FOURTH DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

RAY and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

October 30, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A15A1068. HINES et al. v. HOLLAND et al.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

The sole issue in this appeal is whether the trial court erred by dismissing a

third-party complaintfor contribution and indemnification filed byMatthew C. Hines,

individually, and the Hines Law Firm, P.C., (collectively referred to as “Hines”),

against non-attorneys Hazel A. Holland and HollandTitle LimitedLiabilityCompany

(singularly referred to as “Hazel” and “Holland Title” and collectively referred to as

“Holland”) after Hines was sued by title insurer First American Title Insurance

Company (“FATIC”) for professional malpractice in rendering an opinion on the

status of title to land related to a real estate closing. As more fully set forth below, we

find no error and affirm.
The relevant facts are essentially undisputed.

1 Hines was retained as the

settlement agent/closing attorney in connection with the refinancing of a loan related

to certain real property (the “Property”). Hines hired Holland to perform the title

examination of the Property, and the title examination revealed an open security deed

to Berkley Park Properties, LLC (“Berkley Park”), as lender (“Berkley Loan”);

however, another open loan secured by a security deed to the Bank of North

Georgia’s predecessor, as lender, in which Berkley Park was the borrower (“Bank of

North Georgia Loan”) was not identified when Holland performed the title search.

Hines subsequently conducted the loan closing and disbursed payment for the

Berkley loan but did not pay off or seek a release of the Bank of North Georgia loan.

After the Berkley Loan was paid off, Hines, as title agent, rendered a legal opinion

to FATIC to the effect that the property at issue was now free and clear of

encumbrances. Based on this representation, FATIC then issued a lender/owner title

insurance policy. 

1 Further, Hines’ third-party complaint is construed in his favor, and all doubts

regarding histhird-party complaint are likewise resolved in hisfavor. Austin v. Clark,

294 Ga. 773, 775 (755 SE2d 796) (2014). Accordingly, although disputing some of

Hines’ facts asstated in his appellate brief, Holland acknowledges that such disputes

are immaterial to this appeal.

2
Some time later, foreclosure proceedings were instituted on the Bank of North

Georgia loan. The property owner was given notice of the foreclosure sale, and she

notified FATIC of the impending foreclosure. FATIC ultimately paid off the

outstanding loan amount of $144,985.17 and obtained a release to prevent the

foreclosure sale and protect the owner’s/ insured’s interest in the Property. 

FATIC subsequently filed a legal malpractice and indemnification action

against Hines based on Hines’ failure to disclose and obtain a discharge and release

of the Bank of North Georgia Loan in connection with the closing. Hines answered

and filed a third-party complaint against Holland Title seeking contribution and

indemnification for any damages Hines might be liable to pay FATIC, asserting that

Holland Title breached the standard of care it owed to Hines in performing the title

search and that it breached an unspecified oral contract between the parties.

Subsequently, and without first seeking permission from the trial court, Hines

amended his third-party complaint to add Hazel individually as a third-party

defendant; Hines later moved for permission to add Hazel as a party to the lawsuit.

Holland filed a motion to dismiss, asserting that because Hazel and the other Holland

title examiners were not attorneys, they could not render a legal “opinion” on the

status of the title to land and that, therefore, Holland could not be liable for any

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portion of the legal malpractice claim against Hines. Hazel Holland also filed a

response to Hines’ motion to add her as a party, contending that Hines’ motion should

be denied because, among other things, he had not attempted to pierce the corporate

veil or made any allegations that she, individually, had committed a tort or breached

a contract. Following a hearing, the trial court denied Hines’ motion to add Hazel as

third-party defendant and dismissed Hines’ third-party claims on the basisthat Hines

could not seek indemnity or contribution from Holland for FATIC’s professional

negligence claim against Hines.

2

FATIC and Hines subsequently entered into a consent judgment pursuant to

which Hines agreed to pay FATIC the full amount paid out under the title insurance

policy. Within 30 days of the entry of the consent judgment, Hines filed his notice of

2 Hines and FATIC sought a certificate of immediate review of the trial court’s

order, and the trial courtsigned the certificate on April 30, 2012, which wasfiled with

the lower court clerk on May 1, 2012. We initially granted Hines’ application for

interlocutory review, but then dismissed the appeal because the certificate of

immediate review was not obtained within ten days of the judgment sought to be

reviewed. However, our earlier dismissal of Hines’ procedurally faulty interlocutory

appeal does notforeclose our consideration of this appeal. Canoeside Properties, Inc.

v. Livsey, 277 Ga. 425, 426 (1) (589 SE2d 116) (2003); see also Sotter v. Stephens,

291 Ga. 79, 84 (727 SE2d 484) (2012).

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appeal, challenging only the trial court’s order granting the third-party defendants’

motion to dismiss.

3

1. In Georgia, third-party practice is governed by OCGA § 9-11-14. Under

subsection (a) of OCGA § 9-11-14, a third-party complaint may be brought by the

defendant, as a third-party plaintiff, “upon a person not a party to the action who is

or may be liable to him for all or part of the plaintiff’s claim against him.” As our

appellate courts have expounded, subsection (a) 

authorizes a defendant, as a third-party plaintiff, to file a claim against

a third-party defendant for secondary liability on the plaintiff’s claim,

i.e., a claim for liability over, but not a direct claim for damages. [Thus,

an] absolute requirement of every third-party proceeding is that its

purpose must be to impose upon the third-party defendant a liability for

part or all of the liability asserted by the original plaintiff against the

third-party plaintiff.A third-party actionmay be maintained only against

one who is secondarily liable to the original defendant for part or all of

the original plaintiff’s claim. When a recovery by the plaintiff against

the defendant would necessarily be followed by recovery for the

defendant against the third-party defendant, then a third-party action is

proper. . . . [I]t is not a device for bringing into an action any

3 Although this appeal followsthe entry of a consent judgment between FATIC

and Hines, we have jurisdiction to review the earlier interlocutory order granting

Holland’s motion to dismiss the third-party complaint. See O’Dell v. Mahoney, 324

Ga. App. 360, 361 (1) (750 SE2d 689) (2013). 

5
controversy which may happen to have some relationship with it. . . .[A]

defendant cannot assert an entirely separate claimagainst the third-party

even though it arises out of the same general set of facts as the main

claim. There must be an attempt to pass on to the third-party all or part

of the liability asserted against the defendant but not to tender the thirdparty as a substitute defendant.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Cohen v. McLaughlin, 250 Ga. 661, 662 (1) (301

SE2d 37) (1983). See also Satilla Community Svc. Board v. Satilla Health Svcs., Inc.,

275 Ga. 805, 809 (573 SE2d 31) (2002) (Hines, Justice, concurring). Stated more

succinctly, “[t]his section does not authorize defendant to seek affirmative relief

solely on his own behalf. Instead, the complaint must be predicated on secondary or

derivative liability. . . .” (Citation omitted.) McCray v. Fed. Nat. Mtg. Assn., 292 Ga.

App. 156 160 (3) (663 SE2d 736) (2008). Typically then, the “third-party plaintiff

must establish a right over against the third-party defendant either by indemnity[,] .

. . subrogation, contribution or warranty.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) ARA

Transp. v. Barnes, 183 Ga. App. 424, 425 (1) (359 SE2d 157) (1987). Against this

backdrop, we now turn to the specific allegations of Hines’third-party complaint and

consider whether he has asserted any claims of derivative liability.

6
(a) Contribution. OCGA § 51-12-32 sets out a statutory right of contribution,

subject to certain limitations not pertinent here. See Zurich American Ins. Co. v.

Heard, 321 Ga. App. 325, 330 (1) (740 SE2d 429) (2013) (explaining that the

statutory right of contribution has not been completely abolished by the legislature’s

enactment of the OCGA § 51-12-33, Georgia’s apportionmentstatute); see also Dist.

Owners Assn., Inc. v. AMEC Environmental &Infrastructure, Inc., 322 Ga. App. 713,

718 (2) (747 SE2d 10) (2013) (noting that “our Supreme Court has held that OCGA

§ 51-12-33 supplanted claims for common-law contribution and apportionment”).

But, as expressly stated in the statute, “[t]he right to contribution relates only to joint

tortfeasors, and where the proposed defendant cannot be made liable as a joint

tortfeasor, the contribution action does notstate a claim.” (Citations and punctuation

omitted; emphasis in original.) Greenhorne & O’Mara, Inc. v. City of Atlanta, 298

Ga. App. 261, 262 (679 SE2d 818) (2009). See also Ga. Ports Auth. v. Andre & Co.,

262 Ga. App. 591, 596 (5) (a) (585 SE2d 883) (2003) (“[a]n alleged joint tortfeasor

who cannot be held liable on the underlying tort claim cannot be held liable for

contribution or indemnity”), rev’d on other grounds, Hines v. Ga. Ports Auth., 278

Ga. 631 (604 SE2d 189) (2004); Southern R. Co. v Brewer, 122 Ga. App. 292, 293

(176 SE2d 665) (1970) (third-party complaint based on contribution could not be

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maintained against third-party defendant who was not subject to suit by the plaintiff

for negligence). 

Here, we need not parse whether the non-attorney title examiners could be joint

tortfeasors in this suit involving a legal malpractice claim because Hines has

specifically denied that Holland is a joint tortfeasor with him. Hines argues instead

that “as a result of the defective title examination conducted by [Holland], [Holland]

are tortfeasors as to [Hines], and therefore secondarily liable for damagesthat[Hines]

is ultimately obligated to pay FATIC pursuant to the judgment entered in this case[.]”

(Emphasis supplied.) Accordingly, because Hines has not asserted a claim for

contribution under OCGA § 51-12-32, the trial court did not err by dismissing Hines’

third-party complaint to the extent it was grounded on a claim for contribution. 

(b) Indemnity. Hines also asserted a claim for indemnity against Holland.

Following the enactment of OCGA § 51-12-33, “Georgia law continuesto recognize

two broad categories of indemnity: as created by contract, as between a surety and a

debtor; and under the common law of vicarious liability, as between principals and

agents.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) AMEC, 322 Ga. App. at 715 (1). Here,

there is no contention that an express contract of indemnity exists between the third

parties. Further, as to the second category of indemnity, we have held that this type

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of “[i]ndemnification contemplatesimputed liability arising fromthe torts of another.

A person who is compelled to pay damages because of liability imputed to him as the

result of a tort committed by another may maintain an action for indemnity against

the person whose wrong has been imputed to him.” Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v.

Anderson, 252 Ga. App. 361, 363 (1) (556 SE2d 465) (2001). Stated somewhat

differently, “if a person is compelled to pay damages because of negligence imputed

to him as the result of a tort committed by another, he may maintain an action for

indemnity against the person whose wrong has thus been imputed to him.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted; emphasisin original.) AMEC, 322 Ga. App. at 715-716 (1). 

As noted above, Hinesis not alleging that he is vicariously liable for Holland’s

alleged omissions; rather, he alleges that Holland has breached a standard of care

owed directly to him and that Holland is a tortfeasor as to him. Moreover, to the

extent he alleges that Holland’s failure to identify the outstanding security deed

recorded byBank of North Georgia wasthe proximate cause of any damagessuffered

by FATIC, he has not alleged that he isliable for these damages based on an assertion

of imputed, vicarious, or derivative liability. Rather, he asserts, in essence, that

Holland’s negligence caused him to be professionally negligent and that he has a

claim for indemnity against Holland. 

9
Although non-attorneysin Georgia have been granted an express statutory right

to examine records of titles to real property and to prepare and issue abstracts of title,

our legislature has also provided that only “an attorney at law [is authorized] to

express, render, or issue any legal opinion as to the status of the title to real or

personal property.” OCGA § 15-19-53. Thus, an action for legal malpractice will lie

against an attorney or law firm who issues a defective title examination or report, and

this is true even when the defendant attorney does not personally perform the search,

but merely reviews or approves the results. See Old Republic Nat. Title Ins. Co. v.

Attorney Title Svcs., Inc., 299 Ga. App. 6, (9) (1) (682 SE2d 132) (2009) overruled

on other grounds by, Newell Recycling of Atlanta, Inc. v. Jordan Jones & Goulding,

Inc., 288 Ga. 236, 239 (703 SE2d 323) (2010), and cites.

4

Further, this isin accord with OCGA § 15-19-54, which providesthat while “a

person, corporation, or voluntary association [may furnish] any person lawfully

engaged in the practice of law such information or clerical services in and about his

professional work,” it is “the attorney receiving the information or services [who]

shall[at all times]maintain full professional and direct responsibility to his clientsfor

4 We have previously “note[d] that the professions of title examiner and

attorney are not mutually exclusive.” Old Republic Nat., 299 Ga. App. at (8) (1).

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the information and services received.” Id. Accordingly, by statute, only Hines can

render a legal opinion on the status of title to property, and Hines is directly

responsible to his client for his opinion on the status of the title to the Property.

Whether he bases that opinion on information supplied to him by non-attorneys or

garners the information himself, Hines is directly, rather than vicariously, liable for

any claim of professional negligence arising out of the title examination.

5

(c) Moreover, to the extent that Hines is claiming that Holland’s negligence

wasthe sole proximate cause of the injury for which recovery issought, he is in effect

seeking impermissibly to tender a substitute defendant. J. Smith Lanier & Co. v.

Acceptance Indem. Ins. Co., 272 Ga. App. 789, 793 (1) (a) (B) (612 SE2d 843)

(2005)6(“OCGA § 9-11-14 does not allow the tender of another defendant who is or

may be liable to the plaintiff”); Brabham v. Brown, 147 Ga. App. 766, 767 (250 SE2d

5 We note that Southern Land Title, Inc. v. North Ga. Title, Inc., 270 Ga. App.

4 (606 SE2d 43) (2004) is inapposite to the issues raised in this appeal for a number

of reasons. First, that case did not involve a claim, much less a third-party claim, by

an attorney against the non-attorney title examiners who performed the title

examination and issued the title report, and thus provides no authority for an attorney

who is sued because of a defective title opinion to file third-party claims against a

non-attorney title examiner. Moreover, none of the issues currently before us were

raised or addressed in that appeal. 

6 This case was reversed on unrelated grounds in J. Smith Lanier & Co. v.

Acceptance Indem. Ins. Co., 280 Ga. 508 (630 SE2d 404) (2006).

11
495) (1978). Based on the foregoing, the third-party complaint was properly

dismissed on the basis that no claim for indemnity had been stated.

7

2. Hines also contends the trial court erred by holding that he cannot assert

separate legal claims based on the same underlying facts as the original complaint,

and by holding that Holland cannot be impleaded based on theories of simple

negligence and breach of contract. Pretermitting whether the trial court actuallymade

any holdings on these issues, even implicitly, and to the extent Hines’ arguments in

support of these enumerations have not been addressed in Division 1 above, we note

that while it is true that “[i]t is immaterial that the liability of the third-party rests on

a different theory from that underlying plaintiff’s claim,” it is also true that

independent claims not based on secondary liability cannot formthe basisfor a thirdparty action. (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Knapp v. Lolley, 177 Ga. App. 786,

787 (341 SE2d 306) (1986), Thus, because we have determined that Hines has not

asserted a derivative or secondary liability claim against Holland for the acts of

professional negligence he is alleged to have committed, it followsthat he cannot use

7 We note also that Hines has not asserted any claim based on the existence of

a warranty. See Smith, Kline & French Laboratories v. Just, 126 Ga. App. 643 (191

SE2d 632) (1972) (third-party complaint against pharmaceutical manufacturer based

on implied warranty proper in wrongful death action against prescribing doctor). 

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a third-party complaint to assert any independent causes of action he may have

against Holland. However, we caution that our opinion should not be read as holding

that Hines has no viable claims against Holland based on the title examination and

report at issue, and we expressly decline to address this issue. 

3. Based on the foregoing, we need not consider whether the trial court abused

its discretion by denying Hines’motion to add Hazel Holland, individually, as a thirdparty defendant. And in any event, we note that “[t]he decision whether to grant or

deny a motion for leave to implead a third-party defendant is one committed to the

sound discretion of the trial court, and the timeliness of the motion is a factor

governing the exercise of such discretion. Where the motion for interpleader is not

promptly made and the movant offers no reasonable excuse for the delay, the motion

may be properly denied.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Hovendick v.

Presidential Financial Corp., 230 Ga. App. 502, 506 (7) (497 SE2d 269) (1998).

Here, Hines waited over two months after he filed his original answer and third-party

complaint to attempt to add Hazel to his third-party complaint and has offered no

reasonable excuse for the delay. Accordingly, for all the foregoing reasons, the trial

court properly denied the motion to add Hazel Holland as a third-party defendant. 

Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Ray, J., concur.

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