1

Technical information: (202) 691-6467

 http://www.bls.gov/bdm/

Media contact: 691-5902

USDL 07-1790

For release: 10:00 A.M. EST

Friday, November 16, 2007

Changes to Business Employment Dynamics Data

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: FIRST QUARTER 2007

From December 2006 to March 2007, the number of job gains from opening and expanding private

sector establishments was 7.5 million, and the number of job losses from closing and contracting

establishments was 7.1 million, according to data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the

Beginning with the release of first quarter 2007 Business Employment Dynamics (BED)

data, state level series are included as a regular feature of the news release.

Additionally, all historical BED series back to third quarter 1992 have been revised, for

both seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted series to incorporate updated and

improved input data. In the future, annual revisions to BED series will be published each

year with the release of first quarter data. Those revisions will cover the last four quarters

of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.

In addition, beginning with this release, BED data have been revised to the 2007 North

American Industry Classification System (NAICS 2007). The conversion to NAICS 2007

resulted in minor changes to the data. For further information on the NAICS 2007 revision

and its effect on BED data, see the note on page 8 and the U.S. Census Bureau Web site

at http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics07/index.html.

News

Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212

United States

Department 

of Labor
2

 3 months ended

Category

Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

Rates (percent)

 1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the

Technical Note for further information.

Sept.

2006

March

2006

June

2006

Levels (in thousands)

March

2007

Dec.

2006

Gross job gains ........................................ 7,679 7,811 7,473 7,809 7,509

 At expanding establishments ....... 6,261 6,292 6,032 6,271 6,158

 At opening establishments .......... 1,418 1,519 1,441 1,538 1,351

Gross job losses ....................................... 6,905 7,395 7,462 7,297 7,071

 At contracting establishments ..... 5,633 6,015 6,110 5,943 5,796

 At closing establishments ............ 1,272 1,380 1,352 1,354 1,275

Net employment change 1........................ 774 416 11 512 438

Gross job gains ........................................ 6.9 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6

 At expanding establishments ....... 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.4

 At opening establishments .......... 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2

Gross job losses ....................................... 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.2

 At contracting establishments ..... 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.1

 At closing establishments ............ 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Net employment change 1 ...................... .8 .4 .1 .5 .4

U.S. Department of Labor. (See charts 1 and 2 and table 3.) Over this period, firms with 1,000 or more

employees accounted for the largest share of gross job gains (16.5 percent) and firms with 1 to 4 employees

had the largest share of gross job losses (16.7 percent). (See tables D and 4 and charts 3 and 4.)

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at

the establishment level by major industry sector and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,

and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size

class.

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment

that occur at all businesses in the economy. BED statistics track these changes in employment at private

business units from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains are the

sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing units and the addition of new jobs at opening

units. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing units and the loss of jobs at

closing units. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is

the net change in employment. (See the Technical Note for more information.)

Private Sector Establishment-Level Gross Job Gains and Job Losses

Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 7.5 million jobs in the first quarter

of 2007, a decrease of 300,000 from the previous quarter. Over this quarter, expanding establishments

added 6.2 million jobs while opening establishments added 1.4 million jobs.
3

 Gross job gains

Industry

Table B. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Gross job losses

(3 months ended)

 Sept. Mar.

2007

 Mar. Sept.

2006

June Dec. Dec.

 2006 2006 2006 2006 2006

(3 months ended)

 1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

 June

2006

Mar. Mar.

2007

Total private .......................................... 7,679 7,811 7,473 7,809 7,509 6,905 7,395 7,462 7,297 7,071

 Goods-producing ................................. 1,737 1,692 1,572 1,636 1,629 1,572 1,667 1,739 1,719 1,682

Natural resources and mining ....... 283 293 269 287 279 277 268 263 266 287

Construction ..................................... 924 838 791 825 850 757 841 868 845 816

Manufacturing .................................. 530 561 512 524 500 538 558 608 608 579

 Service-providing 1 ............................ 5,942 6,119 5,901 6,173 5,880 5,333 5,728 5,723 5,578 5,389

 Wholesale trade ................................ 315 332 311 322 314 290 292 305 303 296

Retail trade ........................................ 1,056 1,062 1,030 1,081 1,087 986 1,100 1,085 1,004 971

Transportation and warehousing . 240 247 241 269 224 230 232 224 225 245

Utilities ............................................... 11 15 15 19 11 11 13 15 18 11

Information ........................................ 143 150 148 167 138 149 144 171 146 132

Financial activities ........................... 429 457 446 457 421 419 442 445 444 418

Professional and business

 services ...................................... 1,329 1,438 1,335 1,427 1,276 1,202 1,287 1,279 1,313 1,242

Education and health services ...... 791 787 784 795 799 662 713 674 692 655

Leisure and hospitality ................... 1,226 1,210 1,180 1,223 1,165 1,064 1,182 1,184 1,105 1,096

Other services ................................... 298 313 295 299 292 283 287 305 291 278

2006

1

Gross job losses totaled 7.1 million, a decrease of 226,000 from the previous quarter. During the

quarter, contracting establishments lost 5.8 million jobs while closing establishments lost 1.3 million jobs.

(See tables A, 1, and 3, and chart 2.)

The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost yielded a net

change of 438,000 jobs in the private sector for first quarter 2007.

From December 2006 to March 2007, gross job gains represented 6.6 percent of private sector

employment while gross job losses represented 6.2 percent of private sector employment. (See tables A

and 2.) These gross job gain and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and

disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter.

Major Industry Sector Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses

Goods-producing. Expanding and opening establishments in the goods-producing sector accounted for

1,629,000 jobs gained, and contracting and closing establishments accounted for 1,682,000 jobs lost. The

net loss of 53,000 jobs was the third consecutive quarter of net loss in this sector. (See tables B and 3.)

Construction. In construction, gross job gains from December 2006 to March 2007 increased to

850,000 and gross job losses fell to 816,000, resulting in a net gain of 34,000 jobs. This was the first net

gain in this industry since the first quarter of 2006.

Manufacturing. Gross job gains in manufacturing decreased to a level of 500,000 jobs in the first

quarter of 2007 and gross job losses fell to 579,000, resulting in a net loss of 79,000 jobs.
4

 (In thousands)

 3 months ended

Category

 1 The net establishment change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of

closing establishments. See the Technical Note for further information.

Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, seasonally adjusted

March

2006

 June

 2006

Sept.

2006

Dec.

2006

March

 2007

Establishments gaining jobs ..................... 1,950 1,923 1,891 1,954 1,935

 Expanding establishments ................. 1,586 1,559 1,535 1,562 1,577

 Opening establishments .................... 364 364 356 392 358

Establishments losing jobs........................ 1,852 1,899 1,909 1,892 1,900

 Contracting establishments ................ 1,506 1,554 1,558 1,542 1,545

 Closing establishments ....................... 346 345 351 350 355

Net establishment change 1 ..................... 18 19 5 42 3

Service-providing. In the service-providing sector, gross job gains totaled 5,880,000 and gross job

losses totaled 5,389,000 in the first quarter of 2007, resulting in a net gain of 491,000 jobs.

Retail trade. Gross job gains in retail trade inched up to 1,087,000 and gross job losses fell to

971,000, resulting in a net gain of 116,000 jobs. This was the second consecutive quarter that this sector

had a net gain.

Leisure and hospitality. The leisure and hospitality sector gained 1,165,000 jobs and lost 1,096,000

jobs in the first quarter of 2007, for a net gain of 69,000.

Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment

Another way to look at the dynamics of business activities is to monitor the number and proportion of

business units that are growing and declining. In the first quarter of 2007, the number of establishments

gaining jobs exceeded the number of establishments losing jobs. Out of 6.9 million active private-sector

establishments, a total of 1,935,000 establishments gained jobs from December 2006 to March 2007. (See

table C.) Of these, 1,577,000 were expanding establishments and 358,000 were opening establishments.

During the quarter, 1,545,000 establishments contracted and 355,000 establishments closed, resulting in

1,900,000 establishments losing jobs. Overall, the number of active private sector establishments increased

by 3,000 during the first quarter. This change was the difference between the number of opening

establishments and the number of closing establishments.

Firm-Level Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses by Size Class

From December 2006 to March 2007, firms with 1,000 or more employees accounted for the largest

share of gross job gains (16.5 percent) and firms with 1- 4 employees had the largest share of gross job

losses (16.7 percent). (See tables D and 4 and charts 3 and 4.)

In the first quarter of 2007, firms with 500 or more employees represented 21.0 percent of gross job

gains and 20.7 percent of gross job losses. (See table D.) From September 1992 through March 2007,

firms with 500 or more employees, on average, have accounted for 35.5 percent of quarterly net employment growth. (See table E.)
5

Firm size

Table D. Three-month private sector share 1 of gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Share of gross job gains

(3 months ended)

Share measures the percent of the category represented by firm size.

Dec.

2006

Mar.

2007

Sept.

2006

June

2006

Share of gross job losses

1

Sept.

2006

Mar.

2007

Mar.

2006

(3 months ended)

Table E. Average percentage share of gross job gains and losses by firm size, third quarter 1992–

first quarter 2007, seasonally adjusted

Category

Total 1 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 19 20 - 49

 Firm size (number of employees)

1 Share measures the percent of the category represented by firm size.

1,000 or

more

50 - 99 100 - 249 250 - 499 500 - 999

1

(Percent)

Mar.

2006

Dec.

2006

1 - 4 employees. .................... 15.9 15.2 15.6 15.8 15.7 16.9 15.9 15.8 15.9 16.7

5 - 9 employees ..................... 12.3 11.9 12.1 11.6 12.3 12.9 12.5 12.2 12.4 12.6

10 - 19 employees ................. 12.6 12.3 12.3 11.7 12.5 12.9 12.6 12.4 12.4 12.5

20 - 49 employees ................. 14.9 14.6 14.4 13.8 14.6 14.4 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.4

50 - 99 employees ................. 9.2 9.1 9.1 8.7 9.0 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8

100 - 249 employees ............. 9.7 9.8 9.3 9.2 9.4 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.3 9.0

250 - 499 employees ............. 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.3

500 - 999 employees ............. 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.1

1,000 or more employees ..... 15.2 16.4 16.8 19.2 16.5 16.3 16.8 16.9 16.3 16.6

 Total .................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

June

2006

Gross job gains ............................... 100.0 14.5 11.6 12.0 14.3 9.1 9.8 5.9 4.8 18.0

Expanding firms ......................... 100.0 7.1 10.7 12.1 15.2 10.1 11.1 6.8 5.6 21.3

Opening firms ............................. 100.0 53.1 16.1 11.5 9.6 4.1 2.8 1.2 .7 .9

Gross job losses ............................. 100.0 14.8 12.0 12.3 14.5 9.1 9.6 5.8 4.7 17.2

Contracting firms ....................... 100.0 7.6 11.2 12.4 15.4 10.0 10.8 6.6 5.5 20.5

Closing firms .............................. 100.0 50.7 15.6 11.5 10.0 4.6 3.7 1.6 1.1 1.2

Net change ...................................... 100.0 9.6 6.4 8.1 12.2 9.3 11.6 7.3 6.2 29.3

Cumulative share of net change .. – 9.6 16.0 24.1 36.3 45.6 57.2 64.5 70.7 100.0

Firms with 1- 4 employees continued to have the largest shares of both job gains at opening firms

and job losses at closing firms, with 60.4 and 60.6 percent respectively, in the first quarter of 2007.

(See table 4.)
6

Gross Job Gains and Losses by State

Over the quarter, Alaska had the highest rate of gross job gains (10.3 percent) and gross job losses

(9.5 percent). Connecticut had the lowest rate of gross job gains (5.3 percent ) and Hawaii and the District

of Columbia had the lowest rates of gross job losses (5.2 percent each). (See table 6.) Gross job gains

exceeded gross job losses in 39 states and the District of Columbia. In 11 states, Puerto Rico, and the

Virgin Islands, gross job losses were greater than gross job gains resulting in net losses in total employment.

(See table 5.)

More Information

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are available at the Business Employment

Dynamics Web page on the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. This information includes data on the

levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, the not seasonally adjusted data and

other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of gross job gains and gross job

losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. Additional information

about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of this release or may be

obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.

Chart 3. Share of total quarterly gross job gains and losses by firm size, 

December 2006-March 2007, seasonally adjusted

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 1,000 or

more

Firm Size - Number of Employees

Percent

Share of gross job gains Share of gross job losses

Chart 4. Cumulative share of total quarterly gross job gains and losses by 

firm size, December 2006-March 2007, seasonally adjusted

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1-4 5-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 1,000 or

more

Firm Size - Number of Employees

Cumulative Percent

Share of gross job gains Share of gross job losses
7

Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current Employment

Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Data

The net change in employment from Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series

will not match the net change in employment from the monthly Current Employment

Statistics (CES) survey. The CES estimates are based on monthly surveys from a sample

of establishments, while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly

census of administrative records. In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding

the agriculture sector but including establishments not covered by the unemployment

insurance program. The net over-the-quarter changes derived by aggregating component

series in the BED data may be different from the net employment change estimated from

the CES seasonally adjusted total employment series. The intended use of the BED

statistics is to show the dynamic labor market flows that underlie the net changes in

aggregate employment levels; data users who want to track net changes in aggregate

employment levels over time should refer to CES data.

BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census of Employment and

Wages (QCEW) data. The data in this release, in contrast to the QCEW data, exclude

government employees, private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero

employment.

See the Technical Note for further information.
8

In an effort to enhance the comparability of industrial employment and wage statistics

across Mexico, Canada, and the United States, and reflect economic activities within

industries more accurately, the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is

revised periodically. In conjunction with its counterparts in Mexico and Canada, the U.S.

Office of Management and Budget developed NAICS 2007.

The conversion to NAICS 2007 resulted in minor revisions reflecting content changes

within the Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting sector and the Manufacturing sector; the

restructuring of the Telecommunications subsector; the elimination of the Real estate and

investment trusts industry within the Finance and insurance sector; and minor content changes

within the Professional, scientific, and technical services sector. Several industry titles and

descriptions also were updated. This revision was introduced by the Bureau of Labor

Statistics (BLS) with the release of first quarter 2007 QCEW data, which is the source data

used to derive the BED data. This revision had a minimal impact on QCEW data.

Approximately 1 percent of both employment and establishments were reclassified into

different industries as a result of the revision.

With the introduction of this revision, some industries were directly transferred to new

industries while others were split into two or more industries, with the original industry often

retaining a portion of the establishments and employment. Of the 1,179 industries used by

BLS under NAICS 2002, 8 industries were directly moved to new industries created by the

NAICS 2007 revision. Involved in these direct transfers were 41,821 establishments and

829,263 employees. In addition, 13 industries were split into 2 or more industries. In all,

27,457 establishments and 662,125 employees changed industries via these split transfers.

Since BED data are published at the NAICS 2-digit sector level, the impact of this conversion

is not significant.

All figures cited are preliminary and all employment figures cited reflect March 2007 data.

For further information on the NAICS 2007 revision, see the U.S. Census Bureau Web site

at http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics07/index.html.

More information on the NAICS 2007 revision, including the implementation schedules of

other BLS programs, will be posted on the BLS Web site as it becomes available.

Industry Changes to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data
Technical Note

Source Count of UI administrative records Count of longitudinally-linked UI Sample survey: 400,000 establishsubmitted by 8.9 million establish- administrative records submitted by ments

ments 6.9 million private sector employers

Coverage UI and UCFE coverage, including UI coverage, excluding govern- Nonfarm wage and salary jobs:

all employers subject to state and ment, private households, and estab- UI coverage, excluding agriculture,

federal UI laws lishments with zero employment private households, and self-employed workers

Other employment, including railroads, religious organizations, and

other non-UI-covered jobs

Publication Quarterly Quarterly Monthly

frequency - 7 months after the end of each - 8 months after the end of each - Usually first Friday of following

quarter quarter month

Use of UI file Directly summarizes and pub- Links each new UI quarter to Uses UI file as a sampling frame

 lishes each new quarter of UI longitudinal database and directly and annually realigns (benchmarks)

 data

Principal Provides a quarterly and annual Provides quarterly employer dynam- Provides current monthly estimates

products universe count of estab- ics data on establishment open- of employment, hours, and earnings

lishments, employment, and ings, closings, expansions, and con- at the MSA, state, and national levwages at the county, MSA, tractions at the national level by el by industry

state, and national levels by NAICS supersectors at the state

detailed industry private-sector total level, and by

size of firm

Future expansions will include data

 Principal uses Major uses include: Major uses include: Major uses include:

- Detailed locality data - Business cycle analysis - Principal national economic

- Periodic universe counts for - Analysis of employer dynamics indicator

benchmarking sample survey underlying economic expansions - Official time series for

estimates and contractions employment change measures

- Sample frame for BLS - Analysis of employment ex- - Input into other major economic

establishment surveys pansion and contractions by size indicators

of firm

Program www.bls.gov/cew/ www.bls.gov/bdm/ www.bls.gov/ces/

Web sites

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Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures

 QCEW BED CES

•

sample estimates to first quarter

UI levels

summarizes gross job gains

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a

product of a federal-state cooperative program known as

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the

ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state

unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the

U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment

and wages of workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly

UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State

Workforce Agencies (SWAs) to BLS and form the basis of the

BLS establishment universe sampling frame. These reports

also are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on total

employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross

job gains and losses. Other important BLS uses of the UI

reports are in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program.

(See table below for differences between QCEW, CES, and

BED.)

In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked

across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each

establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net

employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn

allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding

establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting

establishments.

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures

The BLS publishes three different establishment-based

employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these

measures—QCEW, BED, and CES—makes use of the quarterly

and losses

•

with greater industry detail and data

at the county and MSA level
UI employment reports in producing data; however, each

measure has a somewhat different universe coverage,

estimation procedure, and publication product.

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result

in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to understand program

differences and the intended uses of the program products.

(See table on previous page.) Additional information on each

program can be obtained from the program Web sites shown

in the table.

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI

and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees

(UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports

submitted to the SWAs by employers. In addition to the

quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple

establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called

the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed

information on the location of their establishments. These

reports are based on place of employment rather than place of

residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically

comparable from state to state.

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed

workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on

small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials

in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic

workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of

certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are

derived from longitudinal histories of over 6.9 million private

sector employer reports out of 8.9 million total reports of

employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the

first quarter of 2007. Gross job gains and gross job losses

data in this release do not report estimates for government

employees or private households (NAICS 814110), and do not

include establishments with zero employment in both previous

and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin

Islands also are excluded from the national data. As an

illustration, the table below shows, in millions of

establishments, the number of establishments excluded from

the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter

of 2007:

Unit of analysis

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED

statistics by industry and firms are used in the tabulation of the

BED size-class statistics. An establishment is defined as an

economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a

single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly

one activity. A firm is a legal business, either corporate or

otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firmlevel data are compiled based on an aggregation of

establishments under common ownership by a corporate

parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firmlevel aggregation, which is consistent with the role of

corporations as the economic decision makers, is used for the

measurement of the BED data elements by size class.

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross

job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total

gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, as some

establishment gains and losses within a firm are offset during

the aggregation process. However, the total net changes in

employment are the same for not seasonally adjusted data and

are similar for seasonally adjusted data.

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net

change in employment at the establishment or firm level. These

changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in

employment can come from either opening units or expanding

units. A net decrease in employment can come from either

closing units or contracting units. Gross job gains include the

sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding units.

Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing

or contracting units. The net change in employment is the

difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.

The formal definitions of employment changes are as

follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third-month

employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no

links to the prior quarter, or with positive third-month

employment in the current quarter following zero employment

in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in

the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with

a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are units with positive third-month

employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or

zero employment reported in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in

the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with

a net decrease in employment over this period.

All establishment-level employment changes are measured

from the third month of each quarter. Not all establishments

 Number of active establishments included in

 state Business Employment Dynamics data

 Millions

 Total establishments QCEW program ................. 8.9

 Excluded: Public sector.................................. 0.3

Private households ....................... 0.6

Zero employment ......................... 1.0

 Establishments in Puerto Rico and

 the Virgin Islands ...................... 0.1

 Total establishments included in state Business

 Employment Dynamics data............................ 7.0
and firms change their employment levels. Units with no

change in employment count towards estimates of total

employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job

losses.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates

by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the

current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric

growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of

gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form

their respective totals. These rates can be added and

subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference

between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate

is the net growth rate.

Linkage methodology

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job

losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The

linkage process matches establishments’ unique SWA

identification numbers (SWA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of

establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter

are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three

ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor

information, identified by the states, which relates records with

different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor

relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a

change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account

restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a

probability-based match is used. This match attempts to

identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as

continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the

same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst

examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible

match.

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data,

SWAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the

industry, location, and ownership classification of all

establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment

classification codes resulting from the verification process are

introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the

year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also

are introduced in the first quarter.

Sizing methodology

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the

BED size-class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s

employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective

size class in which the change occurred. For example, if a firm

grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter

2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to

the first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10

to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and

eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the

transitory and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time.

Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size

class where it occurred.

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the

associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such

seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or

expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the

opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal

variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular

pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting

these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments

make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic

activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of

youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes

that have taken place in June relative to March, making it

difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen

or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing

school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current

year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The

adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to

analyze changes in economic activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding,

closing, and contracting units are independently seasonally

adjusted; net changes are calculated based on

the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.

Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts data

series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting

establishments are independently adjusted, and the net

changes are calculated based on the difference between the

number of opening and closing establishments.

Additionally, establishment and employment levels are

independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the

seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is

run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series for

the total private sector are calculated by summing the

seasonally adjusted data for all sectors, including the

unclassified sector, which is not published separately.

The employment data series for opening, expanding,

closing, and contracting units for each of the 50 states and the

District of Columbia are seasonally adjusted at the total private

level only. The sum of the state series for opening, expanding,

closing, and contracting units will not necessarily be equal to

the national total private series because of the independent

seasonal adjustment of these series.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the

BED component series will differ from the net employment

change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private

employment series from the CES program. The intended use of

BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes

that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such,

data users interested particularly in the net employment change

and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should
refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment

changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics

are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are

no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error,

however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many

reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected

employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical

errors made by businesses when providing information. Such

errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly

throughout the dataset.

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process. This can result in overstating

openings and closings while understating expansions and

contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving

the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications.

The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes

based on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related

information. The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202

program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly county employment and wages are

available upon request from the Division of Administrative

Statistics and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics,

U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail:

QCEWInfo@bls.gov).

The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry.

These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report

put out monthly by BLS.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)

program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well

as employee hires and separations.

Information in this release will be made available to

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:

202-691-5200; TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September ............................. 599 7,329 5,688 1,641 6,730 5,308 1,422

December .................................123 6,986 5,452 1,534 6,863 5,484 1,379

1993 March .................................... 288 7,117 5,404 1,713 6,829 5,364 1,465

June ............................... 734 7,275 5,782 1,493 6,541 5,155 1,386

September ........................... 965 7,539 5,926 1,613 6,574 5,265 1,309

December ...............................603 7,375 5,822 1,553 6,772 5,411 1,361

1994 March .................................... 559 7,381 5,800 1,581 6,822 5,401 1,421

June ............................... 905 7,709 6,041 1,668 6,804 5,315 1,489

September ...........................1,288 8,002 6,277 1,725 6,714 5,426 1,288

December ...............................460 7,535 5,978 1,557 7,075 5,642 1,433

1995 March .................................... 758 7,787 6,124 1,663 7,029 5,652 1,377

June ............................... 358 7,666 6,006 1,660 7,308 5,840 1,468

September ........................... 845 7,983 6,341 1,642 7,138 5,645 1,493

December ...............................378 7,830 6,140 1,690 7,452 5,929 1,523

1996 March .................................... 457 7,933 6,179 1,754 7,476 5,967 1,509

June ............................... 631 8,051 6,282 1,769 7,420 5,903 1,517

September ........................... 704 8,177 6,373 1,804 7,473 5,942 1,531

December ...............................816 8,206 6,396 1,810 7,390 5,875 1,515

1997 March .................................... 784 8,214 6,407 1,807 7,430 5,886 1,544

June ............................... 584 8,055 6,330 1,725 7,471 5,931 1,540

September ........................... 901 8,515 6,718 1,797 7,614 5,927 1,687

December ...............................708 8,617 6,697 1,920 7,909 6,024 1,885

1998 March .................................... 711 8,648 6,599 2,049 7,937 6,077 1,860

June ............................... 610 8,629 6,552 2,077 8,019 6,224 1,795

September ........................... 742 8,508 6,607 1,901 7,766 6,093 1,673

December ...............................768 8,475 6,737 1,738 7,707 6,025 1,682

1999 March .................................... 353 8,585 6,626 1,959 8,232 6,395 1,837

June ............................... 644 8,539 6,661 1,878 7,895 6,210 1,685

September ........................... 588 8,571 6,734 1,837 7,983 6,250 1,733

December ...............................1,005 8,749 6,956 1,793 7,744 6,076 1,668

2000 March .................................... 789 8,792 6,924 1,868 8,003 6,341 1,662

June ............................... 492 8,499 6,814 1,685 8,007 6,387 1,620

September ........................... 296 8,506 6,728 1,778 8,210 6,483 1,727

December ...............................295 8,400 6,702 1,698 8,105 6,433 1,672

2001 March .................................... -156 8,436 6,694 1,742 8,592 6,717 1,875

June ............................... -792 8,009 6,319 1,690 8,801 7,050 1,751

September ...........................-1,184 7,608 5,917 1,691 8,792 6,991 1,801

December ...............................-960 7,591 5,932 1,659 8,551 6,858 1,693

2002 March .................................... -39 8,049 6,259 1,790 8,088 6,424 1,664

June ............................... -38 7,890 6,164 1,726 7,928 6,290 1,638

September ........................... -171 7,608 6,015 1,593 7,779 6,248 1,531

December ...............................-198 7,522 5,960 1,562 7,720 6,171 1,549

2003 March .................................... -420 7,423 5,901 1,522 7,843 6,306 1,537

June ............................... -96 7,415 5,944 1,471 7,511 6,040 1,471

September ........................... 180 7,369 5,898 1,471 7,189 5,828 1,361

December ...............................332 7,560 6,027 1,533 7,228 5,792 1,436

2004 March ...................................... 439 7,669 6,174 1,495 7,230 5,796 1,434

June ............................... 636 7,771 6,251 1,520 7,135 5,651 1,484

September ........................... 182 7,612 6,036 1,576 7,430 5,889 1,541

December ...............................797 7,883 6,268 1,615 7,086 5,655 1,431

2005 March .................................... 352 7,578 6,107 1,471 7,226 5,800 1,426

June ............................... 590 7,796 6,248 1,548 7,206 5,789 1,417

September ........................... 651 7,943 6,362 1,581 7,292 5,846 1,446

December ...............................539 7,846 6,278 1,568 7,307 5,936 1,371

2006 March .................................... 774 7,679 6,261 1,418 6,905 5,633 1,272

June ............................... 416 7,811 6,292 1,519 7,395 6,015 1,380

September ........................... 11 7,473 6,032 1,441 7,462 6,110 1,352

December ...............................512 7,809 6,271 1,538 7,297 5,943 1,354

2007 March ......................... 438 7,509 6,158 1,351 7,071 5,796 1,275

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change 1

Gross job gains

Total Total
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1

 seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September ............................. 0.7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 5.9 1.6

December ..................................2 7.8 6.1 1.7 7.6 6.1 1.5

1993 March .................................... .3 7.9 6.0 1.9 7.6 6.0 1.6

June ............................... .8 8.0 6.4 1.6 7.2 5.7 1.5

September ........................... 1.1 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.2 5.8 1.4

December ................................6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5

1994 March .................................... .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

June ............................... 1.0 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.3 5.7 1.6

September ........................... 1.3 8.4 6.6 1.8 7.1 5.7 1.4

December ................................5 7.9 6.3 1.6 7.4 5.9 1.5

1995 March .................................... .8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4

June ............................... .3 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.6 6.1 1.5

September ........................... .9 8.2 6.5 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

December ................................3 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.7 6.1 1.6

1996 March .................................... .5 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.6 6.1 1.5

June ............................... .7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 6.0 1.5

September ........................... .7 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.5 6.0 1.5

December ................................8 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.4 5.9 1.5

1997 March .................................... .9 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.3 5.8 1.5

June ............................... .6 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

September ........................... 1.0 8.4 6.6 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

December ................................8 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.6 5.8 1.8

1998 March .................................... .7 8.4 6.4 2.0 7.7 5.9 1.8

June ............................... .6 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.7 6.0 1.7

September ........................... .7 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

December ................................7 8.0 6.4 1.6 7.3 5.7 1.6

1999 March .................................... .3 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.7

June ............................... .6 8.0 6.2 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

September ........................... .6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6

December ...............................1.0 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.1 5.6 1.5

2000 March .................................... .7 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

June ............................... .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5

September ........................... .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6

December ................................3 7.6 6.1 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5

2001 March .................................... -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7

June ............................... -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6

September ........................... -1.2 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.1 6.4 1.7

December ...............................-.9 7.0 5.5 1.5 7.9 6.3 1.6

2002 March .................................... .0 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.5 6.0 1.5

June ............................... .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5

September ........................... -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4

December ................................0 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.1 5.7 1.4

2003 March .................................... -.4 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.3 5.9 1.4

June ............................... -.1 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.1 5.7 1.4

September ........................... .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3

December ................................3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3

2004 March .................................... .4 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3

June ............................... .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4

September ........................... .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4

December ................................8 7.3 5.8 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3

2005 March .................................... .3 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3

June ............................... .5 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3

September ........................... .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3

December ................................6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2

2006 March .................................... .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1

June ............................... .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

September ........................... .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2

December ................................5 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.5 5.3 1.2

2007 March ....................... .4 6.6 5.4 1.2 6.2 5.1 1.1

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment. 

2 See footnote 1, table 1.

Year 3 months ended Net change 2

Gross job gains Gross job losses

Total Total
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March

2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007

Total private 1

Gross job gains .................................7,679 7,811 7,473 7,809 7,509 6.9 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6

At expanding establishments ............................. 6,261 6,292 6,032 6,271 6,158 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.4

At opening establishments ....................... 1,418 1,519 1,441 1,538 1,351 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2

Gross job losses .................................6,905 7,395 7,462 7,297 7,071 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.2

At contracting establishments ........................ 5,633 6,015 6,110 5,943 5,796 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.1

At closing establishments ................... 1,272 1,380 1,352 1,354 1,275 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Net employment change .............. 774 416 11 512 438 .8 .4 .1 .5 .4

Goods-producing

Gross job gains .................................1,737 1,692 1,572 1,636 1,629 7.3 7.2 6.6 7.0 6.9

At expanding establishments ............................. 1,469 1,438 1,329 1,381 1,398 6.2 6.1 5.6 5.9 5.9

At opening establishments ....................... 268 254 243 255 231 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0

Gross job losses .................................1,572 1,667 1,739 1,719 1,682 6.7 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.1

At contracting establishments ........................ 1,320 1,390 1,463 1,452 1,421 5.6 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.0

At closing establishments ...................252 277 276 267 261 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

Net employment change .............. 165 25 -167 -83 -53 .6 .1 -.8 -.3 -.2

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains .................................283 293 269 287 279 16.0 16.5 15.1 15.9 15.3

At expanding establishments ............................. 241 250 230 245 241 13.6 14.1 12.9 13.6 13.2

At opening establishments ....................... 42 43 39 42 38 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.1

Gross job losses .................................277 268 263 266 287 15.6 15.1 14.8 14.7 15.6

At contracting establishments ........................ 236 229 223 230 248 13.3 12.9 12.5 12.7 13.5

At closing establishments ................... 41 39 40 36 39 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.1

Net employment change .............. 6 25 6 21 -8 .4 1.4 .3 1.2 -.3

Construction

Gross job gains .................................924 838 791 825 850 12.1 10.9 10.3 10.8 11.1

At expanding establishments ............................. 746 679 636 663 699 9.8 8.8 8.3 8.7 9.1

At opening establishments ....................... 178 159 155 162 151 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0

Gross job losses .................................757 841 868 845 816 9.9 10.9 11.4 11.1 10.6

At contracting establishments ........................ 605 676 702 683 655 7.9 8.8 9.2 9.0 8.5

At closing establishments ...................152 165 166 162 161 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1

Net employment change .............. 167 -3 -77 -20 34 2.2 .0 -1.1 -.3 .5

Manufacturing

Gross job gains .................................530 561 512 524 500 3.7 4.0 3.6 3.8 3.6

At expanding establishments ............................. 482 509 463 473 458 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.3

At opening establishments ....................... 48 52 49 51 42 .3 .4 .3 .4 .3

Gross job losses .................................538 558 608 608 579 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.1

At contracting establishments ........................ 479 485 538 539 518 3.4 3.4 3.8 3.8 3.7

At closing establishments ................... 59 73 70 69 61 .4 .5 .5 .5 .4

Net employment change .............. -8 3 -96 -84 -79 -.1 .1 -.7 -.5 -.5

Service-providing 1

Gross job gains .................................5,942 6,119 5,901 6,173 5,880 6.7 6.9 6.6 6.9 6.5

At expanding establishments ............................. 4,792 4,854 4,703 4,890 4,760 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.3

At opening establishments ....................... 1,150 1,265 1,198 1,283 1,120 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2

Gross job losses .................................5,333 5,728 5,723 5,578 5,389 6.1 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.0

At contracting establishments ........................ 4,313 4,625 4,647 4,491 4,375 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.9

At closing establishments ................... 1,020 1,103 1,076 1,087 1,014 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Net employment change .............. 609 391 178 595 491 .6 .5 .2 .7 .5

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains .................................315 332 311 322 314 5.4 5.7 5.3 5.4 5.3

At expanding establishments ............................. 261 270 253 262 256 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.4 4.3

At opening establishments ....................... 54 62 58 60 58 .9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

Gross job losses .................................290 292 305 303 296 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.0

At contracting establishments ........................ 224 226 238 236 230 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.9

At closing establishments ................... 66 66 67 67 66 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

Net employment change .............. 25 40 6 19 18 .5 .8 .2 .3 .3

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March

2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007

Retail trade

Gross job gains .................................1,056 1,062 1,030 1,081 1,087 6.8 6.9 6.7 7.0 7.0

At expanding establishments ............................. 901 876 850 898 941 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.8 6.1

At opening establishments ....................... 155 186 180 183 146 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 .9

Gross job losses .................................986 1,100 1,085 1,004 971 6.3 7.1 7.0 6.5 6.2

At contracting establishments ........................ 840 942 923 857 827 5.4 6.1 6.0 5.5 5.3

At closing establishments ...................146 158 162 147 144 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9

Net employment change .............. 70 -38 -55 77 116 .5 -.2 -.3 .5 .8

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains .................................240 247 241 269 224 5.8 5.8 5.7 6.3 5.2

At expanding establishments ............................. 204 207 207 231 192 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.4 4.5

At opening establishments ....................... 36 40 34 38 32 .9 .9 .8 .9 .7

Gross job losses .................................230 232 224 225 245 5.4 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.7

At contracting establishments ........................ 195 191 186 185 211 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.9

At closing establishments ................... 35 41 38 40 34 .8 1.0 .9 .9 .8

Net employment change .............. 10 15 17 44 -21 .4 .3 .4 1.1 -.5

Utilities

Gross job gains ................................. 11 15 15 19 11 2.0 2.8 2.8 3.5 2.0

At expanding establishments ............................. 10 13 14 13 10 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.4 1.8

At opening establishments ....................... 1 2 1 6 1 .2 .4 .2 1.1 .2

Gross job losses ................................. 11 13 15 18 11 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.3 2.0

At contracting establishments ........................ 9 11 13 13 10 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.4 1.8

At closing establishments ................... 2 2 2 5 1 .4 .4 .4 .9 .2

Net employment change .............. 0 2 0 1 0 .0 .4 .0 .2 .0

 Information

Gross job gains .................................143 150 148 167 138 4.7 5.0 4.8 5.5 4.6

At expanding establishments ............................. 122 124 123 138 118 4.0 4.1 4.0 4.5 3.9

At opening establishments ....................... 21 26 25 29 20 .7 .9 .8 1.0 .7

Gross job losses .................................149 144 171 146 132 4.9 4.7 5.6 4.7 4.4

At contracting establishments ........................ 121 116 142 114 108 4.0 3.8 4.7 3.7 3.6

At closing establishments ................... 28 28 29 32 24 .9 .9 .9 1.0 .8

Net employment change .............. -6 6 -23 21 6 -.2 .3 -.8 .8 .2

Financial activities

Gross job gains .................................429 457 446 457 421 5.3 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.1

At expanding establishments ............................. 342 353 350 347 335 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1

At opening establishments ....................... 87 104 96 110 86 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0

Gross job losses .................................419 442 445 444 418 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.1

At contracting establishments ........................ 324 342 343 338 320 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9

At closing establishments ................... 95 100 102 106 98 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2

Net employment change .............. 10 15 1 13 3 .1 .2 .1 .1 .0

Professional and business services

Gross job gains .................................1,329 1,438 1,335 1,427 1,276 7.7 8.3 7.6 8.1 7.2

At expanding establishments ............................. 1,088 1,164 1,093 1,149 1,064 6.3 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.0

At opening establishments ....................... 241 274 242 278 212 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.2

Gross job losses .................................1,202 1,287 1,279 1,313 1,242 6.9 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.0

At contracting establishments ........................ 969 1,006 1,029 1,057 996 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.6

At closing establishments ...................233 281 250 256 246 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.4

Net employment change .............. 127 151 56 114 34 .8 1.0 .3 .7 .2

Education and health services

Gross job gains .................................791 787 784 795 799 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.6

At expanding establishments ............................. 670 659 665 666 678 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9

At opening establishments ....................... 121 128 119 129 121 .7 .8 .7 .8 .7

Gross job losses .................................662 713 674 692 655 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 3.8

At contracting establishments ........................ 544 595 561 558 540 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.1

At closing establishments ...................118 118 113 134 115 .7 .7 .7 .8 .7

Net employment change .............. 129 74 110 103 144 .8 .5 .6 .6 .8

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March

2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007

 Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains .................................1,226 1,210 1,180 1,223 1,165 9.4 9.3 9.1 9.3 8.8

At expanding establishments ............................. 938 925 896 932 903 7.2 7.1 6.9 7.1 6.8

At opening establishments ....................... 288 285 284 291 262 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0

Gross job losses .................................1,064 1,182 1,184 1,105 1,096 8.2 9.0 9.0 8.4 8.3

At contracting establishments ........................ 855 958 959 892 902 6.6 7.3 7.3 6.8 6.8

At closing establishments ...................209 224 225 213 194 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5

Net employment change .............. 162 28 -4 118 69 1.2 .3 .1 .9 .5

 Other services

Gross job gains .................................298 313 295 299 292 7.8 8.1 7.7 7.8 7.6

At expanding establishments ............................. 240 248 235 238 239 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.2 6.2

At opening establishments ....................... 58 65 60 61 53 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4

Gross job losses .................................283 287 305 291 278 7.4 7.4 7.9 7.5 7.2

At contracting establishments ........................ 220 225 240 228 217 5.8 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.6

At closing establishments ................... 63 62 65 63 61 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6

Net employment change .............. 15 26 -10 8 14 .4 .7 -.2 .3 .4

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 

(Percent)

March June Sept. Dec. March

2006 2006 2006 2006 2007

Total private

Gross job gains ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Expanding firms .................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Opening firms ................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Gross job losses ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Contracting firms ................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Closing firms ...........................................100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Firm size 1 - 4 employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 15.9 15.2 15.6 15.8 15.7

Expanding firms .................................. 7.4 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.4

Opening firms ................................. 58.8 57.0 58.6 60.6 60.4

Gross job losses ...................................... 16.9 15.9 15.8 15.9 16.7

Contracting firms ................................ 8.4 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.2

Closing firms ...........................................59.6 58.2 58.8 58.5 60.6

Firm size 5 - 9 employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 12.3 11.9 12.1 11.6 12.3

Expanding firms .................................. 11.5 11.1 11.3 10.8 11.5

Opening firms ................................. 16.8 16.6 16.6 15.8 16.6

Gross job losses ...................................... 12.9 12.5 12.2 12.4 12.6

Contracting firms ................................ 12.3 11.8 11.5 11.7 11.9

Closing firms ...........................................16.1 16.3 16.0 16.1 15.9

Firm size 10 - 19 employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 12.6 12.3 12.3 11.7 12.5

Expanding firms .................................. 12.9 12.4 12.5 12.0 12.8

Opening firms ................................. 11.1 11.4 11.0 10.3 10.8

Gross job losses ...................................... 12.9 12.6 12.4 12.4 12.5

Contracting firms ................................ 13.4 13.0 12.7 12.8 12.9

Closing firms ...........................................10.6 10.7 10.6 10.6 10.3

Firm size 20 - 49 employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 14.9 14.6 14.4 13.8 14.6

Expanding firms .................................. 16.2 15.8 15.6 14.9 15.9

Opening firms ................................. 7.9 8.6 8.3 7.9 7.7

Gross job losses ...................................... 14.4 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.4

Contracting firms ................................ 15.7 15.6 15.7 15.6 15.7

Closing firms ...........................................7.9 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.5

Firm size 50 - 99 employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 9.2 9.1 9.1 8.7 9.0

Expanding firms .................................. 10.5 10.3 10.2 9.8 10.2

Opening firms ................................. 2.7 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.5

Gross job losses ...................................... 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8

Contracting firms ................................ 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.0

Closing firms ...........................................3.0 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9

See footnote at end of table.

Category

3 months ended
Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted—Continued 

(Percent)

March June Sept. Dec. March

2006 2006 2006 2006 2007

Firm size 100 - 249 employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 9.7 9.8 9.3 9.2 9.4

Expanding firms .................................. 11.3 11.3 10.8 10.6 11.0

Opening firms ................................. 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.0

Gross job losses ...................................... 8.8 9.1 9.3 9.3 9.0

Contracting firms ................................ 10.2 10.4 10.7 10.6 10.5

Closing firms ...........................................1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7

Firm size 250 - 499 employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.5

Expanding firms .................................. 6.7 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.4

Opening firms ................................. .5 .4 .4 .5 .3

Gross job losses ...................................... 5.1 5.4 5.5 5.8 5.3

Contracting firms ................................ 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.8 6.3

Closing firms ............................................6 .7 .7 .6 .5

Firm size 500 - 999 employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.5

Expanding firms .................................. 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.3

Opening firms ................................. .3 .2 .4 .2 .2

Gross job losses ...................................... 4.0 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.1

Contracting firms ................................ 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.3 4.8

Closing firms ............................................2 .3 .2 .4 .3

Firm size 1,000 or more employees

Gross job gains ...................................... 15.2 16.4 16.8 19.2 16.5

Expanding firms .................................. 18.1 19.4 19.9 22.9 19.5

Opening firms ................................. .5 .9 .1 .2 .5

Gross job losses ...................................... 16.3 16.8 16.9 16.3 16.6

Contracting firms ................................ 19.5 19.9 20.0 19.2 19.7

Closing firms ............................................2 .1 .5 .8 .3

1

 Share measures the percent of the category represented by each firm size class.

Category

3 months ended
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March

 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007

United States 1 ................................... 7,679,000 7,811,000 7,473,000 7,809,000 7,509,000 6,905,000 7,395,000 7,462,000 7,297,000 7,071,000

Alabama ..................... 103,596 100,840 100,446 106,892 112,765 93,285 100,349 103,700 104,477 89,364

Alaska ........................................ 26,202 28,861 22,123 25,702 24,244 22,112 23,040 26,742 26,432 22,400

Arizona ...................... 172,977 170,647 174,546 161,693 156,804 128,109 154,963 152,200 165,067 153,133

Arkansas ........................ 63,662 59,654 58,160 62,275 60,704 53,032 60,404 63,784 58,778 52,796

California .......................... 935,087 955,811 910,172 982,478 947,540 914,176 926,329 927,374 907,888 912,613

Colorado ....................... 137,903 149,241 142,546 150,220 146,688 127,514 132,280 142,570 138,889 131,774

Connecticut ......................... 79,072 87,841 81,794 85,126 75,957 75,076 80,456 82,496 77,497 81,107

Delaware ..........................25,605 28,310 23,470 26,159 29,733 24,123 26,663 27,718 23,392 28,414

District of Columbia ........................... 25,795 29,069 27,044 25,599 28,423 23,511 26,424 25,381 26,443 23,213

Florida ..................................... 487,572 526,449 508,541 501,285 464,050 413,474 495,061 493,363 522,827 451,580

Georgia ...........................252,674 257,404 247,388 263,872 249,091 222,660 233,395 251,362 252,232 227,479

Hawaii ......................... 27,726 29,136 28,211 27,446 27,483 25,165 24,918 26,129 26,250 26,630

Idaho .......................... 47,870 46,245 45,061 47,395 48,396 38,960 42,628 41,378 40,019 40,735

Illinois ..............................282,837 306,757 278,177 293,431 281,177 265,446 263,652 288,515 281,099 268,855

Indiana ................................ 153,735 149,946 148,107 153,325 145,342 139,656 151,845 154,760 148,985 140,603

Iowa ....................................... 78,930 79,031 75,093 79,518 72,577 70,936 73,192 74,910 73,886 73,448

Kansas ..................................... 70,596 72,012 78,985 85,024 78,808 62,938 72,548 74,864 68,067 67,661

Kentucky ........................................ 100,762 88,851 92,740 106,958 101,623 83,028 94,323 96,675 90,552 95,549

Louisiana ....................................... 151,997 123,125 120,127 123,095 121,990 108,712 112,380 108,558 104,159 99,462

Maine .......................................... 35,790 40,612 35,951 40,832 37,283 37,017 37,701 39,975 37,567 37,189

Maryland ................................... 142,555 136,710 131,708 136,491 130,873 124,678 136,422 136,408 130,083 125,994

Massachusetts ................................ 158,389 181,498 167,647 166,346 154,124 157,177 158,219 169,849 163,458 157,024

Michigan ............................ 217,382 246,077 226,583 229,109 216,604 240,704 237,059 255,227 261,024 234,035

Minnesota ................................ 150,980 155,378 138,439 146,430 140,915 139,748 150,512 165,270 147,210 133,393

Mississippi ................................ 69,320 63,581 68,823 67,302 60,198 57,864 66,289 62,884 58,428 62,486

Missouri ..............................147,042 150,269 137,786 151,637 148,426 133,236 143,796 142,506 144,042 133,861

Montana ...........................32,383 30,383 27,503 32,922 32,066 26,344 27,899 29,606 26,893 26,215

Nebraska ............................ 45,650 45,693 47,050 47,973 44,773 40,465 45,424 44,754 45,236 41,131

Nevada ................................ 83,071 79,576 73,442 80,115 79,439 65,159 72,527 76,814 77,068 70,468

New Hampshire ............................... 39,074 41,230 37,381 39,715 36,043 36,571 39,132 40,708 37,503 37,188

New Jersey ...................................... 220,345 238,571 217,626 226,397 200,823 201,996 228,241 230,836 221,251 216,208

New Mexico .................................. 50,814 56,728 46,361 49,483 45,658 40,539 46,459 46,285 45,992 39,391

New York .................................... 453,399 497,341 451,199 491,296 439,880 450,140 450,660 454,776 436,426 450,887

North Carolina .............................. 230,967 230,531 228,819 271,718 238,694 195,552 216,862 222,867 209,905 203,669

North Dakota ............................... 21,355 19,942 19,561 19,077 19,613 17,434 19,436 17,615 18,029 17,877

Ohio .................................... 276,942 280,652 266,494 273,486 259,261 268,183 279,071 286,805 285,789 260,711

Oklahoma .................................... 86,999 86,252 85,999 87,109 85,616 72,308 86,973 80,220 80,850 73,657

Oregon ................................. 107,378 103,093 103,167 107,374 104,745 95,893 97,275 94,670 97,684 96,037

Pennsylvania ........................294,436 292,189 281,640 286,900 282,273 266,079 277,751 278,525 278,568 266,506

Rhode Island ...................................... 25,198 29,960 28,749 28,621 25,073 25,959 25,774 28,340 28,374 27,137

South Carolina ............................................ 112,697 112,410 124,764 109,561 113,532 97,125 110,062 103,809 97,192 98,842

South Dakota ..................................... 22,210 21,897 21,559 22,548 21,003 20,193 19,443 20,198 19,873 19,153

Tennessee .................................... 146,716 149,007 143,225 156,388 148,938 127,034 152,368 143,136 157,013 144,012

Texas .................................... 556,703 555,610 545,573 566,668 542,825 451,599 508,951 480,295 476,908 461,745

Utah ............................................. 83,821 78,264 77,218 79,960 80,804 63,988 65,772 68,620 64,989 62,978

Vermont ................................ 17,022 19,375 16,515 18,861 16,966 18,312 17,694 18,832 18,099 18,899

Virginia .................................... 194,262 196,604 181,450 193,009 192,908 168,421 193,525 196,437 181,525 174,760

Washington ............................. 177,761 187,676 176,707 184,842 190,639 158,900 161,486 170,405 166,948 154,634

West Virginia ................................. 43,348 38,485 37,841 40,697 38,687 35,457 39,828 40,489 36,849 37,621

Wisconsin ................................... 142,738 151,415 143,515 146,759 144,613 135,231 143,378 146,137 143,350 141,179

Wyoming .................................... 23,117 19,438 20,984 22,692 22,362 16,596 18,839 19,491 16,482 18,199

Puerto Rico .............................. 48,421 46,809 50,294 56,039 43,159 54,363 55,110 56,054 47,988 55,059

Virgin Islands ................................. 2,492 2,243 2,727 2,358 2,091 1,899 2,287 2,766 1,980 2,501

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses

(3 months ended)
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

March June Sept. Dec. March March June Sept. Dec. March

 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007

United States ................................... 6.9 6.9 6.7 7.0 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.2

Alabama ......................................6.6 6.4 6.4 6.8 7.1 5.9 6.3 6.6 6.7 5.7

Alaska ........................................ 11.5 12.3 9.4 11.0 10.3 9.7 9.9 1.5 11.4 9.5

Arizona ......................................7.9 7.7 7.8 7.2 7.0 5.8 6.9 6.7 7.3 6.8

Arkansas ....................................6.5 6.1 5.9 6.4 6.2 5.5 6.1 6.6 6.0 5.4

California ............................................ 7.2 7.4 7.1 7.6 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.0 7.0

Colorado ................................... 7.3 7.9 7.5 7.9 7.6 6.8 7.0 7.5 7.3 6.8

Connecticut ......................... 5.6 6.2 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.7

Delaware ............................................... 7.0 7.7 6.5 7.2 8.1 6.6 7.3 7.6 6.4 7.7

District of Columbia ...........................5.9 6.7 6.2 5.9 6.4 5.4 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.2

Florida ..................................... 7.2 7.7 7.4 7.3 6.7 6.0 7.2 7.1 7.5 6.6

Georgia ...........................................7.5 7.6 7.3 7.8 7.3 6.7 7.0 7.4 7.4 6.7

Hawaii ...................................... 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.1 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.2

Idaho .........................................9.1 8.7 8.5 8.7 8.8 7.5 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.4

Illinois .........................................5.7 6.1 5.5 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.8 5.6 5.4

Indiana ................................ 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.1 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.6

Iowa ....................................... 6.4 6.4 6.1 6.4 5.8 5.7 6.0 6.1 5.9 5.9

Kansas ..................................... 6.6 6.7 7.3 7.8 7.1 5.8 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.1

Kentucky ........................................ 6.8 6.0 6.3 7.2 6.8 5.6 6.3 6.6 6.1 6.4

Louisiana .......................................10.5 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.0 7.6 7.7 7.4 7.0 6.5

Maine .................................................. 7.2 8.1 7.2 8.2 7.4 7.5 7.5 8.1 7.5 7.4

Maryland .....................................6.9 6.6 6.3 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.1

Massachusetts .................................. 5.7 6.6 6.1 6.0 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.1 5.8 5.6

Michigan .............................. 6.0 6.7 6.2 6.4 6.1 6.6 6.5 7.0 7.2 6.5

Minnesota ................................ 6.6 6.7 6.1 6.4 6.1 6.0 6.6 7.2 6.4 5.8

Mississippi ................................ 7.9 7.1 7.7 7.5 6.7 6.5 7.4 7.0 6.5 7.0

Missouri .............................. 6.5 6.7 6.1 6.6 6.5 5.9 6.4 6.3 6.3 5.8

Montana ............................... 9.4 8.7 7.9 9.4 9.0 7.7 8.1 8.5 7.7 7.4

Nebraska ............................... 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.0 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.4

Nevada ................................ 7.5 7.1 6.5 7.1 6.9 5.8 6.5 6.8 6.8 6.2

New Hampshire ............................... 7.3 7.6 6.9 7.3 6.6 6.7 7.2 7.5 6.9 6.8

New Jersey ...................................... 6.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.0 6.0 6.8 6.9 6.6 6.4

New Mexico .................................. 8.3 9.1 7.3 7.9 7.1 6.6 7.5 7.3 7.3 6.2

New York ....................................6.5 7.1 6.5 7.0 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.2 6.3

North Carolina ..............................7.1 7.0 7.0 8.1 7.1 6.1 6.6 6.8 6.3 6.1

North Dakota ...............................7.9 7.3 7.2 7.0 7.0 6.5 7.2 6.5 6.6 6.5

Ohio .................................... 6.0 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.7

Oklahoma ....................................7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.0 6.1 7.3 6.7 6.8 6.1

Oregon ................................. 7.5 7.2 7.2 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.5

Pennsylvania ........................ 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.4

Rhode Island ...................................... 6.0 7.2 6.9 6.8 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.8 6.7 6.4

South Carolina ............................................ 7.5 7.4 8.2 7.1 7.3 6.4 7.3 6.8 6.2 6.3

South Dakota ..................................... 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.1 6.5 6.5 6.2 6.5 6.2 5.9

Tennessee ....................................6.4 6.3 6.1 6.7 6.4 5.5 6.5 6.1 6.7 6.1

Texas .................................... 6.9 6.8 6.6 6.8 6.4 5.6 6.2 5.8 5.7 5.5

Utah .............................................8.7 8.1 7.8 8.0 8.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.5 6.2

Vermont ................................ 6.8 7.7 6.6 7.6 6.8 7.3 7.0 7.5 7.3 7.6

Virginia .................................... 6.6 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.5 5.6 6.4 6.6 6.1 5.9

Washington ............................. 7.8 8.1 7.6 7.9 8.0 6.9 7.0 7.4 7.1 6.5

West Virginia .................................7.7 6.8 6.7 7.2 6.8 6.3 7.0 7.1 6.5 6.6

Wisconsin ...................................6.0 6.4 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.9

Wyoming ....................................11.3 9.4 10.1 10.7 10.2 8.1 9.1 9.4 7.8 8.4

Puerto Rico .............................. 6.4 6.2 6.7 7.5 5.8 7.2 7.3 7.5 6.4 7.4

Virgin Islands .................................7.6 6.8 8.3 7.1 6.4 5.8 7.0 8.4 6.0 7.6

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains as a percent of employment 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended)