Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-2128 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, October 6, 2023

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — SEPTEMBER 2023 

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 336,000 in September, and the unemployment rate was 

unchanged at 3.8 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in 

leisure and hospitality; government; health care; professional, scientific, and technical services; and 

social assistance.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The major labor market indicators from the survey of households showed little or no change over the 

month. The unemployment rate held at 3.8 percent in September, and the number of unemployed 

persons was essentially unchanged at 6.4 million. (See table A-1.) 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

September 2021 – September 2023

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, September 2021 – September 2023

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Sep-21 Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23 Jun-23 Sep-23

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Sep-21 Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23 Jun-23 Sep-23
 

-2-

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.8 percent), adult women 

(3.1 percent), teenagers (11.6 percent), Whites (3.4 percent), Blacks (5.7 percent), Asians (2.8 percent), 

and Hispanics (4.6 percent) showed little or no change in September. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed at 1.2 

million in September. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.1 percent of all unemployed persons. 

(See table A-12.) 

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.8 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.4 

percent, were unchanged over the month. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.1 million, changed little in 

September. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

In September, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.5 million,

little different from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they 

were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take 

a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force changed little at 1.5 million in September. These individuals wanted and were available 

for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached 

who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little over the month at 367,000. (See 

Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 336,000 in September, above the average monthly gain of 

267,000 over the prior 12 months. In September, job gains occurred in leisure and hospitality; 

government; health care; professional, scientific, and technical services; and social assistance. (See table 

B-1.) 

Leisure and hospitality added 96,000 jobs in September, above the average monthly gain of 61,000 

over the prior 12 months. Employment in food services and drinking places rose by 61,000 over the 

month and has returned to its pre-pandemic February 2020 level. Accommodation employment 

continued to trend up over the month (+16,000) but remains below its February 2020 level by 217,000, 

or 10.3 percent. 

In September, government employment increased by 73,000, above the average monthly gain of 47,000 

over the prior 12 months. Over the month, job gains occurred in state government education (+29,000) 

and in local government, excluding education (+27,000). Employment in government is slightly below 

(-9,000) its February 2020 level. 

Health care added 41,000 jobs in September, compared with the average monthly gain of 53,000 over 

the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in ambulatory health care 

services (+24,000), hospitals (+8,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+8,000).
 

-3-

Employment in professional, scientific, and technical services increased by 29,000 in September, in 

line with the average monthly gain of 27,000 over the prior 12 months. 

Social assistance added 25,000 jobs in September, about the same as the average monthly gain of 

23,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, job growth occurred in individual and family services 

(+19,000). 

 

In September, employment in transportation and warehousing changed little (+9,000). Truck 

transportation added 9,000 jobs, following a decline of 25,000 in August that largely reflected a business 

closure. Air transportation added 5,000 jobs in September. Employment in transportation and 

warehousing has shown little net change over the year. 

Employment in information changed little in September (-5,000). Within the industry, employment in 

motion picture and sound recording industries continued to trend down (-7,000) and has declined by 

45,000 since May, reflecting the impact of labor disputes. 

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; retail trade; 

financial activities; and other services. 

In September, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 7 cents,

or 0.2 percent, to $33.88. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.2 

percent. In September, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory 

employees rose by 6 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.06. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.4 hours in 

September. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 40.1 hours, and overtime was 

unchanged at 3.1 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 

private nonfarm payrolls remained at 33.8 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for July was revised up by 79,000, from +157,000 to 

+236,000, and the change for August was revised up by 40,000, from +187,000 to +227,000. With these 

revisions, employment in July and August combined is 119,000 higher than previously reported. 

(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies 

since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for October is scheduled to be released on Friday, November 3, 2023, 

at 8:30 a.m. (ET).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Change from:

Aug. 2023-

Sept. 2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 264,356 267,002 267,213 267,428 215

Civilian labor force........................................................... 164,619 167,103 167,839 167,929 90

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.3 62.6 62.8 62.8 0.0

Employed................................................................... 158,850 161,262 161,484 161,570 86

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.1 60.4 60.4 60.4 0.0

Unemployed............................................................... 5,770 5,841 6,355 6,360 5

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 0.0

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,736 99,899 99,374 99,498 124

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.8 0.0

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.3 3.3 3.7 3.8 0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 -0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 11.3 11.3 12.2 11.6 -0.6

White.......................................................................... 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 5.9 5.8 5.3 5.7 0.4

Asian.......................................................................... 2.5 2.3 3.1 2.8 -0.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 3.9 4.4 4.9 4.6 -0.3

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.1 0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.5 0.1

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.7 3.4 3.8 4.1 0.3

Some college or associate degree........................................ 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 0.0

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.1 -0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,530 2,620 2,914 2,858 -56

Job leavers...................................................................... 904 852 801 797 -4

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,834 1,853 1,930 2,043 113

New entrants.................................................................... 460 503 597 568 -29

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,158 2,004 2,221 2,051 -170

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,643 1,698 1,877 2,044 167

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 901 997 1,002 1,072 70

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,089 1,164 1,296 1,216 -80

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 3,843 4,000 4,221 4,065 -156

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,576 2,717 2,799 2,793 -6

Could only find part-time work............................................. 942 1,014 1,021 938 -83

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,260 21,971 21,975 22,152 177

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,590 1,398 1,505 1,457 -48

Discouraged workers........................................................ 484 335 386 367 -19

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 236 227 336

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 145 177 263

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 12 47 29

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 0 1

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 12 36 11

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 -2 11 17

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 12 13 13

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 2.6 -2.6 8.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 -14 -2 4

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 133 130 234

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 15.4 0.0 11.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -11.1 12.6 0.4 19.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 -6.8 -18.9 8.6

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 -1.5 2.4 4.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -19 -21 -5

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15 2 3

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 -29 11 21

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 -17.4 -13.3 -4.2

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 104 97 70

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 102.5 94.1 65.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 38 44 96

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 4 14 4

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 91 50 73

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 207 189 266

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 162 136 195

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.4 81.4 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.3 34.4 34.4

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32.53 $33.73 $33.81 $33.88

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,125.54 $1,156.94 $1,163.06 $1,165.47

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.2 115.0 115.5 115.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 -0.2 0.4 0.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177.6 185.5 186.7 187.5

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.2 0.6 0.4

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 53.4 62.2 64.2

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 44.4 52.8 52.8

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,356 267,213 267,428 264,356 266,618 266,801 267,002 267,213 267,428

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,463 168,049 167,718 164,619 166,818 166,951 167,103 167,839 167,929

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 62.9 62.7 62.3 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.8 62.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,003 161,427 161,669 158,850 160,721 160,994 161,262 161,484 161,570

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.1 60.4 60.5 60.1 60.3 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,460 6,623 6,049 5,770 6,097 5,957 5,841 6,355 6,360

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,893 99,164 99,710 99,736 99,800 99,850 99,899 99,374 99,498

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,650 5,482 5,299 5,813 5,477 5,389 5,247 5,370 5,450

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,807 130,608 130,713 128,807 130,319 130,408 130,507 130,608 130,713

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,529 89,299 89,159 87,659 88,704 88,836 88,695 89,082 89,331

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 68.4 68.2 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.0 68.2 68.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,687 85,838 85,745 84,532 85,410 85,547 85,492 85,493 85,633

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 65.7 65.6 65.6 65.5 65.6 65.5 65.5 65.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,842 3,461 3,414 3,127 3,294 3,289 3,203 3,589 3,697

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,278 41,310 41,553 41,148 41,616 41,572 41,811 41,527 41,382

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,140 121,832 121,931 120,140 121,565 121,646 121,735 121,832 121,931

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,594 85,868 86,086 84,602 85,487 85,774 85,739 85,934 86,130

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.4 70.3 70.5 70.4 70.5 70.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,075 82,865 83,057 81,816 82,526 82,868 82,922 82,777 82,837

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 68.0 68.1 68.1 67.9 68.1 68.1 67.9 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,519 3,003 3,029 2,786 2,961 2,906 2,817 3,157 3,293

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,545 35,964 35,845 35,537 36,078 35,871 35,997 35,898 35,801

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,548 136,605 136,715 135,548 136,299 136,393 136,496 136,605 136,715

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,934 78,750 78,559 76,960 78,114 78,115 78,408 78,757 78,599

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 57.6 57.5 56.8 57.3 57.3 57.4 57.7 57.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,316 75,589 75,924 74,318 75,311 75,448 75,769 75,991 75,936

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.8 55.3 55.5 54.8 55.3 55.3 55.5 55.6 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,618 3,162 2,634 2,642 2,803 2,668 2,638 2,766 2,662

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,615 57,854 58,156 58,588 58,185 58,277 58,088 57,847 58,116

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,117 128,132 128,237 127,117 127,845 127,932 128,028 128,132 128,237

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,842 75,305 75,602 73,729 75,005 74,927 75,205 75,541 75,497

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.1 58.8 59.0 58.0 58.7 58.6 58.7 59.0 58.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,590 72,515 73,292 71,457 72,518 72,567 72,877 73,121 73,163

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 56.6 57.2 56.2 56.7 56.7 56.9 57.1 57.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,251 2,790 2,310 2,272 2,486 2,360 2,328 2,419 2,334

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.7 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,276 52,826 52,635 53,388 52,840 53,005 52,822 52,591 52,740

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,099 17,249 17,260 17,099 17,208 17,223 17,239 17,249 17,260

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,027 6,876 6,030 6,288 6,326 6,250 6,159 6,365 6,303

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.2 39.9 34.9 36.8 36.8 36.3 35.7 36.9 36.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,337 6,046 5,321 5,576 5,676 5,559 5,462 5,586 5,570

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.2 35.1 30.8 32.6 33.0 32.3 31.7 32.4 32.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 830 710 712 650 691 696 779 733

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 12.1 11.8 11.3 10.3 11.0 11.3 12.2 11.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,072 10,373 11,230 10,811 10,882 10,973 11,080 10,885 10,957

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,420 204,645 204,756 203,420 204,345 204,433 204,536 204,645 204,756

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,036 128,092 127,706 126,117 127,273 127,306 127,329 127,976 127,829

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.6 62.4 62.0 62.3 62.3 62.3 62.5 62.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,403 123,531 123,547 122,261 123,112 123,389 123,393 123,571 123,456

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 60.4 60.3 60.1 60.2 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,633 4,561 4,160 3,856 4,161 3,917 3,936 4,405 4,373

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,383 76,553 77,049 77,303 77,072 77,127 77,207 76,669 76,926

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,872 66,480 66,622 65,884 66,433 66,543 66,414 66,565 66,643

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.2 70.2 70.3 70.2 70.2 70.3 70.2 70.3 70.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,221 64,374 64,514 64,012 64,343 64,545 64,423 64,324 64,321

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.0 68.2 68.0 67.9 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,651 2,106 2,108 1,871 2,089 1,998 1,991 2,241 2,322

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.2 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.5

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,435 56,243 56,503 55,348 55,950 55,994 56,188 56,451 56,401

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.1 57.7 58.0 57.0 57.5 57.6 57.7 58.0 57.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,979 54,361 54,912 53,885 54,323 54,536 54,690 54,826 54,810

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.6 55.8 56.3 55.5 55.9 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,456 1,882 1,592 1,463 1,627 1,458 1,498 1,625 1,591

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,730 5,369 4,581 4,885 4,890 4,769 4,727 4,960 4,785

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 42.9 36.6 39.1 39.1 38.1 37.8 39.6 38.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,203 4,796 4,121 4,364 4,445 4,308 4,281 4,421 4,324

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 38.3 32.9 34.9 35.5 34.4 34.2 35.3 34.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 573 460 521 445 461 447 539 460

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 10.7 10.0 10.7 9.1 9.7 9.5 10.9 9.6

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,204 34,714 34,751 34,204 34,613 34,644 34,678 34,714 34,751

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,218 21,837 21,808 21,260 21,874 21,695 21,751 21,746 21,868

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.9 62.8 62.2 63.2 62.6 62.7 62.6 62.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,041 20,613 20,622 20,016 20,641 20,402 20,496 20,596 20,616

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 59.4 59.3 58.5 59.6 58.9 59.1 59.3 59.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,177 1,224 1,186 1,244 1,234 1,292 1,255 1,150 1,253

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.9 5.6 6.0 5.8 5.3 5.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,986 12,878 12,943 12,944 12,738 12,949 12,927 12,969 12,883

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,907 10,182 10,197 9,892 10,084 10,053 10,114 10,131 10,185

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 68.7 68.7 68.0 68.2 68.0 68.3 68.4 68.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,368 9,678 9,650 9,322 9,519 9,465 9,576 9,620 9,611

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 65.3 65.0 64.1 64.4 64.0 64.7 64.9 64.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 504 547 570 565 588 538 511 574

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 5.0 5.4 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.0 5.6

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,638 10,859 10,861 10,637 11,051 10,886 10,922 10,872 10,873

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 62.6 62.5 61.9 63.9 62.9 63.0 62.7 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,072 10,277 10,394 10,057 10,469 10,300 10,353 10,359 10,389

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 59.2 59.8 58.6 60.5 59.5 59.7 59.7 59.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 582 467 579 582 586 569 514 485

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 5.4 4.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.7 4.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673 796 750 731 740 756 715 742 810

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.1 31.3 29.5 29.4 29.2 29.8 28.2 29.2 31.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 658 579 636 653 638 568 617 616

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.2 25.9 22.7 25.6 25.8 25.1 22.3 24.3 24.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 138 172 95 87 118 148 125 194

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 17.3 22.9 12.9 11.7 15.6 20.7 16.9 24.0

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,132 17,515 17,633 17,132 17,511 17,491 17,600 17,515 17,633

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,151 11,552 11,611 11,106 11,408 11,435 11,556 11,486 11,580

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 66.0 65.8 64.8 65.1 65.4 65.7 65.6 65.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,882 11,176 11,288 10,832 11,073 11,073 11,288 11,131 11,250

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 63.8 64.0 63.2 63.2 63.3 64.1 63.6 63.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 376 323 274 335 363 267 355 330

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.9 3.2 2.3 3.1 2.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,981 5,963 6,023 6,025 6,104 6,056 6,044 6,029 6,053

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 46,373 47,671 47,774 46,373 47,380 47,473 47,569 47,671 47,774

Civilian labor force................................ 30,641 31,960 32,099 30,673 31,690 31,943 32,052 31,977 32,144

Participation rate............................... 66.1 67.0 67.2 66.1 66.9 67.3 67.4 67.1 67.3

Employed....................................... 29,515 30,382 30,706 29,462 30,407 30,571 30,637 30,420 30,660

Employment-population ratio............... 63.6 63.7 64.3 63.5 64.2 64.4 64.4 63.8 64.2

Unemployed.................................... 1,126 1,578 1,393 1,211 1,283 1,372 1,416 1,557 1,484

Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 4.9 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.4 4.9 4.6

Not in labor force................................. 15,732 15,711 15,675 15,700 15,690 15,530 15,517 15,694 15,630

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,523 17,170 17,246 16,536 17,123 17,224 17,290 17,164 17,262

Participation rate............................... 78.7 79.3 79.5 78.7 79.5 79.8 80.0 79.2 79.5

Employed....................................... 16,031 16,465 16,586 15,967 16,434 16,576 16,599 16,433 16,523

Employment-population ratio............... 76.3 76.0 76.4 76.0 76.3 76.8 76.8 75.9 76.1

Unemployed.................................... 493 706 660 569 690 649 691 731 739

Unemployment rate......................... 3.0 4.1 3.8 3.4 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,792 13,279 13,395 12,771 13,150 13,182 13,271 13,343 13,379

Participation rate............................... 60.7 61.5 61.9 60.6 61.2 61.3 61.6 61.8 61.8

Employed....................................... 12,339 12,663 12,826 12,314 12,700 12,638 12,745 12,752 12,805

Employment-population ratio............... 58.6 58.6 59.2 58.4 59.1 58.7 59.1 59.0 59.1

Unemployed.................................... 452 616 569 457 450 544 525 591 573

Unemployment rate......................... 3.5 4.6 4.2 3.6 3.4 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,326 1,510 1,457 1,366 1,417 1,537 1,492 1,470 1,503

Participation rate............................... 30.9 34.3 33.0 31.8 32.4 35.0 33.9 33.4 34.0

Employed....................................... 1,145 1,254 1,293 1,181 1,273 1,357 1,292 1,236 1,331

Employment-population ratio............... 26.7 28.5 29.3 27.5 29.1 31.0 29.4 28.0 30.1

Unemployed.................................... 181 257 164 185 144 180 200 235 172

Unemployment rate......................... 13.6 17.0 11.3 13.6 10.1 11.7 13.4 16.0 11.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,094 9,210 9,287 8,990 9,140 9,184 8,926 9,239 9,185

Participation rate.................................. 46.2 47.4 47.5 45.7 45.7 46.6 47.7 47.6 46.9

Employed.......................................... 8,674 8,774 8,865 8,491 8,621 8,632 8,459 8,743 8,683

Employment-population ratio................. 44.1 45.2 45.3 43.1 43.1 43.8 45.2 45.0 44.4

Unemployed....................................... 420 436 422 499 519 552 467 496 501

Unemployment rate............................ 4.6 4.7 4.5 5.5 5.7 6.0 5.2 5.4 5.5

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,488 36,349 36,416 35,282 36,022 36,038 35,980 36,243 36,205

Participation rate.................................. 56.5 56.7 57.2 56.2 56.8 57.0 56.5 56.5 56.8

Employed.......................................... 34,244 34,957 34,993 33,975 34,611 34,638 34,763 34,851 34,722

Employment-population ratio................. 54.5 54.5 54.9 54.1 54.6 54.7 54.6 54.4 54.5

Unemployed....................................... 1,244 1,392 1,423 1,307 1,411 1,400 1,217 1,391 1,484

Unemployment rate............................ 3.5 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.8 4.1

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,597 35,560 36,016 35,575 35,407 35,564 35,730 35,867 35,960

Participation rate.................................. 62.8 62.7 62.9 62.7 63.1 62.5 62.7 63.3 62.8

Employed.......................................... 34,609 34,393 34,976 34,558 34,273 34,472 34,612 34,780 34,886

Employment-population ratio................. 61.0 60.7 61.1 60.9 61.1 60.5 60.7 61.4 60.9

Unemployed....................................... 989 1,167 1,041 1,017 1,134 1,092 1,118 1,087 1,074

Unemployment rate............................ 2.8 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 63,574 64,112 64,285 63,519 64,201 64,274 64,817 64,398 64,277

Participation rate.................................. 73.0 73.2 73.5 72.9 73.1 73.4 73.4 73.5 73.5

Employed.......................................... 62,473 62,469 62,946 62,381 62,879 63,010 63,522 62,986 62,907

Employment-population ratio................. 71.7 71.3 71.9 71.6 71.6 72.0 71.9 71.9 71.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,100 1,643 1,340 1,138 1,322 1,264 1,295 1,412 1,370

Unemployment rate............................ 1.7 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,313 17,856 16,283 15,812 2,030 2,044

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,807 8,488 7,621 7,293 1,187 1,195

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.1 47.5 46.8 46.1 58.5 58.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,579 8,189 7,436 7,047 1,143 1,141

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.8 45.9 45.7 44.6 56.3 55.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 299 185 245 44 54

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 3.5 2.4 3.4 3.7 4.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,506 9,368 8,662 8,519 843 849

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,922 5,068 4,041 4,120 881 948

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,973 3,952 3,289 3,238 684 714

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.7 78.0 81.4 78.6 77.6 75.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,880 3,752 3,210 3,071 671 681

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.8 74.0 79.4 74.5 76.1 71.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 200 79 167 13 33

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 5.1 2.4 5.2 1.9 4.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949 1,116 752 882 197 234

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,248 2,961 2,753 2,534 495 427

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,280 2,082 1,986 1,812 294 270

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.2 70.3 72.1 71.5 59.4 63.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,207 2,031 1,931 1,763 276 268

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.9 68.6 70.1 69.6 55.8 62.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 51 55 49 18 2

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.4 2.8 2.7 6.1 0.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 879 768 722 201 157

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,178 5,918 5,932 5,667 246 251

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 802 877 768 27 35

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 13.6 14.8 13.5 11.1 13.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 786 850 759 27 27

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 13.3 14.3 13.4 11.1 10.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 16 27 9 0 7

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.0 3.0 1.2 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,274 5,116 5,055 4,899 219 216

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,965 3,909 3,557 3,491 408 418

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,650 1,651 1,469 1,474 182 177

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 42.2 41.3 42.2 44.5 42.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,613 1,620 1,444 1,454 169 165

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.7 41.4 40.6 41.7 41.4 39.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 32 25 20 12 12

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.4 6.8 6.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,315 2,258 2,088 2,017 226 241

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,598 240,361 107,682 110,172 128,916 130,189

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,284 156,823 78,826 80,635 74,458 76,188

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 65.2 73.2 73.2 57.8 58.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,309 151,346 76,293 77,634 72,016 73,712

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 63.0 70.9 70.5 55.9 56.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,975 5,477 2,533 3,001 2,443 2,476

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.5 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,314 83,538 28,857 29,537 54,458 54,002

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 33,223 34,146 231,132 233,282

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,710 8,275 156,753 159,443

Participation rate..................................................................... 23.2 24.2 67.8 68.3

Employed............................................................................. 7,145 7,674 151,858 153,995

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 21.5 22.5 65.7 66.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 565 601 4,894 5,447

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.3 7.3 3.1 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,513 25,871 74,380 73,839

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,126 3,543 78,109 79,399

Participation rate..................................................................... 37.9 41.9 82.7 83.0

Employed............................................................................. 2,868 3,278 75,652 76,409

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 34.8 38.7 80.1 79.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 259 265 2,457 2,991

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.3 7.5 3.1 3.8

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,124 4,916 16,395 16,260

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,243 3,313 68,733 70,044

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.2 38.8 71.6 72.9

Employed............................................................................. 2,974 3,045 66,506 67,809

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 35.0 35.6 69.3 70.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 269 268 2,227 2,234

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.3 8.1 3.2 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,249 5,234 27,228 26,089

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,341 1,419 9,910 10,000

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.1 8.3 24.4 24.1

Employed............................................................................. 1,303 1,351 9,700 9,777

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.9 7.9 23.9 23.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 37 68 210 222

Unemployment rate............................................................... 2.8 4.8 2.1 2.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 15,140 15,721 30,757 31,490

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 45,351 46,707 22,003 22,753 23,348 23,953

Civilian labor force.................................................. 30,213 31,336 17,219 17,769 12,994 13,567

Participation rate.................................................. 66.6 67.1 78.3 78.1 55.7 56.6

Employed.......................................................... 29,349 30,213 16,750 17,154 12,599 13,059

Employment-population ratio................................. 64.7 64.7 76.1 75.4 54.0 54.5

Unemployed....................................................... 864 1,123 469 615 395 508

Unemployment rate............................................ 2.9 3.6 2.7 3.5 3.0 3.7

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,138 15,371 4,784 4,985 10,354 10,386

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 219,005 220,721 106,805 107,959 112,200 112,762

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,250 136,382 70,310 71,391 63,939 64,992

Participation rate.................................................. 61.3 61.8 65.8 66.1 57.0 57.6

Employed.......................................................... 129,654 131,457 67,938 68,591 61,717 62,865

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.2 59.6 63.6 63.5 55.0 55.8

Unemployed....................................................... 4,596 4,926 2,373 2,799 2,223 2,126

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.9 3.5 3.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 84,755 84,339 36,494 36,569 48,261 47,770

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,165 2,326 2,288 2,178 2,301 2,311 2,261 2,296 2,303

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,448 1,582 1,551 1,473 1,569 1,591 1,519 1,559 1,571

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 700 717 699 696 672 674 688 695 693

Unpaid family workers........................... 18 27 39 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 156,838 159,101 159,381 156,762 158,416 158,853 159,099 159,321 159,388

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 147,538 150,171 150,233 147,291 149,512 149,632 149,974 150,217 150,090

Government..................................... 21,166 20,684 21,480 21,331 21,434 21,552 21,161 21,199 21,601

Private industries............................... 126,372 129,487 128,753 126,371 128,050 128,110 128,778 128,891 128,821

Private households.......................... 705 681 665 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 125,667 128,807 128,089 125,712 127,337 127,470 128,166 128,282 128,209

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,235 8,886 9,114 9,155 8,731 8,917 8,814 8,809 9,033

Unpaid family workers........................... 65 44 33 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,523 4,143 3,742 3,843 3,739 4,191 4,000 4,221 4,065

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,393 2,712 2,608 2,576 2,582 2,890 2,717 2,799 2,793

Could only find part-time work.................. 945 1,003 940 942 824 948 1,014 1,021 938

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,389 20,506 22,309 21,260 21,864 21,267 21,971 21,975 22,152

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,479 4,084 3,698 3,762 3,725 4,095 3,913 4,110 3,991

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,353 2,670 2,579 2,526 2,566 2,835 2,657 2,757 2,752

Could only find part-time work.................. 945 999 930 940 821 943 1,012 1,021 929

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,047 20,084 21,883 20,912 21,496 20,913 21,539 21,522 21,723

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,003 161,427 161,669 158,850 160,721 160,994 161,262 161,484 161,570

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,337 6,046 5,321 5,576 5,676 5,559 5,462 5,586 5,570

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,115 2,362 2,134 2,100 2,240 2,177 2,083 2,098 2,119

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,222 3,684 3,186 3,462 3,450 3,372 3,353 3,461 3,427

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,666 155,381 156,349 153,274 155,045 155,435 155,799 155,898 156,000

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,666 14,787 14,569 13,752 14,816 14,741 14,559 14,606 14,676

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,000 140,593 141,780 139,503 140,314 140,612 141,160 141,194 141,293

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,291 103,133 103,831 101,954 103,209 103,384 103,539 103,531 103,537

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,451 35,810 36,008 35,349 35,814 35,755 36,168 35,974 35,940

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,735 35,375 35,625 34,619 35,257 35,391 35,379 35,478 35,518

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,105 31,948 32,199 31,986 32,138 32,238 31,992 32,080 32,079

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,709 37,461 37,949 37,550 37,105 37,228 37,620 37,663 37,756

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,687 85,838 85,745 84,532 85,410 85,547 85,492 85,493 85,633

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,612 2,973 2,688 2,716 2,884 2,679 2,570 2,716 2,797

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958 1,158 1,064 962 1,043 972 943 1,009 1,060

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,653 1,815 1,624 1,750 1,844 1,695 1,606 1,668 1,720

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,075 82,865 83,057 81,816 82,526 82,868 82,922 82,777 82,837

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,003 7,530 7,248 7,040 7,509 7,541 7,435 7,369 7,310

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,072 75,335 75,809 74,703 75,088 75,233 75,462 75,297 75,466

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,560 55,335 55,489 54,325 55,174 55,263 55,358 55,300 55,291

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,926 19,198 19,175 18,829 19,145 19,130 19,338 19,215 19,114

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,656 19,097 19,188 18,579 18,998 19,143 19,103 19,053 19,120

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,979 17,040 17,126 16,917 17,031 16,990 16,917 17,032 17,057

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,512 20,000 20,319 20,378 19,914 19,971 20,104 19,997 20,175

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,316 75,589 75,924 74,318 75,311 75,448 75,769 75,991 75,936

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,726 3,073 2,633 2,861 2,793 2,880 2,892 2,870 2,773

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,157 1,204 1,071 1,138 1,196 1,205 1,140 1,089 1,059

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,568 1,869 1,562 1,712 1,606 1,677 1,746 1,793 1,708

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,590 72,515 73,292 71,457 72,518 72,567 72,877 73,121 73,163

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,663 7,257 7,321 6,712 7,307 7,201 7,125 7,237 7,366

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,928 65,258 65,971 64,801 65,226 65,378 65,697 65,897 65,827

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,731 47,797 48,342 47,628 48,035 48,121 48,181 48,232 48,245

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,525 16,611 16,832 16,519 16,669 16,625 16,830 16,759 16,826

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,079 16,279 16,437 16,040 16,259 16,248 16,276 16,425 16,398

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,127 14,908 15,073 15,069 15,107 15,248 15,075 15,048 15,022

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,197 17,461 17,629 17,172 17,191 17,258 17,516 17,665 17,582

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,100 45,754 46,588 45,920 45,647 45,844 45,886 45,911 46,357

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,616 36,930 37,300 36,582 36,964 36,847 37,413 37,430 37,279

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,813 9,719 9,882 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,027 135,445 134,560 132,575 134,477 134,859 134,274 134,189 134,167

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,976 25,982 27,109 26,249 26,443 26,181 27,153 27,185 27,336

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,739 7,778 8,146 7,755 7,762 7,995 8,113 8,028 8,151

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,710 6,989 6,684 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,935 9,603 9,813 9,851 9,403 9,591 9,502 9,504 9,726

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,770 6,355 6,360 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 712 779 733 11.3 10.3 11.0 11.3 12.2 11.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 291 280 307 12.2 9.5 11.2 11.2 11.8 12.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 426 506 429 11.0 10.6 10.5 11.4 12.7 11.1

20 years and over................................ 5,058 5,576 5,627 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,030 1,125 1,115 7.0 6.3 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.1

25 years and over.............................. 3,984 4,395 4,453 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 3,075 3,353 3,438 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 1,320 1,446 1,505 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.9 4.0

35 to 44 years............................. 1,063 1,085 1,012 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.8

45 to 54 years............................. 692 822 921 2.1 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.8

55 years and over........................... 938 1,036 1,029 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.7

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,127 3,589 3,697 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.1

16 to 19 years..................................... 342 432 404 11.2 10.4 12.5 13.0 13.7 12.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 145 138 190 13.1 8.0 14.1 13.2 12.0 15.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 200 302 222 10.3 11.5 10.5 12.9 15.3 11.4

20 years and over................................ 2,786 3,157 3,293 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.8

20 to 24 years.................................. 604 677 673 7.9 7.1 6.7 7.2 8.4 8.4

25 years and over.............................. 2,162 2,422 2,583 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.3

25 to 54 years............................... 1,669 1,842 2,064 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.6

25 to 34 years............................. 709 776 925 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.6

35 to 44 years............................. 556 587 587 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 403 479 552 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1

55 years and over........................... 493 580 518 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.2 2.8 2.5

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,642 2,766 2,662 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 370 347 329 11.5 10.2 9.7 9.7 10.8 10.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 145 143 117 11.3 10.7 8.7 9.4 11.6 9.9

18 to 19 years.................................. 225 204 207 11.6 9.5 10.4 10.0 10.2 10.8

20 years and over................................ 2,272 2,419 2,334 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 425 448 441 6.0 5.4 5.3 6.2 5.8 5.7

25 years and over.............................. 1,822 1,973 1,870 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.8

25 to 54 years............................... 1,407 1,511 1,374 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.8

25 to 34 years............................. 611 670 579 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.8 3.3

35 to 44 years............................. 507 498 426 3.1 3.1 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.5

45 to 54 years............................. 289 343 369 1.9 2.6 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.4

55 years and over........................... 421 449 492 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 846 942 989 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.1

Married women, spouse present1................. 712 794 821 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.2

Women who maintain families2.................... 488 499 415 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.0

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,754 5,129 5,099 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,010 1,258 1,239 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.3

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,176 3,053 2,522 2,530 2,960 2,900 2,620 2,914 2,858

On temporary layoff.............................. 463 870 478 772 767 842 667 789 781

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,713 2,183 2,044 1,758 2,193 2,058 1,953 2,125 2,077

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,161 1,600 1,409 1,202 1,588 1,493 1,372 1,538 1,441

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 552 583 634 555 605 565 581 587 636

Job leavers........................................... 976 876 859 904 765 794 852 801 797

Reentrants............................................ 1,867 2,014 2,114 1,834 1,821 1,745 1,853 1,930 2,043

New entrants......................................... 441 680 553 460 508 558 503 597 568

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 39.9 46.1 41.7 44.2 48.9 48.4 44.9 46.7 45.6

On temporary layoff.............................. 8.5 13.1 7.9 13.5 12.7 14.0 11.4 12.6 12.5

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 31.4 33.0 33.8 30.7 36.2 34.3 33.5 34.0 33.2

Job leavers........................................... 17.9 13.2 14.2 15.8 12.6 13.2 14.6 12.8 12.7

Reentrants............................................ 34.2 30.4 34.9 32.0 30.1 29.1 31.8 30.9 32.6

New entrants......................................... 8.1 10.3 9.1 8.0 8.4 9.3 8.6 9.6 9.1

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7

Job leavers........................................... 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,127 2,173 2,023 2,158 2,083 2,068 2,004 2,221 2,051

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,474 2,280 1,865 1,643 1,865 1,889 1,698 1,877 2,044

15 weeks and over.................................. 1,859 2,171 2,161 1,990 2,046 2,021 2,161 2,298 2,288

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 751 796 928 901 858 917 997 1,002 1,072

27 weeks and over............................... 1,109 1,374 1,233 1,089 1,188 1,105 1,164 1,296 1,216

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 20.7 20.2 21.9 20.3 21.2 20.7 20.6 20.4 21.5

Median duration, in weeks......................... 8.8 8.8 9.7 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.7 9.2

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 39.0 32.8 33.4 37.3 34.8 34.6 34.2 34.7 32.1

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 27.0 34.4 30.8 28.4 31.1 31.6 29.0 29.3 32.0

15 weeks and over.................................. 34.1 32.8 35.7 34.4 34.1 33.8 36.9 35.9 35.8

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 13.7 12.0 15.3 15.6 14.3 15.3 17.0 15.7 16.8

27 weeks and over............................... 20.3 20.7 20.4 18.8 19.8 18.5 19.9 20.3 19.1

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 159,003 161,669 5,460 6,049 3.3 3.6

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 69,056 70,417 1,291 1,466 1.8 2.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 29,780 30,768 537 655 1.8 2.1

Professional and related occupations.......................... 39,276 39,649 754 811 1.9 2.0

Service occupations................................................ 25,738 26,659 1,178 1,134 4.4 4.1

Sales and office occupations...................................... 29,602 30,393 1,154 1,270 3.8 4.0

Sales and related occupations.................................. 13,878 14,353 553 612 3.8 4.1

Office and administrative support occupations............... 15,725 16,040 601 658 3.7 3.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,518 14,276 477 566 3.2 3.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 934 1,058 42 70 4.3 6.2

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,628 8,248 343 416 3.8 4.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,956 4,970 92 80 1.8 1.6

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 20,088 19,924 904 1,038 4.3 5.0

Production occupations.......................................... 8,222 8,163 304 277 3.6 3.3

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,866 11,761 600 761 4.8 6.1

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,460 6,049 3.3 3.6

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,297 4,762 3.3 3.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 16 16 2.5 2.6

Construction.......................................................................... 346 392 3.4 3.8

Manufacturing........................................................................ 416 495 2.8 3.2

Durable goods..................................................................... 236 278 2.5 2.8

Nondurable goods................................................................ 181 217 3.3 3.9

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 768 889 4.0 4.5

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 337 379 4.0 4.7

Information............................................................................ 85 117 3.2 4.3

Financial activities................................................................... 136 190 1.3 1.9

Professional and business services............................................... 544 699 2.9 3.6

Education and health services..................................................... 659 638 2.6 2.4

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 802 734 5.9 5.4

Other services........................................................................ 189 211 2.8 3.1

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 46 62 3.2 3.9

Government workers................................................................... 388 393 1.8 1.8

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 288 278 2.8 2.7

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

May

2023

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.3 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.6 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.3 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.6

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.4 7.2 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.9 6.7 7.1 7.0

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

Sept.

2022

Sept.

2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 99,893 99,710 41,278 41,553 58,615 58,156

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,650 5,299 2,627 2,364 3,024 2,935

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,619 1,492 817 756 802 736

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 462 351 286 189 176 162

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,157 1,141 531 567 626 575

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,739 8,146 3,753 3,959 3,986 4,186

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.9 5.0 4.4 4.6 5.4 5.5

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,307 4,730 2,300 2,469 2,007 2,262

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,925 1,888 664 659 1,261 1,229

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 420 447 251 272 169 175

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,042 1,008 518 520 525 489

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Change

from:

Aug.2023 -

Sept.2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,809 156,022 156,416 157,001 153,682 156,311 156,538 156,874 336

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,486 134,461 134,447 134,048 131,445 133,572 133,749 134,012 263

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,493 21,875 21,923 21,836 21,327 21,594 21,641 21,670 29

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 652 652 649 613 644 644 645 1

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 48.5 48.0 48.2 45.9 47.3 46.5 47.5 1.0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 572.1 603.7 603.8 601.1 567.3 596.8 597.3 597.4 0.1

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.1 119.2 120.0 119.4 115.8 118.3 118.8 119.0 0.2

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.3 191.4 190.6 189.0 183.7 187.6 187.1 186.7 -0.4

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 41.9 41.7 41.4 40.8 41.8 41.7 41.5 -0.2

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 44.3 44.2 43.7 43.2 43.7 43.9 43.8 -0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.4 105.2 104.7 103.9 99.7 102.0 101.5 101.4 -0.1

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269.7 293.1 293.2 292.7 267.8 290.9 291.4 291.7 0.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,956 8,185 8,215 8,173 7,797 7,967 8,003 8,014 11

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,773.8 1,834.7 1,838.1 1,828.0 1,754.3 1,796.2 1,804.3 1,810.8 6.5

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 930.8 942.1 942.1 939.2 924.6 922.6 926.4 933.1 6.7

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 843.0 892.6 896.0 888.8 829.7 873.6 877.9 877.7 -0.2

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,125.7 1,172.1 1,178.5 1,180.4 1,073.7 1,120.2 1,125.0 1,127.2 2.2

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,056.3 5,178.3 5,198.4 5,164.1 4,968.9 5,050.8 5,073.2 5,075.8 2.6

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,348.3 2,415.3 2,408.6 2,396.4 2,316.7 2,354.5 2,357.6 2,363.5 5.9

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,708.0 2,763.0 2,789.8 2,767.7 2,652.2 2,696.3 2,715.6 2,712.3 -3.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,918 13,038 13,056 13,014 12,917 12,983 12,994 13,011 17

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,022 8,155 8,182 8,156 8,032 8,137 8,150 8,163 13

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429.6 422.2 425.6 424.7 430.9 420.6 424.1 425.5 1.4

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427.1 437.8 437.9 435.8 422.8 432.1 432.0 432.8 0.8

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.7 372.0 372.0 369.8 366.8 371.7 371.9 371.4 -0.5

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,437.4 1,457.5 1,457.3 1,453.7 1,440.5 1,450.7 1,455.3 1,456.3 1.0

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,106.9 1,139.6 1,138.4 1,131.1 1,110.2 1,131.1 1,134.3 1,135.1 0.8

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,092.0 1,113.7 1,109.2 1,098.3 1,094.2 1,105.9 1,103.3 1,100.9 -2.4

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.6 169.3 168.8 167.3 164.8 168.3 168.1 167.6 -0.5

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.5 86.6 85.9 86.2 84.1 85.8 85.9 86.4 0.5

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.6 390.6 388.3 382.8 390.8 386.8 385.9 384.3 -1.6

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.1 433.2 432.6 428.8 422.5 431.4 430.3 429.4 -0.9

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 34.0 33.6 33.2 32.0 33.5 33.1 33.2 0.1

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.4 406.7 407.3 407.8 406.4 404.4 406.8 407.8 1.0

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,751.4 1,808.2 1,842.2 1,848.9 1,747.7 1,827.8 1,833.1 1,843.4 10.3

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,032.9 1,051.2 1,075.3 1,083.9 1,029.5 1,073.2 1,070.6 1,079.5 8.9

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.0 362.0 360.7 356.7 381.0 361.0 360.3 359.2 -1.1

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630.9 635.3 631.7 628.8 631.8 631.2 629.2 630.3 1.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,896 4,883 4,874 4,858 4,885 4,846 4,844 4,848 4

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,719.4 1,728.7 1,733.2 1,726.7 1,707.6 1,713.9 1,717.2 1,719.1 1.9

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.9 94.3 93.6 93.2 98.6 93.8 93.2 93.0 -0.2

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.7 99.1 99.0 98.6 102.8 99.0 99.5 99.0 -0.5

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.5 91.3 91.5 90.9 92.7 91.3 91.6 91.3 -0.3

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.1 349.3 345.9 348.5 362.2 349.7 347.3 348.9 1.6

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 379.4 377.0 375.9 371.0 379.5 375.8 374.9 372.2 -2.7

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.2 108.5 108.2 106.5 104.8 105.5 105.8 105.3 -0.5

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.3 919.3 916.1 913.3 914.3 914.5 914.9 917.5 2.6

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760.4 745.3 740.8 742.9 765.7 743.6 740.0 744.5 4.5

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Change

from:

Aug.2023 -

Sept.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.3 370.4 369.9 365.9 356.9 358.7 359.4 357.4 -2.0

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,993 112,586 112,524 112,212 110,118 111,978 112,108 112,342 234

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,584 28,778 28,714 28,720 28,784 28,870 28,853 28,898 45

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,998.3 6,098.8 6,080.4 6,071.0 6,003.8 6,062.8 6,062.8 6,074.5 11.7

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,304.5 3,366.4 3,358.7 3,354.2 3,310.1 3,348.9 3,351.5 3,358.7 7.2

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,170.0 2,203.8 2,190.4 2,190.5 2,169.7 2,187.6 2,182.1 2,189.6 7.5

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 523.8 528.6 531.3 526.3 524.0 526.3 529.2 526.2 -3.0

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,358.8 15,546.6 15,505.8 15,422.7 15,502.3 15,538.0 15,538.4 15,558.1 19.7

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,017.4 2,050.9 2,055.9 2,059.7 2,013.5 2,040.2 2,044.8 2,054.2 9.4

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,253.5 1,260.6 1,265.8 1,269.3 1,253.0 1,259.4 1,261.8 1,267.1 5.3

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.7 185.6 183.5 176.8 177.1 176.9 176.5 175.5 -1.0

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.2 604.7 606.6 613.6 583.4 604.0 606.4 611.6 5.2

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,396.7 1,405.0 1,379.9 1,356.6 1,419.4 1,372.1 1,374.5 1,375.0 0.5

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,196.3 3,266.4 3,256.8 3,228.3 3,211.7 3,247.5 3,248.4 3,249.1 0.7

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891.1 837.9 834.7 836.8 902.4 849.9 846.0 843.3 -2.7

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 447.6 429.0 427.8 429.6 454.4 435.2 434.8 435.5 0.7

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 443.5 408.9 406.9 407.2 453.2 416.0 412.9 411.4 -1.5

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,063.8 3,137.6 3,125.3 3,128.3 3,123.7 3,181.2 3,176.9 3,181.3 4.4

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923.6 931.6 929.0 930.6 954.0 958.7 955.4 958.0 2.6

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,140.2 2,206.0 2,196.3 2,197.7 2,169.7 2,222.5 2,221.5 2,223.3 1.8

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,095.4 1,090.3 1,085.8 1,088.7 1,106.2 1,104.0 1,098.7 1,099.7 1.0

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,048.0 1,086.4 1,087.7 1,083.2 1,044.2 1,073.7 1,073.8 1,079.2 5.4

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,126.9 1,131.3 1,140.5 1,116.2 1,145.1 1,135.3 1,139.5 1,137.6 -1.9

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,523.2 1,540.8 1,539.2 1,524.9 1,536.1 1,534.1 1,535.8 1,538.7 2.9

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,673.1 6,572.0 6,567.8 6,664.4 6,721.8 6,712.7 6,693.8 6,702.4 8.6

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.1 548.3 550.2 553.6 513.4 544.0 547.3 552.2 4.9

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.3 150.5 150.5 150.5 147.1 150.3 150.3 150.4 0.1

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.2 71.2 71.5 70.4 65.9 67.5 68.8 68.7 -0.1

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,607.3 1,619.9 1,589.0 1,587.7 1,598.3 1,600.9 1,575.7 1,584.5 8.8

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434.3 378.7 381.4 448.5 416.3 434.7 438.9 433.8 -5.1

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 47.8 48.2 48.4 48.2 47.4 48.1 48.5 0.4

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 37.5 44.5 44.3 42.3 33.3 36.6 37.2 37.6 0.4

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 801.4 812.7 817.3 816.8 801.9 816.1 816.8 818.6 1.8

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,083.8 1,042.3 1,060.5 1,079.9 1,148.2 1,121.8 1,122.8 1,124.0 1.2

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,932.3 1,856.1 1,854.9 1,866.3 1,949.2 1,893.4 1,887.9 1,884.1 -3.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.7 560.2 559.8 562.2 555.6 556.0 558.4 563.2 4.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,108 3,084 3,055 3,034 3,113 3,062 3,041 3,036 -5

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457.2 468.1 447.0 422.3 458.0 452.6 433.8 427.2 -6.6

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953.2 930.2 931.8 939.4 955.3 927.1 929.9 936.2 6.3

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 357.0 351.3 346.1 345.3 356.9 352.4 346.6 346.4 -0.2

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.3 644.2 639.9 640.7 666.1 642.4 640.5 640.3 -0.2

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479.2 498.6 499.5 496.1 479.8 497.0 500.0 496.0 -4.0

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.5 191.8 191.1 189.8 197.3 190.3 189.7 190.0 0.3

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,066 9,222 9,210 9,152 9,068 9,152 9,154 9,157 3

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,663.0 6,751.7 6,741.5 6,700.7 6,681.4 6,722.0 6,720.9 6,717.8 -3.1

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 22.4 22.1 22.0 21.5 22.1 22.0 22.0 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,680.3 2,675.7 2,667.2 2,643.1 2,688.2 2,665.2 2,658.4 2,650.9 -7.5

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Change

from:

Aug.2023 -

Sept.2023p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . 1,763.7 1,793.5 1,787.6 1,772.5 1,770.7 1,784.9 1,782.5 1,780.4 -2.1

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363.8 1,379.1 1,374.9 1,361.9 1,369.9 1,372.2 1,370.6 1,368.7 -1.9

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 589.3 570.6 566.4 561.6 589.2 568.5 564.2 561.3 -2.9

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 327.3 311.6 313.2 309.0 328.3 311.9 311.7 309.2 -2.5

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,054.8 1,099.0 1,098.9 1,084.9 1,058.6 1,085.6 1,088.3 1,088.8 0.5

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,906.4 2,954.6 2,953.3 2,950.7 2,913.1 2,949.1 2,952.2 2,956.1 3.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,402.6 2,470.5 2,468.4 2,451.7 2,387.0 2,430.2 2,433.4 2,439.1 5.7

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,835.6 1,869.0 1,868.9 1,857.6 1,830.3 1,850.6 1,852.8 1,855.3 2.5

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.5 578.8 576.7 571.5 534.1 557.2 558.1 561.1 3.0

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.7 22.8 22.6 22.6 22.4 22.5 22.7 0.2

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,806 23,052 23,087 23,073 22,755 22,987 22,998 23,019 21

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,538.3 10,952.5 10,925.4 10,867.8 10,622.1 10,910.9 10,924.8 10,953.8 29.0

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,169.0 1,192.8 1,175.9 1,176.2 1,175.5 1,181.5 1,177.6 1,182.7 5.1

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,073.1 1,129.7 1,118.0 1,115.8 1,128.8 1,163.3 1,165.8 1,168.9 3.1

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,633.2 1,708.9 1,707.8 1,691.1 1,627.6 1,683.3 1,686.2 1,687.4 1.2

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.9 160.3 161.3 159.4 154.3 159.9 160.7 160.3 -0.4

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,460.0 2,524.3 2,528.8 2,500.7 2,476.4 2,513.0 2,517.2 2,516.5 -0.7

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,801.7 1,887.3 1,884.7 1,881.6 1,807.7 1,883.7 1,884.4 1,891.8 7.4

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902.8 953.8 953.3 943.7 906.7 938.1 942.9 947.0 4.1

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.5 500.2 500.7 501.6 494.0 497.7 499.1 502.1 3.0

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852.1 895.2 894.9 897.7 851.1 890.4 890.8 897.1 6.3

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,497.4 2,535.8 2,537.3 2,527.1 2,500.6 2,519.2 2,526.8 2,530.1 3.3

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,769.8 9,563.7 9,624.0 9,678.0 9,632.2 9,557.1 9,546.2 9,534.8 -11.4

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 9,283.6 9,061.8 9,120.7 9,177.3 9,149.3 9,060.9 9,049.1 9,037.6 -11.5

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.9 626.8 627.4 632.3 603.7 621.9 622.8 630.0 7.2

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.5 165.5 167.1 162.1 158.1 163.8 164.3 162.1 -2.2

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,964.2 3,617.1 3,681.0 3,776.3 3,910.5 3,736.1 3,723.1 3,708.4 -14.7

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,172.0 2,856.3 2,906.2 2,996.4 3,131.2 2,960.9 2,947.6 2,943.4 -4.2

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779.1 745.5 741.3 741.3 785.5 757.0 751.0 747.2 -3.8

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.6 185.9 186.6 187.0 173.1 183.2 184.1 185.6 1.5

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 969.1 978.7 983.0 978.1 966.3 979.8 980.5 976.9 -3.6

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,288.2 2,398.5 2,390.8 2,353.2 2,215.0 2,278.0 2,283.9 2,286.4 2.5

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.0 343.8 343.5 347.0 337.0 341.0 339.5 341.0 1.5

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486.2 501.9 503.3 500.7 482.9 496.2 497.1 497.2 0.1

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 24,539 25,120 25,242 25,545 24,576 25,420 25,517 25,587 70

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,839.6 3,647.3 3,667.8 3,932.9 3,835.4 3,933.6 3,936.0 3,940.3 4.3

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,699.5 21,472.5 21,574.5 21,612.2 20,740.5 21,486.4 21,580.5 21,646.4 65.9

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,420.2 16,954.7 17,025.1 17,052.4 16,429.3 16,947.2 17,014.2 17,055.1 40.9

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,160.7 8,431.5 8,467.4 8,483.9 8,180.0 8,439.6 8,476.2 8,500.5 24.3

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,821.6 2,906.5 2,918.0 2,925.1 2,827.2 2,906.7 2,921.2 2,928.6 7.4

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,012.5 1,042.6 1,042.1 1,039.9 1,017.0 1,042.2 1,040.9 1,043.5 2.6

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,094.0 1,136.9 1,144.2 1,142.8 1,099.5 1,137.8 1,143.4 1,147.1 3.7

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,040.8 1,060.2 1,063.5 1,066.3 1,042.1 1,061.5 1,065.2 1,068.1 2.9

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 319.4 323.8 325.9 324.1 320.5 324.2 325.6 325.7 0.1

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,545.7 1,624.5 1,632.7 1,641.1 1,547.7 1,627.7 1,637.3 1,643.7 6.4

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326.7 337.0 341.0 344.6 326.1 339.5 342.6 343.7 1.1

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,215.5 5,338.5 5,358.7 5,367.9 5,208.7 5,335.8 5,349.9 5,358.3 8.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Change

from:

Aug.2023 -

Sept.2023p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,044.0 3,184.7 3,199.0 3,200.6 3,040.6 3,171.8 3,188.1 3,196.3 8.2

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,365.3 1,425.4 1,434.7 1,437.0 1,362.1 1,419.6 1,430.2 1,432.6 2.4

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616.6 639.5 641.4 644.1 616.6 637.2 639.7 643.3 3.6

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909.5 962.6 965.6 962.3 909.2 958.6 961.3 963.0 1.7

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 152.6 157.2 157.3 157.2 152.7 156.4 156.9 157.3 0.4

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,279.3 4,517.8 4,549.4 4,559.8 4,311.2 4,539.2 4,566.3 4,591.3 25.0

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,847.2 3,044.6 3,057.5 3,056.5 2,868.6 3,035.7 3,057.6 3,076.8 19.2

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 201.1 217.6 217.6 217.6 203.4 218.5 219.1 220.0 0.9

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 269.1 283.1 282.7 283.2 269.5 280.0 280.3 284.1 3.8

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961.9 972.5 991.6 1,002.5 969.7 1,005.0 1,009.3 1,010.4 1.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,157 17,388 17,288 16,822 16,074 16,621 16,665 16,761 96

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,397.0 2,795.4 2,737.4 2,541.9 2,348.5 2,460.2 2,477.8 2,497.1 19.3

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546.7 564.7 571.5 583.1 522.6 534.6 542.8 551.5 8.7

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.1 187.6 183.9 177.6 162.0 172.3 173.8 175.7 1.9

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,686.2 2,043.1 1,982.0 1,781.2 1,663.9 1,753.3 1,761.2 1,769.9 8.7

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,759.6 14,592.7 14,550.1 14,280.1 13,725.5 14,161.2 14,187.6 14,263.9 76.3

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,819.3 2,016.7 1,992.6 1,909.4 1,800.4 1,867.9 1,879.9 1,895.5 15.6

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,940.3 12,576.0 12,557.5 12,370.7 11,925.1 12,293.3 12,307.7 12,368.4 60.7

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,733 5,942 5,928 5,866 5,748 5,866 5,880 5,884 4

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,403.7 1,463.9 1,460.3 1,456.2 1,405.5 1,452.3 1,453.3 1,457.4 4.1

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,495.6 1,544.7 1,549.5 1,545.7 1,503.1 1,536.7 1,545.3 1,553.0 7.7

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,833.8 2,932.9 2,918.2 2,863.6 2,838.9 2,877.3 2,881.5 2,873.1 -8.4

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,323 21,561 21,969 22,953 22,237 22,739 22,789 22,862 73

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,875 2,946 2,954 2,963 2,867 2,935 2,946 2,952 6

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,279.9 2,341.1 2,351.1 2,360.2 2,267.3 2,329.4 2,338.0 2,344.7 6.7

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594.8 605.3 602.4 602.5 599.5 605.5 608.4 606.8 -1.6

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,198 4,924 5,013 5,396 5,115 5,243 5,267 5,296 29

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,534.8 2,197.6 2,273.9 2,666.1 2,458.0 2,532.8 2,545.7 2,574.8 29.1

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,662.9 2,726.0 2,738.8 2,729.5 2,657.4 2,710.0 2,721.3 2,721.5 0.2

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,250 13,691 14,002 14,594 14,255 14,561 14,576 14,614 38

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,806.8 6,841.4 7,200.8 7,954.3 7,811.4 7,944.9 7,956.1 7,966.9 10.8

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,443.3 6,849.5 6,801.5 6,640.1 6,443.8 6,616.2 6,620.2 6,646.8 26.6

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.6 34.3 34.4 34.4

Goods-producing.................................................................... 39.9 39.8 39.8 39.8

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.4 44.6 45.2 45.1

Construction....................................................................... 38.7 38.9 39.1 39.0

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.3 40.1 40.0 40.1

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.6

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.7 39.1 39.0 39.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 33.9 34.0 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.7 38.8 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.1 29.9 29.9 29.8

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.5 38.2 38.4 38.3

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.2 41.9 41.8

Information......................................................................... 36.6 36.3 36.3 36.3

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.4

Professional and business services............................................ 36.8 36.5 36.5 36.5

Private education and health services......................................... 33.5 33.3 33.4 33.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.6 25.3 25.3 25.6

Other services..................................................................... 32.3 32.2 32.3 32.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.1

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Total private............................................... $32.53 $33.73 $33.81 $33.88 $1,125.54 $1,156.94 $1,163.06 $1,165.47

Goods-producing....................................... 32.71 34.27 34.34 34.45 1,305.13 1,363.95 1,366.73 1,371.11

Mining and logging.................................. 36.31 38.17 38.27 38.35 1,684.78 1,702.38 1,729.80 1,729.59

Construction.......................................... 35.05 36.66 36.73 36.85 1,356.44 1,426.07 1,436.14 1,437.15

Manufacturing........................................ 31.16 32.63 32.68 32.79 1,255.75 1,308.46 1,307.20 1,314.88

Durable goods.................................... 32.76 34.15 34.20 34.31 1,333.33 1,386.49 1,388.52 1,392.99

Nondurable goods................................ 28.46 29.96 30.03 30.15 1,129.86 1,171.44 1,171.17 1,181.88

Private service-providing.............................. 32.49 33.61 33.69 33.75 1,088.42 1,119.21 1,121.88 1,123.88

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 27.91 29.05 29.15 29.27 951.73 984.80 991.10 992.25

Wholesale trade.................................. 35.27 36.92 37.13 37.27 1,372.00 1,428.80 1,440.64 1,446.08

Retail trade........................................ 23.11 23.93 24.01 24.09 695.61 715.51 717.90 717.88

Transportation and warehousing............... 28.12 29.19 29.24 29.36 1,082.62 1,115.06 1,122.82 1,124.49

Utilities............................................. 47.97 50.19 50.09 50.19 2,024.33 2,118.02 2,098.77 2,097.94

Information........................................... 47.73 48.08 48.21 48.14 1,746.92 1,745.30 1,750.02 1,747.48

Financial activities................................... 42.09 43.61 43.97 44.16 1,574.17 1,631.01 1,644.48 1,651.58

Professional and business services.............. 39.00 40.59 40.56 40.67 1,435.20 1,481.54 1,480.44 1,484.46

Private education and health services............ 32.11 33.02 33.10 33.15 1,075.69 1,099.57 1,105.54 1,103.90

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 20.32 21.23 21.27 21.27 520.19 537.12 538.13 544.51

Other services....................................... 29.12 29.83 30.02 30.08 940.58 960.53 969.65 974.59

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Aug.

2023 -

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Aug.

2023 -

Sept.

2023p

Total private..................................... 114.2 115.0 115.5 115.7 0.2 177.6 185.5 186.7 187.5 0.4

Goods-producing............................. 96.9 97.9 98.1 98.3 0.2 143.3 151.7 152.3 153.0 0.5

Mining and logging........................ 89.4 90.3 91.5 91.4 -0.1 130.3 138.3 140.5 140.7 0.1

Construction................................ 104.0 106.8 107.9 107.7 -0.2 158.4 170.2 172.1 172.5 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 93.6 93.7 93.5 93.9 0.4 135.7 142.1 142.1 143.1 0.7

Durable goods........................... 92.0 93.0 93.2 93.3 0.1 133.9 141.1 141.5 142.2 0.5

Nondurable goods...................... 96.8 94.6 94.3 94.9 0.6 139.8 143.8 143.7 145.1 1.0

Private service-providing.................... 118.8 120.0 120.2 120.4 0.2 187.6 196.1 196.8 197.6 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.2 106.9 107.2 107.0 -0.2 161.4 167.5 168.5 169.0 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 103.0 103.5 103.8 104.0 0.2 152.0 159.8 161.2 162.1 0.6

Retail trade.............................. 95.0 94.6 94.6 94.4 -0.2 145.1 149.6 150.1 150.3 0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 148.7 147.3 147.7 147.5 -0.1 212.7 218.8 219.7 220.3 0.3

Utilities.................................... 101.4 101.5 101.2 101.9 0.7 160.8 168.3 167.5 168.9 0.8

Information................................. 104.1 101.5 100.8 100.7 -0.1 176.9 173.8 173.1 172.5 -0.3

Financial activities......................... 111.1 112.1 112.2 112.2 0.0 182.4 190.7 192.3 193.2 0.5

Professional and business services..... 131.0 131.3 131.3 131.4 0.1 207.0 215.8 215.8 216.5 0.3

Private education and health services... 134.4 138.2 139.2 139.1 -0.1 207.7 219.6 221.6 221.9 0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 117.4 120.0 120.3 122.4 1.7 192.5 205.5 206.4 210.1 1.8

Other services............................. 107.0 108.9 109.5 109.9 0.4 170.9 178.1 180.2 181.2 0.6

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Total nonfarm............................................. 76,500 77,883 78,011 78,196 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 63,558 64,619 64,719 64,877 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,921 5,001 4,996 5,009 23.1 23.2 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging............................... 79 83 83 83 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9

Construction....................................... 1,099 1,137 1,138 1,143 14.1 14.3 14.2 14.3

Manufacturing..................................... 3,743 3,781 3,775 3,783 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.1

Durable goods.................................. 1,995 2,028 2,029 2,032 24.8 24.9 24.9 24.9

Nondurable goods............................. 1,748 1,753 1,746 1,751 35.8 36.2 36.0 36.1

Private service-providing........................... 58,637 59,618 59,723 59,868 53.2 53.2 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,346 11,314 11,301 11,300 39.4 39.2 39.2 39.1

Wholesale trade................................ 1,837.8 1,861.2 1,862.5 1,857.1 30.6 30.7 30.7 30.6

Retail trade..................................... 7,547.4 7,502.2 7,497.4 7,503.1 48.7 48.3 48.3 48.2

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,819.3 1,804.6 1,793.2 1,791.3 27.1 26.9 26.8 26.7

Utilities........................................... 141.9 145.7 147.4 148.1 25.5 26.2 26.4 26.3

Information......................................... 1,258 1,245 1,244 1,243 40.4 40.7 40.9 40.9

Financial activities................................ 5,052 5,089 5,090 5,095 55.7 55.6 55.6 55.6

Professional and business services............ 10,486 10,570 10,577 10,589 46.1 46.0 46.0 46.0

Private education and health services......... 18,945 19,525 19,597 19,648 77.1 76.8 76.8 76.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,490 8,734 8,771 8,845 52.8 52.5 52.6 52.8

Other services..................................... 3,060 3,141 3,143 3,148 53.2 53.5 53.5 53.5

Government............................................. 12,942 13,264 13,292 13,319 58.2 58.3 58.3 58.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Total private............................................................................... 107,078 108,766 108,846 109,072

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,313 15,467 15,475 15,489

Mining and logging.................................................................. 460 495 496 498

Construction.......................................................................... 5,768 5,850 5,873 5,872

Manufacturing........................................................................ 9,085 9,122 9,106 9,119

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,581 5,630 5,619 5,629

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,504 3,492 3,487 3,490

Private service-providing.............................................................. 91,765 93,299 93,371 93,583

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,259 24,329 24,323 24,374

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,768.3 4,795.5 4,784.6 4,789.1

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,196.0 13,236.3 13,242.4 13,281.5

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,852.9 5,855.8 5,852.0 5,855.3

Utilities.............................................................................. 441.4 441.0 444.0 448.1

Information............................................................................ 2,465 2,452 2,425 2,421

Financial activities................................................................... 6,830 6,863 6,861 6,870

Professional and business services............................................... 18,240 18,214 18,202 18,209

Private education and health services............................................ 21,368 22,111 22,195 22,286

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,938 14,548 14,562 14,623

Other services........................................................................ 4,665 4,782 4,803 4,800

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.0 33.8 33.8 33.8

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.7 40.5 40.6 40.5

Mining and logging................................................................ 48.1 47.1 47.7 47.8

Construction....................................................................... 39.6 39.5 39.7 39.6

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.1 40.7 40.7 40.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.4 41.0 41.0 40.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.4 40.2 40.3 40.5

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.9 32.7 32.7 32.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 34.0 34.0 34.1

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.8 38.8 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.4 30.3 30.4 30.5

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.8 37.7 37.6 37.6

Utilities........................................................................... 42.1 43.0 42.4 42.3

Information......................................................................... 36.1 35.9 35.9 35.9

Financial activities................................................................ 37.3 37.0 37.0 36.9

Professional and business services............................................ 36.5 36.2 36.4 36.2

Private education and health services......................................... 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.6 24.1 24.1 24.3

Other services..................................................................... 31.2 31.2 31.3 31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.7

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Total private............................................... $27.85 $28.94 $29.00 $29.06 $946.90 $978.17 $980.20 $982.23

Goods-producing....................................... 28.27 29.63 29.74 29.86 1,150.59 1,200.02 1,207.44 1,209.33

Mining and logging.................................. 32.92 34.37 34.03 34.48 1,583.45 1,618.83 1,623.23 1,648.14

Construction.......................................... 32.74 34.22 34.41 34.54 1,296.50 1,351.69 1,366.08 1,367.78

Manufacturing........................................ 25.26 26.49 26.54 26.63 1,038.19 1,078.14 1,080.18 1,083.84

Durable goods.................................... 26.40 27.62 27.62 27.75 1,092.96 1,132.42 1,132.42 1,134.98

Nondurable goods................................ 23.40 24.62 24.75 24.80 945.36 989.72 997.43 1,004.40

Private service-providing.............................. 27.76 28.79 28.85 28.90 913.30 941.43 943.40 945.03

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.28 25.28 25.38 25.39 827.95 859.52 862.92 865.80

Wholesale trade.................................. 29.55 30.46 30.65 30.63 1,149.50 1,181.85 1,189.22 1,188.44

Retail trade........................................ 19.85 20.53 20.62 20.69 603.44 622.06 626.85 631.05

Transportation and warehousing............... 26.38 27.89 27.96 27.94 997.16 1,051.45 1,051.30 1,050.54

Utilities............................................. 42.40 44.74 44.85 44.86 1,785.04 1,923.82 1,901.64 1,897.58

Information........................................... 38.62 39.49 39.62 39.63 1,394.18 1,417.69 1,422.36 1,422.72

Financial activities................................... 32.56 33.90 34.01 34.19 1,214.49 1,254.30 1,258.37 1,261.61

Professional and business services.............. 32.75 34.25 34.35 34.44 1,195.38 1,239.85 1,250.34 1,246.73

Private education and health services............ 29.30 30.18 30.14 30.26 955.18 980.85 979.55 980.42

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 18.05 18.84 18.87 18.89 444.03 454.04 454.77 459.03

Other services....................................... 25.11 25.80 25.93 25.97 783.43 804.96 811.61 815.46

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Aug.

2023 -

Sept.

2023p

Sept.

2022

July

2023

Aug.

2023p

Sept.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Aug.

2023 -

Sept.

2023p

Total private..................................... 121.3 122.5 122.6 122.8 0.2 225.8 237.0 237.6 238.6 0.4

Goods-producing............................. 95.2 95.7 96.0 95.9 -0.1 164.9 173.7 174.8 175.3 0.3

Mining and logging........................ 117.6 123.9 125.7 126.5 0.6 225.1 247.7 248.8 253.7 2.0

Construction................................ 114.4 115.7 116.7 116.4 -0.3 202.2 213.8 216.9 217.1 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 85.7 85.2 85.1 85.2 0.1 141.6 147.6 147.7 148.4 0.5

Durable goods........................... 86.8 86.7 86.5 86.5 0.0 143.1 149.5 149.2 149.8 0.4

Nondurable goods...................... 83.4 82.7 82.8 83.3 0.6 137.9 143.9 144.8 145.9 0.8

Private service-providing.................... 128.6 130.0 130.1 130.4 0.2 244.9 256.7 257.4 258.5 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 115.8 115.8 115.8 116.3 0.4 200.9 209.2 210.0 211.1 0.5

Wholesale trade......................... 110.1 110.4 110.2 110.3 0.1 192.0 198.5 199.3 199.4 0.1

Retail trade.............................. 101.7 101.7 102.1 102.7 0.6 173.1 179.0 180.5 182.2 0.9

Transportation and warehousing...... 167.4 167.1 166.5 166.6 0.1 281.1 296.6 296.4 296.3 0.0

Utilities.................................... 95.0 97.0 96.3 96.9 0.6 168.2 181.1 180.2 181.5 0.7

Information................................. 101.6 100.5 99.4 99.2 -0.2 194.2 196.4 194.9 194.6 -0.2

Financial activities......................... 119.9 119.5 119.5 119.3 -0.2 240.2 249.3 250.0 251.0 0.4

Professional and business services..... 148.6 147.2 147.9 147.1 -0.5 289.5 299.8 302.2 301.4 -0.3

Private education and health services... 148.5 153.2 153.8 154.0 0.1 287.2 305.2 306.0 307.5 0.5

Leisure and hospitality.................... 125.6 128.4 128.5 130.2 1.3 257.4 274.8 275.5 279.2 1.3

Other services............................. 102.1 104.6 105.4 105.7 0.3 186.8 196.7 199.2 200.0 0.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.