For release 10:00 a.m. (EST), Thursday, November 18, 2010 USDL-10-1602

Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 • BDMInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/bdm 

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2010

From December 2009 to March 2010 the 

number of gross job gains from opening and 

expanding private sector establishments 

decreased to 6.1 million, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. Over this 

period, gross job losses from closing and 

contracting private sector establishments were 

6.4 million. Job losses have steadily decreased 

from a recent high of 8.5 million in December 

2008 to the lowest level since this series began 

in September 1992. 

Firms with 100 to 999 employees experienced 

net job gains in first quarter 2010, while firms 

with 1 to 99 employees and 1,000 or more 

employees experienced net job losses. 

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment 

that occur at all businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track 

these changes in employment at private business units from the third month of one quarter to the third 

month of the next. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing 

units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in 

employment at existing units and the loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of 

gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See the Technical 

Note for more information.) 

The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses at the establishment level by industry 

subsector and for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as 

gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class. 

Revision of Historical Business Employment Dynamics Series 

The release of first quarter 2010 Business Employment Dynamics data incorporates annual revisions for 

2009 and historical corrections resulting from the publication of national 3-digit NAICS data. 

Seasonally adjusted and non-seasonally adjusted data have both been revised.
- 2 - 

Contracting establishments lost 5.2 million jobs 

in the first quarter of 2010. This is the smallest 

number of jobs lost at contracting establishments 

since June 1993. 

First quarter job gains at expanding

establishments fell to 5.0 million. The drop 

reversed an upward trend in the series that began 

in March 2009. 

From December 2009 to March 2010 closing

establishments lost 1.2 million jobs, a decrease 

from the previous quarter’s loss of 1.3 million. 

Opening establishments gained 1.1 million jobs, 

also a decrease from the previous quarter when 

opening establishments created 1.3 million jobs. 

(See tables 1 and 3.) 

In first quarter 2010 there were 172,000 

establishment births (a subset of the openings 

data, see the Technical Note for more 

information); these new establishments added 

661,000 jobs. 

Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the 

closings data) are available through June 2009, 

when 831,000 jobs were lost at 226,000 

establishments. (See table 7.) 

The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost yielded a net change 

of -311,000 jobs in the private sector for first quarter 2010. (See table 1.) 

Gross job gains represented 5.8 percent of private sector employment in first quarter 2010, while gross job 

losses represented 6.1 percent of private sector employment. (See table 2.) 

The education and health services sector was the only sector that had a net increase in employment in first 

quarter 2010. Gross job gains in the service-providing sectors fell from 5,349,000 in December 2009 to 

4,844,000 in March 2010. The construction sector continues to experience the highest net losses as a percent 

of total employment. From December 2009 to March 2010, the rate of gross job gains decreased slightly from 

10.9 to 10.7 percent, while the rate of gross job losses showed a larger decline from 13.6 to 13.1 percent. (See 

table 3.) 

The share of total gross job gains at firms with 1 to 249 employees increased from 72.0 percent to 74.2 percent. 

The share of gross job losses decreased at firms with 50 or more employees and increased at firms with 1 to 49 

employees. (See table 4.) 
- 3 - 

 

1

The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See 

the Technical Note for further information. 

In first quarter 2010, fifteen states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands experienced a positive net 

change in employment, an increase from eight states in the prior quarter. Texas had the largest net gain in 

employment, which can be attributed to a sharp decline in gross job losses from 484,059 in December 2009 to 

434,114 in March 2010. New York and New Jersey experienced their lowest levels of gross job losses for the 

series in first quarter 2010 at 390,777 and 193,790, respectively. However, both states experienced net 

employment losses of about 17,500 due to declines in gross job gains. (See table 5.) From December 2009 to 

March 2010, gross job losses as a percent of total employment decreased or remained unchanged in 48 states, 

the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands. Connecticut and South Dakota were the only states to show 

increases. (See table 6.) 

More Information 

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are available online at http://www.bls.gov/bdm. 

This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm size, the 

not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts of 

gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions on firm-size data. 

Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the Technical Note of 

this release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. 

The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2010 are scheduled to be released on Tuesday, 

February 1, 2011 at 10:00 a.m. (EST). 

Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 

Category 

3 months ended 

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 

Levels (in thousands) 

Gross job gains.................................... 5,783 6,421 6,341 6,662 6,110 

 At expanding establishments........... 4,611 5,117 5,124 5,326 4,996 

 At opening establishments............... 1,172 1,304 1,217 1,336 1,114 

 

Gross job losses................................... 8,524 8,025 7,241 6,890 6,421 

 At contracting establishments........... 7,109 6,644 5,883 5,598 5,231 

 At closing establishments................ 1,415 1,381 1,358 1,292 1,190 

 

Net employment change1........................ -2,741 -1,604 -900 -228 -311 

 

Rates (percent) 

Gross job gains................................ 5.3 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8 

 At expanding establishments....... 4.2 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7 

 At opening establishments............ 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 

 

Gross job losses............................... 7.8 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1 

 At contracting establishments........ 6.5 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.0 

 At closing establishments............. 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1 

 

Net employment change1..................... -2.5 -1.5 -1.0 -.1 -.3 
- 4 - 

Technical Note

 The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are 

a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as 

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or 

the ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing 

quarterly state unemployment insurance (UI) records. 

Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly 

reports on the employment and wages of workers covered 

by UI laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The quarterly 

UI reports are sent by the State Employment Security 

Agencies (SESAs) to BLS and form the basis of the 

Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame. These 

reports are also used to produce the quarterly QCEW data 

on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED 

data on gross job gains and losses. Other important 

Bureau uses of the UI reports are in the Current 

Employment Statistics (CES) program. 

 In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are 

linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history 

for each establishment. The linkage process allows the 

tracking of net employment changes at the 

establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of 

jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost 

at closing and contracting units. 

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES 

employment measures 

 The Bureau publishes three different establishmentbased employment measures for any given quarter. Each 

of these measures — QCEW, BED, and CES — makes use 

of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; 

however, each measure has a somewhat different universe 

coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. 

 Differences in coverage and estimation methods can 

result in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter 

employment change. It is important to understand 

program differences and the intended uses of the program 

products. (See table below.) 

 Additional information on each program can be 

obtained from the program web sites shown in the table 

below. 

Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures 

QCEW BED CES 

Source  Count of UI administrative records 

submitted by 9.0 million employers 

 Count of longitudinally-linked UI 

administrative records submitted by 

6.7 million private sector employers 

 Sample Survey: 410,000 

establishments 

Coverage  UI and UCFE coverage: all 

employers subject to State and 

federal UI Laws 

 UI Coverage, excluding: government, 

private households, and establishments 

with zero employment 

Non-farm wage and salary jobs: 

 UI Coverage, excluding: agriculture, 

private households, and selfemployed; including: railroads, 

religious organizations, and other 

non-UI-covered jobs 

Publication 

frequency 

 Quarterly 

—7 Months after the end of each 

quarter 

 Quarterly 

—8 Months after the end of each quarter 

 Monthly 

—First Friday of each month 

Use of UI file  Directly summarizes and publishes 

each new quarter of UI data 

 Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal 

database and directly summarizes gross 

job gains and losses 

 Uses UI file as a sampling frame 

and annually realigns (benchmarks) 

sample estimates to first quarter UI 

levels 

Principal products  Provides a quarterly and annual 

universe count of establishments, 

employment, and wages at the 

county, MSA, State, and national 

levels by detailed industry 

 Provides quarterly employer dynamics 

data on establishment openings, closings, 

expansions, and contractions at the 

national level by NAICS super-sectors 

and by size of firm, and at the state 

private-sector total level 

 Future expansions will include data with 

greater industry detail and data at the 

county and MSA level 

 Provides current monthly estimates 

of employment, hours, and earnings 

at the MSA, State, and national level 

by industry 

Principal uses  Major uses include: 

—Detailed locality data 

—Periodic universe counts for 

benchmarking sample survey 

estimates 

—Sample frame for BLS 

establishment surveys 

 Major uses include: 

— Business cycle analysis 

— Analysis of employer dynamics 

underlying economic expansions and 

contractions 

— Analysis of employment expansion 

and contraction by size of firm 

 Major uses include: 

— Principal national economic 

indicator 

— Official time series for 

employment change measures 

— Input into other major economic 

indicators 

Program Websites  www.bls.gov/cew/  www.bls.gov/bdm/  www.bls.gov/ces/
- 5 - 

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by 

state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal 

Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly 

contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by 

employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution 

reports, employers who operate multiple establishments 

within a state complete a questionnaire, called the 

“Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed 

information on the location of their establishments. 

These reports are based on place of employment rather 

than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad 

and basically comparable from state to state. 

Major exclusions from UI coverage are selfemployed workers, religious organizations, most 

agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the 

Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most 

employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most 

student workers at schools, and employees of certain 

small nonprofit organizations. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release 

are derived from longitudinal histories of 6.7 million 

private sector employer reports out of 9.0 million total 

reports of employment and wages submitted by states to 

BLS in the first quarter of 2010. Gross job gains and 

gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates 

for government employees or private households (NAICS 

814110), and do not include establishments with zero 

employment in both previous and current quarters. Data 

from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also are excluded 

from the national data. As an illustration, the table below 

shows, in millions of establishments, the number of 

establishments excluded from the national gross job gains 

and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2010: 

Number of active establishments included in 

Business Employment Dynamics data at the 

national level 

 Millions 

Total establishments QCEW program .........9.0 

 Excluded: Public sector .........................0.3 

 Private households ................0.7 

 Zero employment .................1.3 

 Establishments in Puerto Rico 

 and the Virgin Islands ...........0.0 

 (less than 50,000) 

Total establishments included in Business 

Employment Dynamics data ........................6.7 

Unit of analysis 

 Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED 

statistics by industry and firms are used in the tabulation 

of the BED size class statistics. An establishment is 

defined as an economic unit that produces goods or 

services, usually at a single physical location, and engages 

in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal 

business, either corporate or otherwise, and may consist 

of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled 

based on an aggregation of establishments under common 

ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax 

identification numbers. The firm level aggregation which 

is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic 

decision makers are used for the measurement of the BED 

data elements by size class. 

 Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total 

gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are 

lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by 

industry, as some establishment gains and losses within a 

firm are offset during the aggregation process. However, 

the total net changes in employment are the same for not 

seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally 

adjusted data. 

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure 

the net change in employment at the establishment or firm 

level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A 

net increase in employment can come from either opening 

units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment 

can come from either closing units or contracting units. 

Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either 

opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the 

sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. 

The net change in employment is the difference between 

gross job gains and gross job losses. 

The formal definitions of employment changes are as 

follows: 

Openings. These are either units with positive third 

month employment for the first time in the current 

quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive 

third month employment in the current quarter following 

zero employment in the previous quarter. 

Expansions. These are units with positive 

employment in the third month in both the previous and 

current quarters, with a net increase in employment over 

this period. 

Closings. These are either units with positive third 

month employment in the previous quarter, with no 

employment or zero employment reported in the current 

quarter. 

Contractions. These are units with positive 

employment in the third month in both the previous and 

current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over 

this period. 

Births. These are units with positive third month 

employment for the first time in the current quarter with 

no links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third 

month employment in the current quarter and zero 

employment in the third month of the previous four 

quarters. Births are a subset of openings not including reopenings of seasonal businesses. 
- 6 - 

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero 

employment reported in the third month of four 

consecutive quarters following the last quarter with 

positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not 

including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A 

unit that closes during the quarter may be a death, but we 

wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent 

closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is 

always a lag of three quarters for the publication of death 

statistics. 

All employment changes are measured from the third 

month of the previous quarter to the third month of the 

current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change 

their employment levels. Units with no change in 

employment count towards estimates of total 

employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and 

gross job losses. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as 

rates by dividing their levels by the average of 

employment in the current and previous quarters. This 

provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are 

calculated for the components of gross job gains and 

gross job losses and then summed to form their respective 

totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as 

their levels can. For instance, the difference between the 

gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net 

growth rate. 

Establishment Births and Deaths 

 For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined 

as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database 

for the first time with positive employment in the third 

month of a quarter, or showed four consecutive quarters 

of zero employment in the third month followed by a 

quarter in which it shows positive employment in the 

third month. Similarly, deaths are defined as 

establishments that either drop out of the longitudinal 

database or an establishment that had positive 

employment in the third month of a given quarter 

followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero 

employment in the third month. Although the data for 

establishment births and deaths are tabulated 

independently from the data for openings and closings, 

the concepts are not mutually exclusive. An 

establishment that is defined as a birth in a given quarter 

is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment 

defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. 

Since openings include seasonal, and other, re-openings 

and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not 

seasonally adjusted values for births and deaths must be 

less than those for openings and closings. However, 

because some BED series do not have many re-openings 

or temporary shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and 

deaths are independently seasonally adjusted from 

openings and closings, there may be instances in which 

the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater than 

the latter. 

Linkage methodology 

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross 

job losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. 

The linkage process matches establishments' unique 

SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 

97 percent of establishments identified as continuous 

from quarter to quarter are matched by SESA-ID. The 

rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method 

uses predecessor and successor information, identified by 

the States, which relates records with different SESA-IDs 

across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can 

come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in 

ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account 

restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this 

manner, a probability-based match is used. This match 

attempts to identify two establishments with different 

SESA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon 

comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone 

number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records 

individually and makes a possible match. 

 In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, 

SESAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, 

the industry, location, and ownership classification of all 

establishments on a 4-year cycle. Changes in 

establishment classification codes resulting from the 

verification process are introduced with the data reported 

for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from 

improved employer reporting also are introduced in the 

first quarter. 

 

Sizing methodology 

 The method of dynamic sizing is used in 

calculations for the BED size class data series. Dynamic 

sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss 

during a quarter to each respective size class in which the 

change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 

employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, 

of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the 

first size class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 

10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. 

 Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size 

estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which 

may be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in 

firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job 

gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. 

Annual Data 

 The annual gross job gains and gross job losses 

measure the net change in employment at the 

establishment level from the third month of a quarter in 

the previous year to the third month of the same quarter in 

the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data 

based on March-to-March changes once a year with the 

release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data 

based on over-the-year changes for other quarters of the 

year are available upon request. The definitions and 

methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and 

gross job losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The 

linkage method considers all predecessor and successor 
- 7 - 

relations that may come about due to changes in 

ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire 

year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job 

gains and job losses are offset during the estimation over 

the year. Therefore, the sum of four quarters of gross job 

gains and gross job losses are not equal to annual gross 

job gains and gross job losses. The net change in 

employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum 

of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted 

basis. 

Seasonal adjustment 

 Over the course of a year, the levels of employment 

and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations 

due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, 

reduced or expanded production, harvests, major 

holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The 

effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. 

 Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence can be 

eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to 

quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in economic activity, 

easier to recognize. For example, the large number of 

youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other 

changes that have taken place in June relative to March, 

making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. However, because the 

effect of students finishing school in previous years is 

known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted 

to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures 

provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes 

in economic activity. 

 The employment data series for opening, expanding, 

closing, and contracting units are independently 

seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on 

the difference between gross job gains and gross job 

losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment 

counts data series for opening, expanding, closing, and 

contracting establishments are independently adjusted, 

and the net changes are calculated based on the difference 

between the number of opening and closing 

establishments. Additionally establishment and 

employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted 

to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent 

seasonal adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA. 

Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are the 

sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including 

the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. 

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing 

the BED component series will differ from the net 

employment change estimated from the seasonally 

adjusted total private employment series from the CES 

program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show 

the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net 

employment change statistic. As such, data users 

interested particularly in the net employment change and 

not in the gross job flows underlying this change should 

refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment 

changes.

Reliability of the data 

 Since the data series on Business Employment 

Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample 

data, there are no issues related to sampling error. 

Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling 

errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer 

submitting corrected employment data after the end of the 

quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when 

providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to 

be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. 

 Changes in administrative data sometimes create 

complications for the linkage process. This can result in 

overstating openings and closings while understating 

expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine 

methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the 

effects of these complications. 

 The BED data series are subject to periodic minor 

changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates 

on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal 

adjustment revisions. 

 Annual revisions are published each year with the 

release of the first quarter data. These revisions cover the 

last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5 

years of seasonally adjusted data. 

Additional statistics and other information 

 Several other programs within BLS produce closely 

related information. The QCEW program, also known as 

the ES-202 program, provides both quarterly and annual 

estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed 

industry. News releases on quarterly county employment 

and wages and an annual bulletin: Employment and Wages 

Annual Averages, are available upon request from the 

Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover, 

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 

Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567; 

(http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). 

 The CES program produces monthly estimates of 

employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed 

industry. These estimates are part of the Employment 

Situation report put out monthly by BLS. 

 The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey 

(JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job 

openings, as well as employee hires and separations. 

 Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. 

Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral 

number: 1-800-877-8339. 
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2000 March 827 8,849 6,960 1,889 8,022 6,342 1,680

June 503 8,479 6,794 1,685 7,976 6,373 1,603

September 324 8,525 6,756 1,769 8,201 6,479 1,722

December 251 8,351 6,673 1,678 8,100 6,444 1,656

2001 March -119 8,491 6,728 1,763 8,610 6,717 1,893

June -780 7,991 6,302 1,689 8,771 7,036 1,735

September -1,148 7,630 5,945 1,685 8,778 6,990 1,788

December -1,009 7,547 5,912 1,635 8,556 6,870 1,686

2002 March -10 8,071 6,298 1,773 8,081 6,434 1,647

June -30 7,868 6,145 1,723 7,898 6,274 1,624

September -151 7,630 6,039 1,591 7,781 6,248 1,533

December -241 7,483 5,938 1,545 7,724 6,185 1,539

2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553

June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458

September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360

December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424

2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450

June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471

September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539

December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424

2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435

June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405

September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444

December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365

2006 March 806 7,726 6,293 1,433 6,920 5,635 1,285

June 424 7,789 6,273 1,516 7,365 5,998 1,367

September 45 7,495 6,057 1,438 7,450 6,098 1,352

December 462 7,765 6,241 1,524 7,303 5,954 1,349

2007 March 491 7,657 6,243 1,414 7,166 5,870 1,296

June 207 7,661 6,250 1,411 7,454 6,056 1,398

September -249 7,328 5,855 1,473 7,577 6,223 1,354

December 286 7,670 6,197 1,473 7,384 6,028 1,356

2008 March -275 7,172 5,778 1,394 7,447 6,083 1,364

June -520 7,285 5,878 1,407 7,805 6,332 1,473

September -966 6,888 5,521 1,367 7,854 6,469 1,385

December -1,814 6,720 5,357 1,363 8,534 7,041 1,493

2009 March -2,741 5,783 4,611 1,172 8,524 7,109 1,415

June -1,604 6,421 5,117 1,304 8,025 6,644 1,381

September -900 6,341 5,124 1,217 7,241 5,883 1,358

December -228 6,662 5,326 1,336 6,890 5,598 1,292

2010 March -311 6,110 4,996 1,114 6,421 5,231 1,190

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Total

Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change 1

Gross job gains

Total
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1

 seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2000 March .8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

June .4 7.7 6.2 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5

September .2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6

December .2 7.5 6.0 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5

2001 March -.1 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.8 6.1 1.7

June -.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6

September -1.1 6.9 5.4 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6

December -1.0 7.0 5.5 1.5 8.0 6.4 1.6

2002 March .0 7.5 5.9 1.6 7.5 6.0 1.5

June .0 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5

September -.1 7.1 5.6 1.5 7.2 5.8 1.4

December -.3 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.2 5.8 1.4

2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5

June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4

September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3

December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3

2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3

June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4

September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4

December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3

2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3

June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3

September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3

December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2

2006 March .8 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1

June .4 6.9 5.6 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2

December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

2007 March .4 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.3 5.2 1.1

June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2

September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2

December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

2008 March -.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2

June -.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3

September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2

December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3

2009 March -2.5 5.3 4.2 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3

June -1.5 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3

September -1.0 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.9 5.6 1.3

December -.1 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

2010 March -.3 5.8 4.7 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. 

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Total Total

Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change 2

Gross job gains
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010

Total private 1

Gross job gains ........................... 5,783 6,421 6,341 6,662 6,110 5.3 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8

At expanding establishments ......... 4,611 5,117 5,124 5,326 4,996 4.2 4.8 4.8 5.1 4.7

At opening establishments ............ 1,172 1,304 1,217 1,336 1,114 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1

Gross job losses ........................... 8,524 8,025 7,241 6,890 6,421 7.8 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1

At contracting establishments ......... 7,109 6,644 5,883 5,598 5,231 6.5 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.0

At closing establishments ............ 1,415 1,381 1,358 1,292 1,190 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1

Net employment change .............. -2,741 -1,604 -900 -228 -311 -2.5 -1.5 -1.0 -.1 -.3

Goods-producing

Gross job gains ........................... 1,090 1,273 1,343 1,313 1,266 5.2 6.4 7.0 6.9 6.7

At expanding establishments ......... 893 1,052 1,136 1,080 1,072 4.3 5.3 5.9 5.7 5.7

At opening establishments ............ 197 221 207 233 194 .9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0

Gross job losses ........................... 2,309 2,147 1,675 1,590 1,459 11.0 10.8 8.7 8.4 7.8

At contracting establishments ......... 2,006 1,848 1,385 1,321 1,204 9.6 9.3 7.2 7.0 6.4

At closing establishments ............ 303 299 290 269 255 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4

Net employment change .............. -1,219 -874 -332 -277 -193 -5.8 -4.4 -1.7 -1.5 -1.1

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains ........................... 231 285 256 285 270 12.4 15.9 14.5 16.3 15.4

At expanding establishments ......... 196 244 222 243 235 10.5 13.6 12.6 13.9 13.4

At opening establishments ............ 35 41 34 42 35 1.9 2.3 1.9 2.4 2.0

Gross job losses ........................... 346 304 287 292 271 18.6 16.9 16.3 16.7 15.4

At contracting establishments ......... 304 264 250 253 232 16.3 14.7 14.2 14.5 13.2

At closing establishments ............ 42 40 37 39 39 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2

Net employment change .............. -115 -19 -31 -7 -1 -6.2 -1.0 -1.8 -.4 .0

Construction

Gross job gains ........................... 566 620 614 615 591 8.7 10.2 10.5 10.9 10.7

At expanding establishments ......... 438 481 481 470 466 6.7 7.9 8.2 8.3 8.4

At opening establishments ............ 128 139 133 145 125 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.3

Gross job losses ........................... 1,001 946 814 773 728 15.4 15.5 13.9 13.6 13.1

At contracting establishments ......... 806 761 634 606 570 12.4 12.5 10.8 10.7 10.3

At closing establishments ............ 195 185 180 167 158 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.8

Net employment change .............. -435 -326 -200 -158 -137 -6.7 -5.3 -3.4 -2.7 -2.4

Manufacturing

Gross job gains ........................... 293 368 473 413 405 2.4 3.0 4.0 3.6 3.5

At expanding establishments ......... 259 327 433 367 371 2.1 2.7 3.7 3.2 3.2

At opening establishments ............ 34 41 40 46 34 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3

Gross job losses ........................... 962 897 574 525 460 7.6 7.5 4.9 4.5 4.0

At contracting establishments ......... 896 823 501 462 402 7.1 6.9 4.3 4.0 3.5

At closing establishments ............ 66 74 73 63 58 .5 .6 .6 .5 .5

Net employment change .............. -669 -529 -101 -112 -55 -5.2 -4.5 -.9 -.9 -.5

Service-providing 1

Gross job gains ........................... 4,693 5,148 4,998 5,349 4,844 5.3 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.6

At expanding establishments ......... 3,718 4,065 3,988 4,246 3,924 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.5

At opening establishments ............ 975 1,083 1,010 1,103 920 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1

Gross job losses ........................... 6,215 5,878 5,566 5,300 4,962 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.2 5.8

At contracting establishments ......... 5,103 4,796 4,498 4,277 4,027 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.7

At closing establishments ............ 1,112 1,082 1,068 1,023 935 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Net employment change .............. -1,522 -730 -568 49 -118 -1.8 -.8 -.6 .0 -.2

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains ........................... 224 240 235 259 248 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.6

At expanding establishments ......... 176 191 188 203 201 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.7

At opening establishments ............ 48 49 47 56 47 .8 .9 .9 1.0 .9

Gross job losses ........................... 384 355 306 283 274 6.7 6.3 5.5 5.1 5.0

At contracting establishments ......... 314 288 238 220 213 5.5 5.1 4.3 4.0 3.9

At closing establishments ............ 70 67 68 63 61 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1

Net employment change .............. -160 -115 -71 -24 -26 -2.8 -2.0 -1.2 -.4 -.4

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted —Continued

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010

Retail trade

Gross job gains ........................... 757 871 832 816 784 5.1 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.4

At expanding establishments ......... 625 734 700 702 676 4.2 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.7

At opening establishments ............ 132 137 132 114 108 .9 .9 .9 .8 .7

Gross job losses ........................... 1,030 931 940 936 805 6.9 6.4 6.5 6.5 5.6

At contracting establishments ......... 845 791 800 808 690 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.6 4.8

At closing establishments ............ 185 140 140 128 115 1.2 1.0 1.0 .9 .8

Net employment change .............. -273 -60 -108 -120 -21 -1.8 -.5 -.8 -.8 -.2

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains ........................... 176 186 188 220 183 4.2 4.6 4.7 5.5 4.7

At expanding establishments ......... 145 152 159 187 157 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.7 4.0

At opening establishments ............ 31 34 29 33 26 .7 .8 .7 .8 .7

Gross job losses ........................... 312 289 238 222 223 7.5 7.1 6.0 5.7 5.6

At contracting establishments ......... 269 243 196 184 190 6.5 6.0 4.9 4.7 4.8

At closing establishments ............ 43 46 42 38 33 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 .8

Net employment change .............. -136 -103 -50 -2 -40 -3.3 -2.5 -1.3 -.2 -.9

Utilities

Gross job gains ........................... 12 12 12 11 9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.6

At expanding establishments ......... 11 11 11 10 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.4

At opening establishments ............ 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2

Gross job losses ........................... 10 15 12 14 9 1.8 2.7 2.2 2.5 1.6

At contracting establishments ......... 9 13 11 12 8 1.6 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.4

At closing establishments ............ 1 2 1 2 1 .2 .4 .2 .4 .2

Net employment change .............. 2 -3 0 -3 0 .4 -.5 .0 -.5 .0

 Information

Gross job gains ........................... 114 111 113 123 106 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.4 3.8

At expanding establishments ......... 91 91 95 97 89 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.2

At opening establishments ............ 23 20 18 26 17 .8 .7 .6 .9 .6

Gross job losses ........................... 174 158 161 144 130 6.0 5.6 5.8 5.2 4.7

At contracting establishments ......... 147 135 131 121 111 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.0

At closing establishments ............ 27 23 30 23 19 .9 .8 1.1 .8 .7

Net employment change .............. -60 -47 -48 -21 -24 -2.1 -1.7 -1.8 -.8 -.9

Financial activities

Gross job gains ........................... 337 341 327 356 326 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.3

At expanding establishments ......... 264 265 254 267 263 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5

At opening establishments ............ 73 76 73 89 63 .9 1.0 1.0 1.2 .8

Gross job losses ........................... 458 446 420 400 369 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.0

At contracting establishments ......... 359 352 322 305 281 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.8

At closing establishments ............ 99 94 98 95 88 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2

Net employment change .............. -121 -105 -93 -44 -43 -1.6 -1.3 -1.2 -.6 -.7

Professional and business services

Gross job gains ........................... 989 1,144 1,152 1,368 1,125 5.8 6.9 7.1 8.3 6.8

At expanding establishments ......... 779 903 929 1,100 920 4.6 5.4 5.7 6.7 5.6

At opening establishments ............ 210 241 223 268 205 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.2

Gross job losses ........................... 1,549 1,474 1,302 1,184 1,130 9.1 8.9 8.0 7.2 6.8

At contracting establishments ......... 1,277 1,176 1,031 920 898 7.5 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.4

At closing establishments ............ 272 298 271 264 232 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4

Net employment change .............. -560 -330 -150 184 -5 -3.3 -2.0 -.9 1.1 .0

Education and health services

Gross job gains ........................... 752 773 769 825 730 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.5 3.9

At expanding establishments ......... 643 649 650 685 619 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.3

At opening establishments ............ 109 124 119 140 111 .6 .7 .6 .8 .6

Gross job losses ........................... 725 712 727 677 690 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.7 3.7

At contracting establishments ......... 613 593 601 555 578 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.1

At closing establishments ............ 112 119 126 122 112 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6

Net employment change .............. 27 61 42 148 40 .1 .3 .1 .8 .2

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted —Continued

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010

 Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains ........................... 1,028 1,122 1,047 1,032 1,000 7.8 8.6 8.0 7.9 7.7

At expanding establishments ......... 778 852 796 783 783 5.9 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.0

At opening establishments ............ 250 270 251 249 217 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7

Gross job losses ........................... 1,234 1,179 1,135 1,141 1,037 9.3 9.0 8.8 8.8 8.0

At contracting establishments ......... 1,017 968 932 933 845 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.2 6.5

At closing establishments ............ 217 211 203 208 192 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5

Net employment change .............. -206 -57 -88 -109 -37 -1.5 -.4 -.8 -.9 -.3

 Other services

Gross job gains ........................... 252 267 250 262 247 6.6 7.1 6.7 7.0 6.7

At expanding establishments ......... 198 208 195 202 196 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.3

At opening establishments ............ 54 59 55 60 51 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4

Gross job losses ........................... 310 292 293 272 263 8.1 7.7 7.8 7.3 7.1

At contracting establishments ......... 246 230 229 211 205 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.7 5.5

At closing establishments ............ 64 62 64 61 58 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6

Net employment change .............. -58 -25 -43 -10 -16 -1.5 -.6 -1.1 -.3 -.4

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 

(Percent)

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010

Firm size 1 - 4 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 18.5 17.1 16.8 17.4 17.1

Expanding firms ......................... 8.9 8.0 7.9 7.6 8.0

Opening firms ............................ 60.8 59.2 61.2 62.9 61.5

Gross job losses ............................. 15.0 14.5 16.2 16.6 18.2

Contracting firms .......................... 7.0 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.6

Closing firms ............................. 62.6 61.7 62.8 61.5 65.0

Firm size 5 - 9 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 13.4 12.4 12.1 11.7 12.3

Expanding firms ......................... 12.7 11.6 11.3 10.9 11.6

Opening firms ............................ 16.3 16.0 15.8 15.3 16.2

Gross job losses ............................. 10.9 10.6 11.2 11.9 12.6

Contracting firms .......................... 10.1 9.8 10.4 11.1 12.0

Closing firms ............................. 15.2 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.3

Firm size 10 - 19 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 13.1 12.7 12.1 11.6 12.4

Expanding firms ......................... 13.7 13.0 12.4 12.0 12.7

Opening firms ............................ 10.8 11.0 10.4 9.8 10.6

Gross job losses ............................. 11.3 10.9 11.4 12.1 12.5

Contracting firms .......................... 11.6 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.1

Closing firms ............................. 9.7 10.1 9.8 10.3 9.7

Firm size 20 - 49 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 14.7 14.7 13.9 13.6 14.4

Expanding firms ......................... 16.2 16.1 15.1 14.9 15.7

Opening firms ............................ 7.7 8.4 7.8 7.3 7.6

Gross job losses ............................. 14.1 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.2

Contracting firms .......................... 15.2 14.2 14.8 15.2 15.8

Closing firms ............................. 7.1 7.4 7.0 7.6 6.7

Firm size 50 - 99 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 8.8 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.8

Expanding firms ......................... 10.2 10.5 10.0 9.8 10.2

Opening firms ............................ 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.2

Gross job losses ............................. 9.4 8.5 8.4 8.7 8.4

Contracting firms .......................... 10.5 9.5 9.6 9.9 9.7

Closing firms ............................. 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.5 2.1

See footnote at end of table.

Category

3 months ended
Table 4. Private sector percentage share 1 of gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted—Continued 

(Percent)

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010

Firm size 100 - 249 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 8.9 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.2

Expanding firms ......................... 10.6 11.2 10.8 10.9 10.9

Opening firms ............................ 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1

Gross job losses ............................. 10.1 9.2 9.0 9.0 8.6

Contracting firms .......................... 11.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.2

Closing firms ............................. 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.5 .9

Firm size 250 - 499 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.5

Expanding firms ......................... 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.5 6.6

Opening firms ............................ .2 .4 .4 .3 .4

Gross job losses ............................. 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.4 4.9

Contracting firms .......................... 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.4 5.9

Closing firms ............................. .5 .6 .4 .5 .2

Firm size 500 - 999 employees

Gross job gains ............................. 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.4 4.6

Expanding firms ......................... 4.9 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.4

Opening firms ............................ .2 .2 .1 .1 .2

Gross job losses ............................. 5.0 5.2 4.7 4.6 4.1

Contracting firms .......................... 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.4 4.9

Closing firms ............................. .3 .3 .2 .2 .1

Firm size 1,000 or more employees

Gross job gains ............................. 13.5 14.5 16.6 18.2 15.7

Expanding firms ......................... 16.5 17.6 20.0 22.0 18.9

Opening firms ............................ .2 .5 .0 .2 .2

Gross job losses ............................. 18.1 22.0 19.8 17.7 16.5

Contracting firms .......................... 21.1 25.6 23.5 21.1 19.9

Closing firms ............................. .6 .1 .5 .1 .0

1

 Shares measure the percent of the category represented by each firm size class, and shares may not sum to 100.0 

due to rounding.

Category

3 months ended
Table 5. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010

United States 1

 ............ 5,783,000 6,421,000 6,341,000 6,662,000 6,110,000 8,524,000 8,025,000 7,241,000 6,890,000 6,421,000

Alabama .................. 74,930 84,427 86,122 86,379 82,695 117,183 107,020 103,661 92,544 83,327

Alaska ..................... 23,204 25,541 22,773 24,288 25,078 25,481 25,071 24,951 25,288 23,147

Arizona .................. 113,031 115,874 127,354 131,273 116,334 176,039 166,696 143,497 140,298 123,728

Arkansas .................. 53,264 51,935 55,002 57,989 52,233 67,476 68,745 62,142 54,247 49,809

California .................. 690,931 779,930 760,570 845,478 759,025 1,062,484 982,275 942,350 831,793 816,085

Colorado .................. 109,610 120,243 117,376 122,327 117,669 161,005 152,052 138,028 132,705 124,210

Connecticut ............... 62,583 71,988 70,301 70,946 66,227 92,159 87,054 80,384 77,470 81,300

Delaware .................. 18,489 21,917 18,960 20,397 19,505 27,952 24,535 23,740 24,289 20,984

District of Columbia ... 26,365 24,915 23,127 26,592 23,480 27,652 27,823 26,867 24,332 21,514

Florida ..................... 358,171 391,465 404,628 440,522 362,571 508,029 493,113 484,765 448,286 370,546

Georgia .................. 192,577 205,284 190,528 204,380 197,155 265,768 259,305 229,914 215,423 195,344

Hawaii ..................... 22,180 23,451 24,230 24,368 23,639 30,141 30,432 27,797 25,953 25,062

Idaho ..................... 35,379 38,283 39,554 38,431 35,560 54,869 48,675 38,929 40,220 38,578

Illinois ..................... 212,065 246,810 236,220 255,104 229,254 332,172 324,057 285,983 275,576 243,415

Indiana ..................... 115,299 129,098 143,632 134,249 129,707 186,633 177,927 142,079 135,204 125,181

Iowa ........................ 64,063 68,686 66,045 68,771 63,734 86,988 81,401 72,674 74,300 65,573

Kansas ..................... 54,342 58,666 57,332 62,377 55,897 78,133 80,690 67,642 67,646 61,303

Kentucky .................. 74,310 81,454 84,435 89,347 77,786 110,419 103,021 90,271 86,416 83,376

Louisiana .................. 95,342 92,714 98,620 100,019 95,060 116,203 122,894 112,255 103,173 94,395

Maine ..................... 30,418 37,139 36,365 35,430 30,442 42,403 39,573 36,687 37,779 34,497

Maryland .................. 115,732 127,520 117,084 119,515 124,598 148,730 138,482 137,169 132,550 125,093

Massachusetts ............ 122,170 154,078 147,604 145,704 145,413 180,949 169,339 160,301 160,961 143,996

Michigan .................. 165,441 206,933 232,306 210,533 183,635 285,447 304,525 222,019 228,170 191,162

Minnesota ............... 113,299 132,666 126,020 123,644 120,648 165,987 156,444 139,662 132,265 131,091

Mississippi ............... 48,953 48,855 51,467 51,744 50,450 66,147 65,129 58,923 52,347 49,877

Missouri .................. 122,348 123,254 124,865 122,278 123,242 163,212 157,408 143,070 132,033 129,143

Montana .................. 24,485 27,363 25,345 27,841 25,855 36,272 29,118 27,383 29,098 27,670

Nebraska .................. 38,671 39,998 39,640 40,153 39,893 50,261 47,980 42,323 46,789 40,899

Nevada ..................... 54,428 55,091 58,646 68,915 51,824 91,602 81,824 74,075 66,626 65,187

New Hampshire ......... 30,515 35,768 33,238 33,650 34,318 41,235 40,800 36,849 36,107 35,737

New Jersey ............... 168,478 212,882 187,286 196,657 176,313 234,802 229,390 217,472 210,510 193,790

New Mexico ............ 36,766 39,134 39,429 37,662 37,821 52,545 50,040 42,791 42,496 37,739

New York ............... 363,051 432,347 402,733 420,489 373,307 500,717 495,342 440,840 428,924 390,777

North Carolina ............ 175,000 190,464 189,566 196,885 182,350 262,778 247,884 213,945 213,043 188,187

North Dakota ............ 16,786 19,353 19,688 19,816 19,787 21,853 19,393 18,154 19,189 18,824

Ohio ........................ 204,363 233,452 236,910 234,522 219,390 319,756 319,866 262,345 255,910 228,984

Oklahoma ............... 69,578 67,104 67,384 68,999 66,668 100,417 95,963 84,628 76,133 66,249

Oregon ..................... 78,635 87,457 87,415 89,357 87,342 126,159 107,811 94,954 96,934 87,279

Pennsylvania ............ 224,409 256,071 255,221 267,074 249,634 315,422 306,124 286,693 274,524 248,312

Rhode Island ............ 21,303 24,992 22,109 23,191 22,628 29,590 26,660 26,578 24,865 21,893

South Carolina ............ 79,504 86,102 84,871 85,984 87,466 122,020 110,584 96,487 92,731 82,707

South Dakota ............ 17,753 20,773 19,792 19,762 19,139 24,052 24,006 21,277 21,189 21,608

Tennessee ............... 100,656 118,348 116,655 121,455 108,572 162,691 157,260 136,883 119,337 111,023

Texas ..................... 436,995 439,009 441,368 476,502 467,608 609,113 592,395 512,968 484,059 434,114

Utah ........................ 56,719 62,938 63,095 65,512 63,614 84,784 81,966 71,601 67,768 63,688

Vermont .................. 15,185 17,600 16,606 19,496 15,542 21,607 20,181 17,421 18,017 17,756

Virginia .................. 150,177 168,871 160,078 166,982 151,244 202,453 198,841 183,506 168,916 162,007

Washington ............... 151,632 156,533 158,859 151,742 153,771 203,909 187,414 171,447 181,151 155,633

West Virginia ............ 33,605 33,270 33,315 37,101 33,246 43,437 44,133 37,630 34,836 34,478

Wisconsin ............... 110,692 125,603 122,694 130,553 125,693 173,335 158,994 141,594 138,015 129,422

Wyoming .................. 18,202 16,081 17,008 16,108 17,159 26,468 25,196 18,099 18,573 18,274

Puerto Rico ............... 37,391 37,741 41,636 45,647 38,617 56,275 51,493 44,872 41,169 44,755

Virgin Islands ............ 1,673 1,711 1,931 2,361 2,632 2,633 2,610 2,190 1,899 1,897

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses

(3 months ended)
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009 2009 2009 2010

United States .......................... 5.3 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.8 7.8 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1

Alabama ............................. 4.9 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.8 7.7 7.3 7.1 6.4 5.8

Alaska ................................. 9.8 10.9 9.7 10.3 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.8 9.8

Arizona ............................... 5.4 5.7 6.4 6.7 5.9 8.5 8.3 7.2 7.1 6.3

Arkansas .............................. 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.3 5.7 7.1 7.3 6.7 5.9 5.4

California ........................... 5.6 6.5 6.4 7.2 6.5 8.7 8.2 8.0 7.1 7.0

Colorado .............................. 5.9 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.5 8.5 8.3 7.6 7.3 6.9

Connecticut ......................... 4.5 5.3 5.2 5.3 4.9 6.6 6.4 5.9 5.7 6.0

Delaware .............................. 5.3 6.3 5.5 6.0 5.8 7.9 7.2 7.0 7.2 6.3

District of Columbia ............... 5.9 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.5 4.9

Florida ................................. 5.7 6.4 6.7 7.3 6.1 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.4 6.2

Georgia .............................. 6.0 6.5 6.2 6.6 6.4 8.3 8.3 7.4 7.0 6.4

Hawaii ............................... 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.1 6.3 6.5 5.9 5.5 5.4

Idaho .................................... 6.8 7.7 8.0 7.8 7.2 10.7 9.8 7.8 8.1 7.8

Illinois ................................ 4.4 5.1 5.0 5.5 4.9 6.8 6.8 6.1 5.9 5.3

Indiana ............................... 4.9 5.6 6.3 5.8 5.7 7.9 7.7 6.2 5.9 5.5

Iowa .................................... 5.2 5.7 5.5 5.8 5.4 7.1 6.8 6.1 6.2 5.5

Kansas ................................. 5.0 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.4 7.1 7.5 6.4 6.5 5.8

Kentucky .............................. 5.1 5.8 6.0 6.4 5.6 7.7 7.2 6.5 6.2 5.9

Louisiana .............................. 6.2 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.4 7.6 8.2 7.5 7.0 6.4

Maine ................................ 6.2 7.8 7.6 7.4 6.4 8.7 8.2 7.6 8.0 7.3

Maryland ............................ 5.7 6.4 5.9 6.1 6.4 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.4

Massachusetts ....................... 4.4 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.4 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.4

Michigan ............................. 5.0 6.5 7.4 6.7 5.9 8.7 9.5 7.1 7.2 6.1

Minnesota ........................... 5.1 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.6 7.4 7.1 6.4 6.1 6.1

Mississippi ........................... 5.7 5.8 6.2 6.3 6.1 7.7 7.8 7.1 6.4 6.0

Missouri .............................. 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.8 7.4 7.2 6.6 6.2 6.0

Montana ............................... 7.1 8.0 7.5 8.3 7.7 10.5 8.5 8.1 8.6 8.2

Nebraska .............................. 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.4 6.7 6.4 5.7 6.3 5.6

Nevada ............................... 5.3 5.5 6.0 7.2 5.4 8.9 8.3 7.6 6.9 6.7

New Hampshire ..................... 5.8 6.9 6.5 6.6 6.7 7.8 7.9 7.1 7.0 7.0

New Jersey ........................... 5.2 6.7 5.9 6.2 5.6 7.2 7.2 6.8 6.7 6.2

New Mexico ........................ 5.9 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.4 8.5 8.2 7.2 7.1 6.4

New York ........................... 5.1 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.5 7.1 7.2 6.4 6.3 5.7

North Carolina ........................ 5.4 6.1 6.1 6.4 5.9 8.2 7.8 6.9 6.9 6.1

North Dakota ........................ 5.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 7.0 7.6 6.8 6.4 6.7 6.5

Ohio .................................... 4.7 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.3 7.4 7.6 6.2 6.2 5.5

Oklahoma ........................... 5.7 5.6 5.8 6.0 5.8 8.2 8.1 7.3 6.6 5.8

Oregon ................................. 5.8 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.7 9.2 8.1 7.2 7.4 6.6

Pennsylvania ........................ 4.6 5.3 5.4 5.7 5.3 6.5 6.4 6.0 5.9 5.3

Rhode Island ........................ 5.4 6.4 5.7 6.1 5.9 7.5 6.8 6.9 6.5 5.6

South Carolina ........................ 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 8.3 7.7 6.9 6.6 5.9

South Dakota ........................ 5.5 6.6 6.2 6.3 6.1 7.4 7.6 6.7 6.7 6.8

Tennessee ........................... 4.5 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.1 7.3 7.2 6.4 5.6 5.2

Texas ................................. 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.8 5.7 7.2 7.1 6.2 5.8 5.3

Utah .................................... 5.8 6.5 6.6 6.9 6.8 8.6 8.5 7.6 7.2 6.8

Vermont .............................. 6.2 7.4 6.9 8.2 6.5 8.8 8.4 7.3 7.5 7.4

Virginia .............................. 5.1 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.4 7.0 6.9 6.5 5.9 5.8

Washington ........................... 6.5 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.9 8.8 8.2 7.6 8.1 7.0

West Virginia ........................ 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.8 6.0 7.7 7.9 6.8 6.4 6.3

Wisconsin ........................... 4.8 5.6 5.4 5.9 5.6 7.5 7.0 6.3 6.2 5.8

Wyoming .............................. 8.3 7.6 8.3 7.8 8.4 12.0 11.9 8.8 9.0 8.9

Puerto Rico ........................... 5.3 5.5 6.2 6.7 5.7 8.1 7.5 6.7 6.1 6.7

Virgin Islands ........................ 5.2 5.6 6.4 7.8 8.5 8.3 8.5 7.2 6.3 6.1

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains as a percent of employment 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended)
Table 7. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

(Levels in thousands)

Level Rate 2 Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate

2000 March 213 3.4 186 3.0 1,235 1.1 1,125 1.0

June 204 3.3 180 2.9 1,137 1.0 1,058 1.0

September 209 3.3 199 3.2 1,159 1.1 1,160 1.1

December 200 3.2 194 3.1 1,139 1.0 1,105 1.0

2001 March 206 3.3 203 3.2 1,187 1.1 1,303 1.2

June 204 3.2 204 3.2 1,146 1.0 1,226 1.1

September 204 3.2 207 3.3 1,151 1.1 1,219 1.1

December 194 3.1 200 3.2 1,109 1.0 1,142 1.1

2002 March 204 3.2 190 3.0 1,175 1.1 1,089 1.0

June 208 3.3 187 2.9 1,189 1.1 1,080 1.0

September 199 3.1 184 2.9 1,051 1.0 1,023 1.0

December 201 3.1 191 3.0 1,023 1.0 1,021 1.0

2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9

June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9

September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8

December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9

2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9

June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8

September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9

December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8

2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8

June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8

September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8

December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8

2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 922 .8 743 .7

June 219 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 843 .7

September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 837 .7

December 221 3.2 193 2.8 966 .9 809 .7

2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 891 .8 764 .7

June 204 2.9 201 2.9 883 .8 851 .7

September 218 3.1 203 2.9 945 .8 840 .7

December 209 3.0 207 3.0 906 .8 831 .7

2008 March 207 3.0 210 3.0 889 .8 809 .7

June 199 2.9 228 3.3 876 .8 936 .8

September 192 2.8 223 3.2 831 .7 882 .8

December 188 2.7 240 3.5 806 .7 952 .9

2009 March 172 2.5 235 3.4 696 .6 844 .8

June 176 2.6 226 3.3 740 .7 831 .8

September 169 2.5 N/A N/A 693 .7 N/A N/A

December 184 2.7 N/A N/A 716 .7 N/A N/A

2010 March 172 2.5 N/A N/A 661 .6 N/A N/A

1 Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note for more information.

2 The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments

Year 3 months ended

Number of Establishments Employment

Births Deaths 1 Births Deaths