remind

Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-24-0792

8:30 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, April 30, 2024

Technical information: (202) 691-6199 • ncsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/eci

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • pressoffice@bls.gov

EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX – MARCH 2024 

Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 1.2 percent, seasonally adjusted, for the 3-month 

period ending in March 2024, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Wages and 

salaries increased 1.1 percent and benefit costs increased 1.1 percent from December 2023. (See 

chart 1 and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) 

Compensation costs for civilian workers increased 4.2 percent for the 12-month period ending in 

March 2024 and increased 4.8 percent in March 2023. Wages and salaries increased 4.4 percent for 

the 12-month period ending in March 2024 and increased 5.0 percent for the 12-month period ending 

in March 2023. Benefit costs increased 3.7 percent over the year and increased 4.5 percent for the 12-

month period ending in March 2023. (See chart 2 and tables A, 4, 8, and 12.) 

Compensation costs for private industry workers increased 4.1 percent over the year. In March 2023, 

the increase was 4.8 percent. Wages and salaries increased 4.3 percent for the 12-month period 

ending in March 2024 and increased 5.1 percent in March 2023. The cost of benefits increased 3.6 

percent for the 12-month period ending in March 2024 and increased 4.3 percent in March 2023. 

Inflation-adjusted (constant dollar) compensation costs for private industry workers increased 0.6 

percent for the 12-month period ending in March 2024. Inflation-adjusted wages and salaries increased

0.8 percent for the 12 months ending March 2024. Inflation-adjusted benefit costs in the private sector 

increased 0.1 percent over that same period. (See charts 3, 4, and tables A, 5, 9, and 12.) 

Chart 1. Three-month percent change, seasonally 

adjusted, civilian workers, total compensation

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

 Wages and salaries

 Benefits

Chart 2. Twelve-month percent change, not 

seasonally adjusted, civilian workers
Chart 5. Twelve-month percent change, not seasonally 

adjusted, state and local government workers

Within private industry by bargaining status, compensation costs increased 5.3 percent for 

union workers and 3.9 percent for nonunion workers for the 12-month period ending in March 

2024. Wages and salaries increased 6.3 percent for union workers and 4.1 percent for nonunion 

workers for the 12-month period ending in March 2024. Benefit costs increased 3.8 percent for 

union workers and 3.6 percent for nonunion workers for the period ending in March 2024. 

(See tables 6, 10, and 12.) 

Compensation costs for state and local 

government workers increased 4.8 percent 

for the 12-month period ending in March

2024, and increased 4.9 percent in the 

period ending in March 2023. Wages and 

salaries increased 5.0 percent for the 12-

month period ending in March 2024 and 

increased 4.7 percent a year ago. Benefit 

costs increased 4.5 percent for the 12-

month period ending in March 2024. The 

prior year increase was 5.0 percent. (See 

chart 5 and tables A, 7, 11, and 12.) 

-5.0

-4.0

-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Wages and

salaries

Benefits

Chart 4. Twelve-month percent change, constant 

dollar, private industry workers

Chart 3. Twelve-month percent change, current

dollar, private industry workers

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

 Wages and salaries

 Benefits

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

 Wages and salaries

 Benefits

 Health benefits

- 2 -
TECHNICAL NOTE

The Employment Cost Index (ECI) measures the change in the cost of labor, free from the influence

of employment shifts among occupations and industries. For information on survey concepts, 

coverage, methods, nonresponse adjustment, and imputation, see National Compensation Measures

Handbook of Methods at www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ncs/home.htm. 

Sample size: Data for this reference period were collected from a probability sample of 

approximately 23,300 occupational observations selected from a sample of about 5,500 private

industry establishments and approximately 7,500 occupational observations selected from a sample of

about 1,400 state and local government establishments that provided data at the initial interview. 

Standard errors: To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of ECI series, standard errors of all 

current quarter not seasonally adjusted 3- and 12-month percent change series are also available, see

www.bls.gov/eci/factsheets/eci-standard-errors.htm and the database query tool at

www.bls.gov/eci/data.htm. Standard errors provide users a measure of the precision of an estimate to 

ensure that it is within an acceptable range for their intended purpose. 

Historical listings: Historical ECI data are available in xlsx format at www.bls.gov/eci/tables.htm.

The continuous occupational and industry series listing uses the Standard Industrial Classification

(SIC) Manual and Occupational Classification System (OCS) series from 1975 through 2005 and the 

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and Standard Occupational Classification

(SOC) from 2006 to the present. It provides the official series deemed continuous after the change in 

classification systems. For more information on the criteria used in defining continuous series, see the 

article published in the Monthly Labor Review at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/04/art2full.pdf. The

transition from NAICS 2017 to NAICS 2022 occurred during the March 2024 ECI and series were 

determined to remain continuous. 

Employer Costs for Employee Compensation data: The costs per hour worked of compensation 

components are published as part of the Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) news 

release. The ECEC release dates are available at www.bls.gov/schedule/news_release/ecec.htm. 

Historical ECEC data are available in xlsx format at www.bls.gov/ecec/tables.htm. Since the ECEC is 

calculated with current employment weights rather than the fixed weights used in computing the ECI,

year-to-year changes in the cost levels usually differ from those in the ECI.

Fixed employment weights: For additional information on the use of fixed employment weights in 

computing the ECI, see www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2016/article/introducing-2012-fixed-employmentweights-for-the-employment-cost-index.htm. Beginning with the December 2022 release, the ECI 

introduced new employment weights, see www.bls.gov/eci/notices/2022/eci-2021-fixed-weights-and2018-soc-update.htm.

Seasonal factors: Detailed information on seasonal factors for the 2024 reference year and the 

revisions of historical seasonally adjusted data for the most recent five years can be found at 

www.bls.gov/eci/factsheets/annual-seasonal-adjustment.htm. More information on seasonal 

adjustment can be found at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2024/article/seasonality-in-the-employment-costindex.htm. 

Additional information: Historical tables are available in xlsx format for constant dollar, current 

dollar, and continuous series, see www.bls.gov/eci/tables.htm. ECI release dates are available on the 

release calendar at www.bls.gov/schedule/news_release/eci.htm. Subscribe to receive the BLS

Economic News Release email at public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDOLBLS/subscriber/new. If 

you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access

telecommunications relay services.

- 3 -
Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, by occupational group and industry1

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes

(Dec.2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Jun.

2023

Sep.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Civilian workers

All workers2

.................................. 162.1 164.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.2

Industry

Goods-producing industries3............ 156.7 158.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1

Manufacturing.......................... 156.1 158.0 1.6 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2

Service-providing industries4

............ 163.3 165.2 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.2

Education and health services....... 161.0 162.8 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.1

Educational services................ 159.5 161.3 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.2 0.9 1.1

Elementary and secondary

schools.......................... 160.0 161.5 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools.......................... 157.8 159.8 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.3

Health care and social

assistance......................... 162.5 164.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.2

Hospitals........................... 162.9 165.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4

Nursing and residential care

facilities......................... 163.2 165.0 1.6 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.5 0.9 1.1

Public administration.................. 166.8 169.6 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.7

Private industry workers

All workers................................... 161.9 163.7 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1

Occupational group

Management, professional, and

related................................... 157.2 158.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0

Management, business, and

financial.............................. 157.9 159.6 1.2 1.4 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.1

Professional and related.............. 156.8 158.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0

Sales and office.......................... 165.1 167.4 1.6 2.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.9 1.4

Sales and related...................... 163.1 165.7 1.8 2.5 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.4 1.1 1.6

Office and administrative support.... 166.2 168.1 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.1

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance............................ 159.9 161.3 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.9

Construction, extraction, farming,

fishing, and forestry occupations.. 158.3 159.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9

Installation, maintenance, and

repair................................. 161.7 163.2 1.1 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.6 0.9

Production, transportation, and

material moving........................ 166.1 168.2 1.5 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.3

Production.............................. 161.6 163.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.2

Transportation and material

moving................................ 171.3 173.6 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.8 1.3

Service occupations...................... 173.5 175.4 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.1

Industry

Goods-producing industries3

.............. 156.6 158.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Construction............................... 157.9 159.4 0.7 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.9

Manufacturing............................. 156.1 158.0 1.6 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2

Aircraft manufacturing................. 135.5 136.9 1.8 0.1 -5.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.8 0.7 1.0

Service-providing industries5.............. 163.4 165.2 1.4 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities...... 167.8 169.2 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.4 0.8

Wholesale trade....................... 159.8 162.1 1.7 1.4 0.8 1.3 0.8 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.4

Retail trade............................. 172.0 171.8 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.8 -0.1

Transportation and warehousing. . .. 169.3 172.5 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.4 0.7 3.0 1.9

Utilities.................................. 172.6 173.3 0.9 0.7 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.3 0.9 0.4

Information................................ 158.0 159.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.9

Financial activities........................ 159.7 160.5 1.4 2.2 0.5 1.2 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.5

Finance and insurance................ 160.3 161.1 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.3 0.3 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.5

See footnotes at end of table.

- 4 -
Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, by occupational group and industry1 — Continued

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes

(Dec.2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Jun.

2023

Sep.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Credit intermediation and related

activities........................... 161.3 163.9 -0.3 3.0 -0.4 1.3 1.4 0.4 1.3 1.1 1.6

Insurance carriers and related

activities........................... 160.9 162.1 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.7

Real estate and rental and leasing.. 157.3 158.3 1.7 1.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.1 0.6

Professional and business services. .. 161.4 163.9 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.4 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.5

Professional, scientific, and

technical services................... 162.5 164.7 0.9 1.7 1.2 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.4

Administrative and support and

waste management and

remediation services................ 162.1 163.9 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.1

Education and health services.......... 161.1 162.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1

Educational services.................. 157.6 159.9 1.3 1.6 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.5

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools............................ 156.4 158.3 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.2 0.9 1.2

Health care and social assistance... 161.8 163.6 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.1

Hospitals............................. 162.7 164.9 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4

Nursing and residential care

facilities............................ 161.7 163.5 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.5 0.8 1.1

Leisure and hospitality................... 173.9 174.7 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.5

Accommodation and food services.. 177.6 178.3 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.4

Other services, except public

administration.......................... 164.9 167.9 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.8

State and local government workers

All workers................................... 163.1 165.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.3

Industry

Education and health services.......... 160.8 162.7 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.2

Educational services.................. 160.0 161.7 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1

Schools............................... 159.9 161.6 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.1

Elementary and secondary

schools.......................... 160.4 161.9 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9

Health care and social assistance... 167.3 170.2 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.7

Hospitals............................. 163.4 166.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.6 1.7

Public administration.................. 166.8 169.6 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.7

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

2

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

3

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

4

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services,

except public administration; and public administration.

5

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 5 -
Table 2. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, by occupational group and industry

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec.

2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Jun.

2023

Sep.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Civilian workers

All workers1

.................................. 162.1 163.9 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1

Industry

Goods-producing industries2.............. 160.3 162.3 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2

Manufacturing............................. 160.1 162.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.3

Service-providing industries3

.............. 162.4 164.3 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2

Education and health services.......... 156.8 158.6 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1

Educational services.................. 149.7 151.8 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.4

Elementary and secondary

schools............................ 148.3 150.2 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.3

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools............................ 150.9 152.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.3

Health care and social assistance. . . .. 164.0 165.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0

Hospitals................................ 164.0 165.8 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1

Public administration..................... 156.0 158.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.7

Private industry workers

All workers................................... 164.4 166.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1

Occupational group

Management, professional, and

related................................... 158.5 160.1 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 1.0

Professional and related.............. 158.7 160.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

Management, business, and

financial.............................. 158.6 160.4 0.9 1.4 0.4 1.1 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.6 1.1

Sales and office.......................... 167.4 169.9 1.5 2.1 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.5

Office and administrative support.... 167.7 169.7 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.2

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance............................ 161.7 163.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.9

Construction, extraction, farming,

fishing, and forestry occupations.. 160.2 161.6 1.2 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9

Installation, maintenance, and

repair................................. 163.5 165.0 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 0.9

Production, transportation, and

material moving........................ 170.5 173.0 1.3 1.3 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.7 1.5

Production.............................. 165.5 167.9 1.2 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.4

Transportation and material

moving................................ 175.9 178.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.9 1.6

Service occupations...................... 178.5 180.6 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.2

Industry

Goods-producing industries2

.............. 160.4 162.4 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2

Construction............................... 160.6 162.5 0.6 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.5 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.2

Manufacturing............................. 160.1 162.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.3

Aircraft manufacturing................. 160.9 162.8 1.3 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.2

Service-providing industries4

.............. 165.4 167.2 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities...... 169.3 171.0 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.0

Wholesale trade....................... 157.2 159.7 1.6 1.6 0.5 1.2 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.9 1.6

Retail trade............................. 175.4 175.3 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.0

Transportation and warehousing. . .. 173.6 177.5 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.5 0.8 3.5 2.3

Utilities.................................. 167.2 167.9 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.4 0.4

Information................................ 156.9 157.8 1.2 0.6 1.4 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.6

Financial activities........................ 161.2 161.3 1.1 2.2 0.3 1.4 0.1 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.1

Finance and insurance................ 161.9 161.9 0.9 2.3 0.1 1.4 -0.1 1.9 1.1 0.6 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities........................... 161.3 163.5 -1.4 3.1 -1.0 1.4 1.0 0.5 1.5 1.3 1.4

Insurance carriers and related

activities........................... 160.0 160.7 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.1 0.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.. 158.6 159.5 1.9 1.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.2 0.5

See footnotes at end of table.

- 6 -
Table 2. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, by occupational group and industry — Continued

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec.

2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Jun.

2023

Sep.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Professional and business services. .. 163.2 166.0 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.7

Professional, scientific, and

technical services................... 163.7 166.0 0.9 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.4

Administrative and support and

waste management and

remediation services................ 166.7 168.8 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.3

Education and health services.......... 162.9 164.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.1

Educational services.................. 156.4 158.9 1.1 1.7 0.9 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.6

Junior colleges, colleges,

universities, and professional

schools............................ 153.4 155.2 0.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.2

Health care and social assistance... 164.3 165.9 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.0

Hospitals............................. 165.0 166.7 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0

Leisure and hospitality................... 180.2 181.1 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.5

Accommodation and food services.. 183.9 184.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.1 0.7 1.0 0.5

Other services, except public

administration.......................... 167.6 170.7 1.3 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.8

State and local government workers

All workers................................... 152.0 154.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4

Industry

Education and health services.......... 149.6 151.6 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.9 1.3

Educational services.................. 148.3 150.3 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.3

Schools............................... 148.3 150.3 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.3

Elementary and secondary

schools.......................... 147.8 149.7 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.3

Health care and social assistance... 160.5 163.0 1.0 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.5 0.8 1.6

Hospitals............................. 159.1 161.5 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.5 0.7 1.5

Public administration..................... 156.0 158.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.7

1

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services,

except public administration; and public administration.

4

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 7 -
Table 3. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by occupational group and industry

[Seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec.

2005=100) Percent changes for 3-months endedDec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2022

Jun.

2022

Sep.

2022

Dec.

2022

Mar.

2023

Jun.

2023

Sep.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Civilian workers

All workers1

.................................. 162.5 164.3 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.7 1.1

Private industry workers

All workers................................... 156.1 157.7 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.0

Occupational group

Management, professional, and

related................................... 154.1 155.8 1.6 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.1

Sales and office.......................... 159.2 160.8 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.0

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance............................ 155.9 157.4 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0

Production, transportation, and

material moving........................ 157.2 158.4 1.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.8

Service occupations...................... 157.2 158.5 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.8

Industry

Goods-producing industries2

............ 148.9 150.2 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9

Manufacturing.......................... 148.6 149.9 2.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9

Service-providing industries3............ 158.5 160.2 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.1

State and local government workers

All workers1

.................................. 185.1 187.3 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2

1

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 8 -
Table 4. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for civilian workers, by occupational group and

industry1

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

All workers2

.......................................... 157.4 161.9 164.0 1.3 0.7 1.3 4.8 4.2 4.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations3

......... 157.3 161.7 163.9 1.4 0.6 1.4 4.8 4.2 4.2

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 153.4 157.7 159.7 1.3 0.4 1.3 4.4 4.1 4.1

Management, business, and financial....... 154.0 158.0 160.0 1.2 0.3 1.3 4.1 3.9 3.9

Professional and related...................... 153.2 157.6 159.6 1.3 0.6 1.3 4.7 4.2 4.2

Sales and office................................... 161.3 165.4 168.0 1.4 0.7 1.6 5.6 4.0 4.2

Sales and related.............................. 159.1 163.0 165.8 1.3 1.1 1.7 6.1 3.8 4.2

Office and administrative support............ 162.3 166.6 169.0 1.4 0.5 1.4 5.3 4.1 4.1

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 155.2 160.1 161.8 1.2 0.9 1.1 4.3 4.4 4.3

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing,

and forestry occupations................... 154.6 158.6 160.3 1.1 0.6 1.1 3.9 3.7 3.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 156.0 161.8 163.6 1.5 1.3 1.1 4.8 5.3 4.9

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 160.6 165.8 168.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 4.6 4.6 4.7

Production....................................... 157.1 161.4 163.7 1.4 1.0 1.4 4.8 4.2 4.2

Transportation and material moving......... 165.8 171.8 174.3 1.2 1.7 1.5 4.5 4.9 5.1

Service occupations.............................. 168.1 172.9 175.3 1.4 0.6 1.4 5.9 4.3 4.3

Industry

Goods-producing industries4

.................... 152.5 156.4 158.4 1.3 0.8 1.3 4.3 3.9 3.9

Manufacturing.................................. 152.3 155.8 158.1 1.3 0.8 1.5 4.2 3.7 3.8

Service-providing industries5.................... 158.3 162.9 165.1 1.3 0.6 1.4 4.9 4.2 4.3

Education and health services............... 155.8 161.0 162.7 1.1 0.8 1.1 5.1 4.5 4.4

Educational services........................ 154.1 159.5 160.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 4.8 4.4 4.3

Elementary and secondary schools. . .. 154.4 159.9 160.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 4.7 4.4 4.2

Junior colleges, colleges, universities,

and professional schools.............. 152.9 157.9 159.5 0.9 0.8 1.0 4.9 4.2 4.3

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 157.4 162.5 164.6 1.3 0.9 1.3 5.3 4.6 4.6

Hospitals................................... 158.0 162.8 165.4 1.5 0.9 1.6 5.3 4.6 4.7

Nursing and residential care facilities... 157.8 163.0 164.9 1.3 0.8 1.2 6.0 4.6 4.5

Public administration........................... 160.1 166.7 169.4 0.9 1.0 1.6 4.7 5.1 5.8

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

2

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

3 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.

4

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

5

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services,

except public administration; and public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 9 -
Table 5. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for private industry workers, by occupational group

and industry1

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

All workers........................................... 157.4 161.6 163.8 1.4 0.6 1.4 4.8 4.1 4.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations2......... 157.3 161.4 163.7 1.5 0.6 1.4 4.8 4.1 4.1

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 152.9 156.8 158.9 1.4 0.4 1.3 4.3 4.0 3.9

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 152.1 155.9 158.1 1.5 0.5 1.4 4.3 4.1 3.9

Management, business, and financial....... 153.8 157.5 159.5 1.3 0.2 1.3 4.0 3.8 3.7

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

.... 152.7 156.2 158.5 1.5 0.3 1.5 4.0 3.9 3.8

Professional and related...................... 152.4 156.4 158.6 1.5 0.6 1.4 4.7 4.2 4.1

Sales and office................................... 161.3 165.2 167.9 1.4 0.7 1.6 5.7 3.8 4.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 163.0 166.9 169.3 1.7 0.5 1.4 5.6 4.1 3.9

Sales and related.............................. 159.0 162.9 165.7 1.3 1.1 1.7 6.1 3.8 4.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations2.... 163.8 167.6 169.8 2.0 0.7 1.3 5.9 4.4 3.7

Office and administrative support............ 161.9 165.8 168.3 1.4 0.4 1.5 5.3 3.9 4.0

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 154.8 159.7 161.3 1.2 0.9 1.0 4.3 4.4 4.2

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing,

and forestry occupations................... 154.1 158.1 159.7 1.0 0.5 1.0 3.8 3.7 3.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 155.6 161.5 163.2 1.5 1.4 1.1 4.8 5.3 4.9

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 160.3 165.5 167.9 1.3 1.4 1.5 4.5 4.6 4.7

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 160.1 165.3 167.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 4.6 4.7 4.7

Production....................................... 157.1 161.3 163.7 1.4 0.9 1.5 4.8 4.1 4.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations2.... 157.5 161.8 163.9 1.4 1.0 1.3 4.7 4.2 4.1

Transportation and material moving......... 165.5 171.5 173.9 1.3 1.8 1.4 4.4 5.0 5.1

Service occupations.............................. 169.0 173.2 175.6 1.4 0.5 1.4 6.0 4.0 3.9

Industry and occupational group

Goods-producing industries3

....................... 152.5 156.3 158.3 1.3 0.8 1.3 4.3 3.8 3.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

......... 152.3 155.9 157.9 1.3 0.7 1.3 4.0 3.7 3.7

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 146.4 148.9 151.3 1.5 0.3 1.6 3.0 3.2 3.3

Sales and office................................... 160.4 167.1 169.5 1.5 2.5 1.4 8.4 5.8 5.7

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 153.5 157.5 159.0 1.1 0.6 1.0 3.9 3.8 3.6

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 155.1 159.2 161.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 4.7 3.9 3.9

Construction....................................... 153.3 157.7 159.2 1.3 0.9 1.0 4.9 4.2 3.8

Manufacturing..................................... 152.3 155.8 158.1 1.3 0.8 1.5 4.2 3.7 3.8

Management, professional, and related..... 147.6 150.1 152.5 1.4 0.4 1.6 2.9 3.2 3.3

Sales and office occupations................. 156.8 160.4 163.8 1.2 0.6 2.1 5.4 3.5 4.5

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance................................. 151.9 156.0 157.9 1.2 1.0 1.2 4.3 3.9 3.9

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................ 154.9 159.0 161.2 1.2 1.0 1.4 4.7 3.9 4.1

Aircraft manufacturing......................... 133.6 134.7 137.2 1.8 0.1 1.9 -5.2 2.6 2.7

Service-providing industries4

....................... 158.8 163.1 165.4 1.4 0.6 1.4 5.0 4.2 4.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

......... 158.8 163.0 165.3 1.5 0.6 1.4 5.0 4.2 4.1

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 154.1 158.1 160.2 1.4 0.4 1.3 4.5 4.1 4.0

Sales and office................................... 161.4 164.9 167.7 1.4 0.5 1.7 5.4 3.6 3.9

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 156.8 163.0 164.8 1.5 1.5 1.1 4.8 5.5 5.1

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 166.1 172.1 174.8 1.4 1.7 1.6 4.4 5.1 5.2

Service occupations.............................. 169.0 173.3 175.7 1.4 0.5 1.4 6.0 4.0 4.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 162.2 167.5 169.4 1.3 1.1 1.1 4.4 4.6 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 162.7 168.1 170.0 1.6 1.3 1.1 4.8 5.0 4.5

Wholesale trade................................ 155.2 159.1 162.1 1.3 0.4 1.9 4.3 3.9 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

.... 158.4 162.2 164.2 1.6 0.2 1.2 5.0 4.0 3.7

See footnotes at end of table.

- 10 -
Table 5. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for private industry workers, by occupational group

and industry1 — Continued

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Service-providing industries - Continued

Retail trade...................................... 167.4 171.5 172.0 1.6 0.5 0.3 5.4 4.1 2.7

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

.... 166.0 170.1 171.4 2.0 0.5 0.8 5.7 4.5 3.3

Transportation and warehousing............. 161.2 169.8 172.8 0.9 3.2 1.8 3.1 6.3 7.2

Utilities........................................... 166.8 171.9 173.6 1.6 0.6 1.0 3.7 4.7 4.1

Information......................................... 154.5 157.5 159.5 1.4 0.7 1.3 5.0 3.4 3.2

Financial activities................................ 155.1 159.0 160.4 0.8 -0.1 0.9 4.4 3.4 3.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

. . . . .. 156.9 159.3 161.9 1.9 0.1 1.6 5.1 3.4 3.2

Finance and insurance........................ 155.4 159.5 160.8 0.7 0.0 0.8 4.4 3.4 3.5

Credit intermediation and related

activities.................................... 156.3 160.5 163.2 1.4 0.1 1.7 5.3 4.2 4.4

Excluding incentive paid

occupations2

............................ 161.1 163.5 166.8 2.2 0.1 2.0 6.0 3.7 3.5

Insurance carriers and related activities... 157.8 159.9 162.1 1.7 -0.4 1.4 5.1 3.1 2.7

Excluding incentive paid

occupations2

............................ 155.8 158.2 160.9 1.9 0.2 1.7 4.7 3.5 3.3

Real estate and rental and leasing.......... 153.9 156.9 158.4 1.3 -0.3 1.0 4.8 3.3 2.9

Excluding incentive paid occupations2.... 158.1 160.8 162.7 1.3 -0.2 1.2 4.7 3.1 2.9

Professional and business services............ 157.9 161.0 164.2 1.7 0.2 2.0 5.1 3.7 4.0

Professional, scientific, and technical

services....................................... 158.9 161.9 165.0 1.8 0.1 1.9 5.2 3.7 3.8

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services... 158.2 161.6 164.1 1.7 0.4 1.5 5.2 3.9 3.7

Education and health services.................. 156.1 161.1 163.1 1.3 0.9 1.2 5.3 4.5 4.5

Educational services........................... 152.8 157.7 159.6 0.9 0.8 1.2 5.1 4.2 4.5

Junior colleges, colleges, universities,

and professional schools................ 151.9 156.5 158.0 0.7 0.6 1.0 4.2 3.8 4.0

Health care and social assistance........... 156.8 161.8 163.8 1.4 0.9 1.2 5.3 4.6 4.5

Hospitals...................................... 157.8 162.5 165.2 1.5 1.0 1.7 5.3 4.6 4.7

Nursing and residential care facilities..... 156.6 161.6 163.4 1.4 0.7 1.1 6.1 4.6 4.3

Nursing care facilities2

................... 156.0 161.6 163.1 1.2 0.9 0.9 6.4 4.8 4.6

Leisure and hospitality........................... 169.3 173.0 174.7 1.8 0.3 1.0 5.9 4.0 3.2

Accommodation and food service........... 173.0 176.7 178.3 1.9 0.3 0.9 5.9 4.1 3.1

Other services, except public administration... 159.7 164.3 168.2 2.2 0.6 2.4 4.7 5.1 5.3

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

2 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.

3

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

4

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 11 -
Table 6. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for private industry workers, by bargaining status and

Census region and division1

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Bargaining status and Census region and

division

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Bargaining status

Union............................................... 158.1 163.7 166.5 1.0 1.7 1.7 3.6 4.5 5.3

Goods-producing industries2

................. 150.6 154.9 156.8 0.4 1.1 1.2 2.1 3.3 4.1

Manufacturing................................ 144.4 148.7 151.1 0.3 1.8 1.6 1.5 3.3 4.6

Service-providing industries3................. 163.4 169.8 173.1 1.3 2.0 1.9 4.4 5.3 5.9

Nonunion........................................... 157.2 161.2 163.4 1.4 0.5 1.4 5.0 4.0 3.9

Goods-producing industries2

................. 152.7 156.5 158.5 1.5 0.8 1.3 4.8 4.0 3.8

Manufacturing................................ 154.1 157.5 159.8 1.5 0.6 1.5 4.6 3.8 3.7

Service-providing industries3................. 158.3 162.4 164.6 1.4 0.5 1.4 5.0 4.0 4.0

Census region and division4

Northeast.......................................... 159.0 163.0 165.0 1.3 0.5 1.2 4.5 3.8 3.8

New England................................... 163.0 167.1 168.9 0.6 0.2 1.1 4.2 3.1 3.6

Middle Atlantic.................................. 157.5 161.5 163.6 1.5 0.6 1.3 4.5 4.1 3.9

South............................................... 155.1 159.7 161.8 1.4 0.6 1.3 5.2 4.4 4.3

South Atlantic................................... 158.1 162.9 165.3 1.5 0.4 1.5 5.8 4.6 4.6

East South Central............................. 154.8 159.4 160.2 1.6 0.8 0.5 4.5 4.7 3.5

West South Central............................ 150.2 154.3 156.7 1.3 0.6 1.6 4.3 4.1 4.3

Midwest............................................ 154.6 158.5 160.7 1.2 0.6 1.4 4.5 3.7 3.9

East North Central............................. 153.2 157.4 159.5 1.2 0.7 1.3 4.7 4.0 4.1

West North Central............................ 157.9 161.1 163.4 1.1 0.6 1.4 3.9 3.1 3.5

West................................................ 162.1 166.1 168.7 1.6 0.8 1.6 5.1 4.1 4.1

Mountain........................................ 160.1 164.8 166.5 2.0 1.2 1.0 5.2 5.0 4.0

Pacific........................................... 163.1 166.9 169.8 1.6 0.7 1.7 5.0 3.9 4.1

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

4 The Census divisions are defined as follows: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont;

Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central:

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas,

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and

Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.

NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 12 -
Table 7. Employment Cost Index for total compensation, for state and local government workers, by

occupational group and industry1

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

All workers........................................... 157.3 163.0 164.9 1.0 0.7 1.2 4.9 4.6 4.8

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 154.6 160.2 161.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 4.7 4.5 4.6

Professional and related...................... 154.5 159.8 161.4 0.8 0.6 1.0 4.7 4.3 4.5

Sales and office................................... 160.8 167.0 169.2 1.1 0.9 1.3 4.9 5.0 5.2

Office and administrative support............ 160.8 167.0 169.3 1.1 0.9 1.4 4.8 5.0 5.3

Service occupations.............................. 165.1 171.4 174.1 1.1 1.1 1.6 5.7 5.0 5.5

Industry

Education and health services.................. 155.4 160.8 162.2 0.9 0.7 0.9 4.9 4.4 4.4

Educational services........................... 154.5 159.9 161.1 0.8 0.6 0.8 4.8 4.4 4.3

Schools....................................... 154.5 159.9 161.1 0.8 0.7 0.8 4.9 4.4 4.3

Elementary and secondary schools. . .. 154.8 160.2 161.3 0.8 0.6 0.7 4.7 4.3 4.2

Health care and social assistance........... 162.1 167.4 170.1 1.1 0.7 1.6 5.5 4.4 4.9

Hospitals...................................... 158.6 163.6 166.2 1.1 0.6 1.6 5.2 4.3 4.8

Public administration............................. 160.1 166.7 169.4 0.9 1.0 1.6 4.7 5.1 5.8

1

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 13 -
Table 8. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for civilian workers, by occupational group and

industry

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

All workers1

.......................................... 157.1 161.9 164.0 1.2 0.7 1.3 5.0 4.3 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations2

......... 156.5 161.3 163.4 1.4 0.7 1.3 5.0 4.5 4.4

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 151.3 155.9 157.6 1.1 0.5 1.1 4.4 4.2 4.2

Management, business, and financial....... 153.1 157.6 159.3 0.9 0.3 1.1 3.7 3.8 4.0

Professional and related...................... 150.4 155.1 156.8 1.3 0.6 1.1 4.8 4.4 4.3

Sales and office................................... 162.2 166.8 169.5 1.3 1.0 1.6 5.9 4.2 4.5

Sales and related.............................. 162.1 166.4 169.4 1.2 1.3 1.8 6.4 3.9 4.5

Office and administrative support............ 161.9 166.7 169.1 1.4 0.7 1.4 5.5 4.4 4.4

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 155.7 161.0 162.7 1.4 1.1 1.1 4.8 4.9 4.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing,

and forestry occupations................... 155.2 159.5 161.2 1.2 0.6 1.1 4.4 4.0 3.9

Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 156.3 162.8 164.4 1.6 1.7 1.0 5.1 5.9 5.2

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 163.7 169.5 172.2 1.3 1.6 1.6 5.1 4.9 5.2

Production....................................... 160.6 165.2 167.9 1.5 1.0 1.6 5.6 4.4 4.5

Transportation and material moving......... 168.3 175.1 177.8 1.1 1.9 1.5 4.7 5.2 5.6

Service occupations.............................. 169.2 174.3 176.8 1.4 0.7 1.4 6.3 4.5 4.5

Industry

Goods-producing industries3

.................... 155.9 160.1 162.3 1.4 1.0 1.4 5.1 4.1 4.1

Manufacturing.................................. 156.0 159.7 162.3 1.4 0.8 1.6 4.9 3.8 4.0

Service-providing industries4.................... 157.3 162.2 164.3 1.2 0.7 1.3 4.9 4.4 4.5

Education and health services............... 151.5 157.0 158.6 1.0 0.8 1.0 5.2 4.7 4.7

Educational services........................ 144.8 150.2 151.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 4.5 4.3 4.6

Elementary and secondary schools. . .. 143.3 148.8 149.9 0.5 0.5 0.7 4.4 4.3 4.6

Junior colleges, colleges, and

universities.............................. 146.3 151.3 152.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 4.5 4.1 4.3

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . .. 158.4 164.1 165.9 1.3 1.0 1.1 5.7 5.0 4.7

Hospitals................................... 158.4 163.9 166.0 1.6 1.1 1.3 5.9 5.1 4.8

Nursing and residential care facilities... 160.9 166.9 168.7 1.4 0.9 1.1 6.6 5.2 4.8

Public administration........................... 149.7 156.4 158.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 4.9 5.3 5.9

1

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

2 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.

3

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

4

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; other services,

except public administration; and public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 14 -
Table 9. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by occupational group

and industry

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Index value (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

All workers........................................... 159.5 164.1 166.3 1.3 0.7 1.3 5.1 4.3 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

......... 159.0 163.5 165.7 1.5 0.7 1.3 5.0 4.3 4.2

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 154.0 158.2 160.1 1.3 0.4 1.2 4.3 4.1 4.0

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 152.6 156.7 158.8 1.4 0.5 1.3 4.4 4.1 4.1

Management, business, and financial....... 154.1 158.3 160.1 0.9 0.2 1.1 3.7 3.6 3.9

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

.... 152.1 155.8 158.0 1.3 0.3 1.4 3.9 3.7 3.9

Professional and related...................... 154.0 158.4 160.3 1.7 0.7 1.2 4.9 4.6 4.1

Sales and office................................... 163.5 167.8 170.6 1.4 0.9 1.7 6.0 4.0 4.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 164.9 169.2 171.6 1.8 0.7 1.4 5.9 4.4 4.1

Sales and related.............................. 162.3 166.5 169.6 1.2 1.2 1.9 6.4 3.9 4.5

Excluding incentive paid occupations1.... 166.8 170.8 173.1 2.1 0.8 1.3 6.2 4.5 3.8

Office and administrative support............ 163.0 167.4 169.9 1.5 0.6 1.5 5.6 4.2 4.2

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 156.2 161.5 163.2 1.5 1.1 1.1 4.8 4.9 4.5

Construction, extraction, farming, fishing,

and forestry occupations................... 155.7 159.9 161.6 1.3 0.6 1.1 4.4 4.0 3.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 156.8 163.4 165.0 1.7 1.7 1.0 5.2 6.0 5.2

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 164.1 169.9 172.6 1.4 1.6 1.6 5.1 4.9 5.2

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 164.0 169.8 172.4 1.5 1.7 1.5 5.3 5.1 5.1

Production....................................... 160.8 165.3 168.0 1.6 1.0 1.6 5.7 4.4 4.5

Excluding incentive paid occupations1.... 161.2 165.7 168.1 1.6 1.0 1.4 5.6 4.4 4.3

Transportation and material moving......... 169.2 176.0 178.8 1.2 2.0 1.6 4.6 5.3 5.7

Service occupations.............................. 173.4 178.2 180.7 1.6 0.6 1.4 6.4 4.4 4.2

Industry and occupational group

Goods-producing industries2

....................... 156.0 160.2 162.4 1.4 1.0 1.4 5.2 4.1 4.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

......... 155.6 159.4 161.6 1.4 0.8 1.4 4.7 3.8 3.9

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 150.4 152.9 155.6 1.5 0.3 1.8 3.7 3.2 3.5

Sales and office................................... 165.8 174.5 177.1 1.6 3.5 1.5 10.2 6.9 6.8

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 155.4 159.7 161.3 1.3 0.6 1.0 4.5 4.1 3.8

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 159.1 163.4 165.6 1.3 1.1 1.3 5.5 4.1 4.1

Construction....................................... 155.6 160.5 162.1 1.3 1.1 1.0 5.7 4.5 4.2

Manufacturing..................................... 156.0 159.7 162.3 1.4 0.8 1.6 4.9 3.8 4.0

Management, professional, and related..... 151.2 153.8 156.5 1.5 0.5 1.8 3.6 3.3 3.5

Sales and office................................ 159.9 164.0 167.9 1.2 0.7 2.4 6.1 3.8 5.0

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance................................. 156.6 161.1 162.9 1.6 1.1 1.1 5.4 4.5 4.0

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................ 159.1 163.4 165.8 1.3 1.1 1.5 5.6 4.1 4.2

Aircraft manufacturing......................... 158.2 159.9 163.3 1.5 0.0 2.1 3.1 2.6 3.2

Service-providing industries3

....................... 160.4 165.2 167.4 1.3 0.7 1.3 5.0 4.4 4.4

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

......... 159.9 164.6 166.8 1.5 0.7 1.3 5.1 4.5 4.3

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 154.5 159.0 160.8 1.2 0.4 1.1 4.4 4.2 4.1

Sales and office................................... 163.2 167.1 169.9 1.3 0.7 1.7 5.5 3.7 4.1

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 157.2 164.2 166.0 1.7 1.9 1.1 5.1 6.3 5.6

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 169.1 176.0 179.0 1.3 2.0 1.7 4.7 5.5 5.9

Service occupations.............................. 173.4 178.3 180.8 1.6 0.6 1.4 6.4 4.5 4.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 163.2 169.0 171.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 4.6 4.8 4.8

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 163.4 169.4 171.4 1.6 1.5 1.2 5.1 5.3 4.9

Wholesale trade................................ 152.6 156.5 159.7 1.2 0.4 2.0 4.2 3.8 4.7

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

.... 155.2 159.1 160.9 1.6 0.4 1.1 5.1 4.1 3.7

See footnotes at end of table.

- 15 -
Table 9. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by occupational group

and industry — Continued

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Index value (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Service-providing industries - Continued

Retail trade...................................... 170.2 175.0 175.4 1.4 0.6 0.2 5.5 4.3 3.1

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

.... 168.3 173.1 174.6 1.9 0.6 0.9 5.8 4.8 3.7

Transportation and warehousing............. 164.0 174.0 177.6 0.9 3.8 2.1 3.6 7.1 8.3

Utilities........................................... 161.1 166.7 168.3 1.6 1.2 1.0 3.5 5.1 4.5

Information......................................... 153.7 156.5 158.1 1.5 0.9 1.0 4.8 3.4 2.9

Financial activities................................ 155.7 160.7 161.1 0.3 -0.1 0.2 3.9 3.5 3.5

Excluding incentive paid occupations1

. . . . .. 156.4 159.2 161.5 1.9 0.1 1.4 4.8 3.7 3.3

Finance and insurance........................ 156.0 161.3 161.6 0.1 0.0 0.2 3.7 3.5 3.6

Credit intermediation and related

activities.................................... 155.2 160.6 162.5 0.8 0.2 1.2 4.4 4.4 4.7

Excluding incentive paid

occupations1

............................ 159.4 162.0 164.7 2.0 0.1 1.7 5.6 3.7 3.3

Insurance carriers and related activities... 156.5 159.0 160.8 1.8 -0.6 1.1 5.1 3.4 2.7

Excluding incentive paid

occupations1

............................ 152.8 155.7 158.2 2.1 0.2 1.6 4.5 4.0 3.5

Real estate and rental and leasing.......... 154.5 158.0 159.6 1.5 -0.3 1.0 5.0 3.8 3.3

Excluding incentive paid occupations1.... 159.3 162.4 164.5 1.4 -0.2 1.3 4.9 3.4 3.3

Professional and business services............ 159.5 162.8 166.2 1.6 0.2 2.1 5.2 3.7 4.2

Professional, scientific, and technical

services....................................... 159.9 163.2 166.1 1.5 0.2 1.8 5.0 3.6 3.9

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services... 162.5 166.2 169.0 1.7 0.4 1.7 5.5 4.0 4.0

Education and health services.................. 157.4 163.0 164.8 1.3 1.0 1.1 5.6 4.9 4.7

Educational services........................... 151.6 156.6 158.5 0.9 0.7 1.2 5.2 4.2 4.6

Junior colleges, colleges, universities,

and professional schools................ 148.9 153.6 154.9 0.6 0.6 0.8 4.1 3.8 4.0

Health care and social assistance........... 158.7 164.4 166.1 1.4 1.0 1.0 5.7 5.0 4.7

Hospitals...................................... 159.3 164.9 167.0 1.7 1.3 1.3 5.9 5.2 4.8

Nursing and residential care facilities..... 161.8 167.8 169.7 1.4 0.8 1.1 6.7 5.1 4.9

Nursing care facilities1

................... 160.9 167.4 168.7 1.3 0.9 0.8 7.1 5.3 4.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 175.3 179.4 181.3 1.7 0.3 1.1 6.0 4.1 3.4

Accommodation and food service........... 179.0 183.1 184.9 1.8 0.4 1.0 6.0 4.2 3.3

Other services, except public administration... 161.8 167.0 170.9 2.1 0.7 2.3 4.7 5.4 5.6

1 The index for this series is not strictly comparable with other series in this table.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 16 -
Table 10. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for private industry workers, by bargaining status

and Census region and division

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Bargaining status and Census region and

division

Indexes (Dec.2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Bargaining status

Union............................................... 156.1 162.7 165.9 1.1 2.1 2.0 4.2 5.4 6.3

Goods-producing industries1

................. 148.6 153.0 155.2 0.9 1.4 1.4 3.6 3.9 4.4

Manufacturing................................ 147.3 152.0 155.0 0.8 2.0 2.0 3.5 4.0 5.2

Service-providing industries2................. 160.8 168.7 172.5 1.2 2.6 2.3 4.6 6.2 7.3

Nonunion........................................... 159.8 164.3 166.4 1.3 0.6 1.3 5.1 4.2 4.1

Goods-producing industries1

................. 157.6 161.7 163.9 1.5 0.9 1.4 5.5 4.1 4.0

Manufacturing................................ 157.8 161.4 163.9 1.5 0.7 1.5 5.2 3.9 3.9

Service-providing industries2................. 160.4 164.9 167.0 1.3 0.5 1.3 5.1 4.2 4.1

Census region and division3

Northeast.......................................... 159.8 164.3 166.1 1.1 0.6 1.1 4.4 3.9 3.9

New England................................... 165.6 170.6 172.3 0.1 0.3 1.0 3.9 3.1 4.0

Middle Atlantic.................................. 157.6 162.0 163.8 1.4 0.8 1.1 4.5 4.2 3.9

South............................................... 158.0 163.1 165.2 1.3 0.6 1.3 5.4 4.6 4.6

South Atlantic................................... 161.4 166.9 169.3 1.4 0.5 1.4 6.3 4.9 4.9

East South Central............................. 156.7 161.4 162.2 1.6 0.8 0.5 5.0 4.7 3.5

West South Central............................ 153.0 157.6 159.8 1.1 0.7 1.4 4.2 4.1 4.4

Midwest............................................ 155.8 160.1 162.3 1.2 0.8 1.4 4.6 4.0 4.2

East North Central............................. 154.3 158.8 160.8 1.2 0.8 1.3 4.8 4.2 4.2

West North Central............................ 159.5 163.1 165.7 1.1 0.7 1.6 4.2 3.4 3.9

West................................................ 165.1 169.5 172.2 1.7 1.0 1.6 5.6 4.4 4.3

Mountain........................................ 163.2 168.4 170.3 1.9 1.3 1.1 5.6 5.2 4.4

Pacific........................................... 166.0 170.2 173.2 1.6 0.8 1.8 5.6 4.2 4.3

1

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

2

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

3 The Census divisions are defined as follows: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont;

Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central:

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas,

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and

Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.

NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 17 -
Table 11. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries, for state and local government workers, by

occupational group and industry

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group and industry

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

All workers........................................... 146.6 152.4 153.9 0.7 0.8 1.0 4.7 4.7 5.0

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 144.1 149.8 151.1 0.5 0.7 0.9 4.4 4.5 4.9

Professional and related...................... 144.0 149.3 150.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 4.5 4.3 4.6

Sales and office................................... 147.5 154.2 156.0 0.9 1.0 1.2 4.9 5.5 5.8

Office and administrative support............ 148.0 154.8 156.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 5.0 5.6 5.7

Service occupations.............................. 155.2 161.4 163.9 0.8 0.9 1.5 5.8 4.9 5.6

Industry

Education and health services.................. 144.7 150.1 151.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 4.6 4.3 4.6

Educational services........................... 143.4 148.9 150.0 0.4 0.7 0.7 4.4 4.3 4.6

Schools....................................... 143.4 148.8 150.0 0.4 0.6 0.8 4.4 4.2 4.6

Elementary and secondary schools. . .. 142.8 148.3 149.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 4.4 4.3 4.6

Health care and social assistance........... 155.4 160.9 163.0 1.0 0.8 1.3 5.9 4.5 4.9

Hospitals...................................... 154.0 159.5 161.5 1.0 0.7 1.3 5.7 4.7 4.9

Public administration............................. 149.7 156.4 158.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 4.9 5.3 5.9

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 18 -
Table 12. Employment Cost Index for benefits, by occupational group, industry, and bargaining status

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Occupational group, industry, and bargaining

status

Indexes (Dec. 2005=100) Percent changes for

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

3-months ended- 12-months endedMar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Civilian workers

All workers1

........................................ 158.3 161.9 164.2 1.5 0.5 1.4 4.5 3.8 3.7

Private industry workers

All workers......................................... 152.4 155.5 157.9 1.5 0.3 1.5 4.3 3.6 3.6

Occupational group

Management, professional, and related. . . . . .. 150.5 153.5 156.1 1.8 0.3 1.7 4.4 3.8 3.7

Sales and office................................... 155.5 158.3 160.7 1.5 0.2 1.5 4.9 3.3 3.3

Natural resources, construction, and

maintenance.................................... 151.8 155.7 157.3 0.8 0.5 1.0 3.2 3.4 3.6

Production, transportation, and material

moving........................................... 152.6 156.6 158.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 3.4 4.0 3.7

Service occupations.............................. 154.5 156.9 158.7 1.2 0.3 1.1 4.9 2.8 2.7

Industry

Goods-producing industries2

.................... 145.4 148.6 150.3 1.0 0.5 1.1 2.5 3.3 3.4

Manufacturing.................................. 145.1 148.3 150.1 1.1 0.6 1.2 2.4 3.3 3.4

Aircraft manufacturing...................... 107.2 107.7 109.4 2.1 0.0 1.6 -15.8 2.6 2.1

Service-providing industries3

.................... 154.8 157.9 160.4 1.6 0.3 1.6 4.7 3.7 3.6

Bargaining status

Union............................................... 161.6 165.6 167.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 2.8 3.4 3.8

Nonunion........................................... 150.4 153.4 155.8 1.6 0.3 1.6 4.5 3.6 3.6

State and local government workers

All workers......................................... 179.5 185.1 187.6 1.5 0.8 1.4 5.0 4.6 4.5

1

Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy except those in private households, and workers in the public sector, except the federal

government.

2

Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing.

3

Includes the following industries: wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; utilities; information; finance and insurance; real

estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services;

educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services,

except public administration.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 19 -
Table 13. Employment Cost Index for total compensation and wages and salaries, for private industry workers

by area

[Not seasonally adjusted]

Census region and metropolitan area1

Percent changes for 12-months endedTotal compensation2 Wages and salaries

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Mar.

2023

Dec.

2023

Mar.

2024

Northeast

Boston-Worcester-Providence, MA-RI-NH-CT CSA............ 3.9 3.1 3.2 4.0 3.4 3.5

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA.......................... 4.6 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.2

Philadelphia-Reading-Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA........... 5.7 4.4 2.8 6.5 4.7 3.0

South

Atlanta-Athens-Clarke County-Sandy Springs, GA CSA....... 5.1 3.8 4.4 5.6 4.4 5.1

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK CSA................................... 5.2 3.5 3.5 5.1 3.7 3.8

Houston-The Woodlands, TX CSA............................... 3.5 5.2 5.7 3.4 4.9 5.3

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL CSA................. 6.1 5.5 6.7 6.0 5.1 7.1

Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA CSA. . .. 5.5 4.4 4.5 5.7 4.9 5.1

Midwest

Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA................................ 3.8 4.1 4.3 3.5 4.1 4.4

Detroit-Warren-Ann Arbor, MI CSA............................... 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.8 4.3 3.6

Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI CSA................................ 4.0 3.6 3.8 4.3 3.7 4.2

West

Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA............................... 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.9 5.0 4.5

Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ MSA.............................. 4.6 4.1 2.7 5.2 4.4 2.8

San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA..................... 4.4 2.7 4.4 4.7 2.8 4.7

Seattle-Tacoma, WA CSA......................................... 2.6 3.8 3.5 5.9 4.3 3.9

1 These areas include Consolidated Statistical Areas (CSAs) and Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Beginning with the December 2018 release,

area definitions are based on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 13-01, dated February 28, 2013. Previous area definitions are based

on Office of Management and Budget Bulletin No. 04-03, dated February 18, 2004. For more information on metropolitan area definitions, see

www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro.html.

2

Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits.

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Compensation Survey

- 20 -