For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, February 22, 2024 USDL-24-0349 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY: LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS — 2023

In 2023, 22.5 percent of people with a disability were employed—the highest recorded ratio 

since comparable data were first collected in 2008. This rate increased by 1.2 percentage points 

from the prior year, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Similarly, the 

employment-population ratio for those without a disability, at 65.8 percent, increased by 0.4 

percentage point in 2023. The unemployment rate for people with a disability (7.2 percent) was 

little changed in 2023, while the rate for those without a disability was unchanged over the year 

at 3.5 percent. 

The data on people with a disability are collected as part of the Current Population Survey 

(CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that provides statistics on 

employment and unemployment in the United States. The collection of data on people with a 

disability is sponsored by the Department of Labor's Office of Disability Employment Policy. 

For more information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Highlights from the 2023 data: 

• Half of all people with a disability were age 65 and over, nearly three times larger than the 

share for those with no disability. (See table 1.) 

• For all age groups, the employment-population ratio was much lower for people with a 

disability than for those with no disability. (See table 1.) 

• Unemployment rates were much higher for people with a disability than for those with no 

disability across all educational attainment groups. (See table 1.) 

• Workers with a disability were nearly twice as likely to work part time as workers with no 

disability. (See table 2.) 

• Workers with a disability were more likely to be self-employed than those with no disability. 

(See table 4.)
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Demographic characteristics

People with a disability accounted for about 13 percent of the population in 2023. Those with a 

disability tend to be older than people with no disability, reflecting the increased incidence of 

disability with age. In 2023, 50 percent of people with a disability were age 65 and over, 

compared with 18 percent of those with no disability. Overall, women were somewhat more 

likely to have a disability than men, partly reflecting the greater life expectancy of women. 

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Blacks and Whites continued to have a higher 

prevalence of disability than Hispanics and Asians. (See table 1.)

Employment

In 2023, the employment-population ratio for people with a disability increased by 1.2 

percentage points to 22.5 percent. The employment-population ratio for people with a disability 

in 2023 was the highest recorded ratio since comparable data were first collected in 2008. The 

ratio for those with no disability increased by 0.4 percentage point to 65.8 percent in 2023. The

lower ratio among people with a disability reflects, in part, the older age profile of people with a 

disability; older workers are less likely to be employed regardless of disability status. However, 

across all age groups, people with a disability were much less likely to be employed than those 

with no disability. (See tables A and 1.) 

In 2023, the employment-population ratio for people with a disability ages 16 to 64 rose by 2.3 

percentage points to 37.1 percent, while the ratio for people without a disability in the same age 

range increased by 0.6 percentage point to 75.0 percent. Among people age 65 and over, the 

employment-population ratio for those with a disability was little different from the prior year 

(7.9 percent) and the ratio for those with no disability was unchanged (at 23.0 percent). (See 

table A.) 

People with a disability were less likely to have completed a bachelor's degree or higher than 

those with no disability. Among both groups, those who had attained higher levels of education 

were more likely to be employed than were those with less education. In 2023, across all levels 

of education, people with a disability were much less likely to be employed than their 

counterparts with no disability. (Educational attainment data are presented for those age 25 and 

over.) (See table 1.) 

Workers with a disability were more likely to be employed part time than were those with no 

disability. About 29 percent of those with a disability usually worked part time compared with 

about 16 percent of workers without a disability. About 3 percent of workers with a disability 

worked part time for economic reasons. These individuals were working part time because their 

hours had been cut back or because they were not able to find a full-time job. (See table 2.) 

In 2023, people with a disability were more likely to work in service occupations than were those 

with no disability (19.4 percent compared with 16.1 percent). Workers with a disability were 

more likely than those with no disability to work in production, transportation, and material 

moving occupations (14.5 percent compared with 12.3 percent). People with a disability were 

also more likely to work in sales and office occupations than were their counterparts with no 
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disability (20.4 percent and 18.7 percent, respectively). People with a disability were much less 

likely to work in management, professional, and related occupations than were those without a 

disability (37.4 percent compared with 43.9 percent). (See table 3.) 

A larger share of people with a disability were self-employed than were those with no disability 

in 2023 (8.4 percent versus 5.9 percent). Those with a disability were slightly more likely to be 

employed by the federal government than were their counterparts with no disability (3.2 percent 

and 2.5 percent, respectively), while the proportions of people employed by state and local 

governments were about the same regardless of disability status. In contrast, people with a 

disability (77.5 percent) were less likely to be employed as private wage and salary workers than 

were those with no disability (80.6 percent). (See table 4.) 

Unemployment

The unemployment rate for people with a disability was 7.2 percent in 2023, about twice that of 

those with no disability (3.5 percent). (Unemployed people are those who did not have a job, 

were available for work, and were actively looking for a job in the 4 weeks preceding the 

survey.) The unemployment rate for people with a disability was little changed in 2023, while 

the rate for people without a disability was unchanged from the prior year. (See tables A and 1.)

In 2023, the unemployment rates were the same for men and women with a disability—7.2 

percent. These rates were little different from a year earlier. Among people with a disability, the 

jobless rate for Blacks decreased by 2.1 percentage points to 10.2 percent in 2023, while the rates 

for Whites (6.7 percent), Asians (7.0 percent), and Hispanics (9.2 percent) were little changed 

over the year. (See table 1.)

Not in the labor force 

People who are neither employed nor unemployed are considered not in the labor force. A large 

proportion of people with a disability—about three-fourths—were not in the labor force in 2023, 

compared with nearly one-third of those with no disability. In part, this too reflects the older age 

profile of people with a disability; people age 65 and over are much less likely to participate in 

the labor force than younger age groups. Across all age groups, however, people with a disability 

were more likely to be out of the labor force than those with no disability. (See table 1.)

For both people with and without a disability, the vast majority of those who were not in the 

labor force did not want a job. In 2023, 3 percent of those with a disability wanted a job, lower 

than the 6 percent of those without a disability. Among those who wanted a job, a subset is 

classified as marginally attached to the labor force. These individuals wanted and were available 

to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not counted as 

unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. 

(People marginally attached to the labor force include discouraged workers.) About 1 percent of 

people with a disability were marginally attached to the labor force in 2023. (See table 5.)
Table A. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by disability status and age, 2022 and

2023 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2022 2023

Total, 16

years

and over

16 to 64

years

65 years

and over

Total, 16

years

and over

16 to 64

years

65 years

and over

PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 32,596 16,441 16,155 33,501 16,685 16,816

Civilian labor force.................................................. 7,528 6,222 1,306 8,112 6,715 1,397

Participation rate.................................................. 23.1 37.8 8.1 24.2 40.2 8.3

Employed.......................................................... 6,956 5,714 1,242 7,528 6,196 1,331

Employment-population ratio................................. 21.3 34.8 7.7 22.5 37.1 7.9

Unemployed....................................................... 572 508 64 585 519 66

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.6 8.2 4.9 7.2 7.7 4.7

Not in labor force.................................................... 25,068 10,219 14,849 25,389 9,970 15,419

PERSONS WITH NO DISABILITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 231,378 190,823 40,555 233,441 191,998 41,443

Civilian labor force.................................................. 156,759 147,168 9,591 159,004 149,206 9,798

Participation rate.................................................. 67.8 77.1 23.7 68.1 77.7 23.6

Employed.......................................................... 151,335 142,003 9,332 153,509 143,961 9,548

Employment-population ratio................................. 65.4 74.4 23.0 65.8 75.0 23.0

Unemployed....................................................... 5,424 5,165 259 5,495 5,245 250

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.5 3.5 2.7 3.5 3.5 2.6

Not in labor force.................................................... 74,618 43,655 30,964 74,437 42,792 31,645

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Technical Note

 The estimates in this release are based on annual 

average data obtained from the Current Population 

Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the 

U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible 

households that provides information on the labor 

force status, demographics, and other characteristics

of the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 

16 and over. 

 Questions were added to the CPS in June 2008 to 

identify people with a disability in the civilian 

noninstitutional population age 16 and over. The

addition of these questions allowed the BLS to begin 

releasing monthly labor force data from the CPS for 

people with a disability. The collection of these data 

is sponsored by the Department of Labor's Office of 

Disability Employment Policy.

 If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access 

telecommunications relay services.

Reliability of the estimates

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both 

sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, 

rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is 

a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The component 

of this difference that occurs because samples differ 

by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the 

estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level 

of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will 

differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the 

true population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent 

level of confidence.

 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all 

respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness 

of respondents to provide correct information, and 

errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

 Additional information about the reliability of data 

from the CPS and estimating standard errors is 

available at

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

 CPS estimates are controlled to population totals 

that are available by age, sex, race, and Hispanic 

ethnicity. These controls are developed by the Census 

Bureau and are based on complete population counts 

obtained in the decennial census. In the years between 

decennial censuses, they incorporate the latest 

information about population change (births, deaths, 

and net international migration). As part of its annual 

update of population estimates, the Census Bureau 

introduces adjustments to the total population 

controls. The updated controls typically have a 

negligible impact on unemployment rates and other 

ratios. The estimates of the population of people with 

a disability are not controlled to independent 

population totals of people with a disability because 

such data are not available. Without independent 

population totals, sample-based estimates are more 

apt to vary from one time period to the next. 

Information about population controls is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.

Disability questions and concepts

 The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify 

people with disabilities. In the CPS, people are 

classified as having a disability if there is a response 

of "yes" to any of these questions. The disability 

questions appear in the CPS in the following format: 

 This month we want to learn about people who have 

physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause 

serious difficulty with their daily activities. Please 

answer for household members who are 15 years and 

over. 

• Is anyone deaf or does anyone have serious 

difficulty hearing?

• Is anyone blind or does anyone have serious 

difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses?

• Because of a physical, mental, or emotional 

condition, does anyone have serious 

difficulty concentrating, remembering, or 

making decisions?

• Does anyone have serious difficulty walking 

or climbing stairs?

• Does anyone have difficulty dressing or 

bathing?
• Because of a physical, mental, or emotional 

condition, does anyone have difficulty doing 

errands alone such as visiting a doctor's 

office or shopping?

 The CPS questions for identifying individuals with 

disabilities are only asked of household members who 

are age 15 and over. Each of the questions ask the 

respondent whether anyone in the household has the 

condition described, and if the respondent replies 

"yes," they are then asked to identify everyone in the 

household who has the condition. Labor force 

measures from the CPS are tabulated for people age 

16 and over. More information on the disability 

questions and the limitations of the CPS disability

data is available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsdisability_faq.htm.

Other definitions

 Other definitions used in this release are described 

briefly below. Additional information on the concepts 

and methodology of the CPS is available at

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

 Employed. Employed people are all those who, 

during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at 

all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own 

business, profession, or on their own farm; or (c) 

worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a 

family member's business. People who were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, 

bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or another 

reason also are counted as employed. 

 Unemployed. Unemployed people are those who 

had no employment during the reference week, were 

available for work at that time, and had made specific 

efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-

week period ending with the reference week. People

who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which 

they had been laid off need not have been looking for 

work to be classified as unemployed.

 Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force

comprises all people classified as employed or 

unemployed.

 Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the 

number unemployed as a percent of the labor force.

 Not in the labor force. People not in the labor force

include all those who are not classified as employed 

or unemployed. Information is collected on their 

desire for and availability to take a job at the time of 

the CPS interview, job search activity in the prior 

year, and reason for not looking in the 4-week period 

ending with the reference week. This group includes 

individuals marginally attached to the labor force, 

defined as people not in the labor force who want and 

are available for a job and who have looked for work 

sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of 

their last job if they held one within the past 12 

months). They are not counted as unemployed 

because they had not actively searched for work in the 

prior 4 weeks. Within the marginally attached group 

are discouraged workers—people who are not 

currently looking for work because they believe there 

are no jobs available or there are none for which they 

would qualify. The other persons marginally attached 

to the labor force group includes people who want a 

job but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks 

for reasons such as family responsibilities or 

transportation problems.

 Part time for economic reasons. People classified 

as at work part time for economic reasons, a measure 

sometimes referred to as involuntary part time, are 

those who gave an economic reason for working 1 to 

34 hours during the reference week. Economic 

reasons include slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, and 

seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work 

part time must also indicate that they want and are 

available for full-time work to be classified as part 

time for economic reasons. 

 Occupation, industry, and class of worker. The 

occupation, industry, and class of worker 

classifications for the employed relate to the job held 

in the survey reference week. People with two or more 

jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the 

greatest number of hours. People are classified using 

the 2018 Census occupational and 2017 Census 

industry classification systems. The class-of-worker

breakdown assigns workers to the following 

categories: private and government wage and salary 

workers, self-employed workers, and unpaid family 

workers. Wage and salary workers receive wages, 

salary, commissions, tips, or pay in kind from a 

private employer or from a government unit. Selfemployed people are those who work for profit or fees 

in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Only 

the unincorporated self-employed are included in the 

self-employed category. Self-employed people who 

respond that their businesses are incorporated are 

included among wage and salary workers. Unpaid 

family workers are people working without pay for 15 

hours a week or more on a farm or in a business 

operated by a family member in their household. 
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by disability status and selected

characteristics, 2023 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor

Total force

Participation

rate

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Rate

TOTAL

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,942 167,116 62.6 161,037 60.3 6,080 3.6 99,826

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,476 88,877 68.1 85,500 65.5 3,377 3.8 41,599

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,466 78,239 57.3 75,537 55.4 2,702 3.5 58,227

PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,501 8,112 24.2 7,528 22.5 585 7.2 25,389

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,687 4,186 26.7 3,884 24.8 302 7.2 11,501

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,814 3,926 22.0 3,644 20.5 282 7.2 13,888

Age

16 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,685 6,715 40.2 6,196 37.1 519 7.7 9,970

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 237 27.0 194 22.2 43 18.0 639

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,240 643 51.8 567 45.7 76 11.8 597

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,591 1,477 57.0 1,341 51.8 135 9.2 1,115

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,600 1,247 48.0 1,157 44.5 90 7.2 1,353

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,344 1,357 40.6 1,269 37.9 89 6.5 1,987

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,032 1,754 29.1 1,668 27.6 86 4.9 4,278

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,816 1,397 8.3 1,331 7.9 66 4.7 15,419

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,296 6,412 24.4 5,984 22.8 428 6.7 19,883

Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,634 1,079 23.3 969 20.9 110 10.2 3,555

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,120 207 18.5 193 17.2 15 7.0 912

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,138 1,106 26.7 1,004 24.3 101 9.2 3,032

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,384 7,232 23.0 6,766 21.6 466 6.4 24,152

Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,583 550 12.0 485 10.6 65 11.8 4,033

High school graduates, no college1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,903 2,007 18.4 1,864 17.1 143 7.1 8,896

Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,818 2,354 26.7 2,203 25.0 151 6.4 6,463

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,080 2,321 32.8 2,214 31.3 107 4.6 4,759

PERSONS WITH NO DISABILITY

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,441 159,004 68.1 153,509 65.8 5,495 3.5 74,437

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,789 84,691 73.8 81,616 71.1 3,075 3.6 30,098

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,652 74,313 62.6 71,893 60.6 2,420 3.3 44,339

Age

16 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,998 149,206 77.7 143,961 75.0 5,245 3.5 42,792

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,347 6,123 37.5 5,453 33.4 671 11.0 10,224

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,876 15,126 72.5 14,158 67.8 967 6.4 5,750

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,936 35,826 85.4 34,496 82.3 1,330 3.7 6,110

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,854 35,183 86.1 34,242 83.8 941 2.7 5,670

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,615 31,450 85.9 30,717 83.9 733 2.3 5,166

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,370 25,497 72.1 24,894 70.4 603 2.4 9,873

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,443 9,798 23.6 9,548 23.0 250 2.6 31,645

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,219 120,915 67.8 117,181 65.8 3,734 3.1 57,305

Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,033 20,807 69.3 19,706 65.6 1,102 5.3 9,225

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,472 11,232 68.2 10,903 66.2 329 2.9 5,240

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,394 30,712 70.8 29,339 67.6 1,374 4.5 12,682

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,219 137,755 70.2 133,898 68.2 3,857 2.8 58,463

Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,897 8,631 57.9 8,184 54.9 446 5.2 6,267

High school graduates, no college1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,516 33,921 64.6 32,665 62.2 1,256 3.7 18,595

Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,108 33,448 69.5 32,511 67.6 938 2.8 14,660

Bachelor’s degree and higher2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,697 61,755 76.5 60,538 75.0 1,217 2.0 18,942

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 2. Employed full- and part-time workers by disability status and age, 2023 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Disability status and age

Employed At work

part time for

economic

reasons1

Total

Usually

work

full time

Usually

work

part time

TOTAL

16 years and over........................................................................ 161,037 134,056 26,981 4,069

16 to 64 years.......................................................................... 150,157 127,282 22,876 3,873

65 years and over...................................................................... 10,879 6,774 4,105 196

Persons with a disability

16 years and over........................................................................ 7,528 5,337 2,191 260

16 to 64 years.......................................................................... 6,196 4,636 1,560 232

65 years and over...................................................................... 1,331 701 630 28

Persons with no disability

16 years and over........................................................................ 153,509 128,719 24,790 3,810

16 to 64 years.......................................................................... 143,961 122,646 21,315 3,641

65 years and over...................................................................... 9,548 6,073 3,475 168

1 Refers to persons who, whether they usually work full or part time, worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as

slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. Persons who usually work part time

for an economic reason, but worked 35 hours or more during the reference week are excluded. Also excludes employed persons who were absent

from their jobs for the entire reference week.

NOTE: Full time refers to persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week; part time refers to persons who usually work less than 35 hours per

week.
Table 3. Employed persons by disability status, occupation, and sex, 2023 annual averages

[Percent distribution]

Occupation

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Total employed (in thousands)....................................... 7,528 3,884 3,644 153,509 81,616 71,893

Occupation as a percent of total employed

Total employed......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 37.4 34.0 41.0 43.9 39.9 48.6

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 16.4 17.2 15.5 19.1 19.5 18.6

Management occupations.................................... 11.6 12.8 10.3 13.0 14.3 11.7

Business and financial operations occupations............ 4.8 4.4 5.2 6.0 5.2 7.0

Professional and related occupations.......................... 21.0 16.8 25.4 24.9 20.4 29.9

Computer and mathematical occupations.................. 3.2 4.2 2.1 4.1 5.6 2.3

Architecture and engineering occupations.................. 1.7 2.7 0.6 2.3 3.6 0.8

Life, physical, and social science occupations............. 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

Community and social service occupations................ 2.2 1.6 2.7 1.8 1.0 2.7

Legal occupations............................................. 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3

Education, training, and library occupations................ 5.4 2.5 8.4 5.9 3.0 9.1

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations.................................................. 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.2

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations....... 4.3 2.0 6.8 6.4 2.9 10.3

Service occupations................................................ 19.4 16.2 22.8 16.1 13.0 19.7

Healthcare support occupations................................ 3.8 1.2 6.6 3.2 0.9 5.7

Protective service occupations................................. 2.2 2.8 1.5 1.9 2.8 1.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations.......... 5.8 4.7 6.9 5.1 4.4 5.8

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations..................................................... 4.7 6.0 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.1

Personal care and service occupations....................... 2.9 1.5 4.5 2.6 1.2 4.2

Sales and office occupations...................................... 20.4 14.4 26.7 18.7 13.9 24.2

Sales and related occupations.................................. 8.8 8.2 9.4 8.9 8.6 9.2

Office and administrative support occupations............... 11.6 6.3 17.2 9.8 5.3 14.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 8.3 15.1 1.1 8.9 15.8 1.1

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.4

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 4.4 8.1 0.4 5.3 9.5 0.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 3.4 6.2 0.4 3.0 5.4 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 14.5 20.3 8.4 12.3 17.4 6.5

Production occupations.......................................... 5.6 7.4 3.6 5.1 6.8 3.3

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 8.9 12.8 4.8 7.2 10.7 3.2
Table 4. Employed persons by disability status, industry, class of worker, and sex, 2023 annual averages

[Percent distribution]

Industry and class of worker

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Total employed (in thousands)....................................... 7,528 3,884 3,644 153,509 81,616 71,893

Industry as a percent of total employed

Total employed......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries................................. 1.9 2.7 1.1 1.4 1.8 0.9

Nonagricultural industries.......................................... 98.1 97.3 98.9 98.6 98.2 99.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................. 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.1

Construction....................................................... 6.0 10.4 1.4 7.5 12.5 1.7

Manufacturing..................................................... 9.1 12.3 5.6 9.7 12.9 6.1

Wholesale trade.................................................. 1.7 2.2 1.3 2.0 2.6 1.4

Retail trade........................................................ 13.0 12.7 13.3 10.1 10.0 10.3

Transportation and utilities...................................... 6.1 8.2 3.8 6.2 8.8 3.2

Information........................................................ 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.9 2.2 1.5

Financial activities................................................ 5.5 5.2 5.8 6.9 6.3 7.5

Professional and business services............................ 12.0 12.8 11.1 12.9 14.1 11.6

Education and health services.................................. 22.2 11.3 33.8 22.6 10.9 35.9

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 10.0 9.1 10.9 8.8 8.2 9.5

Other services.................................................... 5.4 5.1 5.7 4.7 4.1 5.3

Public administration............................................. 5.2 5.7 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.9

Class of worker as a percent of total employed

Total employed1

........................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Wage and salary workers2

......................................... 91.5 89.8 93.4 94.0 93.3 94.9

Private industries................................................. 77.5 77.6 77.4 80.6 82.4 78.7

Government....................................................... 14.0 12.2 16.1 13.4 10.9 16.2

Federal.......................................................... 3.2 3.6 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.4

State............................................................. 4.7 3.8 5.8 4.6 3.4 6.0

Local............................................................. 6.1 4.8 7.5 6.3 4.9 7.8

Self-employed workers, unincorporated.......................... 8.4 10.2 6.5 5.9 6.7 5.1

1

Includes a small number of unpaid family workers, not shown separately.

2

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Persons not in the labor force by disability status, age, and sex, 2023 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total,

16 years and

over

16 to 64 years Total,

65 years and

Total Men Women over

PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY

Total not in the labor force.................................................... 25,389 9,970 4,796 5,174 15,419

Persons who currently want a job......................................... 734 480 228 252 255

Marginally attached to the labor force1

................................. 184 136 61 75 48

Discouraged workers2................................................. 31 22 12 10 9

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3............ 153 114 49 65 40

PERSONS WITH NO DISABILITY

Total not in the labor force.................................................... 74,437 42,792 16,518 26,274 31,645

Persons who currently want a job......................................... 4,596 4,038 1,925 2,113 558

Marginally attached to the labor force1

................................. 1,275 1,178 618 560 96

Discouraged workers2................................................. 339 312 193 118 28

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3............ 935 867 425 442 68

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.