.8 6.9 7.8 6.1 6.0

Kansas........................................... 98 90 100 97 92 6.6 6.0 6.6 6.3 6.0

Kentucky......................................... 158 155 153 151 135 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.1 6.3

Louisiana......................................... 146 180 181 172 158 7.1 8.5 8.5 8.1 7.5

Maine............................................. 50 43 48 39 46 7.3 6.2 6.9 5.7 6.6

Maryland......................................... 201 198 203 212 212 6.9 6.8 6.9 7.2 7.2

Massachusetts.................................. 313 239 281 276 258 7.9 6.0 7.0 6.9 6.5

Michigan......................................... 355 286 369 291 258 7.6 6.1 7.8 6.2 5.5

Minnesota........................................ 231 185 231 203 187 7.4 5.9 7.2 6.4 5.9

Mississippi....................................... 88 86 88 88 85 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.0 6.7

Missouri.......................................... 215 197 220 207 196 6.9 6.3 7.0 6.5 6.2

Montana.......................................... 47 41 44 40 37 8.5 7.5 8.0 7.2 6.7

Nebraska......................................... 70 59 73 74 65 6.4 5.4 6.5 6.6 5.9

Nevada........................................... 123 104 114 108 105 7.9 6.6 7.2 6.6 6.4

New Hampshire................................. 62 47 51 53 44 8.4 6.4 6.8 7.0 5.9

New Jersey...................................... 278 203 266 268 268 6.3 4.5 5.9 5.8 5.8

New Mexico..................................... 70 68 70 58 59 7.7 7.4 7.6 6.3 6.4

New York........................................ 605 442 473 451 421 6.1 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.2

North Carolina................................... 374 363 367 340 360 7.4 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.9

North Dakota.................................... 32 28 35 28 27 7.0 6.1 7.5 6.1 5.9

Ohio............................................... 405 345 409 375 336 6.9 5.9 6.9 6.3 5.7

Oklahoma........................................ 118 132 135 136 123 6.6 7.2 7.3 7.3 6.6

Oregon........................................... 156 140 153 133 121 7.5 6.6 7.1 6.3 5.7

Pennsylvania.................................... 426 428 458 441 458 6.7 6.6 7.0 6.8 7.0

Rhode Island.................................... 39 33 37 36 34 7.4 6.2 6.9 6.7 6.4

South Carolina.................................. 184 182 188 177 175 7.7 7.5 7.7 7.2 7.1

South Dakota.................................... 34 30 33 37 33 7.1 6.2 6.7 7.5 6.7

Tennessee....................................... 261 259 263 236 246 7.6 7.3 7.4 6.7 6.9

Texas............................................. 929 886 1,033 943 888 6.6 6.1 7.0 6.4 6.0

Utah............................................... 120 111 112 106 98 6.8 6.2 6.3 5.9 5.4

Vermont.......................................... 25 20 22 24 20 7.7 6.2 6.7 7.3 6.1

Virginia........................................... 305 320 344 337 321 7.1 7.2 7.7 7.5 7.2

Washington...................................... 253 214 242 241 188 6.8 5.7 6.4 6.3 4.9

West Virginia.................................... 61 66 69 72 57 8.0 8.4 8.9 9.4 7.5

Wisconsin........................................ 229 243 236 235 174 7.3 7.6 7.4 7.3 5.5

Wyoming......................................... 26 22 22 20 18 8.3 7.1 7.1 6.5 5.9

p Preliminary
Table 2. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 6,800 6,253 6,251 6,327 6,163 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.0

Alabama.......................................... 109 98 103 98 97 5.3 4.7 4.9 4.6 4.5

Alaska............................................ 20 20 22 21 19 6.3 6.2 6.8 6.4 5.8

Arizona........................................... 151 130 135 156 136 5.0 4.2 4.3 5.0 4.3

Arkansas......................................... 61 62 67 64 65 4.7 4.7 5.1 4.7 4.8

California......................................... 689 585 542 665 632 4.0 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.5

Colorado......................................... 148 118 116 115 137 5.2 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.7

Connecticut...................................... 61 56 58 55 53 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.1

Delaware......................................... 26 24 24 22 25 5.7 5.2 5.2 4.6 5.2

District of Columbia............................. 26 27 28 23 24 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.0 3.1

Florida............................................ 428 357 371 372 367 4.6 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.8

Georgia........................................... 315 228 248 258 225 6.7 4.7 5.1 5.3 4.6

Hawaii............................................ 31 20 24 26 27 5.2 3.2 3.9 4.1 4.3

Idaho............................................. 49 35 37 42 38 6.0 4.2 4.5 5.0 4.5

Illinois............................................. 261 241 257 254 253 4.4 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.1

Indiana........................................... 142 142 149 141 154 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.8

Iowa............................................... 57 67 64 62 63 3.6 4.2 4.0 3.9 4.0

Kansas........................................... 45 56 59 57 60 3.2 4.0 4.2 3.9 4.1

Kentucky......................................... 106 94 96 96 102 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.8 5.1

Louisiana......................................... 98 92 102 100 105 5.1 4.7 5.3 5.1 5.4

Maine............................................. 29 30 28 25 23 4.6 4.6 4.3 3.9 3.6

Maryland......................................... 116 113 113 116 113 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.1

Massachusetts.................................. 147 123 126 133 126 4.0 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.4

Michigan......................................... 187 166 175 173 164 4.3 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.7

Minnesota........................................ 110 107 126 98 103 3.8 3.6 4.3 3.3 3.5

Mississippi....................................... 57 53 58 59 57 4.9 4.6 5.0 5.0 4.8

Missouri.......................................... 92 108 147 109 108 3.2 3.7 5.0 3.7 3.6

Montana.......................................... 31 28 29 29 30 6.1 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.8

Nebraska......................................... 38 38 40 41 48 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.6

Nevada........................................... 72 73 74 75 65 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.2

New Hampshire................................. 32 27 30 28 28 4.7 3.9 4.4 4.0 4.0

New Jersey...................................... 169 135 141 141 155 4.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.6

New Mexico..................................... 42 35 40 37 37 5.0 4.1 4.7 4.3 4.3

New York........................................ 338 282 323 299 299 3.6 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.1

North Carolina................................... 271 223 239 210 211 5.8 4.6 4.9 4.3 4.3

North Dakota.................................... 18 19 19 15 18 4.2 4.4 4.4 3.5 4.1

Ohio............................................... 211 211 195 220 202 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.9 3.6

Oklahoma........................................ 91 82 85 85 83 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.8

Oregon........................................... 92 78 85 88 83 4.8 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.2

Pennsylvania.................................... 242 192 183 211 176 4.1 3.2 3.0 3.5 2.9

Rhode Island.................................... 24 19 22 20 20 4.9 3.8 4.4 4.0 4.0

South Carolina.................................. 120 109 113 110 109 5.5 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.8

South Dakota.................................... 19 21 20 24 21 4.3 4.6 4.4 5.2 4.6

Tennessee....................................... 164 162 161 160 150 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.5

Texas............................................. 663 609 608 589 592 5.0 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.3

Utah............................................... 84 66 79 78 69 5.1 3.9 4.7 4.6 4.0

Vermont.......................................... 15 12 12 14 12 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.6 3.9

Virginia........................................... 194 174 177 176 184 4.8 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.5

Washington...................................... 158 132 138 157 136 4.6 3.7 3.9 4.4 3.8

West Virginia.................................... 40 36 37 39 35 5.7 5.0 5.2 5.6 5.0

Wisconsin........................................ 125 106 112 124 110 4.3 3.6 3.8 4.1 3.7

Wyoming......................................... 18 16 16 16 16 6.3 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5

p Preliminary
Table 3. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 6,071 5,945 5,906 5,900 5,820 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7

Alabama.......................................... 91 96 99 100 96 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.5

Alaska............................................ 23 23 18 21 19 7.3 7.1 5.6 6.4 5.8

Arizona........................................... 137 145 125 122 124 4.5 4.7 4.0 3.9 3.9

Arkansas......................................... 63 65 55 65 62 4.8 4.9 4.2 4.8 4.6

California......................................... 682 592 598 579 588 3.9 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3

Colorado......................................... 137 152 128 117 126 4.8 5.2 4.4 4.1 4.4

Connecticut...................................... 60 55 56 52 48 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.1 2.8

Delaware......................................... 20 22 21 22 23 4.4 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.8

District of Columbia............................. 24 23 24 22 28 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.6

Florida............................................ 409 351 373 397 415 4.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3

Georgia........................................... 245 238 220 248 255 5.2 4.9 4.5 5.1 5.2

Hawaii............................................ 23 24 23 20 21 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.2 3.3

Idaho............................................. 38 39 47 39 39 4.7 4.7 5.7 4.6 4.6

Illinois............................................. 234 256 210 218 212 3.9 4.2 3.4 3.6 3.5

Indiana........................................... 146 134 154 126 142 4.6 4.2 4.8 3.9 4.4

Iowa............................................... 60 70 67 55 59 3.8 4.4 4.2 3.5 3.7

Kansas........................................... 55 55 59 52 53 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.6 3.7

Kentucky......................................... 97 89 93 97 92 5.0 4.5 4.7 4.9 4.6

Louisiana......................................... 80 97 100 104 103 4.2 5.0 5.1 5.4 5.3

Maine............................................. 24 24 29 25 28 3.8 3.7 4.5 3.9 4.3

Maryland......................................... 105 102 90 105 125 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.8 4.6

Massachusetts.................................. 111 104 109 108 106 3.1 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8

Michigan......................................... 141 158 160 157 138 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.1

Minnesota........................................ 95 100 89 106 96 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.6 3.2

Mississippi....................................... 69 55 53 53 53 5.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.5

Missouri.......................................... 113 100 124 106 103 3.9 3.4 4.2 3.6 3.5

Montana.......................................... 28 28 28 27 25 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.2 4.8

Nebraska......................................... 40 38 38 39 34 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.3

Nevada........................................... 65 70 69 70 64 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.2

New Hampshire................................. 34 29 32 31 24 5.0 4.2 4.6 4.4 3.4

New Jersey...................................... 165 130 141 183 126 4.0 3.0 3.3 4.2 2.9

New Mexico..................................... 33 39 37 36 37 3.9 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.3

New York........................................ 297 233 280 267 256 3.2 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.6

North Carolina................................... 229 196 175 213 196 4.9 4.0 3.6 4.4 4.0

North Dakota.................................... 18 17 18 16 17 4.2 3.9 4.2 3.7 3.9

Ohio............................................... 237 198 209 198 205 4.3 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.7

Oklahoma........................................ 77 74 75 74 80 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.6

Oregon........................................... 81 92 81 80 78 4.2 4.6 4.1 4.0 3.9

Pennsylvania.................................... 179 169 200 189 172 3.0 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.8

Rhode Island.................................... 20 17 22 22 19 4.1 3.4 4.4 4.4 3.8

South Carolina.................................. 105 97 111 113 98 4.8 4.3 4.9 5.0 4.3

South Dakota.................................... 17 18 18 17 22 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 4.8

Tennessee....................................... 154 168 150 144 155 4.8 5.1 4.6 4.4 4.7

Texas............................................. 514 514 573 567 561 3.9 3.8 4.2 4.1 4.1

Utah............................................... 67 77 82 70 66 4.1 4.6 4.9 4.1 3.9

Vermont.......................................... 14 12 12 13 12 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.2 3.9

Virginia........................................... 142 154 153 149 157 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.8

Washington...................................... 125 148 126 123 120 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.4 3.3

West Virginia.................................... 29 33 34 34 34 4.2 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.9

Wisconsin........................................ 113 95 102 97 96 3.9 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.2

Wyoming......................................... 17 16 17 15 15 6.0 5.6 5.9 5.2 5.2

p Preliminary
Table 4. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 4,313 4,148 4,091 3,878 4,024 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6

Alabama.......................................... 66 71 70 64 72 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.4

Alaska............................................ 18 13 13 13 12 5.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7

Arizona........................................... 103 96 94 87 87 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8

Arkansas......................................... 45 45 40 45 47 3.4 3.4 3.0 3.3 3.5

California......................................... 499 437 399 404 384 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.1

Colorado......................................... 96 89 93 81 87 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.8 3.0

Connecticut...................................... 39 35 35 33 31 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.8

Delaware......................................... 14 15 15 14 16 3.1 3.2 3.3 2.9 3.3

District of Columbia............................. 17 15 16 14 20 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.8 2.6

Florida............................................ 316 266 287 265 288 3.4 2.8 3.0 2.7 3.0

Georgia........................................... 186 174 162 166 200 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.4 4.1

Hawaii............................................ 18 16 16 14 13 3.0 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.1

Idaho............................................. 28 25 34 28 25 3.4 3.0 4.1 3.3 3.0

Illinois............................................. 162 142 141 136 130 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1

Indiana........................................... 117 102 99 84 97 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.0

Iowa............................................... 45 50 43 38 39 2.9 3.2 2.7 2.4 2.5

Kansas........................................... 37 38 38 34 35 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.4

Kentucky......................................... 72 65 69 70 69 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.5

Louisiana......................................... 55 70 66 68 77 2.9 3.6 3.4 3.5 4.0

Maine............................................. 17 16 17 14 18 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.8

Maryland......................................... 61 73 55 69 87 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.5 3.2

Massachusetts.................................. 81 74 65 59 68 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.8

Michigan......................................... 110 108 111 96 90 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.0

Minnesota........................................ 72 74 60 70 63 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.4 2.1

Mississippi....................................... 39 39 37 36 40 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.4

Missouri.......................................... 80 77 76 74 69 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.3

Montana.......................................... 19 18 20 18 16 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.1

Nebraska......................................... 29 26 26 23 22 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.1

Nevada........................................... 49 46 49 48 44 3.4 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.9

New Hampshire................................. 21 17 17 16 15 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.1

New Jersey...................................... 112 81 77 76 80 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9

New Mexico..................................... 24 22 26 24 24 2.8 2.6 3.0 2.8 2.8

New York........................................ 187 155 183 162 164 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.7

North Carolina................................... 158 137 127 129 138 3.4 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.8

North Dakota.................................... 13 11 12 11 11 3.1 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.5

Ohio............................................... 181 143 148 135 131 3.3 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.3

Oklahoma........................................ 54 55 49 49 55 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.8 3.2

Oregon........................................... 58 57 62 55 51 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.6

Pennsylvania.................................... 123 115 124 121 103 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.7

Rhode Island.................................... 13 11 12 12 12 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4

South Carolina.................................. 80 71 79 75 75 3.6 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.3

South Dakota.................................... 13 13 13 12 13 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.8

Tennessee....................................... 108 122 105 103 112 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.1 3.4

Texas............................................. 396 408 440 394 439 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.9 3.2

Utah............................................... 48 52 63 50 48 2.9 3.1 3.8 2.9 2.8

Vermont.......................................... 9 8 7 8 8 3.0 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.6

Virginia........................................... 97 108 109 95 115 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.8

Washington...................................... 83 99 89 87 82 2.4 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.3

West Virginia.................................... 20 24 23 23 24 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4

Wisconsin........................................ 83 68 67 66 65 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2

Wyoming......................................... 12 10 12 10 10 4.2 3.5 4.2 3.5 3.5

p Preliminary
Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S...................................... 1,423 1,485 1,475 1,719 1,504 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0

Alabama.......................................... 20 21 23 23 19 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9

Alaska............................................ 4 9 4 6 6 1.3 2.8 1.2 1.8 1.8

Arizona........................................... 27 40 22 28 31 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.0

Arkansas......................................... 14 17 13 17 12 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.3 0.9

California......................................... 149 116 163 152 173 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 1.0

Colorado......................................... 34 55 23 28 32 1.2 1.9 0.8 1.0 1.1

Connecticut...................................... 17 17 17 14 15 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9

Delaware......................................... 5 6 5 7 5 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.0

District of Columbia............................. 6 6 5 6 6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8

Florida............................................ 68 69 68 117 108 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.1

Georgia........................................... 45 53 47 69 45 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.4 0.9

Hawaii............................................ 4 7 5 4 5 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.8

Idaho............................................. 8 11 10 8 11 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9 1.3

Illinois............................................. 63 108 61 73 70 1.1 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.1

Indiana........................................... 26 29 49 36 38 0.8 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.2

Iowa............................................... 13 13 19 15 16 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.0

Kansas........................................... 14 14 17 14 14 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0

Kentucky......................................... 20 21 19 23 19 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0

Louisiana......................................... 20 25 21 32 22 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.6 1.1

Maine............................................. 5 6 9 9 7 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.1

Maryland......................................... 37 24 29 29 30 1.4 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1

Massachusetts.................................. 26 24 37 39 31 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8

Michigan......................................... 26 44 43 49 40 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9

Minnesota........................................ 20 20 24 30 28 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9

Mississippi....................................... 22 14 13 14 11 1.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.9

Missouri.......................................... 28 17 42 27 30 1.0 0.6 1.4 0.9 1.0

Montana.......................................... 7 8 7 6 7 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.4

Nebraska......................................... 9 9 10 13 10 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.0

Nevada........................................... 13 20 15 18 16 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0

New Hampshire................................. 7 10 13 13 7 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.9 1.0

New Jersey...................................... 38 41 58 98 41 0.9 1.0 1.4 2.3 0.9

New Mexico..................................... 7 14 8 8 10 0.8 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.2

New York........................................ 91 68 74 89 81 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8

North Carolina................................... 59 47 42 76 48 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.6 1.0

North Dakota.................................... 4 5 5 5 5 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Ohio............................................... 38 42 52 57 64 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Oklahoma........................................ 18 15 20 21 19 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.1

Oregon........................................... 19 26 13 18 21 1.0 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.1

Pennsylvania.................................... 42 36 60 60 64 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.1

Rhode Island.................................... 6 5 8 9 6 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.2

South Carolina.................................. 20 21 24 33 18 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.4 0.8

South Dakota.................................... 3 4 5 5 8 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.7

Tennessee....................................... 38 40 35 35 32 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0

Texas............................................. 96 90 114 154 105 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8

Utah............................................... 15 19 15 16 14 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8

Vermont.......................................... 3 3 4 4 4 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3

Virginia........................................... 37 38 35 45 31 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.8

Washington...................................... 31 37 30 26 32 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.9

West Virginia.................................... 6 7 7 9 7 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0

Wisconsin........................................ 25 21 30 26 25 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8

Wyoming......................................... 3 4 4 4 4 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

p Preliminary
Table 6. Job openings levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 11,202 10,586 9,509 7.0 6.5 5.8

Alabama................................................................. 146 150 141 6.6 6.6 6.2

Alaska................................................................... 31 26 25 9.4 7.8 7.2

Arizona.................................................................. 231 245 180 7.0 7.2 5.4

Arkansas................................................................ 78 106 96 5.6 7.3 6.6

California................................................................ 1,213 1,004 918 6.6 5.4 4.9

Colorado................................................................ 204 203 225 6.7 6.7 7.3

Connecticut............................................................. 109 96 98 6.3 5.5 5.6

Delaware................................................................ 27 36 29 5.6 7.1 5.8

District of Columbia.................................................... 42 48 39 5.3 6.0 4.8

Florida................................................................... 684 684 604 6.9 6.7 5.9

Georgia.................................................................. 422 429 413 8.2 8.1 7.8

Hawaii................................................................... 45 38 35 7.0 5.8 5.3

Idaho.................................................................... 65 54 51 7.5 6.2 5.7

Illinois.................................................................... 448 452 383 7.1 7.0 6.0

Indiana.................................................................. 220 195 165 6.6 5.8 4.9

Iowa..................................................................... 105 98 93 6.4 5.9 5.6

Kansas.................................................................. 93 99 88 6.3 6.5 5.8

Kentucky................................................................ 155 151 125 7.5 7.1 5.9

Louisiana................................................................ 142 180 150 6.9 8.6 7.2

Maine.................................................................... 47 41 44 7.0 6.1 6.5

Maryland................................................................ 186 217 200 6.5 7.5 6.9

Massachusetts......................................................... 305 272 255 7.9 6.9 6.5

Michigan................................................................ 332 277 243 7.2 6.0 5.3

Minnesota............................................................... 219 208 176 7.2 6.6 5.7

Mississippi.............................................................. 83 83 80 6.7 6.6 6.4

Missouri................................................................. 206 204 186 6.7 6.5 6.0

Montana................................................................. 38 37 31 7.2 6.8 5.7

Nebraska................................................................ 66 79 60 6.1 7.1 5.5

Nevada.................................................................. 110 105 98 7.2 6.5 6.0

New Hampshire........................................................ 60 57 45 8.2 7.6 6.0

New Jersey............................................................. 268 276 266 6.2 6.1 5.9

New Mexico............................................................ 63 66 55 7.0 7.2 6.0

New York............................................................... 626 448 431 6.4 4.5 4.3

North Carolina.......................................................... 361 336 349 7.2 6.5 6.7

North Dakota........................................................... 30 28 25 6.7 6.2 5.6

Ohio..................................................................... 401 368 326 6.9 6.3 5.6

Oklahoma............................................................... 107 141 108 6.0 7.6 5.9

Oregon.................................................................. 149 140 120 7.2 6.7 5.8

Pennsylvania........................................................... 402 456 444 6.5 7.1 6.9

Rhode Island........................................................... 41 35 36 7.9 6.7 6.9

South Carolina......................................................... 177 191 167 7.5 7.9 6.9

South Dakota........................................................... 30 31 29 6.4 6.5 6.0

Tennessee.............................................................. 246 245 233 7.2 7.0 6.6

Texas.................................................................... 879 907 812 6.3 6.2 5.6

Utah..................................................................... 115 121 94 6.5 6.7 5.3

Vermont................................................................. 24 25 19 7.5 7.7 5.8

Virginia.................................................................. 289 333 296 6.7 7.5 6.7

Washington............................................................. 236 241 182 6.4 6.4 4.8

West Virginia........................................................... 55 66 52 7.4 8.8 7.0

Wisconsin............................................................... 223 242 174 7.2 7.6 5.6

Wyoming................................................................ 21 18 15 7.1 5.9 5.1

p Preliminary
Table 7. Hires levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 5,732 6,152 5,060 3.8 4.0 3.3

Alabama................................................................. 92 95 82 4.5 4.5 3.8

Alaska................................................................... 16 18 15 5.2 5.7 4.7

Arizona.................................................................. 133 166 116 4.4 5.3 3.7

Arkansas................................................................ 52 63 56 4.0 4.7 4.2

California................................................................ 585 636 546 3.4 3.6 3.1

Colorado................................................................ 116 113 112 4.1 4.0 3.9

Connecticut............................................................. 49 52 41 3.0 3.1 2.5

Delaware................................................................ 18 23 18 4.0 4.8 3.7

District of Columbia.................................................... 23 22 21 3.0 2.9 2.8

Florida................................................................... 400 406 338 4.3 4.2 3.5

Georgia.................................................................. 279 254 190 5.9 5.2 3.9

Hawaii................................................................... 23 26 21 3.8 4.1 3.3

Idaho.................................................................... 42 40 31 5.2 4.8 3.7

Illinois.................................................................... 211 238 208 3.6 4.0 3.5

Indiana.................................................................. 110 126 126 3.5 3.9 3.9

Iowa..................................................................... 42 53 46 2.7 3.4 2.9

Kansas.................................................................. 36 56 50 2.6 3.9 3.5

Kentucky................................................................ 81 89 80 4.2 4.5 4.1

Louisiana................................................................ 85 108 92 4.5 5.6 4.8

Maine.................................................................... 21 24 17 3.4 3.8 2.6

Maryland................................................................ 92 114 91 3.5 4.3 3.4

Massachusetts......................................................... 108 124 89 3.0 3.4 2.4

Michigan................................................................ 164 165 139 3.9 3.8 3.2

Minnesota............................................................... 80 88 74 2.8 3.0 2.5

Mississippi.............................................................. 46 56 46 4.0 4.8 4.0

Missouri................................................................. 77 105 89 2.7 3.6 3.0

Montana................................................................. 21 25 20 4.2 4.9 4.0

Nebraska................................................................ 29 42 39 2.9 4.1 3.8

Nevada.................................................................. 66 76 55 4.6 5.0 3.6

New Hampshire........................................................ 25 29 21 3.7 4.2 3.0

New Jersey............................................................. 140 131 130 3.4 3.1 3.1

New Mexico............................................................ 34 37 30 4.0 4.4 3.5

New York............................................................... 265 271 230 2.9 2.9 2.4

North Carolina.......................................................... 224 198 177 4.8 4.1 3.6

North Dakota........................................................... 14 14 14 3.3 3.3 3.3

Ohio..................................................................... 168 202 152 3.1 3.7 2.8

Oklahoma............................................................... 70 88 65 4.2 5.2 3.8

Oregon.................................................................. 77 87 68 4.0 4.4 3.4

Pennsylvania........................................................... 201 190 133 3.5 3.2 2.2

Rhode Island........................................................... 20 18 17 4.2 3.8 3.5

South Carolina......................................................... 105 111 95 4.8 5.0 4.2

South Dakota........................................................... 13 18 15 3.1 4.0 3.3

Tennessee.............................................................. 142 159 129 4.5 4.9 3.9

Texas.................................................................... 566 623 499 4.3 4.6 3.6

Utah..................................................................... 68 85 57 4.2 5.0 3.4

Vermont................................................................. 11 14 9 3.6 4.6 2.8

Virginia.................................................................. 145 167 143 3.6 4.1 3.5

Washington............................................................. 127 153 106 3.7 4.3 3.0

West Virginia........................................................... 29 35 25 4.3 5.1 3.7

Wisconsin............................................................... 97 108 88 3.4 3.7 3.0

Wyoming................................................................ 12 12 9 4.2 4.3 3.3

p Preliminary
Table 8. Total separations levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 5,009 6,415 4,737 3.3 4.2 3.1

Alabama................................................................. 74 108 75 3.6 5.1 3.5

Alaska................................................................... 12 16 10 3.9 5.2 3.2

Arizona.................................................................. 109 135 100 3.6 4.3 3.2

Arkansas................................................................ 53 67 53 4.1 5.0 3.9

California................................................................ 533 627 486 3.1 3.5 2.7

Colorado................................................................ 101 106 100 3.6 3.7 3.5

Connecticut............................................................. 47 61 35 2.9 3.7 2.1

Delaware................................................................ 16 26 18 3.5 5.6 3.9

District of Columbia.................................................... 20 27 24 2.6 3.6 3.1

Florida................................................................... 349 454 356 3.8 4.7 3.7

Georgia.................................................................. 211 257 212 4.5 5.3 4.4

Hawaii................................................................... 19 24 17 3.2 3.9 2.7

Idaho.................................................................... 27 37 28 3.3 4.5 3.4

Illinois.................................................................... 197 243 177 3.3 4.1 2.9

Indiana.................................................................. 105 134 110 3.3 4.2 3.4

Iowa..................................................................... 48 56 47 3.1 3.6 3.0

Kansas.................................................................. 45 55 45 3.2 3.8 3.1

Kentucky................................................................ 84 108 76 4.4 5.5 3.9

Louisiana................................................................ 70 107 91 3.7 5.6 4.7

Maine.................................................................... 17 25 19 2.7 4.0 3.1

Maryland................................................................ 87 133 106 3.3 5.0 3.9

Massachusetts......................................................... 87 111 79 2.4 3.0 2.2

Michigan................................................................ 110 169 107 2.6 3.9 2.4

Minnesota............................................................... 74 112 74 2.6 3.8 2.5

Mississippi.............................................................. 60 55 44 5.2 4.7 3.8

Missouri................................................................. 94 111 87 3.3 3.8 3.0

Montana................................................................. 21 27 19 4.3 5.3 3.7

Nebraska................................................................ 33 50 28 3.3 4.9 2.7

Nevada.................................................................. 54 74 52 3.8 4.9 3.4

New Hampshire........................................................ 28 32 18 4.1 4.6 2.5

New Jersey............................................................. 127 222 94 3.1 5.3 2.2

New Mexico............................................................ 24 35 28 2.9 4.1 3.3

New York............................................................... 227 303 194 2.5 3.2 2.0

North Carolina.......................................................... 210 223 176 4.5 4.6 3.6

North Dakota........................................................... 14 17 13 3.4 4.0 3.1

Ohio..................................................................... 186 213 168 3.5 3.9 3.1

Oklahoma............................................................... 70 82 73 4.2 4.8 4.2

Oregon.................................................................. 62 80 63 3.2 4.1 3.2

Pennsylvania........................................................... 143 220 131 2.5 3.7 2.2

Rhode Island........................................................... 15 23 13 3.2 4.9 2.8

South Carolina......................................................... 83 123 76 3.8 5.5 3.4

South Dakota........................................................... 12 18 17 2.9 4.1 3.8

Tennessee.............................................................. 129 177 128 4.1 5.4 3.9

Texas.................................................................... 431 598 465 3.3 4.4 3.4

Utah..................................................................... 51 76 49 3.1 4.5 2.9

Vermont................................................................. 9 12 8 3.1 3.9 2.6

Virginia.................................................................. 116 148 125 2.9 3.6 3.1

Washington............................................................. 100 135 101 2.9 3.8 2.8

West Virginia........................................................... 26 38 30 3.7 5.5 4.3

Wisconsin............................................................... 93 111 79 3.2 3.8 2.7

Wyoming................................................................ 12 14 11 4.2 5.2 4.0

p Preliminary
Table 9. Quits levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 3,514 3,758 3,207 2.3 2.5 2.1

Alabama................................................................. 52 60 55 2.5 2.8 2.6

Alaska................................................................... 9 9 6 3.0 2.9 2.0

Arizona.................................................................. 80 89 67 2.6 2.8 2.1

Arkansas................................................................ 38 42 39 2.9 3.1 2.9

California................................................................ 373 386 299 2.2 2.2 1.7

Colorado................................................................ 70 69 67 2.5 2.4 2.4

Connecticut............................................................. 32 33 24 2.0 2.0 1.4

Delaware................................................................ 11 15 13 2.4 3.2 2.7

District of Columbia.................................................... 13 17 16 1.7 2.2 2.1

Florida................................................................... 265 259 238 2.9 2.7 2.5

Georgia.................................................................. 156 161 165 3.3 3.3 3.4

Hawaii................................................................... 14 16 11 2.4 2.6 1.8

Idaho.................................................................... 19 23 18 2.4 2.8 2.1

Illinois.................................................................... 134 130 109 2.3 2.2 1.8

Indiana.................................................................. 81 80 75 2.6 2.5 2.3

Iowa..................................................................... 36 33 31 2.3 2.1 2.0

Kansas.................................................................. 30 33 29 2.1 2.3 2.0

Kentucky................................................................ 61 72 56 3.2 3.7 2.8

Louisiana................................................................ 47 64 68 2.5 3.3 3.5

Maine.................................................................... 12 13 13 1.9 2.0 2.0

Maryland................................................................ 51 75 71 1.9 2.8 2.7

Massachusetts......................................................... 68 57 54 1.9 1.6 1.5

Michigan................................................................ 82 90 66 1.9 2.1 1.5

Minnesota............................................................... 59 69 51 2.1 2.4 1.7

Mississippi.............................................................. 33 34 33 2.9 2.9 2.8

Missouri................................................................. 67 73 57 2.3 2.5 1.9

Montana................................................................. 15 17 12 3.1 3.3 2.3

Nebraska................................................................ 24 24 18 2.4 2.3 1.7

Nevada.................................................................. 39 49 34 2.7 3.2 2.2

New Hampshire........................................................ 18 15 12 2.6 2.1 1.7

New Jersey............................................................. 87 75 62 2.1 1.8 1.5

New Mexico............................................................ 17 22 18 2.1 2.6 2.1

New York............................................................... 151 163 129 1.6 1.7 1.3

North Carolina.......................................................... 146 122 121 3.1 2.5 2.5

North Dakota........................................................... 10 9 8 2.4 2.2 2.0

Ohio..................................................................... 142 127 105 2.6 2.3 1.9

Oklahoma............................................................... 48 50 48 2.9 2.9 2.8

Oregon.................................................................. 45 50 40 2.4 2.5 2.0

Pennsylvania........................................................... 103 124 77 1.8 2.1 1.3

Rhode Island........................................................... 10 12 9 2.2 2.4 1.8

South Carolina......................................................... 62 78 57 2.9 3.5 2.5

South Dakota........................................................... 9 11 10 2.1 2.4 2.2

Tennessee.............................................................. 90 110 90 2.8 3.4 2.7

Texas.................................................................... 323 382 351 2.5 2.8 2.5

Utah..................................................................... 35 47 34 2.1 2.8 2.0

Vermont................................................................. 6 6 5 2.1 2.0 1.7

Virginia.................................................................. 78 86 88 2.0 2.1 2.2

Washington............................................................. 66 88 66 1.9 2.5 1.8

West Virginia........................................................... 18 22 21 2.6 3.3 3.0

Wisconsin............................................................... 68 63 54 2.4 2.1 1.8

Wyoming................................................................ 8 8 7 3.0 2.9 2.4

p Preliminary
Table 10. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates for total nonfarm by state, not seasonally adjusted

State

Levels (in thousands) Rates

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Feb.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

TOTAL U.S............................................................. 1,197 2,299 1,270 0.8 1.5 0.8

Alabama................................................................. 17 29 15 0.8 1.4 0.7

Alaska................................................................... 2 6 3 0.7 1.9 0.9

Arizona.................................................................. 23 36 28 0.8 1.1 0.9

Arkansas................................................................ 12 21 11 0.9 1.6 0.8

California................................................................ 133 220 161 0.8 1.2 0.9

Colorado................................................................ 25 29 26 0.9 1.0 0.9

Connecticut............................................................. 11 23 10 0.7 1.4 0.6

Delaware................................................................ 4 10 5 0.9 2.1 1.0

District of Columbia.................................................... 6 7 5 0.7 0.9 0.7

Florida................................................................... 54 181 96 0.6 1.9 1.0

Georgia.................................................................. 42 76 37 0.9 1.6 0.8

Hawaii................................................................... 4 7 4 0.6 1.1 0.7

Idaho.................................................................... 6 10 9 0.8 1.2 1.0

Illinois.................................................................... 58 104 60 1.0 1.7 1.0

Indiana.................................................................. 20 47 29 0.7 1.5 0.9

Iowa..................................................................... 10 20 13 0.7 1.3 0.8

Kansas.................................................................. 13 19 13 0.9 1.3 0.9

Kentucky................................................................ 17 31 16 0.9 1.6 0.8

Louisiana................................................................ 17 39 19 0.9 2.0 1.0

Maine.................................................................... 3 10 4 0.5 1.6 0.7

Maryland................................................................ 29 47 25 1.1 1.8 0.9

Massachusetts......................................................... 15 43 20 0.4 1.2 0.5

Michigan................................................................ 24 67 35 0.6 1.5 0.8

Minnesota............................................................... 14 38 19 0.5 1.3 0.6

Mississippi.............................................................. 20 19 9 1.7 1.6 0.8

Missouri................................................................. 24 34 27 0.8 1.2 0.9

Montana................................................................. 5 8 5 1.0 1.5 1.1

Nebraska................................................................ 8 24 8 0.8 2.3 0.8

Nevada.................................................................. 12 21 15 0.9 1.4 1.0

New Hampshire........................................................ 5 15 5 0.7 2.1 0.7

New Jersey............................................................. 26 133 28 0.6 3.2 0.7

New Mexico............................................................ 5 10 8 0.6 1.2 0.9

New York............................................................... 60 124 56 0.7 1.3 0.6

North Carolina.......................................................... 54 90 46 1.2 1.9 1.0

North Dakota........................................................... 4 7 4 0.9 1.6 1.0

Ohio..................................................................... 30 81 55 0.6 1.5 1.0

Oklahoma............................................................... 17 27 20 1.0 1.6 1.1

Oregon.................................................................. 13 23 18 0.7 1.2 0.9

Pennsylvania........................................................... 29 88 50 0.5 1.5 0.8

Rhode Island........................................................... 4 10 4 0.8 2.1 0.8

South Carolina......................................................... 16 38 15 0.7 1.7 0.7

South Dakota........................................................... 3 7 6 0.6 1.5 1.4

Tennessee.............................................................. 31 60 27 1.0 1.8 0.8

Texas.................................................................... 91 191 101 0.7 1.4 0.7

Utah..................................................................... 12 22 12 0.7 1.3 0.7

Vermont................................................................. 2 5 2 0.7 1.5 0.7

Virginia.................................................................. 30 52 26 0.8 1.3 0.6

Washington............................................................. 25 33 28 0.7 0.9 0.8

West Virginia........................................................... 5 13 7 0.7 1.9 1.0

Wisconsin............................................................... 22 43 20 0.8 1.5 0.7

Wyoming................................................................ 3 5 3 0.9 1.9 1.1

p Preliminary