Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-1196 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, June 2, 2023

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MAY 2023 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 339,000 in May, and the unemployment rate rose by 

0.3 percentage point to 3.7 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains 

occurred in professional and business services, government, health care, construction, transportation and 

warehousing, and social assistance.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate increased by 0.3 percentage point to 3.7 percent in May, and the number of 

unemployed persons rose by 440,000 to 6.1 million. The unemployment rate has ranged from 3.4 

percent to 3.7 percent since March 2022. (See table A-1.) 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

May 2021 – May 2023

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, May 2021 – May 2023

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

May-21 Aug-21 Nov-21 Feb-22 May-22 Aug-22 Nov-22 Feb-23 May-23

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

May-21 Aug-21 Nov-21 Feb-22 May-22 Aug-22 Nov-22 Feb-23 May-23
 

-2-

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult women (3.3 percent) and Blacks 

(5.6 percent) rose in May. The jobless rates for adult men (3.5 percent), teenagers (10.3 percent), Whites 

(3.3 percent), Asians (2.9 percent), and Hispanics (4.0 percent) showed little change over the month. 

(See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs increased by 318,000 to 3.0 

million in May, offsetting a decrease in the previous month. (See table A-11.) 

In May, the number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks edged up by 217,000 to 2.1 million, partially 

offsetting a decrease in the prior month. The number of persons jobless 15 to 26 weeks increased by 

179,000 to 858,000 in May. The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or 

more) was essentially unchanged at 1.2 million and accounted for 19.8 percent of the total unemployed. 

(See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate held at 62.6 percent in May, and the employment-population ratio, 

at 60.3 percent, was little changed. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 3.7 million, changed little in 

May. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.5 million in May, little 

different from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were 

not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. 

(See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force was little changed at 1.5 million in May. These individuals wanted and were available 

for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached 

who believed that no jobs were available for them, was little changed over the month at 422,000. (See 

Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 339,000 in May, in line with the average monthly 

gain of 341,000 over the prior 12 months. In May, job gains occurred in professional and business 

services, government, health care, construction, transportation and warehousing, and social assistance. 

(See table B-1.) 

In May, professional and business services added 64,000 jobs, following an increase of similar size in 

April. Employment growth continued in professional, scientific, and technical services, which added 

43,000 jobs in May. 

Government employment increased by 56,000 in May, compared with the average monthly gain of 

42,000 over the prior 12 months. Employment in government is below its pre-pandemic February 2020 

level by 209,000, or 0.9 percent. 
 

-3-

Health care added 52,000 jobs in May, similar to the average monthly gain of 50,000 over the prior 12 

months. In May, job growth occurred in ambulatory health care services (+24,000), hospitals (+20,000), 

and nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000). 

Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to trend up in May (+48,000), largely in food services 

and drinking places (+33,000). Leisure and hospitality had added an average of 77,000 jobs per month 

over the prior 12 months. Employment in this industry remains below its February 2020 level by 

349,000, or 2.1 percent.

In May, construction added 25,000 jobs, including 11,000 jobs in heavy and civil engineering 

construction. Over the prior 12 months, construction had added an average of 17,000 jobs per month. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 24,000 in May. Transit and ground 

passenger transportation added 12,000 jobs, offsetting a decrease in the prior month. In May, 

employment also increased in couriers and messengers (+8,000) and air transportation (+3,000). 

Employment in transportation and warehousing has shown no clear trend in recent months.

In May, employment in social assistance rose by 22,000, in line with the average monthly gain of 

23,000 over the prior 12 months. Over the month, individual and family services added 17,000 jobs. 

Employment was little changed over the month in other major industries, including mining, quarrying, 

and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; retail trade; information; financial 

activities; and other services. 

In May, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 11 cents, or 

0.3 percent, to $33.44. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.3 percent. 

In May, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 

13 cents, or 0.5 percent, to $28.75. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.3 

hours in May. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.1 hours, and overtime 

edged up by 0.1 hour to 3.0 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory 

employees on private nonfarm payrolls remained at 33.8 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for March was revised up by 52,000, from 

+165,000 to +217,000, and the change for April was revised up by 41,000, from +253,000 to 

+294,000. With these revisions, employment in March and April combined is 93,000 higher than 

previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 

government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for June is scheduled to be released on Friday, July 7, 2023, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET). 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

Change from:

Apr. 2023-

May 2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 263,679 266,272 266,443 266,618 175

Civilian labor force........................................................... 164,278 166,731 166,688 166,818 130

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.3 62.6 62.6 62.6 0.0

Employed................................................................... 158,299 160,892 161,031 160,721 -310

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.0 60.4 60.4 60.3 -0.1

Unemployed............................................................... 5,979 5,839 5,657 6,097 440

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 0.3

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,400 99,541 99,755 99,800 45

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 0.3

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.5 0.2

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.3 0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 10.5 9.8 9.2 10.3 1.1

White.......................................................................... 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 0.2

Black or African American.................................................. 6.2 5.0 4.7 5.6 0.9

Asian.......................................................................... 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.9 0.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.0 -0.4

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.2 4.8 5.4 5.7 0.3

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 0.0

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.2 0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1 0.2

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,732 2,949 2,642 2,960 318

Job leavers...................................................................... 766 845 790 765 -25

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,944 1,665 1,761 1,821 60

New entrants.................................................................... 530 492 531 508 -23

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,052 2,272 1,866 2,083 217

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,771 1,733 1,915 1,865 -50

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 687 734 679 858 179

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,349 1,104 1,156 1,188 32

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,317 4,102 3,903 3,739 -164

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 3,000 2,873 2,760 2,582 -178

Could only find part-time work............................................. 984 882 817 824 7

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 20,822 21,433 21,796 21,864 68

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,477 1,289 1,480 1,508 28

Discouraged workers........................................................ 418 351 364 422 58

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 217 294 339

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 157 253 283

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 -19 28 26

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 5 3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 -9 13 25

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 -12 10 -2

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -5 11 3

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6.4 4.8 9.0 6.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 -7 -1 -5

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 176 225 257

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 3.5 2.4 1.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -51.4 -18.9 10.0 11.6

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 16.2 3.7 24.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 1.7 1.5 0.1

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3 1 -9

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -5 25 10

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 45 65 64

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 -3.3 -6.9 7.7

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 70 85 97

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 55.9 69.1 74.6

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 46 30 48

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14 2 10

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 60 41 56

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 312 253 283

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 234 201 231

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.4 81.4 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.4 34.4 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32.06 $33.20 $33.33 $33.44

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,109.28 $1,142.08 $1,146.55 $1,146.99

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.8 114.8 115.0 114.9

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 -0.2 0.2 -0.1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.0 182.2 183.2 183.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.3

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 57.0 58.8 60.2

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 43.8 44.4 47.2

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,679 266,443 266,618 263,679 265,962 266,112 266,272 266,443 266,618

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,157 166,221 166,702 164,278 165,832 166,251 166,731 166,688 166,818

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 62.4 62.5 62.3 62.4 62.5 62.6 62.6 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,609 161,075 161,002 158,299 160,138 160,315 160,892 161,031 160,721

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 60.5 60.4 60.0 60.2 60.2 60.4 60.4 60.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,548 5,146 5,700 5,979 5,694 5,936 5,839 5,657 6,097

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,521 100,222 99,916 99,400 100,130 99,861 99,541 99,755 99,800

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,180 5,145 6,004 5,678 5,314 5,103 4,925 5,271 5,477

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,470 130,234 130,319 128,470 129,998 130,072 130,150 130,234 130,319

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,312 88,437 88,701 87,288 88,334 88,474 88,999 88,686 88,704

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 67.9 68.1 67.9 67.9 68.0 68.4 68.1 68.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,379 85,534 85,626 84,124 85,186 85,266 85,776 85,611 85,410

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.7 65.7 65.7 65.5 65.5 65.6 65.9 65.7 65.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,933 2,903 3,075 3,163 3,147 3,208 3,223 3,075 3,294

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,158 41,797 41,618 41,182 41,665 41,597 41,151 41,548 41,616

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,831 121,488 121,565 119,831 121,283 121,346 121,415 121,488 121,565

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,273 85,396 85,576 84,165 85,084 85,210 85,696 85,439 85,487

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 70.3 70.4 70.2 70.2 70.2 70.6 70.3 70.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,649 82,743 82,810 81,331 82,324 82,407 82,816 82,661 82,526

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 68.1 68.1 67.9 67.9 67.9 68.2 68.0 67.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,624 2,653 2,765 2,834 2,760 2,803 2,880 2,778 2,961

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,558 36,092 35,989 35,665 36,199 36,136 35,718 36,049 36,078

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,209 136,209 136,299 135,209 135,963 136,040 136,122 136,209 136,299

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,845 77,784 78,001 76,990 77,498 77,777 77,732 78,002 78,114

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 57.1 57.2 56.9 57.0 57.2 57.1 57.3 57.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,230 75,541 75,376 74,174 74,952 75,049 75,115 75,420 75,311

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 55.5 55.3 54.9 55.1 55.2 55.2 55.4 55.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,615 2,243 2,625 2,816 2,546 2,728 2,617 2,582 2,803

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,364 58,425 58,298 58,218 58,465 58,264 58,390 58,207 58,185

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,802 127,761 127,845 126,802 127,546 127,613 127,684 127,761 127,845

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,782 74,818 74,941 73,877 74,379 74,606 74,612 74,868 75,005

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 58.6 58.6 58.3 58.3 58.5 58.4 58.6 58.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,488 72,824 72,634 71,388 72,104 72,189 72,284 72,575 72,518

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 57.0 56.8 56.3 56.5 56.6 56.6 56.8 56.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,293 1,994 2,307 2,489 2,275 2,417 2,328 2,293 2,486

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.7 3.1 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,020 52,943 52,904 52,924 53,167 53,007 53,072 52,893 52,840

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,046 17,194 17,208 17,046 17,133 17,153 17,173 17,194 17,208

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,103 6,007 6,185 6,235 6,368 6,435 6,423 6,382 6,326

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.8 34.9 35.9 36.6 37.2 37.5 37.4 37.1 36.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,472 5,508 5,558 5,579 5,710 5,719 5,792 5,796 5,676

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 32.0 32.3 32.7 33.3 33.3 33.7 33.7 33.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 499 628 656 658 716 631 586 650

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 8.3 10.1 10.5 10.3 11.1 9.8 9.2 10.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,943 11,187 11,023 10,811 10,765 10,718 10,750 10,813 10,882

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,039 204,261 204,345 203,039 204,062 204,118 204,186 204,261 204,345

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,560 126,873 127,111 125,721 126,699 126,756 126,933 127,174 127,273

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 62.1 62.2 61.9 62.1 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,823 123,300 123,247 121,669 122,776 122,738 122,831 123,224 123,112

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 60.4 60.3 59.9 60.2 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,737 3,574 3,864 4,052 3,924 4,017 4,102 3,950 4,161

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,479 77,388 77,233 77,318 77,362 77,362 77,253 77,087 77,072

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,632 66,340 66,450 65,618 66,118 66,083 66,304 66,299 66,433

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.0 70.0 69.9 70.2 70.1 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,780 64,496 64,521 63,589 64,210 64,125 64,287 64,363 64,343

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 68.2 68.2 67.9 68.0 67.9 68.0 68.1 68.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,852 1,844 1,928 2,029 1,908 1,958 2,018 1,936 2,089

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,208 55,825 55,878 55,299 55,637 55,733 55,656 55,882 55,950

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 57.4 57.5 57.1 57.3 57.4 57.3 57.5 57.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,754 54,463 54,379 53,715 54,093 54,142 53,994 54,304 54,323

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.5 56.0 55.9 55.4 55.7 55.7 55.6 55.9 55.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,455 1,361 1,499 1,585 1,544 1,591 1,661 1,578 1,627

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,719 4,709 4,784 4,803 4,944 4,940 4,973 4,993 4,890

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.8 37.7 38.2 38.5 39.6 39.6 39.8 39.9 39.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,289 4,340 4,347 4,366 4,472 4,471 4,550 4,557 4,445

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.7 34.7 35.0 35.8 35.8 36.4 36.4 35.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 369 437 438 472 469 423 436 445

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 7.8 9.1 9.1 9.5 9.5 8.5 8.7 9.1

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,079 34,583 34,613 34,079 34,487 34,519 34,550 34,583 34,613

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,441 21,756 21,878 21,464 21,697 21,893 22,152 21,790 21,874

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 62.9 63.2 63.0 62.9 63.4 64.1 63.0 63.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,147 20,809 20,662 20,125 20,535 20,654 21,037 20,766 20,641

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 60.2 59.7 59.1 59.5 59.8 60.9 60.0 59.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,294 947 1,216 1,339 1,162 1,239 1,114 1,025 1,234

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 4.4 5.6 6.2 5.4 5.7 5.0 4.7 5.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,638 12,827 12,735 12,615 12,790 12,626 12,399 12,793 12,738

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,993 9,986 10,103 9,975 10,115 10,218 10,400 10,005 10,084

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.0 67.6 68.4 68.9 68.7 69.3 70.5 67.8 68.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,430 9,540 9,536 9,409 9,579 9,700 9,860 9,556 9,519

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 64.6 64.5 65.0 65.0 65.8 66.8 64.7 64.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 447 567 567 535 518 539 449 565

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 4.5 5.6 5.7 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.5 5.6

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,705 11,082 11,058 10,725 10,804 10,877 10,986 11,054 11,051

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 64.1 63.9 62.7 62.6 63.0 63.6 63.9 63.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,115 10,658 10,491 10,095 10,301 10,319 10,522 10,573 10,469

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 61.6 60.6 59.0 59.7 59.8 60.9 61.1 60.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 423 567 630 504 558 464 481 582

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 3.8 5.1 5.9 4.7 5.1 4.2 4.4 5.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 688 717 764 778 797 766 732 740

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 27.2 28.3 30.9 31.0 31.7 30.4 29.0 29.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 611 635 622 655 635 655 637 653

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.3 24.2 25.1 25.1 26.1 25.2 26.0 25.2 25.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 77 82 142 123 163 111 95 87

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.9 11.2 11.4 18.6 15.8 20.4 14.5 12.9 11.7

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,815 17,557 17,511 16,815 17,541 17,444 17,545 17,557 17,511

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,854 11,319 11,348 10,916 11,240 11,348 11,390 11,396 11,408

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 64.5 64.8 64.9 64.1 65.1 64.9 64.9 65.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,613 11,017 11,034 10,652 10,926 10,962 11,067 11,073 11,073

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1 62.7 63.0 63.4 62.3 62.8 63.1 63.1 63.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 302 315 263 313 386 323 323 335

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.8 3.4 2.8 2.8 2.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,961 6,238 6,163 5,899 6,301 6,096 6,154 6,162 6,104

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 46,039 47,288 47,380 46,039 47,010 47,103 47,194 47,288 47,380

Civilian labor force................................ 30,512 31,506 31,612 30,622 31,153 31,444 31,517 31,589 31,690

Participation rate............................... 66.3 66.6 66.7 66.5 66.3 66.8 66.8 66.8 66.9

Employed....................................... 29,305 30,234 30,471 29,270 29,737 29,789 30,071 30,185 30,407

Employment-population ratio............... 63.7 63.9 64.3 63.6 63.3 63.2 63.7 63.8 64.2

Unemployed.................................... 1,207 1,273 1,140 1,352 1,416 1,655 1,446 1,404 1,283

Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 4.0 3.6 4.4 4.5 5.3 4.6 4.4 4.0

Not in labor force................................. 15,527 15,782 15,768 15,417 15,857 15,659 15,677 15,699 15,690

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,693 16,970 17,113 16,725 16,795 16,882 16,969 16,956 17,123

Participation rate............................... 80.0 79.0 79.5 80.2 78.6 78.8 79.1 78.9 79.5

Employed....................................... 16,199 16,316 16,512 16,133 16,073 16,036 16,293 16,260 16,434

Employment-population ratio............... 77.7 75.9 76.7 77.3 75.2 74.9 76.0 75.7 76.3

Unemployed.................................... 494 654 601 592 722 846 676 696 690

Unemployment rate......................... 3.0 3.9 3.5 3.5 4.3 5.0 4.0 4.1 4.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,430 13,071 13,120 12,472 13,024 13,085 13,069 13,111 13,150

Participation rate............................... 59.4 61.0 61.1 59.6 61.1 61.3 61.1 61.2 61.2

Employed....................................... 11,874 12,583 12,707 11,885 12,447 12,460 12,482 12,576 12,700

Employment-population ratio............... 56.7 58.7 59.2 56.8 58.4 58.4 58.4 58.7 59.1

Unemployed.................................... 556 489 413 587 577 626 587 534 450

Unemployment rate......................... 4.5 3.7 3.1 4.7 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.1 3.4

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,389 1,465 1,379 1,425 1,334 1,477 1,479 1,522 1,417

Participation rate............................... 32.6 33.6 31.5 33.5 30.8 34.0 34.0 34.9 32.4

Employed....................................... 1,231 1,335 1,253 1,252 1,217 1,294 1,296 1,349 1,273

Employment-population ratio............... 29.0 30.6 28.6 29.4 28.1 29.8 29.8 30.9 29.1

Unemployed.................................... 157 130 126 173 116 183 183 174 144

Unemployment rate......................... 11.3 8.9 9.2 12.2 8.7 12.4 12.4 11.4 10.1

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,399 9,194 9,381 9,166 8,814 9,165 9,203 9,082 9,140

Participation rate.................................. 45.0 46.9 46.9 43.9 46.0 48.3 46.6 46.3 45.7

Employed.......................................... 8,975 8,705 8,907 8,691 8,417 8,629 8,762 8,595 8,621

Employment-population ratio................. 43.0 44.4 44.6 41.6 43.9 45.5 44.3 43.8 43.1

Unemployed....................................... 425 489 474 475 397 536 441 487 519

Unemployment rate............................ 4.5 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.5 5.8 4.8 5.4 5.7

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,088 35,840 36,087 36,040 36,189 35,850 35,680 35,752 36,022

Participation rate.................................. 56.8 56.5 56.9 56.7 56.4 56.0 56.1 56.4 56.8

Employed.......................................... 34,826 34,491 34,767 34,684 34,836 34,574 34,246 34,345 34,611

Employment-population ratio................. 54.8 54.4 54.9 54.5 54.3 54.0 53.8 54.2 54.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,262 1,349 1,320 1,356 1,353 1,276 1,433 1,407 1,411

Unemployment rate............................ 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.9

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,739 35,685 35,277 35,787 36,082 35,962 35,944 35,668 35,407

Participation rate.................................. 63.4 63.0 62.9 63.5 63.5 63.6 63.6 63.0 63.1

Employed.......................................... 34,600 34,730 34,203 34,570 35,046 34,796 34,877 34,650 34,273

Employment-population ratio................. 61.4 61.3 61.0 61.3 61.7 61.5 61.8 61.2 61.1

Unemployed....................................... 1,139 955 1,073 1,217 1,036 1,167 1,067 1,018 1,134

Unemployment rate............................ 3.2 2.7 3.0 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.2

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 62,162 64,050 64,067 62,347 62,854 63,140 63,632 64,077 64,201

Participation rate.................................. 73.2 73.2 73.0 73.4 72.7 72.3 73.1 73.3 73.1

Employed.......................................... 61,069 62,929 62,857 61,125 61,591 61,858 62,355 62,835 62,879

Employment-population ratio................. 71.9 71.9 71.6 72.0 71.2 70.9 71.6 71.8 71.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,093 1,120 1,210 1,222 1,263 1,282 1,278 1,241 1,322

Unemployment rate............................ 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,403 17,940 16,378 15,901 2,025 2,039

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,790 8,653 7,605 7,525 1,185 1,128

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 48.2 46.4 47.3 58.5 55.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,548 8,437 7,381 7,327 1,168 1,111

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 47.0 45.1 46.1 57.7 54.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 215 224 198 18 17

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.5 2.9 2.6 1.5 1.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,613 9,287 8,773 8,376 840 911

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,936 5,048 4,031 4,132 906 915

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,928 3,992 3,292 3,349 636 643

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.6 79.1 81.7 81.0 70.2 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,801 3,924 3,180 3,285 621 639

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.0 77.7 78.9 79.5 68.6 69.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 68 112 64 15 4

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 1.7 3.4 1.9 2.3 0.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,009 1,056 739 783 270 272

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,182 2,929 2,722 2,481 459 449

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,267 2,119 1,955 1,815 312 304

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 72.3 71.8 73.2 68.0 67.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,210 2,050 1,900 1,753 310 297

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.5 70.0 69.8 70.7 67.6 66.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 69 55 62 2 7

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.3 2.8 3.4 0.7 2.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914 810 767 665 147 145

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,274 6,009 6,024 5,754 250 255

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 828 881 807 44 21

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.8 13.8 14.6 14.0 17.7 8.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899 790 855 769 44 21

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 13.1 14.2 13.4 17.7 8.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 38 26 38 0 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.6 3.0 4.7 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,348 5,181 5,143 4,947 206 234

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,011 3,954 3,601 3,534 410 420

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,669 1,714 1,477 1,554 193 160

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.6 43.3 41.0 44.0 47.0 38.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637 1,674 1,446 1,520 192 153

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 42.3 40.1 43.0 46.8 36.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 40 31 34 1 6

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.2 0.5 3.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,342 2,240 2,124 1,980 217 260

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,329 239,361 107,735 109,797 128,593 129,564

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,054 155,701 78,607 80,099 74,448 75,602

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 65.0 73.0 73.0 57.9 58.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,993 150,450 75,999 77,309 71,995 73,141

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 62.9 70.5 70.4 56.0 56.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,061 5,251 2,608 2,790 2,453 2,461

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,274 83,660 29,129 29,698 54,146 53,962

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,686 33,295 230,993 233,323

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,497 8,098 156,661 158,604

Participation rate..................................................................... 22.9 24.3 67.8 68.0

Employed............................................................................. 6,961 7,463 151,649 153,540

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 21.3 22.4 65.7 65.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 536 635 5,012 5,064

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.1 7.8 3.2 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,189 25,197 74,332 74,719

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,086 3,330 78,119 79,343

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.3 41.0 82.5 82.7

Employed............................................................................. 2,834 3,075 75,607 76,703

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 35.2 37.9 79.9 80.0

Unemployed.......................................................................... 252 255 2,512 2,640

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.2 7.7 3.2 3.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,974 4,785 16,558 16,586

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,074 3,320 69,039 69,631

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.2 39.4 71.9 72.4

Employed............................................................................. 2,842 3,022 66,794 67,444

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 33.5 35.9 69.6 70.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 232 299 2,245 2,187

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.5 9.0 3.3 3.1

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,406 5,105 26,978 26,510

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,337 1,448 9,502 9,631

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.3 8.6 23.6 23.3

Employed............................................................................. 1,285 1,366 9,248 9,393

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 8.0 8.2 22.9 22.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 52 82 255 238

Unemployment rate............................................................... 3.9 5.6 2.7 2.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,810 15,307 30,796 31,623

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 45,230 46,769 22,058 22,952 23,172 23,818

Civilian labor force.................................................. 29,648 31,249 16,949 17,763 12,699 13,486

Participation rate.................................................. 65.5 66.8 76.8 77.4 54.8 56.6

Employed.......................................................... 28,690 30,259 16,432 17,216 12,258 13,043

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.4 64.7 74.5 75.0 52.9 54.8

Unemployed....................................................... 958 990 516 547 441 443

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.5 3.3

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,582 15,520 5,110 5,188 10,473 10,332

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 218,448 219,849 106,412 107,368 112,037 112,481

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,509 135,453 70,364 70,938 64,146 64,516

Participation rate.................................................. 61.6 61.6 66.1 66.1 57.3 57.4

Employed.......................................................... 129,919 130,744 67,947 68,410 61,972 62,333

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.5 59.5 63.9 63.7 55.3 55.4

Unemployed....................................................... 4,590 4,710 2,417 2,527 2,173 2,182

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 83,939 84,396 36,048 36,430 47,891 47,966

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,399 2,231 2,358 2,339 2,245 2,346 2,226 2,301 2,301

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,574 1,472 1,615 1,544 1,485 1,521 1,509 1,536 1,569

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 801 713 694 775 720 781 666 715 672

Unpaid family workers........................... 24 46 50 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 156,210 158,844 158,644 155,987 157,645 157,743 158,318 158,639 158,416

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 146,725 149,752 149,753 146,484 148,822 148,723 149,479 149,383 149,512

Government..................................... 20,985 21,893 21,487 20,909 21,548 21,501 21,467 21,678 21,434

Private industries............................... 125,740 127,860 128,266 125,592 126,981 126,967 127,750 127,655 128,050

Private households.......................... 610 613 643 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 125,130 127,247 127,624 124,922 126,248 126,261 127,055 126,942 127,337

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,410 9,035 8,820 9,280 9,217 9,338 9,173 9,100 8,731

Unpaid family workers........................... 75 57 71 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,115 3,692 3,535 4,317 4,050 4,067 4,102 3,903 3,739

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,858 2,612 2,435 3,000 2,685 2,840 2,873 2,760 2,582

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,002 823 835 984 999 859 882 817 824

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,822 22,453 21,884 20,822 22,083 21,856 21,433 21,796 21,864

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,033 3,627 3,518 4,223 3,959 3,964 4,037 3,841 3,725

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,796 2,570 2,428 2,929 2,646 2,750 2,822 2,715 2,566

Could only find part-time work.................. 993 813 835 974 988 842 872 807 821

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,447 22,058 21,515 20,453 21,674 21,453 21,069 21,400 21,496

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,609 161,075 161,002 158,299 160,138 160,315 160,892 161,031 160,721

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,472 5,508 5,558 5,579 5,710 5,719 5,792 5,796 5,676

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,068 2,027 2,115 2,186 2,265 2,200 2,227 2,209 2,240

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,404 3,481 3,443 3,402 3,462 3,534 3,589 3,594 3,450

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,137 155,567 155,445 152,719 154,428 154,597 155,100 155,236 155,045

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,667 14,711 14,711 13,766 14,705 14,831 14,896 14,843 14,816

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,471 140,856 140,734 139,050 139,834 139,939 140,372 140,452 140,314

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,954 103,484 103,443 101,752 102,366 102,838 103,121 103,220 103,209

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,609 35,957 35,897 35,535 35,594 35,799 35,780 35,866 35,814

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,773 35,385 35,343 34,683 35,010 35,243 35,492 35,285 35,257

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,573 32,142 32,202 31,534 31,762 31,796 31,849 32,069 32,138

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,516 37,372 37,291 37,298 37,468 37,100 37,250 37,232 37,105

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,379 85,534 85,626 84,124 85,186 85,266 85,776 85,611 85,410

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,730 2,791 2,816 2,793 2,862 2,859 2,961 2,951 2,884

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 1,007 991 1,046 1,039 1,020 1,134 1,079 1,043

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,730 1,784 1,825 1,748 1,838 1,851 1,850 1,878 1,844

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,649 82,743 82,810 81,331 82,324 82,407 82,816 82,661 82,526

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,991 7,424 7,489 7,011 7,354 7,484 7,687 7,491 7,509

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,658 75,319 75,321 74,426 75,036 75,070 75,249 75,207 75,088

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,412 55,247 55,321 54,286 54,708 55,033 55,232 55,184 55,174

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,832 19,148 19,184 18,803 18,916 19,167 19,140 19,134 19,145

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,708 19,036 19,060 18,646 18,896 18,965 19,115 18,997 18,998

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,872 17,062 17,078 16,837 16,896 16,901 16,977 17,053 17,031

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,246 20,072 20,000 20,139 20,328 20,037 20,017 20,023 19,914

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,230 75,541 75,376 74,174 74,952 75,049 75,115 75,420 75,311

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,742 2,716 2,742 2,786 2,848 2,860 2,831 2,845 2,793

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,068 1,020 1,124 1,140 1,226 1,179 1,093 1,130 1,196

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,674 1,696 1,618 1,654 1,624 1,683 1,738 1,716 1,606

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,488 72,824 72,634 71,388 72,104 72,189 72,284 72,575 72,518

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,676 7,287 7,222 6,755 7,351 7,347 7,209 7,353 7,307

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,813 65,537 65,413 64,624 64,798 64,868 65,123 65,245 65,226

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,543 48,237 48,121 47,465 47,658 47,805 47,889 48,036 48,035

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,777 16,808 16,714 16,731 16,678 16,633 16,640 16,732 16,669

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,065 16,349 16,283 16,037 16,114 16,278 16,377 16,288 16,259

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,701 15,080 15,124 14,697 14,866 14,895 14,872 15,016 15,107

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,270 17,300 17,291 17,158 17,140 17,063 17,234 17,209 17,191

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,531 46,330 45,758 45,327 46,119 46,387 46,341 46,124 45,647

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,455 37,358 37,072 36,364 36,490 36,883 36,759 37,140 36,964

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,019 9,648 9,683 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,820 133,886 134,581 132,743 132,577 133,184 134,339 134,500 134,477

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,789 27,189 26,421 25,770 27,400 27,089 26,747 26,663 26,443

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,313 7,676 7,718 7,334 8,001 7,904 7,979 7,707 7,762

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 4.8 4.8 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.8

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,823 6,404 6,706 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,211 9,748 9,514 10,054 9,937 10,119 9,839 9,815 9,403

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,979 5,657 6,097 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 656 586 650 10.5 10.3 11.1 9.8 9.2 10.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 251 230 235 10.3 10.9 9.0 9.1 9.4 9.5

18 to 19 years.................................. 396 374 407 10.4 10.0 12.1 10.3 9.4 10.6

20 years and over................................ 5,323 5,071 5,447 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 996 843 990 6.7 7.1 6.9 6.5 5.4 6.3

25 years and over.............................. 4,268 4,174 4,401 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 3,249 3,281 3,355 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 1,450 1,421 1,441 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 1,045 1,064 1,052 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.9 2.9

45 to 54 years............................. 755 796 862 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.6

55 years and over........................... 1,038 894 1,056 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.8

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,163 3,075 3,294 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 329 297 333 10.6 11.9 12.4 10.4 9.1 10.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 105 101 91 9.1 15.0 11.4 9.5 8.6 8.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 225 210 239 11.4 10.1 12.9 10.6 10.1 11.5

20 years and over................................ 2,834 2,778 2,961 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 533 477 570 7.1 7.8 7.9 6.9 6.0 7.1

25 years and over.............................. 2,242 2,261 2,332 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 1,693 1,783 1,743 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 772 806 744 3.9 4.3 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.7

35 to 44 years............................. 542 561 534 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.7

45 to 54 years............................. 379 416 465 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.7

55 years and over........................... 549 478 589 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.3 2.9

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,816 2,582 2,803 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 327 289 317 10.5 8.7 9.8 9.3 9.2 10.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 146 128 144 11.3 7.1 6.8 8.7 10.2 10.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 172 164 168 9.4 9.8 11.2 9.9 8.7 9.5

20 years and over................................ 2,489 2,293 2,486 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 463 366 420 6.4 6.3 5.9 6.1 4.7 5.4

25 years and over.............................. 2,026 1,913 2,068 3.0 2.7 3.0 2.7 2.8 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 1,557 1,498 1,612 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 678 615 698 3.9 3.5 3.9 3.4 3.5 4.0

35 to 44 years............................. 503 503 517 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.3 3.0 3.1

45 to 54 years............................. 376 379 397 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.6

55 years and over........................... 478 425 460 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.6

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 914 806 948 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.0

Married women, spouse present1................. 840 747 867 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3

Women who maintain families2.................... 525 489 468 5.0 3.8 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,759 4,655 4,953 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.6

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,155 991 1,095 4.3 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.6 4.0

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,323 2,391 2,610 2,732 2,529 2,752 2,949 2,642 2,960

On temporary layoff.............................. 545 568 503 815 734 816 833 709 767

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,778 1,824 2,107 1,916 1,795 1,935 2,117 1,933 2,193

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,304 1,391 1,567 1,375 1,257 1,380 1,552 1,445 1,588

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 474 433 540 541 538 555 564 488 605

Job leavers........................................... 719 746 715 766 884 891 845 790 765

Reentrants............................................ 1,989 1,581 1,880 1,944 1,817 1,847 1,665 1,761 1,821

New entrants......................................... 516 428 495 530 531 515 492 531 508

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 41.9 46.5 45.8 45.7 43.9 45.8 49.6 46.2 48.9

On temporary layoff.............................. 9.8 11.0 8.8 13.6 12.7 13.6 14.0 12.4 12.7

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 32.0 35.4 37.0 32.1 31.2 32.2 35.6 33.8 36.2

Job leavers........................................... 13.0 14.5 12.5 12.8 15.3 14.8 14.2 13.8 12.6

Reentrants............................................ 35.9 30.7 33.0 32.6 31.5 30.8 28.0 30.8 30.1

New entrants......................................... 9.3 8.3 8.7 8.9 9.2 8.6 8.3 9.3 8.4

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,994 1,484 2,044 2,052 1,946 2,289 2,272 1,866 2,083

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,449 1,607 1,536 1,771 1,785 1,845 1,733 1,915 1,865

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,105 2,055 2,120 2,035 2,001 1,862 1,838 1,835 2,046

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 826 958 992 687 890 805 734 679 858

27 weeks and over............................... 1,279 1,098 1,127 1,349 1,111 1,057 1,104 1,156 1,188

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 23.2 22.4 21.9 22.5 20.4 19.3 19.5 20.9 21.2

Median duration, in weeks......................... 9.4 10.5 9.4 8.7 9.1 8.3 8.1 8.4 8.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 35.9 28.8 35.9 35.0 33.9 38.2 38.9 33.2 34.8

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 26.1 31.2 27.0 30.2 31.1 30.8 29.7 34.1 31.1

15 weeks and over.................................. 37.9 39.9 37.2 34.7 34.9 31.1 31.5 32.7 34.1

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 14.9 18.6 17.4 11.7 15.5 13.4 12.6 12.1 14.3

27 weeks and over............................... 23.1 21.3 19.8 23.0 19.4 17.6 18.9 20.6 19.8

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 158,609 161,002 5,548 5,700 3.4 3.4

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 67,652 70,388 1,098 1,281 1.6 1.8

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 28,870 30,830 422 616 1.4 2.0

Professional and related occupations.......................... 38,782 39,557 677 665 1.7 1.7

Service occupations................................................ 26,025 26,426 1,153 1,264 4.2 4.6

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,434 30,205 1,267 1,102 4.0 3.5

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,477 14,202 633 598 4.2 4.0

Office and administrative support occupations............... 15,957 16,002 635 504 3.8 3.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,290 14,363 535 516 3.6 3.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,002 984 54 51 5.1 4.9

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,514 8,437 403 337 4.5 3.8

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,774 4,942 78 127 1.6 2.5

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 20,209 19,621 968 1,025 4.6 5.0

Production occupations.......................................... 8,281 8,024 334 341 3.9 4.1

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,928 11,597 634 684 5.0 5.6

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,548 5,700 3.4 3.4

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,353 4,483 3.3 3.4

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 24 10 4.1 1.8

Construction.......................................................................... 392 355 3.8 3.5

Manufacturing........................................................................ 422 409 2.8 2.7

Durable goods..................................................................... 256 245 2.7 2.5

Nondurable goods................................................................ 166 164 2.9 3.0

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 819 855 4.2 4.4

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 348 282 4.1 3.3

Information............................................................................ 70 73 2.9 2.5

Financial activities................................................................... 193 240 1.9 2.3

Professional and business services............................................... 583 750 3.1 3.9

Education and health services..................................................... 620 595 2.5 2.3

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 681 717 5.1 5.2

Other services........................................................................ 200 195 3.1 2.9

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 49 75 3.1 4.6

Government workers................................................................... 356 386 1.7 1.8

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 273 261 2.6 2.6

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Apr.

2023

May

2023

May

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023

May

2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.4 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.9

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.2 3.9 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.5

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.7 6.1 6.4 7.1 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

May

2022

May

2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 99,521 99,916 41,158 41,618 58,364 58,298

Persons who currently want a job................................ 6,180 6,004 2,996 2,902 3,184 3,101

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,417 1,477 758 766 659 711

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 379 396 207 232 172 165

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,038 1,080 551 534 487 547

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,313 7,718 3,545 3,740 3,768 3,978

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.6 4.8 4.2 4.4 5.1 5.3

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,295 4,480 2,184 2,326 2,112 2,154

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,714 1,898 607 717 1,107 1,181

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 372 375 261 204 110 171

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 868 932 462 482 406 451

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.2023 -

May2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,291 154,440 155,386 156,306 152,042 155,472 155,766 156,105 339

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,929 131,616 132,483 133,382 129,920 132,907 133,160 133,443 283

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,148 21,218 21,400 21,566 21,125 21,501 21,529 21,555 26

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 628 634 640 600 635 640 643 3

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 45.7 43.8 44.4 43.9 46.3 46.6 46.6 0.0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 555.3 582.3 590.2 595.8 556.1 588.8 593.7 596.5 2.8

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119.2 116.9 117.2 117.8 120.4 117.7 118.4 119.0 0.6

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.0 183.2 186.1 188.7 181.8 187.2 187.3 186.8 -0.5

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 41.3 41.4 41.4 40.4 41.2 41.3 41.3 0.0

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.9 43.6 43.9 44.1 42.9 43.9 44.0 44.1 0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.6 98.3 100.8 103.2 98.5 102.2 102.0 101.5 -0.5

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.1 282.2 286.9 289.3 253.9 283.9 288.0 290.7 2.7

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,783 7,657 7,824 7,973 7,736 7,890 7,903 7,928 25

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,751.4 1,754.9 1,765.4 1,792.0 1,752.6 1,790.4 1,787.7 1,794.3 6.6

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 926.6 911.7 917.1 932.8 925.1 931.6 930.2 932.6 2.4

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 824.8 843.2 848.3 859.2 827.5 858.8 857.5 861.7 4.2

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,099.5 1,042.2 1,094.4 1,134.1 1,073.2 1,103.6 1,095.5 1,106.2 10.7

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,932.5 4,860.1 4,964.2 5,046.8 4,909.7 4,996.1 5,019.9 5,027.2 7.3

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,315.8 2,255.3 2,309.1 2,344.3 2,296.7 2,314.8 2,328.2 2,328.3 0.1

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,616.7 2,604.8 2,655.1 2,702.5 2,613.0 2,681.3 2,691.7 2,698.9 7.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,768 12,933 12,942 12,953 12,789 12,976 12,986 12,984 -2

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,937 8,077 8,088 8,095 7,943 8,092 8,103 8,106 3

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431.5 424.7 422.8 425.0 430.9 426.0 424.2 425.0 0.8

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421.9 425.5 427.3 430.8 417.4 431.2 429.3 427.5 -1.8

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359.7 368.2 367.1 368.5 361.1 367.7 367.8 369.8 2.0

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,428.1 1,444.7 1,449.8 1,447.4 1,428.8 1,446.0 1,451.1 1,448.8 -2.3

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,100.9 1,124.9 1,124.0 1,121.1 1,100.7 1,125.0 1,124.2 1,121.8 -2.4

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,082.4 1,095.6 1,098.3 1,098.9 1,085.1 1,099.0 1,102.1 1,101.8 -0.3

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160.3 167.2 167.7 167.3 161.0 168.2 168.5 168.4 -0.1

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.4 84.2 84.3 84.9 85.6 84.1 84.4 84.9 0.5

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.8 388.4 388.4 386.9 384.3 389.3 390.2 388.8 -1.4

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.0 423.2 425.2 426.7 422.8 424.3 425.7 426.2 0.5

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.9 32.6 32.7 33.1 31.4 33.1 33.3 33.5 0.2

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.7 404.5 402.8 405.3 403.6 405.3 403.9 406.0 2.1

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,699.1 1,790.0 1,799.5 1,806.5 1,706.4 1,790.4 1,801.0 1,811.5 10.5

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995.9 1,051.2 1,063.4 1,065.5 1,002.2 1,052.1 1,061.1 1,067.9 6.8

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.7 368.3 366.2 362.2 382.7 368.1 367.2 363.2 -4.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626.7 630.9 630.2 629.3 626.5 633.1 632.0 630.2 -1.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,831 4,856 4,854 4,858 4,846 4,884 4,883 4,878 -5

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,677.6 1,716.1 1,712.2 1,710.5 1,695.9 1,729.0 1,729.8 1,729.7 -0.1

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.2 95.4 95.6 93.5 99.0 95.4 95.5 93.5 -2.0

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.4 102.5 101.0 100.8 105.3 102.2 101.1 100.7 -0.4

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.4 93.4 94.0 92.8 93.4 93.6 93.5 92.8 -0.7

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363.1 356.4 352.9 351.7 362.9 356.0 353.7 352.1 -1.6

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 380.9 380.8 379.9 378.7 381.4 382.0 381.3 379.3 -2.0

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.6 102.6 105.5 107.3 106.4 105.5 106.3 105.9 -0.4

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899.1 913.7 914.0 916.0 900.8 914.7 916.5 918.2 1.7

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.0 747.1 747.2 748.1 753.6 748.6 747.9 747.2 -0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.2023 -

May2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348.2 348.1 351.7 358.7 347.2 357.2 357.8 358.1 0.3

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,781 110,398 111,083 111,816 108,795 111,406 111,631 111,888 257

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,423 28,588 28,583 28,716 28,634 28,867 28,884 28,921 37

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,965.3 6,022.3 6,035.3 6,054.7 5,961.1 6,047.9 6,050.3 6,051.4 1.1

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,287.2 3,333.5 3,335.5 3,347.8 3,285.5 3,342.3 3,342.6 3,347.0 4.4

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,159.7 2,166.2 2,174.6 2,186.3 2,157.1 2,180.6 2,180.9 2,183.3 2.4

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 518.4 522.6 525.2 520.6 518.5 525.0 526.8 521.1 -5.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,344.5 15,348.2 15,375.5 15,450.9 15,453.2 15,529.2 15,539.2 15,550.8 11.6

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,010.9 2,014.8 2,020.4 2,030.9 2,005.0 2,021.3 2,019.0 2,024.9 5.9

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,255.0 1,250.4 1,251.1 1,253.9 1,253.5 1,251.7 1,250.9 1,253.1 2.2

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.9 173.5 176.8 182.4 173.9 177.4 176.3 177.5 1.2

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577.0 590.9 592.5 594.6 577.6 592.3 591.8 594.4 2.6

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,455.4 1,383.1 1,407.7 1,431.7 1,393.7 1,386.7 1,383.3 1,378.5 -4.8

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,160.1 3,219.1 3,215.4 3,227.5 3,177.4 3,240.8 3,241.4 3,246.5 5.1

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904.4 866.0 855.6 852.9 912.9 870.9 866.3 862.4 -3.9

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 459.2 443.8 435.7 436.2 463.6 444.6 441.4 440.5 -0.9

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 445.2 422.2 419.9 416.7 452.9 427.0 426.1 424.1 -2.0

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,072.2 3,099.8 3,099.2 3,096.3 3,166.0 3,145.1 3,156.4 3,166.7 10.3

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921.7 924.6 920.4 915.6 970.2 958.3 958.8 958.1 -0.7

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,150.5 2,175.2 2,178.8 2,180.7 2,195.8 2,186.8 2,197.5 2,208.6 11.1

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,082.8 1,099.9 1,094.5 1,092.9 1,093.0 1,104.2 1,105.0 1,104.5 -0.5

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,032.4 1,047.3 1,061.0 1,065.6 1,033.4 1,060.0 1,069.0 1,066.9 -2.1

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,109.7 1,121.5 1,114.5 1,126.4 1,141.4 1,161.0 1,157.8 1,159.1 1.3

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,516.6 1,496.7 1,507.2 1,526.7 1,530.4 1,539.2 1,541.0 1,541.3 0.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,561.4 6,664.5 6,617.1 6,655.8 6,667.2 6,735.1 6,738.8 6,763.0 24.2

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.2 533.3 535.2 541.2 496.6 533.8 536.8 539.9 3.1

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.4 149.8 150.4 150.4 146.7 149.9 150.4 150.3 -0.1

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 64.0 65.3 69.1 63.4 66.7 67.3 68.7 1.4

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,579.7 1,581.6 1,590.1 1,603.2 1,583.8 1,607.6 1,608.6 1,609.2 0.6

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.4 449.7 435.8 450.4 411.6 436.8 424.8 436.6 11.8

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5 47.9 48.0 48.2 50.4 48.0 48.1 48.0 -0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 33.8 29.4 32.7 33.8 33.4 34.2 35.3 34.3 -1.0

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 783.0 811.8 806.2 808.3 789.6 813.8 813.6 815.8 2.2

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,055.4 1,081.7 1,049.5 1,062.6 1,136.2 1,126.1 1,133.0 1,141.2 8.2

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,926.5 1,915.3 1,903.9 1,888.6 1,955.5 1,918.2 1,920.9 1,919.0 -1.9

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551.5 552.9 554.8 554.9 552.5 554.3 555.8 555.9 0.1

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,056 3,072 3,074 3,066 3,067 3,092 3,093 3,084 -9

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.2 446.7 455.0 460.8 463.0 460.5 461.9 461.6 -0.3

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933.9 932.9 932.6 926.5 939.7 937.7 938.8 936.3 -2.5

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 355.1 356.7 354.8 354.5 355.7 356.6 355.9 355.5 -0.4

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661.4 652.7 648.8 645.5 664.7 651.9 651.7 649.2 -2.5

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460.0 482.7 489.2 488.8 459.8 483.8 489.7 489.0 -0.7

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.1 200.6 193.3 189.9 183.7 201.0 194.8 192.8 -2.0

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,015 9,039 9,075 9,099 9,040 9,095 9,120 9,130 10

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,648.2 6,669.9 6,679.3 6,685.3 6,669.8 6,685.6 6,702.7 6,709.8 7.1

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 21.0 21.8 21.9 21.9 21.2 21.9 22.0 22.0 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,697.6 2,666.9 2,665.2 2,662.0 2,701.4 2,669.9 2,671.0 2,668.2 -2.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.2023 -

May2023p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,751.8 1,786.0 1,784.3 1,777.5 1,753.0 1,785.1 1,786.8 1,780.9 -5.9

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,359.4 1,377.8 1,376.5 1,368.3 1,361.0 1,375.9 1,377.2 1,371.4 -5.8

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 611.9 568.0 567.2 570.2 614.6 571.4 570.9 572.8 1.9

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 333.9 312.9 313.7 314.3 333.9 313.4 313.3 314.5 1.2

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,034.7 1,067.6 1,071.0 1,072.8 1,041.7 1,075.7 1,077.7 1,080.4 2.7

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,894.9 2,913.6 2,921.2 2,928.6 2,905.5 2,918.1 2,932.0 2,939.2 7.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,366.6 2,369.0 2,395.4 2,413.6 2,370.5 2,409.4 2,417.6 2,420.4 2.8

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,808.4 1,822.0 1,841.9 1,845.8 1,814.3 1,847.0 1,854.2 1,855.4 1.2

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535.7 524.9 531.2 545.3 533.6 539.9 540.9 542.4 1.5

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.6 22.5 22.5 22.6 0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,455 22,665 22,889 22,993 22,493 22,924 22,989 23,053 64

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,400.9 10,778.3 10,854.6 10,808.3 10,465.5 10,784.4 10,829.6 10,872.3 42.7

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,173.3 1,169.2 1,171.0 1,173.3 1,178.8 1,177.4 1,179.7 1,180.4 0.7

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,078.2 1,220.4 1,219.0 1,130.5 1,114.0 1,141.7 1,148.8 1,159.6 10.8

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,587.8 1,642.5 1,654.8 1,670.5 1,594.8 1,666.2 1,670.8 1,677.8 7.0

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.5 157.4 158.4 159.5 152.3 159.6 159.0 159.1 0.1

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,452.5 2,470.3 2,502.3 2,503.4 2,450.5 2,488.1 2,501.1 2,503.6 2.5

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,765.1 1,839.0 1,853.8 1,858.2 1,772.6 1,854.3 1,861.1 1,869.3 8.2

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883.4 921.5 925.3 929.7 888.3 928.4 931.4 934.5 3.1

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481.5 490.1 492.5 495.6 482.4 492.3 494.0 496.6 2.6

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.6 867.9 877.5 887.6 831.8 876.4 883.8 891.3 7.5

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,470.6 2,507.5 2,512.2 2,514.7 2,477.3 2,517.3 2,522.5 2,522.4 -0.1

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,583.2 9,379.1 9,522.4 9,670.2 9,550.1 9,622.1 9,636.4 9,657.9 21.5

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 9,112.5 8,894.6 9,032.6 9,176.0 9,075.5 9,132.0 9,142.2 9,162.1 19.9

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 586.9 611.3 618.1 623.9 585.6 618.4 620.9 623.7 2.8

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.0 161.4 160.5 160.6 153.9 161.0 160.6 162.7 2.1

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,870.5 3,741.0 3,724.0 3,784.8 3,898.0 3,827.6 3,825.7 3,835.0 9.3

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,109.6 2,968.8 2,959.1 3,015.7 3,125.2 3,041.6 3,034.7 3,042.4 7.7

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795.8 759.5 758.3 757.1 801.2 764.1 762.8 761.6 -1.2

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.5 176.7 179.7 181.3 170.0 178.8 180.1 180.1 0.0

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 946.8 969.1 975.9 977.8 946.7 972.7 976.2 978.4 2.2

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,256.0 2,138.1 2,277.4 2,351.5 2,186.9 2,267.3 2,275.0 2,280.2 5.2

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.0 337.5 338.7 339.0 333.1 342.0 341.0 340.3 -0.7

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470.7 484.5 489.8 494.2 474.6 490.1 494.2 495.8 1.6

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 24,196 25,179 25,269 25,274 24,181 25,072 25,157 25,254 97

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,791.4 4,051.7 4,067.7 3,977.2 3,772.2 3,914.4 3,930.3 3,952.6 22.3

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,405.0 21,127.3 21,201.2 21,297.2 20,408.7 21,157.9 21,227.0 21,301.6 74.6

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,158.3 16,682.2 16,728.1 16,782.3 16,187.9 16,718.0 16,759.8 16,812.2 52.4

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,062.1 8,315.3 8,347.9 8,373.7 8,064.7 8,329.3 8,353.3 8,377.2 23.9

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,790.8 2,859.9 2,878.0 2,886.3 2,792.7 2,866.5 2,879.2 2,887.4 8.2

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,003.7 1,027.4 1,032.6 1,040.0 1,004.0 1,030.8 1,035.5 1,039.7 4.2

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,076.1 1,118.2 1,123.5 1,125.7 1,076.5 1,122.3 1,124.6 1,127.8 3.2

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,024.9 1,062.0 1,060.5 1,064.6 1,026.3 1,061.5 1,062.5 1,066.3 3.8

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 321.8 321.8 325.3 322.9 321.8 322.5 323.6 323.2 -0.4

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,522.5 1,589.8 1,592.9 1,601.2 1,521.2 1,590.9 1,593.0 1,598.8 5.8

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.3 336.2 335.1 333.0 322.2 334.8 335.0 333.9 -1.1

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,114.8 5,263.8 5,266.3 5,279.8 5,132.3 5,270.6 5,279.8 5,299.4 19.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Change

from:

Apr.2023 -

May2023p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 2,981.4 3,103.1 3,113.9 3,128.8 2,990.9 3,118.1 3,126.7 3,135.6 8.9

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,339.5 1,387.4 1,392.5 1,397.0 1,347.1 1,396.5 1,399.1 1,402.0 2.9

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.2 622.7 625.1 631.0 602.4 624.5 627.3 631.0 3.7

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890.3 937.5 942.3 945.7 891.0 941.5 944.9 946.6 1.7

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 149.4 155.5 154.0 155.1 150.5 155.7 155.4 156.0 0.6

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,246.7 4,445.1 4,473.1 4,514.9 4,220.8 4,439.9 4,467.2 4,489.4 22.2

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,808.0 2,952.5 2,979.0 3,004.5 2,800.3 2,954.0 2,978.2 2,995.4 17.2

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 200.7 213.9 213.8 215.0 201.6 212.5 213.4 215.4 2.0

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 269.4 277.9 278.0 278.7 269.7 279.6 279.4 278.8 -0.6

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968.6 1,000.8 1,002.3 1,016.7 949.2 993.9 996.2 999.8 3.6

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,938 16,060 16,366 16,800 15,699 16,518 16,548 16,596 48

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,347.0 2,255.9 2,372.6 2,515.9 2,277.8 2,428.1 2,437.6 2,451.3 13.7

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.9 491.2 543.4 575.2 503.6 524.5 529.5 540.1 10.6

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.2 160.9 166.2 173.8 156.9 170.3 171.0 172.1 1.1

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,653.9 1,603.8 1,663.0 1,766.9 1,617.3 1,733.3 1,737.1 1,739.1 2.0

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,590.6 13,803.7 13,993.1 14,283.7 13,420.7 14,090.0 14,110.6 14,145.0 34.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,774.9 1,792.8 1,811.6 1,863.5 1,758.1 1,858.3 1,856.5 1,857.8 1.3

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,815.7 12,010.9 12,181.5 12,420.2 11,662.6 12,231.7 12,254.1 12,287.2 33.1

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,698 5,795 5,827 5,868 5,681 5,838 5,840 5,850 10

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,392.9 1,425.8 1,436.4 1,447.8 1,388.6 1,433.0 1,437.5 1,442.4 4.9

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,476.6 1,517.4 1,532.2 1,544.2 1,460.0 1,530.4 1,530.0 1,530.6 0.6

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,828.7 2,851.5 2,858.6 2,876.0 2,831.9 2,874.9 2,872.5 2,876.7 4.2

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,362 22,824 22,903 22,924 22,122 22,565 22,606 22,662 56

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,865 2,890 2,902 2,921 2,868 2,906 2,911 2,918 7

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,266.4 2,285.0 2,291.4 2,316.2 2,264.8 2,301.2 2,304.8 2,310.1 5.3

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598.4 604.5 610.7 604.8 603.1 604.4 606.3 607.6 1.3

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,091 5,313 5,348 5,240 5,092 5,195 5,207 5,226 19

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,443.8 2,638.9 2,662.6 2,541.2 2,444.3 2,512.0 2,520.1 2,529.8 9.7

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,646.7 2,674.2 2,685.3 2,699.1 2,647.4 2,682.7 2,687.0 2,696.6 9.6

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,406 14,621 14,653 14,763 14,162 14,464 14,488 14,518 30

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,029.0 8,178.7 8,168.1 8,193.1 7,777.8 7,919.4 7,924.3 7,938.9 14.6

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,376.9 6,442.0 6,485.1 6,570.3 6,384.0 6,545.0 6,563.3 6,578.8 15.5

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.6 34.4 34.4 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.0 39.9 39.9 39.9

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.1 46.1 45.9 47.5

Construction....................................................................... 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.8

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.4 40.3 40.1 40.1

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.7 40.7 40.5 40.6

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.8 39.6 39.5 39.3

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 34.0 33.9 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.0 38.8 38.8 38.9

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.1 30.1 30.0 30.0

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.2 38.1 37.9 37.7

Utilities........................................................................... 42.9 42.4 42.3 42.0

Information......................................................................... 36.7 36.2 36.3 36.0

Financial activities................................................................ 37.5 37.4 37.5 37.5

Professional and business services............................................ 36.5 36.4 36.4 36.3

Private education and health services......................................... 33.5 33.4 33.3 33.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.8 25.4 25.4 25.4

Other services..................................................................... 32.3 32.3 32.3 32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.0

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Total private............................................... $32.06 $33.20 $33.33 $33.44 $1,109.28 $1,142.08 $1,146.55 $1,146.99

Goods-producing....................................... 32.32 33.53 33.70 33.81 1,292.80 1,337.85 1,344.63 1,349.02

Mining and logging.................................. 35.58 37.28 37.69 37.82 1,640.24 1,718.61 1,729.97 1,796.45

Construction.......................................... 34.53 35.99 36.14 36.29 1,343.22 1,400.01 1,405.85 1,408.05

Manufacturing........................................ 30.86 31.88 32.03 32.11 1,246.74 1,284.76 1,284.40 1,287.61

Durable goods.................................... 32.48 33.42 33.58 33.69 1,321.94 1,360.19 1,359.99 1,367.81

Nondurable goods................................ 28.14 29.25 29.39 29.39 1,119.97 1,158.30 1,160.91 1,155.03

Private service-providing.............................. 32.00 33.13 33.25 33.36 1,072.00 1,103.23 1,107.23 1,110.89

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 27.60 28.66 28.83 28.88 941.16 974.44 977.34 979.03

Wholesale trade.................................. 34.75 36.41 36.58 36.61 1,355.25 1,412.71 1,419.30 1,424.13

Retail trade........................................ 22.82 23.76 23.85 23.89 686.88 715.18 715.50 716.70

Transportation and warehousing............... 27.97 28.61 28.88 28.97 1,068.45 1,090.04 1,094.55 1,092.17

Utilities............................................. 47.32 49.29 49.52 49.76 2,030.03 2,089.90 2,094.70 2,089.92

Information........................................... 46.03 48.06 47.70 48.48 1,689.30 1,739.77 1,731.51 1,745.28

Financial activities................................... 41.18 42.71 42.56 42.78 1,544.25 1,597.35 1,596.00 1,604.25

Professional and business services.............. 38.57 39.95 40.15 40.25 1,407.81 1,454.18 1,461.46 1,461.08

Private education and health services............ 31.67 32.65 32.77 32.87 1,060.95 1,090.51 1,091.24 1,094.57

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 19.98 20.93 21.00 21.07 515.48 531.62 533.40 535.18

Other services....................................... 28.39 29.31 29.55 29.66 917.00 946.71 954.47 958.02

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

Total private..................................... 112.8 114.8 115.0 114.9 -0.1 173.0 182.2 183.2 183.7 0.3

Goods-producing............................. 96.3 97.7 97.9 98.0 0.1 140.6 148.1 149.1 149.7 0.4

Mining and logging........................ 86.9 92.0 92.3 96.0 4.0 124.2 137.7 139.7 145.7 4.3

Construction................................ 103.7 105.8 106.0 106.0 0.0 155.6 165.4 166.4 167.2 0.5

Manufacturing.............................. 93.0 94.1 93.7 93.7 0.0 133.4 139.5 139.5 139.9 0.3

Durable goods........................... 91.0 92.7 92.4 92.7 0.3 131.3 137.6 137.8 138.6 0.6

Nondurable goods...................... 96.3 96.5 96.3 95.7 -0.6 137.5 143.3 143.6 142.7 -0.6

Private service-providing.................... 117.3 119.4 119.7 120.0 0.3 182.5 192.3 193.4 194.5 0.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 106.7 107.2 107.0 107.1 0.1 158.8 165.7 166.3 166.8 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 102.6 103.5 103.6 103.8 0.2 149.1 157.6 158.4 159.0 0.4

Retail trade.............................. 94.7 95.1 94.9 94.9 0.0 142.9 149.5 149.6 150.0 0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 146.3 147.4 146.7 146.5 -0.1 208.2 214.6 215.6 215.9 0.1

Utilities.................................... 102.5 101.7 101.7 101.0 -0.7 160.3 165.6 166.4 166.1 -0.2

Information................................. 102.8 102.2 102.6 101.4 -1.2 168.5 174.9 174.2 175.0 0.5

Financial activities......................... 111.0 111.4 112.0 112.2 0.2 178.4 185.6 186.0 187.1 0.6

Professional and business services..... 128.4 130.5 130.9 130.9 0.0 200.7 211.3 212.9 213.5 0.3

Private education and health services... 132.3 136.7 136.8 137.3 0.4 201.5 214.8 215.6 217.1 0.7

Leisure and hospitality.................... 115.6 119.7 119.9 120.3 0.3 186.3 202.1 203.2 204.5 0.6

Other services............................. 105.8 108.7 108.8 108.9 0.1 164.6 174.7 176.2 177.1 0.5

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Total nonfarm............................................. 75,613 77,413 77,568 77,745 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 62,766 64,252 64,373 64,498 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3

Goods-producing.................................... 4,862 4,976 4,984 4,994 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.2

Mining and logging............................... 76 82 82 82 12.7 12.9 12.8 12.8

Construction....................................... 1,082 1,119 1,118 1,120 14.0 14.2 14.1 14.1

Manufacturing..................................... 3,704 3,775 3,784 3,792 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.2

Durable goods.................................. 1,963 2,016 2,022 2,028 24.7 24.9 25.0 25.0

Nondurable goods............................. 1,741 1,759 1,762 1,764 35.9 36.0 36.1 36.2

Private service-providing........................... 57,904 59,276 59,389 59,504 53.2 53.2 53.2 53.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,275 11,357 11,361 11,370 39.4 39.3 39.3 39.3

Wholesale trade................................ 1,820.1 1,865.1 1,862.3 1,855.9 30.5 30.8 30.8 30.7

Retail trade..................................... 7,523.7 7,515.3 7,519.3 7,531.8 48.7 48.4 48.4 48.4

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,791.3 1,830.5 1,833.6 1,836.3 26.9 27.2 27.2 27.2

Utilities........................................... 139.6 145.7 146.0 146.4 25.3 26.3 26.3 26.3

Information......................................... 1,222 1,254 1,253 1,248 39.8 40.6 40.5 40.5

Financial activities................................ 5,043 5,063 5,077 5,081 55.8 55.7 55.7 55.7

Professional and business services............ 10,411 10,558 10,575 10,602 46.3 46.1 46.0 46.0

Private education and health services......... 18,605 19,254 19,325 19,394 76.9 76.8 76.8 76.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,311 8,660 8,662 8,666 52.9 52.4 52.3 52.2

Other services..................................... 3,037 3,130 3,136 3,143 53.5 53.6 53.7 53.7

Government............................................. 12,847 13,161 13,195 13,247 58.1 58.3 58.4 58.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Total private............................................................................... 105,885 108,166 108,398 108,654

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,141 15,427 15,450 15,460

Mining and logging.................................................................. 455 480 483 488

Construction.......................................................................... 5,711 5,811 5,823 5,821

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,975 9,136 9,144 9,151

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,496 5,626 5,624 5,634

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,479 3,510 3,520 3,517

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,744 92,739 92,948 93,194

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,172 24,340 24,364 24,381

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,743.1 4,795.1 4,792.4 4,792.3

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,172.7 13,223.1 13,237.4 13,249.6

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,814.6 5,881.2 5,891.1 5,896.8

Utilities.............................................................................. 441.7 440.7 443.4 442.7

Information............................................................................ 2,436 2,469 2,470 2,465

Financial activities................................................................... 6,805 6,847 6,852 6,854

Professional and business services............................................... 18,026 18,221 18,267 18,330

Private education and health services............................................ 21,037 21,790 21,878 21,967

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,666 14,325 14,377 14,452

Other services........................................................................ 4,602 4,747 4,740 4,745

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.1 33.9 33.8 33.8

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.8 40.4 40.5 40.5

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.4 47.8 47.7 48.9

Construction....................................................................... 39.7 39.5 39.5 39.4

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.2 40.6 40.7 40.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.5 40.8 40.9 41.0

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.7 40.3 40.3 40.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.9 32.8 32.7 32.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 34.0 33.9 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.2 38.7 38.8 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.5 30.3 30.2 30.2

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.8 37.7 37.5 37.4

Utilities........................................................................... 42.8 42.7 42.6 42.7

Information......................................................................... 36.5 35.8 35.8 35.6

Financial activities................................................................ 37.2 37.2 37.1 37.2

Professional and business services............................................ 36.2 36.3 36.2 36.2

Private education and health services......................................... 32.7 32.7 32.6 32.6

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.6 24.2 24.2 24.2

Other services..................................................................... 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.6

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.8

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Total private............................................... $27.39 $28.52 $28.62 $28.75 $934.00 $966.83 $967.36 $971.75

Goods-producing....................................... 27.85 29.12 29.22 29.36 1,136.28 1,176.45 1,183.41 1,189.08

Mining and logging.................................. 32.28 33.63 33.90 33.71 1,530.07 1,607.51 1,617.03 1,648.42

Construction.......................................... 32.15 33.79 33.92 34.07 1,276.36 1,334.71 1,339.84 1,342.36

Manufacturing........................................ 24.96 25.95 26.03 26.19 1,028.35 1,053.57 1,059.42 1,065.93

Durable goods.................................... 26.21 27.09 27.22 27.40 1,087.72 1,105.27 1,113.30 1,123.40

Nondurable goods................................ 22.96 24.09 24.10 24.20 934.47 970.83 971.23 972.84

Private service-providing.............................. 27.29 28.39 28.50 28.62 897.84 931.19 931.95 935.87

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 23.84 24.95 25.05 25.12 815.33 848.30 849.20 851.57

Wholesale trade.................................. 28.94 30.20 30.20 30.26 1,134.45 1,168.74 1,171.76 1,174.09

Retail trade........................................ 19.47 20.33 20.37 20.40 593.84 616.00 615.17 616.08

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.92 27.30 27.55 27.71 979.78 1,029.21 1,033.13 1,036.35

Utilities............................................. 42.25 43.72 44.17 44.33 1,808.30 1,866.84 1,881.64 1,892.89

Information........................................... 37.69 39.08 39.23 39.44 1,375.69 1,399.06 1,404.43 1,404.06

Financial activities................................... 32.10 33.33 33.35 33.60 1,194.12 1,239.88 1,237.29 1,249.92

Professional and business services.............. 32.29 33.81 33.99 34.12 1,168.90 1,227.30 1,230.44 1,235.14

Private education and health services............ 28.78 29.77 29.86 29.98 941.11 973.48 973.44 977.35

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.78 18.48 18.53 18.66 437.39 447.22 448.43 451.57

Other services....................................... 24.72 25.17 25.34 25.48 771.26 785.30 790.61 797.52

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

May

2022

Mar.

2023

Apr.

2023p

May

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Apr.

2023 -

May

2023p

Total private..................................... 120.3 122.2 122.1 122.4 0.2 220.3 232.9 233.5 235.2 0.7

Goods-producing............................. 94.4 95.2 95.6 95.7 0.1 161.0 169.8 171.1 172.0 0.5

Mining and logging........................ 114.6 121.9 122.4 126.8 3.6 215.2 238.5 241.4 248.6 3.0

Construction................................ 113.5 114.9 115.2 114.8 -0.3 197.1 209.7 210.9 211.3 0.2

Manufacturing.............................. 84.9 85.1 85.4 85.5 0.1 138.6 144.5 145.4 146.4 0.7

Durable goods........................... 85.7 86.2 86.4 86.8 0.5 140.2 145.8 146.8 148.4 1.1

Nondurable goods...................... 83.4 83.3 83.6 83.3 -0.4 135.4 141.9 142.3 142.5 0.1

Private service-providing.................... 127.2 129.6 129.5 129.8 0.2 238.1 252.4 253.1 254.9 0.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 115.7 115.8 115.6 115.7 0.1 197.2 206.6 207.0 207.7 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 110.3 110.1 110.4 110.4 0.0 188.5 196.3 196.7 197.1 0.2

Retail trade.............................. 101.9 101.6 101.4 101.5 0.1 170.1 177.1 177.0 177.5 0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 166.3 167.8 167.2 166.9 -0.2 274.4 291.6 293.2 294.4 0.4

Utilities.................................... 96.7 96.2 96.6 96.7 0.1 170.5 175.6 178.1 178.9 0.4

Information................................. 101.5 100.9 100.9 100.2 -0.7 189.4 195.2 196.0 195.6 -0.2

Financial activities......................... 119.1 119.9 119.6 120.0 0.3 235.3 245.8 245.5 248.1 1.1

Professional and business services..... 145.7 147.7 147.6 148.1 0.3 279.8 296.9 298.4 300.6 0.7

Private education and health services... 146.7 151.9 152.1 152.7 0.4 278.6 298.5 299.7 302.1 0.8

Leisure and hospitality.................... 123.1 127.0 127.4 128.1 0.5 248.6 266.5 268.2 271.5 1.2

Other services............................. 100.7 103.9 103.7 104.2 0.5 181.4 190.5 191.5 193.4 1.0

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.