PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 18
- 4448

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , Plaintiff

- Appellee ,

v. MELVIN LEE JONES , Defendant

- Appellant

. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia , at Richmond

. M. Hannah Lauck , District Judge. ( 3:17

- cr - 00071

- MHL

- 1 )
Argued : October 31, 2019 D ecided: March 3, 2020

Before NIEMEYER and AGEE , Circuit Judges , and Thomas S. KLEEH, United States District Judge for the Northern District of West Virginia, sitting by designation.

Affirmed by published opinion

. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in which Judge Agee and Judge Kleeh joined.

ARGUED: Joseph Stephen Camden, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Richmond , Virginia, for Appellant. Daniel T. Young, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Geremy C. Kamens, Federal Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellant. G. Za chary Terwilliger, United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, Olivia L. Norman, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellee.2 NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge: When Melvin Jones opened the front do or of his house to the knock of Richmond, Virginia police officers investigating a complaint, the officers smelled a strong odor of marijuana smoke coming from within the house. As possession of marijuana is a crime in Virginia , see Virginia Code § 18.2

- 2 50.1, the officers arrested Jones and conducted a sweep of the house to en sure that no one else was inside. While conducting the sweep, the officers observed a still

- smoldering marijuana cigarette lying in an open trash can in the kitchen. Based on the of ficers’ smell of marijuana smoke at Jones’s house and their observation of the used marijuana cigarette, the officers obtained a warrant to search the house for evidence of marijuana possession. The warrant authorized the officers to search “any safes or locked boxes that could aid in the hiding of illegal narcotics.” Upon conducting the search, the officers found a handgun in a safe in Jones’s bedroom closet. They also recovered marijuana, crack cocaine, and items commonly used for packag ing and weighing narcotics. Jones pleaded guilty to possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), reserving the right to challenge the district court’s order denying his motion to suppress the evidence obtained from the search on the ground that the warrant was overbroad. As he e xplains : [ P ] robable cause in this case did not extend to containers, including a locked safe in a bedroom closet . . . . The mismatch between the justification for the warrant for simple possession of marijuana (a single smoldering joint) , and the scope of the search to include every container in the house, top to bottom, rendered the warrant overbroad.3 We conclude that because the officers had probable cause to believe that a crime was being committed in Jones’s house, the warrant appropriately authorized the search of the house for evidence of that crime

. We find Jones’s argument

— that the warrant should have been limited in geographic scope because the smoldering marijuana cigarette in the trash ca n w as the likely source of the marijuana odor

— to be un persuasive . Put simply, the presence of one marijuana cigarette in the kitchen did not negate the fair probability that other evidence of the crime of marijuana possession would be found in the house

. Accordingly, we affirm.

I In May 2016, the Richmond Police Department received an anonymous tip on a hotline

— created to encourage members of the public to report illegal gun possession

— that a man named Melvin Jones, going by the name “Mello,” was selling marijuana and crack cocaine from 3008 Berwyn Street in Richmond . The tipster reported having personally seen Jones both sell and cook narcotics and stated that Jones kept the utensils he used to cook the narcotics in a safe in his closet and s tored the drugs in different places throughout the house. According to the tipster, Jones kept a handgun either on his person, in his dresser, or under his mattress. Finally, the tipster reported that Jones had a hidden

camera o n his porch to enable him to see who was approaching the house. The police department retained this tip as a complaint to be investigated in due course. Several months later, on the afternoon of August 24, 2016, Officer Jonathan Myers and two other officers went to 3008 Berwyn St reet to investigate the tip by conducting a4 “knock and talk.” Officer Myers, who was familiar with Jones from prior interactions, knocked on the front door while the two other officers stood behind him. With in ten seconds, Jones opened the door and, as soon as he did, the officers smelled a strong odor of marijuana smoke coming from inside the house. Based on the marijuana odor, the officer s seized Jones as he was standing on the door’s threshold, placed him in handcuffs, and seated him on a chair on th e front porch. When Jones indicated that his niece and nephew were inside the house, the officers and Jones called the children out of the house. Then, while one officer stayed with Jones and the children on the front porch , Officer Myers and the other o fficer entered the house and conducted a protective sweep to verify Jones’s statement that there were no other people inside the house. During the sweep, which lasted about two minutes, Myers observed a still

- smoldering marijuana cigarette sitting on top of the trash in an open trash can in the kitchen. After completing the sweep, Officer Myers allowed Jones to return to the house and directed him to remain the re . When Jones declined to give his consent for a search of the house, Myers left the house t o apply for a search warrant while the other officers remained with Jones.
To support his request for the warrant, Officer Myers prepared an affidavit indicating that he was requesting the warrant “in relation to . . . S imple P o ssession of
M arijuana,” a v iolation of Virginia Code § 18.2

- 25 0 .1. As the factual basis for the request, the affidavit explained that Myers and other officers had conducted a “knock and talk” at 3008 Berwyn Street to investigate an anonymous tip received by the police d epartment5 so me months before . The affidavit described the officers’ encounter with Jones , stating that “ [ a ] s soon as the door was opened” by Jones, Myers “could smell a strong odor coming from inside the home.” Myers noted in the affidavit that “ [ b ] ased on [ his ] training and experience,” he believed the odor to be marijuana. Finally, Myers stated that after Jones had been detained “ [ b ] ased on the odor,” he had performed a “check” of the residence “in an effort to make sure there were no other people located [ins ide]” and that , during that check, he had observed what he “believed to be a marijuana cigarette in the kitchen trash can, sitting on the top of the trash, still burning.” Based on Officer Myers’s affidavit, a magistrate issue d a warrant authorizing poli ce to search 3008 Berwyn Street in relation to the crime of simple possession of marijuana and to seize: Any controlled substances (marijuana) and any paraphernalia used in the use of illegal narcotics. Any instruments used in the illegal drug usage of ma rijuana or any other illegal substance. Any electronic devices used to aid in the usage of illegal narcotics, any firearms and ammunition, any financial records and any written records identifying any person(s) involved in the illegal drug use and/or indi cating residence in the dwelling. Also any safes or locked boxes that could aid in the hiding of illegal narcotics. Officer Myers returned to 3008 Berwyn Street with a copy of the search warrant and then sat with Jones in the living room while the other o fficers conducted the search. In a safe in Jones’s bedroom closet, officers recovered a handgun , and e lsewhere they recovered marijuana, crack cocaine, and items commonly used for packaging and weighing narcotics. After Jones was indicted for possession of a firearm by a felon, in violation of
1 8 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and possession of cocaine base with intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(C), he filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained6 during the search of his hous e, contending, a mong other things , that the search warrant was overbroad and thus violated his Fourth Amendment rights. He acknowledged that “officers may have had probable cause to search for the marijuana that they smelled” but maintained that the magis trate lacked a basis to authorize the officers to search “safes [and] locked boxes,” as there was no probable cause to believe that such containers would hold burning marijuana. Indeed, though Jones separately challenged the legality of the officers’ swee p of the residence, he argued further that the officers’ observation of “a still

- smoking marijuana cigarette” during the sweep meant that they had already identified the source of the odor and therefore should not have been authorized to search the rest of the house for

e v idence of marijuana possession . In short, he challenged the reasonableness of the geographic scope of the warrant. Following an evidentiary hearing on Jones’s motion to suppress, the district court denied Jones’s motion by a memorandum a nd order dated February 16, 2018. The court indicat ed that the officers’ immediate detection of the marijuana odor when Jones opened the door was alone sufficient to establish probable cause that the house contained evidence of marijuana possession . It a lso overruled Jones’s argument that the warrant was fatally overbroad, rejecting what it called Jones’s “novel theory” that the officers had probable

cause “ to search only for actively burning marijuana” and ruling instead that the officers had probable ca use to search the entire residence , including closed containers, for any marijuana , burning or otherwise. After his motion to suppress was denied , Jones entered a conditional guilty plea to possession of a firearm by a felon, reserving his right to appeal the district court’s ruling7 on the motion. The government , in turn , agreed to dismiss the drug

- trafficking count, and the district court sentenced Jones to 54 months’ imprisonment. From the district court’s final judgment dated June 11, 2018, Jones file d this appeal, challenging only the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress.

II Jones contends that the warrant authorizing the police officers to open “any safe s or locked boxes” in his house

— leading to the officers ’ discover y of the hand gun in his safe

— violated his Fourth Amendment rights . Specifically, he argues that the evidence in the
warrant affidavit that officers had detected a strong odor of marijuana c oming from the house and observed a smoking joint in the kitchen trash can faile d to establish probable cause that other locations in the house would hold evidence of marijuana possession. In his view, the officers’ detection of the marijuana o do r as they opened the door provided them with “probable cause only to believe that [he] was smoking a marijuana cigarette in his home,” and the search should have ended “when the officers discovered the source of the smell,” i.e. , “the actual still

- smoking marijuana cigarette.” (Emphasis added). He maintains that “ [ t ] h e mismatch between the justification for the warrant for simple possession of marijuana (a single smoldering joint), and the scope of the search to include every container in the house, top to bottom, rendered the warrant overbroad.” The relevant legal pr inciples are well settled . To be lawful under the Fourth Amendment, the nonconsensual search of a home by law enforcement officers ordinarily requires a warrant. See Fernandez v. California , 571 U.S. 292, 298 (2014). And t he Fourth8 Amendment specificall y provides that “no W arrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. Probable cause requires only

“ the k ind of fair probability on which reasonable and prudent people, not legal technicians, ” would rely

. Florida v. Harris , 568 U.S. 237, 244 (2013) (cleaned up) . Thus, the task of a judicial officer presented with an application for a search warrant is “to m ake a practical, common

- sense” determination of whether the sworn facts submitted in support of the application establish “a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place. ” Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213, 238 (1983). Probabl e cause is “not a high bar,” and it must be assessed objectively based on a totality of the circumstances, including “ common - sense conclusions about human behavior.” District of Columbia v. Wesby , 138 S. Ct. 577, 586

– 87 (2018) (cleaned up). Moreover, we afford “great deference” to a magistrate’s determination that probable cause for the search ha d been established , Gates , 462 U.S. at 236 (cleaned up) , by reviewing whether “the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that proba bl e cause existed” to search a particular place for evidence of a specific crime , i d . at 238

– 39 (cleaned up)

. In this case, Officer Myers specifically stated in his affidavit that as soon as Jones opened the front door, he “could smell a strong odor comin g from inside the home” and that he believed the odor to be that of marijuana based on his “training and experience.” And we have “repeatedly held that the odor of marijuana alon e can provide probable cause to believe that marijuana is present in a parti cular place.” United States v. Humphries , 372 F.3d 653, 658 (4th Cir. 2004) ; see also Wesby , 138 S. Ct. at 586 n.5 ( relyi ng on9 Johnson v. United States , 333 U.S. 10, 13 (1948), for the proposition that “‘the odor’ of narcotics can ‘be evidence of the most persuasive character’”)

. Thus, based on the officers’ detection of a strong odor of marijuana smoke coming from Jones’s house, the magistrate lawfully issued a warrant authorizing the search of Jones’s entire house , including safes and locked boxes , for evidence of the crime of marijuana possession

. While Jones conc e des that the officers had probabl e cause to believe that marijuana would be found in his residence , he contends that the marijuana odor that the police detected provided a basis to search only for the source of odor. He thus maintains that when the officers located a “smoldering marijuana joint ” in the kitchen trash can, they lacked probable cause to believe that there was any other marijuana in the house , and the
warrant should have been limited to the search and seizure of the marijuana cigarette

. Jones’s argument, however, applies a too

- cramped understanding of the scope of a
proper warrant . The geographical scope of a warrant complies with the Fourth Amendment
if , in light of “common

- sense conclusions about human behavior,” Wesby , 138 S. Ct. at 587 (cleaned up) , there is a “fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime” will be found in the area s delineated by the warrant , Gates , 462 U.S. at 238. Here, the officers had evidence that Jones, who was the only adult in the house at the time , had been smoking marijuana in the single

- family residence where he lived when the officers knocked on the front door. Common sense indicates that it was fairly likely that the marijuana Jones was smoking was not the only marijuana in the house. Indeed, a reasonable officer would be entitled to infer that it was most likely but a single portion of a larger quantity that was stored somewhere in the h ouse. Moreover, it would also be reasonable to conclude that10 there was a fair probability that the house contain ed evidence of the source of the marijuana

or the scope of Jones’s possession violation

. And, of course, common sense would also indicate that such evidence is often stored out of sight. In short, based on common sense and context, a fair probability existed that further evidence of Jones’s crime would be uncovered elsewhere in his house , which justified a warrant authorizing the search of the entire house, not just the kitchen trash can where the smoldering marijuana cigarette was observed

. The circumstances presented here are thus unlike those relied on by Jones where there wa s only probable cause to conclude that a particular item of eviden ce or contraband would be found in a house

. Thus, “if it [were] shown that the occupant of the premise s to be searched re cently knowingly received two items of stolen property, . . . there [would be] probable cause to search for those two items , but this alone [would] not establish the suspect’s ongoing activities as a fen c e so as to justify issuance of a warrant authorizing [a] search for other stolen property as well.” 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Search & Seizure § 3.7(d) (5th ed. 2012) (emphasis adde d) . Similarly, police who have a warrant based on probable cause to search a residence for a particular rifle “may search only places where rifles might be and must terminate the search once the rifle is found .” Horton v. California , 496 U.S. 128, 141 (1 990) (emphasis added) (cleaned up). T hese examples demonstrate that, in some circumstances, probable cause can exist only as to a specific and identifiable object, and the warrant in such instances must accordingly be limited to places where that object c ould be found . But it does not follow that probable cause to believe that some incriminating evidence will be present at a particular place can never give rise to probable cause to believe11 that there will be more of the same at th at place or another logical place

. See LaFave,
supra , § 3.7(d) (noting that a “some

- means - more inference may be permissible ” depending on the circumstances). And here, when evidence show ed that Jones had just been using a small amount of marijuana in one room of his house , it reasonably follow ed that more marijuana or other evidence of the crime of marijuana possession w as fairly likely to be found elsewhere in the house.
W e thus hold that the magistrate , presented with evidence that Jones was illegally possessing and smoking marijuana in his house , ha d a substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed to search the entire house for evidence of marijuana possession , even if the source of the smoke wa s a smoldering marijuana cigarette found in the kitchen

tr ash can. And because the warrant properly authorized a search of Jones’s house, including any safes and locked boxes, the officers legally discovered the handgun that Jones kept in the safe in his bedroom closet. In view of our conclusion that the smell of marijuana smoke from within Jones’s house provided probable cause sufficient for the issuance of a warrant to search the house, we need not address Jones’s additional argument that the anonymous tipster’s complaint should not have been considered by th e magistrate in assessing whether probable cause was shown

. Jones argues alternatively that the search of his house was not conducted pursuant to the warrant because Officer Myers did not inform the executing officers of the warrant’s specific terms. Bu t the lack of such instruction provides no basis to suppress the evidence12 recovered when the search was, in fact, conducted in conformance with a valid warrant, as was the case here. The judgment of the district court is accordingly affirmed.
AFFIRMED