For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, February 8, 2024 USDL-24-0191

Technical information: (202) 691-6199 • orsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ors

Media contact : (202) 691-5902 • pressoffice@bls.gov

OCCUPATIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2023 

A consistent and generally fast work pace was required for 38.9 percent of workers in 2023, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Workload was controlled by machinery, 

equipment, or software for 2.2 percent of workers meaning that technology, rather than people or 

company performance targets, determined the amount and timing of work performed in their 

workday. Work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day for 33.3 percent of 

workers and a supervisor was present for 62.4 percent of workers. (See chart 1 and table 1.) 

In production occupations, 55.8 percent of workers had a consistent and generally fast work 

pace. Within this occupational group, 71.1 percent of packaging and filling machine operators 

and tenders and 76.7 percent of team assemblers had a consistent and generally fast work pace. 

Workload was controlled by machinery, equipment, or software for 61.2 percent of packaging 

and filling machine operators and tenders, work was reviewed by a supervisor more than once 

per day for 77.5 percent of these workers, and a supervisor was present for 98.4 percent of these 

workers. Considered together, these job requirements show that many decisions related to the job 

and the workload are handled by technology or the supervisor and not by the worker. 

Chart 1. Percentage of workers by controlled work pace and review requirements, 2023 

In transportation and material moving occupations, 48.7 percent of workers had a consistent and 

generally fast work pace. Within this occupational group, a consistent and generally fast work 

pace was required for 67.8 percent of packers and packagers and 82.9 percent of machine feeders 

and offbearers. 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Packaging and filling

machine operators and

tenders

Machine feeders and

offbearers

Packers and packagers, Team assemblers

hand

Civilian workers

Workload controlled by machinery, equipment, or software Work reviewed by a supervisor more than once per day

Consistent and generally fast pace Supervisor present
The Occupational Requirements Survey captures information on job requirements in the 

following categories: physical demands; environmental conditions; education, training, and 

experience; as well as cognitive and mental requirements. Each category is highlighted below. 

Cognitive and mental requirements

Verbal interactions were required once per day or less often for 3.3 percent of workers, 38.6 

percent of workers required basic people skills, and 83.3 percent of workers were not required to 

supervise others. (See chart 2 and table 2.)

• Verbal interactions were required once per day or less often for 26.8 percent of sewing

machine operators and for 33.6 percent of janitors and cleaners.

• Basic people skills were required for 85.4 percent of furniture finishers and for more than

99.5 percent of dishwashers.

Chart 2. Percentage of workers by cognitive and mental requirements, 2023 

Education, training, and experience

A high school diploma was required for 40.1 percent of workers to perform their jobs. Prior work 

experience was required for 47.5 percent of workers and on-the-job training was required for 

78.9 percent of workers. (See chart 3 and table 3.)

• A high school diploma was required for 69.6 percent of childcare workers and 72.9

percent of library assistants.

• On-the-job training was required for 89.8 percent of medical records specialists and 94.1

percent of skincare specialists.

Chart 3. Percentage of workers by education, training, and experience requirements, 2023 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Civilian workers Sewing machine

operators

Dishwashers Janitors and cleaners Furniture finishers

Verbal interaction once per day or less often Basic people skills Not required to supervise others

Note: Striped bars represent range estimates where precise value is unpublished. See technical note for more information.

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Civilian workers Childcare workers Library assistants Skincare specialists Medical records

specialists

High school diploma Prior work experience On-the-job training

- 2 -
Physical demands 

A sedentary strength level was required when performing critical tasks for 29.3 percent of 

workers, meaning these workers spend 2/3 or more of their workday sitting and do not lift heavy 

objects. The ability to choose between sitting and standing was present for 42.3 percent of 

workers, and 55.4 percent of workers were not required to reach overhead. (See chart 4 and table 

4.) 

• Sedentary strength was required for 81.1 percent of cargo and freight agents and for 88.4

percent of human resources assistants.

• The choice between sitting and standing was available to 71.5 percent of customer

service representatives and for 94.9 percent of data entry keyers.

Chart 4. Percentage of workers by physical demands, 2023 

Environmental conditions

Exposure to heights was present for 9.1 percent of workers, 10.1 percent of workers performed 

critical tasks in close proximity to moving mechanical parts, and 33.0 percent of workers were 

required to work outdoors. (See chart 5 and table 5.) 

• Exposure to heights was present for 43.8 percent of bus and truck mechanics and for 99.3

percent of electrical power-line installers and repairers.

• Exposure to the outdoors was present for 76.3 percent of crane and tower operators and

for greater than 95 percent of cement masons and concrete finishers.

Chart 5. Percentage of workers by exposure to environmental conditions, 2023 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Civilian workers Cargo and freight

agents

Customer service

representatives

Data entry keyers Human resources

assistants

Sedentary strength Choice of sitting and standing No reaching overhead

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Civilian workers Bus and truck

mechanics

Cement masons and

concrete finishers

Crane and tower

operators

Electrical power-line

installers and repairers

Heights Moving mechanical parts Outdoors

Note: Striped bars represent range estimates where precise value is unpublished. For more on ranges, see technical note.

- 3 -
Technical Note

The Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS) provides job-related information about the 

physical demands; environmental conditions; education, training, and experience; as well as 

cognitive and mental requirements in the U.S. economy. 

Additional job requirement estimates are available at www.bls.gov/web/ors/ors-completedataset.xlsx and www.bls.gov/ors/data.htm. For information on estimation concepts and 

methods, see the Handbook of Methods at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ors/home.htm and 

www.bls.gov/ors/questions-and-answers.htm. 

Some estimates in this release have been provided as ranges. Ranges represent estimates where 

the precise value cannot be published. The use of ranges maximizes the number of published 

estimates and provides additional detail on job requirements in the economy. More information 

is available in the range estimates factsheet at www.bls.gov/ors/factsheet/range-estimates.htm. 

Sample size: The ORS is a nationally representative establishment-based survey. Estimates are 

produced from a probability sample of 56,300 establishments. There were 25,100 private 

industry and 5,000 state and local government responding establishments that provided 

approximately 148,600 occupational observations. The 2023 estimates represent 145,866,200 

civilian workers. The 2023 estimates are an aggregate of five annual samples collected between 

September 2018 and July 2023 and represent the final estimates for the second wave of ORS. 

Standard errors: To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of ORS estimates, standard errors 

are made available with the release. Standard errors provide users a measure of the precision of 

an estimate to ensure that it is within an acceptable range for their intended purpose. Collected 

and imputed data are included in the standard error calculation. For further information on 

standard errors and how to use them, see www.bls.gov/ors/se.htm. 

Major terms: Below are selected major terms from the news release. For complete terms and 

definitions, see the collection manual at www.bls.gov/ors/information-for-surveyparticipants/pdf/occupational-requirements-survey-collection-manual-082021.pdf.

• Control of workload considers which among the following most controls the amount of

work a worker is expected to perform: machinery, equipment, or software; numerical

performance targets; people; self-paced by worker; or another source.

• Critical job function is the main purpose and the primary pay factor for the job. It

consists of critical tasks that are integral to the job.

• Critical tasks are the activities workers must perform to carry out their critical job

function(s).

• Heights are present when either a worker’s center of gravity is at least five feet off the

ground or workers are at ground level with the risk of falling several feet below ground.

Workers must also be at risk of bodily injury from falling with no walls or railings to

lessen the possibility of falling.

• Outdoor exposure is considered present when workers perform critical tasks outdoors

and the worksite does not contain at least three walls and a roof.

• Work pace refers to the consistency of the work pace and the rate at which it is

performed.

- 4 -
Table 1. Percentage of workers with selected job requirements, 2023

Yes

Standard 

error

Yes

Standard 

error

Yes

Standard 

error

Yes No

Standard 

error

All workers 2.2 [1] 33.3 0.5 38.9 0.5 62.4 37.6 [1]

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations <0.5 [2] - - 48.2 1.7 62.7 37.3 1.3

Medical records specialists <0.5 [2] - - 55.7 4.2 73.2 26.8 6.5

Food preparation and serving related occupations <0.5 [2] 69.0 1.4 31.0 1.7 90.3 9.7 0.8

Dishwashers <0.5 [2] 74.0 2.2 31.2 3.7 96.9 3.1 1.0

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations <0.5 [2] 40.2 3.2 41.8 3.3 44.7 55.3 2.3

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners <0.5 [2] 25.5 2.8 38.8 3.5 39.6 60.4 3.5

Personal care and service occupations <0.5 [2] 43.7 1.9 33.6 4.8 65.3 34.7 3.5

Skincare specialists <0.5 [2] - - 7.1 4.1 86.1 13.9 7.6

Childcare workers <0.5 [2] 64.1 6.0 40.2 5.8 79.0 21.0 6.7

Office and administrative support occupations 1.4 [1] 26.3 1.2 37.2 0.9 79.8 20.2 0.9

Customer service representatives 7.7 3.0 - - 52.7 3.7 84.8 15.2 1.9

Library assistants, clerical <0.5 [2] 23.3 5.2 22.2 6.4 80.2 19.8 6.3

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping <0.5 [2] 16.2 3.7 34.8 3.7 80.9 19.1 5.2

Cargo and freight agents <0.5 [2] 43.0 12.4 - - - - -

Data entry keyers <0.5 [2] 52.2 9.7 57.6 5.0 98.2 1.8 0.9

Construction and extraction occupations 0.6 [1] 49.9 3.1 46.1 1.4 65.3 34.7 2.1

Cement masons and concrete finishers <0.5 [2] 71.9 6.9 45.7 3.5 91.8 8.2 3.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 0.7 [1] 35.8 1.4 32.7 2.0 51.4 48.6 1.7

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists <0.5 [2] 20.7 6.3 36.9 5.1 72.2 27.8 6.8

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 2.7 2.0 34.2 11.4 32.4 6.4 68.4 31.6 7.7

Production occupations 19.3 1.8 57.0 1.2 55.8 1.3 84.9 15.1 0.8

Team assemblers 34.2 7.0 70.8 6.4 76.7 6.9 91.7 8.3 2.6

Sewing machine operators 7.2 4.1 60.2 11.2 67.4 8.7 94.2 5.8 3.5

Furniture finishers 10.0 5.3 74.5 9.8 57.5 10.7 87.1 12.9 5.3

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 61.2 6.1 77.5 7.3 71.1 9.0 98.4 1.6 1.3

Transportation and material moving occupations 7.3 1.0 45.2 1.7 48.7 1.6 56.9 43.1 0.8

Crane and tower operators 7.8 5.2 54.9 10.3 54.2 13.4 58.9 41.1 11.1

Machine feeders and offbearers 53.7 12.4 73.9 10.0 82.9 9.1 97.0 3.0 1.8

Packers and packagers, hand 28.3 5.3 69.9 2.8 67.8 2.4 98.5 1.5 1.0

[1] Standard error is less than 0.5.

[2] The standard error is not available for this estimate.

Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

Workload is controlled by 

machinery, equipment, or 

Occupation and occupational group software

Work reviewed by 

supervisor more 

than once per day

Consistent, 

generally fast work 

pace

Supervisor is present

- 5 -
Table 2. Percentage of workers with cognitive and mental requirements, 2023

Yes

Standard 

error

Basic More than 

basic

Standard 

error

Yes No

Standard 

error

All workers 3.3 [1] 38.6 61.4 [1] 16.7 83.3 [1]

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations <0.5 [2] 7.9 92.1 0.6 21.5 78.5 1.0

Medical records specialists 2.5 1.6 41.9 58.1 7.7 3.6 96.4 2.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations 1.7 [1] 74.2 25.8 [1] 9.0 91.0 0.5

Dishwashers 32.0 5.3 >99.5 <0.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2]

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 21.0 0.9 87.2 12.8 0.8 8.9 91.1 0.9

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 33.6 1.4 96.8 3.2 1.0 2.1 97.9 0.5

Personal care and service occupations <0.5 [2] 38.0 62.0 3.4 11.4 88.6 0.8

Skincare specialists <0.5 [2] 33.9 66.1 12.9 1.1 98.9 0.9

Childcare workers <0.5 [2] 27.8 72.2 9.9 4.7 95.3 2.5

Office and administrative support occupations 1.4 [1] 31.9 68.1 0.9 8.6 91.4 [1]

Customer service representatives <0.5 [2] 25.2 74.8 1.4 1.4 98.6 0.6

Library assistants, clerical 2.8 1.1 49.7 50.3 5.9 2.4 97.6 0.8

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping <0.5 [2] 27.0 73.0 4.2 2.2 97.8 1.3

Cargo and freight agents <0.5 [2] 12.2 87.8 6.1 <10 >90 [2]

Data entry keyers 12.1 5.3 64.8 35.2 14.2 <15 >85 [2]

Construction and extraction occupations 8.0 0.8 65.0 35.0 2.2 19.1 80.9 1.5

Cement masons and concrete finishers 21.8 3.3 79.6 20.4 3.4 7.1 92.9 5.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 3.9 0.6 48.2 51.8 2.0 14.1 85.9 0.9

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 6.7 2.7 50.5 49.5 6.3 3.6 96.4 1.1

Electrical power-line installers and repairers - - 31.4 68.6 8.7 7.8 92.2 2.5

Production occupations 11.1 0.9 74.6 25.4 0.7 11.7 88.3 0.7

Team assemblers 10.0 4.7 89.5 10.5 4.0 2.4 97.6 0.8

Sewing machine operators 26.8 7.2 99.0 1.0 0.8 <5 >95 [2]

Furniture finishers <35 [2] 85.4 14.6 5.3 <0.5 >99.5 [2]

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 19.1 3.9 88.8 11.2 4.0 <10 >90 [2]

Transportation and material moving occupations 6.8 0.5 81.6 18.4 0.8 5.2 94.8 0.5

Crane and tower operators <15 [2] 80.8 19.2 8.5 5.1 94.9 3.2

Machine feeders and offbearers 20.6 8.4 >99.5 <0.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2]

Packers and packagers, hand 14.2 3.1 >99.5 <0.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2]

[1] Standard error is less than 0.5.

[2] The standard error is not available for this estimate.

Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

Verbal interaction once 

per day or less often People skills

Occupation and occupational group

Supervisory duties required

- 6 -
Table 3. Percentage of workers with education, training, and experience requirements, 2023

Yes

Standard 

error

Yes No

Standard 

error

Yes No

Standard 

error

All workers 40.1 [1] 47.5 52.5 [1] 78.9 21.1 [1]

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 21.1 1.0 39.1 60.9 0.9 72.3 27.7 1.1

Medical records specialists 86.7 2.8 52.9 47.1 5.9 89.8 10.2 4.6

Food preparation and serving related occupations 21.2 0.7 24.0 76.0 1.1 95.5 4.5 [1]

Dishwashers 9.4 1.8 2.0 98.0 1.0 92.5 7.5 4.0

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 30.0 2.3 20.7 79.3 1.2 90.6 9.4 1.6

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 30.4 3.9 15.9 84.1 2.0 88.9 11.1 2.3

Personal care and service occupations 60.7 3.4 26.4 73.6 3.4 87.4 12.6 1.5

Skincare specialists 86.7 10.2 3.4 96.6 0.8 94.1 5.9 3.8

Childcare workers 69.6 11.5 25.5 74.5 8.2 94.9 5.1 2.3

Office and administrative support occupations 75.6 0.7 59.4 40.6 0.8 88.5 11.5 0.5

Customer service representatives 77.7 3.1 54.4 45.6 3.1 92.9 7.1 2.6

Library assistants, clerical 72.9 5.8 27.5 72.5 7.5 90.9 9.1 3.3

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 70.9 4.7 69.5 30.5 4.8 91.1 8.9 1.7

Cargo and freight agents 86.0 15.0 - - - >75 <25 [2]

Data entry keyers 70.9 15.9 62.4 37.6 5.1 98.3 1.7 [1]

Construction and extraction occupations 47.1 2.4 51.3 48.7 2.8 64.4 35.6 1.5

Cement masons and concrete finishers 35.3 7.7 42.7 57.3 11.8 80.6 19.4 10.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 61.2 1.7 67.2 32.8 1.7 75.6 24.4 2.1

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 57.6 10.3 58.9 41.1 8.4 71.3 28.7 2.3

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 45.7 8.2 67.7 32.3 7.7 39.2 60.8 5.1

Production occupations 55.5 1.5 46.3 53.7 2.0 89.1 10.9 1.3

Team assemblers 64.9 5.9 25.2 74.8 5.7 96.6 3.4 1.8

Sewing machine operators 28.5 11.6 28.2 71.8 10.9 91.8 8.2 3.5

Furniture finishers 56.8 14.3 53.0 47.0 13.2 85.0 15.0 7.5

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 68.4 7.9 38.6 61.4 6.6 >90 <10 [2]

Transportation and material moving occupations 39.2 1.3 29.8 70.2 1.2 89.2 10.8 0.7

Crane and tower operators 37.9 12.8 42.3 57.7 10.8 77.2 22.8 9.8

Machine feeders and offbearers 64.6 10.1 10.0 90.0 6.4 >99.5 <0.5 [2]

Packers and packagers, hand 18.2 3.6 7.0 93.0 2.8 92.9 7.1 2.7

[1] Standard error is less than 0.5.

[2] The standard error is not available for this estimate.

Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

High school diploma Prior work experience On-the-job training

Occupation and occupational group

- 7 -
Table 4. Percentage of workers with physical demands, 2023

Yes

Standard 

error

Yes No

Standard 

error

Yes No

Standard 

error

All workers 29.3 [1] 42.3 57.7 [1] 44.6 55.4 0.5

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations - - 30.8 69.2 1.8 62.1 37.9 1.5

Medical records specialists - - 90.3 9.7 3.4 10.2 89.8 3.4

Food preparation and serving related occupations <0.5 [2] 1.4 98.6 [1] 66.3 33.7 1.0

Dishwashers <0.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] 72.1 27.9 2.1

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations <0.5 [2] 7.7 92.3 1.4 87.9 12.1 1.4

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners <0.5 [2] 6.4 93.6 2.3 92.0 8.0 1.7

Personal care and service occupations 5.1 0.7 21.5 78.5 2.9 50.5 49.5 2.6

Skincare specialists - - - - - 11.5 88.5 5.5

Childcare workers <0.5 [2] 34.9 65.1 6.3 49.1 50.9 6.6

Office and administrative support occupations 74.3 0.7 80.9 19.1 0.8 14.2 85.8 0.6

Customer service representatives 83.4 3.4 71.5 28.5 3.3 4.9 95.1 1.2

Library assistants, clerical 27.0 13.6 45.8 54.2 4.5 87.4 12.6 2.5

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 88.4 2.3 94.2 5.8 1.6 8.6 91.4 2.0

Cargo and freight agents 81.1 10.6 89.2 10.8 5.9 1.7 98.3 1.4

Data entry keyers 87.2 7.0 94.9 5.1 1.2 9.3 90.7 6.8

Construction and extraction occupations 2.3 0.5 11.9 88.1 1.5 81.8 18.2 1.4

Cement masons and concrete finishers - - <0.5 >99.5 [2] 69.6 30.4 5.0

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations - - 18.4 81.6 1.8 90.2 9.8 0.7

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists <0.5 [2] 12.0 88.0 2.4 95.6 4.4 1.9

Electrical power-line installers and repairers <0.5 [2] 1.4 98.6 1.3 99.2 0.8 0.5

Production occupations 4.5 0.5 16.6 83.4 1.1 46.3 53.7 1.8

Team assemblers 5.9 4.2 5.9 94.1 2.7 54.9 45.1 5.2

Sewing machine operators 40.5 10.6 16.8 83.2 10.1 6.7 93.3 2.4

Furniture finishers - - 8.9 91.1 4.7 39.0 61.0 12.1

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders <0.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] 34.0 66.0 7.3

Transportation and material moving occupations 11.0 1.0 5.4 94.6 [1] 60.4 39.6 1.4

Crane and tower operators - - 6.6 93.4 4.3 76.4 23.6 7.6

Machine feeders and offbearers <0.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] 35.0 65.0 13.7

Packers and packagers, hand <0.5 [2] 2.3 97.7 1.2 45.7 54.3 5.4

[1] Standard error is less than 0.5.

[2] The standard error is not available for this estimate.

Note: Dashes indicate that the estimate was not publishable. Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

Sedentary strength Choice of sitting or standing Reaching overhead

Occupation and occupational group

- 8 -
Table 5. Percentage of workers exposed to environmental conditions, 2023

Yes No

Standard 

error

Yes No

Standard 

error

Yes Not

Standard 

error

All workers 9.1 90.9 [1] 10.1 89.9 [1] 33.0 67.0 [1]

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations <0.5 >99.5 [2] 1.4 98.6 [1] 7.3 92.7 0.5

Medical records specialists <0.5 >99.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2]

Food preparation and serving related occupations 1.6 98.4 [1] 7.3 92.7 0.5 33.5 66.5 1.5

Dishwashers 0.5 99.5 [1] 3.1 96.9 1.8 33.9 66.1 3.9

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 20.7 79.3 1.9 24.6 75.4 2.0 73.8 26.2 1.3

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 20.2 79.8 2.4 6.8 93.2 2.5 77.0 23.0 3.3

Personal care and service occupations 1.6 98.4 0.6 0.7 99.3 [1] 51.5 48.5 3.2

Skincare specialists <0.5 >99.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] <20 >80 [2]

Childcare workers <0.5 >99.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] 86.4 13.6 4.5

Office and administrative support occupations 1.0 99.0 [1] 0.6 99.4 [1] 4.7 95.3 [1]

Customer service representatives <0.5 >99.5 [2] <5 >95 [2] 3.1 96.9 0.8

Library assistants, clerical <10 >90 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] 7.8 92.2 2.7

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping <0.5 >99.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2]

Cargo and freight agents <0.5 >99.5 [2] <5 >95 [2] 12.7 87.3 10.5

Data entry keyers <0.5 >99.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2] <0.5 >99.5 [2]

Construction and extraction occupations 62.7 37.3 1.6 45.9 54.1 1.7 92.4 7.6 1.0

Cement masons and concrete finishers 44.5 55.5 11.4 47.0 53.0 11.3 >95 <5 [2]

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 49.9 50.1 2.2 47.1 52.9 1.3 79.4 20.6 1.4

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 43.8 56.2 9.7 64.2 35.8 2.8 82.6 17.4 4.3

Electrical power-line installers and repairers 99.3 0.7 [1] 40.9 59.1 10.1 >99.5 <0.5 [2]

Production occupations 9.8 90.2 0.8 46.6 53.4 2.2 11.4 88.6 0.9

Team assemblers 12.4 87.6 4.9 46.9 53.1 6.8 <15 >85 [2]

Sewing machine operators <0.5 >99.5 [2] 56.2 43.8 10.0 <20 >80 [2]

Furniture finishers 7.8 92.2 6.7 21.0 79.0 5.6 12.0 88.0 7.7

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 3.8 96.2 1.2 62.5 37.5 10.1 2.0 98.0 1.2

Transportation and material moving occupations 12.4 87.6 0.7 10.7 89.3 0.6 57.6 42.4 1.8

Crane and tower operators 60.2 39.8 12.3 43.7 56.3 14.8 76.3 23.7 9.8

Machine feeders and offbearers <5 >95 [2] 73.4 26.6 10.8 <30 >70 [2]

Packers and packagers, hand 1.0 99.0 0.6 25.0 75.0 5.9 26.1 73.9 2.9

[1] Standard error is less than 0.5.

[2] The standard error is not available for this estimate.

Note: Due to rounding sum of estimates may not equal 100 percent.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey

Heights In proximity to moving 

mechanical parts Outdoors

Occupation and occupational group

- 9 -