National Compensation Survey: 

Guide for Evaluating Your Firm’s 

Jobs and Pay 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

May 2013 (Revised) 
I.

National Compensation Survey: 

Guide for Evaluating Your Firm’s Jobs and Pay 

______________________________________________________________________________

U.S. Department of Labor 

Seth D. Harris, Acting Secretary 

U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Erica L. Groshen, Commissioner 

May 2013 (Revised) 
II.

Contents 

Page

Introduction 3

Leveling 4

Explanation of Job Guide Factors 8

Factor 1. Knowledge 11

Business Administration 11

Professional Accounting and Auditing 14

Information Technology 16

Professional Mathematics and Statistics 18

Professional Engineering and Architecture 20

Engineering and Scientific Technician 22

Professional Biological and Physical Science 24

Professional Economics, Sociology, Geography, Psychology, and Similar Jobs 26

Social, Welfare, and Health Administration 28

Professional Legal 30

Administrative Legal 32

Professional Education 33

Professional Librarian, Museum Curator, and Archivist 35

Communications and Arts 37

Professional Medical 49

Medical, Hospital, Dental, Public Health, and Veterinary Technician 41

Protective Service 44

Investigation, Inspection, and Compliance 46

Service 48

Sales 51

Office and Administrative Support 53

Miscellaneous Technician 56

Blue Collar 58

Pilots and Air Transportation 60

Factor 2. Job Controls and Complexity 62

Factor 3. Contacts 64

Factor 4. Physical Environment 65

Leveling Instructions and Points 66

Leveling Examples 67

Leveling Worksheets 72
Introduction 3

Introduction 

This publication is designed to familiarize data users with how the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS) determines the work level of an occupation in the National 

Compensation Survey (NCS). This information can help data users replicate the process. 

Before wage data can be collected, four steps must be completed by the field economist 

(BLS employee) visiting an establishment. First, is the selection of which jobs in the 

establishment are to be surveyed. The number of jobs selected is based on the total 

employment of the establishment. A complete list of employees is used to randomly 

select up to eight workers, with each selected worker representing a selected job within 

the establishment. Sampling is done using a technique that results in those jobs with the 

greatest number of workers having the greatest chance of selection. 

In the second step, certain characteristics—union vs. nonunion status, full-time vs. parttime status, time-based pay vs. incentive pay—are identified for each selected job. 

In the third step, selected jobs are classified into occupations based on job duties and 

responsibilities. The 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system manual is

used to classify each job into one of approximately 800 detailed classifications based on

the highest skill level and primary duties of the occupation. 

During the final step before collection of wage rates and hours worked, each sampled job 

is evaluated to determine the work level of its duties and responsibilities. This process is

known as Point factor leveling, because it categorizes certain aspects of a job to specific 

levels of work with assigned point values. The duties and responsibilities of the job, 

along with consideration given to work performed and the skills, education, and training 

required for the job are evaluated. Points for each factor are then totaled to determine the 

overall work level for the job. 
Leveling 4

Leveling 

Point Factor Leveling 

In point factor leveling, an occupation is matched to a level within each of four factors. 

The factors are as follows: 

 Knowledge 

 Job controls and complexity 

 Contacts (nature and purpose) 

 Physical environment 

Each factor consists of several levels, each with an associated description and assigned points. 

The description within each factor best matching the job is chosen. Points for the four factors are 

recorded and totaled. The point total determines the overall work level of the occupation. BLS 

publishes data for 15 work levels; the point range for each level is shown later in the publication. 

Most of this publication consists of descriptions for the leveling knowledge factor. The 

knowledge factor is described separately for broad categories of occupations. Each description 

contains short definitions of the point levels of knowledge expected for the occupations and 

relevant examples. The Standard Occupational Classification codes related to each knowledge 

category are listed below the description. 

The other three factors use identical descriptions for all occupational categories and contain a 

definition of each point level within each factor. 

The point levels within each factor are designed to describe the thresholds of distinct levels of 

work. When a job does not meet the full description of a point level, the next lowest point level 

is used. Only the stated point values are used. The last pages contain leveling examples and

worksheets that can be used to determine the level of any job. 

BLS work level 

NCS determines the work level for each major occupation group, which is a combination of 

similar occupations. Here is a list of the 22 major occupational groups: 

 Management 

 Business and financial operations 

 Computer and mathematical 

 Architecture and engineering 

 Life, physical, and social science 

 Community and social services 

 Legal 

 Education, training, and library 
Leveling 5

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media 

 Healthcare practitioner and technical 

 Healthcare support 

 Protective service 

 Food preparation and serving related 

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 

 Personal care and service 

 Sales and related 

 Office and administrative support 

 Farming, fishing, and forestry1

 Construction and extraction 

 Installation, maintenance, and repair 

 Production 

 Transportation and material moving 

1Although most industries that employ most of these workers are outside the scope of the NCS, workers classified 

into occupations within this major occupational group are sometimes found in other industries within the scope of

NCS. For example, agricultural workers employed at state or private agricultural colleges would be included in the 

NCS. 

Within the 22 major occupational groups, there can be up to 15 work levels. However, work 

levels vary by occupational group. Because wages tend to increase as the work level goes up, 

higher levels are found in the higher paid occupational groups, such as the management. For the 

same reason, the lower work levels are found in the lower paying occupational groups, such as

the building and grounds cleaning and maintenance and production groups. 

Supervisory leveling 

Supervisors are employees or positions that are responsible for accomplishing tasks by directing 

others. The amount of responsibility given to a supervisory position can vary widely; what is

called a supervisor in one establishment may be called a working lead in another and a senior 

employee in a third. The NCS program classifies supervisors according to their level of 

supervisory responsibility, regardless of titles. 

Lead workers have the authority to make, coordinate, and review work assignments of 

employees performing the same general work as the lead worker on a day-to-day basis. 

Lead worker responsibilities may involve solving problems, providing instruction on 

work procedures, or providing input into performance evaluations. 

Supervisors have the authority, in the interest of the employer, to hire, transfer, lay off, 

promote, reward, and discipline other employees. In some situations, supervisors may 

only recommend/initiate such actions, but the exercise is not merely routine or advisory 

input; it requires the use of independent judgment and is generally accepted. These 

responsibilities are in addition to assigning work to—and reviewing work of—

subordinates. 
Leveling 6

When an occupation is a supervisor, it is further classified as a first-, second-, or third-line 

supervisor. 

First-line supervisors direct their staff through face-to-face meetings and are responsible 

for conducting the employees’ performance appraisals. 

Second-line supervisors/managers direct the actions of staff through intermediate 

supervisors. The organizational structure is divided into multiple subordinate groups that 

differ by subject matter or function. There are formal procedures and administrative 

controls between supervisory levels and groups. 

Third-line supervisors/managers direct the actions of staff through multiple 

subordinate levels of supervision. The organizational structure is complex with extensive 

formal coordination, clearances, and procedural controls between subordinate supervisory 

levels and organization subdivisions. 

Most supervisory occupations are evaluated based on their duties and responsibilities. A 

modified approach is used for professional and administrative supervisors when they direct 

professional work and are paid primarily to supervise. Such supervisory occupations are leveled 

based on the duties and responsibilities of the highest reporting position when they and the 

positions they supervise are in the BLS occupational categories specified below. 

 Professional Accountants and Auditors

 Professional Engineering and Architecture 

 Information Technology 

 Professional Math and Statistics 

 Professional Economics, Sociology, Geography, Psychology, and Similar Jobs 

 Social, Welfare, and Health Administration 

 Professional Medical (limited coverage) 

 Professional Education 

 Business Administration 

 Professional Library, Museum, and Archival 

 Professional Biological and Physical Science 

 Investigation, Inspection, and Compliance 

For these supervisors, the first step is to identify the highest level subordinate occupation. The 

highest level of work supervised is based on the company’s evaluation method. 

 The highest level nonsupervisory worker reporting to a first-line supervisor will be a 

direct report and may or may not be a lead worker. 

 The highest level nonsupervisory worker reporting to a second-line supervisory/manager 

may be a direct report or may be an employee reporting through an intermediate 

supervisor. 
Leveling 7

 The highest level nonsupervisory workers reporting to a third-line supervisor/manager 

may be a direct report or may be an employee reporting through intermediate supervisory 

levels.

The subordinate occupation is evaluated using the point factor leveling process. The overall work

level for the supervisory occupation is determined by adding levels based on the supervisory 

responsibilities. The number of levels added is shown in the back of this publication. 
Explanation of Job Guide Factors 8

Explanation of Job Guide Factors 

Guide for Factor 1. Knowledge 

Knowledge Guide for Business Administration 

Covers professional jobs in recognized administrative fields such as human resources, budgeting, 

contracting, business analysis, marketing, real estate, and building management. Including jobs 

such as sales managers, cost estimators, employment specialists, and purchasing agents. 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Accounting and Auditing 

Covers accounting and auditing jobs that require a 4-year degree. 

Knowledge Guide for Information Technology 

Covers information technology jobs such as systems analyst, computer programmer, systems and

database administrators. 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Mathematics and Statistics 

Covers mathematical science jobs that require a 4-year degree, such as mathematician, 

statistician, actuary, and operations research analyst. 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Engineering and Architecture 

Covers the variety of engineering and architecture jobs requiring a four year college degree; 

including jobs in electrical, industrial, mechanical, and civil engineering. 

Knowledge Guide for Engineering and Scientific Technician 

Covers technician jobs found in fields such as drafting, surveying, civil and electronic 

engineering, biology, chemistry, geology, and hydrology. Also includes specialties such as health 

and safely technician and building inspector. 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Biological and Physical Science 

Covers life science, physical science, and related jobs that require a four year degree or 

comparable state certification. Includes jobs such as biologist, botanist, chemist, geologist, 

cartographer, and professional surveyor. 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Economics, Sociology, Geography, Psychology, and 

Similar Jobs 

Covers social science and related jobs that require a four year degree. Includes jobs such as

market analyst, historian, political scientist, urban planner, anthropologist, and archaeologist. 

Knowledge Guide for Social, Welfare, and Health Administration 

Covers counselors, social workers, and other social service specialist jobs such as welfare 

worker, civil rights specialist, safety and risk specialist, and health insurance analyst. 
Explanation of Job Guide Factors 9

Explanation of Job Guide Factors—Continued 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Legal 

Covers law clerk and attorney jobs that require a college degree and completion of specialized 

legal training. 

Knowledge Guide for Administrative Legal 

Covers administrative legal jobs, such as paralegal and title examiner. 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Education 

Covers teaching and education specialist jobs that require a related four year degree. 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Librarian, Museum Curator, and Archivist 

Covers librarian, curator, and archivist jobs that require a related four year degree. 

Knowledge Guide for Communications and Arts 

Covers jobs in communications, arts, and related fields, such as public relations specialist, 

exhibit specialist, writer, editor, language interpreter, graphic artist, and photographer. Excludes 

performing artists, musicians, fine artists, novelists, announcers, and athletes. 

Knowledge Guide for Professional Medical 

Covers professional healthcare jobs that require related college degrees, such as registered nurse, 

pharmacist, physical therapist, and physician assistant. Also includes veterinary medicine, 

psychiatry, dentistry, osteopathy, and doctors of medicine, such as anesthesiologists, 

epidemiologists, physicians, and surgeons. 

Knowledge Guide for Medical, Hospital, Dental, Public Health, and Veterinary Technician 

Covers healthcare technologist, technician, and related jobs such as x-ray technician, licensed 

practical nurse, dental assistant, therapist aide, medical lab worker, and elder-care provider. 

Knowledge Guide for Protective Service 

Covers fire fighting, law enforcement, and other protective service jobs. Includes such jobs as

police, fire fighters, ski patrol, emergency medical technicians, and prison guards. 

Knowledge Guide for Investigation, Inspection, and Compliance 

Covers jobs involving a variety or inspection, regulatory compliance, and investigation work. 

Includes criminal investigators, financial examiners, and fire inspectors. Excludes inspection 

jobs where the essential knowledge required is related to building trades, health, or safety rather 

than regulatory knowledge. 

Knowledge Guide for Service 

Covers jobs in personal service, building service, food service and related work. Includes jobs 

such as janitor, chef, exterminator, train conductor, and manicurist. 
Explanation of Job Guide Factors 10

Explanation of Job Guide Factors—Continued 

Knowledge Guide for Sales 

Covers jobs in sales such as insurance broker, car dealer, telemarketer, and sales representative. 

Knowledge Guide for Office and Administrative Support 

Covers a broad range of secretarial, clerical, and administrative support jobs such as secretary,

bank teller, cashier, insurance, medical, personnel, and accounting clerks. Also covers clerical 

jobs in manufacturing, marketing, and law. 

Knowledge Guide for Miscellaneous Technician 

Covers aides and technicians engaged in library, educational, archival, mathematical, statistical, 

transportation, travel, law enforcement, or similar work. Also includes reservation agents, travel 

agents, rental clerks, and shipping/receiving clerks. 

Knowledge Guide for Blue Collar 

Covers jobs in construction, maintenance, production, and transportation work. Includes jobs 

such as electrician, tool and die maker, locksmith, brew master, crane operator, satellite dish 

installer, and truck driver. 

Knowledge Guide for Pilots and Air Transportation 

Covers pilots, air traffic controllers, and airfield operation specialists.

Guide for Factor 2. Job Controls and Complexity 

Covers the amount and type of direction received, the complexity of work, and the nature of the 

work within a job. 

Guide for Factor 3. Contacts

Covers the nature and purpose of contacts within a job but outside the supervisory chain. 

Contacts may include e-mail, phone, two-way radio, video conferencing, etc., in addition to faceto-face contact. 

Guide for Factor 4. Physical Environment

Covers the nature of risk, and amount of physical demand with a job. 
Knowledge—Business Administration 11

Guide for Factor 1. Knowledge (Modified for SOC 2010)

SOC codes and SOC titles due to the introduction of SOC 2010 are highlighted in red font. 

Knowledge Guide for Business Administration Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of the principles

and methods of human resources,

budgeting, contracting, logistics

management, realty appraisal, or other

administrative field.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry

out basic recurring tasks and routine

portions of assignments while gaining

familiarity with the establishment’s

policies and goals.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Composes help-wanted advertisements for common jobs such as bank tellers, office assistants,

and laborers.

(2) Practices cost-control methods to plan national routing and shipping of household goods.

(3) Studies the functions and methods of a small manufacturer to assist in the layout of offices,

shops, and fabrication areas to streamline workflow.

950 Points

Knowledge of the principles and methods

of human resources, budgeting,

contracting, logistics management, realty

appraisal, or other administrative field.

Knowledge permits the employee to

complete assignments by applying

established methods to recurring types of

projects or to projects/problems

susceptible to well-documented

precedents.

(1) Recruits and screens applicants for a wide variety of traditional jobs for many employers and

temporary agencies where applicant supply is adequate, and benefits and compensation packages

are simple and competitive.

(2) Drafts packages to justify rate increases for a small municipal electric company, drafts form

letters to notify consumers of proposed increases, and responds to questions from customers

regarding the proposed/final changes.

(3) Manages a small multipurpose commercial building providing space for medical offices,

laboratories, legal firms, and insurance agents. Ensures that maintenance contracts are established

and monitored; checks smoke detectors and fire suppression systems; arranges for repairs and

remodeling; and keeps documents such as certification of elevator safety, building permits, and

rent and tax payments.

(4) Prepares budgets, business models, and profit and loss (P&L) statements for a firm.

(5) Appraises homes and small office buildings using standard valuation methods.

(6) Prepares state and federal tax returns for individuals and small businesses where few

schedules and only minor complications are involved.

(7) Carries out standard business functions such as payroll, leasing, accounts maintenance, and

purchasing for several affiliated health clubs.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of concepts,

principles, and methods of human

resources, budgeting, contracting, logistics

management, realty appraisal, or other

administrative field.

Knowledge permits the employee to

develop new or substantially modified

approaches that diverge from standard

methods to improve administrative and/or

line operations.

(1) Works with and advises city officials regarding such issues as union recognition, contract

negotiations, charges of unfair labor practices, disputes, grievances, and threatened sick-outs in

dealing with municipal firefighters and police officers.

(2) Develops construction contracts, negotiates provisions, discounts, and bonuses, and monitors

performance for large housing and business complexes.

(3) Reviews and recommends approval of complex commercial loans and equity mortgages

involving commingled assets, liabilities, and working capital.

(4) Develops appraisal methods to estimate the value of real estate such as those requiring costly

environmental cleanup, or combining agribusiness and oil exploration where no similar properties

exit.

(5) Continuously reviews and recommends improvements in the processes that ensure costeffective production of high-quality household appliances by an international manufacturer.

(6) Analyzes demographic data and traffic patterns to identify and recommend sites for

establishing large retail businesses.

(7) Coordinates the collection and distribution of produce and livestock for a cooperative

extending across a midwestern state.
Knowledge—Business Administration 12

1550 Points

Mastery of the concepts, principles, and

methods of human resources, budgeting,

contracting, logistics management, realty

appraisal, or other administrative field.

Knowledge permits the employee to solve

difficult or unusual systemic problems

characterized by their breadth and

importance, and to give authoritative

advice to managers.

(1) Plans the downsizing of a diversified manufacturer with hundreds of employees by measuring

the potential savings in labor, materials, and natural resource costs, as well as the impact of

reduced production on market share and stockholder confidence.

(2) Plans and monitors the logistical aspects of acquisition, delivery, and handling of the

ingredients used by a major frozen food processor operating in many separate locations.

(3) Analyzes the financial and underwriting issues of a proposed regional shopping mall for a

mortgage-financing corporation.

(4) Analyzes the merger of fiber optic service providers and advises brokerage clients about the

value of the new corporation.

(5) Represents a real-estate corporation buying historic waterfront properties for commercial

development, including dealing with reluctant sellers, clouded titles, and organized resistance.

(6) Plans, negotiates, and directs the transportation and maintenance of sets, costumes, and

instruments for an opera company on a national tour.

(7) Plans and monitors the administrative systems and procedures of a major multifunctional

clinic and inpatient medical center.

1850 Points

Expert knowledge of the theories,

principles, concepts, and methods of a

specialized area of human resources,

budgeting, contracting, logistics

management, realty appraisal, or other

administrative field.

Knowledge permits the employee to

develop new ways of administering

business, lead unprecedented projects,

and/or be recognized as a national or

international expert in a specialized area.

(1) Develops and negotiates innovative recruiting, compensation, and benefits packages for

corporate executives.

(2) Presents authoritative lectures and articles on advanced manufacturing techniques,

administrative practices, and productivity issues regarding the aircraft industry.

(3) Develops an international expansion strategy for a national restaurant chain.

(4) Plans the administrative policies and procedures for a large multistate health maintenance

organization with clinics, hospitals, and laboratories.

(5) Designs and implements the protocol to ensure cost control in the manufacture, preservation,

and shipment of a variety of vaccines and drugs.
Knowledge—Business Administration 13

Covered SOC Codes 

111011 Chief Executives 131011 Agents and Business Managers of Artists,

Performers, and Athletes

111021 General and Operations Managers 131021 Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm

Products

112021 Marketing Managers 131022 Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm

Products

112022 Sales Managers 131023 Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail,

and Farm Products

113011 Administrative Services Managers 131051 Cost Estimators

113031 Financial Managers 131071 Human Resources Specialist

113051 Industrial Production Managers 131074 Farm Labor Contractors

113061 Purchasing Managers 131075 Labor Relations Specialists

113071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution

Managers

131081 Logisticians

113111 Compensation and Benefits Managers 131111 Management Analysts

113121 Human Resources Managers 131121 Meeting, Convention and Event Planners

113131 Training and Development Managers 131131 Fundraisers

119013 Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural

Managers

131141 Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis

Specialists

119021 Construction Managers 131151 Training and Development Specialists

119031 Education Administrators, Preschool and

Childcare Center/Program

131199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other

119032 Education Administrators, Elementary and

Secondary School

132021 Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate

119033 Education Administrators, Postsecondary 132031 Budget Analysts

119039 Education Administrators, All Other 132041 Credit Analysts

119041 Architectural and Engineering Managers 132051 Financial Analysts

119051 Food Service Managers 132052 Personal Financial Advisors

119061 Funeral Service Managers 132053 Insurance Underwriters

119071 Gaming Managers 132071 Credit Counselors

119081 Lodging Managers 132072 Loan Officers

119141 Property, Real Estate, and Community

Association Managers

132081 Tax Examiners, Collectors, and Revenue

Agents

119151 Social and Community Service Managers 132082 Tax Preparers

119161 Emergency Management Directors 132099 Financial Specialists, All Other

119199 Managers, All Other
Knowledge—Professional Accounting and Auditing 14

Knowledge Guide for Professional Accounting and Auditing Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of professional

accounting or auditing concepts,

principles, and practices.

Knowledge permits the employee to gain

familiarity with the business practices

and accounting systems needed to carry

out undemanding assignments.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Reviews and corrects accounting data in automated files of transactions, ledgers, accounts, or

financial statements.

(2) Audits business activities by comparing contents of books to sales, goods received,

inventories, and payroll records.

950 Points

Knowledge of professional accounting or

auditing concepts, principles, and

methods, plus knowledge of clientele’s

or establishment’s business practices.

Knowledge permits the employee to

complete assignments through

application of well-established principles

and practices.

(1) Sets up systems and accounts for such purposes as payroll, sales, purchases, and similar

services, and maintenance applicable to many small businesses.

(2) Conducts cost analyses to determine the effect of new methods and/or equipment on savings.

(3) Audits a contractor’s records of labor and material costs by verifying that charges for labor

and materials comply with contract provisions, that funds are expended only on products and

services specified, and that credit is received for unused materials.

1250 Points

Knowledge of professional accounting or

auditing theory, concepts, and practices

complete a diversity of assignments.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan

steps and carry out multiphase projects,

coordinate work with others, and to

modify accounting and analytical

techniques to solve a wide range of

accounting or auditing problems.

(1) Establishes accounting structures and procedural instructions to gather new data, or to meet

changing conditions and new objectives.

(2) Monitors interfaced accounting systems covering payroll, travel, transportation, supplies,

rents, services, inventory, and sales accounts. Ensures that the accounting systems comply with

regulatory requirements and the establishment’s financial policies. Informs line managers on

financial status and stability by analyzing periodic reports and systems edits.

(3) Develops audit methods to identify conditions affecting manufacturing capability,

susceptibility to fraud, and potential for increased efficiency, in order to assess and report on

potential cost reduction targets such as could be gained through enhanced technology, or

improved financial or logistics management.

1550 Points

Knowledge of the professional theories,

concepts, and practices of accounting or

auditing to resolve difficult or unusual

issues and highly unstructured problems.

Knowledge permits the employee to

solve problems and structure systems

involving interfaces and relationships

among many accounting programs,

systems, and business functions.

(1) Designs and maintains a complex of automated subsystems to produce accounting and

financial information for acquiring, transporting, and wholesaling petrochemicals worldwide.

Ensures that the accounting system is integrated with administrative support and program

information systems, and that the system complies with legal and regulatory requirements.

(2) Provides expert staff advice concerning the sale of product lines in foreign countries,

coordinates the solution of accounting system problems with consideration for such issues as

shifts in trade policy, market demands, and currency values.

(3) Devises innovative audit techniques such as those requiring the development of accessing

methods and statistical models to cover multiple financial and management aspects of a business

where findings affect long-range planning policies.
Knowledge—Professional Accounting and Auditing 15

1850 Points

Knowledge of the professional theories,

concepts, and techniques pertaining to

specialized area of accounting or

auditing.

Knowledge permits the employee to

develop new hypotheses, theories, and

concepts; to lead unprecedented projects;

or to be recognized nationally or

internationally as an expert in the

specialized area.

(1) Formulates unprecedented accounting concepts and methods.

(2) Provides staff advice and leadership for the development of an integrated/interfaced cost

accounting system to cover all functions of a diversified corporation with fixed assets and

inventories valued at several billion dollars.

(3) Serves as an advisor with an international institution engaged in auditing and enhancing

business systems through the use of advanced technologies.

(4) Provides expert advice to top management regarding the development, installation, and

administration of an overall audit program of a conglomerate to include assessing accounting,

financial, information systems, and other operations by creating methods for measuring and

evaluating the effectiveness of accounting and management controls.

Covered SOC Codes 

132011 Accountants and Auditors
Knowledge—Information Technology 16

Knowledge Guide for Information Technology Jobs 

550 Points

Knowledge of a few basic information technology

(IT) terms and methods such as those acquired

through on-the-job training in one or more simple

work processes.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out a

variety of related and recurring assignments that can

be quickly mastered.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Sets up user network access and instructs new end users in implementing email

and word processing procedures.

(2) Assists remote entry users in solving simple problems associated with terminal or

tie-line malfunctions, or in following written procedures.

(3) Initializes and backs-up a local area network according to instructions.

(4) Codes portions of simple applications programs and documents program changes,

using detailed specifications.

750 Points

Knowledge of information technology such as could

be acquired through: experience, online or

classroom-based course work, or in either vendorfocused or technology-specific training such as

Oracle, HTML, Java, or Extensible Markup

Language.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

routine assignments and to gain familiarity with the

operating systems, equipment, software, and

business goals of the establishment.

(1) Develops websites for an interactive distance learning system.

(2) Responds to requests to identify and solve recurring end-user problems associated

with a local area network.

(3) Installs and tests central processing unit upgrades, peripheral devices, and new

software.

(4) Configures and installs a group of individual computer workstations in

accordance with a few standard patterns.

950 Points

Knowledge of information technology methods and

procedures applicable to several types of work

processes.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

assignments where the objectives are clearly

identified and can be accomplished by adapting

precedents and established practices.

(1) Maintains and modifies a group of utility programs.

(2) Develops code, tests, debugs, and documents applications where specifications

set forth features such as interface requirements, inputs, and outputs.

(3) Monitors a local area network (LAN), making minor adjustments and maintaining

the system.

(4) Customizes applications using off-the-shelf software.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of information

technology methods and procedures, including those

regarding systems life cycles and systems

applications development.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan and carry

out a variety of assignments, modify standard

practices, solve diverse software and hardware

problems, and adapt precedents to accommodate

specialized requirements and meet a wide variety of

business objectives.

(1) Develops plans and specifications for a new multipurpose application.

(2) Troubleshoots software design and implementation problems.

(3) Evaluates the effectiveness of data security systems, procedures, and methods.

(4) Designs relational databases, and develops and creates data dictionaries.
Knowledge—Information Technology 17

1550 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of information

technology methods and procedures, together with

specialized knowledge in one or more functions

(e.g., computer security or network enterprise

architecture).

Knowledge permits the employee to provide

authoritative advice on difficult assignments such as

planning advanced systems, solving problems and

structuring systems involving interfaces and

relationships among many different functions, or

leading task forces to solve critical systems problems

requiring numerous innovations.

(1) Guides other information technology specialists regarding technical concerns,

advises executives of the availability of new developments and advanced techniques

in the specialty area, and assesses their potential to benefit the establishment.

(2) Plans, organizes, and directs studies to develop forecasts and information

technology system recommendations.

(3) Designs state-of-the-art applications using newly developed technology.

(4) Leads, coordinates, and integrates a team involved in a system development effort

expected to take several years to complete.

1850 Points

Knowledge of the principles, emerging technical

advances, and methods of a specialized area of

information technology.

Knowledge permits the employee to develop new

information technology concepts or to inspire

projects of an unprecedented or pioneering nature.

Work at this level often leads to national recognition

as an expert in the specialized area.

(1) Formulates unprecedented e-commerce concepts and methods.

(2) Provides staff advice and leadership for the development of a new voice activated

technical information system to provide customer service in several languages.

(3) Provides expert advice to top management regarding the development,

installation, and administration of a computer security program for a major credit

card company.

(4) Devises innovative computer applications to facilitate the development of

miniature robotic equipment to mimic human dexterity and touch for medical

applications.

Covered SOC Codes 

113021 Computer and Information Systems Managers 151141 Database Administrators

151111 Computer and Information Research

Scientists

151142 Network and Computer Systems

Administrators

151121 Computer Systems Analysts 151143 Computer Network Architects

151122 Information Security Analysts 151151 Computer User Support Specialists

151131 Computer Programmers 151152 Computer and Network Support Specialists

151132 Software Developers, Applications 151199 Computer Occupations, All Other

151133 Software Developers, Systems Software 172061 Computer Hardware Engineers

151134 Web Developers
Knowledge—Professional Mathematics and Statistics 18

Knowledge Guide for Professional Mathematics and Statistics Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of the basic professional

concepts, principles, and practices of mathematics,

statistics, operations research, or actuarial science.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

undemanding assignments and to gain familiarity with

the goals and practices of the employing establishment.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Applies well-established computational models and methods to accomplish

practical tasks such as routing airline flights between cities.

(2) Applies standard theories, such as queuing theory, to solve practical problems,

(e.g., long waits at check-out lines, or inefficient floor plans or traffic patterns).

(3) Performs basic analytical assignments associated with segments of conventional

studies.

950 Points

Knowledge of the professional concepts, principles,

and practices of mathematics, statistics, operations

research, or actuarial science as they relate to a few,

commonly occurring objectives.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete

recurring analytical assignments by applying wellestablished practices.

(1) Selects and uses established mathematical models to determine such elements

as the cost of alternative modes of distribution for a variety of raw materials or

goods.

(2) Determines sample sizes needed to carry out valid actuarial surveys.

(3) Uses mathematics and statistics to analyze interest rates and spending patterns to

reveal conditions and/or trends.

(4) Develops statistical models to account for demographic changes in birth rates,

morbidity, and disease incidence.

(5) Analyzes life expectancy and benefits data to determine actuarial relationships

and create benefits tables.

1250 Points

Knowledge of the professional concepts, principles,

and practices of mathematics, statistics, operations

research, or actuarial science to resolve a wide range of

issues and problems.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan and carryout

multiphase projects requiring problem definition and

modified techniques where data are frequently

unreliable or conflicting, and that require preliminary

investigations and analyses to identify aberrant sources

and complex relationships.

(1) Modifies statistical data collection and analysis methods to accommodate

changing conditions such as the opening of international markets, considering

variables such as population densities, availability of raw material, and logistics.

(2) Develops audit and review methods to ensure data accuracy and validity,

enhance forecasts, and improve the quality of reports and presentations.

(3) Performs complete surveys by gathering, analyzing, and modeling data, and

reporting results.

(4) Plans and carries out studies to project mortality and disability rates relative to

demographic indicators to establish nationwide group insurance rates.

(5) Maintains and updates an appliance manufacturer’s quality assurance to cover

all phases from assembly line functions through distribution.

1550 Points

Mastery of the professional theories, concepts,

principles, and practices of mathematics, statistics,

operations research, or actuarial science pertaining to a

specialized field.

Knowledge permits the employee to formulate and lead

projects, apply recent advances, and originate methods

to resolve complex issues/problems (e.g., having many

variables and relationships that are difficult to define)

in order to advise management in planning and

resource allocation.

(1) Devises and applies statistical models and testing protocol to ensure valid results

in connection with a variety of processes or products.

(2) Initiates statistically valid methods to evaluate the impact of and consumer

reaction to a range of products or services.

(3) Provides expert advice regarding the development and execution of market

surveys for a diversified corporation.

(4) Plans and develops new types of actuarial techniques for use in such areas and

computing insurance benefits or managing viatical (life settlement) investments.

(5) Examines the cost of alternative production methods and locations based on

statistical analyses of factors such as labor costs and availability of materials and

transportation.
Knowledge—Professional Mathematics and Statistics 19

1850 Points

Expert knowledge of the theories, concepts, principles,

and practices of mathematics, statistics, operations

research, or actuarial science in a specialized subjectmatter area of application (e.g., medicine, insurance, or

economics).

Knowledge permits the employee to introduce new

concepts or theories that lead to broad recognition

and/or studies by others in the field. Serves as an expert

consultant for work involving unyielding problems and

issues of great importance.

(1) Proposes and tests theories concerning the economic impact of advanced

technology on such activities as extracting and refining fossil fuels, and their

implications for consumer prices.

(2) Provides expert advice to top management on developing and applying data

modeling methods on issues of significance such as costs of infrastructure

improvements (e.g., dams, bridges, and tunnels).

(3) Originates and implements mathematical formula and models interfaced with

the law of physics for such purposes as tracking and disabling projectiles emanating

from mobile weapons.

(4) Leads interdisciplinary teams of experts in developing statistical models to

profile individuals such as potential terrorists or their sources of support.

Covered SOC Codes 

152011 Actuaries 152041 Statisticians

152021 Mathematicians 152099 Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other

152031 Operations Research Analysts
Knowledge—Professional Engineering and Architectural 20

Knowledge Guide for Professional Engineering and Architectural Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of the professional

concepts, principles, and practices of a field

of engineering or architecture.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry

out undemanding assignments and gain

familiarity with the goals and practices of the

employing establishment.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Builds on entry level knowledge to increase familiarity with electronic equipment,

systems, and components. Gathers and compiles engineering data, and accompanies

experienced engineers to observe work processes and attend design meetings.

(2) Applies basic formulas and searches manufacturers’ catalogs for standardized

components to use in developing specifications for new and upgraded systems such as those

used to pump, filter, and treat well water.

(3) Uses any of a few methods to develop detailed designs for portions of heating and

ventilating systems for residential buildings that incorporate standard features and present

problems that are susceptible to a variety of common solutions.

950 Points

Knowledge of professional engineering or

architectural concepts, principles, and

methods as they relate to the client's and/or

employing establishment's overall objectives.

Knowledge permits the employee to

complete recurring assignments by applying

well-established principles and practices.

(1) Develops electronic test instruments using accepted methods for purposes such as testing

cell phones and their components to meet quality and operating standards.

(2) Evaluates the operation and maintenance of standardized utility systems such as water

and sewage treatment facilities by applying a variety of accepted principles and practices.

(3) Designs, develops specifications, and monitors contractor compliance in providing and

installing equipment associated with recurring projects as used for ventilating, heating, and

plumbing in such structures as theaters and stores.

(4) Drafts plans for development of landfills by considering many common variables such as

soil composition and permeability, climatic conditions, drainage, water table levels,

projected nature and volume of refuse, and refuge transport requirements.

1250 Points

Knowledge of professional engineering or

architectural concepts and practices, together

with practical knowledge of associated

engineering disciplines.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan

steps and carry out multiphase projects, to

coordinate work with others, and to modify

techniques and analytical methods to solve

problems and meet a wide range of

objectives.

(1) Designs, modifies, and constructs electronic instruments to detect and measure such

emissions as hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, mercury, and combustible gases in a

factory environment.

(2) Customizes and improves the design of electronic control systems such as those used to

dispatch and redirect electric power, accommodate peak loads, and detect and redirect power

in response to power failures, cascades, and spikes.

(3) Tests, evaluates, and advises management on how to customize new processes and

equipment to enhance worker and community safety for such businesses as paper mills and

chemical plants.

(4) Redesigns manufacturing and assembly line processes to accommodate newly developed

materials (e.g., polymers, graphite compounds, and modern adhesives) by experimenting

with and modifying established techniques.

(5) Evaluates architectural designs, establishes cost estimates, and prepares contract

specifications for the preservation, restoration, or rehabilitation of industrial and commercial

structures such as warehouses and office buildings.

1550 Points

Knowledge of professional engineering or

architectural theories, advanced concepts,

and practices of a specialized engineering

field to resolve difficult or unusual issues and

highly unstructured problems.

Knowledge permits the employee to solve

problems and plan projects involving many

diverse engineering objectives and problems.

Applies skill in analyzing and integrating

technical and administrative considerations

such as cost factors, and industry and

regulatory standards.

(1) Plans, designs, and leads comprehensive tests and maintenance evaluations of electronic

avionic systems, subsystems, and components.

(2) Devises power generation facilities that interface alternative forms of energy, such as

hydropower and geothermal, into commercially viable sources of electricity.

(3) Serves as staff specialist in planning and developing innovations such as new ways to

earthquake-proof buildings and bridges, or new fire suppressant foams and delivery systems

that will not damage electronic components or people.

(4) Plans and designs improved mechanical systems considering ergonomic, cost, and

security issues for facilities or systems such as airport baggage and freight handling systems,

people movers, escalators, and jetways.

(5) Designs and coordinates the plans for constructing large multi-purpose buildings,

determining architectural features and landscaping to enhance esthetic quality while staying

within prescribed construction and maintenance budgets, and adhering to covenants and

government codes.
Knowledge—Professional Engineering and Architectural 21

1850 Points

Knowledge of new and emerging engineering

or architectural theories, concepts, and

techniques together with recognized expertise

of a specialized area of engineering.

Knowledge permits the employee to develop

new hypotheses, theories, and concepts; to

lead unprecedented projects; or to be

recognized nationally or internationally as an

expert in the specialized area.

(1) Exercises programmatic control, and guides research and development projects

associated with advanced telemetry and communications systems marketed to diverse

businesses.

(2) Provides engineering leadership and coordination for an innovative project or a

significant portion of a project by developing technological breakthroughs that require

extensive simulation and testing prior to implementation/acceptance, such as work

associated with designing fusion power plants or telescopes for placement in space.

(3) Leads teams that design prototype processes such those involved in rearranging atoms to

develop macroscopic products or transforming animal tissue into drug delivery implants.

 

Covered SOC Codes 

171011 Architects, Except Landscape and Naval 172111 Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety

Engineers and Inspectors

171012 Landscape Architects 172112 Industrial Engineers

172011 Aerospace Engineers 172121 Marine Engineers and Naval Architects

172021 Agricultural Engineers 172131 Materials Engineers

172031 Biomedical Engineers 172141 Mechanical Engineers

172041 Chemical Engineers 172151 Mining and Geological Engineers, Including

Mining Safety Engineers

172051 Civil Engineers 172161 Nuclear Engineers

172071 Electrical Engineers 172171 Petroleum Engineers

172072 Electronics Engineers, Except Computer 172199 Engineers, All Other

172081 Environmental Engineers
Knowledge—Engineering and Scientific Technician 22

Knowledge Guide for Engineering and Scientific Technician Jobs 

200 Points

Knowledge and/or skill that permit the

employee to perform a limited variety of

simple, repetitive tasks.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Takes soil samples using prescribed methods, labels them, and submits them for

analyses.

(2) Cleans laboratory glassware following established methods and prepares simple solutions

for others to use in conducting chemical tests.

(3) Baits insect traps to obtain data on the level of timber infestation.

(4) Inseminates turkeys at poultry plant.

350 Points

Knowledge of standard procedures and tests

related to an engineering or scientific field.

(1) Prepares simple detail drawings showing prescribed section views and dimensions of an

uncomplicated building such as an out building or storage structure.

(2) Collects water and sediment samples from lakes and reservoirs using prescribed

procedures to preserve the physical and chemical properties of the samples. Runs

standardized laboratory tests on water samples for pH, turbidity, and oxygen levels.

(3) Uses computer-aided manufacturing software to add prescribed steps to plant operations.

550 Points

Knowledge of the processes, methods, and

procedures associated with a limited range of

engineering or scientific objectives or

common problems.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry

out a variety of related and recurring

assignments.

(1) Prepares layouts and drawings according to engineering specifications using computerassisted drafting software, reviews engineering drawings to verify adherence to standard

practices, and inputs commands to rotate, zoom-in, or transfer drawings to hard copy.

(2) Surveys timber projects by using standard sampling procedures to determine and report

seedling survival rate, growth patterns, and obvious causes for seedling failure such as

predation or disease.

750 Points

Detailed knowledge of established processes,

methods, and techniques, as well as practical

knowledge of a few specific engineering or

scientific principles.

Knowledge permits the employee to schedule

and carry out the steps of a limited operation

or project, or to complete important stages of

a multiphase project.

(1) Solves electro-mechanical and electronic problems such as those related to AC to DC/DC

to AC converters, data processors, digital controllers, and shared data transmitting devices.

(2) Prepares hydrographic and topographic maps and charts using aerial and ground survey

data that include depictions of rivers, reservoirs, locks, dams, and canals overlaying varied

topographic features.

(3) Analyzes soil samples for trace elements by selecting applicable analytical methods

based on the matrix of the material. Prepares standards to calibrate instruments, and uses

automated systems to calculate and report findings.

(4) Reviews seismic test data, recommends additional geophone locations based on results,

and reviews geophysical logs to detect patterns typical of oil deposits.

950 Points

Knowledge of several specific engineering or

scientific principles, and skill in using

specialized techniques and equipment.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan,

coordinate, and carry out precedented

projects.

(1) Plans and conducts physical testing of composite materials for aircraft, selecting and

adapting methods, and calibrating equipment to evaluate the structural integrity under

extreme variations in vibration and load stress.

(2) Sets up laboratory equipment needed to test new analytical procedures or techniques,

documents results, and recommends needed refinements.

(3) Modifies steps and methods in stages of hydrologic data collection to accommodate

variable situations and conditions such as seasonal flooding, industrial discharge,

agricultural runoff, and climate changes.
Knowledge—Engineering and Scientific Technician 23

1250 Points

Knowledge of several specific engineering or

scientific principles and skill in using

complex techniques and equipment.

Knowledge permits the employee to organize

and execute multiple steps to develop and/or

enhance new methods, approaches, and

procedures essential to the completion of

important phases of projects or activities.

(1) Supports research regarding weather using specialized instrumentation and interpreting

findings for measurements such as solar radiation and optical rain rate based on droplet size,

distribution, and rate of fall.

(2) Develops new or modifies experimental methods for cryogenic preparation and staining

of tissue samples to detect the presence of toxic substances and/or indications of disease.

(3) Schedules and leads teams responsible for installing and testing new or modified air

traffic control systems at commercial airports.

 

Covered SOC Codes 

173011 Architectural and Civil Drafters 194031 Chemical Technicians

173012 Electrical and Electronics Drafters 194041 Geological and Petroleum Technicians

173013 Mechanical Drafters 194051 Nuclear Technicians

173019 Drafters, All Other 194091 Environmental Science and Protection Technicians,

Including Health

173021 Aerospace Engineering and Operations

Technicians

194092 Forensic Science Technicians

173022 Civil Engineering Technicians 194093 Forest and Conservation Technicians

173023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Technicians

194099 Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All

Other

173024 Electro-Mechanical Technicians 274011 Audio and Video Equipment Technicians

173025 Environmental Engineering Technicians 274012 Broadcast Technicians

173026 Industrial Engineering Technicians 274013 Radio Operators

173027 Mechanical Engineering Technicians 274014 Sound Engineering Technicians

173029 Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters,

All Other

299012 Occupational Health and Safety Technicians

173031 Surveying and Mapping Technicians 332022 Forest Fire Inspectors and Prevention Specialists

194011 Agricultural and Food Science Technicians 474011 Construction and Building Inspectors

194021 Biological Technicians
Knowledge—Professional Biological and Physical Science 24

Knowledge Guide for Professional Biological and Physical Science Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of basic

professional concepts, principles, and

procedures of one or more of the

biological or physical sciences.

Knowledge permits the employee to

carry out less demanding professional

elements of professional assignments

while becoming familiar with the

objectives and methods of the

establishment.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Identifies specimens of common insect species and researches literature to develop information

about their life cycles and habits.

(2) Collects seismic data readings and identifies common patterns indicative of oil and gas

deposits.

(3) Uses mass spectrometer to determine presence and abundance of specific gases occurring

during solar flares. Reports data and findings to experienced scientists.

(4) Uses theodolites and global position systems (GPS) to develop geologic maps of unmapped

areas. Learns to apply methods to fill GPS data gaps such as those due to a narrow canyon by

gathering ground data. Identifies common rocks and minerals. Takes samples of unknown material

to identify subsequently with guidance from more experienced colleagues.

950 Points

Knowledge of the professional

concepts, principles, and procedures of

one or more of the biological or

physical sciences.

Knowledge permits the employee to

complete recurring assignments by

applying well-established scientific

principles and practices and to

recognize conditions that may impact

results.

(1) Gathers data, interprets aerial photographs, and applies scientific principles for such purposes

as analyzing limited geographic areas to propose locations suitable for timber/fire roads,

recreational use, or reforestation.

(2) Applies established concepts and practices to advise land owners on such matters as how to

improve soil or wildlife habitat while enhancing crop production and grazing quality.

(3) Selects and applies any of a number of standard genetic manipulation methods to strengthen

desirable characteristics of plants such as pest resistance or rapid growth.

(4) Collects and analyzes data to determine recurring patterns such as ocean currents within a

limited area.

(5) Updates weather forecasts using well-established techniques to cover rapidly changing

conditions.

(6) Applies scientific principles and data collection/reduction methods to capture and analyze a

variety of natural phenomena.

(7) Tests foods using established laboratory methods to prepare labels showing sodium, fat, and

carbohydrate content.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of

professional concepts, principles, and

methods of one or more of the

biological or physical sciences.

Knowledge permits the employee to

provide advice on or plan and carry out

projects and studies involving diverse,

varied, and complex features for which

the employee must modify approaches.

(1) Conducts analyses of food, drugs, or consumer products to meet regulatory requirements.

(2) Advises farm cooperatives on strategies for managing/restoring pastures, preventing riparian

soil erosion, improving rural transportation infrastructure, and obtaining state and federal grants to

fund related projects.

(3) Provides guidance, assistance, and theoretical explanations of weather forecasts to television

and radio stations.

(4) Develops comprehensive hydrologic study plans for a sizable river basin to include snowmelt

measurements and identification of tributaries, springs, rainfall, and other variables impacting

water availability and quality.

(5) Designs and constructs specialized equipment and develops techniques to photograph high

speed, low-light, microscopic biological or chemical processes.

(6) Develops protocol for a waste disposal corporation engaged in shipping, handling, and isolating

hazardous waste.

(7) Advises zoos, aquariums, and entertainment corporations on how to feed, breed, and care for a

variety of seals, dolphins, and other marine mammals.
Knowledge—Professional Biological and Physical Science 25

1550 Points

Comprehensive professional

knowledge of the theories, concepts,

principles, and methods of one or more

specialties of the biological or physical

sciences.

Knowledge permits the employee to

lead and coordinate the work of

interdisciplinary teams, serve as an inhouse authority, develop projects, and

solve complex problems by extending

existing techniques and devising new

approaches.

(1) Leads studies and advises growers, shippers, processors, manufacturers, and customers about

the economic impact of widespread crop damage created by insects.

(2) Directs efforts to identify and alleviate stresses on livestock at feedlots and advises agricultural

companies on ways to minimize defects in resulting food products.

(3) Participates with polar research scientists to guide them in determining optimal ocean/weather

conditions for planning and conducting studies.

(4) Guides teams of scientists/engineers to develop and manufacture semi-permeable membranes

and chemical compounds to separate and destroy harmful microorganisms from municipal water

supplies.

(5) Devises and leads efforts to develop synthetic pharmaceuticals that mimic the effects of

naturally occurring substances found in rare plants.

(6) Develops experiments and protocols for conduct during space flights.

(7) Works with medical experts to extend laser applications to new surgical procedures.

1850 Points

Expertise in the professional theories,

concepts, principles, and methods of a

broad specialty in the biological or

physical sciences.

Knowledge permits the employee to

develop new scientific hypotheses and

theories, carry out pioneering research,

and/or be recognized as an expert in a

scientific specialty.

(1) Lectures, writes, and consults as a nationally recognized authority on global warming and

climate change issues.

(2) Leads a team of senior scientists defining the functions of the human genome and developing

medical applications for the information.

(3) Devises new techniques and materials to economically desalinate sea water and extract oil from

shale.

(4) Initiates interdisciplinary studies and advises computer chip manufactures on applications of

molecular nanotechnology.

Covered SOC Codes 

119121 Natural Sciences Managers 191032 Foresters

171021 Cartographers and Photogrammetrists 191099 Life Scientists, All Other

171022 Surveyors 192011 Astronomers

191011 Animal Scientists 192012 Physicists

191012 Food Scientists and Technologists 192021 Atmospheric and Space Scientists

191013 Soil and Plant Scientists 192031 Chemists

191021 Biochemists and Biophysicists 192032 Materials Scientists

191022 Microbiologists 192041 Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including

Health

191023 Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists 192042 Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and

Geographers

191029 Biological Scientists, All Other 192043 Hydrologists

191031 Conservation Scientists 192099 Physical Scientists, All Other
Knowledge—Professional Economics, Sociology, Geography, 

Psychology, and Similar Jobs 26

Knowledge Guide for Professional Economics, Sociology, Geography, Psychology, and 

Similar Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level professional knowledge of the

concepts, principles, and methods of

economics, sociology, psychology, or a

similar science.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry

out portions of studies and developmental

assignments while becoming familiar with

the methods and practices of the

establishment.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Identifies and collects geographic data from prescribed sources.

(2) Searches databases and/or libraries for readily accessible information, documents, and

factors on assigned topics.

(3) Records observations during psychology experiments when the behaviors and/or reactions

are clearly identifiable.

(4) Plots and reduces data using traditional statistical models or programs.

(5) Learns to collect and analyze market, interest rate, and economic indicator data such as

used for investment planning.

(6) Inventories the artifacts and records associated with historical and archeological sites.

950 Points

Knowledge of the professional concepts,

principles, and methods of economics,

sociology, psychology, or a similar

science.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry

out assignments by following scientific

methods and guidelines, and recognizing

conditions that may impact results.

(1) Provides marketing and sales data to a real estate corporation on maps and drawings.

(2) Reviews census records and interviews people for an oral history project.

(3) Tests and provides factual data for human resources placement consultants regarding

aptitudes, interests, and abilities as revealed by objective tests.

(4) Evaluates, and provides therapy to patients and families in group therapy.

(5) Examines proposed construction sites for archaeological artifacts to use in environmental

impact assessments.

1250 Points

Thorough knowledge of a range of

professional concepts, principles, and

methods in a specialized field of

economics, sociology, psychology, or a

similar science.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan

and conduct studies or deal with subjects

that require intense research and/or

analysis, or make it necessary for the

employee to modify approaches to identify

causal relationships in order to complete

assignments.

(1) Runs multiple economic/marketing studies for a manufacturer in order to set prices and

conduct lifecycle planning.

(2) Researches written and photographic records for studies related to recently discovered

military battle/burial sites.

(3) Leads a team of social workers running multiple projects to combat alcohol and drug

dependency.

(4) Provides psychotherapy for patients suffering from a variety of mental illnesses in such

places as hospital and prisons.

(5) Studies economic patterns and problems such as those facing the working poor.

(6) Plans and updates a state’s archaeological program, reviews historical/ archaeological

surveys and reports, and administers grant and permit programs.

1550 Points

Mastery of the professional theories,

concepts, principles, and methods of

economics, sociology, psychology, or a

similar science.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan

major projects and/or coordinate teams to

solve stubborn problems that require the

employee to create novel approaches and

analyze complex, interacting variables.

(1) Analyzes the feasibility and cost-benefits of proposed plant sites around the world for

various product lines.

(2) Plans assistance programs and coordinates with local officials by providing and guiding

psychological counselors helping communities cope with tragedies such as school slayings and

industrial accidents.

(3) Leads teams reviewing, interpreting, and preserving thousands of documents, photos, and

artifacts relating to a metropolis.

(4) Provides guidance to groups of psychological counselors treating disabled patients with

long histories of unemployment or job maladjustment.

(5) Advises interior designers and manufacturers on the impact of colors, shapes, and design on

productivity, energy, and attitude.

(6) Advises urban planners on the potential effect of proposed rapid transit on communities.

(7) Evaluates defendants to determine if they are mentally capable of participating in their own

defense.
Knowledge—Professional Economics, Sociology, Geography, 

Psychology, and Similar Jobs 27

1850 Points

Expert knowledge of the theories,

concepts, principles, and methods of a

specialty within psychology, sociology,

economics, or similar science.

Knowledge permits the employee to

generate original hypotheses and theories,

and conduct pioneering work in

unexplored or previously unpromising

areas.

(1) Advises industry executives on the coming economic climate, its potential impact,

and how to deal with it.

(2) Negotiates with government officials, industrialists, clerics, and/or royal/or tribal

leaders of warring nations to bring in famine/medical relief.

(3) Advises town planners and entertainment corporations on the economic impact of

proposed historic preservation and various commercial developments.

(4) Consults, as a nationally recognized behavioral psychologist, with teaching and

research institutions regarding educational and intellectual development projects, issues,

and studies.

(5) Testifies as an historical or archaeological expert in complex situations such as in

legal cases with significant social, cultural, or political ramifications.

Covered SOC Codes 

131161 Market Research Analysts and Marketing

Specialists

193041 Sociologists

193011 Economists 193051 Urban and Regional Planners

193021 Market Research Analysts 193091 Anthropologists and Archeologists

193022 Survey Researchers 193092 Geographers

193031 Clinical, Counseling, and School

Psychologists

193093 Historians

193032 Industrial-Organizational Psychologists 193094 Political Scientists

193039 Psychologists, All Other 193099 Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other
Knowledge—Social, Welfare, and Health Administration 28

Knowledge Guide for Social, Welfare, and Health Administration Jobs 

550 Points

Practical knowledge of a variety of standard

administrative procedures, together with

knowledge of the basic objectives and governing

rules of a specific civil rights, health, or social

welfare program.

Knowledge permits the employee to: assist

individuals seeking assistance or benefits,

complete a few standardized forms, answer

common questions, and extract information from

a variety of sources, while gaining knowledge of

practices and laws pertaining to the more

demanding tasks.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Screens questions from visitors and phone callers, answers basic questions regarding

program features, and works with experienced program specialist to gain knowledge and

skills to advance to more demanding assignments.

(2) Explains legal options, and refers abused spouses and family members to temporary

shelters.

750 Points

Knowledge of the basic administrative practices,

laws, and regulations related to fields such as

civil rights, health, and social welfare programs.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

recurring assignments and gain familiarity with

the establishment’s practices.

(1) Meets with parolees/probationers to provide advice and document compliance with

requirements. Initiates warrants or remediation as needed.

(2) Conducts interviews and reviews documents to determine eligibility for in-home

nursing care.

(3) Searches literature and organizes data on political and social conditions and trends for

assigned geographic areas.

(4) Collects data on voluntary social welfare services, their sources, and beneficiaries for

a nonprofit charitable organization.

(5) Plans and provides leisure activities for groups of children, elderly, and/or mildly

disabled individuals.

(6) Takes suicide hotline calls, provides immediate counseling, suggests subsequent

services, and contacts medical/law offices as appropriate.

(7) Consoles the bereaved, and refers them to financial assistance sources and support

groups to alleviate financial and psychological burdens.

950 Points

Knowledge of the administrative practices, laws,

policies, analytical methods, and regulations

related to fields such as civil rights, health

programs, and social welfare.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete

assignments using well established practices

(1) Compiles data and prepares reports regarding labor market conditions in various

occupations for use in connection with state and local employment and training

programs.

(2) Plans, administers, and evaluates recreational programs to promote physical and

social development for at-risk youth.

(3) Conducts segments of broad civil rights evaluation projects.

(4) Plans the design of and coordinates records maintenance for social services advice

and consultation in a mental institution.

(5) Provides information and assistance, and determines clients’ needs for a social

services program.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a broad range of administrative

practices, laws, policies, analytical methods, and

regulations related to fields such as civil rights,

health programs, and social welfare.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan and

carry out projects; coordinate work; and modify

analytical techniques to complete a wide variety

of difficult assignments.

(1) Reviews and settles appealed health insurance and disability claims involving

complicated documentation and/or multiple issues.

(2) Plans and carries out studies of civil rights issues, analyzes results, and develops

methods to facilitate their resolution.

(3) Plans and coordinates social, recreational, and cultural activities for a large municipal

community center intended to meet the needs of a variety of groups (e.g., elderly,

disabled, impoverished, and single-parent families).

(4) Provides technical advice and assistance to an operating disease control program, and

establishes related information systems.

(5) Operates a safety and health program for the employees of a plant where potential for

injury/death from moving machinery, falls, burns, and/or chemicals is high.
Knowledge—Social, Welfare, and Health Administration 29

1550 Points

Mastery of the administrative practices, laws,

policies, analytical methods, and regulations

related to fields such as civil rights, health

programs, and social welfare.

Knowledge permits the employee to identify

problems and lead teams in exploring and

solving multifaceted and/or controversial

problems that require the development and use of

new methods.

(1) Develops regulations and interpretative materials, assesses impact of new guidelines

on need-based program operations.

(2) Establishes methods for intelligence collection programs, performs long range

planning for gathering intelligence regarding social and political trends, and certifies

reports.

(3) Studies broad civil rights issues and/or questions and develops reports.

(4) Conducts overall planning, administration, and evaluation of a medical records

program; identifies deficiencies; and initiates improved procedures for guarding against

possibilities such as adverse drug interaction and breach of privacy.

(5) Provides comprehensive technical, administrative, and management advice and

assistance for complex disease control programs.

(6) Plans an employee safety program for a major commercial airline doing business

internationally. Recommends new and modified policies, establishes training, and

conducts risk analyses.

1850 Points

Expert knowledge of the practices, laws,

policies, analytical methods, and regulations

related to a specialized aspect of such

administrative fields as civil rights, health

programs, and social welfare.

Knowledge permits the employee to develop

new hypotheses, theories, and concepts; to lead

unprecedented projects; or to serve as a

recognized authority in a specialized area such as

managed health care or disaster assistance.

(1) Plans and conducts programs to assess and fill medical, sanitation, and food

assistance needs, together with analyzing infrastructure capacity, of a region suffering

the results of a natural catastrophe, industrial accident, or man-made disaster.

(2) Directs and conducts research to analyze and resolve fundamental questions, issues,

or policies affecting such topics as civil rights or child poverty. Establishes new

knowledge in the field and contributes to far-reaching policy changes.

Covered SOC Codes 

119111 Medical and Health Services Managers 211091 Health Educators

131031 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators 211092 Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment

Specialists

131032 Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage 211093 Social and Human Service Assistants

211011 Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder

Counselors

211094 Community Health Workers

211012 Educational, Guidance, School, and

Vocational Counselors

211099 Community and Social Service Specialists, All

Other

211013 Marriage and Family Therapists 212011 Clergy

211014 Mental Health Counselors 212021 Directors, Religious Activities and Education

211015 Rehabilitation Counselors 212099 Religious Workers, All Other

211019 Counselors, All Other 299011 Occupational Health and Safety Specialists

211021 Child, Family, and School Social Workers 299099 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Workers,

All Other

211022 Healthcare Social Workers 399041 Residential Advisors

211029 Social Workers, All Other
Knowledge—Professional Legal 30

Knowledge Guide for Professional Legal Jobs 

950 Points

Entry-level knowledge of basic professional

legal principles and concepts, legal research

methods, and analytical techniques. The law

clerk applies the same academic background

as the lawyer and performs many of the same

duties, but is not a member of the bar and,

therefore, cannot litigate or plead cases in

court.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

assignments using well-established principles,

practices, and precedents.

Examples of How Knowledge is Used

(1) Analyzes issues of fact and law to prepare digests of cases for litigation by searching

law libraries, databases, court reports, appellate records, an/or commercial legal

publications to develop background material for legal proceeding.

(2) Reviews documents such as wills, contracts, and revocable trusts for legal sufficiency,

consistency of facts, and indications of authenticity.

(3) Assists experienced colleagues in preparing for hearings, appeals, and/or litigation by

analyzing cases and preparing summaries and recommendations based on fairly explicit

facts, laws, and precedents.

(4) Searches documents and records such as those pertaining to specific kinds of patents for

which precedents and legal issues are clear. Drafts correspondence and patent documents

for review by experienced colleagues.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a broad range of professional

legal concepts, principles, precedents,

methods, and practices.

Knowledge permits the employee to examine

and decide on approaches to legal

proceedings, negotiations, law suits, claims,

and/or patent applications.

(1) Prepares documents such as those incorporating businesses where special clauses are

required to protect the interests of all parties.

(2) Provides legal advice to union or corporate managers regarding recognition, promotion

policies, benefits, human resources practices, and equal employment issues.

(3) Represents and/or advises individual clients in recurring types of cases such as those

concerning custody, tax issues, bankruptcies, and personal injury claims.

(4) Reviews topical legal precedents and advises clients on issues and appropriate practices

for which precedents are normally consistent and controversy is minimal.

(5) Prepares documents such as those associated with registering patents where issues are

somewhat clouded.

(6) A law clerk at this level often carries out staff work on behalf of a judge by finalizing

formal written opinions, searching for arcane decisions, and closing completed cases.

1550 Points

Knowledge of the professional theories,

concepts, principles, and practices related to

legal work to solve novel and unusual

problems where few precedents exist.

Knowledge permits the employee to develop

legal strategies and solve legal problems

requiring innovative approaches.

(1) Advises corporate management on complex legal matters where few precedents exist

and legal opinion varies considerably.

(2) Recommends corporate policy with regard to tort claims for businesses dealing with

products and services rife with potential for misuse such as household cleaning products

and adhesives.

(3) Devises innovative legal strategies such as those to facilitate the immigration of foreign

information technology specialists and engineers recruited by high tech industries or

defense contractors.

(4) Leads a team of attorneys, investigators, and engineers collecting evidence and

statements associated with such matters as commercial aircraft accidents.

(5) Develops legal strategy for cases that are emotionally charged and involve significant

precedents (such as those relating to the recall of child safety seats, damages awarded to

victims of commercial transportation mishaps, or re-zoning in an historically significant

area) where special interest and political groups are aggressive.

(6) Prepares legal documents to register patents where cases involve controversial scientific

or engineering issues that require technical testimony or affidavits.
Knowledge—Professional Legal 31

1850 Points

Mastery of the professional theories, concepts,

principles, and techniques pertaining to a

specialized area of the legal profession.

Knowledge permits the employee to originate

new legal theories, interpretations, legislation,

and public policy, or serves to set significant

precedent.

(1) Advises senior executives and/or policy makers on legal issues of special sensitivity

such as those involving stem cell, cloning, or trans-genetic experiments.

(2) Deals in legal specializations and litigation concerning such significant matters as

transportation industry cases involving the public health and safety.

(3) Develops lawsuits for special interest groups challenging previous legal decisions or

legislation.

(4) Lectures as a national expert on complex legal issues.

(5) Develops and leads teams of attorneys in such undertakings as class action suits with

potential for costly damages and for establishing important precedents.

(6) Develops new legal theories to support controversial positions such as copyright and

trademark determinations for drug companies or involving international trade.

Covered SOC Codes 

231011 Lawyers 231012 Judicial Law Clerks
Knowledge—Administrative Legal 32

Knowledge Guide for Administrative Legal Jobs 

750 Points

General knowledge of common documents and

practices related to legal work.

Knowledge permits the employee to assist

attorneys and legal staff by: searching and

extracting information from designated data

sources; using prescribed formats to summarize

factual information; preparing drafts of simple

legal documents, and gaining familiarity with

the statutes, regulations, terminology, practices,

and the basic legal research tools relevant to the

establishment.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used 

(1) Uses standard forms, contracts, and paragraphs to draft simple wills, trusts, and other

common legal documents for review and approval by attorneys.

(2) Assists attorneys by completing and filing documents for nonimmigrant and immigrant

visa petitions.

(3) Interviews clients, views physical locations, and reviews records in preparation for

hearings regarding traffic violations and citations.

950 Points

Knowledge of specific statutes, regulations,

precedents, practices, and legal research

methods relevant to the employing

establishment.

Knowledge permits the employee to locate,

analyze, and prepare reports on relevant statutes

and decisions in order to complete assignments

covered by established practices and precedent

cases handled by the establishment.

(1) Compiles and reviews information presented by potential litigant(s) in medical

malpractice suits to evaluate adequacy of information, gauge likelihood of success, and

identify appropriate titles of law, precedents, and decision.

(2) Researches laws, precedents, and legal opinions, and suggests approaches in cases

seeking damages for infringement of copyrights covering music, books, and films.

(3) Interviews law firm clients, locates witnesses, drafts legal documents and pleadings,

obtains depositions, and prepares interrogatories in suits involving allegations of sexual

harassment and employment discrimination.

(4) Gathers information for tax attorneys to assist them in explaining the implications of

the Internal Revenue Service Code, tax court decisions, regulations, and precedents to

corporate clients scheduled for audits.

(5) Supports attorneys engaged in advising industry and government entities on public

stock offerings and bonds. Reviews annual reports, profit and loss statements, etc.

Researches and compiles information on related statutes, regulations, and commonly

occurring issues.

1250 Points

In-depth knowledge of laws, decisions, and

interpretations applicable to particular area of

law or types of cases/actions (e.g., civil versus

criminal) together with specialized legal skills

such as ability evaluate technical evidence or

perform extensive legal research in the

particular legal area.

Knowledge permits the employee to analyze

and evaluate the relevance of specialized

technical issues and to thoroughly research the

legislative history, precedent cases, decisions,

and opinions of the technical specialty to

provide substantive information and

explanatory material, and suggest possible legal

approaches.

(1) Reviews issues of fact and law to prepare analyses for child custody hearings.

(2) Resolves complaints and disputes between a stock brokerage firm and its clients in

accordance with legal precedent and the firm’s established practices.

(3) Analyzes adequacy of contested insurance claims by evaluating the evidence and

documents provided in terms of credibility, precedent, relevant statutes, and insurance

agreements.

(4) Classifies and evaluates legal documents for sufficiency, credibility, and consistency

of facts in cases where wills and estates of significant value are contested.

(5) Researches court records, property tax records, deeds, mortgages, and trusts to

determine sequential ownership, liens, judgments, covenants, and zoning designations of

real property of interest to developers and conservancy organizations.

(6) Drafts responses associated with contract disputes and bankruptcy claims.

(7) Drafts incorporation documents and forms for start-up groups engaged in accounting

and business management consulting.

Covered SOC Codes 

232011 Paralegals and Legal Assistants 232099 Legal Support Workers, All Other

232093 Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers
Knowledge—Professional Education 33

Knowledge Guide for Professional Education Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of professional education and

training concepts, principles, and methods, as well as

relevant subject matter.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete

developmental assignments and gain practical

experience in applying teaching principles and

methods.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Prepares lesson plans and teaches short, repetitive courses that are highly

structured such as arithmetic, geography, spelling, wood shop, and typing.

(2) Assists in the development or revision of objective tests, and helps evaluate their

effectiveness.

950 Points

Knowledge of professional education and training

concepts, principles, and methods, as well as relevant

subject matter.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete

recurring assignments where objectives are defined

and can be accomplished by applying well-established

practices and precedents to teach a full range of

subjects at the elementary or secondary level.

(1) Designs curriculum, prepares lesson plans, and teaches courses at the secondary

level in such subjects as biology, American history, literature, or algebra.

(2) Develops or revises objective tests for mainstream students in traditional high

school courses. Determines suitability for intended use, ease of administration and

scoring, overlapping items, and clues to answers. Analyzes trial application of tests

to determine reliability and makes needed changes to test content and structure.

1250 Points

Knowledge of the professional principles, advanced

concepts, and methods applicable to undergraduate

subjects or to educational program duties in a

specialize field such as adult education or bilingual

education.

Knowledge permits the employee to develop and

teach undergraduate college-level courses in subjects

that are subject to varying perspectives or

controversies, are theoretical, or scientific in nature.

Education program specialists at this level adapt stateof the art practices to teaching situations or refine and

test innovative alternatives to traditional practices.

(1) Develops course content, prescribes text book material, and teaches under

graduate college level courses ensuring consistency with course objectives and

policy.

(2) Monitors and evaluates programs to provide for educational opportunities for

students with special needs such as groups of hearing-impaired students or students

who each primarily speak any of several foreign languages. Reviews curricula,

educational material, and teaching practices; suggests improvements; and

recommends funding levels.

(3) Evaluates innovative audio-visual teaching aids for students with special needs

for broad use throughout a major school district exceptional student program.

Assesses the aids, and decides whether to adopt or reject them. Provides guidance in

their application.

1550 Points

Mastery of advanced theories, concepts, and methods 

applicable to a complex subject area or specialized 

field of education.

Knowledge permits the employee to develop and 

teach graduate level or comparable courses in 

complex subject areas, to serve as an authoritative 

expert, and to carry out professorial functions. 

Education specialists at this level serve as experts in 

the design and administration of innovative projects or 

education models, and serve as leaders in guiding 

educational boards or institutions.

(1) Designs and teaches courses covering subject matter requiring modification or

correction to incorporate significant developments and/or discoveries from multiple

disciplines such as courses in genetics and cellular electronics that are undergoing

rapid advances and/or include controversial elements.

(2) Serves as a top educational advisor to an institution or organization such as a

sizable teaching hospital. Recommends broad educational polices and evaluates

curricula.

(3) Speaks, as an authority in accreditation, at meetings, seminars, and conferences

such as those dedicated to enhance and support the development, appraisal, and

implementation of academic standards.
Knowledge—Professional Education 34

Covered SOC Codes 

251011 Business Teachers, Postsecondary 251125 History Teachers, Postsecondary

251021 Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary 251126 Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary

251022 Mathematical Science Teachers,

Postsecondary

251191 Graduate Teaching Assistants

251031 Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary 251192 Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary

251032 Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary 251193 Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers,

Postsecondary

251041 Agricultural Sciences Teachers,

Postsecondary

251194 Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary

251042 Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary 251199 Postsecondary Teachers, All Other

251043 Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers,

Postsecondary

252011 Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education

251051 Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space

Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary

252012 Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education

251052 Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary 252021 Elementary School Teachers, Except Special

Education

251053 Environmental Science Teachers,

Postsecondary

252022 Middle School Teachers, Except Special and

Career/Technical Education

251054 Physics Teachers, Postsecondary 252023 Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle

School

251061 Anthropology and Archeology Teachers,

Postsecondary

252031 Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and

Career/Technical Education

251062 Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers,

Postsecondary

252032 Career/Technical Education Teachers,

Secondary School

251063 Economics Teachers, Postsecondary 252051 Special Education Teachers, Preschool

251064 Geography Teachers, Postsecondary 252052 Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten

and Elementary School

251065 Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary 252053 Special Education Teachers, Middle School

251066 Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary 252054 Special Education Teachers, Secondary

School

251067 Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary 252059 Special Education Teachers, All Other

251069 Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All

Other

253011 Adult Basic and Secondary Education and

Literacy Teachers and Instructors

251071 Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary 253021 Self-Enrichment Education Teachers

251072 Nursing Instructors and Teachers,

Postsecondary

253099 Teachers and Instructors, All Other

251081 Education Teachers, Postsecondary 259011 Audio-Visual and Multimedia Collections

Specialists

251082 Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary 259021 Farm and Home Management Advisors

251111 Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement

Teachers, Postsecondary

259031 Instructional Coordinators

251112 Law Teachers, Postsecondary

251113 Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary

251121 Art, Drama, and Music Teachers,

Postsecondary

251122 Communications Teachers, Postsecondary

251123 English Language and Literature Teachers,

Postsecondary

251124 Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
Knowledge—Professional Librarian, Museum Curator, and Archivist 35

Knowledge Guide for Professional Librarian, Museum Curator, and Archivist Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of professional

library science, curatorial, or archival

concepts, principles, objectives, tools,

and methods.

Knowledge permits the employee to

carry out recurring assignments while

learning the establishment’s goals and

needs.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Uses standardized cataloging procedures and reference tools, including computer.

(2) Answers basic library reference questions and assists patrons suggesting books in common

genres (e.g., poetry, mysteries, historical fiction, biographies). Develops reading lists on common

topics.

(3) Searches archives for historical perspectives on the steps and issues associated with various

common subjects.

950 Points

Knowledge of professional library

science, curatorial, or archival

concepts, principles, objectives, tools,

and methods.

Knowledge permits the employee to

complete assignments by applying

well-established principles, practices,

and precedents.

(1) Selects and catalogs documents, books, periodicals, and recordings pertaining to federal 

Government laws and the activities of the executive, congressional, and judicial branches for a

university library.

(2) Drafts portions of procedures for installing, implementing, and maintaining an online library for

a major university library system.

(3) Is responsible for a small, localized museum such as a museum housing historical records and

artifacts, taxidermy specimens of indigenous fauna, and maps of a town.

(4) Analyzes and reorganizes archived material related to a controversial public/political figure.

Studies the origin and content of the records, and reconstructs the initial classification or filing

scheme of the records.

(5) Analyzes archival records that present problems arising from gaps in chronology or background

information regarding recently discovered diaries of Antarctic explorers. Locates sources to

complete and authenticate records.

1250 Points

Knowledge of professional concepts,

principles, objectives, tools, and

methods of a full range of library or

museum curator functions.

Archivists at this level apply a

comparable level of knowledge to

deal with unusual, archaic, and/or

poorly preserved documents; apply

intense subject-matter expertise; or

specialize in technical functions (e.g.,

preservation or reference services).

Knowledge permits the employee to

carry out work that requires

customized methods, guidelines, and

explanatory materials; or

accommodates a wide variety of

needs including some that are highly

technical and specialized, or that

demand proficiency in more than one

language.

(1) Analyzes and recommends the size, nature, and scope of library system’s collection for a system

consisting of a central library and two branches with a collection intended to meet the general

interests, recreational reading, and basic information needs of a moderate sized community.

Modifies the organization topics, layout, and circulation functions as needed. Establishes

agreements with other libraries to meet patron requests. Recommends acquisition budgets and

policies to a library board or other governing body.

(2) Builds on previous research to establish and maintain a relatively stable museum collection that

presents some complexities such as problems in identifying obscure specimens and objects and

preserving/restoring delicate or perishable items.

(3) Performs original cataloging for a nationwide e-commerce retail network library covering

information on preventing cybercrime and identity theft. Devises and adapts headings and subject

categories too specialized to be included in published lists.

(4) Catalogs books, articles, and unpublished material concerning Islam using proficiency in Arabic

and English.

(5) Instructs faculty, students, and others on a library’s content, nature, and reference tools of a

nationally acclaimed music school with holdings that include sheet music, librettos, and collections

on vinyl, audio tape, CDs, interactive media, and electronic databases. Recommends the acquisition

and discontinuation of materials and systems.

(6) Evaluates and recommends acquiring computer software and hardware to support the library

functions of a large metropolitan public school system. Coordinates the modernization of systems to

improve operations and accomplish new tasks by working with information technology contractors

to automate functions.

(7) Analyzes and reorganizes archival holdings and related reference tools for and about a major

historic university and its administration involving complex subject matter and multiple

topics/themes for which some records are deficient and relationships obscure.
Knowledge—Professional Librarian, Museum Curator, and Archivist 36

1550 Points

Mastery of one or more major library

or archival functions, or subject areas

presenting considerable difficulties

similar to those at the 1250-point

level, together with ability to analyze

system needs and solve unusual

problems where few precedents exist.

Museum curators at this level apply a

full range of curatorial knowledge

plus knowledge of specialized

functions such as

interactive/computer aided exhibits.

Knowledge permits the employee to

carry out duties such as devising

innovative cataloging systems for new

subjects; introducing novel library

functions; or evaluating the relevance,

authenticity, and historical value of

suspect or archaic documents and

artifacts.

(1) Serves as an expert in developing cataloging criteria for published and unpublished information

in the fields of bioengineering and cloning. Guides others in cataloging such material using the new

criteria.

(2) Conducts reference searches on behalf of medical scientists at a major international drug

company developing pharmaceuticals to treat tropical diseases. Applies extensive subject-matter

knowledge, together with familiarity with an extensive array of databases including full-text

databases, to assess and interpret information.

(3) Evaluates, adapts, and maintains a huge university teaching hospital’s automated library system

that provides integrated educational and hospital reference services and telecommunications links.

Assists librarians in functional areas to develop specialized applications. Investigates new

technologies such as remote access to electronic storage devices.

(4) Develops definitive analytical subject reference tools and preserves archival records on

European monetary policy from 1990 to the present.

(5) Compiles analytical inventories of archival documents on the relationship of the Roman to the

Orthodox Catholic Church to include documents and information available only in Latin and

Cyrillic.

Covered SOC Codes 

254011 Archivists 254021 Librarians

254012 Curators
Knowledge—Communications and Arts 37

Knowledge Guide for Communications and Arts Jobs 

550 Points

Knowledge of the procedures used to prepare,

organize, edit and/or proof uncomplicated

narrative and/or graphic material. Ability to

ensure clarity, visual appeal, consistency, and

compliance with accepted rules of style, spelling,

and grammar; or skill in translating simple

spoken and/or written sentences from one

language to another.

Knowledge permits the employee to acquire

knowledge of the establishment’s methods and

terminology, and to gain familiarity with basic

communications and aesthetic concepts to

carrying out easy, recurring assignments.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Proof-reads narrative material. Corrects spelling and grammar. Makes suggestions

regarding restructuring sentences and paragraphs to improve flow and clarity, reduce

passive voice, and balance textual material on the page.

(2) Crops photographs and illustrations to accommodate textual material and improve

appearance.

(3) Prepares descriptive signage for crafts and artwork displays.

(4) Translates proceedings in traffic court to and from Spanish and English.

750 Points

Basic language skills and/or artistic skills to

include knowledge of communication principles

and/or aesthetic concepts, related to the methods

and equipment used in such fields as writing,

photography, and industrial or graphic design.

Knowledge permits the employee to perform

defined assignments having specific objectives

and involving recurrent, predictable factors.

(1) Drafts promotional brochures for a new polar bear exhibit at the zoo.

(2) Writes noncontroversial expository articles for a small town weekly newspaper.

(3) Takes wedding and class photographs.

(4) Draws covers for romance and mystery novels.

(5) Lays out furniture advertisements for Sunday newspaper inserts.

(6) Translates uncomplicated letters and documents, such as birth and marriage

certificates, from Russian to English and vice-versa.

950 Points

Knowledge of the principles and methods of

work in a field of communications and/or art.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete

assignments that involve numerous or changing

situations or factors, as well as an understanding

of the client’s or establishment’s activities.

(1) Writes the monthly employee newsletter, and lays out the format and graphics for the

annual report for a Fortune 500 company.

(2) Develops the scripts for a variety of videotaped training courses such an employee

training for a restaurant chain or safe-driving training for motorcyclists.

(3) Edits articles for a scientific web site.

(4) Edits users’ manuals for an accounting software company.

(5) Designs sections of attractions and exhibits for theme parks and carnivals.

(6) Videotapes news events, such as natural disasters and protest demonstrations, for

later TV news broadcasts.

(7) Uses American Sign Language to translate engineering course lectures for hearing

impaired college students in a classroom environment.

(8) Simultaneously interprets between Japanese and English for an American sales

representative.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a range of principles, analytical

approaches, and techniques, to include practical

knowledge of specialize subject matter,

applicable to a particular field of information,

media, and/or artistic endeavor.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan steps

and carry out multiphase projects, coordinate

work with others, lead projects and studies,

advise staff and management on specialized

aspect of projects, and modify established

practices to solve/address a wide range of

problems and/or needs.

(1) Writes and diagrams maintenance manuals for aircraft mechanics.

(2) Authors particular categories of travel topics (e.g., transportation/route options,

historical background, lodging and restaurant reviews, and cultural mores) for display on

the web pages of a major travel organization.

(3) Edits engineering and physics text books for a technical publishing house.

(4) Hangs/arranges paintings and designs lighting for a traveling fine arts exhibit.

(5) Design and oversees the construction of the dinosaur exhibit of a major urban

museum.

(6) Produces photographs of cancerous cell development using high resolution scanning

electron microscopes, specially developed stains, and stop-action technology.

(7) Advises national historical sites regarding the authenticity of period furniture and

interior decorations.

(8) Develops foreign language lexicons for Slovak and Romance languages for use by

developers of electronic, handheld pronouncing dictionaries.

(9) Interprets from English into Arabic and Chinese, and vice-versa, during

interrogations and legal proceedings
Knowledge—Communications and Arts 38

1550 Points

Mastery of a wide range of information, mass 

media communications, and/or arts principles, 

analytical approaches, and techniques associated 

with a specialized field and subject matter.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan and 

lead projects; apply innovative approaches to 

difficult or unprecedented problems; and provide

authoritative advice/guidance to staff members, 

managers, and/or clients.

(1) Draws caricatures and composes dialogue/captions as a syndicated political

cartoonist.

(2) Writes and edits articles for periodicals dealing with such topics as automotive design

and repair that do not require investigative methods or touch upon politically or socially

controversial issues, but do require understanding of specialized subject matter and

diverse audiences.

(3) Adapts methods and develops innovative photographic products such as satelliteholographic imagery or reconnaissance photography from drone aircraft.

(4) Briefs print and electronic media representatives regarding a high profile candidate

running for a strongly contested state government office.

(5) Devises public relations strategy and designs the annual reports for a Fortune 500

company.

(6) Translates newly discovered ancient religious scrolls as a recognized Hebrew

language expert and theological scholar.

1850 Points

Expert knowledge of the theories, concepts, and

techniques of information and/or artistic

expression, to include a high level of analytical

and organizational ability, applicable to a

specialized field.

Knowledge permits the employee to develop new

ways of performing functions or to devise fresh

approaches as a leader and national authority in a

specialized area.

(1) Serves as an investigative journalist for a nationally recognized newspaper. Writes

persuasively and with authority on controversial and politically sensitive issues.

(2) Conceives of and directs historical documentary films that treat major themes and

events. Uses new and dramatic approaches and original cinema graphic techniques.

Covered SOC Codes 

 

112011 Advertising and Promotions Managers 271029 Designers, All Other

112031 Public Relations and Fundraising Managers 273021 Broadcast News Analysts

271011 Art Directors 273022 Reporters and Correspondents

271012 Craft Artists 273031 Public Relations Specialists

271014 Multimedia Artists and Animators 273041 Editors

271019 Artists and Related Workers, All Other 273042 Technical Writers

271021 Commercial and Industrial Designers 273043 Writers and Authors

271022 Fashion Designers 273091 Interpreters and Translators

271023 Floral Designers 273099 Media and Communication Workers, All Other

271024 Graphic Designers 274021 Photographers

271025 Interior Designers 274031 Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion

Picture

271026 Merchandise Displayers and Window

Trimmers

274032 Film and Video Editors

271027 Set and Exhibit Designers 274099 Media and Communication Equipment Workers,

All Other
Knowledge—Professional Medical 39

Knowledge Guide for Professional Medical Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of professional nursing,

pharmacy, or health care concepts, principles,

and methods.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

undemanding assignments and gain familiarity

with the practices and objectives of the

discipline.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Provides nursing care for patients; e.g., administers prescribed drugs, records case

histories, takes blood pressure, pulse, and temperature.

(2) Interprets prescriptions for routine drug selections, compounds established medicines

and dispenses uncomplicated drugs.

(3) Assists in developing physical therapy treatment plans, determines patient abilities

through testing and observation.

(4) Assists in developing nutritional plans and master menus in a training capacity.

(5) Carries out a limited variety of specialized medical tests using standardized methods

and techniques in one or more areas of a clinical laboratory.

950 Points

Knowledge of professional nursing, pharmacy,

or health care concepts, principles, and

methods.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete

recurring assignments by applying wellestablished principles and practices.

(1) As a staff nurse, provides bedside care and carries out medical regimens in a hospital

environment, consults with physicians when changes in patients’ conditions warrant

reevaluation of treatment or intervention. Initiates emergency procedures as needed. Directs

practical nurses and nursing aids participating in patient care.

(2) As a certified nurse-midwife, provides physical care, emotional support, and newborn

care through all stages of labor and delivery in situations without medical complications.

(3) Serves as an occupational health nurse in a foundry, gives oral and intramuscular

injections for pain or vaccination against such problems as flu or tetanus, dresses minor

wounds and burns, and refers more serious problems to physicians as needed.

(4) Works in a developmental capacity as a physician’s assistant by conducting diagnostic

and treatment protocols of a limited nature where patients have common ailments that are

responsive to well-known treatments. Monitors medical conditions and adjusts treatments

within established standing order, and recognizes when to refer patients to the physician.

(5) Selects, compounds, and dispenses a varied range of therapeutic drugs and agents,

suggesting alternative medications to avoid incompatibilities and adverse side effects.

(6) Carries out occupational therapy for patients with severe multiple disabilities and/or for

patients recuperating from chest surgery.

(7) Advises medical teams during rounds on patients’ dietary needs, and coordinates food

services for wards.

(8) Evaluates procedures to determine suitability of tissue and fluid specimens for analyses,

prepares reagents and primary reference materials, selects and monitors nonroutine and

specialized test procedures.

1250 Points

Knowledge of professional nursing, pharmacy,

or health care concepts, principles, and

methods, together with extended clinical

experience.

Note: This is the entry-level for professional

physicians (general practice interns),

veterinarians, psychiatrists, and dentists who

apply knowledge of concepts, principles, and

practices.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan steps,

carry out multiphase projects, coordinate work

with others, and modify techniques to solve a

wide range of problems.

(1) Provides specialized nursing care to patients by adapting established nursing procedures

for heart and vascular diseases.

(2) As a nurse anesthetist, administers and controls general anesthetics intravenously and

topically.

(3) As a physician’s assistant, conducts physical exams using such techniques as

inspection, auscultation, percussion, and palpitation. Determines the need for, collects, and

analyzes laboratory specimens (e.g., lumbar puncture, fluid aspiration, superficial biopsies,

gastric and urinary samples, and vaginal smears). Writes prescriptions for antibiotics and

therapeutic drugs to treat common conditions and ailments.

(4) Detects cavities and restores teeth using metallic, polymer, or other common materials,

extracts decayed or impacted teeth, and prepares teeth for and fits veneers, crowns, and

bridges.

(5) As a large-animal veterinarian, tests for, diagnoses, and treats equine and bovine

diseases and conditions using established protocols and regimens.
Knowledge—Professional Medical 40

1550 Points

Knowledge of the professional theories,

concepts, and practices of specialized medical,

dental, or other professional medical science

fields to resolve difficult or unusual issues and

solve complex problems. (Note: This is the

resident level for specialists and surgeons in

field such as oncology or orthopedics.)

Knowledge permits the employee to solve

problems and plan projects involving a variety

of variables and problems, and to analyze and

integrate diverse medical and technical

approaches in identifying ailments and

prescribing treatments.

(1) Performs work often complicated by overlapping symptoms due to the presence of

multiple conditions and requiring involved and complicated diagnostic and testing

procedures. Identifies these symptoms and develops a treatment regimen.

(2) Performs a range of dental and oral surgery procedures including the most demanding

and sensitive bone grafts, root canal removals, and tooth implants.

(3) Establishes and implements new electro-convulsive therapies to alleviate symptoms of

obsessive-compulsive disorder.

1850 Points

Knowledge of new and emerging professional

medical theories, concepts, and techniques in a

specialized area of medicine, psychiatry,

dentistry, or veterinary science.

Knowledge permits the employee to develop

new hypotheses, theories, concepts and/or

treatments; to lead unprecedented projects; or to

be nationally recognized as an expert in the

specialized area.

(1) Provides expert consultation to hospitals and laboratories in cardiology cases of an

unusual or controversial nature such as those involving specialized categories of patients.

(2) Advises on or performs the most advanced cardiac diagnostic and treatment procedures,

such as cardiac catheterization. Recommendations carry the weight of “an authority” in the

field.

(3) Leads a team of medical experts engaged in maxillo-facial surgery such as those caused

by trauma or birth defects.

(4) Provides consultation as an expert physician or veterinarian, and generates fresh

techniques to detect prevent, or eradicate diseases and conditions of major significance.

Covered SOC Codes 

191041 Epidemiologists 291081 Podiatrists

191042 Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists 291122 Occupational Therapists

291011 Chiropractors 291123 Physical Therapists

291021 Dentists, General 291124 Radiation Therapists

291022 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 291125 Recreational Therapists

291023 Orthodontists 291126 Respiratory Therapists

291024 Prosthodontists 291127 Speech Language Pathologists

291029 Dentists, All Other Specialists 291128 Exercise Physiologists

291031 Dietitians and Nutritionists 291129 Therapists, All Other

291041 Optometrists 291131 Veterinarians

291051 Pharmacists 291141 Registered Nurses

291061 Anesthesiologists 291151 Nurse Anesthetists

291062 Family and General Practitioners 291161 Nurse Midwives

291063 Internists, General 291171 Nurse Practitioners

291064 Obstetricians and Gynecologists 291181 Audiologists

291065 Pediatricians, General 291199 Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All

Other

291066 Psychiatrists 299092 Genetic Counselors

291067 Surgeons

291069 Physicians and Surgeons, All Other

291071 Physician Assistants
Knowledge—Medical, Hospital, Dental, Public Health, and

Veterinary Technician 41

Knowledge Guide for Medical, Hospital, Dental, Public Health, and Veterinary 

Technician Jobs 

200 Points

Knowledge of, and skill in performing, basic

commonly-used health care methods.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

a limited variety of simple health or personal

care assignments.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Provides nursing support by taking and recording vital signs (e.g., temperature, blood

pressure, and pulse rate). Administers commonly prescribed oral medication. Changes

sterile dressings.

(2) Provides basic elder care. Dresses, feeds, and bathes charges as needed.

(3) Prepares trays of instruments. Cleans glassware and slides. Sterilizes equipment.

350 Points

Knowledge of common practices of a health

care area.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete

a few routine medical and healthcare

procedures and operate basic equipment and

instruments.

(1) Administers prescribed oral, topical, and intramuscular medication and observes for

emotional and physical contraindications. Sets up and gives treatments requiring the

assembly and operation of equipment such as oxygen, suction, and respirator. Responds to

emergency situations such as cardiopulmonary arrest.

(2) Performs simple laboratory tests such as checking urine for sugar and stool for blood.

Prepares, fixes, and stains tissue smears for microscopic examination by others.

(3) Prepares patients for treatment or diagnostic examinations. Conducts chest x-ray and

pulmonary tests.

(4) Inserts hypodermic needle in vein of blood donor. Instructs donor on correct behavior

during and following blood donation. Ensures that the vital signs of donor remain stable

throughout the donating process. Follows prescribed procedures for labeling, segregating,

and storing donated blood.

(5) Operates dental x-ray equipment and develops x-rays. Prepares amalgams and adhesives

for use by the dentist. Constructs base plates, bite rims and impressions trays. Inspects

dental casts and model impressions for deficiencies. Fabricates casts.

(6) Cares for laboratory animals. Takes stool and blood samples. Runs simple diagnostic

laboratory tests. Maintains records of gross observations and test results.

550 Points

Knowledge of principles and procedures

associated with providing a limited range of

tasks in a health care area.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

a variety of interrelated tasks and recurring

assignments.

(1) Freezes, slices, and stains tissue samples to enable physicians to detect, diagnose, and

treat abnormal cellular growth.

(2) Cares for and monitors a group of critically ill patients assessing deviations in patient

conditions.

(3) Administers and monitors procedures such as radiographic procedures, gastro-intestinal

series and choloangiograms.

(4) Administers oxygen and therapeutic gas mixtures using nasal cannulas, masks, or other

appliances.

(5) Operates dialysis systems, electroencephalograms and ultrasound equipment.

(6) Produces ultrasonic recording of internal organs, embryos, and fetuses for use by

physicians.

(7) Reviews orders for intravenous additive medications and solutions. Determines kind,

strength, and dosage of drugs prescribed. Performs bulk com-pounding.

(8) Fabricates custom orthotics and/or prosthetics using a diversity of materials such as

metal and plastic.

(9) Performs preventative oral treatment by cleaning, scaling, and polishing teeth.
Knowledge—Medical, Hospital, Dental, Public Health, and

Veterinary Technician 42

750 Points

Knowledge of the detailed processes,

methods, and techniques, as well as practical

knowledge of a specific health-care area.

Knowledge permits the employee to schedule

and carry out the steps of a treatment or

examination or to complete important steps of

a procedure.

(1) Administers occupational therapy and physical therapy to patients suffering from

pulmonary disease and recovering from surgery.

(2) Performs laboratory tests where standardized procedures do not exist or where results

are not conclusive, and, therefore, require multiple approaches such as in testing for

Anthrax.

(3) Uses bronchography, mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging equipment.

Reviews results for clarity.

(4) Administers controlled ventilation, and adjusts delivery after assessing respiratory status

of patients.

(5) Performs procedures to control and maintain artificial airways by such methods as

tracheal intubations and extubations, tracheal lavage, and tracheotomy.

(6) Constructs fixed or removable partial dentures or complete dentures. Fabricates

orthodontic appliances, dental splints and obturators.

950 Points

Knowledge of specific medical hospital,

dental, or allied health principles and

practices, as well as skill in using specialized

techniques and equipment.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan,

coordinate and carry out precedent procedures.

(1) Carries out treatment for severely disabled patients such as physical therapy for

tubercular patients, chest-surgery patients, and neuro/psychiatric patients.

(2) Fabricates a variety of nuclear medicine implants for inoperable tumors and as

alternatives to radical cancer treatments.

(3) Works with pharmaceutical researchers by infecting laboratory animals, subsequently

obtaining material from them, and using the material to test new processes to develop

vaccines and serums to prevent or treat diseases.
Knowledge—Medical, Hospital, Dental, Public Health, and

Veterinary Technician 43

Covered SOC Codes 

292011 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists 311011 Home Health Aides

292012 Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians 311013 Psychiatric Aides

292021 Dental Hygienists 311014 Nursing Assistants

292031 Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians 311015 Orderlies

292032 Diagnostic Medical Sonographers 312011 Occupational Therapy Assistants

292033 Nuclear Medicine Technologists 312012 Occupational Therapy Aides

292034 Radiologic Technologists and Technicians 312021 Physical Therapist Assistants

292035 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists 312022 Physical Therapist Aides

292051 Dietetic Technicians

292052 Pharmacy Technicians 319011 Massage Therapists

292053 Psychiatric Technicians 319091 Dental Assistants

292054 Respiratory Therapy Technicians 319092 Medical Assistants

292055 Surgical Technologists 319093 Medical Equipment Preparers

292056 Veterinary Technologists and Technicians 319095 Pharmacy Aides

292057 Ophthalmic Medical Technicians 319096 Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers

292061 Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses 319097 Phlebotomists

292081 Opticians, Dispensing 319099 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other

292091 Orthotists and Prosthetists 319011 Massage Therapists

292092 Hearing Aid Specialists 319091 Dental Assistants

292099 Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other 319092 Medical Assistants

299091 Athletic Trainers 319093 Medical Equipment Preparers

319099 Healthcare Support Workers, All Other

394011 Embalmers

394031 Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors

399021 Personal Care Aides

519081 Dental Laboratory Technicians

519082 Medical Appliance Technicians

519083 Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians
Knowledge—Protective Service 44

Knowledge Guide for Protective Service Jobs 

50 Points

Knowledge of simple, repetitive guard or

police tasks that follow step-by-step

procedures that require little or no previous

training.

Knowledge permits the employee to perform

simple tasks, assist experienced coworkers, or

gain knowledge and skill needed to take on

more difficult assignments.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Guards building entrances to prevent access by people without proper identification.

(2) Directs rush-hour traffic.

(3) Issues parking and jaywalking tickets.

200 Points

Knowledge of general principles and methods

applicable to basic guard, police, and

firefighting/first aid work.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

recurring assignments consisting of several

straightforward tasks, including those that may

require the use of simple equipment, force,

and/or restraining devices.

(1) Patrols buildings and/ or grounds to prevent theft or damage. Controls access or egress

by identifying individuals and inspects/scans items to detect prohibited objects or material.

(2) Detains, arrests, and/or issues citations to drivers for moving violations. Testifies in

court as necessary.

(3) Responds to urgent phone requests for assistance at accidents, crime scenes, and other

emergencies by dispatching fire, police, and/or ambulance units.

(4) Uses and maintains firefighting hand-tools (e.g., fire axes, hoses, ladders, and portable

fire extinguishers). Assists fully trained coworkers in extinguishing structural and brush

fires. Moves or carries people away from fire sites. Gives basic first aid (e.g., cleans

wounds, applies antiseptic and bandages, and obtains additional medical help as needed).

350 Points

Knowledge of a variety of standard principles

(e.g., laws, rights, combustion principles) and

procedures related to guard, police or firefighting/prevention work.

Knowledge permits the employee to perform

several types of duties using well-established

procedures and equipment or weapons

common to the occupation.

(1) Guards and controls access to restricted areas with high potential for breach of national

security or danger to public safety/ health.

(2) Apprehends/arrests those fleeing a crime scene, subdues individuals causing

disturbances and turns over information/ evidence to detectives.

(3) Controls and extinguishes structural and wild fires, operates hose lines, and makes

forced entries to combat structural fires.

(4) Gives first aid for minor burns, cuts, and/or sprains; takes vital signs, and performs

cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in connection with fires, auto accidents, swimming

or skiing mishaps, and/or other similar incidents.

550 Points

Knowledge of an extensive body of techniques

and procedures associated with clear-cut

objectives and/or common problems

encountered in police, firefighting/prevention,

or correctional officer work.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

a wide variety of interrelated tasks and

recurring assignments. (Note: No security

guard work exists at this level. This is the

entry-level for correctional officer work in

federal jobs.)

(1) Conducts short-term investigations (e.g., up to several weeks) to detect and apprehend

individuals involved in crimes, assaults, thefts, and drugs.

(2) Fights fires and carries out crash/rescue activities at a major airport handling large

aircraft or located in a metropolitan area.

(3) Serves as a fire crew chief, operates a fire crash-rescue truck or pumper truck, or trains

others in their operation.

(4) Administers CPR and automatic external defibrillator as an EMT controls external

bleeding, applies splints, and assists victims in taking prescribed medication such as

nitroglycerin. Does not administer intravenous (IV) fluids.

(5) Reviews fire prevention methods and suppression systems at shops, offices, warehouses,

and new construction to advise owners/builders on alternatives to prevent/control fire and

store/use flammables.

(6) Receives training in controlling incidents such as fights among inmates, assaults on

prison staff, and riots as a trainee correctional officer. Participates in hunts for escapees.
Knowledge—Protective Service 45

750 Points

Knowledge of the technical and practical

processes, methods, and systems pertaining to

the specialized work of police officers,

firefighters, inspectors, emergency medical

technicians (EMTs), or correctional officers.

Knowledge permits the employee to schedule

and carry out the steps in an operation, or to

complete important stages of a multiphase

project.

(1) Participates in investigations under the direction of a trained investigator in cases that

require many hours of support work, involve felonies or outside jurisdictions, relate to large

monetary values, and extend over several months or longer.

(2) Controls and combats fires and/or rescues personnel where conditions create extremely

difficult and dangerous situations such as hazardous material (hazmat) incidences.

(3) Administers and interprets electro-cardiograms (EKGs) and certain medications in

accord with protocols as an EMT. Does administer intravenous (IV) fluids.

(4) Monitors and corrects deficiencies in a variety of fixed fire protection systems to

include those that are complex and designed for customized uses (e.g., jet fuel farms,

flourmills, or aircraft). Recommends changes and additions to improve fire prevention and

fire protection.

950 Points

Thorough knowledge of, and skill in using,

specialized principles and methods, such as

those used by paramedics, correctional

officers, or hostage negotiators, gained

through stringent formalized training.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan,

coordinate, and carry out precedented projects

and/or actions.

(1) Applies practical skills and methods to supplement prison counseling and rehabilitation

programs in group counseling, interviewing, reality therapy, inter-personal relationships,

etc.

(2) Plans and carries out institution adjustment programs for newly arrived inmates (e.g.,

admission and orientation programs; rules familiarization; and mail, phone, and visiting

procedures). Develops and hosts pre-release programs for offenders about to be discharged

and re-integrated into the community.

(3) Performs invasive life-saving measures such as tracheotomies and airway intubations as

a Paramedic; uses stomach pumps; and conducts manual external defibrillations.

(4) Participates as a member of Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams as a hostage

negotiator. Uses nonlethal techniques, such as pressure-point incapacitation and

psychological stratagems that require special training and understanding of the implications

of delicate situations.

Covered SOC Codes 

292041 Emergency Medical Technicians and

Paramedics

333052 Transit and Railroad Police

331011 First-Line Supervisors of Correctional

Officers

339011 Animal Control Workers

331012 First-Line Supervisors of Police and

Detectives

339021 Private Detectives and Investigators

331021 First-Line Supervisors of Fire Fighting

and Prevention Workers

339031 Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming

Investigators

331099 First-Line Supervisors, Protective Service

Workers, All Other

339032 Security Guards

332011 Firefighters 339093 Transportation Security Screeners

333011 Bailiffs 339091 Crossing Guards

333012 Correctional Officers and Jailers 339092 Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational

Protective Service Workers

333031 Fish and Game Wardens 339099 Protective Service Workers, All Other

333041 Parking Enforcement Workers 435031 Police, Fire, and Ambulance Dispatchers

333051 Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers
Knowledge—Investigation, Inspection, and Compliance 46

Knowledge Guide for Investigation, Inspection, and Compliance Jobs 

750 Points

Entry-level knowledge of investigation,

inspection, or compliance principles and

methods; basic laws and regulations, and

related equipment (e.g., scanning devices and

weapons).

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out

routine procedures and undemanding

assignments while gaining familiarity with the

practices and objectives of the employing

establishment.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Visits establishments serving alcoholic beverages to review licenses and permits;

observes procedures to screen for underage customers, and verifies appropriate hours of

operation.

(2) Gathers, organizes, and reports straightforward, factual information regarding assaults

and robberies. Interviews complainants and witnesses. Takes sworn statements. Learns to

identify possible organized efforts to commit and conceal criminal activities.

(3) Drafts arrest warrants. Arrests individuals implicated in crimes. Learns to

collect/preserve evidence and present courtroom testimony.

(4) Inspects parcels, backpacks, and handbags, and scans individuals entering public

buildings (e.g., court houses and jails) to detect and confiscate prohibited or suspect items.

Questions and detains individuals as necessary. Develops skills to advance to more

demanding duties.

950 Points

Knowledge of investigation, inspection, or

compliance principles and methods; applicable

laws, regulations, and court decisions; goals of

the employing establishment; and (for

financial specialties) business and accounting

practices.

Knowledge permits the employee to select and

apply established methods to plan and conduct

inquiries into complaints, analyze information,

document violations, justify subsequent

action, and present cases.

(1) Investigates allegations of food stamp abuses based on tips and leads from supermarket

personnel, shoppers, family members, and/or arising anonymously. Investigates allegations

by questioning informants, reviewing sales slips, and observing transactions. Prepares

reports recommending discontinuation of benefits as appropriate.

(2) Inspects commercial hemoglobin and blood plasma donor and storage procedures,

facilities, records, and screening methods. Certifies that operations comply with laws and

regulations.

(3) Cross-references the financial/tax records of social security benefit recipients to identify

indications of noncompliance/fraud. Contacts recipients to clarify situations. Refers cases to

officials in cases where the need for further investigation is indicated.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of investigation,

inspection, or compliance principles and

methods relevant to a specialty area, as well as

relevant laws, regulations, precedents, case

law, and legal procedures.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan and

conduct work; interpret case law; devise new

approaches to fact-finding and analyses; and

complete sustained assignments where

conditions, problems, and individuals vary

considerably.

(1) Examines homicide crime scenes. Interrogates uncooperative witnesses and suspects,

ensuring compliance with legal procedures. Provides case records, testimony, and technical

support in connection with prosecution of cases.

(2) Coordinates multi-jurisdictional investigations with federal officials on behalf of state 

bank examining operations.

(3) Inspects private pilot training schools for compliance with security and safety

requirements. Determines corrective actions required. Gathers data and immediately alerts

law enforcement officials to indication of serious infractions.

(4) Customizes and devises a variety of inspection and evaluation techniques to gather and

analyze safety and maintenance plans and procedures in industrial and manufacturing

environments. Ensures that state occupational health and safety regulations are employed.

Explains laws/regulations and needed corrective action to management. Recommends

prosecution and/or punitive damages as appropriate.

(5) Assesses computer security for corporations and government entities by evaluating

physical security and using software packages to assess vulnerability. Recommends

corrective action to secure information systems and communications hardware. May advise

further evaluation by information technology.
Knowledge—Investigation, Inspection, and Compliance 47

1550 Points

Mastery of the theories, concepts, principles,

and advanced methods of a specialty area of

investigation, inspection, or regulatory

compliance to include related laws, case law

decisions, and their implications.

Knowledge permits the employee to recognize

carefully concealed illegal activities and

systemic problems; provide authoritative

advice; plan and lead long-term or multijurisdictional operations; and contribute to

new interpretation of law, new case law

decision, or the development/ modification of

policies or programs.

(1) Plans and leads a team of arson investigators in cases where the origins and cause of

fires are obscure; evidence is sparse, pains have been taken to obliterate detection, and

financial considerations are substantial.

(2) Establishes and updates procedures and determines the technology used by an

international air carrier to comply with laws, regulations, and legal decisions, while

ensuring the safety of passengers and crew. Gives expert testimony regarding airline

liability in the event of accidents.

(3) Examines the policies, procedures, and investment holdings of major accounting/

auditing firms to ensure reliability, competence and objectivity. Recommends new and/or

modified policies and/or procedures to foster public confidence and satisfy government

regulations.

(4) Develops state inspection procedures for mining activities to include guide-lines for

investigating accidents, citing infractions, responding to tort claims, levying fines, and

pursuing litigation.

(5) Advises railway executives of safety and security requirements by translating laws and

regulations into operating guidelines. Oversees operating and baggage handling activities,

personnel background investigations and drug tests. Introduces new and modified

procedures. Proposes the use of advanced technology to enhance security. Leads accident

investigation teams. Gives testimony regarding railway accidents.

 

Covered SOC Codes 

131041 Compliance Officers 333021 Detectives and Criminal Investigators

132061 Financial Examiners 536051 Transportation Inspectors

332021 Fire Inspectors and Investigators
Knowledge—Service 48

Knowledge Guide for Service Jobs 

50 Points

Knowledge of simple, routine, or repetitive tasks

which typically includes following step-by-step

instructions and requires little or no knowledge of

the product.

OR

Skill to operate simple equipment or equipment

which operates repetitively, requiring little or no

previous training or experience typically in the food,

health, or janitorial sectors.

Examples of How knowledge is used

(1) Janitor mops and sweeps floors. Includes the use of lightweight hand or powered

cleaning equipment.

(2) Dishwasher runs a commercial dishwasher, stacks and delivers plates and

silverware to work stations.

(3) Ticket Taker in a movie theater removes ticket stub and directs people to correct

theater.

200 Points

Knowledge of basic or commonly-used rules,

procedures, or equipment which typically requires

some previous training or experience.

(1) Food Service Worker chops and blanches vegetables under direction of a Sous

Chef. Prepares simple salads and toast. Makes coffee, tea, and other beverages.

(2) Floor Buffer polishes floors of different surfaces needing different buffers and

waxes. Uses heavy industrial type power operated equipment.

(3) Production Sanitation Worker disassembles, cleans, and sanitizes the production

equipment, and prepares it for inspection in the morning prior to general operations

start up.

350 Points

Knowledge of a body of standardized, goods,

services, tools, or equipment for use or sale, and

knowledge of the standard policies, procedures,

and/or markets, requiring considerable training and

experience to perform the full range of standard

assignments and resolve recurring problems.

(1) Bar Manager (Nonsupervisory); helps makes both alcoholic and nonalcoholic 

drinks, re-stocks and orders liquors for bar, and reconciles the cash register at the end

of the day. Makes sure the bar is maintained in a presentable and sanitary condition.

Makes out work schedules for bartenders.

(2) Pest Control Worker knows and complies with federal/state/local laws and

regulation for the safe use hazard chemicals and application of same. Requires

general knowledge of pest species and the ability to locate and recognize them.

550 Points

Knowledge of an extensive body of products,

services, tools, equipment, and methods in a field.

Knowledge of standard policies, procedures, and the

markets requiring extended training and experience

to perform tasks that involve specialized

requirements or events or modifications.

OR

Comprehensive knowledge of a service skill, usually

acquired through a formal apprenticeship.

(1) Chef (Senior Cook) plans and prepares menus, estimates food needs, either

following or developing/modifying recipes. Leads and directs lower level kitchen

workers. (Some chefs with lesser knowledge might start at lower knowledge level.)

(2) Licensed Barbers and Beauticians use comprehensive knowledge to style, cut,

shampoo, bleach, dye, and perm hair. Beauticians also can condition and beautify the

skin and nails of customers.

(3) Building Superintendent hires and supervises maintenance staff, schedules

repairs, purchases needed materials and supplies, and tracks small maintenance

budget.

(4) Pit Boss supervises gaming operations and dealers, assigns dealers to shifts and

tables, explains house rules and resolves complaints.

750 Points

In addition to the practical knowledge of standard

procedures in 550 point level, Knowledge of the

technical and practical processes, methods, and

systems pertaining to the specialized work of the

field.

OR

Advanced knowledge of a service skill to solve

unusually complex problems.

(1) Chef controls the operation of the restaurant kitchen, including determining

special or seasonal menu items, streamlining workflow, selecting suppliers and

directing cleaning of equipment. Analyzes recipes to determine the food and labor

costs for menu pricing. Determines inventory levels, orders supplies, and assesses

content and quality of perishable deliveries.

(2) Pest Control specialist formulates or modifies extermination solutions and applies

them in extremely hazardous or enclosed situations. Requires extensive knowledge of

pest species and the ability to locate and recognize them.
Knowledge—Service 49

950 Points

Knowledge of the principles, concepts, and

methodology of a service field gained through job

experience and formalized training.

Executive Chef covers the full range of supervisory, purchasing, personnel, and

planning for a large kitchen or restaurant.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of concepts, principles,

and practices in a field.

OR

A comprehensive, intensive, practical knowledge of

a field and skill in applying this knowledge to the

development of new methods, approaches, or

procedures to tailor the product or service to the

customers needs.

Some Executive Chefs match at this level.
Knowledge—Service 50

Covered SOC Codes 

351011 Chefs and Head Cooks 391012 Slot Key Persons

351012 First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation

and Serving Workers

391021 First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service

Workers

352011 Cooks, Fast Food 392011 Animal Trainers

352012 Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria 392021 Nonfarm Animal Caretakers

352013 Cooks, Private Household 393011 Gaming Dealers

352014 Cooks, Restaurant 393012 Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners

352015 Cooks, Short Order 393019 Gaming Service Workers, All Other

352019 Cooks, All Other 393021 Motion Picture Projectionists

352021 Food Preparation Workers 393031 Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers

353011 Bartenders 393091 Amusement and Recreation Attendants

353021 Combined Food Preparation and Serving

Workers, Including Fast Food

393092 Costume Attendants

353022 Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food

Concession, and Coffee Shop

393093 Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room

Attendants

353031 Waiters and Waitresses 393099 Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, All

Other

353041 Food Servers, Nonrestaurant 394021 Funeral Attendants

359011 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and

Bartender Helpers

395011 Barbers

359021 Dishwashers 395012 Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists

359031 Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and

Coffee Shop

395091 Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance

359099 Food Preparation and Serving Related

Workers, All Other

395092 Manicurists and Pedicurists

371011 First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and

Janitorial Workers

395093 Shampooers

371012 First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping,

Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping

Workers

395094 Skincare Specialists

372011 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and

Housekeeping Cleaners

396011 Baggage Porters and Bellhops

372012 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners 396012 Concierges

372019 Building Cleaning Workers, All Other 399011 Childcare Workers

372021 Pest Control Workers 399031 Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors

373011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers 399032 Recreation Workers

373012 Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators,

Vegetation

399099 Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other

373013 Tree Trimmers and Pruners 532031 Flight Attendants

373019 Grounds Maintenance Workers, All Other 536061 Transportation Attendants, Except Flight

Attendants

391011 Gaming Supervisor
Knowledge—Sales 51

Knowledge Guide for Sales Jobs 

50 Points

Knowledge of simple, routine, or repetitive sales tasks which

typically includes following step-by-step instructions and requires

little or no knowledge of the product;

OR

Skill to operate simple equipment or equipment which operates

repetitively, requiring little or no previous training or experience.

Examples of How knowledge is used

(1) Demonstrates a simple product and responds to basic questions

using scripted answers.

(2) Distributes free samples or coupons.

200 Points

Knowledge of basic or commonly-used rules, procedures, or

equipment which typically requires some previous training or

experience.

(1) Pulls customer order from stock, operates a cash register, and

checks prices of items to determine if displayed price is correct.

(2) Distinguishes between similar items, suggests substitute items, and

explains prices or discounts for a variety of common items offered for

sale in a public setting.

350 Points

Knowledge of a body of standardized, goods, services, tools, or

equipment offered for sale, and knowledge of the standard sales

policies, procedures, and markets, requiring considerable training

and experience to perform the full range of standard assignments and

resolve recurring problems.

(1) Develops new customers and expands existing accounts for

newspaper advertising, preprinted inserts, and special publications by

identifying key customers, making presentations, and negotiating new

contracts.

(2) Prepares simple bids where there may be price differences based on

quantities, multiple product lines, or established contracts.

(3) Schedules, trains, and supervises telemarketers who are selling

multiple products; handles customer complaints and other referred

calls.

550 Points

Knowledge of an extensive body of products or services and

knowledge of standard sales policies, procedures, and the markets

that require extended training and experience to increase market

penetration and perform sales involving specialized requirements or

modifications, unique price or product characteristics.

(1) Sells payroll and HR administration services and software that can

be customized to meet the specific client needs, including specialized

reports, system modifications, online options, and tax payment

services. Differentiates the critical components from competitors’

products.

(2) Develops and services a client base for ongoing sales of several

lines of office furniture systems, including different client

configurations, materials, and pricing discounts.

750 Points

In addition to the practical knowledge of standard procedures in 550-

point level, must have extensive knowledge of the industry or

knowledge of a professional field, which may require a license.

(1) Represents a line of pharmaceuticals to doctors, advising on the

efficacy of the product as compared to similar products on the market.

(2) Sets up an insurance package from a variety of coverage options

and policies for a business to cover employees’ health and disability

claims.

950 Points

Knowledge of the principles, concepts, and methodology of a

professional field as described at 750-point level which has been

either:

(a) Supplemented by skill gained through job experience to permit

independent performance of complex sales;

OR

(b) Supplemented by extended study of the federal, state, and

industry regulations governing sales of the product.

(1) Completes sales using knowledge of the manufacturing industry and

engineering principles to show how an industrial furnace could be

designed and installed to meet the client-specific problems and

applications.

(2) Devises a financial portfolio for a client that includes securities, life

insurance, bonds, mutual funds, CDs and other investments.
Knowledge—Sales 52

1250 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of concepts, principles, and practices in a

professional field,

OR

A comprehensive, intensive, practical knowledge of a technical field

and skill in applying this knowledge to the development of new

methods, approaches, or procedures to tailor the product line to the

customers’ needs.

(1) Develops and manages a complex sales contract which involves a

variety of product lines and services as well as including interior

construction, space design, and materials selection, prepares bid

proposals, site evaluations, and installation plans.

(2) Handles the sale of a new issue of corporate securities, specializing

in institutional investing.

Covered SOC Codes 

411011 First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales

Workers

414012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and

Manufacturing, Except Technical and

Scientific Products

411012 First-Line Supervisors of NonNonRetail Sales Workers419011 Demonstrators and Product Promoters

412022 Parts Salespersons 419021 Real Estate Brokers

412031 Retail Salespersons 419022 Real Estate Sales Agents

413011 Advertising Sales Agents 419031 Sales Engineers

413021 Insurance Sales Agents 419041 Telemarketers

413031 Securities, Commodities, and Financial

Services Sales Agents

419091 Door To Door Sales Workers, News and

Street Vendors, and Related Workers

413099 Sales Representatives, Services, All Other 419099 Sales and Related Workers, All Other

414011 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and

Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific

Products

414012 Sales Representatives, Wholesale and

Manufacturing, Except Technical and

Scientific Products

419011 Demonstrators and Product Promoters
Knowledge—Office and Administrative Support 53

Knowledge Guide for Office and Administrative Support Jobs 

50 Points

Simple clerical work requiring little or no work related

knowledge or experience.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Stuffs envelopes.

(2) Sorts distinctive documents into a few predetermined groups.

(3) Shreds assigned material and documents.

(4) Delivers mail to designated rooms by room number.

(5) Answers the telephone using scripted responses and takes short messages.

(6) Date-stamps incoming and/or outgoing mail.

(7) Makes copies using duplicating machines with few features.

200 Points

Knowledge of and skill in general office work in order to

carry out repetitive clerical tasks.

(1) Receives and routes mail to many different people and functions.

(2) Sets up and uses an alphabetic filing system.

(3) Delivers packages to local addresses on foot or by vehicle.

(4) Selects proper format and applies keyboard skills to prepare simple forms

and letters.

(5) Refers phone calls and visitors to multiple staff members and departments.

(6) Takes telephone orders for catalog goods. Tells customer total cost and

delivery date. Records credit card information in computer or on standard form.

(7) Processes bank withdrawals, (e.g., cashes checks, and issues money orders).

350 Points

Knowledge of one or a few types of clerical work

common to many different establishments (e.g.,

knowledge of practices, standard terminology, and

methods to support an office or administrative function).

(1) Enters, maintains, and retrieves data using one or more complex automated

systems.

(2) Maintains a computer tape/media library. Follows basic procedures for

backing up computerized files. Assigns, activates, and retires personal access

codes of computer users. Runs recurring system operating reports.

(3) Carries out basic secretarial functions such as making travel arrangements,

preparing correspondence, reminding the supervisor and staff of impending due

dates.

(4) Records telephone messages pertaining to detailed medical laboratory

reports, x-rays, and test results, referring urgent messages to the appropriate

professional staff for immediate attention.

(5) Explains job application procedures, requirements, and forms to prospective

applicants.

(6) Prepares bank deposits, ensuring negotiability of items by verifying date,

endorsement, signature, and agreement of figures.

(7) Verifies availability of funds and obligates dollar amounts against multiple

cost-center and project codes such as those associated with dozens of

engineering service contracts.

(8) Maintains accounts receivable ledgers.

(9) Processes payroll deductions and requests for allotment changes, ensuring

that deductions, e.g., union dues, court-ordered garnishments, mortgage

payments, 401(k) contributions, and stock purchases, are authorized. Prepares

paychecks.

(10) Codes unallowable tax deductions.

(11) Finalizes letters, charts, and reports using commercial off-the-shelf

software.
Knowledge—Office and Administrative Support 54

550 Points

Knowledge of an extensive body of rules and/or laws,

precedents, and procedures applicable to administrative

support work, along with knowledge of the employing

establishment’s structure, goals, and specialized

terminology.

(1) Authorizes payment of minor property/casualty insurance claims requiring

minimal adjustments.

(2) Drafts workers’ compensation claims instructions.

(3) Certifies purchase order and travel voucher payments that comply with a

wide range of requirements and limitations.

(4) Applies standard interviewing or surveying techniques to collect marketing

information and identify trends and patterns.

(5) Completes numerous complex forms, selecting and applying a wide array of

eligibility, entitlement, billing, or other computational formulas.

(6) Ensures that medical records contain appropriate documentation to support

principal diagnoses, procedures, and associated complications. Ensures security

and thoroughness of medical records.

(7) Applies many varied steps and procedures to assemble and maintain

procurement files related to costly services, construction, or specialized supplies.

(8) Works with applicants to develop and resolve applications for benefits

containing insufficient evidence.

(9) Answers basic questions concerning procedures and requirements pertaining

to legal or social services.

750 Points

Thorough knowledge of an extensive body of rules

and/or laws, administrative methods, precedents, along

with detailed knowledge of the establishment’s

operations, structure, and procedures.

(1) Recommends the use or rejection of new office software products,

techniques, and procedures.

(2) Improves administrative procedures and instructions for an establishment’s

principal functions (e.g., recording and expediting orders and deliveries,

redesigning invoice forms, and streamlining billing processes).

(3) Resolves taxpayers’ questions and concerns regarding tax delinquency and

liens.

(4) Explains complicated employee benefits issues such as health and life

insurance benefit conversions, spousal retirement annuity obligations, and

related calculations.

(5) Makes decisions regarding the reimbursement of medical expenses rendered

in the treatment of injuries as the result of negligent acts by third parties.

(6) Prepares applications and amendments for registration of stockbroker-dealers

to ensure that information is complete and that conflicts and discrepancies are

eliminated prior to submission.

(7) Performs secretarial and administrative assignments that include using many

software packages to produce sophisticated reports, presentations, financial

spreadsheets, and legal documents.
Knowledge—Office and Administrative Support 55

Covered SOC Codes 

232091 Court Reporters 434131 Loan Interviewers and Clerks

292071 Medical Records and Health Information

Technicians

434141 New Accounts Clerks

319094 Medical Transcriptionists 434151 Order Clerks

391012 Slot Key Persons 434161 Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and

Timekeeping

412011 Cashiers 434171 Receptionists and Information Clerks

412012 Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers 434199 Information and Record Clerks, All Other

431011 First-Line Supervisors of Office and

Administrative Support Workers

435021 Couriers and Messengers

432011 Switchboard Operators, Including Answering

Service

435032 Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance

432021 Telephone Operators 435041 Meter Readers, Utilities

432099 Communications Equipment Operators, All

Other

435061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks

433011 Bill and Account Collectors 435081 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers

433021 Billing and Posting Clerks 435111 Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers,

Recordkeeping

433031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing

Clerks

436011 Executive Secretaries and Executive

Administrative Assistants

433041 Gaming Cage Workers 436012 Legal Secretaries

433051 Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks 436013 Medical Secretaries

433061 Procurement Clerks 436014 Secretaries and Administrative Assistants,

Except Legal, Medical, and Executive

433071 Tellers 439011 Computer Operators

433099 Financial Clerks, All Other 439021 Data Entry Keyers

434011 Brokerage Clerks 439022 Word Processors and Typists

434021 Correspondence Clerks 439031 Desktop Publishers

434031 Court, Municipal, and License Clerks 439041 Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks

434041 Credit Authorizers, Checkers, and Clerks 439051 Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except

Postal Service

434051 Customer Service Representatives 439061 Office Clerks, General

434061 Eligibility Interviewers, Government

Programs

439071 Office Machine Operators, Except Computer

434071 File Clerks 439081 Proofreaders and Copy Markers

434081 Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks 439199 Office and Administrative Support Workers, All

Other

434111 Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan

 
Knowledge—Miscellaneous Technician 56

Knowledge Guide for Miscellaneous Technician Jobs 

200 Points

Basic knowledge of a few commonly used

library/archival, mathematical/statistical, transportation,

or law enforcement processes.

Knowledge permits the employee to operate equipment

and carry out a variety of repetitive tasks.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Verifies eligibility and issues library cards. Explains library policies. Checks

material in and out of library.

(2) Moves blocks of archived records from one area to another. Shelves records

in accordance with approved plans. Retrieves and returns items as requested,

ensuring proper order.

(3) Makes computations using a short series of arithmetic/algebraic operations in

accordance with instructions.

(4) Prepares rental car agreements; explains rates, applies discounts; checks for

valid driver’s licenses and credit cards; and authorizes use of cars.

(5) Assigns law enforcement case numbers and enters information in databases

as it is acquired.

350 Points

Knowledge of a body of standard methods of

library/archival, mathematical/statistical, transportation,

or law enforcement work.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete a set of

recurring processes to fulfill a technical function, deal

with a sequence of computations, or apply a few specific

transportation or law enforcement regulations and

guides.

(1) Accessions library periodicals (e.g., magazines, newspapers, journals,

Congressional Records). Updates catalog entries. Verifies deliveries and follows

up as necessary. Prepares completed volumes for binding, microfiche, or

electronic retention.

(2) Books reservations for accommodations and transportation for travelers.

Advises them on passport, visa, and immunizations needed. Informs travelers of

necessary precautions, as well as special events and/or points of particular

interest.

(3) Archives personal papers, scores, and librettos, of composers in accordance

with instructions.

(4) Uses a few types of mathematical or statistical methods to translate

information from source documents to charts and graphs.

(5) Takes reservations for packing and moving services for homes and

businesses. Explains insurance and liability provisions, rates, credit policies,

schedules, regulatory restrictions, and warehousing/delivery options.

550 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of procedures and

requirements associated with a functional or technical

area of library/ archival, mathematics/statistics,

transportation, or law enforcement work.

Knowledge permits the employee to carry out a variety

of interrelated tasks and recurring assignments relating

to one or more major functions or specialty areas.

(1) Completes intensive multi-library system searches for unusual material

available for interlibrary loans. Arranges for shipment and return of material.

Monitors records for overdue items exchanged under interlibrary loan

agreements and takes follow up action as needed.

(2) Inspects motion picture and still photography archives for damaged items

and initiates restorative procedures and/or duplication.

(3) Processes statistical information and maintains marketing databases for a

national manufacturer. Computes and combines weighted data using statistical

measures. Resolves minor discrepancies. Provides data in the prescribed form

(e.g., tables, charts, graphs) for use by others.

(4) Compiles information on tariffs, tariff routings, suitability of specified

routes, availability of terminal facilities, and carrier data nation wide.

(5) Makes arrangements for telephone services, vehicles, bank accounts, and

fake identification to support undercover operatives. Helps build case files by

maintaining and safeguarding information, and preserving chain-of-evidence.
Knowledge—Miscellaneous Technician 57

750 Points

Knowledge of the detailed processes, and methods, as

well as practical knowledge of a specific

technical/regulatory area, of library/archival,

mathematics/statistics, transportation, or law

enforcement work.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan personal work

and complete all phases of a function or process.

(1) Carries out preliminary cataloging for a large theological university’s

philosophy and religion library. Proposes catalog entries for titles, authors,

subjects, edition data, and call numbers.

(2) Prepares archival cross-references and develops finding aids for a sizable

business of long standing, such as an international insurance corporation or

auction house.

(3) Applies standardized mathematical formulae, statistical software packages,

and methods to determine materials and scheduling requirements for an

engineering and architectural firm.

(4) Plans and implements loading schemes for multi-engine aircraft carrying

express mail. Computes the distribution of weight and balance of cargo. Ensures

that loading is accomplished according to plans and required procedures.

Verifies that cargo is safely stowed and anchored. Performs preflight checks of

cargo doors, ramps, and hatches.

950 Points

Knowledge of the full array of methods and a few of the

underlying principles associated with a functional

specialty of library/ archival, mathematics/statistics,

transportation, or law enforcement work.

Knowledge permits the employee to plan, coordinate,

and/or implement new and modified procedures,

improve methods, and accommodate unexpected

conditions or factors.

(1) Implements the archival/retrieval process for the historical records of an ebusiness. Establishes the tagging procedures for assets and products by

developing keyword finding aids. Suggests criteria for disposing of or recycling

aging material and establishes related schedules.

(2) Works with scientists to design/select statistical programs to study such

phenomena as the demographics, influences, and changes in populations of flora

and fauna. Adapts data retrieval software parameters to track and report

changes, ensuring that analytical results are sound.

Covered SOC Codes 

152091 Mathematical Technicians 412021 Counter and Rental Clerks

194061 Social Science Research Assistants 413041 Travel Agents

254013 Museum Technicians and Conservators 434121 Library Assistants, Clerical

254031 Library Technicians 434181 Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and

Travel Clerks

259041 Teacher Assistants 435011 Cargo and Freight Agents

259099 Education, Training, and Library Workers, All

Other

435071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks

397011 Tour Guides and Escorts 439111 Statistical Assistants

397012 Travel Guides
Knowledge—Blue Collar 58

Knowledge Guide for Blue Collar Jobs 

50 Points

Knowledge of simple, routine, repetitive tasks or operations which typically

include following step-by-step instructions and require little or no previous

training or experience;

OR

Skill to use common hand tools, set up and operate simple power tools, machines,

or equipment, typically to perform repetitive and routine tasks which require little

or no previous training or experience;

OR

Skill to perform manual tasks that are routine and repetitive, such as sweeping,

cleaning, sorting, stacking, moving, loading, digging, lubricating, and similar tasks

which may be physically demanding, but require little or no previous training or

experience.

Examples of How knowledge is used

Use simple hand tools to perform simple or rough tasks

where dexterity or pace not important. Operate simple

on/off switches, valves, or lever controls. Handle

ordinary material manually. May operate motor vehicle

where no other skill training is required.

Knowledge key: Unskilled—little or no experience or

training required.

200 Points

Knowledge of basic or commonly-used shop rules, measurement or calibration

techniques, tools, methods, procedures, or operations which typically requires

some previous training or experience;

OR

Basic skills to set-up, operate, or maintain machinery or equipment requiring some

previous training or experience.

Operate variable controls, such as rheostats and levers to

control movement of machines or material through

equipment where monitoring and adjustment is required.

Operate medium or heavy trucks, forklifts, or similar.

Knowledge key: Unskilled—some training and/or

experience required.

350 Points

Knowledge of a body of standardized rules, materials, processes, procedures,

operations, and tools necessary to fabricate, install, repair, maintain, calibrate, setup, adjust or operate products, equipment, machinery, physical systems, or

devices, requiring considerable training and experience to perform the full range of

standard assignments and resolve recurring problems.

Use several hand or trade tools on assembly work.

Adjust equipment or machinery where close tolerances

are required. Perform manual tasks such as positioning

and assembling where pace, dexterity, and accuracy is

critical to continuous operation. Operate tractor-trailers.

Knowledge key: Semi-skilled—Requires combined

training and experience for a minimum of 6-12 months.

550 Points

Knowledge of an extensive body of standard rules, procedures, processes,

operations, tools, machinery, and equipment, beyond that described for 350- point

level, requiring extended training and experience to perform a wide variety of

interrelated or nonstandard tasks and resolve a wide range of problems;

OR

Practical knowledge of standard procedures, requiring extended training or

experience, to perform such work as: adapting equipment when this requires

considering the functioning characteristics of equipment; reasoning through

problems involving set-up and operation of moderately complex equipment,

diagnostics, repair and maintenance of such equipment, or fabrication and

production processes involving multiple sequential operations;

OR

Comprehensive knowledge of a skilled trade usually acquired through a formal

apprenticeship.

Set up and operate machine tools or fabrication

processes requiring a variety of adjustments. Ability to

perform general repairs of mechanical or electrical

equipment. Certified proficiency in a recognized skilled

trade or similar occupation. Operate heavy material

moving or other heavy mobile equipment.

Knowledge key: Skilled—Completion of a formal

training program, such as an apprenticeship or

technical/vocational program, is required which also

typically includes 1-2 years of on-the-job training.
Knowledge—Blue Collar 59

750 Points

In addition to the practical knowledge of standard procedures at 550-point level,

practical knowledge of technical methods to perform assignments such as carrying

out limited projects which involve use of specialized tools, instruments, calibration

and measuring devices, machinery, or equipment, or involves complicated or

highly specialized techniques;

OR

Advanced knowledge of a skilled trade to solve unusually complex problems.

Use trade tools for a wide variety of difficult tasks

involving precision for close tolerances. Fabricate or

assemble miniature parts, perform precision instrument

repair and similar tasks where precise control and

delicate touch are required.

Knowledge key: Skilled—Recognized mastery of skill

or trade described for 550 points. Minimum 5 years

experience. Often leads team of experienced workers

that match knowledge at 550 points.

950 Points

Knowledge of the principles, concepts, and methodology of an occupation as

described at 750-point level which has been either: (a) supplemented by skill

gained through job experience to permit independent performance of nonstandard

assignments, or (b) supplemented by expanded professional or technical

knowledge gained through relevant specialized training or experience, which has

provided skill in carrying out assignments, operations, and procedures in the

occupation which are significantly more difficult and complex than those covered

by 750-point level.

OR

Practical knowledge of a wide range of technical methods, principles, and

practices similar to a narrow area of a professional field, and skill in applying this

knowledge to such assignments as the design and planning of difficult, but wellprecedented projects.

Fabricate highly specialized tools and dies or similar

specialized parts or equipment. Perform multiple

complex calibrations and measurements on specialized

and sensitive equipment that requires constant

monitoring. Lead operation of a complex production unit

that determines size, shape, or analysis of physical

properties. Plan complex work details and procedures to

obtain desired results.

Knowledge key: Specialist—Occupations typically

require specialized training and experience beyond that

described for 750 points. May have multiple

certifications.

Covered SOC Codes: Due to the number of occupations, the SOC coverage is listed at the minor group level except for 

new SOC 2010 occupations that are individual listed at the end of the table. [Broad occupational groups excluded are 

grayed out below and are classified elsewhere] 

451000 Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry

Workers

517000 Woodworkers

452000 Agricultural Workers 518000 Plant and System Operators

453000 Fishing and Hunting Workers 519000 Other Production Occupations

454000 Forest, Conservation, and Logging Workers 519080 Medical, Dental, and Ophthalmic Laboratory

Technicians

471000 Supervisors of Construction and Extraction

Workers

531000 Supervisors of Transportation and Material

Moving Workers

472000 Construction Trades Workers 533000 Motor Vehicle Operators

473000 Helpers, Construction Trades 534000 Rail Transportation Workers

474000 Other Construction and Related Workers 535000 Water Transportation Workers

474010 Construction and Building Inspectors 536000 Other Transportation Workers

475000 Extraction Workers 536050 Transportation Inspectors

491000 Supervisors of Installation, Maintenance, and

Repair Workers

537000 Material Moving Workers

492000 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Mechanics,

Installers, and Repairers

472231 Solar Photovoltaic Installers

493000 Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Mechanics,

Installers, and Repairers

499071 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General

499000 Other Installation, Maintenance, and Repair

Occupations

499081 Wind Turbine Service Technicians

511000 Supervisors of Production Workers 515111 Prepress Technicians and Workers

512000 Assemblers and Fabricators 513099 Food Processing Workers, All Other

513000 Food Processing Workers 515112 Printing Press Operators (part)

514000 Metal Workers and Plastic Workers 515113 Print Binding and Finishing Workers (part)

515000 Printing Workers 519151 Photographic Process Workers and Processing

Machine Operators

516000 Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings Workers
Knowledge—Pilots and Air Transportation 60

Knowledge Guide for Pilots and Air Transportation Jobs 

550 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of operations,

rules, and procedures related to flight operations

support, to address a variety of nonstandard

assignments and problems

.

Knowledge permits the employee to assist higher

level airfield operations specialists at moderate

size airfields or to oversee operations at small

airfields.

Examples of How Knowledge Is Used

(1) Supports airfield operations between air-traffic control and maintenance at small

airfields that serve private and other light aircraft, following established procedures for

airfield safety.

750 Points

Knowledge of air transport basic principles and

methodology and skill in applying this

knowledge to elementary assignments and

operations.

Knowledge permits the employee to learn the

various technical and operational aspects of their

job and to perform basic duties.

(1) Provides basic airport information and limited direction to pilots as an entry level air

traffic controller.

(2) Coordinates or directs coordination of airfield operations between air-traffic control

and maintenance to achieve airfield safety at small airfields.

(3) Instructs student pilots for private pilot certificates at civil aviation flight schools.

Requires a flight instructor rating.

950 Points

Knowledge of air transport or flight operations

principles and methodology, supplemented by

job or flight hour experience.

Knowledge permits the employee to complete

analytical assignments with the application of

well established principles and practices using

specialized techniques or equipment. These

assignments are significantly more difficult and

complex than the 750-point level.

(1) Operates an aircraft as captain (pilot-in-command) or first officer (second-incommand), where an aircraft type rating is not required. Flights are typically for

purposes such as charters, sightseeing, air ambulance, helicopter services, or corporate

shuttles.

(2) Monitors the operation of engines and the electrical, hydraulic, and fuel systems/

levels during flight, as a qualified flight engineer on multi-engine aircraft.

(3) Serves as chief pilot for civil aviation flight schools. Requires a flight instructor

rating.

(4) Instructs pilots for commercial certificates. Requires a flight instructor rating.

(5) Controls air traffic, on and around airports and in air, following established

procedures for flight safety, in the first independent level of operation.

(6) Coordinates or directs coordination of airfield operations between air-traffic control

and maintenance at large airfields to achieve airfield safety.

(7) Serves as a first-line supervisor of airfield operations at small airfields.

(8) Performs maintenance flight checks and testing of repairs and modifications for

aircraft that do not require an aircraft type rating to operate.

1250 Points

Knowledge of a wide range of concepts, applied

skills, and practices associated with all aspects of

flight operations for multi-engine aircraft.

OR

A comprehensive, intense, practical knowledge

of flight operations and skill in applying this

knowledge in development methods, approaches,

and modification procedures.

Knowledge permits the employee to carryout

multiphase projects requiring problem definition

and modified techniques, where data may be

unreliable or conflicting.

(1) Operates an aircraft as captain (pilot-in-command) or first officer (second-incommand), where an Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate and appropriate aircraft

type rating is required.

(2) Test-pilots aircraft with substantially modified systems, or does maintenance flight

checks and testing of repairs and modifications for commercial aircraft that require a

type rating to operate.

(3) Instructs pilots for certificates or conducts refresher training for experienced pilots.

Requires a flight instructor rating

(4) Controls air traffic at stations that involve high levels of service. Determines arrival

and departure routes or restrictions based on air traffic and conditions and coordination

with pilots and other controllers.

(5) Directs airfield operations between air-traffic control and maintenance at large

airfields to achieve airfield safety.
Knowledge—Pilots and Air Transportation 61

1550 Points

Mastery in the field of flight operations. May

apply experimental theories and new

developments to problems in area of flight

testing and aircraft design.

Knowledge permits the employee to solve

problems, plan and implement testing procedures

involving many diverse flight engineering

objectives and problems.

(1) Test-pilots aircraft with new or critically modified designs, typically after completion

of formal flight test training. Works with engineers in developing flight protocols and

procedures for use by pilots of these aircraft.

(2) Controls air traffic at stations that experience regular peaks of heavy traffic and

involve high levels of service where national air traffic may be affected. Uses knowledge

of different airport configurations, satellite airport procedures, and noise abatement

procedures to coordinate actions with other controllers and pilots almost simultaneously.

.

Covered SOC Codes 

532011 Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers 532021 Air Traffic Controllers

532012 Commercial Pilots 532022 Airfield Operations Specialists

Type Rating - Any aircraft having a gross takeoff weight of more than 12,500 lbs. is required to have an aircraft type 

certificate. 

Examples of such aircraft are a Lear Jet (LR-35), Boeing 737 (B-737), MD-80 (DC-9), and Boeing 747 (B-747). A 

pilot flying as pilot-in-command on an aircraft that has a type certificate must have a “Type Rating” for that aircraft.
Job Controls and Complexity 62

Factor 2. Job Controls and Complexity 

100 Points

 Employee does not deviate from detailed directions given by the supervisor and guides; e.g., standard operating procedures (SOPs),

handbooks, and reference manuals.

AND

 Tasks are clear-cut and related. There is little choice in deciding what to do or how to do it. The level of complexity is low.

AND

 Work relieves others in the unit/ office of simple, repetitive tasks. The work has minimal impact outside of the immediate organizational

unit.

300 Points

 Employee rarely varies from the sequential steps and methods explained by the supervisor and/or described in guidelines; e.g., SOPs,

handbooks, and reference manuals.

AND

 Tasks involve related steps, processes, and methods that require the employee to recognize clear differences in a variety of situations.

AND

 Work product or service affects the accuracy, reliability, or acceptability of further processes or services.

475 Points

 Employee carries out a group of procedures using the general methods and desired results that the supervisor indicates, selects from among

the most appropriate of several guidelines, makes minor adjustments to methods, and refers unforeseen situations to others for solution.

AND

 Processes, procedures, or software vary from one assignment to the next, although assignments are related in function and objective. Based

on the assignment, the employee must use diverse but conventional methods, techniques, or approaches.

AND

 Work has the same effect as the next lower level.

625 Points

 Employee either (a) carries out work with minimal supervision (i.e., the supervisor sets only goals, priorities, and deadlines; and the

employee uses guidelines that cover most situations), or (b) the employee follows the supervisor's directions on methods and desired results

but modifies methods to resolve unforeseen situations and problems.

AND

 Level of complexity is the same as the next lower level.

AND

 Work has the same effect as the next lower level.

850 Points

 Employee both (a) carries out work with minimal supervisory direction (i.e., the supervisor sets only goals, priorities, and deadlines), and (b)

modifies or extends written guidelines that do not cover all situations and problems. The supervisor provides direction on methods only for

unprecedented work.

AND

 Level of complexity is the same as the next lower level.

AND

 Work affects the overall efficiency and image of the organization served. 
Job Controls and Complexity 63

1175 Points

 Either (a) the employee operates under supervision expressed in terms of goals, priorities, and deadlines, but must interpret inadequate

guidelines, develop plans, and initiate new methods to complete assignments, or (b) supervision is primarily given through statements of

overall objectives and available resources, but guidelines are more comprehensive so that the employee need only fill gaps in interpretation

and adapt established methods.

AND

 Work requires many different processes and methods applied to an established administrative or professional field. Problems are typically

the result of unusual circumstances, variations in approach, and incomplete or conflicting data. The employee must interpret data and refine

methods to complete assignments.

AND

 Work affects a wide range of professional projects or administrative activities of the employing establishment, influences internal or external

operations, or impacts many people.

1450 Points

 Employee both (a) operates under minimal supervision based on overall objectives and available resources and (b) must make decisions

based on inadequate guidelines that require considerable interpretation and force the employee to plan all the phases of the assignment and

develop some new methods.

AND

 In addition to work that requires many different processes and methods, work also demands great depth of analysis to identify the nature and

extent of problems, develop new methods, and deal with many variables including some that are unclear or conflicting.

AND

 Level of complexity is the same as the next lower level.

1950 Points

● Employee works (a) with only administrative and policy direction and (b) must make decisions based on broadly stated guidelines that lack

specificity or proven validity, e.g., general policy statements, basic laws, or scientific theory. The employee defines objectives, plans work,

and develops new method or hypotheses that have led to recognition as a technical authority.

AND

 Level of complexity is the same as the next lower level.

AND

 Work affects the work of other experts, influences important professional or administrative activities of the establishment, or impacts the

well being of many groups of people.
Contacts (Their Nature and Purpose) 64

Factor 3. Contacts (Their Nature and Purpose)

30 Points

Contacts are primarily with:

 coworkers inside the organizational unit and/or

 visitors to the work area, such as the general public.

AND

Contacts are to exchange straightforward, factual information.

75 Points

Contacts are primarily routine and structured, typically involving:

 employees inside the establishment but engaged in different functions,

 employees of other establishments, and/or

 the general public.

AND

Contacts are to coordinate work, advise on collaborative work, and/or solve recurring types of problems in situations where others are usually

cooperative.

110 Points

Contacts are somewhat unstructured and may include those such as:

 inmates,

 witnesses,

 potential felons, or

 emotionally disturbed individuals

AND

Contacts are for such purposes as obtaining or providing statements or evidence, questioning suspects, and/or controlling situations.

(Note: This level applies mainly to protective and social service occupations.)

180 Points

Contacts are somewhat unstructured and primarily with:

 scientists,

 engineers, and/or

 influential individuals inside and outside the employing establishment such as:

- elected officials,

- managers,

- media representatives,

- judges, or

- attorneys

AND

Contacts are to influence, interrogate, or control others through debate, persuasion, or authoritative recognition; contacts are often in

situations subject to divergent views, skepticism, resistance, and/or uncooperative attitudes and behavior.

280 Points

Contacts are virtually the same as those at the next lower level.

AND

Contacts are to defend, negotiate, or resolve controversial and/or long-range issues and problems.
Physical Environment 65

Factor 4. Physical Environment 

10 Points

 Nonstrenuous with Low Risk

(See definitions below.)

25 Points

 Moderately Strenuous with Low Risk

or

 Nonstrenuous with Moderate Risk

(See definitions below.)

40 Points

 Strenuous with Low Risk

or

 Moderately Strenuous with Moderate Risk

(See definitions below.)

70 Points

 Moderately Strenuous with High Risk

or

 Strenuous with Moderate Risk

(See definitions below.)

100 Points

 Strenuous with High Risk

(See definitions below.)

Definition 

Nonstrenuous - Primarily sedentary with some walking, standing, and carrying of light 

objects. 

Moderately strenuous - Often lifts 30 to 50 pounds, walks over uneven surfaces, and/or 

stands for long periods. 

Strenuous - Often lifts more than 50 pounds, climbs high, runs, or defends against physical 

attack. 

Low risk - Adequately lighted, ventilated, and heated area where normal precautions must be

observed. 

Moderate risk - Requires special mitigating precautions and/or protective gear or clothing due 

to potential risk from such sources as moving machinery, chemicals, animals, or

diseases. 

High risk - Extreme temperatures, likelihood of physical attack, or potential exposure to smoke and fire. 
Leveling Instructions and Points 66

Leveling Instructions and Points 

After recording the level for each factor for a job, determine points associated with that level 

from the chart below. Sum the points to determine overall work level. 

Points associated with each factor 

Factor Factor number

Knowledge 50 200 350 550 750 950 1250 1550 1850

Job controls and complexity 100 300 475 625 850 1175 1450 1950` X

Contacts 30 75 110 180 280 X X X X

Physical environment 10 25 40 70 100 X X X X

Point range by work level 

Level Minimum points Maximum points

1 190 254

2 255 454

3 455 654

4 655 854

5 855 1104

6 1105 1354

7 1355 1604

8 1605 1854

9 1855 2104

10 2105 2354

11 2355 2754

12 2755 3154

13 3155 3604

14 3605 4054

15 4055 and up
Leveling Instructions and Points 67

Supervisory Leveling 

Most supervisors’ levels are based on their own duties and responsibilities. Supervisors of 

professional and administrative workers that are paid primarily to supervise may be evaluated 

based on the work of their highest-level subordinates. Add the following number of levels to the 

subordinate level of work to determine overall work level of the supervisory occupation. 

Subordinate below

level 12

Subordinate at or

above level 12

First-line supervisor Add 2 levels Add 1 level

Second-line supervisor/manager Add 3 levels Add 2 levels

Third-line supervisor/manager Add 4 levels Add 3 levels
Leveling Examples and Worksheets 68

Leveling Examples 

Leveling Example #1

The combination of points from the four leveling factors is used to arrive at an overall level. Below is an

example of the leveling evaluation for a senior cost accountant position in a manufacturing plant. 

Information describing the job is the type available from a position description or from discussions with 

company officials who are familiar with the job’s content. To evaluate your firm’s job, use the information 

available, going through each level within a factor. Choose the level best matching the job, and record the 

points associated with that level. (Worksheets are provided at the end of this online publication.) 

Knowledge: 1250 points

Senior cost accountant must have an accounting or business degree and a minimum of 7 years’ 

experience in computerized manufacturing accounting. This position requires knowledge of Generally 

Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and a working knowledge of a fully integrated manufacturing cost 

system. Working knowledge of Material Requirements Planning (MRPII) and Enterprise Resource 

Planning (ERP) is also required. 

Required knowledge is used to maintain and improve product cost processes and systems, as they 

related to tracking and reporting of financial information. The position leads the preparation, analysis, and 

communication of cost and financial data for manufacturing costs and contract quotes. Other essential 

functions include preparation and analysis of financial predictions and insuring the accuracy of product 

costs and cost reporting. 

Job controls and complexity: 1175 points

This position functions independently within the cost accounting system. This includes responsibility for 

analyzing and implementing improvements to the tracking of cost, inventory, and manufacturing account 

data in an activity-based system. Major changes to the accounting system are decided at a higher level. 

The position must follow GAAP. 

Contacts: 75

Works with suppliers to ensure accuracy of product costs and cost reporting. Assists project managers in

communication of manufacturing information and may meet with customers to explain costs. 

Physical environment: 10

Work is in a standard office setting and is sedentary. 
Leveling Examples and Worksheets 69

Leveling Example #1 Worksheet 

Company job title: Senior Cost Accountant

Factor Points

Knowledge 1250

Job controls and complexity 1175

Contacts 75

Physical environment 10

Total Points 2510

Work level 11

Company job title: Accounting Manager

Assume the cost accountant above is the highest level subordinate for an accounting manager, that the 

accounting manager is paid primarily to supervise the work of the accounting staff, and that the manager 

is a first-line supervisor. 

Level of work supervised 11

Level for supervisory work 2

Work level 13
Leveling Examples and Worksheets 70

Leveling Example #2

The combination of points from the four leveling factors is used to arrive at an overall level. Below is an

example of the leveling evaluation for an administrative assistant position in a school administration 

office. Information describing the job is the type available from a position description or from discussions 

with company officials who are familiar with the job’s content. To evaluate your firm’s job, use the 

information available, going through each level within a factor. Choose the level best matching the job, 

and record the points associated with that level. (Worksheets are provided at the end of this online 

publication.)

Knowledge: 550 points

An administrative assistant must have 3 years’ secretarial experience, or formal secretarial training and

experience. Must be able to use word processing and spreadsheet software and be familiar with 

bookkeeping and other recordkeeping procedures. Must be able to maintain information posted on

external Web pages. 

Required knowledge is used to research and prepare an assortment of correspondence, memos, and

detailed reports. Reports and memos, including imbedded charts and graphs, are converted to HTML 

format and posted to the administration office website. Position assists with coordination of various 

department activities including payroll and purchasing. This includes collecting, entering, and retrieving 

necessary data from several different systems. 

Job controls and complexity: 475 points

Work is performed under general supervision, and covers a wide variety of office functions. Position is

required to work independently, to make sound judgments based on the situation and desired results, and 

to assume responsibility for general departmental tasks and projects. Work directly impacts the quality of

services provided to school personnel and the general public. 

Contacts: 30

Administrative assistant is in contact with students, staff, parents and the community and must deal with 

sensitive student, family, and personnel issues. While position handles problems, it is primarily to share 

information with other staff responsible for resolving issues. 

Physical environment: 10

Work is in a standard office setting and is sedentary. 

Leveling Example #2 Worksheet

Company job title: Administrative Assistant

Factor Points

Knowledge 550

Job controls and complexity 475

Contacts 30

Physical environment 10

Total points 1065

Work level 5
Leveling Examples and Worksheets 71

Leveling Example #3

The combination of points from the four leveling factors is used to arrive at an overall level. Below is an

example of the leveling evaluation for a line clearance worker at a utility company. Information describing 

the job is the type available from a position description or from discussions with company officials who are 

familiar with the job’s content. To evaluate your firm’s job, use the information available, going through 

each level within a factor. Choose the level best matching the job, and record the points associated with 

that level. (Worksheets are provided at the end of this online publication.)

Knowledge: 550 points 

This journey-level line clearance worker requires completion of an apprenticeship comprised of 4000 

hours of on-the-job training (OJT) and 240 classroom-training hours. Worker must have basic 

arboriculture knowledge, including tree structure and growth patterns, identification of diseases, and

pruning methods. Worker must also have working knowledge of regulations that cover hazards and safety 

precautions of tree trimming and removal. In addition, a line clearance worker must have working 

knowledge of electrical line clearing hazards, safety practices, and rescue procedures.

Job controls and complexity: 475 points

Work is performed under general supervision of the crew leader. A line clearance worker checks the work 

site and conditions for safety hazards and must follow a work plan that addresses those hazards. 

A line clearance worker can make adjustments to approaches used based on the situation, problems 

encountered, and desired results. The techniques and tools used vary based on what is being trimmed or

removed, as well as the size, health, and location of the trees. The work directly affects the quality and 

continuity of service provided to customers. 

Contacts: 30

Line clearance workers primarily are in contact with other employees in the work crew. There is

occasional contact with customers to inform them of work being performed in the area or to obtain access 

to property. 

Physical environment: 100

Work is strenuous and usually done at great heights in the vicinity of energized high-voltage power lines. 

Line clearance work is exclusively performed outdoors, often during inclement weather conditions. 

Leveling Example #3 Worksheet

Company job title: Line Clearance Worker

Factor Points

Knowledge 550

Job controls and

complexity

475

Contacts 30

Physical environment 100

Total Points 1155

Work level 6
Leveling Worksheets 72

Leveling Worksheets

1. Company job title: _________________________

Factor Level Points

Knowledge ______ _____

Job controls and complexity ______ ______

Contacts ______ ______

Physical environment ______ ______

Total Points ______

Work level ______

2. Company job title: _________________________

Factor Level Points

Knowledge ______ _____

Job controls and complexity ______ ______

Contacts ______ ______

Physical environment ______ ______

Total Points ______

Work level ______

3. Company job title: _________________________

Factor Level Points

Knowledge ______ _____

Job controls and complexity ______ ______

Contacts ______ ______

Physical environment ______ ______

Total Points ______

Work level ______
Leveling Worksheet 73

Leveling Worksheet 

Use the space below to enter the job title, pay range, and average pay for the most prevalent jobs in your 

firm. 

Job Title Pay Range (per hour) Average Pay* (per hour)

Example:

___________________ ______________ _______________

 Senior Engineer $36.00-$42.00 $39.00 

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

___________________ ______________ _______________

*To compute the average pay for a job in your firm, add the individual pay of all workers in that job 

and divide by the number of workers in the job.