[Cite as Safi v. Cent. Parking Sys. of Ohio, Inc., 2015-Ohio-5274.]

Civil Appeals From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas 

 

Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Cause Remanded 

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 18, 2015 

Statman, Harris & Eyrich, LLC, Jeffrey P. Harris and Sylvie Derrien, for PlaintiffAppellee, 

 

Hahn Loeser & Parks LLP, Robert J. Fogarty and Derek E. Diaz, for DefendantAppellant Central Parking System of Ohio, Inc., 

McCaslin, Imbus & McCaslin, Thomas J. Gruber and Michael P. Cussen, for 

Defendant-Appellant The Car Barn Garage. 

Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO 

HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

SAFI V. SAFI, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 vs. 

CENTRAL PARKING SYSTEM OF 

OHIO, INC., 

 and 

THE CAR BARN GARAGE, 

 Defendants-Appellants. 

: 

: 

: 

: 

: 

: 

: 

APPEAL NOS. C-150021 

 C-150029 

TRIAL NO. A-1209104 

O P I N I O N.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

 2

STAUTBERG, Judge. 

{¶1} Defendants-appellants Central Parking System of Ohio, Inc., (“Central 

Parking”) and The Car Barn Garage (“Car Barn”) appeal a decision of the Hamilton 

County Court of Common Pleas granting the motion of plaintiff-appellee Safi W. Safi 

for class certification under Civ.R. 23. We hold that the trial court improperly 

granted the motion and reverse the trial court’s judgment. 

I. Factual Background 

{¶2} Safi filed a class action complaint against Central Parking and Car 

Barn setting forth causes of actions for statutory violations, breach of contract, 

conversion, trespass to chattels, and negligence. The complaint alleged that Central 

Parking, as the agent for the owner of a private tow-away zone, caused Car Barn to 

tow Safi’s vehicle, and that acting in concert, appellants had charged fees in excess of 

the maximum amounts set forth in former R.C. 4513.60(E) to release the vehicle. 

Safi further contended that appellants had a practice of systematically overcharging 

owners of towed vehicles to reclaim them. Safi sought repayment of the alleged 

unlawful charges for himself and all others similarly situated, a declaration that 

appellants had acted unlawfully, and an injunction to prevent further violations. 

{¶3} Safi subsequently filed a motion for class certification under Civ.R. 23. 

He asked the trial court to certify the following class: 

All owners of a motor vehicle having a gross vehicle weight rating 

equal to or less than 10,000 pounds that were removed from a private 

tow-away zone located in Ohio, (as set forth in ORC 4513.60) under 

authority of division (B)(2) of ORC 4513.60 that were charged an 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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amount exceeding the maximum amount allowed under ORC 

4513.60(E) to reclaim such motor vehicle from storage. 

{¶4} The record shows that Central Parking leased, managed or operated a 

number of parking lots, including one located at 2704 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Central Parking required parking pass holders to display their parking passes at all 

times while parked in one of its lots, and required daily parkers to display their 

receipts for payment. 

{¶5} If Central Parking employees found a car parked in violation of its 

policies, they would enter the vehicle’s information into the company’s database and 

take pictures of the car. They would then leave a parking ticket under the vehicle’s 

wiper blade with instructions about how to pay or to dispute the ticket. 

{¶6} Central Parking had a policy not to tow a vehicle until its fourth unpaid 

parking violation. It contracted with Car Barn to do the actual towing. When the 

owner of the car went to retrieve his or her car, Central Parking required Car Barn to 

collect fees for the first three unpaid parking violations, as well as charges for towing. 

{¶7} In October 2008, Safi signed a monthly contract to park a single 

vehicle at the Vine Street lot. According to Central Parking, Safi often parked a 

second vehicle at the lot without paying for it. Central Parking employees told him 

numerous times that he had to pay to park a second vehicle in the lot. 

{¶8} On October 13, 2012, Safi’s second vehicle, a pickup truck, was found 

at the lot with no proof of payment. Because the truck already had three unpaid 

parking violations, Car Barn towed the truck at Central Parking’s direction. To 

reclaim his truck, Car Barn required Safi to pay a $90 towing charge, a $12 labor 

charge, $8 in taxes, and a charge labeled as “PDP” of $203, for a total of $313. Car 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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Barn employees explained that the “PDP” charge covered past due parking tickets 

charged by Central Parking. 

{¶9} Former R.C. 4513.60(E) provided that the owner of a towed vehicle 

could reclaim it “upon payment of any expenses or charges incurred in its removal, in 

an amount not to exceed ninety dollars, and storage, in an amount not to exceed 

twelve dollars per twenty-four-hour period; except that the charge for towing shall 

not exceed one hundred fifty dollars * * * .” Additionally, former R.C. 

4513.60(B)(1)(a) required the owner of a private tow-away zone to post a sign that 

discloses the maximum amounts that may be charged. 

{¶10} In his complaint, Safi alleged that appellants had a practice of 

systematically overcharging motor vehicle owners to reclaim their towed vehicles in 

violation of former R.C. 4513.60. Even though Central Parking had posted the 

required sign stating the maximum amounts that could be charged under the statute, 

customers were routinely charged in excess of those amounts for past due parking 

violations in addition to expenses and storage charges. On behalf of himself and 

others similarly situated, Safi sought repayment or restitution of the unlawful 

charges, a declaration that appellants had acted unlawfully, and an injunction to 

prevent further violations. 

{¶11} Central Parking filed counterclaims against Safi in which it set forth 

causes of action for trespass and breach of contract. It sought to recover the 

remaining unpaid fees for the parking violations and other damages. Safi filed a 

motion to dismiss Central Parking’s counterclaims, which the trial court granted. 

The court did not state its reasons for granting the motion at that time. Later, in its 

decision on the motion for class certification, the court stated that “Central Parking’s 

* * * counterclaims could not be maintained because the essence of the Complaint 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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was about the very payment by Plaintiff of the Excess Charges that arose from the 

alleged trespasses and breach of contract claims.” It added that “Thus, by the time 

Plaintiff and any Class Member drive off the Car Barn lot, Central Parking has been 

paid all amounts due to it and has no claims against Plaintiff or any Class Member.” 

{¶12} In granting Safi’s motion for class certification, the trial court certified 

the class as set forth in Safi’s motion, appointed Safi as the class representative, and 

appointed his counsel as class counsel. The trial court’s entry granting the motion 

was a final, appealable order under R.C. 2505.02(B)(5), and appellants have filed 

timely appeals from the court’s judgment. 

{¶13} Central Parking presents one assignment of error for review, and Car 

Barn presents two. In all three assignments of error, they contend that the trial court 

erred in granting Safi’s motion for class certification for several reasons. They argue 

that Safi failed to meet his burden to show that all of the requirements for class 

certification set forth in Civ.R. 23 were met. These assignments of error are well 

taken. 

II. A Rigorous Analysis 

{¶14} A class action is an exception to the usual rule that litigation is 

conducted by and on behalf of only the individually named parties. Felix v. Ganley 

Chevrolet, Inc., ___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2015-Ohio-3430, ___ N.E.3d __, ¶ 25; In re 

Kroger Co. Shareholders Litigation, 70 Ohio App.3d 52, 59, 590 N.E.2d 391 (1st 

Dist.1990). Therefore, to fall within the exception, the party bringing the class action 

must affirmatively demonstrate that each requirement of Civ.R. 23 has been 

satisfied. Cullen v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 137 Ohio St.3d 373, 2013-Ohio4733, 999 N.E.2d 614, ¶ 2. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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{¶15} A party seeking certification bears the burden of proving by a 

preponderance of the evidence that the proposed class meets each of the 

requirements in the rule. Cullen at paragraph three of the syllabus; Kroger Co. 

Shareholders at 59. A trial court must conduct a rigorous analysis when determining 

whether to certify a class, and may grant certification only after resolving all relevant 

factual disputes and finding that sufficient evidence proves that all of the 

requirements have been satisfied. Cullen at paragraph one of the syllabus. In 

resolving a factual dispute, a court may examine the underlying merits of the claim 

as part of its rigorous analysis, but only to the extent necessary to determine whether 

the requirements of the rule are satisfied. Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. 

{¶16} The trial court has broad discretion in determining whether to certify a 

class action, and that decision will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of 

discretion. Hamilton v. Ohio Sav. Bank, 82 Ohio St.3d 67, 70, 694 N.E.2d 442 

(1998); Kroger Co. Shareholders at 59-60. But the trial court’s discretion in 

deciding whether to certify a class is not unlimited. It must exercise its discretion 

within the framework of Civ.R. 23. Hamilton at 70. 

III. Prerequisites for Class-Action Certification 

{¶17} Civ.R. 23(A) sets forth six requirements that must be satisfied before 

the trial court may certify a class action: (1) an identifiable class must exist and the 

definition of the class must be unambiguous; (2) the named representatives must be 

members of the class; (3) the class must be so numerous that joinder of all members 

is impracticable; (4) questions of law or fact common to the class must exist; (5) the 

claims or defenses of the representative parties must be typical of the claims or 

defenses of the class; (6) the representative parties must fairly and adequately 

protect the interests of the class; and (7) one of three Civ.R. 23(B) requirements must 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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be met. Hamilton at 71; Harrison v. Johnston Coca-Cola Bottling Group, 1st Dist. 

Hamilton No. C-070665, 2008-Ohio-3572, ¶ 7. 

{¶18} Safi sought to certify the class under Civ.R. 23(B)(3). An action under 

this section is the “so-called ‘damage’ action.” Hamilton at 79, quoting Warner v. 

Waste Mgt., Inc., 36 Ohio St.3d 91, 95-96, 521 N.E.2d 1091 (1988). It adds “to the 

complex-litigation arsenal class actions for damages designed to secure judgments 

binding on all class members save those who affirmatively elected to be excluded.” 

Hamilton at 79, quoting Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 614-615, 117 

S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997). Its purpose is to “bring within the fold of 

maintainable class actions cases in which the efficiency and economy of common 

adjudication outweighs the interests of individual autonomy.” Hamilton at 80. 

Civ.R. 23(B)(3) provides that a court may certify a class action if the court finds that 

“the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over 

any questions affecting individual members, and that a class action is superior to 

other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.” 

IV. Typicality/Adequacy of Representation 

{¶19} Under Civ.R. 23(A)(3), the claims or defenses of the representative 

parties must be typical of the claims or defenses of the class. The purpose of this 

provision is to protect absent class members. Marks v. C.P. Chem. Co., 31 Ohio St.3d 

200, 202, 509 N.E.2d 1249 (1987). This requirement is met where no express 

conflict exists between the representative party and the class. Id.

{¶20} Similarly, Civ.R. 23(A)(4) requires that the class representative must 

fairly and adequately represent the interests of the class. This requirement is crucial 

to ensuring due process to members of the proposed class who will not have their 

individual day in court. Id. at 203; Kroger Co. Shareholders, 70 Ohio App.3d at 63, 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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590 N.E.2d 391. A representative is deemed adequate so long as his interest is not 

antagonistic to that of other class members. Marks at 203. 

{¶21} To ensure that the interests of the representative parties are 

coextensive with and not antagonistic to the interests of the absent class members, 

all class members must benefit from the relief sought. Kroger Co. Shareholders at 

64. “When the relief sought by the representative parties cannot be thought to be 

what is desired by other members of the class, it is a violation of due process to 

permit the representative parties to obtain a judgment binding on those class 

members.” Id. 

{¶22} In this case, the putative class consisted of people who had trespassed 

on Central Parking’s property on four occasions and whose vehicles had been towed. 

Each instance of trespass constitutes a separate violation for which the trespasser 

may owe contract and tort damages. When a trespasser retrieved his or her car after 

it had been towed, Car Barn only collected fees for the first three violations. 

Therefore, the putative class members still owe for the fourth parking violation, plus 

any damages. Further, the suit claimed that requiring the payment of the fees for the 

first three parking infractions violated former R.C. 4513.60(E) and sought the return 

of those funds. If the funds are returned, Central Parking would be owed the fees for 

all four parking violations. 

{¶23} After his car was towed, Safi sought a full refund from Central Parking. 

After some discussions with Central Parking, he withdrew his request, stating that, 

“We are going in another direction.” He then filed a class action lawsuit. 

{¶24} After the suit was filed, Central Parking offered to settle by sending full 

refunds to the identified members of the class. Safi rejected that offer. In addition to 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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the refunds to the class members, he sought $12,500 for himself as the class 

representative, $150,000 in attorney fees, and $5,000 in costs. 

{¶25} To qualify as a class member, a litigant would have to affirmatively 

assert that his or her vehicle was parked illegally on up to four separate occasions 

and was towed. Thus, a class action would expose class members to potential 

liability in excess of what they had already paid. That risk would place Safi’s 

interests at odds with those of class members who would opt to settle and avoid the 

risks of litigation. 

{¶26} Even though the trial court dismissed Central Parking’s counterclaims, 

the issues raised in those counterclaims are still relevant to the determination of the 

motion for class certification. First, the dismissal order is not final and is subject to 

revision at any time before the entry of the final judgment. See Gardner v. Ford, 1st 

Dist. Hamilton No. C-150018, 2015-Ohio-4242, ¶ 4. 

{¶27} Additionally, Central Parking still asserts its right to a set-off against 

any damages awarded to class members. Safi acknowledged that should he prevail in 

this action, Central Parking would be able to instigate a collection action against him 

for the monies he owed for failing to pay for parking when he received his tickets. 

The same reasoning applies to all of the potential class members. 

{¶28} The facts of this case are similar to the facts in Carlin v. Genie of 

Fairview Park, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 48593, 1985 Ohio App. LEXIS 6353 (Apr. 11, 

1985). In that case, one of the defendants owned a private lot with a designated towaway zone. The lot owner had contracted with a towing company to tow 

unauthorized vehicles from its lot. The plaintiffs illegally parked on the lot and their 

vehicles were towed. They brought a suit seeking to certify the case as a class action 

on behalf of all persons whose cars had been towed. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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{¶29} The trial court denied class certification, and the Eighth Appellate 

District affirmed. It found that the typicality requirement was not met, stating that 

“[s]ince the defendants-appellees have allegedly towed vehicles from [the] property 

for an extended period of time, there are probably many atypical claims or defenses 

to illegally parking on private property.” Id. at *10. It further stated that “[t]hose 

persons whose cars were towed * * * each sustained different damages, including but 

not limited to storage and towing fees, not to mention inconvenience.” Id.

{¶30} The court also found that the plaintiffs were not adequate 

representatives of the class. It stated that it was not sufficient for the plaintiffs to 

“show the existence of a common potential injury[.]” The plaintiffs also had to 

“demonstrate that the principal relief sought is not repugnant to class members.” Id.

at *11, quoting Blankenship v. Omaha Pub. Power Dist., 195 Neb. 170, 178-179, 237 

N.W.2d 86 (1976). There was a “real and substantial conflict over the desirability of 

the remedy sought,” because absent class members “would prefer to see no action 

brought at all if the relief envisioned by the representative were ultimately granted.” 

Carlin at *11, quoting Blankenship at 179. 

{¶31} The court noted that in the case before it the lot owner had 

counterclaimed against the plaintiffs for trespass and had requested both 

compensatory and punitive damages. Thus, “[t]he price for membership in the class 

to receive damages for conversion is payment for damages for trespass which could 

conceivabl[y] exceed the award for conversion.” Carlin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

48593, 1985 Ohio App. LEXIS 6353, at *11-12. 

{¶32} The same logic applies in this case. The potential for a conflict of 

interest between the class representative and the absent class members, as well as 

the exposure of class members to liability renders this case inappropriate for class 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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certification. Because Safi failed to satisfy the requirements under Civ.R. 23(A)(3) 

and (4), the trial court erred in granting his motion for class certification. 

V. Predominance/Superiority 

{¶33} We also hold that Safi failed to satisfy the predominance and 

superiority requirements. To certify a class under Civ.R. 23(B)(3), the party seeking 

certification must show that the questions of law or fact common to the class 

predominate over individual claims, and that a class action is superior to any other 

available method of adjudication. Cullen, 137 Ohio St.3d 373, 2013-Ohio-4733, 999 

N.E.2d 614, at ¶ 29; Schmidt v. Avco Corp., 15 Ohio App.3d 81, 87, 472 N.E.2d 721 

(1st Dist.1984), aff’d, 15 Ohio St.3d 310, 473 N.E.2d 822 (1984). Civ.R. 23(B)(3) 

states that the “matters pertinent” to these findings include (a) the interest of the 

members of the class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of 

separate actions; (b) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the 

controversy already commenced by or against members of the class; (c) the 

desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the 

particular forum; and (d) the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management 

of a class action. 

{¶34} The predominance test is an attempt to achieve a balance between the 

value of allowing individual actions to be instituted so that each person can protect 

his or her own interest and the economy achievable by allowing a multiple party 

dispute to be resolved as a class action. Schmidt at 87. For common questions of law 

or fact to predominate, “it is not sufficient that such questions merely exist; rather, 

they must present a sufficient aspect of the case.” Cullen at ¶ 30, quoting Marks, 31 

Ohio St.3d at 204, 509 N.E.2d 1249. They must also be capable of resolution for all 

members in a single adjudication. Cullen at ¶ 30. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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{¶35} The class that Safi sought to certify included persons who had had 

their cars towed from a Central Parking lot and who were allegedly required to 

overpay for the return of their vehicles. That allegation is the only common issue 

among the class members. A class action would not resolve the individual issues 

relating to their parking violations and whether their cars were towed properly. For 

each class member, four mini-trials would be necessary to determine whether any 

and how many parking violations had occurred. Those issues would likely 

overshadow the common issues regarding towing and render that issue insignificant 

in the litigation. Safi also raised tort and equitable claims that would involve varying 

fact patterns with different defenses and damages for the individual class members. 

Thus, common issues of law and fact do not predominate over the individual issues. 

{¶36} Whether a class action is the superior method of adjudication requires 

a comparative evaluation of other available procedures to determine if the judicial 

time and energy involved would be justified. State ex rel. Davis v. Pub. Emp. 

Retirement Bd., 111 Ohio St.3d 118, 2006-Ohio-5339, 855 N.E.2d 444, ¶ 28. The 

necessity for a class action is a valid consideration for the trial court. Id. at ¶ 32-33. 

“[T]he ‘need’ for class action treatment * * * may be considered a vital, if not 

determinative, consideration as need inevitably relates to the problems of 

superiority, fairness, and efficiency.” Id. at ¶ 32, quoting Wilcox v. Commerce Bank 

of Kansas City, 474 F.2d 336, 346 (10th Cir.1973). 

{¶37} In this case, no need exists for a class action. When towing repeat 

offenders, Central Parking no longer collects fees for past due violations. Corrective 

measures taken by the defendant in a lawsuit are relevant to the determination of the 

necessity of a class action. See Davis at ¶ 34. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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{¶38} The only thing preventing these refunds is Safi’s demand for $162,500 

for himself and his attorneys, an amount many times more than the total amount of 

parking fees collected. Because a class action would only generate more costs, class 

certification would actually leave class members in a worse position than if they had 

pursued individual claims. Additionally, Central Parking has a dispute resolution 

process that often results in favorable outcomes for people parking in its lots and 

that would cost far less than class litigation. 

{¶39} Finally, Safi has not shown that a class action in this case is 

economically sensible. Litigation costs and expenses could ultimately exceed the 

amount of the final judgment, leaving little relief for the class members. 

Consequently, Safi has failed to show that a class action is a superior method of 

adjudication over any other method as required by Civ.R. 23(B)(3). 

VI. Summary and Disposition 

{¶40} In sum, Safi failed to demonstrate that all of the requirements for 

certification of a class action had been met. Consequently, we hold that the trial 

court erred in granting his motion for class certification. We sustain Central 

Parking’s sole assignment of error and Car Barn’s two assignments of error. We 

reverse the trial court’s judgment granting Safi’s motion and remand the cause to the 

trial court for further proceedings. 

Judgment reversed and cause remanded. 

HENDON, P.J., and FISCHER, J., concur. 

Please note: 

 The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.