For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, August 6, 2015 USDL-15-1514

Technical Information: (202) 691-5618 • dipsweb@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY: WHOLESALE TRADE,

RETAIL TRADE, AND FOOD SERVICES AND DRINKING PLACES INDUSTRIES, 2014 

Labor productivity – defined as output per hour – rose 2.6 percent in wholesale trade, 1.9 percent in 

retail trade, and 0.3 percent in food services and drinking places in 2014, the U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics reported today. Unit labor costs, which reflect the total labor costs required to produce a unit 

of output, also rose in all three sectors. 

Productivity in wholesale trade rose faster in 2014 than in 2013. Both output and hours increased at a 

higher rate than the previous year. In retail trade, output rose at a slightly slower rate and hours 

increased after falling the previous year, leading to a smaller productivity rise than in 2013. The 

productivity increase in food services and drinking places in 2014 resulted from an increase in output 

that exceeded that of hours. 

Chart 1. Annual percent change in labor productivity, output, and hours, 2013 and 2014

 

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Percent Change

Productivity Output Hours

Wholesale

Trade

Retail 

Trade

Food 

Services and 

Drinking 

Places

Wholesale

Trade

Retail 

Trade

Food 

Services and 

Drinking 

Places

2013 2014
Labor Productivity Trends in 2014

Productivity increased in 30 of the 49 detailed 4-digit NAICS industries studied in 2014. Both output 

and hours grew in 42 industries. Unit labor costs fell in 18 industries in 2014. 

In wholesale trade, productivity rose 2.6 percent as output grew 4.3 percent and hours increased 1.7 

percent. Productivity grew 2.4 percent in durable goods wholesalers and 3.1 percent in nondurable 

goods wholesalers. Productivity increased in 16 of the 19 detailed wholesale trade industries, while 

output rose in 17 industries and hours grew in 18. Productivity increased most rapidly in apparel and 

piece goods and druggists’ goods, as output rose substantially in each. Unit labor costs declined in eight 

industries. 

In retail trade, productivity grew 1.9 percent, as output rose 3.9 percent and hours rose 2.0 percent. 

Productivity increased in 13 of the 27 detailed retail trade industries, as output grew in 22 industries and 

hours rose in 21. The largest productivity increases were in beer, wine, and liquor stores and electronics 

and appliance stores. Output increased strongly in both of these industries. Unit labor costs fell in nine 

industries. 

In food services and drinking places, productivity rose 0.3 percent, as output grew 3.7 percent and 

hours rose 3.3 percent. Output and hours rose in all three of the detailed industries in this sector, while 

only restaurants and other eating places recorded an increase in productivity. Unit labor costs rose in two 

of the industries. 

Productivity increased in 11 of the 16 3-digit NAICS industries studied in 2014. Productivity gains of at 

least 5 percent occurred in 2 industries where output increased strongly: electronics and appliance stores 

and health and personal care stores.

Chart 2: Percent change in labor productivity, output, and hours in wholesale trade, retail trade, 

and food services and drinking places industries, 2014

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Electronics and appliance stores

Health and personal care stores

Motor vehicle and parts dealers

Building material and garden supply stores

Nondurable goods

General merchandise stores

Durable goods

Electronic markets and agents and brokers

Clothing and clothing accessories stores

Miscellaneous store retailers

Food services and drinking places

Furniture and home furnishings stores

Gasoline stations

Food and beverage stores

Nonstore retailers

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores

Percent Change

Productivity Output Hours

2
Unit labor costs fell in 5 out of 16 3-digit NAICS industries in 2014. All unit labor cost declines 

occurred in industries where productivity rose. Conversely, each of the industries where productivity fell 

also recorded an increase in unit labor costs. Labor compensation rose in 2014 in all 16 industries. 

Chart 3. Percent change in labor productivity and unit labor costs in wholesale trade, retail trade, 

and food services and drinking places industries, 2014

Chart 4. Percent change in labor compensation, output, and unit labor costs in wholesale trade, 

retail trade, and food services and drinking places industries, 2014

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores

Nonstore retailers

Food and beverage stores

Gasoline stations

Furniture and home furnishings stores

Miscellaneous store retailers

Food services and drinking places

Clothing and clothing accessories stores

Electronic markets and agents and brokers

Durable goods

General merchandise stores

Nondurable goods

Building material and garden supply stores

Motor vehicle and parts dealers

Health and personal care stores

Electronics and appliance stores

Percent Change

Productivity Unit Labor Costs

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Nonstore retailers

Miscellaneous store retailers

Electronic markets and agents and brokers

Furniture and home furnishings stores

Food and beverage stores

Motor vehicle and parts dealers

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores

Health and personal care stores

Nondurable goods

Food services and drinking places

Gasoline stations

Electronics and appliance stores

Durable goods

Clothing and clothing accessories stores

Building material and garden supply stores

General merchandise stores

Percent Change

Unit Labor Costs Output Labor Compensation

3
Of the 12 largest detailed wholesale trade, retail trade, and food services and drinking places industries, 

ranked by employment size, output rose in 10 industries and hours rose in 8. Productivity growth was 

greatest in health and personal care stores, where output grew and hours declined. Productivity fell the 

most in special food services, where strong growth in hours outpaced the increase in output. 

Chart 5. Percent change in labor productivity, output, and hours in the largest (by employment) 

wholesale trade, retail trade, and food services and drinking places industries, 2014 

Labor Productivity Trends in Selected Time Periods

From 1987 to 2014, productivity increased at an average annual rate of 3.1 percent in wholesale trade, 

2.8 percent in retail trade, and 0.4 percent in food services and drinking places. Unit labor costs rose in 

wholesale trade and in food services and drinking places, and were unchanged in retail trade from 1987 

to 2014. (See Table 2 and Chart 6.) 

Among the detailed 4-digit NAICS industries, productivity rose in approximately 89 percent of 

wholesale trade industries, 100 percent of retail trade industries, and 67 percent of food services and 

drinking places industries from 1987 to 2014. Median productivity growth among these industries was 

2.2 percent per year. Productivity growth over the long term was associated with rising output in many 

industries, while hours increased in slightly more than half. 

0.9

2.6

1.2

4.4

4.4

4.7

5.0

2.4

2.3

-2.0

-0.4

-4.7

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

Percent Change in Output

Percent Change in Hours

Industries with increasing productivity

Industries with decreasing productivity

Department 

stores

Health and personal 

care stores

Clothing stores

Other general 

merchandise stores

Grocery and 

related products

Gasoline stations

Grocery

stores

Building material and 

supplies dealers

Automobile dealers

Special food services

Note: Bubble size represents industry 

employment. Value in the bubble indicates 

percent change in labor productivity.

Restaurants and 

other eating places

Electronic markets and 

agents and brokers

4
Productivity also increased in about two-thirds of the detailed industries studied between 2007 and 2014, 

despite the fact that the period encompassed a recession. However, only 55 percent of the industries saw 

increases in output, while 37 percent experienced growth in hours. 

Chart 6. Percent of industries with increases in labor productivity, output, and hours, 1987-2014, 

2007-2014 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent of Industries

Productivity Output Hours

Wholesale

Trade

Retail 

Trade

Food 

Services and 

Drinking 

Places

Wholesale

Trade

Retail 

Trade

Food 

Services and 

Drinking 

Places

1987-2014 2007-2014

5
Additional Information

The trade and food services and drinking places measures in this release incorporate preliminary data 

from the Census Bureau’s Annual Wholesale Trade Report (February 2015), Monthly Wholesale Trade 

Survey (May 2015), Annual Retail Trade Survey (March 2015), and the Annual Revision of the 

Monthly Retail and Food Services: Sales and Inventories (May 2015), as well as data from the Census 

Bureau’s Nonemployer Statistics (May 2015). The labor productivity and output series for all industries 

have been revised for 2013 and earlier years as a result. This news release also incorporates the annual 

benchmark revision of the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey published in February 

2015. In addition, the unit labor cost measures incorporate preliminary data from the BLS Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages (June 2015). All of the measures for 2014 in this release are 

preliminary and subject to revision. 

For the first time, the industries included in this news release are classified according to the 2012 

NAICS. Indexes have been rebased from 2002=100 to 2007=100 starting with this release. While the 

rates of change reported by BLS in this release are rounded to one decimal place, all percent changes are 

calculated using index numbers rounded to three decimal places. 

Year-to-year movements in industry productivity may be erratic, particularly in smaller industries. The 

annual measures based on sample data may differ from measures generated by a census of 

establishments in the industry. Annual changes in an industry’s output and use of labor may reflect 

cyclical changes in the economy as well as long-term trends. As a result, long-term productivity trends 

tend to be more reliable indicators of industry performance than year-to-year changes.

Want to know more? 

Find more detailed data at www.bls.gov/lpc for:

-Additional industries and sectors 

-Additional data series: indexes of productivity and related measures; rates of 

change; and levels of industry employment, hours, nominal value of production, 

and labor compensation. 

-Additional years and long term data

Questions?

Additional information can be obtained by calling the industry productivity program (202) 691-

5618 or by sending a message via http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/forms/ips?/lpc/contact.htm 

Information in this report will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. 

TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. 

Subscribe to Newsletter

Customers can subscribe to the industry productivity program’s news releases on the BLS website 

at https://subscriptions.bls.gov/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. 

6
Technical Note

Labor Productivity: The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between 

industry output and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to 

period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although the labor productivity measures 

relate output to hours of all persons in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor 

or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including: 

changes in technology; capital investment; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the use of 

purchased services inputs, including contract employment services; the organization of production; the 

characteristics and effort of the workforce; and managerial skill.

Output: Industry output is measured as an annual-weighted index of the changes in the various products 

or services (in real terms) provided for sale outside the industry. Real industry output for data in this 

release is derived by deflating nominal sales or values of production using BLS price indexes. Industry 

output measures are constructed primarily using data from the economic censuses and annual surveys of 

the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce, together with information on price changes 

primarily from BLS.

Labor Hours: Labor hours reflect annual hours worked by all employed persons in an industry. Data on

industry employment and hours come primarily from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) 

survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). CES data on the number of total and nonsupervisory 

worker jobs held by wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments are supplemented with CPS 

self-employed and unpaid family worker data to estimate industry employment. Hours worked estimates 

are derived using CES and CPS employment, CES data on average weekly hours paid of nonsupervisory 

workers, CPS data on hours of supervisory, self-employed, and unpaid family workers, and ratios of 

hours-worked to hours-paid based on data from the BLS National Compensation Survey (NCS). For 

some industries, employment and hours data are supplemented or further disaggregated using data from 

the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), the Census Bureau, or other sources. 

Hours worked are estimated separately for different types of workers and then are directly aggregated; 

no adjustments for labor composition are made. 

Unit Labor Costs: Unit labor costs represent the cost of labor required to produce one unit of output. 

The unit labor cost indexes are computed by dividing an index of nominal labor compensation by an 

index of real industry output. Unit labor costs also describe the relationship between compensation per 

hour and real output per hour (labor productivity). Increases in hourly compensation increase unit labor 

costs; increases in labor productivity offset hourly compensation increases and lower unit labor costs. 

Labor Compensation: Labor compensation, defined as payroll plus supplemental payments, is a 

measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of labor. Payroll includes salaries, wages, 

commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and compensation in kind. 

Supplemental payments include both legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary 

programs. The legally required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and survivors’ insurance, 

unemployment compensation, and workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all 

programs not specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health 

insurance and pension plans. Industry compensation measures are constructed primarily using data from 

the BLS QCEW and the economic censuses of the Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 

7
Table 1. Percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2013-2014

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2014

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2013-2014

Labor

productivity Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade................................................... 42 5,983.0 2.6 4.3 1.7 4.9 0.5

Durable goods.................................................. 423 2,986.5 2.4 4.7 2.3 4.5 -0.2

Motor vehicles and parts.................................... 4231 337.7 2.6 3.0 0.4 8.4 5.2

Furniture and furnishings.................................... 4232 104.0 0.7 3.3 2.6 3.2 -0.1

Lumber and construction supplies.......................... 4233 203.9 1.4 1.8 0.4 5.8 3.9

Commercial equipment...................................... 4234 636.5 3.1 5.4 2.2 3.8 -1.5

Metals and minerals......................................... 4235 129.2 2.7 8.6 5.7 7.0 -1.4

Appliances and electric goods.............................. 4236 327.5 1.8 7.9 6.0 3.9 -3.7

Hardware and plumbing..................................... 4237 238.7 1.1 3.2 2.0 3.9 0.7

Machinery and supplies..................................... 4238 685.2 3.6 6.1 2.4 4.9 -1.2

Miscellaneous durable goods............................... 4239 323.8 -1.5 -1.4 0.1 2.0 3.4

Nondurable goods.............................................. 424 2,090.2 3.1 4.1 1.0 5.3 1.2

Paper and paper products.................................. 4241 125.7 2.4 3.7 1.3 2.8 -0.9

Druggists’ goods............................................. 4242 196.1 6.6 7.0 0.3 9.2 2.1

Apparel and piece goods.................................... 4243 151.4 9.7 8.4 -1.2 1.9 -6.0

Grocery and related products............................... 4244 773.2 2.3 2.9 0.5 6.0 3.1

Farm product raw materials................................. 4245 81.7 6.2 11.7 5.1 -0.4 -10.8

Chemicals..................................................... 4246 132.8 3.1 4.9 1.8 5.8 0.9

Petroleum..................................................... 4247 100.9 -3.6 2.5 6.3 6.7 4.1

Alcoholic beverages......................................... 4248 187.1 2.0 2.1 0.1 5.2 3.0

Miscellaneous nondurable goods........................... 4249 341.3 -2.1 -1.5 0.7 2.9 4.5

Electronic markets and agents and brokers................. 425 906.3 2.4 3.6 1.2 5.2 1.6

Electronic markets and agents and brokers............... 4251 906.3 2.4 3.6 1.2 5.2 1.6

Retail Trade

Retail trade......................................................... 44-45 16,196.5 1.9 3.9 2.0 4.8 0.8

Motor vehicle and parts dealers............................... 441 1,921.7 3.7 7.5 3.7 6.3 -1.1

Automobile dealers.......................................... 4411 1,219.2 4.4 8.1 3.6 7.4 -0.6

Other motor vehicle dealers................................ 4412 143.0 3.8 8.4 4.5 5.3 -2.8

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores................... 4413 559.5 -2.4 1.1 3.6 2.9 1.8

Furniture and home furnishings stores....................... 442 491.2 -0.2 6.1 6.4 7.2 1.0

Furniture stores.............................................. 4421 229.5 1.7 7.5 5.8 6.5 -1.0

Home furnishings stores..................................... 4422 261.7 -2.4 4.5 7.0 8.0 3.3

Electronics and appliance stores.............................. 443 516.2 5.7 9.3 3.5 2.2 -6.5

Electronics and appliance stores........................... 4431 516.2 5.7 9.3 3.5 2.2 -6.5

Building material and garden supply stores.................. 444 1,278.5 3.6 4.6 0.9 4.0 -0.5

Building material and supplies dealers..................... 4441 1,106.9 4.4 4.0 -0.4 2.9 -1.1

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores........ 4442 171.6 -1.1 8.1 9.4 12.5 4.0

Food and beverage stores..................................... 445 3,090.1 -1.3 1.3 2.7 4.4 3.1

Grocery stores................................................ 4451 2,671.6 -2.0 0.9 2.9 4.4 3.5

Specialty food stores........................................ 4452 255.4 3.0 6.7 3.5 7.3 0.6

Beer, wine and liquor stores................................ 4453 163.1 6.7 3.7 -2.9 -0.2 -3.8

Health and personal care stores.............................. 446 1,065.7 5.0 3.9 -1.0 3.2 -0.8

Health and personal care stores........................... 4461 1,065.7 5.0 3.9 -1.0 3.2 -0.8

Gasoline stations............................................... 447 889.6 -0.4 -0.1 0.3 4.0 4.1

Gasoline stations............................................. 4471 889.6 -0.4 -0.1 0.3 4.0 4.1

Clothing and clothing accessories stores.................... 448 1,468.9 1.5 2.3 0.8 3.2 0.8

Clothing stores............................................... 4481 1,079.9 4.7 2.0 -2.6 1.4 -0.6

Shoe stores................................................... 4482 206.2 -7.2 2.9 10.8 5.4 2.4

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores............... 4483 182.8 -2.9 3.4 6.5 7.9 4.4

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores. . . . . . . . . . . .. 451 676.4 -2.1 1.3 3.4 3.9 2.6

Sporting goods and musical instrument stores. . . . . . . . . .. 4511 578.3 -1.0 1.7 2.7 4.6 2.8

Book stores and news dealers............................. 4512 98.1 -8.2 -1.0 7.8 0.0 1.0

8
Table 1. Percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2013-2014 — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

2014

Employment

(thousands)

Percent change, 2013-2014

Labor

productivity Output Hours Labor

compensation

Unit labor

costs

General merchandise stores................................... 452 3,123.5 2.8 2.6 -0.2 3.1 0.5

Department stores........................................... 4521 1,349.5 1.2 -0.8 -2.0 1.1 2.0

Other general merchandise stores......................... 4529 1,774.0 2.6 3.8 1.2 4.4 0.6

Miscellaneous store retailers.................................. 453 976.4 0.3 2.6 2.3 5.1 2.5

Florists........................................................ 4531 88.7 -11.7 4.4 18.2 14.0 9.2

Office supplies, stationery and gift stores................. 4532 307.9 3.7 0.9 -2.7 -1.9 -2.8

Used merchandise stores................................... 4533 219.6 2.8 4.0 1.2 6.9 2.8

Other miscellaneous store retailers........................ 4539 360.2 -0.5 3.0 3.4 8.3 5.2

Nonstore retailers............................................... 454 698.3 -1.8 6.3 8.2 11.1 4.6

Electronic shopping and mail-order houses............... 4541 387.6 -1.3 8.5 9.9 15.3 6.3

Vending machine operators................................. 4542 46.9 -6.8 -1.7 5.5 3.6 5.4

Direct selling establishments................................ 4543 263.8 -8.2 -2.7 6.1 4.1 6.9

Food Services and Drinking Places

Food services and drinking places............................ 722 10,932.9 0.3 3.7 3.3 5.4 1.6

Special food services........................................ 7223 774.1 -4.7 4.0 9.0 2.3 -1.6

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages...................... 7224 371.3 0.0 1.3 1.4 3.6 2.2

Restaurants and other eating places....................... 7225 9,787.5 0.9 3.8 2.9 5.8 2.0

Restaurants and other eating places.................... 72251 9,787.5 0.9 3.8 2.9 5.8 2.0

Full-service restaurants................................ 722511 5,091.1 2.5 4.9 2.4 5.8 0.9

Limited-service eating places.......................... 722513,4,5 4,696.4 -0.8 2.6 3.4 5.8 3.0

9
Table 2. Average annual percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 1987-2014

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

Labor

productivity Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

Wholesale Trade

Wholesale trade...................................................................... 42 3.1 3.5 0.3 4.2 0.7

Durable goods..................................................................... 423 4.9 4.9 0.0 4.1 -0.8

Motor vehicles and parts....................................................... 4231 3.9 3.5 -0.4 3.5 0.0

Furniture and furnishings....................................................... 4232 2.1 1.6 -0.5 3.7 2.0

Lumber and construction supplies............................................ 4233 1.4 1.5 0.1 2.8 1.3

Commercial equipment......................................................... 4234 12.7 12.9 0.2 4.4 -7.5

Metals and minerals............................................................ 4235 -0.2 0.1 0.3 3.7 3.7

Appliances and electric goods................................................. 4236 8.3 7.8 -0.5 4.2 -3.4

Hardware and plumbing........................................................ 4237 1.8 2.3 0.5 4.2 1.8

Machinery and supplies........................................................ 4238 2.3 2.3 0.0 4.2 1.8

Miscellaneous durable goods.................................................. 4239 1.3 2.0 0.7 4.5 2.4

Nondurable goods................................................................. 424 1.7 1.8 0.1 4.3 2.4

Paper and paper products..................................................... 4241 1.3 0.6 -0.7 2.8 2.2

Druggists’ goods................................................................ 4242 4.1 5.2 1.1 8.2 2.8

Apparel and piece goods....................................................... 4243 2.8 2.3 -0.4 3.2 0.9

Grocery and related products.................................................. 4244 1.2 1.9 0.6 4.3 2.4

Farm product raw materials.................................................... 4245 1.8 0.1 -1.6 3.9 3.8

Chemicals........................................................................ 4246 0.8 1.1 0.3 4.2 3.0

Petroleum........................................................................ 4247 2.8 1.2 -1.5 3.2 2.0

Alcoholic beverages............................................................ 4248 -0.1 1.8 1.9 5.1 3.2

Miscellaneous nondurable goods............................................. 4249 0.3 -0.1 -0.4 3.0 3.1

Electronic markets and agents and brokers.................................... 425 0.7 3.0 2.3 4.7 1.7

Electronic markets and agents and brokers.................................. 4251 0.7 3.0 2.3 4.7 1.7

Retail Trade

Retail trade............................................................................ 44-45 2.8 3.2 0.4 3.3 0.0

Motor vehicle and parts dealers.................................................. 441 2.1 2.9 0.7 3.5 0.7

Automobile dealers............................................................. 4411 2.2 2.9 0.7 3.6 0.6

Other motor vehicle dealers................................................... 4412 2.7 3.5 0.7 4.3 0.8

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores...................................... 4413 1.0 1.8 0.8 3.2 1.3

Furniture and home furnishings stores.......................................... 442 3.7 3.5 -0.2 2.6 -0.9

Furniture stores................................................................. 4421 3.3 3.0 -0.3 2.3 -0.6

Home furnishings stores....................................................... 4422 4.3 4.2 -0.2 2.9 -1.2

Electronics and appliance stores................................................. 443 11.3 12.1 0.7 3.3 -7.8

Electronics and appliance stores.............................................. 4431 11.3 12.1 0.7 3.3 -7.8

Building material and garden supply stores..................................... 444 2.5 3.2 0.6 3.3 0.1

Building material and supplies dealers....................................... 4441 2.4 3.1 0.8 3.4 0.2

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores........................... 4442 3.4 3.4 0.0 2.5 -0.9

Food and beverage stores........................................................ 445 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.9 2.5

Grocery stores................................................................... 4451 0.2 0.3 0.1 3.1 2.8

Specialty food stores........................................................... 4452 0.2 -0.3 -0.5 1.8 2.1

Beer, wine and liquor stores................................................... 4453 2.2 1.2 -1.0 1.7 0.6

Health and personal care stores................................................. 446 2.2 3.2 1.0 4.6 1.3

Health and personal care stores.............................................. 4461 2.2 3.2 1.0 4.6 1.3

Gasoline stations.................................................................. 447 1.5 1.0 -0.5 2.3 1.3

Gasoline stations................................................................ 4471 1.5 1.0 -0.5 2.3 1.3

Clothing and clothing accessories stores....................................... 448 4.1 3.8 -0.3 2.7 -1.1

Clothing stores.................................................................. 4481 4.5 4.3 -0.2 2.8 -1.5

Shoe stores...................................................................... 4482 3.0 2.6 -0.4 1.9 -0.7

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores................................. 4483 3.2 2.8 -0.4 2.9 0.1

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores................................ 451 3.5 4.0 0.4 3.3 -0.6

Sporting goods and musical instrument stores.............................. 4511 4.1 4.8 0.7 3.7 -1.1

Book stores and news dealers................................................ 4512 1.7 0.9 -0.9 1.7 0.9

10
Table 2. Average annual percent change in labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data,

1987-2014 — Continued

Industry

2012

NAICS

code

Average annual percent change, 1987-2014

Labor

productivity Output Hours Laborcompensation

Unit labor

costs

General merchandise stores..................................................... 452 3.1 4.5 1.3 3.6 -0.9

Department stores.............................................................. 4521 0.7 1.0 0.3 1.8 0.8

Other general merchandise stores............................................ 4529 5.4 7.9 2.4 5.5 -2.3

Miscellaneous store retailers..................................................... 453 3.2 3.2 -0.1 2.2 -1.0

Florists........................................................................... 4531 2.3 -0.1 -2.3 0.3 0.3

Office supplies, stationery and gift stores.................................... 4532 5.2 4.2 -1.0 1.6 -2.5

Used merchandise stores...................................................... 4533 4.8 6.3 1.4 3.9 -2.2

Other miscellaneous store retailers........................................... 4539 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.5 0.3

Nonstore retailers.................................................................. 454 7.9 8.6 0.7 4.2 -4.1

Electronic shopping and mail-order houses.................................. 4541 9.9 14.2 3.9 8.1 -5.4

Vending machine operators.................................................... 4542 0.2 -2.3 -2.6 0.5 3.0

Direct selling establishments................................................... 4543 2.3 0.9 -1.4 1.3 0.4

Food Services and Drinking Places

Food services and drinking places.............................................. 722 0.4 2.0 1.6 5.1 3.1

Special food services........................................................... 7223 1.1 2.4 1.3 3.6 1.2

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages......................................... 7224 -0.3 -0.7 -0.3 2.6 3.2

Restaurants and other eating places......................................... 7225 0.4 2.2 1.8 5.5 3.3

Restaurants and other eating places....................................... 72251 0.4 2.2 1.8 5.5 3.3

Full-service restaurants................................................... 722511 0.5 2.2 1.7 5.9 3.7

Limited-service eating places............................................. 722513,4,5 0.3 2.1 1.9 5.0 2.8

11