Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-24-0796 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, May 3, 2024

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — APRIL 2024

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 175,000 in April, and the unemployment rate 

changed little at 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in 

health care, in social assistance, and in transportation and warehousing. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.9 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 6.5 million, 

changed little in April. The unemployment rate has remained in a narrow range of 3.7 percent to 3.9 

percent since August 2023. (See table A-1.) 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

April 2022 – April 2024

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, April 2022 – April 2024

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jul-23 Oct-23 Jan-24 Apr-24

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jul-23 Oct-23 Jan-24 Apr-24
-2- 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men (3.6 percent) increased in 

April. The rate for Blacks (5.6 percent) decreased, offsetting an increase in the prior month. The jobless 

rates for adult women (3.5 percent), teenagers (11.7 percent), Whites (3.5 percent), Asians (2.8 percent), 

and Hispanics (4.8 percent) showed little change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.3 million, was 

essentially unchanged in April. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.6 percent of all 

unemployed people. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate held at 62.7 percent in April, and the employment-population ratio

was little changed at 60.2 percent. These measures have shown little change over the year. (See table 

A-1.) 

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.5 million, changed little in April. 

These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time because 

their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 

In April, the number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.6 million, was 

little changed. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not actively 

looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table 

A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached to the 

labor force, at 1.6 million, was little changed in April. These individuals wanted and were available for 

work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached 

who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little over the month at 362,000. (See 

Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 175,000 in April, lower than the average monthly 

gain of 242,000 over the prior 12 months. In April, job gains occurred in health care, in social 

assistance, and in transportation and warehousing. (See table B-1.) 

Health care added 56,000 jobs in April, in line with the average monthly gain of 63,000 over the prior 

12 months. In April, employment continued to increase in ambulatory health care services (+33,000), 

hospitals (+14,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000). 

Employment in social assistance increased by 31,000 in April, led by a gain in individual and family 

services (+23,000). Social assistance had added an average of 21,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 

months. 

In April, transportation and warehousing added 22,000 jobs, with gains in couriers and messengers 

(+8,000) and warehousing and storage (+8,000). Over the prior 12 months, employment in 

transportation and warehousing had shown little net change. 

Employment in retail trade continued to trend up in April (+20,000). Over the prior 12 months, the 

industry had added an average of 7,000 jobs per month. In April, employment increased in general 
-3- 

merchandise retailers (+10,000), building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers (+7,000), 

and health and personal care retailers (+5,000). Electronics and appliance retailers lost 3,000 jobs. 

Construction employment changed little in April (+9,000), following an increase of 40,000 in March. 

Over the prior 12 months, construction had added an average of 22,000 jobs per month. 

Employment in government changed little in April (+8,000). Over the prior 12 months, government had 

added an average of 55,000 jobs per month. In April, local government employment was unchanged, 

following an increase of 51,000 in March. 

Employment was little changed over the month in other major industries, including mining, quarrying, 

and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; information; financial activities; 

professional and business services; leisure and hospitality; and other services. 

In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 7 cents, 

or 0.2 percent, to $34.75. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 3.9 

percent. In April, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees

edged up by 6 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.83. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

In April, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour 

to 34.3 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.0 hours, and overtime was 

also unchanged at 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 

private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised down by 34,000, from 

+270,000 to +236,000, and the change for March was revised up by 12,000, from +303,000 to +315,000. 

With these revisions, employment in February and March combined is 22,000 lower than previously 

reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government 

agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 7, 2024, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Change from:

Mar. 2024-

Apr. 2024

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 266,443 267,711 267,884 268,066 182

Civilian labor force........................................................... 166,678 167,426 167,895 167,982 87

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.6 62.5 62.7 62.7 0.0

Employed................................................................... 160,962 160,968 161,466 161,491 25

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.4 60.1 60.3 60.2 -0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 5,715 6,458 6,429 6,492 63

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.9 0.1

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,766 100,285 99,989 100,083 94

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.9 0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.6 0.3

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.1 3.5 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 9.3 12.5 12.6 11.7 -0.9

White.......................................................................... 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.5 0.1

Black or African American.................................................. 4.8 5.6 6.4 5.6 -0.8

Asian.......................................................................... 2.8 3.4 2.5 2.8 0.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.4 5.0 4.5 4.8 0.3

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.2 0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.4 6.1 4.9 6.0 1.1

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.0 -0.1

Some college or associate degree........................................ 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.3 -0.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.2 0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,676 3,216 3,042 3,241 199

Job leavers...................................................................... 786 711 823 785 -38

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,778 1,946 1,920 1,929 9

New entrants.................................................................... 519 611 678 574 -104

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 1,867 2,326 2,189 2,262 73

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,920 1,933 1,979 1,987 8

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 748 974 982 869 -113

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,089 1,203 1,246 1,250 4

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 3,896 4,376 4,308 4,469 161

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,764 2,863 2,972 3,058 86

Could only find part-time work............................................. 836 1,104 999 1,134 135

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,753 22,309 22,902 22,253 -649

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,503 1,558 1,595 1,565 -30

Discouraged workers........................................................ 366 425 337 362 25

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 236 315 175

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 181 243 167

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 15 39 14

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 3 -3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 24 40 9

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -9 -4 8

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -3 2 1

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 -3.1 3.8 -2.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 -6 -6 7

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 166 204 153

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.0 -3.6 10.4 10.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 23.4 15.1 20.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 31.3 5.9 21.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 3.0 -0.9 0.0

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 -3 4 -8

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 -7 5 6

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6 10 -4

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18.3 -16.2 -2.7 -16.4

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 80 88 95

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.5 88.9 86.9 87.0

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 26 53 5

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 10 13 7

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 55 72 8

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 261 269 242

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 197 207 197

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.9

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 81.4 81.4 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 34.3 34.4 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $33.44 $34.56 $34.68 $34.75

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,146.99 $1,185.41 $1,192.99 $1,191.93

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.4 115.9 116.4 116.3

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.1 0.4 0.4 -0.1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.9 191.5 193.1 193.1

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.0

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 54.0 59.6 60.4

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 47.2 38.2 54.2

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly 

Census of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than 

sampling for this purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses 

into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance 

on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey 

twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All people 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees who receive 

pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll employment figures. 

For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of people who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a 

measure of the number of people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad 

weather.

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 629,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. People laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and 

unemployed. Those people not classified as employed or 

unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including people on paid leave. People

are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data 

are produced for the private sector for all employees and for 

production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 

related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, 

construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory 

employees in private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes 

in the classification of industries when necessary. Over the 

past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,443 267,884 268,066 266,443 267,991 267,540 267,711 267,884 268,066

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166,221 167,960 167,484 166,678 167,451 167,276 167,426 167,895 167,982

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.7 62.5 62.6 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.7 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,075 161,356 161,590 160,962 161,183 161,152 160,968 161,466 161,491

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.5 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.1 60.2 60.1 60.3 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,146 6,604 5,894 5,715 6,268 6,124 6,458 6,429 6,492

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,222 99,924 100,582 99,766 100,540 100,265 100,285 99,989 100,083

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,145 5,110 5,502 5,286 5,671 5,793 5,672 5,443 5,637

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,234 130,605 130,694 130,234 130,985 130,436 130,520 130,605 130,694

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,437 88,892 88,472 88,621 89,250 88,507 88,391 88,812 88,708

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 68.1 67.7 68.0 68.1 67.9 67.7 68.0 67.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,534 85,253 85,187 85,521 85,794 85,034 84,993 85,490 85,208

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 65.3 65.2 65.7 65.5 65.2 65.1 65.5 65.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,903 3,639 3,285 3,100 3,456 3,473 3,398 3,323 3,500

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,797 41,713 42,222 41,613 41,735 41,929 42,129 41,793 41,986

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,488 121,685 121,763 121,488 122,187 121,539 121,611 121,685 121,763

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,396 85,656 85,347 85,393 86,007 85,364 85,180 85,398 85,382

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 70.4 70.1 70.3 70.4 70.2 70.0 70.2 70.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,743 82,457 82,424 82,596 82,958 82,304 82,178 82,543 82,318

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 67.8 67.7 68.0 67.9 67.7 67.6 67.8 67.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,653 3,199 2,923 2,797 3,050 3,060 3,002 2,855 3,064

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,092 36,029 36,416 36,095 36,180 36,175 36,431 36,287 36,381

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,209 137,279 137,372 136,209 137,006 137,104 137,191 137,279 137,372

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,784 79,068 79,011 78,057 78,201 78,768 79,035 79,083 79,274

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 57.6 57.5 57.3 57.1 57.5 57.6 57.6 57.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,541 76,103 76,403 75,441 75,389 76,118 75,975 75,976 76,283

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.5 55.4 55.6 55.4 55.0 55.5 55.4 55.3 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,243 2,965 2,609 2,615 2,811 2,650 3,060 3,106 2,991

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,425 58,211 58,361 58,152 58,805 58,336 58,156 58,197 58,098

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,761 128,659 128,742 127,761 128,513 128,503 128,581 128,659 128,742

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,818 75,945 75,901 74,920 75,047 75,529 75,835 75,792 75,989

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 59.0 59.0 58.6 58.4 58.8 59.0 58.9 59.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,824 73,304 73,579 72,597 72,587 73,144 73,182 73,061 73,334

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 57.0 57.2 56.8 56.5 56.9 56.9 56.8 57.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,994 2,642 2,322 2,324 2,460 2,385 2,653 2,731 2,655

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,943 52,714 52,841 52,841 53,466 52,974 52,746 52,867 52,753

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,194 17,540 17,561 17,194 17,291 17,498 17,519 17,540 17,561

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,007 6,359 6,236 6,365 6,396 6,383 6,411 6,704 6,611

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.9 36.3 35.5 37.0 37.0 36.5 36.6 38.2 37.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,508 5,595 5,587 5,770 5,638 5,704 5,608 5,862 5,839

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.0 31.9 31.8 33.6 32.6 32.6 32.0 33.4 33.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 764 649 595 758 679 803 842 772

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 12.0 10.4 9.3 11.9 10.6 12.5 12.6 11.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,187 11,181 11,326 10,830 10,895 11,115 11,108 10,835 10,950

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,261 204,752 204,831 204,261 205,022 204,608 204,677 204,752 204,831

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,873 127,640 127,369 127,241 127,226 126,962 127,040 127,596 127,708

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 62.3 62.2 62.3 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.3 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,300 123,175 123,298 123,263 122,802 122,663 122,685 123,286 123,229

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 60.2 60.2 60.3 59.9 60.0 59.9 60.2 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,574 4,465 4,071 3,978 4,424 4,299 4,356 4,310 4,479

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,388 77,112 77,463 77,021 77,796 77,646 77,637 77,156 77,123

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,340 66,098 65,960 66,361 66,405 65,869 65,685 65,963 65,982

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.2 70.0 69.8 70.2 70.0 69.8 69.6 69.8 69.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,496 63,906 63,887 64,399 64,208 63,674 63,658 64,029 63,801

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.2 67.7 67.6 68.1 67.7 67.5 67.4 67.8 67.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,844 2,193 2,073 1,962 2,197 2,195 2,027 1,933 2,181

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,825 56,614 56,561 55,904 55,844 56,219 56,454 56,489 56,622

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 58.0 57.9 57.5 57.2 57.6 57.9 57.9 58.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,463 54,849 54,995 54,331 54,175 54,615 54,646 54,677 54,843

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.0 56.2 56.3 55.9 55.5 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,361 1,765 1,565 1,573 1,669 1,604 1,808 1,811 1,779

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 3.1 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.1

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,709 4,928 4,848 4,976 4,976 4,874 4,902 5,145 5,103

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.7 38.8 38.2 39.8 39.7 38.4 38.6 40.5 40.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,340 4,420 4,416 4,533 4,418 4,374 4,381 4,580 4,584

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 34.8 34.8 36.2 35.3 34.5 34.5 36.1 36.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 508 433 443 558 500 520 565 519

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 10.3 8.9 8.9 11.2 10.3 10.6 11.0 10.2

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,583 34,883 34,918 34,583 34,853 34,813 34,849 34,883 34,918

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,756 22,124 22,021 21,763 22,094 22,051 22,190 22,170 22,051

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 63.4 63.1 62.9 63.4 63.3 63.7 63.6 63.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,809 20,689 20,892 20,713 20,952 20,887 20,950 20,746 20,812

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 59.3 59.8 59.9 60.1 60.0 60.1 59.5 59.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947 1,435 1,128 1,050 1,143 1,164 1,240 1,424 1,239

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 6.5 5.1 4.8 5.2 5.3 5.6 6.4 5.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,827 12,759 12,897 12,820 12,759 12,762 12,659 12,713 12,867

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,986 10,303 10,187 9,978 10,294 10,266 10,344 10,317 10,194

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 69.5 68.6 67.6 69.2 69.4 69.8 69.6 68.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,540 9,624 9,670 9,519 9,821 9,717 9,709 9,677 9,661

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.6 64.9 65.2 64.5 66.0 65.7 65.5 65.3 65.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 679 517 458 473 548 636 640 533

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 6.6 5.1 4.6 4.6 5.3 6.1 6.2 5.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,082 11,014 11,012 11,051 11,014 10,967 11,050 10,999 10,991

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.1 63.1 63.0 63.9 63.2 62.9 63.4 63.0 62.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,658 10,416 10,538 10,557 10,486 10,445 10,568 10,387 10,442

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 59.7 60.3 61.1 60.2 59.9 60.6 59.5 59.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 598 474 495 528 521 482 612 548

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 5.4 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.8 4.4 5.6 5.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688 807 822 734 786 819 796 854 867

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 31.0 31.5 29.0 30.7 31.6 30.7 32.8 33.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 649 684 636 644 724 673 682 709

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 24.9 26.2 25.2 25.2 27.9 25.9 26.2 27.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 159 138 97 142 95 122 171 158

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 19.6 16.8 13.2 18.0 11.6 15.4 20.1 18.2

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,557 17,781 17,816 17,557 17,896 17,930 17,784 17,781 17,816

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,319 11,442 11,485 11,374 11,436 11,559 11,472 11,403 11,536

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 64.3 64.5 64.8 63.9 64.5 64.5 64.1 64.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,017 11,157 11,182 11,053 11,084 11,223 11,081 11,113 11,214

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.7 62.8 63.0 61.9 62.6 62.3 62.5 62.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 285 302 321 353 336 390 290 322

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.4 2.5 2.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,238 6,339 6,331 6,183 6,459 6,372 6,312 6,379 6,280

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 47,288 48,565 48,667 47,288 48,068 48,364 48,467 48,565 48,667

Civilian labor force................................ 31,506 32,459 32,757 31,587 32,081 32,318 32,499 32,442 32,777

Participation rate............................... 66.6 66.8 67.3 66.8 66.7 66.8 67.1 66.8 67.3

Employed....................................... 30,234 30,948 31,296 30,183 30,480 30,700 30,883 30,994 31,187

Employment-population ratio............... 63.9 63.7 64.3 63.8 63.4 63.5 63.7 63.8 64.1

Unemployed.................................... 1,273 1,510 1,462 1,403 1,602 1,618 1,616 1,448 1,589

Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 4.7 4.5 4.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.8

Not in labor force................................. 15,782 16,106 15,910 15,702 15,986 16,046 15,967 16,123 15,890

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,970 17,512 17,548 16,963 17,261 17,372 17,415 17,455 17,532

Participation rate............................... 79.0 79.8 79.8 78.9 79.1 79.5 79.5 79.5 79.7

Employed....................................... 16,316 16,781 16,821 16,267 16,438 16,519 16,720 16,800 16,765

Employment-population ratio............... 75.9 76.4 76.5 75.7 75.3 75.6 76.3 76.5 76.2

Unemployed.................................... 654 732 727 695 824 852 695 654 766

Unemployment rate......................... 3.9 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.8 4.9 4.0 3.7 4.4

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 13,071 13,473 13,655 13,102 13,346 13,336 13,535 13,483 13,638

Participation rate............................... 61.0 61.1 61.8 61.1 61.3 60.7 61.5 61.1 61.7

Employed....................................... 12,583 12,847 13,078 12,568 12,746 12,759 12,860 12,870 13,016

Employment-population ratio............... 58.7 58.3 59.2 58.6 58.5 58.1 58.4 58.4 58.9

Unemployed.................................... 489 627 577 534 601 577 675 612 623

Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 4.7 4.2 4.1 4.5 4.3 5.0 4.5 4.6

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,465 1,473 1,554 1,522 1,474 1,610 1,549 1,504 1,607

Participation rate............................... 33.6 32.3 34.0 34.9 33.2 35.5 34.0 33.0 35.1

Employed....................................... 1,335 1,321 1,397 1,348 1,296 1,422 1,304 1,323 1,406

Employment-population ratio............... 30.6 29.0 30.5 30.9 29.2 31.3 28.6 29.0 30.7

Unemployed.................................... 130 152 157 174 177 188 246 181 200

Unemployment rate......................... 8.9 10.3 10.1 11.4 12.0 11.7 15.9 12.0 12.5

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,194 8,864 9,117 9,067 9,384 9,271 9,192 8,916 8,990

Participation rate.................................. 46.9 46.0 47.5 46.2 47.5 47.1 48.3 46.3 46.8

Employed.......................................... 8,705 8,349 8,578 8,575 8,819 8,715 8,626 8,483 8,451

Employment-population ratio................. 44.4 43.4 44.6 43.7 44.6 44.3 45.4 44.1 44.0

Unemployed....................................... 489 514 539 492 564 556 565 433 539

Unemployment rate............................ 5.3 5.8 5.9 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.1 4.9 6.0

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,840 36,504 36,273 35,792 35,748 35,927 36,474 36,364 36,208

Participation rate.................................. 56.5 57.5 56.8 56.5 57.1 57.0 57.0 57.3 56.7

Employed.......................................... 34,491 34,889 34,890 34,379 34,247 34,385 34,948 34,866 34,757

Employment-population ratio................. 54.4 54.9 54.6 54.2 54.7 54.6 54.7 54.9 54.4

Unemployed....................................... 1,349 1,615 1,383 1,413 1,501 1,543 1,526 1,498 1,451

Unemployment rate............................ 3.8 4.4 3.8 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,685 36,198 36,251 35,680 35,737 36,205 36,322 36,147 36,225

Participation rate.................................. 63.0 63.3 63.0 63.0 62.4 62.6 63.5 63.2 62.9

Employed.......................................... 34,730 34,934 35,114 34,659 34,623 35,020 35,178 34,918 35,017

Employment-population ratio................. 61.3 61.1 61.0 61.2 60.4 60.6 61.5 61.1 60.8

Unemployed....................................... 955 1,264 1,137 1,020 1,114 1,184 1,144 1,229 1,208

Unemployment rate............................ 2.7 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 64,050 64,820 64,406 64,080 64,297 64,195 63,965 64,478 64,449

Participation rate.................................. 73.2 72.8 72.8 73.3 72.3 72.7 72.1 72.4 72.8

Employed.......................................... 62,929 63,469 63,127 62,834 62,933 62,836 62,527 63,095 63,047

Employment-population ratio................. 71.9 71.2 71.3 71.8 70.8 71.2 70.5 70.8 71.2

Unemployed....................................... 1,120 1,351 1,279 1,246 1,364 1,359 1,438 1,383 1,402

Unemployment rate............................ 1.7 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,961 17,631 15,923 15,584 2,038 2,047

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,672 8,516 7,497 7,341 1,175 1,175

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.3 47.1 47.1 57.7 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,488 8,254 7,350 7,087 1,138 1,167

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 46.8 46.2 45.5 55.8 57.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 262 146 254 38 8

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 3.1 2.0 3.5 3.2 0.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,289 9,115 8,426 8,243 863 872

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,034 5,350 4,129 4,409 906 940

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,077 4,290 3,375 3,584 702 706

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.0 80.2 81.7 81.3 77.6 75.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,980 4,140 3,298 3,440 682 700

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.1 77.4 79.9 78.0 75.3 74.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 150 77 143 20 6

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 3.5 2.3 4.0 2.9 0.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 1,060 754 826 203 234

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,929 2,761 2,473 2,309 455 453

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,059 1,906 1,763 1,622 296 284

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 69.0 71.3 70.3 64.9 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,016 1,860 1,724 1,577 292 284

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.8 67.4 69.7 68.3 64.2 62.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 45 39 45 4 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.8 1.2 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 856 710 686 160 169

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,032 5,704 5,776 5,463 256 241

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 716 777 692 15 23

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 12.5 13.5 12.7 6.0 9.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 692 760 670 13 22

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 12.1 13.2 12.3 5.0 9.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 23 17 22 3 1

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.2 2.2 3.2 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,239 4,988 4,999 4,771 241 218

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,966 3,816 3,545 3,403 421 413

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,743 1,605 1,581 1,443 162 162

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.9 42.0 44.6 42.4 38.5 39.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,719 1,561 1,568 1,400 151 161

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 40.9 44.2 41.1 35.8 39.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 43 13 43 11 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 2.7 0.8 3.0 6.9 0.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,223 2,211 1,964 1,960 259 251

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,186 241,318 109,666 110,563 129,521 130,755

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,317 156,752 79,845 80,055 75,472 76,697

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.9 65.0 72.8 72.4 58.3 58.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,560 151,386 77,177 77,159 73,383 74,228

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 62.7 70.4 69.8 56.7 56.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,757 5,366 2,668 2,896 2,088 2,470

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.6 2.8 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,869 84,566 29,821 30,508 54,049 54,058

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,818 34,003 233,625 234,062

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,551 8,341 158,670 159,143

Participation rate..................................................................... 23.0 24.5 67.9 68.0

Employed............................................................................. 7,078 7,814 153,996 153,776

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 21.6 23.0 65.9 65.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 473 526 4,674 5,368

Unemployment rate............................................................... 6.3 6.3 2.9 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,267 25,663 74,955 74,919

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,051 3,420 79,363 78,835

Participation rate..................................................................... 39.1 40.6 82.5 82.8

Employed............................................................................. 2,838 3,198 76,798 75,965

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 36.4 38.0 79.8 79.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 213 222 2,565 2,870

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.0 6.5 3.2 3.6

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,756 5,007 16,886 16,426

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,126 3,407 69,589 70,386

Participation rate..................................................................... 37.6 40.6 72.3 72.9

Employed............................................................................. 2,905 3,172 67,676 68,138

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 35.0 37.8 70.3 70.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 221 235 1,913 2,247

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.1 6.9 2.7 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,181 4,985 26,664 26,227

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,374 1,513 9,717 9,922

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.2 8.8 23.6 23.5

Employed............................................................................. 1,336 1,445 9,522 9,672

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 8.0 8.4 23.2 22.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 38 69 196 250

Unemployment rate............................................................... 2.8 4.6 2.0 2.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 15,330 15,670 31,405 32,266

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 46,328 48,089 22,732 23,675 23,596 24,414

Civilian labor force.................................................. 30,912 31,726 17,595 18,132 13,317 13,594

Participation rate.................................................. 66.7 66.0 77.4 76.6 56.4 55.7

Employed.......................................................... 29,962 30,482 17,121 17,468 12,841 13,014

Employment-population ratio................................. 64.7 63.4 75.3 73.8 54.4 53.3

Unemployed....................................................... 950 1,244 474 664 476 580

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.1 3.9 2.7 3.7 3.6 4.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,416 16,363 5,137 5,544 10,279 10,819

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 220,115 219,976 107,503 107,019 112,612 112,958

Civilian labor force.................................................. 135,309 135,758 70,842 70,341 64,467 65,417

Participation rate.................................................. 61.5 61.7 65.9 65.7 57.2 57.9

Employed.......................................................... 131,113 131,108 68,413 67,720 62,700 63,388

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.6 59.6 63.6 63.3 55.7 56.1

Unemployed....................................................... 4,196 4,650 2,429 2,621 1,767 2,028

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.7 2.7 3.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 84,806 84,219 36,660 36,678 48,146 47,541

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,231 2,099 2,187 2,295 2,205 2,184 2,201 2,217 2,246

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,472 1,427 1,496 1,538 1,520 1,489 1,524 1,507 1,555

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 713 627 657 713 680 687 649 654 657

Unpaid family workers........................... 46 44 34 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 158,844 159,258 159,403 158,615 158,993 158,735 158,601 158,970 159,161

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 149,752 149,720 150,119 149,451 149,702 149,741 149,321 149,513 149,831

Government..................................... 21,893 21,866 21,883 21,643 21,700 21,490 21,142 21,436 21,616

Private industries............................... 127,860 127,854 128,236 127,774 128,086 128,407 128,256 128,092 128,170

Private households.......................... 613 679 620 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 127,247 127,175 127,616 127,116 127,414 127,521 127,392 127,331 127,493

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,035 9,487 9,241 9,076 9,335 9,087 9,377 9,522 9,295

Unpaid family workers........................... 57 51 43 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,692 4,422 4,267 3,896 4,211 4,422 4,376 4,308 4,469

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,612 3,051 2,910 2,764 2,960 2,994 2,863 2,972 3,058

Could only find part-time work.................. 823 1,053 1,146 836 964 1,026 1,104 999 1,134

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 22,453 23,416 22,913 21,753 22,458 22,156 22,309 22,902 22,253

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,627 4,343 4,200 3,834 4,138 4,371 4,300 4,255 4,404

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,570 3,010 2,856 2,726 2,913 2,959 2,803 2,949 3,010

Could only find part-time work.................. 813 1,033 1,146 826 953 1,018 1,098 980 1,132

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 22,058 23,054 22,575 21,353 22,060 21,793 21,951 22,523 21,906

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,075 161,356 161,590 160,962 161,183 161,152 160,968 161,466 161,491

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,508 5,595 5,587 5,770 5,638 5,704 5,608 5,862 5,839

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,027 1,946 1,949 2,191 2,194 2,292 2,035 2,146 2,116

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,481 3,650 3,637 3,582 3,446 3,428 3,595 3,756 3,727

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,567 155,761 156,003 155,193 155,545 155,448 155,360 155,604 155,652

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,711 14,121 14,295 14,818 14,756 14,562 14,192 14,287 14,419

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,856 141,641 141,709 140,479 140,617 140,972 141,300 141,485 141,328

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,484 103,766 104,119 103,208 103,161 103,489 103,717 103,669 103,832

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,957 35,696 35,732 35,847 35,859 35,700 35,672 35,667 35,638

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,385 36,185 36,319 35,290 35,546 35,818 36,117 36,123 36,197

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,142 31,885 32,069 32,071 31,757 31,970 31,928 31,879 31,997

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,372 37,875 37,589 37,271 37,455 37,484 37,582 37,816 37,497

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,534 85,253 85,187 85,521 85,794 85,034 84,993 85,490 85,208

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,791 2,796 2,763 2,925 2,836 2,730 2,815 2,947 2,890

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,007 922 942 1,063 1,033 1,063 939 1,022 1,000

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,784 1,874 1,822 1,863 1,807 1,679 1,900 1,964 1,901

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,743 82,457 82,424 82,596 82,958 82,304 82,178 82,543 82,318

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,424 7,116 7,315 7,481 7,432 7,320 7,107 7,222 7,381

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,319 75,341 75,109 75,187 75,397 75,093 75,239 75,496 75,012

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,247 55,060 55,093 55,165 55,178 55,008 55,126 55,179 55,027

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,148 18,945 18,914 19,112 19,104 18,948 18,945 18,957 18,893

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,036 19,288 19,271 19,001 19,108 19,109 19,266 19,332 19,234

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,062 16,827 16,908 17,052 16,966 16,951 16,916 16,890 16,900

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,072 20,282 20,016 20,023 20,219 20,085 20,112 20,316 19,985

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,541 76,103 76,403 75,441 75,389 76,118 75,975 75,976 76,283

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,716 2,799 2,823 2,845 2,802 2,974 2,793 2,915 2,949

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,020 1,023 1,008 1,128 1,162 1,229 1,096 1,124 1,116

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,696 1,776 1,815 1,719 1,639 1,749 1,694 1,793 1,827

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,824 73,304 73,579 72,597 72,587 73,144 73,182 73,061 73,334

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,287 7,005 6,980 7,337 7,324 7,241 7,085 7,065 7,038

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,537 66,299 66,599 65,292 65,220 65,879 66,061 65,989 66,316

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,237 48,706 49,026 48,043 47,983 48,480 48,591 48,490 48,805

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,808 16,751 16,818 16,735 16,755 16,752 16,727 16,710 16,745

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,349 16,896 17,048 16,289 16,438 16,709 16,851 16,791 16,963

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,080 15,059 15,161 15,019 14,791 15,019 15,013 14,989 15,096

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,300 17,593 17,573 17,249 17,237 17,399 17,470 17,500 17,511

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,330 46,100 45,700 46,099 46,392 45,672 45,387 45,962 45,547

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,358 37,358 37,117 37,139 36,790 37,033 36,822 37,069 36,906

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,648 9,785 9,935 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,886 132,070 133,351 134,446 133,196 133,133 132,946 132,940 133,889

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,189 29,287 28,239 26,673 27,794 27,890 27,941 28,632 27,718

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,676 8,637 8,349 7,709 8,565 8,272 8,259 8,476 8,383

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.4 5.2 4.8 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,404 6,637 6,686 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,748 10,114 9,897 9,789 10,014 9,774 10,026 10,176 9,952

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,715 6,429 6,492 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 595 842 772 9.3 11.9 10.6 12.5 12.6 11.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 234 353 306 9.6 13.1 10.0 12.5 14.1 12.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 380 490 474 9.6 11.2 10.8 12.2 11.5 11.3

20 years and over................................ 5,120 5,587 5,720 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 854 1,091 1,033 5.4 6.4 5.9 7.2 7.1 6.7

25 years and over.............................. 4,195 4,499 4,630 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2

25 to 54 years............................... 3,290 3,466 3,462 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 1,430 1,518 1,424 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.3 4.1 3.8

35 to 44 years............................. 1,063 982 1,104 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.6 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 798 967 935 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.8

55 years and over........................... 909 1,016 1,163 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.6 3.0

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,100 3,323 3,500 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 303 467 436 9.4 12.5 13.2 12.3 13.7 13.1

16 to 17 years.................................. 103 167 159 8.8 15.2 15.1 11.6 14.1 13.8

18 to 19 years.................................. 215 298 279 10.3 11.3 12.1 12.5 13.2 12.8

20 years and over................................ 2,797 2,855 3,064 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 486 549 524 6.1 6.4 7.0 7.9 7.1 6.6

25 years and over.............................. 2,271 2,329 2,516 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.2

25 to 54 years............................... 1,790 1,779 1,882 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.3

25 to 34 years............................. 811 813 785 4.1 4.4 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.0

35 to 44 years............................. 559 436 598 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.2 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 420 529 499 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.9

55 years and over........................... 481 550 633 2.3 2.9 3.2 2.8 2.6 3.1

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,615 3,106 2,991 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 291 375 336 9.3 11.1 8.2 12.7 11.4 10.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 131 186 147 10.4 11.2 5.0 13.1 14.2 11.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 165 193 195 8.8 11.1 9.6 11.8 9.7 9.6

20 years and over................................ 2,324 2,731 2,655 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 367 542 509 4.8 6.4 4.9 6.4 7.1 6.7

25 years and over.............................. 1,924 2,170 2,114 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 1,501 1,687 1,580 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 619 704 639 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.4 4.0 3.7

35 to 44 years............................. 505 546 505 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.8 3.1 2.9

45 to 54 years............................. 378 437 436 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.8 2.8

55 years and over........................... 418 463 524 2.4 2.7 2.5 2.9 2.6 2.9

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 826 831 979 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.1

Married women, spouse present1................. 766 860 890 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.4

Women who maintain families2.................... 489 550 506 4.8 4.7 5.4 5.5 5.3 4.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,707 5,090 5,257 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.8

Part-time workers4.................................. 998 1,329 1,222 3.6 3.8 4.2 3.9 4.4 4.2

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,391 3,295 2,973 2,676 3,058 3,028 3,216 3,042 3,241

On temporary layoff.............................. 568 938 688 760 917 876 827 779 871

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,824 2,357 2,286 1,916 2,140 2,151 2,389 2,263 2,370

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,391 1,719 1,728 1,426 1,543 1,556 1,730 1,655 1,756

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 433 639 558 490 597 595 659 607 615

Job leavers........................................... 746 811 744 786 833 794 711 823 785

Reentrants............................................ 1,581 1,916 1,723 1,778 1,741 1,834 1,946 1,920 1,929

New entrants......................................... 428 582 453 519 609 550 611 678 574

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 46.5 49.9 50.5 46.5 49.0 48.8 49.6 47.1 49.6

On temporary layoff.............................. 11.0 14.2 11.7 13.2 14.7 14.1 12.8 12.1 13.3

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 35.4 35.7 38.8 33.3 34.3 34.7 36.8 35.0 36.3

Job leavers........................................... 14.5 12.3 12.6 13.6 13.4 12.8 11.0 12.7 12.0

Reentrants............................................ 30.7 29.0 29.2 30.9 27.9 29.5 30.0 29.7 29.5

New entrants......................................... 8.3 8.8 7.7 9.0 9.8 8.9 9.4 10.5 8.8

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9

Job leavers........................................... 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,484 1,909 1,888 1,867 2,191 2,140 2,326 2,189 2,262

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,607 2,141 1,670 1,920 1,791 1,848 1,933 1,979 1,987

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,055 2,554 2,336 1,837 2,350 2,144 2,176 2,228 2,119

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 958 1,195 1,064 748 1,104 867 974 982 869

27 weeks and over............................... 1,098 1,359 1,271 1,089 1,245 1,277 1,203 1,246 1,250

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 22.4 22.3 21.4 20.8 22.3 20.8 20.9 21.6 19.9

Median duration, in weeks......................... 10.5 10.7 10.5 8.7 9.7 9.6 9.3 9.5 8.7

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 28.8 28.9 32.0 33.2 34.6 34.9 36.1 34.2 35.5

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 31.2 32.4 28.3 34.1 28.3 30.1 30.0 30.9 31.2

15 weeks and over.................................. 39.9 38.7 39.6 32.7 37.1 35.0 33.8 34.8 33.3

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 18.6 18.1 18.1 13.3 17.4 14.1 15.1 15.3 13.6

27 weeks and over............................... 21.3 20.6 21.6 19.4 19.7 20.8 18.7 19.5 19.6

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 161,075 161,590 5,146 5,894 3.1 3.5

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 70,403 70,548 1,153 1,399 1.6 1.9

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 30,517 30,172 571 743 1.8 2.4

Professional and related occupations.......................... 39,886 40,376 582 656 1.4 1.6

Service occupations................................................ 26,224 26,430 1,122 1,162 4.1 4.2

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,534 30,037 917 1,061 2.9 3.4

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,377 14,410 438 543 3.0 3.6

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,157 15,627 480 518 2.9 3.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,214 14,501 586 749 4.0 4.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 873 831 67 59 7.1 6.7

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,506 8,662 443 545 5.0 5.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,834 5,009 76 144 1.6 2.8

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,700 20,074 935 1,057 4.5 5.0

Production occupations.......................................... 8,143 8,069 308 419 3.6 4.9

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,557 12,005 627 638 5.1 5.0

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,146 5,894 3.1 3.5

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,062 4,795 3.1 3.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 11 8 1.8 1.3

Construction.......................................................................... 424 555 4.1 5.2

Manufacturing........................................................................ 429 416 2.8 2.7

Durable goods..................................................................... 240 281 2.4 2.9

Nondurable goods................................................................ 190 134 3.4 2.4

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 644 725 3.3 3.8

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 298 358 3.6 4.4

Information............................................................................ 38 128 1.4 5.0

Financial activities................................................................... 214 280 2.1 2.7

Professional and business services............................................... 684 746 3.7 4.0

Education and health services..................................................... 494 559 1.9 2.1

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 686 784 5.0 5.7

Other services........................................................................ 139 235 2.1 3.5

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 68 83 4.6 5.4

Government workers................................................................... 343 267 1.5 1.2

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 244 296 2.4 2.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Dec.

2023

Jan.

2024

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024

Apr.

2024

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.9

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.1 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.9

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.3 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.9 4.1 4.0 4.1

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 3.9 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.1 7.4 6.9 6.6 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

Apr.

2023

Apr.

2024

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 100,222 100,582 41,797 42,222 58,425 58,361

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,145 5,502 2,418 2,717 2,727 2,786

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,461 1,519 775 771 686 748

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 386 380 250 210 136 170

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,075 1,139 524 561 550 578

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,676 8,349 3,765 3,986 3,911 4,363

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.8 5.2 4.4 4.7 5.2 5.7

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,388 4,844 2,369 2,560 2,018 2,284

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,808 2,091 643 713 1,164 1,378

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 424 376 213 215 210 161

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,001 984 517 473 483 511

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Change

from:

Mar.2024 -

Apr.2024p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,201 156,551 157,213 158,016 155,484 157,796 158,111 158,286 175

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,239 133,098 133,636 134,421 132,831 134,605 134,848 135,015 167

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,403 21,399 21,514 21,680 21,541 21,768 21,807 21,821 14

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 632 639 635 639 641 644 641 -3

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 41.8 41.4 39.3 44.9 41.9 42.3 42.2 -0.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 590.7 590.2 597.6 595.4 593.8 599.0 601.8 598.3 -3.5

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.8 118.2 118.6 117.4 116.9 119.0 119.2 118.5 -0.7

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.0 184.5 186.2 188.3 187.2 189.2 189.8 189.7 -0.1

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.8 42.9 42.9 44.1 42.8 43.0 42.9 44.1 1.2

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.5 43.4 42.9 42.9 43.5 43.4 43.1 42.9 -0.2

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.7 98.2 100.4 101.3 101.0 102.8 103.8 102.7 -1.1

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.9 287.5 292.8 289.7 289.7 290.8 292.8 290.1 -2.7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,874 7,860 7,972 8,132 7,961 8,170 8,210 8,219 9

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,772.5 1,809.7 1,831.2 1,847.9 1,792.6 1,850.0 1,863.6 1,867.3 3.7

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 912.0 915.2 929.5 940.1 923.3 936.7 947.2 950.0 2.8

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 860.5 894.5 901.7 907.8 869.3 913.3 916.4 917.3 0.9

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,093.0 1,055.7 1,083.3 1,134.7 1,104.3 1,142.7 1,146.0 1,146.3 0.3

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,008.5 4,994.8 5,057.8 5,149.8 5,064.5 5,177.6 5,200.2 5,205.1 4.9

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,334.9 2,314.4 2,342.4 2,380.9 2,358.5 2,396.7 2,409.1 2,407.4 -1.7

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,673.6 2,680.4 2,715.4 2,768.9 2,706.0 2,780.9 2,791.1 2,797.7 6.6

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,896 12,907 12,903 12,913 12,941 12,957 12,953 12,961 8

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,063 8,118 8,120 8,120 8,084 8,141 8,143 8,144 1

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417.6 412.4 412.6 414.5 418.5 414.7 414.3 415.7 1.4

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.5 411.3 415.2 418.3 418.9 420.3 421.6 422.0 0.4

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.3 370.5 370.0 369.5 373.2 371.1 370.5 370.7 0.2

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,446.8 1,470.1 1,467.4 1,466.2 1,450.2 1,471.4 1,469.3 1,469.6 0.3

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129.2 1,135.5 1,132.3 1,136.0 1,132.3 1,137.6 1,136.0 1,139.4 3.4

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,105.3 1,102.9 1,099.6 1,098.8 1,108.7 1,105.7 1,103.3 1,102.3 -1.0

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.2 161.4 159.6 160.2 164.0 161.9 160.7 161.0 0.3

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.4 86.0 85.4 85.2 85.4 86.2 85.5 85.4 -0.1

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.3 391.5 390.9 391.3 396.5 392.7 391.7 392.1 0.4

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430.7 433.6 433.2 431.5 431.5 434.1 434.5 432.9 -1.6

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7 30.4 30.5 30.6 31.2 30.8 30.9 31.0 0.1

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.8 412.0 411.6 409.6 414.1 413.5 412.3 411.1 -1.2

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,773.6 1,831.7 1,838.3 1,837.1 1,775.8 1,831.6 1,840.1 1,841.0 0.9

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,036.9 1,061.9 1,067.7 1,064.3 1,034.0 1,062.2 1,066.0 1,063.9 -2.1

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.9 346.2 347.5 344.9 363.0 347.4 347.6 345.9 -1.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627.7 625.6 625.7 625.0 629.0 627.4 627.6 626.5 -1.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,833 4,789 4,783 4,793 4,857 4,816 4,810 4,817 7

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,714.2 1,725.6 1,719.3 1,721.2 1,728.2 1,731.8 1,730.8 1,735.5 4.7

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.4 89.2 89.0 88.9 92.1 89.7 89.2 88.7 -0.5

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.9 95.5 94.8 95.5 99.7 95.5 94.4 95.4 1.0

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 85.6 83.5 83.6 91.5 85.9 84.1 83.4 -0.7

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.3 350.9 349.6 349.7 359.0 350.3 349.6 350.3 0.7

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 373.5 362.6 364.4 366.1 374.9 365.4 365.7 366.7 1.0

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.0 107.1 108.1 108.6 108.6 110.7 110.6 109.2 -1.4

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900.5 895.9 900.4 896.6 902.2 895.3 900.0 898.2 -1.8

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739.1 726.0 724.6 726.8 740.5 728.1 726.0 728.1 2.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Change

from:

Mar.2024 -

Apr.2024p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.5 350.7 349.4 355.6 360.6 363.1 359.2 361.9 2.7

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,836 111,699 112,122 112,741 111,290 112,837 113,041 113,194 153

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,544 28,686 28,701 28,747 28,834 28,928 28,959 29,011 52

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,078.6 6,112.6 6,133.3 6,155.1 6,095.2 6,149.2 6,159.6 6,169.7 10.1

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,371.4 3,409.1 3,414.4 3,417.2 3,379.7 3,419.4 3,422.8 3,425.3 2.5

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,197.5 2,196.0 2,208.8 2,226.6 2,203.4 2,219.4 2,223.6 2,230.8 7.2

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 509.7 507.5 510.1 511.3 512.1 510.4 513.2 513.6 0.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,420.9 15,482.3 15,492.9 15,531.6 15,586.0 15,642.7 15,657.8 15,677.9 20.1

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,025.3 2,057.1 2,065.3 2,069.2 2,027.2 2,072.8 2,073.1 2,072.7 -0.4

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,266.2 1,288.6 1,294.8 1,297.5 1,267.0 1,292.4 1,296.3 1,298.6 2.3

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.5 165.5 168.4 170.6 178.1 173.0 172.3 170.9 -1.4

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580.6 603.0 602.1 601.1 582.2 607.4 604.5 603.2 -1.3

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,435.1 1,339.9 1,360.0 1,400.4 1,405.6 1,379.6 1,369.1 1,375.6 6.5

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,206.5 3,253.9 3,243.6 3,239.7 3,231.5 3,258.2 3,262.3 3,264.4 2.1

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847.0 825.6 819.6 813.5 856.6 825.1 823.0 821.7 -1.3

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 429.5 425.4 422.4 421.6 434.4 424.6 423.8 425.5 1.7

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 417.5 400.2 397.2 391.9 422.2 400.5 399.2 396.2 -3.0

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,156.6 3,213.1 3,221.2 3,226.1 3,227.5 3,252.1 3,271.7 3,281.2 9.5

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931.4 940.0 939.5 941.2 973.0 962.0 969.5 974.7 5.2

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,225.2 2,273.1 2,281.7 2,284.9 2,254.5 2,290.1 2,302.1 2,306.5 4.4

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,088.6 1,099.0 1,090.9 1,090.7 1,097.3 1,095.9 1,094.7 1,099.6 4.9

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,048.6 1,063.3 1,066.7 1,072.8 1,057.5 1,075.1 1,077.7 1,080.6 2.9

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,111.5 1,115.8 1,110.0 1,100.0 1,150.1 1,142.9 1,141.5 1,137.8 -3.7

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,501.7 1,514.6 1,515.6 1,519.2 1,532.7 1,541.0 1,544.7 1,544.3 -0.4

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,472.1 6,505.4 6,488.1 6,474.2 6,579.1 6,548.1 6,554.0 6,575.8 21.8

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543.8 568.7 571.7 572.1 544.9 572.3 572.6 573.9 1.3

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.9 153.6 153.2 153.2 152.8 153.3 153.2 153.4 0.2

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.1 68.8 71.6 74.0 68.2 72.1 73.8 74.9 1.1

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,560.8 1,527.3 1,532.3 1,539.7 1,578.4 1,554.0 1,558.1 1,557.8 -0.3

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.2 447.0 447.0 448.3 412.3 433.2 433.2 435.1 1.9

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 52.9 53.0 53.8 52.1 53.0 53.0 53.6 0.6

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 27.2 26.7 27.2 29.0 30.3 32.3 32.0 31.9 -0.1

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 815.1 836.6 837.2 834.2 819.9 837.3 837.8 839.7 1.9

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,016.3 1,053.0 1,031.2 1,013.7 1,086.4 1,072.8 1,072.3 1,079.9 7.6

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,811.6 1,770.8 1,763.7 1,756.2 1,833.8 1,767.8 1,768.0 1,775.6 7.6

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.3 585.6 586.4 585.9 573.5 588.3 587.4 587.4 0.0

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,035 2,997 3,004 2,993 3,053 3,017 3,021 3,013 -8

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.0 428.7 434.0 429.5 426.9 441.4 442.7 434.4 -8.3

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947.2 919.1 922.6 921.7 955.2 927.1 931.0 932.4 1.4

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 350.0 345.2 341.2 340.5 350.6 343.8 341.1 341.1 0.0

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650.5 631.7 632.7 627.9 653.1 631.7 631.3 630.0 -1.3

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.7 494.6 496.2 497.1 487.2 495.2 497.9 498.8 0.9

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.9 177.6 177.3 176.3 179.5 178.2 177.3 176.4 -0.9

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,137 9,167 9,169 9,186 9,179 9,222 9,227 9,233 6

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,703.0 6,709.3 6,707.9 6,709.5 6,725.1 6,724.4 6,725.9 6,732.5 6.6

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,636.0 2,592.3 2,590.1 2,582.2 2,641.5 2,592.1 2,591.4 2,587.7 -3.7

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Change

from:

Mar.2024 -

Apr.2024p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,802.9 1,782.1 1,781.3 1,774.6 1,806.0 1,780.3 1,780.0 1,777.5 -2.5

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,399.6 1,373.5 1,371.7 1,365.1 1,401.7 1,371.2 1,369.9 1,366.7 -3.2

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 537.5 525.0 523.6 523.4 539.4 527.3 526.2 525.7 -0.5

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 295.6 285.2 285.2 284.2 296.0 284.4 285.2 284.5 -0.7

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,088.2 1,102.7 1,101.5 1,105.0 1,094.6 1,110.0 1,110.4 1,112.6 2.2

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,956.3 2,991.8 2,993.8 2,999.8 2,966.4 2,999.7 3,001.5 3,009.6 8.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,433.7 2,457.2 2,461.3 2,476.0 2,454.3 2,497.1 2,501.1 2,500.9 -0.2

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,845.6 1,856.4 1,858.3 1,867.1 1,854.9 1,876.1 1,880.2 1,878.8 -1.4

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565.4 577.7 579.9 585.6 576.5 597.6 597.4 598.6 1.2

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 23.1 23.1 23.3 22.9 23.4 23.5 23.5 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,767 22,691 22,724 22,891 22,827 22,936 22,946 22,942 -4

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,799.3 10,983.8 10,966.5 11,020.1 10,767.1 10,966.4 10,978.4 10,995.5 17.1

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171.7 1,184.7 1,177.2 1,181.7 1,179.6 1,190.3 1,187.1 1,190.3 3.2

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,221.2 1,235.7 1,242.0 1,239.5 1,144.6 1,160.0 1,162.3 1,164.0 1.7

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,636.7 1,668.0 1,665.6 1,672.0 1,652.2 1,690.4 1,688.9 1,688.8 -0.1

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.8 153.2 152.3 153.8 152.4 155.0 154.5 154.6 0.1

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,489.5 2,531.3 2,515.8 2,542.6 2,490.5 2,533.8 2,538.7 2,544.3 5.6

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,844.7 1,880.5 1,880.0 1,886.1 1,852.4 1,889.3 1,895.3 1,896.4 1.1

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923.0 947.4 948.8 950.6 929.3 952.9 955.6 957.1 1.5

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501.1 517.8 517.7 521.3 502.7 520.0 520.4 522.9 2.5

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859.6 865.2 867.1 872.5 863.5 874.8 875.7 877.1 1.4

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,549.3 2,554.6 2,548.3 2,545.8 2,558.3 2,561.2 2,557.0 2,555.7 -1.3

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,418.3 9,153.0 9,209.5 9,325.4 9,501.6 9,408.8 9,410.2 9,390.3 -19.9

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,922.9 8,646.9 8,700.8 8,810.4 9,002.1 8,895.3 8,895.1 8,872.4 -22.7

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.2 628.6 628.1 628.8 615.2 633.6 633.8 631.4 -2.4

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.0 175.4 176.2 176.6 166.6 175.4 175.9 176.7 0.8

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,620.5 3,485.3 3,481.0 3,459.6 3,694.1 3,533.3 3,531.3 3,516.5 -14.8

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,860.1 2,719.4 2,712.4 2,688.6 2,922.1 2,755.8 2,753.1 2,736.7 -16.4

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749.0 716.9 710.1 706.5 753.1 716.9 714.7 709.8 -4.9

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.7 194.3 194.6 193.5 187.4 196.9 196.4 194.4 -2.0

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 999.5 1,012.8 1,012.6 1,013.9 1,000.5 1,019.8 1,017.2 1,015.2 -2.0

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,252.4 2,095.8 2,158.5 2,288.7 2,249.0 2,274.4 2,281.7 2,284.0 2.3

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.6 337.8 339.7 342.8 336.1 345.0 344.2 344.4 0.2

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495.4 506.1 508.7 515.0 499.5 513.5 515.1 517.9 2.8

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 25,208 26,116 26,187 26,293 25,109 26,011 26,099 26,194 95

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,950.0 3,999.9 3,993.4 4,017.9 3,806.4 3,860.9 3,861.2 3,869.3 8.1

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,257.9 22,116.2 22,193.2 22,275.1 21,302.5 22,150.4 22,237.3 22,324.3 87.0

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,740.0 17,387.5 17,455.3 17,504.1 16,785.0 17,418.9 17,493.3 17,549.5 56.2

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,360.7 8,677.4 8,702.6 8,740.0 8,377.0 8,692.1 8,721.3 8,754.7 33.4

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,882.1 2,996.4 2,999.1 3,004.5 2,887.4 3,000.8 3,007.0 3,012.6 5.6

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,021.0 1,029.6 1,030.3 1,032.8 1,024.4 1,034.0 1,034.6 1,036.3 1.7

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,139.6 1,192.0 1,189.6 1,202.4 1,142.0 1,192.1 1,195.3 1,203.6 8.3

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,052.1 1,075.6 1,079.6 1,079.6 1,053.6 1,074.0 1,078.4 1,081.9 3.5

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 321.3 322.2 322.4 323.4 320.0 322.3 323.1 322.5 -0.6

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,600.1 1,707.5 1,725.7 1,741.5 1,604.1 1,714.4 1,727.3 1,741.2 13.9

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.5 354.1 355.9 355.8 345.5 354.4 355.6 356.7 1.1

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,274.1 5,478.6 5,507.0 5,509.3 5,290.4 5,486.4 5,513.9 5,527.4 13.5

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Change

from:

Mar.2024 -

Apr.2024p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,105.2 3,231.5 3,245.7 3,254.8 3,117.6 3,240.4 3,258.1 3,267.4 9.3

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,392.7 1,448.2 1,454.3 1,457.3 1,401.4 1,453.7 1,462.9 1,466.6 3.7

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.7 658.2 660.6 664.5 628.0 660.2 663.2 666.9 3.7

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932.0 966.0 969.0 970.8 931.8 967.1 970.2 970.8 0.6

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 154.8 159.1 161.8 162.2 156.3 159.4 161.8 163.2 1.4

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,517.9 4,728.7 4,737.9 4,771.0 4,517.5 4,731.5 4,744.0 4,774.8 30.8

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,987.1 3,153.0 3,161.6 3,187.8 2,989.5 3,156.0 3,167.1 3,189.6 22.5

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 216.5 225.7 225.4 228.0 216.6 224.8 224.4 227.8 3.4

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 278.4 285.7 287.4 289.4 279.4 288.0 288.3 289.9 1.6

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,035.9 1,064.3 1,063.5 1,065.8 1,032.1 1,062.7 1,064.2 1,067.4 3.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,358 16,221 16,483 16,739 16,489 16,839 16,892 16,897 5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,433.6 2,398.3 2,486.0 2,580.2 2,492.0 2,621.5 2,644.4 2,641.4 -3.0

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584.0 566.9 592.4 638.1 565.4 616.4 625.5 621.4 -4.1

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.0 163.6 168.5 175.2 170.4 177.4 178.3 179.4 1.1

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,683.6 1,667.8 1,725.1 1,766.9 1,756.2 1,827.7 1,840.6 1,840.6 0.0

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,924.8 13,822.7 13,997.1 14,159.1 13,997.4 14,217.6 14,247.4 14,255.2 7.8

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,825.8 1,827.0 1,849.7 1,870.2 1,874.0 1,921.4 1,922.7 1,923.9 1.2

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 12,099.0 11,995.7 12,147.4 12,288.9 12,123.4 12,296.2 12,324.7 12,331.3 6.6

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,787 5,821 5,854 5,892 5,799 5,884 5,897 5,904 7

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,442.7 1,461.5 1,474.4 1,481.1 1,442.7 1,477.5 1,481.9 1,482.2 0.3

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,525.7 1,530.5 1,534.6 1,554.4 1,524.4 1,548.3 1,549.3 1,553.8 4.5

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,818.4 2,829.1 2,844.7 2,856.5 2,831.6 2,857.8 2,865.4 2,867.8 2.4

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,962 23,453 23,577 23,595 22,653 23,191 23,263 23,271 8

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,899 2,970 2,978 2,983 2,908 2,981 2,991 2,993 2

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,289.5 2,363.3 2,370.2 2,372.3 2,302.3 2,375.1 2,384.0 2,386.7 2.7

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609.7 607.1 608.2 610.8 606.1 606.2 607.0 606.2 -0.8

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,404 5,563 5,586 5,603 5,263 5,434 5,445 5,451 6

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,702.0 2,795.0 2,808.5 2,824.2 2,558.5 2,653.7 2,661.6 2,669.1 7.5

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,702.0 2,768.4 2,777.9 2,778.7 2,704.6 2,780.6 2,783.6 2,781.5 -2.1

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,659 14,920 15,013 15,009 14,482 14,776 14,827 14,827 0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,194.3 8,318.4 8,360.3 8,337.4 7,935.2 8,057.6 8,075.1 8,078.4 3.3

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,464.9 6,601.9 6,652.5 6,671.4 6,546.7 6,718.3 6,751.8 6,748.2 -3.6

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.3 34.3 34.4 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 39.8 39.7 39.9 39.7

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.5 45.0 45.3 44.3

Construction....................................................................... 38.9 38.9 39.3 38.7

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.1 40.0 40.0 40.0

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.6 40.5 40.5 40.5

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.4 39.1 39.2 39.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 33.3 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.9 33.9 33.9 33.8

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.8 39.1 39.1 39.1

Retail trade...................................................................... 29.9 29.8 29.7 29.6

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.9 38.0 38.4 38.0

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.1 42.0 42.1

Information......................................................................... 36.5 36.5 36.5 36.2

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.5 37.5 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 36.5 36.4 36.5 36.6

Private education and health services......................................... 33.3 33.3 33.2 33.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.3 25.6 25.5 25.4

Other services..................................................................... 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0

Nondurable goods................................................................... 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Total private............................................... $33.44 $34.56 $34.68 $34.75 $1,146.99 $1,185.41 $1,192.99 $1,191.93

Goods-producing....................................... 33.72 35.16 35.37 35.43 1,342.06 1,395.85 1,411.26 1,406.57

Mining and logging.................................. 37.70 39.38 39.23 39.73 1,715.35 1,772.10 1,777.12 1,760.04

Construction.......................................... 36.13 37.57 37.79 38.02 1,405.46 1,461.47 1,485.15 1,471.37

Manufacturing........................................ 32.06 33.44 33.65 33.61 1,285.61 1,337.60 1,346.00 1,344.40

Durable goods.................................... 33.59 35.27 35.52 35.46 1,363.75 1,428.44 1,438.56 1,436.13

Nondurable goods................................ 29.43 30.25 30.36 30.39 1,159.54 1,182.78 1,190.11 1,191.29

Private service-providing.............................. 33.37 34.43 34.52 34.60 1,111.22 1,146.52 1,149.52 1,152.18

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 28.85 29.75 29.82 29.84 978.02 1,008.53 1,010.90 1,008.59

Wholesale trade.................................. 36.50 37.37 37.57 37.72 1,416.20 1,461.17 1,468.99 1,474.85

Retail trade........................................ 23.80 24.32 24.31 24.25 711.62 724.74 722.01 717.80

Transportation and warehousing............... 29.02 30.47 30.53 30.54 1,099.86 1,157.86 1,172.35 1,160.52

Utilities............................................. 49.57 50.78 50.80 50.99 2,091.85 2,137.84 2,133.60 2,146.68

Information........................................... 47.81 49.17 49.35 49.42 1,745.07 1,794.71 1,801.28 1,789.00

Financial activities................................... 42.73 44.95 45.14 45.30 1,598.10 1,685.63 1,692.75 1,698.75

Professional and business services.............. 40.21 41.50 41.67 41.82 1,467.67 1,510.60 1,520.96 1,530.61

Private education and health services............ 32.96 33.83 33.84 33.88 1,097.57 1,126.54 1,123.49 1,124.82

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 21.07 21.77 21.89 21.92 533.07 557.31 558.20 556.77

Other services....................................... 30.03 31.18 31.04 31.12 966.97 1,007.11 1,005.70 1,005.18

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2024 -

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2024 -

Apr.

2024p

Total private..................................... 114.4 115.9 116.4 116.3 -0.1 182.9 191.5 193.1 193.1 0.0

Goods-producing............................. 97.7 98.5 99.1 98.7 -0.4 148.9 156.5 158.5 158.0 -0.3

Mining and logging........................ 91.4 90.6 91.7 89.2 -2.7 138.3 143.3 144.4 142.3 -1.5

Construction................................ 106.8 109.6 111.2 109.6 -1.4 167.6 178.8 182.6 181.1 -0.8

Manufacturing.............................. 93.4 93.2 93.2 93.3 0.1 139.2 145.0 145.9 145.8 -0.1

Durable goods........................... 92.4 92.8 92.9 92.9 0.0 137.8 145.4 146.5 146.2 -0.2

Nondurable goods...................... 95.5 94.0 94.1 94.3 0.2 142.6 144.3 145.0 145.3 0.2

Private service-providing.................... 119.3 121.0 121.2 121.4 0.2 193.5 202.4 203.3 204.1 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 106.8 107.1 107.3 107.1 -0.2 166.2 171.9 172.5 172.4 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 104.3 106.1 106.2 106.4 0.2 159.3 165.8 167.0 167.9 0.5

Retail trade.............................. 94.8 94.9 94.6 94.4 -0.2 149.3 152.6 152.1 151.5 -0.4

Transportation and warehousing...... 143.3 143.0 144.6 143.6 -0.7 211.5 221.6 224.6 223.1 -0.7

Utilities.................................... 104.7 107.2 106.7 107.0 0.3 171.5 179.8 179.2 180.3 0.6

Information................................. 101.8 100.6 100.7 99.6 -1.1 173.3 176.1 177.0 175.3 -1.0

Financial activities......................... 112.5 113.3 113.3 113.4 0.1 187.4 198.6 199.6 200.4 0.4

Professional and business services..... 130.3 130.6 131.0 131.4 0.3 212.3 219.6 221.2 222.5 0.6

Private education and health services... 136.5 141.4 141.5 142.0 0.4 216.5 230.2 230.3 231.4 0.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 119.0 123.0 122.9 122.5 -0.3 202.3 216.0 217.1 216.6 -0.2

Other services............................. 107.7 109.6 110.2 110.0 -0.2 177.2 187.3 187.4 187.5 0.1

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Total nonfarm............................................. 77,432 78,675 78,824 78,913 49.8 49.9 49.9 49.9

Total private............................................ 64,215 65,134 65,244 65,317 48.3 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,969 5,012 5,012 5,016 23.1 23.0 23.0 23.0

Mining and logging............................... 82 86 86 87 12.8 13.4 13.4 13.6

Construction....................................... 1,121 1,165 1,169 1,173 14.1 14.3 14.2 14.3

Manufacturing..................................... 3,766 3,761 3,757 3,756 29.1 29.0 29.0 29.0

Durable goods.................................. 2,017 2,023 2,021 2,017 25.0 24.8 24.8 24.8

Nondurable goods............................. 1,749 1,738 1,736 1,739 36.0 36.1 36.1 36.1

Private service-providing........................... 59,246 60,122 60,232 60,301 53.2 53.3 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,339 11,273 11,274 11,287 39.3 39.0 38.9 38.9

Wholesale trade................................ 1,871.7 1,871.0 1,871.0 1,876.1 30.7 30.4 30.4 30.4

Retail trade..................................... 7,533.1 7,514.6 7,522.3 7,526.0 48.3 48.0 48.0 48.0

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,784.3 1,730.9 1,725.3 1,730.6 27.1 26.4 26.3 26.3

Utilities........................................... 150.1 156.0 155.3 154.0 26.2 26.5 26.4 26.2

Information......................................... 1,231 1,215 1,215 1,213 40.3 40.3 40.2 40.3

Financial activities................................ 5,105 5,134 5,133 5,132 55.6 55.7 55.6 55.6

Professional and business services............ 10,513 10,552 10,557 10,554 46.1 46.0 46.0 46.0

Private education and health services......... 19,301 19,978 20,057 20,127 76.9 76.8 76.8 76.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,668 8,831 8,851 8,835 52.6 52.4 52.4 52.3

Other services..................................... 3,089 3,139 3,145 3,153 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.4

Government............................................. 13,217 13,541 13,580 13,596 58.3 58.4 58.4 58.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Total private............................................................................... 108,117 109,596 109,790 109,947

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,449 15,527 15,537 15,538

Mining and logging.................................................................. 482 502 507 499

Construction.......................................................................... 5,865 5,972 5,994 6,001

Manufacturing........................................................................ 9,102 9,053 9,036 9,038

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,600 5,571 5,560 5,556

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,502 3,482 3,476 3,482

Private service-providing.............................................................. 92,668 94,069 94,253 94,409

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,299 24,417 24,442 24,499

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,828.8 4,855.5 4,861.9 4,871.5

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,271.8 13,370.4 13,384.8 13,413.4

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,741.6 5,721.1 5,726.9 5,745.5

Utilities.............................................................................. 456.8 469.6 468.0 468.3

Information............................................................................ 2,437 2,425 2,424 2,409

Financial activities................................................................... 6,900 6,957 6,965 6,967

Professional and business services............................................... 18,083 18,094 18,110 18,128

Private education and health services............................................ 21,854 22,676 22,754 22,837

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,381 14,720 14,770 14,768

Other services........................................................................ 4,714 4,780 4,788 4,801

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.8 33.7 33.8 33.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.5 40.4 40.6 40.3

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.5 47.4 47.5 46.7

Construction....................................................................... 39.5 39.5 40.0 39.4

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.7 40.5 40.6 40.6

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.9 40.8 40.9 40.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.3 40.1 40.1 40.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.0 33.9 34.0 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 39.2 39.1 39.1

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.3 30.2 30.3 30.2

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.6 37.3 37.5 37.3

Utilities........................................................................... 42.5 42.2 42.3 42.4

Information......................................................................... 36.1 35.7 36.0 35.7

Financial activities................................................................ 37.1 36.9 36.9 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.3 36.4 36.4

Private education and health services......................................... 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.2 24.3 24.3 24.1

Other services..................................................................... 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Total private............................................... $28.68 $29.70 $29.77 $29.83 $969.38 $1,000.89 $1,006.23 $1,005.27

Goods-producing....................................... 29.24 30.67 30.81 30.87 1,184.22 1,239.07 1,250.89 1,244.06

Mining and logging.................................. 34.07 36.59 36.25 36.56 1,618.33 1,734.37 1,721.88 1,707.35

Construction.......................................... 33.90 35.23 35.40 35.47 1,339.05 1,391.59 1,416.00 1,397.52

Manufacturing........................................ 26.03 27.35 27.45 27.54 1,059.42 1,107.68 1,114.47 1,118.12

Durable goods.................................... 27.19 28.73 28.87 29.02 1,112.07 1,172.18 1,180.78 1,186.92

Nondurable goods................................ 24.15 25.10 25.13 25.14 973.25 1,006.51 1,007.71 1,010.63

Private service-providing.............................. 28.56 29.51 29.56 29.62 933.91 964.98 966.61 965.61

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 25.12 25.87 25.94 25.98 854.08 876.99 881.96 880.72

Wholesale trade.................................. 30.26 31.08 31.22 31.37 1,177.11 1,218.34 1,220.70 1,226.57

Retail trade........................................ 20.43 20.77 20.89 20.86 619.03 627.25 632.97 629.97

Transportation and warehousing............... 27.67 29.11 29.04 29.06 1,040.39 1,085.80 1,089.00 1,083.94

Utilities............................................. 44.20 44.67 45.06 45.30 1,878.50 1,885.07 1,906.04 1,920.72

Information........................................... 39.40 40.44 40.70 40.66 1,422.34 1,443.71 1,465.20 1,451.56

Financial activities................................... 33.26 35.26 35.41 35.46 1,233.95 1,301.09 1,306.63 1,312.02

Professional and business services.............. 33.98 34.94 35.08 35.13 1,233.47 1,268.32 1,276.91 1,278.73

Private education and health services............ 30.05 30.93 30.90 30.93 976.63 1,005.23 1,001.16 1,002.13

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 18.41 19.28 19.31 19.40 445.52 468.50 469.23 467.54

Other services....................................... 25.81 27.01 26.82 26.99 805.27 845.41 842.15 842.09

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2024 -

Apr.

2024p

Apr.

2023

Feb.

2024

Mar.

2024p

Apr.

2024p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2024 -

Apr.

2024p

Total private..................................... 121.8 123.1 123.7 123.5 -0.2 233.4 244.3 246.0 246.2 0.1

Goods-producing............................. 95.6 95.9 96.4 95.7 -0.7 171.2 180.0 181.8 180.9 -0.5

Mining and logging........................ 121.7 126.4 128.0 123.8 -3.3 241.1 269.1 269.8 263.3 -2.4

Construction................................ 116.0 118.1 120.0 118.4 -1.3 212.3 224.7 229.5 226.7 -1.2

Manufacturing.............................. 85.0 84.2 84.2 84.2 0.0 144.8 150.5 151.2 151.7 0.3

Durable goods........................... 86.0 85.4 85.4 85.4 0.0 146.1 153.2 154.0 154.7 0.5

Nondurable goods...................... 83.2 82.3 82.1 82.5 0.5 141.9 145.9 145.8 146.5 0.5

Private service-providing.................... 129.1 131.1 131.3 131.1 -0.2 252.9 265.3 266.3 266.4 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 115.6 115.9 116.3 116.3 0.0 207.6 214.2 215.7 215.9 0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 111.5 113.0 112.8 113.0 0.2 199.1 207.2 207.9 209.3 0.7

Retail trade.............................. 102.0 102.4 102.8 102.7 -0.1 178.6 182.3 184.2 183.7 -0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 163.4 161.5 162.5 162.2 -0.2 287.8 299.2 300.4 300.0 -0.1

Utilities.................................... 99.3 101.3 101.2 101.5 0.3 183.2 189.0 190.4 192.0 0.8

Information................................. 100.4 98.8 99.6 98.2 -1.4 195.9 197.8 200.7 197.6 -1.5

Financial activities......................... 120.5 120.8 121.0 121.3 0.2 246.5 262.1 263.5 264.7 0.5

Professional and business services..... 146.5 146.6 147.2 147.3 0.1 296.2 304.7 307.0 307.8 0.3

Private education and health services... 151.4 157.1 157.2 157.8 0.4 300.4 320.8 320.6 322.1 0.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 127.5 131.0 131.5 130.4 -0.8 266.5 286.9 288.3 287.2 -0.4

Other services............................. 103.1 104.9 105.4 105.1 -0.3 194.0 206.5 206.0 206.6 0.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.