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2

United States
Department >

News ::

Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212

Technical, historical contact: USDL: 90-550

Wayne Shelly (202) 523-1165

Media contact: TRANSMISSION OF MATERIAL IN
Kathryn Hoyle (202) 523-1913 THIS RELEASE IS EMBARGOED

UNTIL 8:30 A.M. (EDT),
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 25, 1990

EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX - SEPTEMBER 1990

The Employment Cost Index (ECI) increased 1.4 percent in the 3 months ended in
September 1990 to a level of 106.9 (June 1989=100), the U.S. Department of Labor's
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. For the year ended in September, the
increase was 5.2 percent. The ECI measures changes in compensation costs~-wages,
salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. It is not seasonal ly adjusted.

The 1.4 percent increase in compensation Costs in the June-September 1990 period
was below the 1.6 percent gain in the same period a year ago. This pattern held for
private industry workers (1.0 percent, down from 1.2 percent a year ago) and state
and Jocal government workers (2.7 percent, down from 3.3 percent). Compensation cost
changes for state and local government workers are heavily concentrated in the June-
September period, whereas those for private industry workers are spread throughout
the year.

The 5.2 percent increase in compensation costs for the year ended in September
1990 was about the same as the 5.1 percent gain a year ago. This relationship held
for private industry workers but not for state and local government workers, whose
compensation costs rose 5.9 percent in September 1989-90, down from 6.4 Percent a
year earlier. The following table shows over-the-year changes in private industry
compensation costs since September 1988.

12-month percent changes in the ECI, private industry workers

12-months Compensation Wages and Benefit
ended costs salaries costs
1988 September 4.4 3.7 6.8
December 4.8 4.1 6.9
1989 March 4.6 4.2 5.4
dune 4.5 4.1 5.6
September 4.8 4.3 6.0
December 4.8 4.1 6.1
1990 March 5.2 4.2 7.2
dune 5.2 4.5 6.9
September 4.9 4.2 6.8



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15
EXPLANATORY NOTE

The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a measure of the change in the cost of
labor, free from the influence of employment shifts among occupations and
industries. The compensation series includes changes in wages and salaries and
employer costs for employee benefits. The wage and salary series and the benefit
cost series” provide the change for the two components of compensation.

Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate or, for
workers not paid on an hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by the .
corresponding hours. Straight-time wage and salary rates are total earnings
before payroll] deductions, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on
weekends and holidays, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses such as
lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage increases. Production bonuses,
incentive earnings, commission payments, and cost-of-living adjustments are
included in straight-time wage and salary rates. -

Benefits covered by the ECI are: Paid leave (vacations, holidays, sick
leave, and other leave); supplemental pay (premium pay for overtime, shift 1
differentials, and nonproduction bonuses such as lump-sum payments provided in
lieu of wage increases); insurance benefits (life, health, and sickness and
accident); retirement and savings benefits (pension and other retirement plans
and savings and thrift plans); legally required benefits (social security,
railroad retirement and supplemental retirement, railroad unemployment insurance,
Federal and state unemployment insurance, workers' compensation, and other
legally required benefits such as state temporary disability); and other benefits
(severance pay and supplemental unemployment plans).

The ECI provides data for the civilian economy, which includes the total
private economy, excluding farms and households, and the public sector, excluding
the Federal government. The private industry series and the state and local
government series provide data for the two sectors separately.

Each quarter, straight-time average hourly wage and salary rates and benefit
cost data (cents-per-hour-worked) are collected from a probability sample of
nearly 23,000 occupations within 4,400 sample establishments in private industry
and about 6,000 occupations within 1,000 sample establishments in state and local
governments. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the
survey months of March, June, September, and December. ECI statistics are
neither annualized nor adjusted for seasonal influences.

1 The benefit cost indexes provide the change in the cost of benefits to a fixed
labor force. They are not price indexes for a fixed market basket of benefits.
Therefore, the indexes will change as a result of either a change in the price of
benefits provided (for example, higher pay for holidays) or a change in the
benefits (for example, an additional holiday).


Changes in wages and salaries and benefit costs, private industry, 1980-1990

pereent ith ge pera Tit ge
15 15
147 . 4 14
13 + 4 13
124 412
11} 411
10 + 4 10
OF 49
BT 48
7r 417
6F 46
SH 45
4h Wages and salaries 414
3+ = 43
2F 42
Te 41
obobhtibhoititotot ttt lit,

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990



2

Benefit cost increases in private industry for the year ended in September 1990
exceeded wage and salary gains in large part because of the rising cost of health
insurance. Nonproduction bonuses, workers' compensation insurance, and the social
security tax rate increase of 1.9 percent (from 7.51 to 7.65 percent) in January 1990
also contributed to the relatively rapid growth in benefit costs.

September 1989-90 wage and salary increases in private industry were higher for
white-collar workers (4.5 percent) than for either blue-collar or service workers
(3.6 and 4.0 percent, respectively). Pay gains for white-collar workers ranged from
3.2 percent for sales workers to 5.4 percent for executive, administrative, and
managerial occupations. Pay increases for blue-collar workers ranged from 2.4
percent for transportation and material moving occupations to 4.3 percent for machine
operators, assemblers, and inspectors.

Over-the-year pay gains were about the same- in private service-producing
industries as in goods-producing industries (4.2 percent and 4.1 percent,
respectively). Within the service-producing industries, wage and salary increases
ranged from 2.6 percent in wholesale trade to 6.2 percent in hospitals and the
insurance industry. Pay gains among the goods-producing industries ranged from 2.4
percent in construction to 4.6 percent in durable-goods manufacturing.

Wage and salary increases for nonunion workers (4.4 percent) exceeded those for
union workers (3.6 percent) for the year ended in September 1990, as they have since
March 1983-84. This pattern held in both goods-producing and service-producing
industries. (See table 7.)

For state and local government workers, pay gains for the year ended in
September 1990 (5.3 percent) were lower than those a year ago (5.5 percent). This
pattern of lower rates of pay increases compared to last year also was found in
hospitals and schools.

FKKKKIKREI KIA III IKI EIS ISI IRA IA IIA IIASA III IAI IASI ARIS IIIA IAAI.

* This release includes, for the first time, indexes and percent

* changes in wages and salaries and in compensation costs for two new
* civilian series: Civilian workers excluding sales, and civilian

* white-collar workers excluding sales (See tables 1 and 2.) In

* addition, several new occupational series in the aerospace industry
* have been added. (See table 8.) .

*

eb Oe Ob ob ob ob

* Beginning with the ECI news release for December 1990, seasonally
* adjusted data for selected series will be published. HIstorical data*
*

* for these series are available upon request. .
KKRIKIKEIAERA III RIKKI KEE IKI IERI RII ARERR IAI AIIAAAI IAI A ca a a

ECI data for December 1990 will be released on Tuesday, January 29,
1991, at 8:30 A.M. E.S.T.


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16

The sample establishments are classified in industry categories based on the
1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), as defined by the U.S. Office of
Management and Budget.

Within an establishment, specific job categories ‘are selected to represent.
broader occupational definitions. Since dune 1986, the jobs have been classified
according to definitions used in the 1980 Census. Prior to June 1986, they were
classified according to the 1970 Census. Differences between the two
classification systems are slight, as indicated in the article "Introducing new
weights for the Employment Cost Index," in the June 1985 issue of the Monthly
Labor Review. .

Fixed employment weights are used each quarter to calculate the most
aggregate indexes--civilian, private, and state and local governments. These
fixed weights are also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series
indexes. Since June 1986, employment counts from the 1980 Census have been used
as weights. Prior to June 1986, employment counts from the 1970 Census were
used. .

For the series based on bargaining status, region, or area size, employment
data are not available from the Census. The employment weights are reallocated
within these series each quarter based on the current ECI sample. The indexes
for these series, consequently, are not strictly comparable to those for the
aggregate, industry, and occupation series. A fuller explanation of the
calculation of index numbers appears in an article, "Estimation procedures for -
the Employment Cost Index," in the May 1982 issue of the Monthly Labor Review.

Beginning with the March 1990 ECI release, indexes were rebased to June
1989=100. A description of the rebasing is included in the article "Employment
Cost Index Rebased to June 1989," in the April 1990 issue of the Monthly Labor
Review. :

The costs per hour worked of compensation components, based on March 1990
data from the ECI, are published in a separate news release titled “Employer
Costs for Employee Compensation - March 1990.". A description of the cost levels
is provided in the article "Analyzing employers' costs for wages, salaries, and
benefits" in the October 1987 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. The cost
levels, which are published annually in mid-June, are calculated with ‘current
employment weights, rather than the fixed 1980 Census weights used in computing
the ECI. Therefore, year-to-year changes in the cost levels will usually differ
from those in the ECI. :

More detailed information on the ECI is available in several sources. These
include an annual bulletin, Employment Cost Indexes and Levels, 1975-89,
(Bulletin 2339); a chapter in the BLS Handbook of Methods (Bulletin 2285), "The
Employment Cost Index;" and several articles published in the Monthly Labor
Review. The annual bulletin is available from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Publications Sales Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, Illinois 60690.
Reprints of the articles plus other descriptive pieces and a complete historical

listing are available upon request. ECI historical data are also available on
data diskettes formatted for use with Lotus 1-2-3.