Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-20-0521 

8:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, April 3, 2020

Technical information: 

Household data: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

(NOTE: BLS reissued this news release on September 23, 2020, to address minor data errors 

associated with the introduction in January 2020 of a new occupation classification system. The 

corrections affected a limited number of data series presented in tables A-8, A-9, A-13, and A-14 

of this release; for the vast majority of these series, the impact was negligible. Most major series, 

including the official unemployment rate, were not affected. Estimates in the BLS online database 

were corrected for January–July 2020. For more information on these corrections, see 

www.bls.gov/bls/errata/revision-to-current-population-survey-estimates-for-January-throughJuly-2020.htm .) 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MARCH 2020

Total nonfarm payroll employment fell by 701,000 in March, and the unemployment rate rose to 4.4 

percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The changes in these measures reflect the

effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) and efforts to contain it. Employment in leisure and hospitality 

fell by 459,000, mainly in food services and drinking places. Notable declines also occurred in health 

care and social assistance, professional and business services, retail trade, and construction. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Mar-18 Jun-18 Sep-18 Dec-18 Mar-19 Jun-19 Sep-19 Dec-19 Mar-20

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

March 2018 – March 2020

Percent

-750

-550

-350

-150

50

250

Mar-18 Jun-18 Sep-18 Dec-18 Mar-19 Jun-19 Sep-19 Dec-19 Mar-20

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, March 2018 – March 2020
-2-

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. Note that the March survey reference 

periods for both surveys predated many coronavirus-related business and school closures that occurred 

in the second half of the month. For more information about the concepts and statistical methodology 

used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note. 

Household Survey Data

In March, the unemployment rate increased by 0.9 percentage point to 4.4 percent. This is the largest 

over-the-month increase in the rate since January 1975, when the increase was also 0.9 percentage point. 

The number of unemployed persons rose by 1.4 million to 7.1 million in March. The sharp increases in 

these measures reflect the effects of the coronavirus and efforts to contain it. (See table A-1. Measures

from the household survey pertain to the week of March 8th to March 14th. For more information about 

how the household survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus, see the box note on page 

5.) 

In March, unemployment rates rose among all major worker groups. The rate was 4.0 percent for adult 

men, 4.0 percent for adult women, 14.3 percent for teenagers, 4.0 percent for Whites, 6.7 percent for 

Blacks, 4.1 percent for Asians, and 6.0 percent for Hispanics. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of unemployed persons who reported being on temporary layoff more than doubled in 

March to 1.8 million. The number of permanent job losers increased by 177,000 to 1.5 million. (See 

table A-11.) 

The number of unemployed persons who were jobless less than 5 weeks increased by 1.5 million in 

March to 3.5 million, accounting for almost half of the unemployed. The number of long-term 

unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.2 million, was little changed in March and 

represented 15.9 percent of the unemployed. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, decreased by 0.7 percentage point over the month. 

Total employment, as measured by the household survey, fell by 3.0 million to 155.8 million, and the 

employment-population ratio, at 60.0 percent, dropped by 1.1 percentage points over the month. (See 

table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 5.8 million, increased by 1.4 

million in March. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working 

part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A8.) 

In March, 1.4 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, little changed from the 

previous month. These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted and were available for work, and 

had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks 

preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no 

jobs were available for them, numbered 514,000 in March, up by 109,000 from the previous month. (See 

Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment fell sharply in March (-701,000), reflecting the effects of the 

coronavirus and efforts to contain it. About two-thirds of the drop occurred in leisure and hospitality, 
-3-

mainly in food services and drinking places. Notable employment declines also occurred in health care 

and social assistance, professional and business services, retail trade, and construction. In the prior 12 

months, nonfarm employment growth had averaged 196,000 per month. (See table B-1. Measures from 

the establishment survey pertain to the pay period including March 12th; pay periods may be weekly, biweekly, semi-monthly, or monthly. For more information about the establishment survey reference 

period and how survey operations were affected by the coronavirus, see the box note on page 5.) 

In March, employment in leisure and hospitality fell by 459,000. Most of the decline occurred in food 

services and drinking places (-417,000); this employment decline nearly offset gains over the previous 2 

years. Employment in the accommodation industry also declined in March (-29,000). 

Employment in health care and social assistance fell by 61,000 in March. Health care employment 

declined by 43,000, with job losses in offices of dentists (-17,000), offices of physicians (-12,000), and 

offices of other health care practitioners (-7,000). Over the prior 12 months, health care employment 

had grown by 374,000. In March, social assistance saw an employment decline of 19,000, reflecting a 

job loss in child day care services (-19,000). Over the prior 12 months, social assistance added 193,000 

jobs. 

Employment in professional and business services decreased by 52,000 in March, with the decline 

concentrated in temporary help services (-50,000). Employment also decreased in travel arrangement 

and reservation services (-7,000). 

In March, employment in retail trade declined by 46,000. Job losses occurred in clothing and clothing 

accessories stores (-16,000); furniture stores (-10,000); and sporting goods, hobby, book, and music 

stores (-9,000). General merchandise stores gained 10,000 jobs. 

Employment decreased over the month in construction (-29,000). In March, nonresidential building 

(-11,000) and heavy and civil engineering construction (-10,000) lost jobs. Construction employment 

had increased by 211,000 over the prior 12 months. 

Employment in the other services industry declined by 24,000 in March, with about half of the loss 

occurring in personal and laundry services (-13,000). Over the prior 12 months, other services had added 

89,000 jobs. 

Mining lost 6,000 jobs in March, with much of the decline occurring in support activities for mining 

(-5,000). Since a recent peak in January 2019, mining employment has declined by 42,000. 

In March, manufacturing employment edged down (-18,000). Over the past 12 months, employment in 

the industry has shown little net change. 

Federal government employment rose by 18,000 in March, reflecting the hiring of 17,000 workers for 

the 2020 Census. 

Employment in other major industries, including wholesale trade, transportation and warehousing, 

information, and financial activities, changed little over the month. 

In March, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 11 

cents to $28.62. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 3.1 percent. 
-4-

Average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees increased by 10 

cents to $24.07 in March. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls fell by 0.2 hour to 34.2 hours in 

March. The decline in the average workweek was most pronounced in leisure and hospitality, where 

average weekly hours dropped by 1.4 hours. In manufacturing, the workweek declined by 0.3 hour to 

40.4 hours, and overtime declined by 0.2 hour to 3.0 hours. The average workweek for production and 

nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.3 hour to 33.4 hours. (See 

tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for January was revised down by 59,000 from 

+273,000 to +214,000, and the change for February was revised up by 2,000 from +273,000 to 

+275,000. With these revisions, employment gains in January and February combined were 57,000 

lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from 

businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of 

seasonal factors.) After revisions, job gains averaged 245,000 per month for January and February. 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for April is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 8, 2020, at 8:30 

a.m. (EDT).
-5-

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on March 2020 Establishment and Household Survey Data

March data from the establishment and household surveys broadly reflect some of the early effects of 

the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the labor market. We cannot precisely quantify the effects of 

the pandemic on the job market in March. However, it is clear that the decrease in employment and

hours and the increase in unemployment can be ascribed to effects of the illness and efforts to contain 

the virus. It is important to keep in mind that the March survey reference periods for both surveys 

predated many coronavirus-related business and school closures in the second half of the month. 

In the household survey, individuals are classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force 

based on their answers to a series of questions about their activities during the survey reference week 

(March 8th through March 14th). Workers who indicate they were not working during the entire survey 

reference week and expect to be recalled to their jobs should be classified as unemployed on temporary 

layoff. In March 2020, there was an extremely large increase in the number of persons classified as 

unemployed on temporary layoff. 

However, there was also a large increase in the number of workers who were classified as employed but 

absent from work. Special instructions sent to household survey interviewers just before data collection 

started for March called for all employed persons absent from work due to coronavirus-related business 

closures to be classified as unemployed on temporary layoff. However, it is apparent that not all such 

workers were so classified. Such a misclassification is an example of nonsampling error and can occur 

when respondents misunderstand questions or interviewers record answers incorrectly. 

If the workers who were recorded as employed but absent from work due to “other reasons” (over and 

above the number absent for other reasons in a typical March) had been classified as unemployed on 

temporary layoff, the overall unemployment rate would have been almost 1 percentage point higher than 

reported. However, according to usual practice, the data from the household survey are accepted as 

recorded. To maintain data integrity, no ad hoc actions are taken to reclassify survey responses. 

In the establishment survey, workers who are paid by their employer for all or any part of the pay period 

including the 12th of the month are counted as employed, even if they were not actually at their jobs. 

Workers who are temporarily or permanently absent from their jobs, but are not being paid, are not 

counted as employed, even if they are continuing to receive benefits. The length of the reference period 

does vary across the respondents in the establishment survey; one-third of respondents have a weekly 

pay period, slightly over 40 percent a bi-weekly, about 20 percent semi-monthly, and a small amount 

monthly. 

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the coronavirus. The household survey is generally 

collected through in-person and telephone interviews, but personal interviews were suspended during 

the collection period for the safety of interviewers and respondents. The household survey response rate, 

at 73 percent, was about 10 percentage points lower than in recent months. In the establishment survey, 

about one-fifth of the data is generally collected by telephone at four regional data collection centers. 

Although these centers were closed during the collection period, efforts were made to collect data 

electronically. The collection rate for the establishment survey, at 66 percent, was about 9 percentage 

points lower than average. 

More information is available at www.bls.gov/cps/employment-situation-covid19-faq-march-2020.pdf . 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Change from:

Feb. 2020-

Mar. 2020

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 258,537 259,502 259,628 259,758 130

Civilian labor force........................................................... 162,935 164,606 164,546 162,913 -1,633

Participation rate.......................................................... 63.0 63.4 63.4 62.7 -0.7

Employed................................................................... 156,741 158,714 158,759 155,772 -2,987

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.6 61.2 61.1 60.0 -1.1

Unemployed............................................................... 6,194 5,892 5,787 7,140 1,353

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.8 3.6 3.5 4.4 0.9

Not in labor force............................................................ 95,602 94,896 95,082 96,845 1,763

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.8 3.6 3.5 4.4 0.9

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.6 3.3 3.3 4.0 0.7

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.3 3.2 3.1 4.0 0.9

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 12.7 12.2 11.0 14.3 3.3

White.......................................................................... 3.4 3.1 3.1 4.0 0.9

Black or African American.................................................. 6.6 6.0 5.8 6.7 0.9

Asian.......................................................................... 3.1 3.0 2.5 4.1 1.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.7 4.3 4.4 6.0 1.6

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.5 0.6

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.8 5.5 5.7 6.8 1.1

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.7 3.8 3.6 4.4 0.8

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.4 2.8 3.0 3.7 0.7

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.5 0.6

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,826 2,665 2,723 3,946 1,223

Job leavers...................................................................... 780 836 777 727 -50

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,002 1,838 1,803 1,778 -25

New entrants.................................................................... 605 557 505 509 4

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,116 2,059 2,013 3,542 1,529

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,812 1,755 1,803 1,794 -9

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 936 887 825 808 -17

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,305 1,166 1,102 1,164 62

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,517 4,182 4,318 5,765 1,447

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,887 2,655 2,776 4,043 1,267

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,347 1,294 1,317 1,321 4

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,332 22,154 22,175 20,601 -1,574

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,423 1,342 1,440 1,426 -14

Discouraged workers........................................................ 417 337 405 514 109

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 214 275 -701

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 179 242 -713

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 13 57 -54

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 -3 3 -7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 38 41 -29

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -3 -22 13 -18

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6 -12 11 -7

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6.4 -7.5 8.5 -2.2

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -10 2 -11

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 166 185 -659

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4.4 4.3 -1.9 0.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -24.3 -3.2 1.2 -46.2

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 22.6 -1.2 -4.9

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 -1.0 0.2 0.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 11 3 2

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 9 31 -1

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 20 36 -52

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -11.0 -3.9 -3.9 -49.5

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 69 65 -76

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 41.0 66.1 -61.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 24 44 -459

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 10 8 -24

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 35 33 12

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 220 224 -71

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 197 195 -97

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 50.0 50.0 50.0

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.7 48.7 48.6

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.2 82.2 82.0

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 34.3 34.4 34.2

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27.76 $28.43 $28.51 $28.62

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $957.72 $975.15 $980.74 $978.80

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.6 111.5 112.0 110.8

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.1 0.4 -1.1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.8 151.6 152.7 151.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.4 0.7 -0.7

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (258 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 55.2 57.9 36.0

Manufacturing (76 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.9 43.4 50.7 36.8

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 145,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,537 259,628 259,758 258,537 260,020 260,181 259,502 259,628 259,758

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,823 164,235 162,537 162,935 164,347 164,556 164,606 164,546 162,913

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 63.3 62.6 63.0 63.2 63.2 63.4 63.4 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,441 158,017 155,167 156,741 158,536 158,803 158,714 158,759 155,772

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 60.9 59.7 60.6 61.0 61.0 61.2 61.1 60.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,382 6,218 7,370 6,194 5,811 5,753 5,892 5,787 7,140

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.8 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,714 95,393 97,221 95,602 95,673 95,625 94,896 95,082 96,845

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,887 4,973 5,215 5,196 4,832 4,832 4,904 4,962 5,509

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,037 125,575 125,639 125,037 125,773 125,852 125,513 125,575 125,639

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,286 86,597 85,914 86,441 87,104 87,049 87,088 87,008 86,123

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 69.0 68.4 69.1 69.3 69.2 69.4 69.3 68.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,606 83,047 81,794 83,047 84,018 84,034 83,940 83,871 82,357

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 66.1 65.1 66.4 66.8 66.8 66.9 66.8 65.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,681 3,549 4,120 3,394 3,086 3,015 3,147 3,137 3,765

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 4.1 4.8 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,750 38,979 39,725 38,595 38,669 38,803 38,426 38,568 39,516

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,586 117,181 117,254 116,586 117,331 117,413 117,110 117,181 117,254

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,603 83,804 83,174 83,566 84,057 84,008 84,087 84,001 83,176

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 71.5 70.9 71.7 71.6 71.5 71.8 71.7 70.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,295 80,592 79,448 80,570 81,377 81,390 81,345 81,202 79,832

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.9 68.8 67.8 69.1 69.4 69.3 69.5 69.3 68.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,308 3,212 3,726 2,995 2,679 2,618 2,743 2,799 3,344

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.8 4.5 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,983 33,377 34,080 33,021 33,274 33,405 33,023 33,180 34,078

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,500 134,053 134,119 133,500 134,247 134,329 133,988 134,053 134,119

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,536 77,638 76,623 76,494 77,243 77,507 77,518 77,538 76,790

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 57.9 57.1 57.3 57.5 57.7 57.9 57.8 57.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,835 74,970 73,373 73,694 74,518 74,769 74,774 74,888 73,415

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.3 55.9 54.7 55.2 55.5 55.7 55.8 55.9 54.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,701 2,668 3,250 2,799 2,725 2,738 2,744 2,651 3,375

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.4 4.2 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,964 56,415 57,496 57,007 57,004 56,822 56,470 56,514 57,329

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,252 125,841 125,915 125,252 125,998 126,082 125,770 125,841 125,915

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,658 74,768 73,789 73,508 74,291 74,584 74,512 74,501 73,840

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.8 59.4 58.6 58.7 59.0 59.2 59.2 59.2 58.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,259 72,413 70,908 71,056 71,881 72,200 72,097 72,179 70,886

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 57.5 56.3 56.7 57.0 57.3 57.3 57.4 56.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,399 2,355 2,881 2,451 2,411 2,383 2,415 2,323 2,954

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.1 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 4.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,594 51,073 52,126 51,744 51,706 51,498 51,258 51,340 52,075

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,698 16,606 16,590 16,698 16,692 16,686 16,622 16,606 16,590

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,562 5,663 5,574 5,862 5,999 5,964 6,007 6,043 5,897

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.3 34.1 33.6 35.1 35.9 35.7 36.1 36.4 35.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,887 5,012 4,811 5,115 5,278 5,213 5,273 5,378 5,054

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3 30.2 29.0 30.6 31.6 31.2 31.7 32.4 30.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 651 763 747 721 752 734 665 843

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 11.5 13.7 12.7 12.0 12.6 12.2 11.0 14.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,137 10,943 11,015 10,837 10,693 10,722 10,614 10,562 10,693

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,508 200,968 201,023 200,508 201,254 201,326 200,918 200,968 201,023

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,290 126,954 125,761 126,398 127,191 127,197 127,288 127,146 126,021

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 63.2 62.6 63.0 63.2 63.2 63.4 63.3 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,929 122,669 120,660 122,111 123,077 123,175 123,332 123,189 121,042

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.8 61.0 60.0 60.9 61.2 61.2 61.4 61.3 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,362 4,285 5,101 4,286 4,115 4,022 3,957 3,957 4,979

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.4 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 4.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,218 74,014 75,261 74,111 74,063 74,129 73,630 73,821 75,002

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,029 66,057 65,501 66,020 66,204 66,076 66,279 66,153 65,522

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 71.7 71.1 71.9 71.8 71.6 72.0 71.8 71.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,742 63,767 62,842 63,937 64,247 64,238 64,341 64,204 63,120

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.4 69.2 68.2 69.6 69.7 69.6 69.9 69.7 68.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,287 2,290 2,659 2,083 1,957 1,839 1,938 1,950 2,402

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.5 4.1 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,893 56,477 55,894 55,777 56,299 56,429 56,324 56,247 55,878

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 58.4 57.8 57.8 58.2 58.3 58.3 58.2 57.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,293 54,914 53,974 54,102 54,666 54,827 54,807 54,692 53,878

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 56.8 55.8 56.1 56.5 56.6 56.7 56.6 55.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600 1,563 1,921 1,676 1,633 1,602 1,517 1,555 2,000

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.6

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,368 4,420 4,366 4,600 4,688 4,692 4,686 4,746 4,621

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.6 36.3 35.9 37.5 38.3 38.4 38.4 39.0 38.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,894 3,988 3,844 4,073 4,164 4,111 4,184 4,294 4,043

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.8 32.7 31.6 33.2 34.0 33.6 34.3 35.2 33.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 432 521 528 524 581 502 452 578

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 9.8 11.9 11.5 11.2 12.4 10.7 9.5 12.5

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,925 33,211 33,238 32,925 33,184 33,215 33,184 33,211 33,238

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,328 20,833 20,455 20,437 20,675 20,949 20,790 20,946 20,596

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 62.7 61.5 62.1 62.3 63.1 62.6 63.1 62.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,965 19,530 19,018 19,093 19,527 19,712 19,549 19,730 19,208

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.6 58.8 57.2 58.0 58.8 59.3 58.9 59.4 57.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,364 1,303 1,438 1,344 1,148 1,238 1,241 1,216 1,387

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 6.3 7.0 6.6 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,597 12,379 12,783 12,488 12,509 12,266 12,395 12,266 12,642

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,344 9,408 9,404 9,396 9,504 9,591 9,445 9,499 9,477

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 67.3 67.2 68.0 68.1 68.6 67.6 68.0 67.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,675 8,779 8,691 8,765 9,019 9,034 8,918 8,945 8,812

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 62.8 62.1 63.4 64.6 64.6 63.9 64.0 63.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 629 713 630 485 557 526 554 665

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 6.7 7.6 6.7 5.1 5.8 5.6 5.8 7.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,324 10,726 10,363 10,318 10,445 10,625 10,617 10,721 10,374

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 63.9 61.6 62.0 62.3 63.3 63.3 63.8 61.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,777 10,194 9,806 9,776 9,929 10,094 10,067 10,207 9,830

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.8 60.7 58.3 58.8 59.2 60.1 60.0 60.8 58.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 532 558 542 516 530 550 514 543

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.0 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.2 4.8 5.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 698 687 723 727 734 728 725 745

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.7 28.7 28.3 29.3 29.6 29.9 29.8 29.8 30.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 556 521 552 579 583 564 578 566

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.7 22.9 21.4 22.3 23.6 23.8 23.1 23.7 23.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 142 167 171 147 151 164 148 180

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 20.3 24.2 23.7 20.3 20.6 22.5 20.4 24.1

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,245 16,421 16,419 16,245 16,558 16,482 16,178 16,421 16,419

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,447 10,596 10,486 10,400 10,705 10,478 10,332 10,574 10,470

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 64.5 63.9 64.0 64.7 63.6 63.9 64.4 63.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,133 10,327 10,058 10,082 10,429 10,214 10,017 10,312 10,037

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.9 61.3 62.1 63.0 62.0 61.9 62.8 61.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 268 428 318 276 264 315 262 433

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.5 4.1 3.1 2.6 2.5 3.0 2.5 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,798 5,825 5,932 5,845 5,852 6,004 5,847 5,848 5,948

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 43,205 43,820 43,895 43,205 43,902 43,986 43,742 43,820 43,895

Civilian labor force................................ 28,900 29,750 29,372 28,919 29,575 29,517 29,672 29,852 29,443

Participation rate............................... 66.9 67.9 66.9 66.9 67.4 67.1 67.8 68.1 67.1

Employed....................................... 27,479 28,311 27,531 27,562 28,339 28,286 28,397 28,531 27,672

Employment-population ratio............... 63.6 64.6 62.7 63.8 64.6 64.3 64.9 65.1 63.0

Unemployed.................................... 1,421 1,438 1,841 1,357 1,236 1,231 1,275 1,322 1,771

Unemployment rate......................... 4.9 4.8 6.3 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 6.0

Not in labor force................................. 14,305 14,071 14,523 14,286 14,327 14,468 14,070 13,968 14,452

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,836 15,985 15,836 15,833 15,983 15,875 16,114 16,035 15,844

Participation rate............................... 81.2 80.8 79.9 81.2 80.6 79.9 81.6 81.1 80.0

Employed....................................... 15,114 15,355 14,943 15,192 15,498 15,393 15,571 15,519 15,037

Employment-population ratio............... 77.5 77.6 75.4 77.9 78.2 77.5 78.9 78.5 75.9

Unemployed.................................... 722 630 893 641 485 483 543 516 807

Unemployment rate......................... 4.6 3.9 5.6 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.2 5.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,842 12,460 12,208 11,841 12,196 12,293 12,242 12,441 12,245

Participation rate............................... 60.0 62.2 60.8 60.0 60.8 61.1 61.2 62.1 61.0

Employed....................................... 11,318 11,839 11,462 11,324 11,675 11,736 11,701 11,834 11,507

Employment-population ratio............... 57.3 59.1 57.1 57.4 58.2 58.4 58.5 59.1 57.3

Unemployed.................................... 524 622 746 517 521 558 541 607 738

Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 5.0 6.1 4.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.9 6.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,222 1,305 1,328 1,245 1,396 1,349 1,316 1,377 1,354

Participation rate............................... 30.8 32.6 33.2 31.4 34.8 33.6 32.9 34.4 33.8

Employed....................................... 1,048 1,118 1,126 1,046 1,166 1,157 1,125 1,177 1,128

Employment-population ratio............... 26.4 27.9 28.1 26.3 29.0 28.8 28.1 29.4 28.2

Unemployed.................................... 175 187 202 200 230 191 191 199 225

Unemployment rate......................... 14.3 14.3 15.2 16.0 16.5 14.2 14.5 14.5 16.7

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,064 9,341 9,184 10,118 9,761 9,895 9,621 9,710 9,251

Participation rate.................................. 45.8 46.0 45.3 46.0 46.5 46.5 45.9 47.8 45.7

Employed.......................................... 9,374 8,670 8,439 9,532 9,245 9,379 9,090 9,160 8,626

Employment-population ratio................. 42.6 42.7 41.6 43.4 44.1 44.0 43.4 45.1 42.6

Unemployed....................................... 689 671 745 586 516 516 531 550 625

Unemployment rate............................ 6.9 7.2 8.1 5.8 5.3 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.8

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,015 36,278 35,142 35,995 36,178 36,094 36,230 36,309 35,232

Participation rate.................................. 57.9 58.3 57.3 57.9 58.0 58.5 58.7 58.3 57.4

Employed.......................................... 34,571 34,793 33,460 34,667 34,850 34,764 34,861 34,986 33,687

Employment-population ratio................. 55.6 55.9 54.6 55.8 55.9 56.3 56.5 56.2 54.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,444 1,484 1,682 1,328 1,328 1,330 1,369 1,323 1,545

Unemployment rate............................ 4.0 4.1 4.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.6 4.4

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,204 37,291 37,256 37,278 37,478 37,509 37,283 37,325 37,381

Participation rate.................................. 65.1 64.7 64.5 65.2 64.7 64.7 64.6 64.8 64.7

Employed.......................................... 35,895 36,061 35,803 36,025 36,393 36,491 36,243 36,209 36,013

Employment-population ratio................. 62.8 62.6 62.0 63.0 62.9 63.0 62.8 62.9 62.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,309 1,230 1,453 1,253 1,085 1,018 1,040 1,116 1,368

Unemployment rate............................ 3.5 3.3 3.9 3.4 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.7

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 58,984 60,589 60,888 58,598 59,924 59,938 60,176 59,894 60,487

Participation rate.................................. 74.2 74.0 73.5 73.7 74.0 73.5 73.7 73.1 73.0

Employed.......................................... 57,789 59,411 59,405 57,408 58,750 58,778 59,002 58,736 59,000

Employment-population ratio................. 72.7 72.5 71.7 72.2 72.5 72.1 72.3 71.7 71.2

Unemployed....................................... 1,195 1,177 1,484 1,189 1,174 1,160 1,174 1,158 1,487

Unemployment rate............................ 2.0 1.9 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.5

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,933 18,578 17,055 16,678 1,878 1,900

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,351 9,072 8,208 7,974 1,143 1,098

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.4 48.8 48.1 47.8 60.9 57.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,081 8,703 7,968 7,653 1,113 1,051

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.0 46.8 46.7 45.9 59.3 55.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 368 240 321 30 47

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 4.1 2.9 4.0 2.6 4.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,582 9,506 8,847 8,704 735 802

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,231 4,267 3,540 3,551 691 716

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,425 3,394 2,941 2,864 485 530

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.0 79.5 83.1 80.6 70.1 74.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,319 3,254 2,854 2,756 465 497

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 76.2 80.6 77.6 67.3 69.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 140 87 107 19 33

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 4.1 2.9 3.7 4.0 6.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 873 599 687 207 186

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,123 3,249 2,596 2,711 527 538

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,437 2,437 2,072 2,087 365 350

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.0 75.0 79.8 77.0 69.3 65.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,391 2,359 2,031 2,021 360 338

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.6 72.6 78.2 74.6 68.3 62.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 78 40 66 5 12

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 3.2 1.9 3.2 1.5 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 812 525 624 162 188

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,332 6,941 7,080 6,699 252 242

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,443 1,327 1,370 1,303 72 24

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.7 19.1 19.4 19.5 28.7 9.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,403 1,273 1,330 1,249 72 24

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 18.3 18.8 18.7 28.7 9.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 54 40 54 0 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.1 2.9 4.1 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,889 5,614 5,710 5,396 180 218

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,247 4,121 3,839 3,717 408 404

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,046 1,914 1,825 1,719 221 195

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 46.4 47.5 46.3 54.2 48.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,968 1,817 1,752 1,626 216 192

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.3 44.1 45.6 43.7 52.9 47.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 97 73 94 5 3

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 5.0 4.0 5.5 2.4 1.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,201 2,207 2,014 1,998 187 209

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,736 232,458 103,460 104,614 127,276 127,844

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,634 151,507 77,174 77,080 74,459 74,427

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 65.2 74.6 73.7 58.5 58.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,758 144,827 73,845 73,417 71,913 71,410

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 62.3 71.4 70.2 56.5 55.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,875 6,679 3,329 3,663 2,546 3,017

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.8 3.4 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,102 80,951 26,286 27,534 52,816 53,417

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2020 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,575 30,563 227,962 229,195

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,570 6,418 156,253 156,119

Participation rate..................................................................... 21.5 21.0 68.5 68.1

Employed............................................................................. 6,049 5,888 150,392 149,279

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 19.8 19.3 66.0 65.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 521 530 5,860 6,840

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.9 8.3 3.8 4.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,005 24,145 71,709 73,076

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,921 2,713 77,724 77,342

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.0 36.5 82.8 82.4

Employed............................................................................. 2,623 2,442 74,535 73,756

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 34.1 32.9 79.4 78.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 298 271 3,188 3,586

Unemployment rate............................................................... 10.2 10.0 4.1 4.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,774 4,715 16,136 16,569

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,427 2,542 69,297 69,285

Participation rate..................................................................... 30.5 33.3 71.7 71.6

Employed............................................................................. 2,250 2,330 66,925 66,379

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 28.3 30.5 69.2 68.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 177 212 2,372 2,906

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.3 8.3 3.4 4.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,523 5,086 27,405 27,437

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,222 1,163 9,232 9,492

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.2 7.5 24.7 24.6

Employed............................................................................. 1,175 1,116 8,932 9,144

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.9 7.2 23.9 23.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 46 47 300 348

Unemployment rate............................................................... 3.8 4.0 3.2 3.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,709 14,344 28,168 29,069

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 43,562 42,323 21,216 20,474 22,346 21,849

Civilian labor force.................................................. 28,893 27,819 16,564 15,965 12,329 11,854

Participation rate.................................................. 66.3 65.7 78.1 78.0 55.2 54.3

Employed.......................................................... 27,775 26,478 15,981 15,301 11,794 11,178

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.8 62.6 75.3 74.7 52.8 51.2

Unemployed....................................................... 1,118 1,341 583 665 535 676

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.9 4.8 3.5 4.2 4.3 5.7

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,669 14,504 4,652 4,509 10,017 9,995

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 214,975 217,435 103,821 105,165 111,154 112,270

Civilian labor force.................................................. 133,930 134,718 69,722 69,949 64,207 64,769

Participation rate.................................................. 62.3 62.0 67.2 66.5 57.8 57.7

Employed.......................................................... 128,666 128,689 66,625 66,493 62,041 62,195

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.9 59.2 64.2 63.2 55.8 55.4

Unemployed....................................................... 5,264 6,029 3,098 3,456 2,166 2,574

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.9 4.5 4.4 4.9 3.4 4.0

Not in labor force.................................................... 81,045 82,717 34,099 35,216 46,947 47,501

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,243 2,334 2,263 2,336 2,356 2,533 2,404 2,467 2,399

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,558 1,706 1,580 1,671 1,661 1,849 1,741 1,831 1,715

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 667 612 661 647 692 684 647 645 660

Unpaid family workers........................... 18 16 22 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 154,197 155,683 152,904 154,346 156,167 156,241 156,345 156,281 153,358

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 145,493 146,868 144,163 145,578 147,275 147,431 147,483 147,353 144,507

Government..................................... 21,077 21,438 21,484 20,706 21,342 21,323 21,475 21,039 21,143

Private industries............................... 124,417 125,430 122,679 124,860 125,996 126,069 125,960 126,192 123,360

Private households.......................... 808 781 712 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 123,609 124,649 121,967 124,057 125,157 125,250 125,152 125,397 122,642

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,659 8,771 8,704 8,733 8,856 8,821 8,801 8,889 8,806

Unpaid family workers........................... 45 45 37 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,621 4,600 5,879 4,517 4,288 4,148 4,182 4,318 5,765

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,949 3,037 4,159 2,887 2,634 2,657 2,655 2,776 4,043

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,413 1,288 1,404 1,347 1,259 1,215 1,294 1,317 1,321

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,738 22,902 20,764 21,332 21,532 21,586 22,154 22,175 20,601

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,548 4,501 5,788 4,446 4,221 4,111 4,091 4,225 5,681

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,895 2,966 4,090 2,834 2,599 2,613 2,580 2,719 3,965

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,410 1,282 1,392 1,343 1,254 1,209 1,308 1,313 1,312

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,434 22,473 20,392 21,025 21,163 21,180 21,787 21,770 20,236

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,441 158,017 155,167 156,741 158,536 158,803 158,714 158,759 155,772

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,887 5,012 4,811 5,115 5,278 5,213 5,273 5,378 5,054

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,601 1,776 1,636 1,757 1,978 1,874 1,949 1,972 1,800

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,285 3,236 3,175 3,354 3,315 3,339 3,311 3,401 3,269

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,554 153,005 150,356 151,627 153,258 153,590 153,441 153,381 150,719

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,925 14,069 13,248 14,093 14,112 14,142 14,214 14,278 13,428

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,629 138,936 137,107 137,642 139,176 139,426 139,215 139,188 137,392

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,750 101,152 100,141 100,770 101,517 101,653 101,487 101,426 100,313

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,686 36,038 35,429 35,682 36,190 36,230 36,129 36,123 35,501

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,785 33,273 33,050 32,872 33,293 33,406 33,412 33,402 33,168

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,279 31,841 31,662 32,216 32,033 32,017 31,945 31,901 31,644

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,879 37,784 36,966 36,872 37,660 37,773 37,728 37,762 37,079

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,606 83,047 81,794 83,047 84,018 84,034 83,940 83,871 82,357

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,311 2,455 2,346 2,477 2,640 2,644 2,596 2,669 2,525

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 776 724 886 929 876 860 891 817

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,518 1,679 1,622 1,596 1,717 1,766 1,733 1,784 1,715

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,295 80,592 79,448 80,570 81,377 81,390 81,345 81,202 79,832

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,015 7,126 6,688 7,141 7,157 7,152 7,307 7,272 6,818

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,280 73,466 72,760 73,522 74,224 74,217 74,057 73,982 73,159

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,825 53,415 53,170 53,947 54,101 54,005 53,840 53,770 53,374

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,294 19,038 18,957 19,298 19,413 19,364 19,145 19,175 19,002

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,635 17,734 17,687 17,723 17,890 17,881 17,884 17,874 17,790

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,897 16,643 16,527 16,926 16,797 16,761 16,810 16,720 16,582

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,455 20,052 19,590 19,575 20,124 20,212 20,217 20,213 19,785

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,835 74,970 73,373 73,694 74,518 74,769 74,774 74,888 73,415

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,576 2,557 2,465 2,638 2,637 2,568 2,677 2,709 2,529

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 1,000 912 871 1,049 999 1,089 1,081 983

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,767 1,557 1,553 1,758 1,598 1,573 1,578 1,616 1,554

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,259 72,413 70,908 71,056 71,881 72,200 72,097 72,179 70,886

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,910 6,944 6,561 6,952 6,955 6,990 6,907 7,006 6,610

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,349 65,469 64,347 64,120 64,952 65,208 65,158 65,206 64,232

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,925 47,737 46,971 46,823 47,416 47,648 47,647 47,657 46,939

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,392 17,001 16,472 16,385 16,777 16,866 16,984 16,949 16,499

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,151 15,539 15,363 15,149 15,403 15,525 15,528 15,528 15,378

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,382 15,198 15,135 15,290 15,236 15,256 15,135 15,180 15,062

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,424 17,733 17,376 17,297 17,536 17,561 17,510 17,549 17,293

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,865 45,855 45,901 45,865 46,059 46,177 46,257 46,067 45,920

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,841 36,811 36,700 36,391 36,581 36,631 36,869 36,597 36,353

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,708 9,771 9,402 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,819 129,734 127,981 129,955 131,561 131,755 131,099 131,109 129,298

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,622 28,283 27,187 26,935 26,958 26,992 27,529 27,726 26,553

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,047 8,181 7,358 7,908 8,107 7,946 8,152 8,070 7,268

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.1 4.7

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,991 6,467 6,287 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,326 9,382 9,364 9,380 9,548 9,506 9,448 9,534 9,466

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 6,194 5,787 7,140 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 747 665 843 12.7 12.0 12.6 12.2 11.0 14.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 258 214 354 12.8 12.6 13.7 11.8 9.8 16.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 482 464 479 12.6 11.7 12.1 12.5 12.0 12.8

20 years and over................................ 5,447 5,122 6,297 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 4.0

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,097 972 1,281 7.2 6.4 6.3 6.6 6.4 8.7

25 years and over.............................. 4,348 4,168 5,007 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.5

25 to 54 years............................... 3,349 3,152 3,725 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.6

25 to 34 years............................. 1,471 1,371 1,534 4.0 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 4.1

35 to 44 years............................. 931 955 1,157 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 3.4

45 to 54 years............................. 947 827 1,034 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.2

55 years and over........................... 1,016 1,003 1,276 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.6 3.3

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,394 3,137 3,765 3.9 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 4.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 399 338 421 13.9 13.4 13.0 13.5 11.2 14.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 117 108 142 11.6 14.1 14.6 14.4 10.8 14.8

18 to 19 years.................................. 271 243 265 14.5 13.0 12.8 12.9 12.0 13.4

20 years and over................................ 2,995 2,799 3,344 3.6 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 4.0

20 to 24 years.................................. 685 519 681 8.8 7.3 7.2 6.8 6.7 9.1

25 years and over.............................. 2,310 2,278 2,651 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.5

25 to 54 years............................... 1,754 1,707 1,951 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.5

25 to 34 years............................. 747 771 842 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.2

35 to 44 years............................. 501 507 584 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.2

45 to 54 years............................. 506 429 525 2.9 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.1

55 years and over........................... 556 571 700 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.7 3.4

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,799 2,651 3,375 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 348 328 422 11.7 10.6 12.1 11.0 10.8 14.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 141 105 212 13.9 11.3 12.9 9.6 8.9 17.8

18 to 19 years.................................. 211 221 214 10.7 10.2 11.3 12.1 12.0 12.1

20 years and over................................ 2,451 2,323 2,954 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 4.0

20 to 24 years.................................. 412 453 600 5.6 5.5 5.5 6.5 6.1 8.3

25 years and over.............................. 2,038 1,891 2,356 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.5

25 to 54 years............................... 1,595 1,445 1,774 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.6

25 to 34 years............................. 724 599 692 4.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4 4.0

35 to 44 years............................. 430 447 573 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.6

45 to 54 years............................. 441 398 509 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.6 3.3

55 years and over........................... 474 430 582 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 3.3

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 900 925 1,065 1.9 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.0 2.3

Married women, spouse present1................. 886 814 1,114 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 3.0

Women who maintain families2.................... 479 423 526 4.7 4.8 4.2 5.4 4.1 5.3

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,998 4,710 5,477 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 4.1

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,227 1,065 1,712 4.4 3.8 3.9 4.1 3.7 6.1

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,098 3,151 4,441 2,826 2,804 2,686 2,665 2,723 3,946

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,029 1,069 2,223 866 768 807 742 801 1,848

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,069 2,082 2,219 1,959 2,036 1,880 1,923 1,922 2,099

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,470 1,358 1,559 1,376 1,422 1,295 1,289 1,279 1,456

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 599 723 660 583 614 585 634 644 643

Job leavers........................................... 763 766 695 780 776 829 836 777 727

Reentrants............................................ 1,982 1,839 1,784 2,002 1,663 1,655 1,838 1,803 1,778

New entrants......................................... 539 462 449 605 581 551 557 505 509

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 48.5 50.7 60.3 45.5 48.1 46.9 45.2 46.9 56.7

On temporary layoff.............................. 16.1 17.2 30.2 13.9 13.2 14.1 12.6 13.8 26.5

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 32.4 33.5 30.1 31.5 35.0 32.9 32.6 33.1 30.2

Job leavers........................................... 12.0 12.3 9.4 12.6 13.3 14.5 14.2 13.4 10.5

Reentrants............................................ 31.1 29.6 24.2 32.2 28.6 28.9 31.2 31.0 25.5

New entrants......................................... 8.4 7.4 6.1 9.7 10.0 9.6 9.4 8.7 7.3

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.9 1.9 2.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.4

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4

Reentrants............................................ 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,868 1,939 3,118 2,116 2,026 2,065 2,059 2,013 3,542

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,017 2,161 2,008 1,812 1,753 1,730 1,755 1,803 1,794

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,496 2,117 2,244 2,242 2,083 1,998 2,053 1,927 1,971

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 1,111 932 999 936 865 812 887 825 808

27 weeks and over............................... 1,385 1,185 1,245 1,305 1,219 1,186 1,166 1,102 1,164

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 22.9 20.4 17.5 22.2 20.2 20.8 21.9 20.9 17.1

Median duration, in weeks......................... 10.8 9.3 7.3 9.5 9.2 9.0 9.3 9.1 7.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 29.3 31.2 42.3 34.3 34.6 35.6 35.1 35.1 48.5

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 31.6 34.8 27.2 29.4 29.9 29.9 29.9 31.4 24.5

15 weeks and over.................................. 39.1 34.1 30.4 36.3 35.5 34.5 35.0 33.6 27.0

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 17.4 15.0 13.6 15.2 14.7 14.0 15.1 14.4 11.1

27 weeks and over............................... 21.7 19.1 16.9 21.2 20.8 20.5 19.9 19.2 15.9

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 156,441 155,167 6,382 7,370 3.9 4.5

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 64,299 65,995 1,289 1,654 2.0 2.4

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 26,898 28,050 552 635 2.0 2.2

Professional and related occupations.......................... 37,401 37,945 736 1,020 1.9 2.6

Service occupations................................................ 26,351 25,308 1,442 1,700 5.2 6.3

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,050 30,781 1,379 1,258 4.0 3.9

Sales and related occupations.................................. 15,365 14,560 739 652 4.6 4.3

Office and administrative support occupations............... 17,685 16,221 640 606 3.5 3.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,060 13,918 827 990 5.6 6.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,130 1,103 207 131 15.5 10.6

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,367 8,029 503 727 5.7 8.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,562 4,786 118 132 2.5 2.7

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,681 19,166 889 1,305 4.5 6.4

Production occupations.......................................... 8,635 7,962 375 454 4.2 5.4

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,046 11,203 514 851 4.9 7.1

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 6,382 7,370 3.9 4.5

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,869 5,968 3.8 4.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 26 52 3.6 6.2

Construction.......................................................................... 490 658 5.2 6.9

Manufacturing........................................................................ 475 636 2.9 4.1

Durable goods..................................................................... 254 336 2.5 3.5

Nondurable goods................................................................ 221 300 3.6 5.3

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 917 962 4.7 5.0

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 262 380 3.6 5.1

Information............................................................................ 105 47 4.0 1.8

Financial activities................................................................... 280 230 2.8 2.2

Professional and business services............................................... 678 838 3.9 4.7

Education and health services..................................................... 583 771 2.3 3.1

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 827 1,131 5.8 8.1

Other services........................................................................ 224 262 3.4 3.9

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 195 139 11.5 8.3

Government workers................................................................... 405 486 1.9 2.2

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 375 327 3.8 3.4

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020

Mar.

2020

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.9 1.9 2.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.4

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.9 3.8 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.5 4.4

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.2 4.0 4.8 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 4.7

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.7 4.7 5.3 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.4 5.2

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.5 7.4 8.9 7.4 6.8 6.7 6.9 7.0 8.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

Mar.

2019

Mar.

2020

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 95,714 97,221 38,750 39,725 56,964 57,496

Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,887 5,215 2,267 2,559 2,620 2,656

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,357 1,380 680 744 677 636

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 412 514 237 302 176 212

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 944 866 443 442 501 424

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 8,047 7,358 3,863 3,566 4,184 3,792

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.1 4.7 4.7 4.4 5.7 5.2

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,473 4,227 2,309 2,225 2,164 2,002

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 2,197 1,904 826 640 1,371 1,264

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 282 237 185 129 96 109

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,027 932 522 550 505 382

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Change

from:

Feb.2020 -

Mar.2020p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,359 150,153 151,055 150,804 150,282 152,212 152,487 151,786 -701

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,473 127,556 128,032 127,703 127,754 129,498 129,740 129,027 -713

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,675 20,707 20,767 20,811 21,011 21,149 21,206 21,152 -54

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 701 700 697 741 712 715 708 -7

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.7 53.1 53.6 52.1 49.1 53.8 54.3 53.7 -0.6

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683.6 647.4 646.6 644.6 692.1 658.4 660.4 654.1 -6.3

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.9 154.5 155.0 155.1 143.9 155.8 156.6 156.5 -0.1

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189.1 184.4 182.8 183.9 193.4 189.9 188.9 188.1 -0.8

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.9 51.1 50.0 49.4 52.2 51.1 50.4 49.8 -0.6

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 40.5 40.5 40.6 42.3 41.0 40.8 40.8 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.1 92.8 92.3 93.9 98.9 97.9 97.7 97.6 -0.1

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351.6 308.5 308.8 305.6 354.8 312.7 314.9 309.5 -5.4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,170 7,240 7,271 7,331 7,443 7,593 7,634 7,605 -29

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,615.7 1,631.7 1,635.4 1,639.9 1,654.7 1,676.0 1,688.6 1,680.1 -8.5

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795.5 807.0 813.2 823.0 817.0 831.8 841.8 844.0 2.2

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820.2 824.7 822.2 816.9 837.7 844.2 846.8 836.1 -10.7

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 996.6 990.1 991.6 1,009.6 1,070.6 1,094.1 1,094.6 1,084.4 -10.2

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,557.5 4,618.2 4,643.6 4,681.0 4,717.2 4,823.1 4,850.7 4,840.5 -10.2

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,004.5 2,021.6 2,035.6 2,050.3 2,074.6 2,111.5 2,125.6 2,119.1 -6.5

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,553.0 2,596.6 2,608.0 2,630.7 2,642.6 2,711.6 2,725.1 2,721.4 -3.7

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,774 12,766 12,796 12,783 12,827 12,844 12,857 12,839 -18

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,039 8,019 8,038 8,040 8,056 8,052 8,063 8,056 -7

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.9 407.1 407.5 408.2 407.4 411.3 411.2 411.9 0.7

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411.7 410.8 413.5 416.9 418.9 422.9 425.6 424.4 -1.2

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390.1 373.7 373.6 372.4 389.7 373.3 372.7 371.7 -1.0

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,490.2 1,477.1 1,479.2 1,477.5 1,492.9 1,483.8 1,484.8 1,480.4 -4.4

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130.6 1,114.0 1,109.6 1,107.4 1,131.9 1,114.3 1,110.0 1,108.5 -1.5

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,069.1 1,093.9 1,095.9 1,099.4 1,071.4 1,097.1 1,099.5 1,101.3 1.8

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 160.4 169.1 169.0 169.8 160.6 169.1 169.5 170.2 0.7

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.5 84.4 84.3 84.6 83.5 84.5 84.6 84.5 -0.1

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.7 376.6 377.7 379.2 375.2 378.6 378.8 379.4 0.6

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.3 431.8 432.0 432.7 419.4 432.3 433.3 433.8 0.5

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 32.0 32.9 33.1 32.7 32.6 33.3 33.4 0.1

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 403.3 405.5 404.6 403.1 404.6 405.6 405.0 404.9 -0.1

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,738.7 1,732.7 1,748.1 1,748.1 1,734.4 1,735.3 1,744.8 1,743.4 -1.4

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,011.7 989.2 1,004.1 1,003.6 1,005.8 990.4 998.9 996.7 -2.2

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.8 386.4 385.4 385.5 388.7 387.3 386.3 385.9 -0.4

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613.2 617.3 620.3 621.0 615.7 621.3 623.0 623.3 0.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,735 4,747 4,758 4,743 4,771 4,792 4,794 4,783 -11

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,614.6 1,632.2 1,635.2 1,629.7 1,636.2 1,654.9 1,654.9 1,653.4 -1.5

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.6 106.5 107.0 106.0 109.7 106.9 106.6 106.1 -0.5

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.3 112.3 110.4 108.3 114.1 112.7 111.3 109.4 -1.9

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.5 103.8 104.8 105.0 111.6 104.8 105.1 105.2 0.1

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.7 363.1 362.4 362.8 366.1 364.5 363.6 363.4 -0.2

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 425.1 416.5 415.1 412.0 426.5 418.3 417.2 413.7 -3.5

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.8 110.0 110.2 110.0 115.2 114.3 114.3 113.6 -0.7

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847.5 846.6 850.1 846.4 847.6 849.8 850.4 847.4 -3.0

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.4 743.9 746.7 748.6 733.9 745.4 747.4 749.0 1.6

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.0 311.9 316.2 313.8 309.7 320.3 323.5 321.4 -2.1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,798 106,849 107,265 106,892 106,743 108,349 108,534 107,875 -659

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,358 27,734 27,479 27,460 27,665 27,832 27,830 27,781 -49

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,857.1 5,904.8 5,903.1 5,912.1 5,880.3 5,937.5 5,935.6 5,936.5 0.9

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,180.4 3,208.9 3,209.0 3,210.8 3,188.5 3,220.0 3,219.2 3,220.1 0.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,149.7 2,164.9 2,163.6 2,168.7 2,164.4 2,184.3 2,183.3 2,183.5 0.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Change

from:

Feb.2020 -

Mar.2020p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.0 531.0 530.5 532.6 527.4 533.2 533.1 532.9 -0.2

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,425.8 15,573.4 15,425.1 15,403.6 15,642.9 15,669.0 15,670.2 15,624.0 -46.2

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,013.0 2,047.5 2,050.6 2,049.9 2,022.6 2,064.3 2,064.4 2,059.7 -4.7

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,295.2 1,305.2 1,308.1 1,304.2 1,298.5 1,310.1 1,310.9 1,307.3 -3.6

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157.6 156.3 158.7 160.5 161.6 165.3 165.7 165.1 -0.6

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 560.2 586.0 583.8 585.2 562.5 588.9 587.8 587.3 -0.5

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 471.4 472.1 467.1 457.0 474.5 469.3 469.9 459.5 -10.4

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 476.5 477.7 472.3 468.9 478.7 472.6 474.8 472.1 -2.7

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,296.8 1,247.7 1,267.8 1,306.8 1,290.2 1,308.4 1,305.6 1,301.7 -3.9

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,042.1 3,077.7 3,067.9 3,062.6 3,070.8 3,091.4 3,091.0 3,092.1 1.1

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041.6 1,059.1 1,053.4 1,045.6 1,047.4 1,051.3 1,058.2 1,052.3 -5.9

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927.2 944.1 935.6 937.0 937.1 951.5 949.2 948.5 -0.7

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,280.8 1,298.0 1,261.3 1,232.1 1,322.6 1,290.3 1,288.5 1,272.2 -16.3

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538.3 551.4 534.9 520.8 554.9 549.0 547.6 538.4 -9.2

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,958.6 3,049.6 2,969.7 2,982.7 3,036.2 3,046.6 3,048.2 3,058.5 10.3

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,042.7 1,092.4 1,044.2 1,040.5 1,083.8 1,076.1 1,078.5 1,080.9 2.4

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 1,915.9 1,957.2 1,925.5 1,942.2 1,952.3 1,970.5 1,969.7 1,977.6 7.9

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817.5 803.7 802.2 797.0 839.8 822.3 821.7 819.3 -2.4

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.0 544.8 542.3 543.2 568.1 552.0 551.1 549.7 -1.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,525.3 5,710.7 5,606.6 5,597.5 5,591.6 5,678.5 5,677.3 5,672.4 -4.9

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.2 505.5 507.9 511.4 500.7 509.2 511.1 512.7 1.6

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180.5 159.7 158.9 156.9 181.2 160.7 159.6 157.5 -2.1

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 63.1 62.8 62.6 65.5 65.0 65.0 64.9 -0.1

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,507.4 1,501.6 1,503.5 1,505.3 1,529.7 1,526.9 1,528.1 1,527.9 -0.2

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511.8 517.5 520.9 517.9 498.2 507.5 508.6 504.6 -4.0

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.7 51.2 50.4 50.8 50.8 51.1 50.5 51.0 0.5

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 28.0 27.3 28.3 28.2 35.5 36.2 37.1 35.7 -1.4

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 749.7 761.4 760.8 754.5 751.9 762.1 762.8 757.0 -5.8

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764.5 928.7 815.2 805.3 795.4 859.4 847.7 846.1 -1.6

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,170.0 1,194.7 1,197.9 1,204.6 1,182.7 1,200.4 1,206.8 1,215.0 8.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.4 545.2 544.3 547.0 550.6 546.9 547.1 547.9 0.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,838 2,857 2,881 2,885 2,851 2,894 2,897 2,899 2

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 750.1 763.7 768.1 767.5 753.5 766.3 770.3 770.9 0.6

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.1 424.7 445.7 445.9 440.9 456.8 457.5 455.0 -2.5

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268.2 261.1 263.2 264.5 267.2 262.3 263.1 263.7 0.6

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725.2 705.7 700.9 699.9 724.2 706.6 701.3 699.6 -1.7

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.3 348.6 349.3 352.1 337.0 350.5 350.4 352.3 1.9

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5 352.7 353.9 354.7 327.7 351.9 354.6 357.3 2.7

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,658 8,762 8,804 8,803 8,707 8,823 8,854 8,853 -1

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,386.2 6,454.9 6,482.5 6,481.0 6,403.7 6,475.5 6,495.0 6,497.5 2.5

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 19.8 19.5 19.1 19.6 19.9 19.6 19.3 19.6 0.3

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,635.1 2,670.5 2,675.8 2,675.2 2,643.7 2,674.2 2,681.8 2,682.7 0.9

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,771.7 1,782.8 1,786.5 1,783.1 1,774.0 1,783.9 1,788.1 1,785.2 -2.9

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,391.6 1,391.4 1,394.8 1,391.0 1,393.0 1,391.9 1,394.4 1,391.7 -2.7

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 563.9 581.6 582.8 585.2 569.4 584.5 587.4 590.1 2.7

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 299.5 306.1 306.5 306.9 300.3 305.7 306.3 307.4 1.1

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 954.2 960.7 965.8 965.3 959.0 967.7 969.9 970.6 0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,777.1 2,804.2 2,821.8 2,820.9 2,781.1 2,814.0 2,824.0 2,824.6 0.6

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,271.7 2,306.9 2,321.6 2,321.7 2,303.0 2,347.4 2,358.6 2,355.2 -3.4

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,682.8 1,721.6 1,731.4 1,731.5 1,699.6 1,743.4 1,749.9 1,750.4 0.5

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566.1 562.3 566.9 567.0 580.2 580.3 585.0 581.2 -3.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Change

from:

Feb.2020 -

Mar.2020p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.8 23.0 23.3 23.2 23.2 23.7 23.7 23.6 -0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,908 21,139 21,250 21,229 21,176 21,523 21,559 21,507 -52

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,479.6 9,658.7 9,755.7 9,730.0 9,457.0 9,678.8 9,705.6 9,712.1 6.5

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,141.7 1,152.3 1,155.6 1,155.3 1,146.7 1,160.6 1,162.2 1,160.5 -1.7

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,114.5 1,083.1 1,144.9 1,141.7 1,015.4 1,034.6 1,037.5 1,041.6 4.1

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,485.9 1,513.1 1,521.0 1,519.3 1,503.8 1,528.9 1,538.3 1,537.5 -0.8

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3 143.6 143.6 142.4 143.5 145.8 144.9 143.7 -1.2

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,150.0 2,243.3 2,248.2 2,230.7 2,173.3 2,246.6 2,253.0 2,256.8 3.8

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,498.4 1,542.4 1,549.8 1,545.0 1,515.5 1,559.8 1,561.3 1,563.3 2.0

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.5 738.0 743.0 745.6 718.3 744.7 748.7 749.7 1.0

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 490.3 490.0 491.9 488.1 492.3 493.9 493.3 490.7 -2.6

Other professional and technical services. . . 742.0 752.9 757.7 761.9 748.3 763.9 766.4 768.2 1.8

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,402.8 2,442.4 2,439.4 2,443.7 2,413.6 2,451.0 2,452.9 2,455.6 2.7

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,026.0 9,037.7 9,054.9 9,055.3 9,305.4 9,393.0 9,400.6 9,339.5 -61.1

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,584.5 8,579.8 8,595.5 8,595.2 8,857.2 8,927.6 8,933.6 8,872.6 -61.0

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 518.3 526.6 527.1 530.9 521.5 530.9 532.2 533.8 1.6

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.9 164.0 163.2 165.4 163.2 166.1 164.5 165.9 1.4

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,508.2 3,507.7 3,504.2 3,482.9 3,630.3 3,653.2 3,653.8 3,604.8 -49.0

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,845.7 2,821.0 2,807.9 2,785.2 2,951.2 2,946.1 2,942.2 2,892.7 -49.5

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875.8 874.0 869.7 862.9 879.6 870.6 869.4 867.3 -2.1

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.0 218.0 218.6 214.8 218.4 223.1 222.5 216.0 -6.5

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 947.8 953.5 965.0 964.1 954.4 966.5 971.3 970.4 -0.9

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,022.4 2,000.5 2,006.8 2,037.1 2,156.4 2,176.6 2,177.5 2,175.1 -2.4

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.1 335.5 340.9 337.1 333.4 340.5 342.4 339.3 -3.1

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441.5 457.9 459.4 460.1 448.2 465.4 467.0 466.9 -0.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,113 24,403 24,716 24,645 23,981 24,534 24,599 24,523 -76

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,879.0 3,758.9 3,997.8 3,970.6 3,725.0 3,839.2 3,837.8 3,822.6 -15.2

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,234.0 20,644.1 20,718.5 20,674.8 20,256.1 20,695.2 20,761.3 20,700.1 -61.2

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,142.6 16,428.8 16,465.7 16,431.5 16,175.5 16,471.0 16,509.0 16,466.5 -42.5

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,617.4 7,802.5 7,833.1 7,799.8 7,633.6 7,830.3 7,856.5 7,815.8 -40.7

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,645.8 2,706.9 2,717.2 2,706.0 2,651.6 2,713.8 2,723.2 2,711.2 -12.0

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965.9 972.0 973.2 958.2 967.8 975.3 977.2 960.0 -17.2

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 954.7 980.9 985.8 977.5 958.7 985.0 988.3 981.7 -6.6

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958.0 979.8 979.5 988.4 956.2 980.7 981.2 986.4 5.2

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 278.9 289.2 288.5 287.4 279.0 290.3 288.9 287.8 -1.1

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,503.4 1,553.3 1,565.8 1,561.0 1,508.6 1,562.2 1,572.4 1,566.5 -5.9

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310.7 320.4 323.1 321.3 311.7 323.1 325.3 322.2 -3.1

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,168.1 5,248.3 5,256.1 5,258.1 5,170.6 5,251.4 5,261.3 5,261.5 0.2

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,357.1 3,378.0 3,376.5 3,373.6 3,371.3 3,389.3 3,391.2 3,389.2 -2.0

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,594.2 1,587.1 1,585.7 1,582.2 1,601.8 1,592.1 1,592.1 1,590.3 -1.8

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 644.7 649.9 650.4 652.6 646.4 652.3 653.0 654.3 1.3

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953.8 974.2 973.6 971.2 957.8 976.6 977.9 976.4 -1.5

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 164.4 166.8 166.8 167.6 165.2 168.3 168.2 168.2 0.0

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,091.4 4,215.3 4,252.8 4,243.3 4,080.6 4,224.2 4,252.3 4,233.6 -18.7

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,564.3 2,672.4 2,695.0 2,699.3 2,566.6 2,678.9 2,699.4 2,702.1 2.7

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 182.8 184.8 185.3 186.1 182.5 185.4 186.0 186.0 0.0

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 323.1 318.9 323.4 321.0 325.5 323.1 326.2 323.4 -2.8

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,021.2 1,039.2 1,049.1 1,036.9 1,006.1 1,036.8 1,040.7 1,022.1 -18.6

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,090 16,092 16,245 15,988 16,494 16,808 16,852 16,393 -459

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,263.8 2,236.8 2,259.3 2,285.7 2,427.3 2,480.7 2,475.5 2,462.3 -13.2

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 493.7 456.2 473.2 483.7 517.7 516.8 513.9 509.5 -4.4

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.6 162.2 160.3 163.8 171.6 176.0 175.5 174.3 -1.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Change

from:

Feb.2020 -

Mar.2020p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,608.5 1,618.4 1,625.8 1,638.2 1,738.0 1,787.9 1,786.1 1,778.5 -7.6

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,825.7 13,854.8 13,985.8 13,702.1 14,066.7 14,327.7 14,376.6 13,930.3 -446.3

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,999.1 1,995.5 2,005.0 1,996.3 2,067.6 2,095.4 2,093.7 2,064.8 -28.9

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,826.6 11,859.3 11,980.8 11,705.8 11,999.1 12,232.3 12,282.9 11,865.5 -417.4

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,833 5,862 5,890 5,882 5,869 5,935 5,943 5,919 -24

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,338.8 1,355.8 1,373.8 1,368.0 1,340.4 1,371.0 1,378.8 1,370.1 -8.7

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,508.2 1,515.8 1,516.2 1,510.2 1,522.3 1,536.0 1,537.5 1,524.4 -13.1

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,986.3 2,990.4 2,999.7 3,003.7 3,006.2 3,027.6 3,026.4 3,024.1 -2.3

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,886 22,597 23,023 23,101 22,528 22,714 22,747 22,759 12

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,794.0 2,842.0 2,841.0 2,857.0 2,815.0 2,855.0 2,863.0 2,881.0 18.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,188.9 2,240.8 2,245.8 2,262.2 2,207.1 2,252.3 2,261.9 2,281.4 19.5

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.4 601.6 595.1 595.0 607.4 602.9 601.3 599.5 -1.8

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,334.0 5,105.0 5,329.0 5,339.0 5,175.0 5,190.0 5,198.0 5,184.0 -14.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,654.2 2,411.1 2,630.9 2,641.6 2,488.3 2,483.2 2,488.8 2,480.2 -8.6

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,679.7 2,693.7 2,698.4 2,696.9 2,686.5 2,706.9 2,709.6 2,704.1 -5.5

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,758.0 14,650.0 14,853.0 14,905.0 14,538.0 14,669.0 14,686.0 14,694.0 8.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,310.0 8,162.0 8,341.6 8,365.6 7,982.4 8,044.5 8,048.4 8,048.1 -0.3

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,447.7 6,488.0 6,510.9 6,539.5 6,555.4 6,624.5 6,637.9 6,645.5 7.6

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.5 34.3 34.4 34.2

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.4 40.2 40.4 40.1

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.6 45.7 45.7 45.5

Construction....................................................................... 39.4 39.2 39.4 39.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.7 40.4 40.7 40.4

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.0 40.9 41.1 40.7

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.1 39.6 39.9 39.8

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 33.2 33.3 33.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 34.0 34.3 34.3

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.0 38.8 38.8 38.7

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.7 30.3 30.8 30.9

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.7 38.3 38.4 38.4

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.5 42.6 42.5

Information......................................................................... 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.7 37.7 37.6 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.1 36.2 36.1

Education and health services.................................................. 33.0 33.0 33.1 32.9

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.1 25.9 25.8 24.4

Other services..................................................................... 32.0 32.0 31.9 31.5

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.0

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.9

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Total private............................................... $27.76 $28.43 $28.51 $28.62 $957.72 $975.15 $980.74 $978.80

Goods-producing....................................... 28.73 29.48 29.57 29.63 1,160.69 1,185.10 1,194.63 1,188.16

Mining and logging.................................. 32.96 34.47 34.70 34.76 1,535.94 1,575.28 1,585.79 1,581.58

Construction.......................................... 30.50 31.19 31.30 31.31 1,201.70 1,222.65 1,233.22 1,224.22

Manufacturing........................................ 27.46 28.19 28.25 28.35 1,117.62 1,138.88 1,149.78 1,145.34

Durable goods.................................... 28.90 29.61 29.65 29.70 1,184.90 1,211.05 1,218.62 1,208.79

Nondurable goods................................ 24.96 25.73 25.82 26.02 1,000.90 1,018.91 1,030.22 1,035.60

Private service-providing.............................. 27.53 28.18 28.27 28.39 916.75 935.58 941.39 936.87

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.02 24.61 24.67 24.69 823.89 836.74 846.18 846.87

Wholesale trade.................................. 31.26 31.72 31.82 31.82 1,219.14 1,230.74 1,234.62 1,231.43

Retail trade........................................ 19.44 20.11 20.18 20.26 596.81 609.33 621.54 626.03

Transportation and warehousing............... 24.61 25.00 25.14 25.11 952.41 957.50 965.38 964.22

Utilities............................................. 41.83 42.32 42.45 42.45 1,765.23 1,798.60 1,808.37 1,804.13

Information........................................... 41.96 42.80 42.95 43.06 1,523.15 1,553.64 1,559.09 1,567.38

Financial activities................................... 35.54 36.59 36.83 36.71 1,339.86 1,379.44 1,384.81 1,380.30

Professional and business services.............. 33.33 34.29 34.42 34.46 1,209.88 1,237.87 1,246.00 1,244.01

Education and health services..................... 27.52 27.86 27.90 27.90 908.16 919.38 923.49 917.91

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 16.40 16.80 16.84 16.83 428.04 435.12 434.47 410.65

Other services....................................... 25.05 25.57 25.63 25.69 801.60 818.24 817.60 809.24

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2020 -

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2020 -

Mar.

2020p

Total private..................................... 110.6 111.5 112.0 110.8 -1.1 146.8 151.6 152.7 151.6 -0.7

Goods-producing............................. 96.7 96.9 97.6 96.6 -1.0 125.6 129.1 130.4 129.4 -0.8

Mining and logging........................ 108.5 102.2 102.7 101.2 -1.5 143.6 141.5 143.0 141.3 -1.2

Construction................................ 101.1 102.6 103.7 102.5 -1.2 134.0 139.0 141.0 139.4 -1.1

Manufacturing.............................. 93.9 93.4 94.1 93.3 -0.9 119.9 122.4 123.7 123.0 -0.6

Durable goods........................... 93.0 92.7 93.3 92.3 -1.1 119.4 121.9 122.9 121.8 -0.9

Nondurable goods...................... 95.5 94.7 95.5 95.0 -0.5 120.9 123.7 125.1 125.5 0.3

Private service-providing.................... 114.4 115.8 116.4 114.6 -1.5 153.1 158.6 159.9 158.2 -1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 103.5 103.3 104.2 104.0 -0.2 134.1 137.0 138.6 138.4 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 101.2 101.6 101.6 101.3 -0.3 132.3 134.8 135.2 134.9 -0.2

Retail trade.............................. 97.5 96.4 98.0 98.0 0.0 125.3 128.1 130.7 131.3 0.5

Transportation and warehousing...... 124.3 125.0 125.3 125.2 -0.1 155.7 158.9 160.2 159.9 -0.2

Utilities.................................... 100.5 100.6 100.8 100.7 -0.1 138.9 140.6 141.4 141.3 -0.1

Information................................. 94.5 95.9 96.0 96.4 0.4 141.2 146.2 146.9 147.8 0.6

Financial activities......................... 107.6 109.0 109.1 109.1 0.0 149.1 155.5 156.7 156.2 -0.3

Professional and business services..... 120.5 121.8 122.4 121.7 -0.6 162.7 169.1 170.5 169.9 -0.4

Education and health services........... 129.2 132.2 133.0 131.7 -1.0 171.1 177.2 178.5 176.8 -1.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 122.8 124.2 124.1 114.1 -8.1 162.5 168.4 168.5 155.0 -8.0

Other services............................. 108.3 109.5 109.3 107.5 -1.6 148.7 153.5 153.5 151.4 -1.4

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Total nonfarm............................................. 74,871 76,151 76,304 75,892 49.8 50.0 50.0 50.0

Total private............................................ 61,871 63,018 63,152 62,727 48.4 48.7 48.7 48.6

Goods-producing.................................... 4,682 4,766 4,773 4,767 22.3 22.5 22.5 22.5

Mining and logging............................... 94 96 95 96 12.7 13.5 13.3 13.6

Construction....................................... 962 989 994 993 12.9 13.0 13.0 13.1

Manufacturing..................................... 3,626 3,681 3,684 3,678 28.3 28.7 28.7 28.6

Durable goods.................................. 1,925 1,958 1,960 1,962 23.9 24.3 24.3 24.4

Nondurable goods............................. 1,701 1,723 1,724 1,716 35.7 36.0 36.0 35.9

Private service-providing........................... 57,189 58,252 58,379 57,960 53.6 53.8 53.8 53.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,070 11,138 11,151 11,112 40.0 40.0 40.1 40.0

Wholesale trade................................ 1,763.8 1,789.9 1,789.0 1,793.1 30.0 30.1 30.1 30.2

Retail trade..................................... 7,767.3 7,746.9 7,760.6 7,725.2 49.7 49.4 49.5 49.4

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,406.7 1,468.7 1,468.1 1,460.9 25.2 25.9 25.9 25.8

Utilities........................................... 132.0 132.8 133.1 133.2 24.0 24.3 24.3 24.3

Information......................................... 1,130 1,148 1,150 1,149 39.6 39.7 39.7 39.6

Financial activities................................ 4,941 4,990 5,001 4,999 56.7 56.6 56.5 56.5

Professional and business services............ 9,631 9,877 9,900 9,871 45.5 45.9 45.9 45.9

Education and health services.................. 18,528 18,980 19,033 18,947 77.3 77.4 77.4 77.3

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,754 8,959 8,986 8,725 53.1 53.3 53.3 53.2

Other services..................................... 3,135 3,160 3,158 3,157 53.4 53.2 53.1 53.3

Government............................................. 13,000 13,133 13,152 13,165 57.7 57.8 57.8 57.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Total private............................................................................... 105,217 106,495 106,694 105,796

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,083 15,117 15,166 15,112

Mining and logging.................................................................. 553 512 513 504

Construction.......................................................................... 5,538 5,653 5,686 5,665

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,992 8,952 8,967 8,943

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,556 5,521 5,533 5,515

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,436 3,431 3,434 3,428

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,134 91,378 91,528 90,684

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,417 23,509 23,531 23,467

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,731.2 4,751.5 4,754.3 4,751.8

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,366.0 13,355.3 13,379.2 13,328.6

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,879.8 4,963.5 4,959.3 4,948.6

Utilities.............................................................................. 439.6 438.5 437.9 437.9

Information............................................................................ 2,292 2,323 2,328 2,327

Financial activities................................................................... 6,744 6,830 6,850 6,799

Professional and business services............................................... 17,264 17,470 17,504 17,395

Education and health services..................................................... 21,063 21,565 21,613 21,478

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,495 14,776 14,795 14,357

Other services........................................................................ 4,859 4,905 4,907 4,861

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.7 33.6 33.7 33.4

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.3 41.0 41.0 40.9

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.2 46.0 45.6 45.6

Construction....................................................................... 39.9 40.0 39.6 39.7

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.7 41.3 41.7 41.4

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.1 41.6 42.0 41.6

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.2 40.9 41.2 41.0

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.5 32.4 32.5 32.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.9 33.9 34.0 34.0

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.8 38.6 38.6 38.4

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.4 30.4 30.5 30.6

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.0 38.0 38.3 38.1

Utilities........................................................................... 42.5 42.9 43.1 43.3

Information......................................................................... 35.5 35.1 35.2 35.3

Financial activities................................................................ 37.0 37.0 36.9 36.8

Professional and business services............................................ 35.4 35.5 35.5 35.5

Education and health services.................................................. 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.9 24.7 24.7 22.9

Other services..................................................................... 30.9 31.1 31.0 30.5

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.4 4.0 4.0 3.9

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.4 4.0 4.1 3.9

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.9

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Total private............................................... $23.28 $23.88 $23.97 $24.07 $784.54 $802.37 $807.79 $803.94

Goods-producing....................................... 24.53 25.09 25.18 25.26 1,013.09 1,028.69 1,032.38 1,033.13

Mining and logging.................................. 29.36 30.35 30.98 30.95 1,385.79 1,396.10 1,412.69 1,411.32

Construction.......................................... 28.33 28.92 28.98 29.07 1,130.37 1,156.80 1,147.61 1,154.08

Manufacturing........................................ 21.96 22.42 22.53 22.58 915.73 925.95 939.50 934.81

Durable goods.................................... 22.90 23.37 23.53 23.57 964.09 972.19 988.26 980.51

Nondurable goods................................ 20.40 20.87 20.88 20.98 840.48 853.58 860.26 860.18

Private service-providing.............................. 23.02 23.63 23.71 23.81 748.15 765.61 770.58 766.68

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 20.49 20.87 20.96 20.96 694.61 707.49 712.64 712.64

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.04 26.24 26.29 26.37 1,010.35 1,012.86 1,014.79 1,012.61

Retail trade........................................ 16.41 16.88 16.94 17.02 498.86 513.15 516.67 520.81

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.31 22.58 22.76 22.55 847.78 858.04 871.71 859.16

Utilities............................................. 36.69 37.68 37.80 37.91 1,559.33 1,616.47 1,629.18 1,641.50

Information........................................... 33.36 34.40 34.52 34.54 1,184.28 1,207.44 1,215.10 1,219.26

Financial activities................................... 27.37 28.16 28.23 28.23 1,012.69 1,041.92 1,041.69 1,038.86

Professional and business services.............. 27.44 28.33 28.42 28.48 971.38 1,005.72 1,008.91 1,011.04

Education and health services..................... 24.16 24.72 24.80 24.85 777.95 795.98 801.04 800.17

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.34 14.83 14.90 14.61 357.07 366.30 368.03 334.57

Other services....................................... 21.24 21.77 21.83 21.90 656.32 677.05 676.73 667.95

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2020 -

Mar.

2020p

Mar.

2019

Jan.

2020

Feb.

2020p

Mar.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2020 -

Mar.

2020p

Total private..................................... 118.2 119.2 119.8 117.7 -1.8 183.8 190.3 192.0 189.4 -1.4

Goods-producing............................. 95.2 94.7 95.0 94.5 -0.5 143.0 145.5 146.5 146.1 -0.3

Mining and logging........................ 138.7 125.2 124.3 122.1 -1.8 236.8 220.9 224.0 219.8 -1.9

Construction................................ 110.6 113.2 112.7 112.6 -0.1 169.2 176.8 176.4 176.8 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 86.1 84.9 85.8 85.0 -0.9 123.6 124.4 126.5 125.5 -0.8

Durable goods........................... 87.9 86.3 87.3 86.2 -1.3 125.7 125.9 128.3 126.9 -1.1

Nondurable goods...................... 83.4 82.7 83.4 82.8 -0.7 120.2 121.9 123.0 122.8 -0.2

Private service-providing.................... 124.8 126.1 126.7 124.4 -1.8 197.1 204.5 206.1 203.2 -1.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 111.0 111.4 111.9 111.6 -0.3 162.6 166.2 167.6 167.1 -0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 108.9 108.9 108.9 108.3 -0.6 167.4 168.6 169.0 168.6 -0.2

Retail trade.............................. 102.8 102.7 103.3 103.2 -0.1 144.6 148.6 149.9 150.5 0.4

Transportation and warehousing...... 140.3 142.7 143.7 142.7 -0.7 199.3 205.2 208.2 204.8 -1.6

Utilities.................................... 95.5 96.2 96.5 97.0 0.5 146.3 151.3 152.3 153.4 0.7

Information................................. 92.9 93.1 93.5 93.8 0.3 153.4 158.5 159.8 160.3 0.3

Financial activities......................... 117.4 118.9 119.0 117.8 -1.0 197.8 206.1 206.6 204.5 -1.0

Professional and business services..... 136.6 138.7 138.9 138.1 -0.6 223.0 233.6 234.8 233.8 -0.4

Education and health services........... 144.6 148.1 148.8 147.5 -0.9 230.6 241.6 243.6 241.9 -0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 132.2 133.7 133.9 120.4 -10.1 215.3 225.1 226.5 199.8 -11.8

Other services............................. 105.3 107.0 106.7 104.0 -2.5 163.0 169.7 169.7 165.9 -2.2

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.