For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Thursday, December 19, 2013 USDL-13-2393 

Technical information: (202) 691-5700 • ep-info@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/emp 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS — 2012-2022 

Occupations and industries related to healthcare are projected to add the most new jobs between 2012 

and 2022, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported today. Total employment is projected to 

increase 10.8 percent, or 15.6 million, during the decade. 

In addition to projecting employment for each detailed occupation, BLS depicts the education, related 

work experience, and on-the-job training typically needed for occupations. Occupations that typically 

require postsecondary education for entry are expected, on average, to grow faster than occupations that 

require a high school diploma or less. 

This news release focuses on several areas of projections data: labor force and the aggregate economy, 

industry employment, occupation employment, education and training, and replacement needs. 

Labor force and the aggregate economy 

Projections of the labor force and the aggregate economy serve as the basis for employment projections. 

Slower projected growth in the civilian noninstitutional population and declining labor force 

participation rates limit growth in the labor force, which in turn limits economic growth. 

 The labor force is projected to grow 0.5 percent per year from 2012 to 2022, compared with an 

annual growth rate of 0.7 percent during the 2002-12 decade. Due to the aging baby-boom 

generation, workers ages 55 and older are expected to make up over one-quarter of the labor 

force in 2022. (See table 1.) 

 Projected declines in the labor force participation rates for both men and women are expected to 

slow labor force growth. The overall labor force participation rate is projected to decline from 

63.7 percent in 2012 to 61.6 percent in 2022, continuing the trend from the past decade. (See 

table 2.) 

 Slower labor force growth is expected to limit potential economic growth. Gross domestic 

product (GDP) is projected to increase by 2.6 percent annually from 2012 to 2022, slower than 

the 3 percent or higher rate often posted from the mid-1990s through mid-2000s. 
- 2 - 

Industry employment 

BLS analyzes future demand for different types of goods and services, and then projects the employment 

necessary to produce them. Most of the 10.8 percent employment growth is projected to be in serviceproviding industries. 

 The health care and social assistance sector is projected to grow at an annual rate of 2.6 percent, 

adding 5.0 million jobs between 2012 and 2022. This accounts for nearly one-third of the total 

projected increase in jobs. The growth reflects, in part, the demand for healthcare workers to 

address the needs of an aging population. (See table 3 and chart 1.) 

 Employment in the construction sector is projected to grow 2.6 percent annually. This equates to 

1.6 million new jobs over the 2012-22 decade, the most among goods-producing sectors and 

third most among all major industry sectors. (See table 3 and chart 1.) Despite expected fast 

growth, construction sector employment in 2022 is projected to be below the peak level (7.7 

million; 2006). 

 Five industry sectors are projected to have decreases in employment: manufacturing (-549,500); 

federal government (-407,500); agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting (-223,500); 

information (-65,200); and utilities (-56,400). (See table 3.) 

‐1.6

‐1.1

‐0.2

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.8

1.9

2.6

‐2.8

‐0.5

‐0.2

1.4

2.6

‐3 ‐2 ‐10 1 2 3

Agriculture self‐employed and unpaid family workers

Federal government

Utilities

Manufacturing

Agriculture wage and salary

Information

State and local government

Nonagriculture self‐employed and unpaid family workers

Retail trade

Transportation and warehousing

Wholesale trade

Financial activities

Leisure and hospitality

Other services

Mining

Professional and business services

Educational services

Construction

Health care and social assistance

Chart 1. Projected annual employment rate of change by major industry

sector, 2012‐22

Services‐Providing

Goods‐Producing
- 3 - 

Occupation employment 

Projected industry employment is distributed among occupations based on how industries are expected 

to use those occupations. 

 Of the 30 occupations projected to have the largest percentage increase between 2012 and 2022, 

14 are related to healthcare and 5 are related to construction. (See table 4.) 

 The 30 occupations with the largest projected increase in employment from 2012 to 2022 will 

account for 7.4 million new jobs, almost half of the total projected employment growth. (See 

table 5.) 

 Four major occupational groups are projected to grow more than 20 percent—nearly double the 

overall growth—from 2012 to 2022: healthcare support occupations (28.1 percent), healthcare 

practitioners and technical occupations (21.5 percent), construction and extraction occupations 

(21.4 percent), and personal care and service occupations (20.9 percent). (See table 6 and 

chart 2.) 

 Every major occupational group except farming, fishing, and forestry occupations is projected to 

gain jobs between 2012 and 2022. (See table 6 and chart 2.) 

‐3.4

0.8

6.8

7.0

7.2

7.3

7.3

7.9

8.6

9.4

9.6

10.1

10.7

11.1

12.5

12.5

17.2

18.0

20.9

21.4

21.5

28.1

‐5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Production occupations

Office and administrative support occupations

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Management occupations

Architecture and engineering occupations

Sales and related occupations

Protective service occupations

Transportation and material moving occupations

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Legal occupations

Education, training, and library occupations

Business and financial operations occupations

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

Community and social service occupations

Computer and mathematical occupations

Personal care and service occupations

Construction and extraction occupations

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Healthcare support occupations

Chart 2. Projected rate of employment change by major occupational

group, 2012‐22
- 4 - 

Education and training 

In addition to projecting employment for each detailed occupation, BLS depicts the education, related 

work experience, and on-the-job training typically needed for occupations. 

 Nineteen of the 30 occupations projected to grow fastest from 2012 to 2022 typically require 

some form of postsecondary education for entry. (See table 4.) 

 Two-thirds of the 30 occupations with the largest projected employment increase from 2012 to 

2022 typically do not require postsecondary education for entry. (See table 5.) 

 Occupations typically requiring postsecondary education for entry generally had higher median 

wages ($57,770) in 2012 and are projected to grow faster (14.0 percent) between 2012 and 2022 

than occupations that typically require a high school diploma or less ($27,670 and 9.1 percent). 

(See table 7.) 

 Occupations that do not typically require postsecondary education are projected to add 8.8 

million jobs between 2012 and 2022, accounting for more than half of all new jobs. These 

occupations employed nearly two-thirds of workers in 2012. (See table 7.) 

 Occupations that typically require an apprenticeship are projected to grow 22.2 percent from 

2012 to 2022, faster than any other on-the-job training assignment. (See table 7.) 

Replacement needs 

Employment growth is not the only source of job openings. BLS also projects job openings resulting 

from the need to replace workers who retire or otherwise permanently leave an occupation. Job openings 

due to replacement needs are expected in every occupation, even in those projected to decline in 

employment. 

 Over the 2012-22 decade, 50.6 million total job openings are expected. While growth will lead to 

many openings, more than two-thirds—67.2 percent—are projected to come from replacement 

needs. 

 In more than 4 out of 5 occupations, openings from replacement needs are projected to exceed 

openings from growth. 

 Nearly two-thirds of all job openings are expected to be in occupations that typically do not 

require postsecondary education for entry. (See table 7.) 

 Twenty-two of the 30 occupations with the largest number of projected job openings are 

classified as not typically requiring postsecondary education. (See table 8.) 

More information

The BLS projections are used by high school students and their teachers and parents, college students, 

career changers, and career development and guidance specialists. The projections are the foundation of 

the BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook, one of the nation’s most widely used career information 

resources. The projections are also used by state workforce agencies to prepare state and area projections 
- 5 - 

that, together with the national projections, are widely used by policymakers and education and training 

officials to make decisions about education and training policy, funding, and program offerings. In 

addition, other federal agencies, researchers, and academics use the projections to understand trends in 

the economy and labor market. New projections are released every 2 years. 

More detailed information on the 2012-22 projections appears in five articles in the Monthly Labor 

Review. Links to these articles are available at www.bls.gov/emp/publications.htm. 

Tables with projections data, including but not limited to what was highlighted in this release, are 

available online at www.bls.gov/emp/tables.htm. Detailed information about the projections methods is 

available at www.bls.gov/emp/ep_projections_methods.htm. More information about the education and 

training system is available at www.bls.gov/emp/ep_education_training_system.htm. 

A graphic representation of projections highlights appears in the Winter 2013-14 issue of the 

Occupational Outlook Quarterly, available online at www.bls.gov/ooq. 

The 2014-15 edition of the Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) will feature the 2012-22 

projections. The OOH includes information about work activities, wages, education and training 

requirements, job outlook, and more for 580 detailed occupations in 334 profiles. The updated OOH will 

be available online on January 8, 2014, at www.bls.gov/ooh. 

Information from this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. 

Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Services: (800) 877-8339. 
1992 2002 2012 2022

1992‐

2002

2002‐

2012

2012‐

2022

1992‐

2002

2002‐

2012

2012‐

2022 1992 2002 2012 2022

Total, 16 years and older 128,105 144,863 154,975 163,450 16,758 10,112 8,475 13.1 7.0 5.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100

Age, years:

16 to 24 21,617 22,366 21,285 18,462 749 ‐1,081 ‐2,823 3.5 ‐4.8 ‐13.3 16.9 15.4 13.7 1

25 to 54 91,429 101,720 101,253 103,195 10,292 ‐467 1,942 11.3 ‐0.5 1.9 71.4 70.2 65.3 6

55 and older 15,060 20,777 32,437 41,793 5,717 11,660 9,356 38.0 56.1 28.8 11.8 14.3 20.9 2

Sex:

Men 69,964 77,500 82,327 86,913 7,536 4,827 4,586 10.8 6.2 5.6 54.6 53.5 53.1 5Women 58,141 67,364 72,648 76,537 9,223 5,284 3,889 15.9 7.8 5.4 45.4 46.5 46.9 4

Race:

White 108,837 120,150 123,684 126,923 11,313 3,534 3,239 10.4 2.9 2.6 85.0 82.9 79.8 7Black 14,162 16,565 18,400 20,247 2,403 1,835 1,847 17.0 11.1 10.0 11.1 11.4 11.9 1

Asian 5,106 6,604 8,188 10,135 1,498 1,584 1,947 29.3 24.0 23.8 4.0 4.6 5.3 All other groups1 ‐ 1,544 4,703 6,145 ‐ 3,159 1,442 ‐ 204.6 30.7 ‐ 1.1 3.0 

Ethnicity:

Hispanic origin 11,338 17,943 24,391 31,179 6,605 6,448 6,788 58.3 35.9 27.8 8.9 12.4 15.7 1Other than Hispanic origin 116,767 126,920 130,584 132,271 10,153 3,664 1,687 8.7 2.9 1.3 91.1 87.6 84.3 80White non‐Hispanic 98,724 103,349 101,892 99,431 4,625 ‐1,457 ‐2,461 4.7 ‐1.4 ‐2.4 77.1 71.3 65.7 60

Age of baby boomers 28 to 46 38 to 56 48 to 66 58 to 76

Note: Dash indicates no data collected for category. Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Table 1. Civilian labor force by age, sex, race, and ethnicity, 1992, 2002, 2012, and projected 2022

[Numbers in thousands]

Level Change Percent change Percent distribution 

1 The "all other groups" category includes (1) those classified as being of multiple racial origin and (2) the race categories of (2a) American Indian and Alaska Native and (2b) Nativ

Islanders.

Group
1992 2002 2012 2022

1992‐

2002

2002‐

2012

2012‐

2022

1992‐

2002

Total, 16 years and older 66.4 66.6 63.7 61.6 0.2 ‐2.9 ‐2.1 0.0 

Age, years:

16 to 24 66.1 63.3 54.9 49.6 ‐2.9 ‐8.4 ‐5.3 ‐0.4 

25 to 54 83.6 83.3 81.4 81.0 ‐0.3 ‐1.9 ‐0.4 ‐0.0 

55 and older 29.7 34.5 40.5 41.5 4.9 6.0 1.0 1.5 

Sex:

Men 75.8 74.1 70.2 67.6 ‐1.7 ‐3.9 ‐2.6 ‐0.2 

Women 57.8 59.6 57.7 56.0 1.8 ‐1.9 ‐1.7 0.3 

Race:

White 66.8 66.8 64.0 61.7 0.0 ‐2.8 ‐2.3 0.0 Black 63.9 64.8 61.5 59.8 0.9 ‐3.3 ‐1.7 0.1 Asian 66.5 67.2 63.9 63.2 0.7 ‐3.3 ‐0.7 0.1 

All other groups1 ‐ ‐ 63.9 63.2 ‐‐ ‐0.7 ‐

Ethnicity:

Hispanic origin 66.8 69.1 66.4 65.9 2.3 ‐2.7 ‐0.5 0.3 Other than Hispanic origin 66.4 66.2 63.2 60.7 ‐0.2 ‐3.0 ‐2.5 ‐0.0 

White non‐Hispanic 66.7 66.5 63.5 60.8 ‐0.2 ‐3.0 ‐2.7 ‐0.0 

Note: Dash indicates no data collected for category. Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Table 2. Civilian labor force participation rates by age, sex, race, and ethnicity, 1992, 2002, 2012, and projected 2022

[In percent]

Participation rate Percentage‐point change Annua

1 The "all other groups" category includes (1) those classified as being of multiple racial origin and (2) the race categories of (2

and Alaska Native and (2b) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders.

Group
2002 2012 2022

2002‐

2012

2012‐

2022 2002 2012 2022

2002‐

2012

2012‐

2022

Total1 142,294.9 145,355.8 160,983.7 3,060.9 15,627.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.2 1.

Nonagriculture wage and salary2 131,028.3 134,427.6 149,751.3 3,399.3 15,323.7 92.1 92.5 93.0 0.3 1.Goods‐producing, excluding agriculture 22,486.7 18,360.3 19,554.2 ‐4126.4 1,193.9 15.8 12.6 12.1 ‐2.0 0.

Mining 512.3 800.5 921.7 288.2 121.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 4.6 1.Construction 6,715.7 5,640.9 7,263.0 ‐1074.8 1,622.1 4.7 3.9 4.5 ‐1.7 2.

Manufacturing 15,258.7 11,918.9 11,369.4 ‐3339.8 ‐549.5 10.7 8.2 7.1 ‐2.4 ‐0.

Services‐providing 108,541.6 116,067.3 130,197.1 7,525.7 14,129.8 76.3 79.9 80.9 0.7 1.

Utilities 596.3 554.2 497.8 ‐42.1 ‐56.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 ‐0.7 ‐1.

Wholesale trade 5,652.4 5,672.8 6,143.2 20.4 470.4 4.0 3.9 3.8 0.0 0.

Retail trade 15,025.1 14,875.3 15,966.2 ‐149.8 1,090.9 10.6 10.2 9.9 ‐0.1 0.

Transportation and warehousing 4,223.8 4,414.7 4,742.0 190.9 327.3 3.0 3.0 2.9 0.4 0.

Information 3,394.6 2,677.6 2,612.4 ‐717.0 ‐65.2 2.4 1.8 1.6 ‐2.3 ‐0.

Financial activities 7,847.1 7,786.3 8,537.3 ‐60.8 751.0 5.5 5.4 5.3 ‐0.1 0.Professional and business services 15,976.2 17,930.2 21,413.0 1,954.0 3,482.8 11.2 12.3 13.3 1.2 1.Educational services 2,642.8 3,346.9 4,022.2 704.1 675.3 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.4 1.Health care and social assistance 13,555.6 16,971.8 21,965.9 3,416.2 4,994.1 9.5 11.7 13.6 2.3 2.Leisure and hospitality 11,986.0 13,745.8 15,035.0 1,759.8 1,289.2 8.4 9.5 9.3 1.4 0.

Other services 6,129.0 6,174.5 6,823.4 45.5 648.9 4.3 4.2 4.2 0.1 1.Federal government 2,766.0 2,814.0 2,406.5 48.0 ‐407.5 1.9 1.9 1.5 0.2 ‐1.

State and local government 18,746.7 19,103.2 20,032.2 356.5 929.0 13.2 13.1 12.4 0.2 0.

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting3 2,245.4 2,112.7 1,889.2 ‐132.7 ‐223.5 1.6 1.5 1.2 0.6 ‐1.

Agriculture wage and salary 1,217.4 1,306.9 1,281.8 89.5 ‐25.1 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 ‐0.Agriculture self‐employed and unpaid family workers 1,028.0 805.8 607.4 ‐222.2 ‐198.4 0.7 0.6 0.4 ‐2.4 ‐2.

Nonagriculture self‐employed and unpaid family workers 9,021.2 8,815.5 9,343.2 ‐205.7 527.7 6.3 6.1 5.8 ‐0.2 0.

Table 3. Employment by major industry sector, 2002, 2012, and projected 20221 Employment data for wage and salary workers are from the BLS Current Employment Statistics survey, which counts jobs, whereas self‐employed, unpaid family

workers, and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting are from the Current Population Survey (household survey), which counts workers. 2 Includes wage and salary data from the Current Employment Statistics survey, except private households, which is from the Current Population Survey. Logging

workers are excluded.

3 Includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting data from the Current Population Survey, except logging, which is from Current Employment Statistics survey.

Government wage and salary workers are excluded.

Industry sector

Thousands of jobs Change Percent distribution Annual growth rat

(percent)
2012 2022 Number Percent

Total, all occupations 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 $34,750 N/A N/A 

Industrial‐organizational psychologists 1.6 2.5 0.9 53.4 83,580 Master's degree None Personal care aides 1,190.6 1,771.4 580.8 48.8 19,910 Less than high school None 

Home health aides 875.1 1,299.3 424.2 48.5 20,820 Less than high school None 

Insulation workers, mechanical 28.9 42.4 13.5 46.7 39,170 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Interpreters and translators 63.6 92.9 29.3 46.1 45,430 Bachelor's degree None 

Diagnostic medical sonographers 58.8 85.9 27.0 46.0 65,860 Associate's degree None 

Helpers‐‐brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters 24.4 34.9 10.5 43.0 28,220 Less than high school None 

Occupational therapy assistants 30.3 43.2 12.9 42.6 53,240 Associate's degree None Genetic counselors 2.1 3.0 0.9 41.2 56,800 Master's degree None 

Physical therapist assistants 71.4 100.7 29.3 41.0 52,160 Associate's degree None 

Physical therapist aides 50.0 70.1 20.1 40.1 23,880 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Skincare specialists 44.4 62.0 17.7 39.8 28,640 Postsecondary non‐degree award None 

Physician assistants 86.7 120.0 33.3 38.4 90,930 Master's degree None 

Segmental pavers 1.8 2.4 0.7 38.1 33,720 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Helpers‐‐electricians 60.8 83.3 22.4 36.9 27,670 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Information security analysts 75.1 102.5 27.4 36.5 86,170 Bachelor's degree Less than 5 

Occupational therapy aides 8.4 11.4 3.0 36.2 26,850 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary 190.0 258.6 68.6 36.1 81,140 Doctoral or professional degree Less than 5 

Medical secretaries 525.6 714.9 189.2 36.0 31,350 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Physical therapists 204.2 277.7 73.5 36.0 79,860 Doctoral or professional degree None 

Orthotists and prosthetists 8.5 11.5 3.0 35.5 62,670 Master's degree None Brickmasons and blockmasons 71.0 96.2 25.2 35.5 46,440 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary 67.8 91.8 24.0 35.4 64,850 Master's degree Less than 5 

Nurse practitioners 110.2 147.3 37.1 33.7 89,960 Master's degree None Audiologists 13.0 17.3 4.3 33.6 69,720 Doctoral or professional degree None Dental hygienists 192.8 256.9 64.2 33.3 70,210 Associate's degree None 

Meeting, convention, and event planners 94.2 125.4 31.3 33.2 45,810 Bachelor's degree None Therapists, all other 28.8 37.9 9.1 31.7 53,210 Bachelor's degree None 

Market research analysts and marketing specialists 415.7 547.2 131.5 31.6 60,300 Bachelor's degree None 

Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 89.6 117.7 28.2 31.4 38,520 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Table 4. Fastest growing occupations, 2012 and projected 2022[Employment in thousands]

Employment Change, 2012‐22 Median

annual wage,

20121

1 Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Work expe

in a rela

occupat

2012 National Employment Matrix title Typical education needed for entry
2012 2022 Number Percent

Total, all occupations 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628 10.8 $34,750 N/A N/A N/A

Personal care aides 1,190.6 1,771.4 580.8 48.8 19,910 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Registered nurses 2,711.5 3,238.4 526.8 19.4 65,470 Associate's degree None None

Retail salespersons 4,447.0 4,881.7 434.7 9.8 21,110 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Home health aides 875.1 1,299.3 424.2 48.5 20,820 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Combined food preparation and serving workers,

including fast food 2,969.3 3,391.2 421.9 14.2 18,260 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Nursing assistants 1,479.8 1,792.0 312.2 21.1 24,420

Postsecondary non‐degreeaward None None

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal,

medical, and executive 2,324.4 2,632.3 307.8 13.2 32,410

High school diploma or

equivalent None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Customer service representatives 2,362.8 2,661.4 298.7 12.6 30,580

High school diploma or

equivalent None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping

cleaners 2,324.0 2,604.0 280.0 12.1 22,320 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Construction laborers 1,071.1 1,331.0 259.8 24.3 29,990 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job trainingGeneral and operations managers 1,972.7 2,216.8 244.1 12.4 95,440 Bachelor's degree Less than 5 years None

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers,

hand 2,197.3 2,439.2 241.9 11.0 23,890 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Carpenters 901.2 1,119.4 218.2 24.2 39,940

High school diploma or

equivalent None Apprenticeship

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,799.8 2,004.5 204.6 11.4 35,170

High school diploma or

equivalent None Moderate‐term on‐the‐job tra

Heavy and tractor‐trailer truck drivers 1,701.5 1,894.1 192.6 11.3 38,200

Postsecondary non‐degreeaward None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Medical secretaries 525.6 714.9 189.2 36.0 31,350

High school diploma or

equivalent None Moderate‐term on‐the‐job tra

Childcare workers 1,312.7 1,496.8 184.1 14.0 19,510

High school diploma or

equivalent None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Office clerks, general 2,983.5 3,167.6 184.1 6.2 27,470

High school diploma or

equivalent None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,434.6 1,618.0 183.4 12.8 19,570 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 738.4 921.3 182.9 24.8 41,540

Postsecondary non‐degreeaward None None

First‐line supervisors of office and administrativesupport workers 1,418.1 1,589.6 171.5 12.1 49,330

High school diploma or

equivalent Less than 5 years None

Elementary school teachers, except special education 1,361.2 1,529.1 167.9 12.3 53,400 Bachelor's degree None Internship/residency

Accountants and auditors 1,275.4 1,442.2 166.7 13.1 63,550 Bachelor's degree None NoneMedical assistants 560.8 723.7 162.9 29.0 29,370

Postsecondary non‐degreeaward None None

Cooks, restaurant 1,024.1 1,174.2 150.1 14.7 22,030 Less than high school Less than 5 years Moderate‐term on‐the‐job tra

Software developers, applications 613.0 752.9 139.9 22.8 90,060 Bachelor's degree None None

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 1,124.9 1,264.0 139.2 12.4 23,570 Less than high school None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Receptionists and information clerks 1,006.7 1,142.6 135.9 13.5 25,990

High school diploma or

equivalent None Short‐term on‐the‐job training

Management analysts 718.7 852.5 133.8 18.6 78,600 Bachelor's degree Less than 5 years NoneSales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing,

except technical and scientific products 1,480.7 1,612.8 132.0 8.9 54,230

High school diploma or

equivalent None Moderate‐term on‐the‐job tra

Table 5. Occupations with the most job growth, 2012 and projected 2022

[Employment in thousands]1 Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

2012 National Employment Matrix title Employment Median annual

wage, 20121

Typical education needed for

entry

Work experience in a

related occupation

Typical on‐the‐job training n

attain competency in the oc

Change, 2012‐22
2012 2022 Number 

Total, all occupations 00‐0000 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 Management occupations 11‐0000 8,861.5 9,498.0 636.6 Business and financial operations occupations 13‐0000 7,167.6 8,065.7 898.1 

Computer and mathematical occupations 15‐0000 3,814.7 4,500.5 685.8 Architecture and engineering occupations 17‐0000 2,474.5 2,654.0 179.6 Life, physical, and social science occupations 19‐0000 1,249.1 1,374.8 125.7 Community and social service occupations 21‐0000 2,374.7 2,783.4 408.8 

Legal occupations 23‐0000 1,247.0 1,379.9 132.9 Education, training, and library occupations 25‐0000 9,115.9 10,131.7 1,015.8 

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations 27‐0000 2,570.9 2,751.6 180.6 

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations 29‐0000 8,049.7 9,782.6 1,732.9 

Healthcare support occupations 31‐0000 4,110.2 5,266.0 1,155.8 

Protective service occupations 33‐0000 3,325.3 3,588.3 263.0 

Food preparation and serving related occupations 35‐0000 11,780.1 12,882.0 1,101.8 

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations 37‐0000 5,522.3 6,213.3 691.0 

Personal care and service occupations 39‐0000 5,375.6 6,498.5 1,122.9 Sales and related occupations 41‐0000 15,105.0 16,200.5 1,095.5 

Office and administrative support occupations 43‐0000 22,470.1 24,004.1 1,534.0 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations 45‐0000 947.2 915.0 ‐32.2 

Construction and extraction occupations 47‐0000 6,092.2 7,394.1 1,301.9 

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 49‐0000 5,514.8 6,046.0 531.2 Production occupations 51‐0000 8,941.9 9,017.5 75.6 Transportation and material moving occupations 53‐0000 9,245.7 10,036.4 790.6 Table 6. Employment by major occupational group, 2012 and projected 2022

[Employment in thousands]

2012 National Employment Matrix title and code Employment Change, 
2012 2022 Number Percent

Typical education needed for entry

Total, all occupations 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 50,557.3 

Postsecondary education 48,963.8 55,802.6 6,838.7 14.0 16,975.6 

Doctoral or professional degree 4,002.4 4,640.8 638.4 16.0 1,426.8 

Master's degree 2,432.2 2,880.7 448.5 18.4 950.8 Bachelor's degree 26,033.0 29,176.7 3,143.6 12.1 8,618.7 

Associate's degree 5,954.9 7,000.9 1,046.0 17.6 2,269.5 Postsecondary non‐degree award 8,554.2 9,891.2 1,337.1 15.6 3,067.2 

Some college, no degree 1,987.2 2,212.2 225.0 11.3 642.6 

No postsecondary education 96,392.0 105,181.2 8,789.2 9.1 33,581.7 

High school diploma or equivalent 58,264.4 62,895.2 4,630.8 7.9 17,667.4 Less than high school 38,127.6 42,286.0 4,158.4 10.9 15,914.3 

Work experience in a related occupation

Total, all occupations 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 50,557.3 

5 years or more 4,831.9 5,091.8 259.9 5.4 1,330.9 

Less than 5 years 16,167.7 17,663.5 1,495.9 9.3 4,863.4 None 124,356.2 138,228.4 13,872.2 11.2 44,363.0 

Typical on‐the‐job training needed to attain competency

Total, all occupations 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 50,557.3 

Internship/residency 5,989.1 6,658.9 669.8 11.2 1,997.8 Apprenticeship 2,336.9 2,855.2 518.3 22.2 879.8 Long‐term on‐the‐job training 6,876.5 7,448.7 572.2 8.3 2,163.7 

Moderate‐term on‐the‐job training 23,057.8 24,968.5 1,910.8 8.3 6,841.0 Short‐term on‐the‐job training 58,928.4 64,673.7 5,745.3 9.7 22,273.7 None 48,167.2 54,378.8 6,211.6 12.9 16,401.3 

1 Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Employment by summary education and training assignment, 2012 and projected 2022

[Employment and job openings in thousands]

Employment Change, 2012‐22

Job openings due 

growth and

replacement nee

2012‐22

Education, work experience, and on‐the‐job training
2012 2022 Number Percent

Total, all occupations 145,355.8 160,983.7 15,628.0 10.8 50,557.3 $34,750 N/A N/A 

Retail salespersons 4,447.0 4,881.7 434.7 9.8 1,955.7 21,110 Less than high school None 

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 2,969.3 3,391.2 421.9 14.2 1,555.7 18,260 Less than high school None 

Cashiers 3,338.9 3,425.4 86.5 2.6 1,530.0 18,970 Less than high school None 

Waiters and waitresses 2,362.2 2,494.0 131.8 5.6 1,268.3 18,540 Less than high school None 

Registered nurses 2,711.5 3,238.4 526.8 19.4 1,052.6 65,470 Associate's degree None 

Customer service representatives 2,362.8 2,661.4 298.7 12.6 941.6 30,580 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,197.3 2,439.2 241.9 11.0 922.5 23,890 Less than high school None 

Office clerks, general 2,983.5 3,167.6 184.1 6.2 810.9 27,470 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 2,324.0 2,604.0 280.0 12.1 717.3 22,320 Less than high school None Personal care aides 1,190.6 1,771.4 580.8 48.8 666.0 19,910 Less than high school None 

General and operations managers 1,972.7 2,216.8 244.1 12.4 613.1 95,440 Bachelor's degree Less tha

Nursing assistants 1,479.8 1,792.0 312.2 21.1 593.6 24,420 Postsecondary non‐degree award None 

Home health aides 875.1 1,299.3 424.2 48.5 590.7 20,820 Less than high school None 

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive 2,324.4 2,632.3 307.8 13.2 587.6 32,410 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Childcare workers 1,312.7 1,496.8 184.1 14.0 570.0 19,510 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Stock clerks and order fillers 1,807.2 1,801.2 ‐6.0 ‐0.3 546.0 22,050 Less than high school None 

Accountants and auditors 1,275.4 1,442.2 166.7 13.1 544.2 63,550 Bachelor's degree None First‐line supervisors of office and administrative support workers 1,418.1 1,589.6 171.5 12.1 508.0 49,330 High school diploma or equivalent Less tha

Construction laborers 1,071.1 1,331.0 259.8 24.3 489.1 29,990 Less than high school None Maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,434.6 1,618.0 183.4 12.8 467.7 19,570 Less than high school None 

Elementary school teachers, except special education 1,361.2 1,529.1 167.9 12.3 467.4 53,400 Bachelor's degree None 

Heavy and tractor‐trailer truck drivers 1,701.5 1,894.1 192.6 11.3 464.7 38,200 Postsecondary non‐degree award None 

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 1,124.9 1,264.0 139.2 12.4 422.7 23,570 Less than high school None Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products 1,480.7 1,612.8 132.0 8.9 420.7 54,230 High school diploma or equivalent None 

First‐line supervisors of retail sales workers 1,603.3 1,674.2 70.9 4.4 419.8 36,820 High school diploma or equivalent Less tha

Receptionists and information clerks 1,006.7 1,142.6 135.9 13.5 406.9 25,990 High school diploma or equivalent None 

Teacher assistants 1,223.4 1,328.5 105.0 8.6 382.6 23,640 Some college, no degree None 

Maintenance and repair workers, general 1,325.1 1,450.3 125.2 9.4 379.7 35,210 High school diploma or equivalent None Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,799.8 2,004.5 204.6 11.4 370.0 35,170 High school diploma or equivalent None Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 738.4 921.3 182.9 24.8 363.1 41,540 Postsecondary non‐degree award None 

1 Data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Occupations with the largest projected number of job openings due to growth and replacement needs, 2012 and projected 2022

[Employment and job openings in thousands]

Employment Change, 2012‐22 2012 National Employment Matrix title

Job openings due

to growth and

replacement

needs, 2012‐22

Median

annual

wage,

20121

Typical education needed for entry

Work ex

a r

occ