1

Technical information: (202) 691-6378

 http://www.bls.gov/cps/

Media contact: 691-5902

USDL 05-876

For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT

Thursday, June 9, 2005

EMPLOYMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FAMILIES IN 2004

In 2004, 7.4 percent of families had an unemployed member, a decline of 0.7 percentage point from

2003, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Of the nation’s

75.9 million families, 82.3 percent had an employed member in 2004, up by 0.3 percentage point from a

year earlier. These changes reflect an improving labor market.

These data on employment, unemployment, and family relationships are collected as part of the Current

Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households nationwide. Families include

married-couple families, as well as those maintained by a man or a woman with no spouse present. For

further information on the CPS, see the Technical Note.

Families and Unemployment

In an average week in 2004, 5.6 million families had at least one unemployed member, down from

6.1 million families in 2003. The proportion of families with an unemployed member, 7.4 percent, declined

in 2004 after growing in each of the prior 3 years. The proportion of families with at least one unemployed

member continued to be higher for blacks (12.7 percent) and Hispanics or Latinos (10.2 percent) than for

whites (6.6 percent) or Asians (6.7 percent). For each of these groups, however, the proportion of families

with an unemployed member was down from the prior year. (See table 1.)

Of the families with at least one unemployed member, 70.0 percent also had an employed family member

in 2004. Asian families with an unemployed member were most likely to have at least one member employed (82.1 percent), followed by white families (73.6 percent), Hispanic or Latino families (69.9 percent), and

black families (55.5 percent). (See table 1.)

Among married-couple families with at least one unemployed member, 82.5 percent also had an employed family member in 2004. About 45.5 percent of families maintained by women with an unemployed

member also had an employed member. Among families maintained by men with an unemployed member,

57.5 percent had at least one employed member. (See table 3.)

Families and Employment

In 2004, 82.3 percent of families had at least one employed member. The proportion was highest among

Asian families (89.3 percent), followed by Hispanic or Latino families (86.7 percent), white families (82.5

percent), and black families (78.1 percent). (See table 1.)
2

Among married-couple families, 83.5 percent had an employed member in 2004. Both the husband and

wife worked in 50.7 percent of married-couple families in 2004; this proportion has been on a downward

trend since 2000. The husband, but not the wife, worked in 20.5 percent of married-couple families in

2004; the proportion of such families has grown by 1.3 percentage points since 2000. The wife was the only

worker in 6.7 percent of married-couple families in 2004, about the same as a year earlier. (See table 2.)

Families with Children

There were 35.4 million families with children under age 18 in 2004. Of these, 90.5 percent had at least

one parent employed. The proportion of married-couple families with children and at least one parent

employed was 97.0 percent, up by 0.3 percentage point from a year earlier. Both parents were employed in

60.6 percent of two-parent families in 2004, about the same as in 2003, but 3.6 percentage points lower

than in 2000. The percentage of two-parent, married-couple families in which the father only was employed

rose over the year to 31.2 percent in 2004; this proportion is up by 3.0 percentage points since 1997. Only

the mother was employed in 5.2 percent of married-couple families with children in 2004, down by 0.3

percentage point from a year earlier. (See table 4.)

Among single-parent families in 2004, the mother was employed in 72.0 percent of those maintained by

women, and the father was employed in 83.9 percent of those maintained by men. (See table 4.)

Mothers

The labor force participation rate for mothers with children under 18 was 70.4 percent in 2004, down by

0.7 percentage point from the prior year. This rate has been declining since 2000, when it was 72.3 percent.

In 2004, most of the over-the-year decline in the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under

18 occurred among mothers with children under 6; their rate declined by 1.0 percentage point to 61.8 percent. The participation rate of mothers whose youngest child was 6 through 17 declined slightly. In contrast,

the labor force participation rate of fathers showed no change in 2004, whatever the age of their youngest

child. (See table 5.)

The participation rate for married mothers fell by 0.8 percentage point to 67.8 percent in 2004, down by

2.9 percentage points from its most recent high in 1997. The rate for unmarried mothers—those who were

widowed, divorced, separated, or never married—was 77.1 percent in 2004, down by 1.8 percentage points

since 2002. The unemployment rate for unmarried mothers with children under 18 was 9.7 percent in 2004,

while the jobless rate for married mothers was 3.7 percent. (See table 5.)

In 2004, the labor force participation rate for mothers of children younger than a year old was 52.9 percent. Among married mothers of infants, the rate was 51.7 percent, down by 3.0 percentage points since its

most recent high in 2002. Among unmarried mothers with children under a year old, 56.6 percent were

working or looking for work in 2004. The jobless rate for unmarried mothers of infants was 19.7 percent in

2004, and the rate for married mothers was 4.7 percent. (See table 6.)
Technical Note

The estimates in this release are based on annual average

data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national

sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted monthly

for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau.

The information relates to the labor force status of persons 16

years old and over in the civilian noninstitutional population

during an “average” week of the year.

The data for 2004 presented in this release are not strictly

comparable with data for 2003 and earlier years because of the

introduction in January 2004 of revised population controls used

in the CPS. The effect of the revised population controls on the

family estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the new

controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to decrease the

December 2003 employment level by 409,000 and the

unemployment level by 27,000. The updated controls had

little or no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios.

For additional information, see "Adjustments to Household

Survey Population Estimates in January 2004” in the February

2004 issue of Employment and Earnings,available on the the

Internet at http:/www.bls.gov/cps/cps04adj.pdf.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request: Voice phone: 202-691-5200;

TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability

is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is

about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an

estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6

standard errors from the “true” population value because of

sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the

90-percent level of confidence.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain

information for all respondents in the sample, inability or

unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information,

and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.

For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS

and information on estimating standard errors, see the

“Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of

Employment and Earnings.

Definitions

Definitions of the principal terms used in this release are

presented below.

Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing

together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. The

count of families is for “primary” families only, that is, the householder and all other persons related to and residing with the

householder. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.

Householder. The householder is the family reference

person. This is the person (or one of the persons) in whose

name the housing unit is owned or rented. The relationship of

other individuals in the household is defined in terms of

relationship to the householder. The race or ethnicity of the

family is determined by that of the householder.

Married, spouse present; other marital status. These terms

denote the marital status of individuals at the time of interview.

Married, spouse present, refers to husbands and wives living

together in the same household, even though one may be

temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a

hospital, or for other reasons. Other marital status includes

persons who are never-married; married, spouse absent;

widowed; or divorced. Married, spouse absent relates to

persons who are separated due to marital problems, as well as

husbands and wives who are living apart because one or the

other was employed elsewhere, on duty with the Armed Forces,

or any other reasons.

Children. Data on children refer to own children and include

sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children, of the

husband, wife, or person maintaining the family. Not included

are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and

all unrelated children living in the household.

Employed. Employed persons are (a) all those who, during

the survey reference week, did any work at all as paid

employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on

their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid

workers in a family-operated enterprise; and (b) all those who

did not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were

temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, childcare problems, labor disputes, or personal reasons, whether or

not they were paid for the time off and whether or not they were

seeking other jobs.

Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who had no

employment during the reference week, were available for work

at that time, and had made specific efforts to find employment

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference

week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from

which they had been laid off need not be looking for work to

be classified as unemployed.

Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all

persons classified as employed or unemployed.

Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number

unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation

rate is the labor force as a percent of the population.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2003-04 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic 2003 2004

Total

Total families ................................................................................................................ 75,301 75,872

 With employed member(s) ......................................................................................... 61,761 62,424

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 82.0 82.3

 Some usually work full time 1 ............................................................................ 57,229 57,813

 With no employed member ........................................................................................ 13,540 13,447

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 18.0 17.7

 With unemployed member(s) .................................................................................... 6,079 5,593

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 8.1 7.4

 Some member(s) employed .................................................................................... 4,285 3,915

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .......................................... 70.5 70.0

 Some usually work full time 1 ................................................................................. 3,790 3,494

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................................... 62.3 62.5

White 

Total families ................................................................................................................ 61,995 62,250

 With employed member(s) ......................................................................................... 51,002 51,350

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 82.3 82.5

 Some usually work full time 1 ............................................................................ 47,356 47,620

 With no employed member ........................................................................................ 10,993 10,900

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 17.7 17.5

 With unemployed member(s) .................................................................................... 4,411 4,078

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 7.1 6.6

 Some member(s) employed .................................................................................... 3,245 3,000

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .......................................... 73.6 73.6

 Some usually work full time 1 ................................................................................. 2,873 2,677

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................................... 65.1 65.7

Black or African American 

Total families ................................................................................................................ 8,869 8,860

 With employed member(s) ......................................................................................... 6,906 6,920

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 77.9 78.1

 Some usually work full time 1 ............................................................................ 6,270 6,292

 With no employed member ........................................................................................ 1,963 1,940

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 22.1 21.9

 With unemployed member(s) .................................................................................... 1,213 1,127

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 13.7 12.7

 Some member(s) employed .................................................................................... 695 625

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .......................................... 57.3 55.5

 Some usually work full time 1 ................................................................................. 612 556

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................................... 50.5 49.3

Asian 

Total families ................................................................................................................ 2,880 3,107

 With employed member(s) ......................................................................................... 2,566 2,775

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 89.1 89.3

 Some usually work full time 1 ............................................................................ 2,424 2,630

 With no employed member ........................................................................................ 315 332

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 10.9 10.7

 With unemployed member(s) .................................................................................... 271 208

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 9.4 6.7

 Some member(s) employed .................................................................................... 224 171

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .......................................... 82.7 82.1

 Some usually work full time 1 ................................................................................. 197 154

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................................... 72.7 74.1

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Employment and unemployment in families by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2003-04 annual averages — Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic 2003 2004

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity 

Total families ................................................................................................................ 9,185 9,305

 With employed member(s) ......................................................................................... 7,907 8,071

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 86.1 86.7

 Some usually work full time 1 ............................................................................ 7,383 7,566

 With no employed member ........................................................................................ 1,277 1,235

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 13.9 13.3

 With unemployed member(s) .................................................................................... 1,020 950

 As percent of total families ................................................................................... 11.1 10.2

 Some member(s) employed .................................................................................... 715 664

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) .......................................... 70.1 69.9

 Some usually work full time 1 ................................................................................. 640 594

 As percent of families with unemployed member(s) ....................................... 62.7 62.5

1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs.

 NOTE: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that

of the householder. Estimates for the above race groups (white,

black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals

because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any

race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race. 

Data for 2004 reflect revised population controls used in the

Current Population Survey.
Table 2. Families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type, 2003-04 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2003 2004 2003 2004

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES 

 Total ......................................................................................................... 57,074 57,188 100.0 100.0

 Member(s) employed, total ............................................................................ 47,535 47,767 83.3 83.5

 Husband only ............................................................................................... 11,403 11,712 20.0 20.5

 Wife only ...................................................................................................... 3,863 3,843 6.8 6.7

 Husband and wife ........................................................................................ 29,077 28,991 50.9 50.7

 Other employment combinations ................................................................. 3,193 3,222 5.6 5.6

 No member(s) employed .............................................................................. 9,539 9,420 16.7 16.5

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN 1

 Total ......................................................................................................... 13,450 13,614 100.0 100.0

 Member(s) employed, total ............................................................................ 10,187 10,358 75.7 76.1

 Householder only ........................................................................................ 5,987 6,021 44.5 44.2

 Householder and other member(s) ............................................................. 2,539 2,701 18.9 19.8

 Other member(s), not householder ............................................................. 1,660 1,636 12.3 12.0

 No member(s) employed .............................................................................. 3,263 3,255 24.3 23.9

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN 1

 Total ......................................................................................................... 4,777 5,071 100.0 100.0

 Member(s) employed, total ............................................................................ 4,039 4,299 84.6 84.8

 Householder only ........................................................................................ 1,954 2,060 40.9 40.6

 Householder and other member(s) ............................................................. 1,427 1,557 29.9 30.7

 Other member(s), not householder ............................................................. 658 682 13.8 13.5

 No member(s) employed .............................................................................. 739 772 15.5 15.2

1 No spouse present.

 NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Data for 2004

reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population

Survey.
Table 3. Unemployment in families by presence and relationship of employed members and family type,

2003-04 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2003 2004 2003 2004

MARRIED-COUPLE FAMILIES

With unemployed member(s), total .................................................................... 3,857 3,521 100.0 100.0

 No member employed .................................................................................... 713 615 18.5 17.5

 Some member(s) employed ........................................................................... 3,144 2,906 81.5 82.5

 Husband unemployed ................................................................................ 1,600 1,333 41.5 37.9

 Wife employed ....................................................................................... 1,023 850 26.5 24.2

 Wife unemployed ....................................................................................... 1,129 1,041 29.3 29.6

 Husband employed ................................................................................ 991 913 25.7 25.9

 Other family member unemployed ............................................................. 1,129 1,147 29.3 32.6

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY WOMEN 1

With unemployed member(s), total .................................................................... 1,612 1,521 100.0 100.0

 No member employed .................................................................................... 842 829 52.3 54.5

 Some member(s) employed ........................................................................... 770 692 47.8 45.5

 Householder unemployed .......................................................................... 791 758 49.1 49.8

 Other member(s) employed ................................................................... 162 146 10.0 9.6

 Other member(s) unemployed ................................................................... 821 764 50.9 50.2

FAMILIES MAINTAINED BY MEN 1

 With unemployed member(s), total .................................................................. 610 551 100.0 100.0

 No member employed .................................................................................... 239 234 39.2 42.5

 Some member(s) employed ........................................................................... 371 316 60.8 57.5

 Householder unemployed .......................................................................... 340 296 55.7 53.7

 Other member(s) employed ................................................................... 158 117 25.9 21.3

 Other member(s) unemployed ................................................................... 270 255 44.3 46.3

1 No spouse present.

 NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Data for 2004

reflect revised population controls used in the Current Population

Survey.
Table 4. Families with own children: Employment status of parents by age of youngest child and family type,

2003-04 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

Number Percent distribution

2003 2004 2003 2004

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

 Total ................................................................................................................. 35,428 35,379 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed ............................................................................................ 32,002 32,013 90.3 90.5

No parent employed ........................................................................................... 3,426 3,366 9.7 9.5

Married-couple families ...................................................................................... 25,383 25,175 100.0 100.0

 Parent(s) employed ........................................................................................ 24,553 24,424 96.7 97.0

 Mother employed ....................................................................................... 16,820 16,557 66.3 65.8

 Both parents employed .......................................................................... 15,420 15,257 60.7 60.6

 Mother employed, not father .................................................................. 1,400 1,300 5.5 5.2

 Father employed, not mother ..................................................................... 7,733 7,867 30.5 31.2

 Neither parent employed ................................................................................ 830 751 3.3 3.0

Families maintained by women 1 ....................................................................... 8,069 8,161 100.0 100.0

 Mother employed ........................................................................................... 5,804 5,875 71.9 72.0

 Mother not employed ..................................................................................... 2,265 2,286 28.1 28.0

Families maintained by men 1 ............................................................................ 1,975 2,043 100.0 100.0

 Father employed ............................................................................................ 1,645 1,713 83.3 83.9

 Father not employed ...................................................................................... 331 330 16.8 16.1

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

 Total ................................................................................................................. 20,125 20,095 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed ............................................................................................ 18,309 18,307 91.0 91.1

No parent employed ........................................................................................... 1,814 1,788 9.0 8.9

Married-couple families ...................................................................................... 13,917 13,806 100.0 100.0

 Parent(s) employed ........................................................................................ 13,473 13,381 96.8 96.9

 Mother employed ....................................................................................... 10,214 10,089 73.4 73.1

 Both parents employed .......................................................................... 9,323 9,269 67.0 67.1

 Mother employed, not father .................................................................. 890 820 6.4 5.9

 Father employed, not mother ..................................................................... 3,261 3,292 23.4 23.8

 Neither parent employed ................................................................................ 443 425 3.2 3.1

Families maintained by women 1 ....................................................................... 5,009 5,040 100.0 100.0

 Mother employed ........................................................................................... 3,851 3,884 76.9 77.1

 Mother not employed ..................................................................................... 1,157 1,156 23.1 22.9

Families maintained by men 1 ............................................................................ 1,199 1,250 100.0 100.0

 Father employed ............................................................................................ 985 1,043 82.2 83.4

 Father not employed ...................................................................................... 214 207 17.8 16.6

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

 Total ................................................................................................................. 15,302 15,284 100.0 100.0

Parent(s) employed ............................................................................................ 13,692 13,705 89.5 89.7

No parent employed ........................................................................................... 1,608 1,578 10.5 10.3

Married-couple families ...................................................................................... 11,466 11,369 100.0 100.0

 Parent(s) employed ........................................................................................ 11,080 11,044 96.6 97.1

 Mother employed ....................................................................................... 6,607 6,468 57.6 56.9

 Both parents employed .......................................................................... 6,097 5,988 53.2 52.7

 Mother employed, not father .................................................................. 510 481 4.4 4.2

 Father employed, not mother ..................................................................... 4,474 4,575 39.0 40.2

 Neither parent employed ................................................................................ 385 326 3.4 2.9

Families maintained by women 1 ....................................................................... 3,061 3,122 100.0 100.0

 Mother employed ........................................................................................... 1,953 1,991 63.8 63.8

 Mother not employed ..................................................................................... 1,107 1,131 36.2 36.2

Families maintained by men 1 ............................................................................ 776 793 100.0 100.0

 Father employed ............................................................................................ 659 671 84.9 84.6

 Father not employed ...................................................................................... 116 122 14.9 15.4

1 No spouse present.

 NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and

adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren,

and other related and unrelated children. Detail may not sum to totals

due to rounding. Data for 2004 reflect revised population controls

used in the Current Population Survey.
Table 5. Employment status of the population by sex, marital status, and presence and age of own children under 18, 2003-04 annual

averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Characteristic

2003 2004

Total Men Women Total Men Women

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population ....................................... 64,932 28,402 36,530 64,758 28,272 36,486

 Civilian labor force ............................................................ 52,727 26,739 25,988 52,288 26,607 25,681

 Participation rate ............................................................. 81.2 94.1 71.1 80.7 94.1 70.4

 Employed ........................................................................... 50,103 25,638 24,466 49,957 25,696 24,261

 Employment-population ratio ........................................ 77.2 90.3 67.0 77.1 90.9 66.5

 Full-time workers 1 ......................................................... 42,880 24,762 18,118 42,758 24,794 17,964

 Part-time workers 2 ......................................................... 7,223 876 6,347 7,200 902 6,298

 Unemployed ...................................................................... 2,624 1,101 1,523 2,331 911 1,420

 Unemployment rate ......................................................... 5.0 4.1 5.9 4.5 3.4 5.5

Married, spouse present

Civilian noninstitutional population ....................................... 52,476 26,049 26,427 52,109 25,852 26,258

 Civilian labor force ............................................................ 42,776 24,638 18,138 42,247 24,449 17,798

 Participation rate ............................................................. 81.5 94.6 68.6 81.1 94.6 67.8

 Employed ........................................................................... 41,128 23,712 17,416 40,847 23,703 17,144

 Employment-population ratio ........................................ 78.4 91.0 65.9 78.4 91.7 65.3

 Full-time workers 1 ......................................................... 35,315 22,954 12,360 35,141 22,935 12,206

 Part-time workers 2 ......................................................... 5,813 757 5,056 5,706 768 4,938

 Unemployed ...................................................................... 1,648 926 722 1,400 747 653

 Unemployment rate ......................................................... 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.3 3.1 3.7

Other marital status 3

Civilian noninstitutional population ....................................... 12,455 2,354 10,102 12,649 2,420 10,229

 Civilian labor force ............................................................ 9,950 2,100 7,850 10,042 2,158 7,883

 Participation rate ............................................................. 79.9 89.2 77.7 79.4 89.2 77.1

 Employed ........................................................................... 8,975 1,926 7,050 9,110 1,993 7,117

 Employment-population ratio ........................................ 72.1 81.8 69.8 72.0 82.4 69.6

 Full-time workers 1 ......................................................... 7,566 1,807 5,759 7,617 1,859 5,757

 Part-time workers 2 ......................................................... 1,411 118 1,291 1,494 134 1,360

 Unemployed ...................................................................... 976 175 800 931 165 766

 Unemployment rate ......................................................... 9.8 8.3 10.2 9.3 7.6 9.7

WITH OWN CHILDREN 6 TO 17 YEARS, NONE YOUNGER

Civilian noninstitutional population ....................................... 35,943 15,653 20,290 35,874 15,597 20,277

 Civilian labor force ............................................................ 30,362 14,572 15,790 30,182 14,516 15,666

 Participation rate ............................................................. 84.5 93.1 77.8 84.1 93.1 77.3

 Employed ........................................................................... 29,040 14,008 15,032 29,013 14,056 14,957

 Employment-population ratio ........................................ 80.8 89.5 74.1 80.9 90.1 73.8

 Full-time workers 1 ......................................................... 25,116 13,558 11,557 25,069 13,597 11,473

 Part-time workers 2 ......................................................... 3,925 450 3,475 3,944 459 3,485

 Unemployed ...................................................................... 1,322 564 758 1,170 460 709

 Unemployment rate ......................................................... 4.4 3.9 4.8 3.9 3.2 4.5

WITH OWN CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population ....................................... 28,988 12,749 16,240 28,884 12,675 16,210

 Civilian labor force ............................................................ 22,365 12,167 10,198 22,106 12,091 10,014

 Participation rate ............................................................. 77.2 95.4 62.8 76.5 95.4 61.8

 Employed ........................................................................... 21,063 11,630 9,433 20,944 11,640 9,304

 Employment-population ratio ........................................ 72.7 91.2 58.1 72.5 91.8 57.4

 Full-time workers 1 ......................................................... 17,764 11,203 6,561 17,689 11,197 6,491

 Part-time workers 2 ......................................................... 3,299 426 2,872 3,256 443 2,813

 Unemployed ...................................................................... 1,302 538 765 1,162 451 710

 Unemployment rate ......................................................... 5.8 4.4 7.5 5.3 3.7 7.1

WITH NO OWN CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS

Civilian noninstitutional population ....................................... 154,714 76,510 78,204 156,900 77,739 79,160

 Civilian labor force ............................................................ 92,319 50,036 42,284 93,511 50,771 42,740

 Participation rate ............................................................. 59.7 65.4 54.1 59.6 65.3 54.0

 Employed ........................................................................... 86,233 46,294 39,939 87,748 47,282 40,467

 Employment-population ratio ........................................ 55.7 60.5 51.1 55.9 60.8 51.1

 Full-time workers 1 ......................................................... 69,073 39,245 29,827 70,244 40,134 30,110

 Part-time workers 2 ......................................................... 17,160 7,049 10,111 17,505 7,148 10,357

 Unemployed ...................................................................... 6,087 3,741 2,345 5,763 3,489 2,274

 Unemployment rate ......................................................... 6.6 7.5 5.5 6.2 6.9 5.3

1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2 Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs.3 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.

 NOTE: See NOTE, table 4.
Table 6. Employment status of mothers with own children under 3 years old by single year of age of youngest child and marital status, 

2003-04 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

 Civilian labor force

Total Percent of

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population

Full-time

workers 1

Part-time

workers 2 Number Percent oflabor force

2003

TOTAL MOTHERS

With own children under 3 years old ............ 9,450 5,563 58.9 5,115 54.1 3,430 1,685 446 8.0

 2 years ....................................................... 2,987 1,896 63.5 1,752 58.7 1,205 547 143 7.5

 1 year ......................................................... 3,353 1,997 59.6 1,842 54.9 1,223 619 154 7.7

 Under 1 year ............................................... 3,110 1,670 53.7 1,521 48.9 1,002 519 149 8.9

Married, spouse present

With own children under 3 years old ............ 7,165 4,068 56.8 3,872 54.0 2,529 1,342 197 4.8

 2 years ....................................................... 2,243 1,350 60.2 1,281 57.1 853 428 69 5.1

 1 year ......................................................... 2,541 1,458 57.4 1,395 54.9 906 488 64 4.4

 Under 1 year ............................................... 2,381 1,260 52.9 1,196 50.2 770 426 64 5.1

Other marital status 3

With own children under 3 years old ............ 2,287 1,495 65.4 1,244 54.4 902 341 250 16.7

 2 years ....................................................... 744 546 73.4 471 63.3 352 118 75 13.7

 1 year ......................................................... 813 539 66.3 448 55.1 317 131 91 16.9

 Under 1 year ............................................... 730 410 56.2 325 44.5 233 92 84 20.5

2004

TOTAL MOTHERS

With own children under 3 years old ............ 9,345 5,377 57.5 4,964 53.1 3,360 1,604 414 7.7

 2 years ....................................................... 2,813 1,746 62.1 1,630 57.9 1,152 477 116 6.6

 1 year ......................................................... 3,273 1,906 58.2 1,759 53.7 1,172 587 147 7.7

 Under 1 year ............................................... 3,259 1,725 52.9 1,575 48.3 1,035 540 151 8.7

Married, spouse present

With own children under 3 years old ............ 7,071 3,910 55.3 3,740 52.9 2,513 1,227 170 4.4

 2 years ....................................................... 2,111 1,246 59.0 1,200 56.8 839 361 46 3.7

 1 year ......................................................... 2,519 1,401 55.6 1,337 53.1 877 459 65 4.6

 Under 1 year ............................................... 2,441 1,262 51.7 1,203 49.3 797 406 59 4.7

Other marital status 3

With own children under 3 years old ............ 2,274 1,467 64.5 1,224 53.8 847 377 243 16.6

 2 years ....................................................... 702 499 71.1 430 61.2 314 116 70 13.9

 1 year ......................................................... 754 505 66.9 422 56.0 295 127 82 16.3

 Under 1 year ............................................... 818 463 56.6 372 45.4 238 134 91 19.7

1 Usually work 35 hours or more a week at all jobs. 2 Usually work less than 35 hours a week at all jobs.3 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.

 NOTE: See NOTE, table 4.