In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-09-00080-CV

______________________________

NANCY DIANE BROOKS, Appellant

V.

PRH INVESTMENTS, INC., AND

WHATABURGER OF EAST TEXAS, Appellees

 

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2

Gregg County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2008-554-CCL2

 

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Opinion by Justice Moseley
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O P I N I O N

While visiting the restroom of a Whataburger restaurant, Nancy Diane Brooks (Brooks)

injured herself when she slipped on a wet floor and fell. Brooks’s experience precipitated this

lawsuit against PRH Investments, Inc., and Whataburger of East Texas (collectively, PRH), the

owners and operators of the restaurant. The moisture on the floor was occasioned by the mopping

of the floor by a restaurant employee a few minutes before Brooks fell. Brooks’s suit alleged

negligent activity and/or premises liability. After discovery, PRH filed a motion for summary

judgment on both traditional and no-evidence grounds, and the trial court granted the summary

judgment on both grounds, and no-evidence summary judgment as to both negligent activity and

premises liability. 

Brooks argues that the trial court erred in granting the motion for traditional summary

judgment and no-evidence summary judgment because: (1) she adequately alleged and supported

her claims for negligent activity and that there were material facts in dispute as to this issue; and

(2) she adequately alleged and supported her claims for premises liability and there were material

facts in dispute.

We sustain Brooks’s points of error regarding the granting of no-evidence summary judgment

as to the premises liability claim; however, we affirm the trial court’s judgment because (1) Brooks’s

fall was not contemporaneous to the action of mopping the floor; and (2) PRH provided Brooks with

adequate cautionary warnings concerning the wet floor.
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Facts

On May 23, 2007, Brooks was a customer at a Whataburger restaurant owned and operated

by PRH. While attempting to leave the restroom, she was injured when she slipped and fell. The

floor of the restroom had been mopped only a few minutes prior to Brooks’s fall. 

Jayne Summers, the PRH employee who mopped the floor, testified that before she

commenced mopping the floor, she put out the “wet floor” signs in the restroom and that she had

“just about finished” mopping the restroom floor when Brooks entered the restroom. Summers

testified that she told Brooks “to be careful” and “the floor was wet” because she had “just mopped

in there.”

Brooks testified that the floor was dry when she entered the restroom and while she was in

the bathroom stall, a lady “came in and mopped.” Brooks testified that when Summers was leaving

the restroom, she told Brooks to “be careful, the floor may be a little damp.” Brooks was in the

restroom stall for three to five minutes after Summers left the restroom and admits there was a wet

floor warning sign in the room. When Brooks attempted to leave the restroom, she slipped and fell,

causing injury to herself. 

Standard of Review

When reviewing a summary judgment, we take as true all evidence favorable to the

nonmovant and indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.

Limestone Prods. Distrib., Inc. v. McNamara, 71 S.W.3d 308, 311 (Tex. 2002);Rhone-Poulenc, Inc.
In her argument, Brooks emphasizes that the floor was not mopped according to company 1

procedures. Under our analysis ofBrooks’s negligent activity claim, the product and procedure used

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v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex. 1999). On appeal, the movant must show that there is no

material fact issue and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. McNamara, 71

S.W.3d at 311; Steel, 997 S.W.2d at 223.

A no-evidence summary judgment is essentially a pretrial directed verdict. We, therefore,

apply the same legal sufficiency standard in reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment as we apply

in reviewing a directed verdict. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d 502, 506 (Tex.

2002). In our review, we consider all the summary judgment evidence in the light most favorable

to the party against whom the no-evidence summary judgment was rendered, disregarding all

contrary evidence and inferences. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex.

1997). We must determine whether the nonmovant produced any evidence of probative force to

raise a fact issue on the material questions presented. Rodriguez, 92 S.W.3d at 506; Woodruff v.

Wright, 51 S.W.3d 727 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. denied). A nonmovant will defeat a

no-evidence summary judgment motion if the nonmovant presents more than a scintilla of probative

evidence on each element of his claim. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex.

2003); Jackson v. Fiesta Mart, Inc., 979 S.W.2d 68, 70–71 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, no pet.). 

Brooks’s Fall Was Not Contemporaneous to the Mopping 

Brooks argues that the trial court erred in granting PRH summary judgment and no-evidence

summary judgment on the negligent activity cause of action. We disagree. 

1
to mop the floor is irrelevant in this case.

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A trial court should not submit a negligent activity claim to the trier of fact unless the

evidence shows that the injury was caused by or was a contemporaneous result of the negligent

activity itself, rather than a condition created by the negligent activity. Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845

S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1992); Kroger v. Persley, 261 S.W.3d 316, 320 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2008, no pet.); Lucas v. Titus County Hosp. Dist./Titus County Mem’l Hosp., 964 S.W.2d 144,

153 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1998), pet. denied, 988 S.W.2d 740 (Tex. 1998). The negligent activity

theory of liability is only applicable where the evidence shows that the injuries were directly related

to the activity itself. Keetch, 845 S.W.2d at 264. If the injury was caused by a condition created by

the activity rather than the activity itself, a plaintiff is limited to a premises defect theory of liability.

Lucas, 964 S.W.2d at 153.

The Texas Supreme Court’s decision in Keetch guides us in determining what evidence is

needed to establish that an injury was the contemporaneous result of the negligent activity itself,

rather than a condition created by the negligent activity. Keetch, 845 S.W.2d at 264. In Keetch, the

plaintiff slipped and fell about thirty minutes after a Kroger employee had sprayed a chemical

substance on plants in the floral section of the store. Id. The Texas Supreme Court rejected the

contention that Kroger’s employees were conducting a negligent activity because the activity,

spraying plants, was not “ongoing” at the time of the plaintiff’s injury. Id. Thus, while the plaintiff

“may have been injured by a condition created by the spraying, . . . she was not injured by the activity
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of spraying.” Id. In holding the case to be a premises liability case rather than a negligent activity

case, the court noted “[a]t some point, almost every artificial condition can be said to have been

created by an activity.” Id.

Similarly, in Stanley Stores v. Veazey, the Beaumont Court of Appeals applied the Keetch

analysis to another slip and fall case where the plaintiff alleged a negligent activity. Stanley Stores,

Inc. v. Veazey, 838 S.W.2d 884, 885–86 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1992, writ denied). In the Stanley

Stores case, while shopping, the plaintiff slipped on a clear liquid and fell to the floor. Id. at 885.

The store manager found “a small puddle of water and a paper cup” in the area where the plaintiff

slipped. Id. The cup was a small sample-type similar to those being used at that time in promotion

of a Pepsi-Cola display. Id. at 886. The Pepsi-Cola display was located near the front entrance of

the store, away from the area where the plaintiff fell. Id. Applying the holding in Keetch, the court

held that the facts were insufficient to support a negligent activity claim. Id. The court explained:

Let’s assume that all of the evidence was proof positive (matter of law) that the liquid

which caused Mrs. Veazey to slip and fall did indeed originate from the Pepsi display

activity which was ongoing at the time of the fall. Thus, we have an ongoing activity

(Pepsi display) in one area of the store and a slip and fall on substance generated

from that activity in another area of the store. Keetch says, “Recovery on a negligent

activity theory requires that a person have been injured by or as a contemporaneous

result of the activity itself rather than by a condition created by the activity.” . . .

Even under our proof positive assumption, Mrs. Veazey slipped on a “condition

created by the activity.”

Id.
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Similarly, in Kroger Co., the court of appeals reversed the trial court and held that there was

no evidence of negligent activity when the plaintiff slipped and fell by stepping in water that was

allegedly dripped onto the floor when a store employee transported frozen food from pallets to the

frozen food cases. 261 S.W.3d at 320–21. The court noted that there was no ongoing activity in the

area where the plaintiff fell at the time the fall occurred and that the plaintiff fell at least fifteen

minutes after the employee had left the area, “[t]hus there was no connection between the injury and

the stocking of the frozen foods section that would lead us to conclude that [the plaintiff’s] injury

occurred as a contemporaneous result of a negligent activity.” Id. at 320–21. 

The facts of this case are very similar to those in Keetch, Stanley Stores, and Kroger Co. in

that the alleged negligent activity—mopping—was not ongoing at the time and place Brooks fell.

Summers testified that she had finished mopping the restroom and verbally warned Brooks about

the floor as Brooks entered the restroom. Brooks testified that she fell several minutes after

Summers had ceased mopping, placed a “wet-floor” warning cone, verbally warned Brooks about

the wet floor, and left the restroom. In either case, there is no evidence that the negligent activity

itself caused Brooks’s injuries or that her fall was contemporaneous with Summers’s mopping.

Rather, just as in Keetch and Kroger Co., all the evidence indicates that Brooks slipped on a

condition caused by the mopping activity. Therefore, PRH is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

We affirm the trial court’s granting of summary judgment and no-evidence summary judgment as
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to Brooks’s negligent activity cause of action and overrule Brooks’s points of error deriving

therefrom. 

Adequate Warnings About the Floor Were Given

Brooks also contends that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment and noevidence summary judgment as to her premises liability claims because she did provide supporting

evidence and there were material facts in dispute. We disagree. 

Tort liability depends on both the existence of and the violation of a duty. Lefmark Mgmt.

Co. v. Old, 946 S.W.2d 52, 53 (Tex. 1997). An owner or occupier of land has a duty to keep the

premises under his control in a safe condition. Redinger v. Living, Inc., 689 S.W.2d 415, 417 (Tex.

1985). This duty is discharged by warning the invitee of unreasonable risks of harm, either known

to the owner or which would be known to him by reasonable inspection or by making the premises

reasonably safe. State v. Williams, 940 S.W.2d 583, 584 (Tex. 1996); see also McCaughtry v.

Barwood Homes Ass’n, 981 S.W.2d 325, 330 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, pet. denied).

If the evidence conclusively established that the owner adequately warned the plaintiff of the

condition, the owner cannot be found negligent as a matter of law. Williams, 940 S.W.2d at 584. 

To succeed in a premises liability suit, an invitee plaintiff must prove (1) that the defendant

had actual or constructive knowledge of some condition on the premises, (2) that the condition posed

an unreasonable risk of harm, (3) that the defendant failed to exercise reasonable care to eliminate

or reduce the risk of that harm, and (4) that the defendant’s failure to use such care proximately
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caused the invitee’s injury. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Gonzalez, 968 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tex. 1998);

Pierce v. Holiday, 155 S.W.3d 676, 679 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, no pet.).

The case of Bill’s Dollar Store, Inc. v. Bean is strikingly similar to the present case. 77

S.W.3d 367 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). A plaintiff slipped and fell due

to a wet spot on the floor caused by spilled cola. Id. at 370. Prior to the plaintiff’s fall, a store

employee verbally warned the plaintiff about the wet spot, the plaintiff stood just a few feet from the

wet spot as it was being mopped, and she could see that the floor was wet. Id. The court of appeals

held that under those circumstances, the verbal warning given to the plaintiff was adequate as a

matter of law. Id.

In this case, the material facts are not in dispute. Brooks slipped and fell three to five

minutes after the restroom floor was mopped. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

Brooks, she saw the floor being mopped, saw the wet floor warning sign, and was verbally warned

“to be careful” because the “floor may be a little damp.” Under these circumstances, whether the

warning was given prior to or after Brooks entered the restroom, the warning was adequate as a

matter of law to discharge the property owner’s duty to warn Brooks about the possible danger posed

by the condition of the floor.

The pleadings and their attachments and exhibits present a prima facia cause of action for

premises liability; therefore, we sustain Brooks’s points of error regarding the granting of noevidence summary judgment as to her premises liability claim. However, the material facts in this
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case are not in dispute and PRH is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Therefore, we affirm the

trial court’s granting of summary judgment as to Brooks’s premises liability claims and overrule

Brooks’s points of error deriving therefrom. 

The traditional summary judgment was properly granted, and we affirm the judgment of the

trial court. 

Bailey C. Moseley

Justice

Date Submitted: December 15, 2009

Date Decided: January 22, 2010