For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, July 26, 2023 USDL-23-1638 

Technical information: (202) 691-6553 • BDMInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/bdm 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FOURTH QUARTER 2022

From September 2022 to December 2022, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector 

establishments were 8.0 million, a decrease of 769,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau 

of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting 

private-sector establishments were 7.6 million, an increase of 133,000 jobs from the previous quarter. 

The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net 

employment gain of 400,000 jobs in the private sector during the fourth quarter of 2022. (See chart 1, 

and tables A and 1.) 

Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data 

The release of First Quarter 2023 Business Employment Dynamics data, scheduled for October 25, 

2023, will incorporate annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. The revisions will 

include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted 

data. 

Gross job gains

Gross job losses

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 1. Total private-sector gross job gains and gross job losses, seasonally adjusted

March 2012 - December 2022

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defined recession period.
- 2 - 

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment 

that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics 

track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter 

to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of 

gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include 

gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by 

employer size class. 

Gross Job Gains

In the fourth quarter of 2022, gross job gains represented 6.2 percent of private-sector employment. 

Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and 

the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 

6.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2022, a decrease of 703,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter. 

Opening establishments accounted for 1.7 million of the jobs gained in the fourth quarter of 2022, a 

decrease of 66,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) 

Gross Job Losses 

In the fourth quarter of 2022, gross job losses represented 5.9 percent of private-sector employment. 

Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of 

jobs at closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 6.1 million jobs in the fourth quarter of 

2022, an increase of 142,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the fourth quarter of 2022, closing

establishments lost 1.5 million jobs, a decrease of 9,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 

and 3, and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) 

Openings

Closings

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

'12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22

Chart 3. Private-sector gross job gains at opening establishments and 

gross job losses at closing establishments, seasonally adjusted: March 

2012 - December 2022

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.

Expansions

Contractions

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

'12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22

Chart 2. Private-sector gross job gains at expanding establishments 

and gross job losses at contracting establishments, seasonally 

adjusted: March 2012 - December 2022

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.
- 3 - 

Establishment Births and Deaths 

In the fourth quarter of 2022, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data) 

decreased by 5,000 to a total of 341,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for 1.0 

million jobs, an increase of 17,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a 

subset of the closings data) are available through the first quarter of 2022, when 743,000 jobs were lost 

at 253,000 establishments, a decrease of 35,000 jobs from the fourth quarter of 2021. (See Technical 

Note and table 8.) 

Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 

 

Category 

3 months ended 

Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. 

2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 

Levels (in thousands) 

Gross job gains............................. 9,580 8,438 8,253 8,814 8,045 

 At expanding establishments 7,715 6,887 6,552 7,091 6,388 

 At opening establishments..... 1,865 1,551 1,701 1,723 1,657 

Gross job losses............................ 6,688 6,893 8,540 7,512 7,645 

 At contracting establishments 5,344 5,486 6,482 5,954 6,096 

 At closing establishments...... 1,344 1,407 2,058 1,558 1,549 

Net employment change1............. 2,892 1,545 -287 1,302 400 

 

Rates (percent) 

Gross job gains............................. 7.7 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.2 

 At expanding establishments 6.2 5.4 5.1 5.5 4.9 

 At opening establishments.... 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 

Gross job losses............................ 5.4 5.4 6.7 5.8 5.9 

 At contracting establishments 4.3 4.3 5.1 4.6 4.7 

 At closing establishments...... 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.2 

Net employment change1............. 2.3 1.2 -0.3 1.0 0.3 

1

 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for 

further information. 

Firm Size 

In the fourth quarter of 2022, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment increase of 166,000. 

Firms with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment gain of 146,000. Firms with 250 or more 

employees had a net employment increase of 64,000. (See tables 4 and 5.) 
- 4 - 

Industries 

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 8 out of the 13 industry sectors in the fourth quarter of 

2022. The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 375,000. The goods-producing 

industries had a net job increase of 25,000. (See table 3.) 

States 

Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 42 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the 

Virgin Islands in the fourth quarter of 2022. (See tables 6 and 7.) 

For More Information 

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. 

This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm 

size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts 

of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked 

questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the 

Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. 

 

The Business Employment Dynamics for First Quarter 2023 are scheduled to be released on 

Wednesday, October 25, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET). 
Technical Note 

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of 

a federal-state cooperative program known as the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports 

on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment 

insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is 

based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to 

the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the 

QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe 

sampling frame. 

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on 

total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross 

job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark 

for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey 

(JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts. 

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked 

across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment 

changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at 

closing and contracting units. 

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment 

measures 

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. 

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in 

somewhat different measures of employment change over time. It is 

important to understand program differences and the intended uses 

of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each 

program can be obtained from the program websites shown in the 

table. 

Coverage 

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and 

Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws 

are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the 

SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state 

complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” 

which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather 

than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. 

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, 

religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all 

members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most 

employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. 

 Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived 

from longitudinal histories of 8.9 million private-sector employer reports out of 11.3 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2022. Gross job gains 

and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for 

government employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and 

do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous 

and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 

are also excluded from the national data. The table below shows, in 

millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded 

from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first 

quarter of 2022. 

Number of active establishments included in 

Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level 

 Millions 

Total establishments QCEW program..........11.3 

 Excluded: Public sector....................... 0.3 

 Private households............... 0.2 

 Zero employment................. 1.9 

 

Total establishments included in Business 

Employment Dynamics data.....................8.9 
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures

QCEW BED CES 

Source  Count of UI administrative records 

submitted by 11.3 million establishments in first quarter of 2022 

 Count of longitudinally-linked UI administrative records submitted by 8.9 

million private-sector establishments 

 Sample survey: 670,000 establishments 

Coverage  UI and UCFE coverage, including 

all employers subject to state and 

federal UI laws 

 UI coverage, excluding government, 

private households, and establishments with zero employment 

Nonfarm wage and salary jobs: 

 UI coverage, excluding agriculture, private 

households, and self-employed workers 

 Other employment, including railroads, 

religious organizations, and other nonUI-covered jobs 

Publication frequency 

 Quarterly 

— 6 months after the end of each 

quarter 

 Quarterly 

— 7 months after the end of each 

quarter 

 Monthly 

— Usually the 3rd Friday after the end 

of the week including the 12th of the 

month 

Use of UI file  Directly summarizes and publishes 

each new quarter of UI data 

 Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal database and directly summarizes gross job gains and losses 

 Uses UI file as a sampling frame and to 

annually realign sample-based estimates 

to population counts (benchmarking) 

Principal 

products 

 Provides a quarterly and annual universe count of establishments, employment, and wages at the county, 

metropolitan statistical area (MSA), 

state, and national levels by detailed 

industry 

 Provides quarterly employer dynamics data on establishment openings, 

closings, expansions, and contractions 

at the national level by NAICS supersectors, 3-digit NAICS, and by size of 

firm, and at the state private-sector total level 

 Future expansions will include data 

with greater industry detail and data 

at the county and MSA levels 

 Provides current monthly estimates of 

employment, hours, and earnings at the 

MSA, state, and national levels by industry 

Principal uses  Major uses include: 

— Detailed locality data 

— Periodic universe counts for 

benchmarking sample survey estimates 

— Sample frame for BLS establishment surveys 

 Major uses include: 

— Business cycle analysis 

— Analysis of employer dynamics 

underlying economic expansions 

and contractions 

— Analysis of employment expansion and contraction by size of 

firm 

 Major uses include: 

— Principal federal economic indicator 

— Official time series for employment 

change measures 

— Input into other major economic indicators 

Program web 

sites 

 www.bls.gov/cew  www.bls.gov/bdm  www.bls.gov/ces 

Unit of analysis 

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by 

industry, and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class 

statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, 

either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation, which 

is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision 

makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size 

class. 

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job 

gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job 

gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains 

and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not 

seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. 
Concepts and methodology 

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change 

in employment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come 

about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come 

from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. 

Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or 

expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in 

either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is 

the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. 

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: 

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior 

quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. 

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third 

month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in 

employment over this period. 

Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in 

the previous quarter and either not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter. 

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third 

month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease 

in employment over this period. 

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for 

the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, 

or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter 

and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. 

Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal 

businesses. 

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment 

reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the 

last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings 

not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that 

closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to 

determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. 

Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of 

death statistics. 

All employment changes are measured from the third month of the 

previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no 

change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, 

but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and 

previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates 

are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job 

losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates 

can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the 

difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses 

rate is the net growth rate. 

Establishment Births and Deaths 

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with 

positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four 

consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed 

by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. 

Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of 

the longitudinal database or establishments that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are 

not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in 

a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment 

defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings 

include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and 

deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, 

because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary 

shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently 

seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater 

than the latter. 

Linkage methodology 

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, 

QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process 

matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWAID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are 

linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and 

successor information, identified by the states, which relates records 

with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor 

relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change 

in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a 

match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is 

used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons 

such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst 

examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible 

match. 

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify 

with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and 

ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. 

Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting 

also are introduced in the first quarter. 

 

Sizing methodology 

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED 

size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in 

which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size class, 5 to the 

size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. 

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory 

and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. 

Annual Data 

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net 

change in employment at the establishment level from the third month 

of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter 

in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on 
March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year changes for 

other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions 

and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job 

losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due 

to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire 

year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and 

job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the 

sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not 

equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change 

in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four 

quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. 

Seasonal adjustment 

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events 

as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, 

major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of 

such seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern 

each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. 

For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely 

to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to 

March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current 

year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted 

figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in 

economic activity. 

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and 

contracting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes 

are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and 

gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts 

data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated 

based on the difference between the number of opening and closing 

establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels 

are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-13 

ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are 

the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. 

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED 

component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series 

from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show 

the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment 

change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net 

employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this 

change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment 

changes. 

Reliability of the data 

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based 

on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related 

to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. 

Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout 

the dataset. 

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for 

the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate 

the effects of these complications. 

 The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based 

on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. 

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the 

first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not 

seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. 

Additional statistics and other information 

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News 

releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual 

bulletin also are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; 

(www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). 

The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, hours, and earnings by detailed 

industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report 

put out monthly by BLS. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides 

monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please 

dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2012 March 948 7,080 5,746 1,334 6,132 5,005 1,127

June 616 7,051 5,724 1,327 6,435 5,266 1,169

September 252 6,881 5,571 1,310 6,629 5,430 1,199

December 695 7,110 5,753 1,357 6,415 5,225 1,190

2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182

June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207

September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143

December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202

2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154

June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217

September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183

December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233

2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204

June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191

September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212

December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266

2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208

June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305

September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244

December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299

2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184

June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269

September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295

December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296

2018 March 712 7,497 6,139 1,358 6,785 5,595 1,190

June 458 7,673 6,270 1,403 7,215 5,930 1,285

September 91 7,500 6,130 1,370 7,409 6,090 1,319

December 731 7,724 6,287 1,437 6,993 5,660 1,333

2019 March 524 7,464 6,101 1,363 6,940 5,691 1,249

June 218 7,653 6,265 1,388 7,435 6,073 1,362

September 66 7,398 6,025 1,373 7,332 6,062 1,270

December 750 7,831 6,340 1,491 7,081 5,750 1,331

2020 March -803 7,035 5,717 1,318 7,838 6,367 1,471

June -14,621 5,719 4,425 1,294 20,340 17,410 2,930

September 4,025 10,874 8,828 2,046 6,849 5,476 1,373

December 2,024 8,797 7,104 1,693 6,773 5,416 1,357

2021 March 1,810 8,322 6,781 1,541 6,512 5,367 1,145

June 936 8,196 6,641 1,555 7,260 5,997 1,263

September 1,474 8,882 7,201 1,681 7,408 5,953 1,455

December 2,892 9,580 7,715 1,865 6,688 5,344 1,344

2022 March 1,545 8,438 6,887 1,551 6,893 5,486 1,407

June -287 8,253 6,552 1,701 8,540 6,482 2,058

September 1,302 8,814 7,091 1,723 7,512 5,954 1,558

December 400 8,045 6,388 1,657 7,645 6,096 1,549

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Year 3 months ended Net change 1

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses
Table 2. Private-sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1

 seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2012 March 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0

June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

September 0.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1

December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1

June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1

September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0

June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1

December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1

December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1

2019 March 0.5 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1

September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1

2020 March -0.7 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.2 5.0 1.2

June -12.1 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.9 14.5 2.4

September 3.5 9.5 7.7 1.8 6.0 4.8 1.2

December 1.6 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.8 4.6 1.2

2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0

September 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.1 4.9 1.2

December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1

2022 March 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.4 4.3 1.1

June -0.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.1 1.6

September 1.0 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.8 4.6 1.2

December 0.3 6.2 4.9 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. 

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Year 3 months ended Net change 2

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.

2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022

Total private 1

Gross job gains ........................... 9,580 8,438 8,253 8,814 8,045 7.7 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.2

At expanding establishments ......... 7,715 6,887 6,552 7,091 6,388 6.2 5.4 5.1 5.5 4.9

At opening establishments ............ 1,865 1,551 1,701 1,723 1,657 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3

Gross job losses ........................... 6,688 6,893 8,540 7,512 7,645 5.4 5.4 6.7 5.8 5.9

At contracting establishments ......... 5,344 5,486 6,482 5,954 6,096 4.3 4.3 5.1 4.6 4.7

At closing establishments ............ 1,344 1,407 2,058 1,558 1,549 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.2

Net employment change .............. 2,892 1,545 -287 1,302 400 2.3 1.2 -0.3 1.0 0.3

Goods-producing

Gross job gains ........................... 1,526 1,426 1,331 1,361 1,318 7.1 6.4 6.0 6.1 5.9

At expanding establishments ......... 1,290 1,220 1,130 1,155 1,111 6.0 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.0

At opening establishments ............ 236 206 201 206 207 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Gross job losses ........................... 1,138 1,144 1,359 1,232 1,293 5.3 5.2 6.1 5.6 5.8

At contracting establishments ......... 946 941 1,072 1,014 1,073 4.4 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.8

At closing establishments ............ 192 203 287 218 220 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.0

Net employment change .............. 388 282 -28 129 25 1.8 1.2 -0.1 0.5 0.1

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains ........................... 230 238 224 229 201 13.0 13.1 12.5 12.8 11.0

At expanding establishments ......... 200 210 197 202 174 11.3 11.6 11.0 11.3 9.5

At opening establishments ............ 30 28 27 27 27 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Gross job losses ........................... 218 223 226 180 240 12.4 12.3 12.6 10.1 13.2

At contracting establishments ......... 192 191 192 155 215 10.9 10.5 10.7 8.7 11.8

At closing establishments ............ 26 32 34 25 25 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.4 1.4

Net employment change .............. 12 15 -2 49 -39 0.6 0.8 -0.1 2.7 -2.2

Construction

Gross job gains ........................... 725 710 643 638 652 9.7 9.3 8.3 8.3 8.4

At expanding establishments ......... 575 574 519 514 521 7.7 7.5 6.7 6.7 6.7

At opening establishments ............ 150 136 124 124 131 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7

Gross job losses ........................... 573 573 672 623 630 7.7 7.5 8.8 8.2 8.2

At contracting establishments ......... 454 452 506 488 493 6.1 5.9 6.6 6.4 6.4

At closing establishments ............ 119 121 166 135 137 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.8 1.8

Net employment change .............. 152 137 -29 15 22 2.0 1.8 -0.5 0.1 0.2

Manufacturing

Gross job gains ........................... 571 478 464 494 465 4.6 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.6

At expanding establishments ......... 515 436 414 439 416 4.1 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.2

At opening establishments ............ 56 42 50 55 49 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4

Gross job losses ........................... 347 348 461 429 423 2.8 2.8 3.6 3.4 3.3

At contracting establishments ......... 300 298 374 371 365 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.8

At closing establishments ............ 47 50 87 58 58 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5

Net employment change .............. 224 130 3 65 42 1.8 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.3

Service-providing 1

Gross job gains ........................... 8,054 7,012 6,922 7,453 6,727 7.8 6.7 6.5 7.0 6.3

At expanding establishments ......... 6,425 5,667 5,422 5,936 5,277 6.2 5.4 5.1 5.6 4.9

At opening establishments ............ 1,629 1,345 1,500 1,517 1,450 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4

Gross job losses ........................... 5,550 5,749 7,181 6,280 6,352 5.4 5.4 6.8 5.9 5.9

At contracting establishments ......... 4,398 4,545 5,410 4,940 5,023 4.3 4.3 5.1 4.6 4.7

At closing establishments ............ 1,152 1,204 1,771 1,340 1,329 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.3 1.2

Net employment change .............. 2,504 1,263 -259 1,173 375 2.4 1.3 -0.3 1.1 0.4

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains ........................... 357 307 306 335 290 6.2 5.3 5.2 5.6 4.8

At expanding establishments ......... 286 257 248 272 237 5.0 4.4 4.2 4.5 3.9

At opening establishments ............ 71 50 58 63 53 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9

Gross job losses ........................... 224 237 311 257 252 3.9 4.0 5.3 4.3 4.2

At contracting establishments ......... 171 177 211 197 193 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.2

At closing establishments ............ 53 60 100 60 59 0.9 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.0

Net employment change .............. 133 70 -5 78 38 2.3 1.3 -0.1 1.3 0.6

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted —Continued

Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.

2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022

Retail trade

Gross job gains ........................... 931 1,010 841 940 798 6.0 6.5 5.4 6.1 5.1

At expanding establishments ......... 801 900 717 816 684 5.2 5.8 4.6 5.3 4.4

At opening establishments ............ 130 110 124 124 114 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7

Gross job losses ........................... 823 731 1,059 912 897 5.3 4.7 6.8 5.8 5.9

At contracting establishments ......... 714 626 898 798 780 4.6 4.0 5.8 5.1 5.1

At closing establishments ............ 109 105 161 114 117 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.8

Net employment change .............. 108 279 -218 28 -99 0.7 1.8 -1.4 0.3 -0.8

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains ........................... 696 366 321 381 466 11.2 5.7 5.0 6.0 7.2

At expanding establishments ......... 578 320 269 329 404 9.3 5.0 4.2 5.2 6.2

At opening establishments ............ 118 46 52 52 62 1.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0

Gross job losses ........................... 237 393 477 326 331 3.9 6.1 7.5 5.1 5.1

At contracting establishments ......... 196 353 406 276 276 3.2 5.5 6.4 4.3 4.3

At closing establishments ............ 41 40 71 50 55 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.8

Net employment change .............. 459 -27 -156 55 135 7.3 -0.4 -2.5 0.9 2.1

Utilities

Gross job gains ........................... 18 14 16 19 20 3.4 2.6 2.9 3.5 3.6

At expanding establishments ......... 15 12 13 17 16 2.8 2.2 2.4 3.1 2.9

At opening establishments ............ 3 2 3 2 4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7

Gross job losses ........................... 14 13 16 12 14 2.6 2.4 2.9 2.2 2.5

At contracting establishments ......... 12 11 13 10 11 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.8 2.0

At closing establishments ............ 2 2 3 2 3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5

Net employment change .............. 4 1 0 7 6 0.8 0.2 0.0 1.3 1.1

 Information

Gross job gains ........................... 226 201 207 201 165 7.7 6.8 6.9 6.6 5.3

At expanding establishments ......... 179 168 169 162 127 6.1 5.7 5.6 5.3 4.1

At opening establishments ............ 47 33 38 39 38 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.2

Gross job losses ........................... 169 150 195 175 189 5.8 5.0 6.5 5.7 6.2

At contracting establishments ......... 133 113 148 135 150 4.6 3.8 4.9 4.4 4.9

At closing establishments ............ 36 37 47 40 39 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.3 1.3

Net employment change .............. 57 51 12 26 -24 1.9 1.8 0.4 0.9 -0.9

Financial activities

Gross job gains ........................... 518 467 478 493 440 6.1 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.1

At expanding establishments ......... 388 376 370 387 334 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.5 3.9

At opening establishments ............ 130 91 108 106 106 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2

Gross job losses ........................... 399 421 501 434 466 4.8 4.9 5.8 5.0 5.4

At contracting establishments ......... 301 310 353 329 356 3.6 3.6 4.1 3.8 4.1

At closing establishments ............ 98 111 148 105 110 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.3

Net employment change .............. 119 46 -23 59 -26 1.3 0.6 -0.2 0.7 -0.3

Professional and business services

Gross job gains ........................... 1,961 1,613 1,648 1,757 1,503 9.0 7.2 7.3 7.8 6.6

At expanding establishments ......... 1,585 1,295 1,281 1,380 1,163 7.3 5.8 5.7 6.1 5.1

At opening establishments ............ 376 318 367 377 340 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.5

Gross job losses ........................... 1,302 1,361 1,702 1,501 1,603 6.0 6.1 7.6 6.6 7.0

At contracting establishments ......... 988 1,050 1,277 1,153 1,252 4.6 4.7 5.7 5.1 5.5

At closing establishments ............ 314 311 425 348 351 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.5 1.5

Net employment change .............. 659 252 -54 256 -100 3.0 1.1 -0.3 1.2 -0.4

Education and health services

Gross job gains ........................... 1,231 1,150 1,161 1,306 1,153 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.6 4.9

At expanding establishments ......... 944 929 925 1,077 911 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.6 3.9

At opening establishments ............ 287 221 236 229 242 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Gross job losses ........................... 985 937 1,224 965 1,020 4.3 4.1 5.3 4.1 4.4

At contracting establishments ......... 771 727 851 724 769 3.4 3.2 3.7 3.1 3.3

At closing establishments ............ 214 210 373 241 251 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.1

Net employment change .............. 246 213 -63 341 133 1.1 0.9 -0.3 1.5 0.5

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted —Continued

Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.

2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022

 Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains ........................... 1,669 1,405 1,441 1,497 1,441 11.2 9.2 9.3 9.6 9.0

At expanding establishments ......... 1,358 1,136 1,150 1,203 1,137 9.1 7.4 7.4 7.7 7.1

At opening establishments ............ 311 269 291 294 304 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9

Gross job losses ........................... 1,108 1,183 1,324 1,356 1,228 7.4 7.7 8.6 8.6 7.7

At contracting establishments ......... 907 953 1,019 1,088 993 6.1 6.2 6.6 6.9 6.2

At closing establishments ............ 201 230 305 268 235 1.3 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.5

Net employment change .............. 561 222 117 141 213 3.8 1.5 0.7 1.0 1.3

 Other services

Gross job gains ........................... 367 322 332 343 316 9.1 7.8 8.1 8.1 7.4

At expanding establishments ......... 276 251 254 266 243 6.8 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.7

At opening establishments ............ 91 71 78 77 73 2.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7

Gross job losses ........................... 263 287 331 294 306 6.5 7.0 8.0 7.1 7.2

At contracting establishments ......... 198 213 220 212 229 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.4

At closing establishments ............ 65 74 111 82 77 1.6 1.8 2.7 2.0 1.8

Net employment change .............. 104 35 1 49 10 2.6 0.8 0.1 1.0 0.2

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 4. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

gains losses gains losses gains losses gains losses

2012 March 972 5,904 4,932 388 3,173 2,785 220 1,054 834 364 1,677 1,313

June 612 5,828 5,216 174 3,039 2,865 158 1,074 916 280 1,715 1,435

September 226 5,581 5,355 55 2,963 2,908 54 1,006 952 117 1,612 1,495

December 637 5,779 5,142 180 3,025 2,845 94 1,014 920 363 1,740 1,377

2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429

June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461

September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501

December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427

2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498

June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460

September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489

December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376

2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571

June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583

September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581

December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486

2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614

June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681

September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559

December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658

2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561

June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654

September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760

December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492

2018 March 731 6,066 5,335 298 3,210 2,912 165 1,072 907 268 1,784 1,516

June 477 6,202 5,725 127 3,192 3,065 156 1,133 977 194 1,877 1,683

September 43 5,981 5,938 -78 3,031 3,109 -26 1,028 1,054 147 1,922 1,775

December 670 6,094 5,424 203 3,172 2,969 132 1,074 942 335 1,848 1,513

2019 March 572 6,010 5,438 260 3,193 2,933 154 1,065 911 158 1,752 1,594

June 225 6,154 5,929 46 3,156 3,110 98 1,122 1,024 81 1,876 1,795

September 7 5,867 5,860 -2 3,047 3,049 -29 1,016 1,045 38 1,804 1,766

December 656 6,199 5,543 210 3,186 2,976 91 1,062 971 355 1,951 1,596

2020 March -652 5,606 6,258 -368 3,027 3,395 -99 970 1,069 -185 1,609 1,794

June -15,224 4,506 19,730 -4,719 2,555 7,274 -2,812 581 3,393 -7,693 1,370 9,063

September 4,046 9,448 5,402 1,519 4,486 2,967 541 1,421 880 1,986 3,541 1,555

December 1,862 7,073 5,211 510 3,487 2,977 345 1,189 844 1,007 2,397 1,390

2021 March 1,837 6,887 5,050 973 3,642 2,669 225 1,102 877 639 2,143 1,504

June 974 6,650 5,676 719 3,522 2,803 213 1,143 930 42 1,985 1,943

September 1,440 7,159 5,719 400 3,530 3,130 255 1,195 940 785 2,434 1,649

December 2,744 7,650 4,906 914 3,767 2,853 466 1,304 838 1,364 2,579 1,215

2022 March 1,646 6,958 5,312 291 3,348 3,057 267 1,162 895 1,088 2,448 1,360

June -430 6,511 6,941 -229 3,281 3,510 39 1,151 1,112 -240 2,079 2,319

September 1,338 7,116 5,778 34 3,302 3,268 249 1,233 984 1,055 2,581 1,526

December 376 6,249 5,873 166 3,272 3,106 146 1,125 979 64 1,852 1,788

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job

establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See

www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Net 

change

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the

Year 3 months ended

Total private by firm1 Firm size 1 - 49 employees

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains 

and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more

Net 

change
Table 5. Components of private-sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.

2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022

Total private by firm 1

Gross job gains ........................ 7,650 6,958 6,511 7,116 6,249 6.1 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.8

At expanding firms .................. 6,468 5,987 5,498 6,093 5,193 5.2 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.0

At opening firms ..................... 1,182 971 1,013 1,023 1,056 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Gross job losses ........................ 4,906 5,312 6,941 5,778 5,873 4.0 4.2 5.4 4.5 4.5

At contracting firms ............... 4,050 4,323 5,661 4,724 4,903 3.3 3.4 4.4 3.7 3.8

At closing firms ................... 856 989 1,280 1,054 970 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7

Net employment change ............. 2,744 1,646 -430 1,338 376 2.1 1.3 -0.3 1.0 0.3

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains ........................ 3,767 3,348 3,281 3,302 3,272 10.8 9.6 9.3 9.4 9.3

At expanding firms .................. 2,627 2,414 2,315 2,322 2,257 7.5 6.9 6.6 6.6 6.4

At opening firms ..................... 1,140 934 966 980 1,015 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9

Gross job losses ........................ 2,853 3,057 3,510 3,268 3,106 8.2 8.7 10.0 9.3 8.8

At contracting firms ............... 2,029 2,107 2,292 2,257 2,176 5.8 6.0 6.5 6.4 6.2

At closing firms ................... 824 950 1,218 1,011 930 2.4 2.7 3.5 2.9 2.6

Net employment change ............. 914 291 -229 34 166 2.6 0.9 -0.7 0.1 0.5

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains ........................ 1,304 1,162 1,151 1,233 1,125 6.0 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.0

At expanding firms .................. 1,268 1,131 1,109 1,194 1,088 5.8 5.1 5.0 5.4 4.8

At opening firms ..................... 36 31 42 39 37 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Gross job losses ........................ 838 895 1,112 984 979 3.8 4.1 5.0 4.5 4.4

At contracting firms ............... 812 861 1,060 947 944 3.7 3.9 4.8 4.3 4.2

At closing firms ................... 26 34 52 37 35 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Net employment change ............. 466 267 39 249 146 2.2 1.1 0.2 1.1 0.6

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains ........................ 2,579 2,448 2,079 2,581 1,852 3.8 3.5 2.9 3.6 2.6

At expanding firms .................. 2,573 2,442 2,074 2,577 1,848 3.8 3.5 2.9 3.6 2.6

At opening firms ..................... 6 6 5 4 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Gross job losses ........................ 1,215 1,360 2,319 1,526 1,788 1.8 1.9 3.3 2.1 2.5

At contracting firms ............... 1,209 1,355 2,309 1,520 1,783 1.8 1.9 3.3 2.1 2.5

At closing firms ................... 6 5 10 6 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Net employment change ............. 1,364 1,088 -240 1,055 64 2.0 1.6 -0.4 1.5 0.1

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the

establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See

www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and 

losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 
Table 6. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.

2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022

United States 1 ............ 9,580,000 8,438,000 8,253,000 8,814,000 8,045,000 6,688,000 6,893,000 8,540,000 7,512,000 7,645,000

Alabama .................. 123,011 101,635 106,999 118,322 109,189 84,977 98,513 114,899 101,714 99,273

Alaska ..................... 27,704 24,382 24,504 20,442 26,232 20,460 22,348 22,953 24,828 22,405

Arizona .................. 176,081 177,728 176,676 210,182 180,777 129,874 149,379 192,227 148,128 166,560

Arkansas .................. 79,698 61,175 58,938 67,192 64,529 48,806 55,459 63,128 57,587 56,306

California .................. 1,262,060 1,125,393 1,021,819 1,029,433 1,009,955 819,248 854,366 1,109,727 953,183 1,013,298

Colorado .................. 176,521 176,404 173,472 118,445 180,372 140,744 147,988 157,258 135,759 164,924

Connecticut ............... 96,011 90,157 89,453 89,467 83,780 74,432 74,954 93,111 87,560 84,460

Delaware .................. 31,109 28,247 24,768 33,568 26,573 22,407 21,636 31,432 23,995 30,024

District of Columbia ... 36,343 30,589 30,221 36,868 29,047 24,348 24,466 33,946 24,371 28,894

Florida ..................... 617,316 528,678 610,483 650,116 527,992 473,940 460,834 557,231 458,810 510,581

Georgia .................. 309,130 268,652 265,027 286,221 267,138 216,525 226,310 267,349 243,232 242,334

Hawaii ..................... 34,180 29,910 29,078 31,526 30,523 24,407 25,187 29,509 24,178 24,551

Idaho ..................... 57,952 59,454 49,524 58,556 58,821 42,358 43,197 63,804 52,078 47,952

Illinois ..................... 376,431 314,250 300,049 312,763 279,561 241,926 259,113 303,622 273,395 268,827

Indiana ..................... 195,577 164,473 151,587 176,553 156,061 127,405 129,843 185,172 151,514 143,098

Iowa ........................ 84,654 83,938 75,454 75,274 82,624 67,805 67,785 86,309 77,531 81,148

Kansas ..................... 85,411 70,885 73,978 87,263 73,955 59,286 61,952 85,352 63,457 65,965

Kentucky .................. 117,441 107,884 102,311 108,709 97,861 78,247 81,658 140,172 88,180 86,827

Louisiana .................. 146,643 101,345 102,644 115,243 95,312 87,586 109,685 112,436 88,312 102,524

Maine ..................... 42,590 42,068 93,397 39,102 38,968 35,914 32,315 42,750 38,701 36,302

Maryland .................. 154,823 142,556 142,056 160,211 138,556 111,842 126,978 173,246 128,050 144,737

Massachusetts ............ 216,317 207,793 194,864 194,546 171,527 176,714 158,999 172,892 192,065 183,473

Michigan .................. 272,209 233,378 223,946 212,386 222,452 189,714 191,047 241,965 220,132 195,934

Minnesota ............... 175,591 147,775 159,872 169,625 154,448 126,717 133,464 175,747 146,300 147,488

Mississippi ............... 71,413 56,306 59,418 65,827 63,191 50,814 55,380 64,134 58,329 57,468

Missouri .................. 174,351 154,875 151,307 165,076 146,218 131,101 130,222 143,601 153,125 140,653

Montana .................. 39,683 38,089 33,900 35,038 38,132 28,758 34,500 38,543 31,586 32,720

Nebraska .................. 56,712 55,634 49,079 56,330 49,006 46,629 48,798 54,250 50,617 47,457

Nevada ..................... 103,429 87,043 89,922 100,627 85,755 59,997 66,378 86,475 75,404 81,575

New Hampshire ......... 43,659 44,904 38,334 40,603 39,450 36,729 31,555 46,290 39,163 35,783

New Jersey ............... 303,908 250,014 233,195 246,502 243,710 187,278 195,389 225,337 228,764 214,434

New Mexico ............ 52,440 47,735 42,315 50,834 42,944 40,038 39,948 46,113 38,631 40,959

New York ............... 590,453 520,705 555,282 529,981 476,570 415,910 408,276 519,707 480,134 486,839

North Carolina ............ 311,730 257,489 253,196 264,952 236,909 193,867 208,837 245,495 234,775 217,955

North Dakota ............ 25,483 25,143 22,853 25,738 21,764 21,569 21,779 22,736 21,647 22,717

Ohio ........................ 320,621 284,863 265,564 269,541 277,230 234,473 226,562 291,178 265,688 275,749

Oklahoma ............... 96,147 80,662 83,248 93,595 87,704 74,418 73,118 79,286 71,515 79,138

Oregon ..................... 125,828 124,997 101,997 108,658 107,720 99,966 94,957 118,845 141,016 105,924

Pennsylvania ............ 345,124 324,890 282,938 314,901 289,557 243,523 251,630 292,347 269,585 271,017

Rhode Island ............ 34,456 32,775 29,293 28,029 29,126 26,984 23,799 30,573 31,069 27,355

South Carolina ............ 138,775 124,981 116,074 133,770 129,401 93,629 111,267 123,560 104,011 116,568

South Dakota ............ 26,002 28,210 24,337 26,906 23,945 21,492 22,324 24,811 23,650 23,634

Tennessee ............... 193,621 175,955 171,823 192,682 160,168 146,914 127,316 173,111 149,353 155,756

Texas ..................... 837,491 700,110 728,431 831,097 709,243 517,170 593,644 686,471 598,858 614,649

Utah ........................ 102,357 108,640 96,779 111,431 97,121 80,736 80,947 96,262 93,651 92,737

Vermont .................. 19,701 19,574 18,262 17,756 19,263 16,817 15,566 20,951 20,040 17,786

Virginia .................. 226,887 207,429 206,792 243,003 204,931 168,955 185,781 224,658 197,440 191,873

Washington ............... 221,756 211,204 206,539 209,693 178,012 150,693 147,789 209,618 180,789 158,185

West Virginia ............ 41,652 39,495 34,221 36,658 36,005 31,478 31,871 42,530 35,073 35,559

Wisconsin ............... 160,882 160,365 146,548 152,158 152,450 127,962 117,824 171,335 146,159 141,055

Wyoming .................. 20,688 18,653 17,431 18,938 19,383 15,914 17,325 18,873 17,445 16,700

Puerto Rico ............... 45,326 50,478 47,053 46,034 49,566 38,654 35,144 44,098 38,179 45,516

Virgin Islands ............ 1,963 1,658 2,062 1,904 1,482 2,327 2,459 2,945 1,164 1,058

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses

(3 months ended)
Table 7. Private-sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Dec. Mar. June Sept. Dec.

2021 2022 2022 2022 2022 2021 2022 2022 2022 2022

United States .......................... 7.7 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.2 5.4 5.4 6.7 5.8 5.9

Alabama ............................. 7.6 6.2 6.6 7.1 6.5 5.2 6.0 7.0 6.2 6.0

Alaska ................................. 11.8 10.1 10.1 8.6 10.9 8.7 9.3 9.6 10.3 9.3

Arizona ............................... 6.8 6.8 6.7 7.9 6.7 5.0 5.7 7.3 5.5 6.1

Arkansas .............................. 7.8 5.9 5.6 6.4 6.1 4.8 5.4 6.0 5.5 5.3

California ........................... 8.5 7.4 6.6 6.7 6.5 5.5 5.6 7.2 6.1 6.6

Colorado .............................. 7.6 7.5 7.3 5.0 7.6 6.1 6.3 6.7 5.8 6.9

Connecticut ......................... 6.9 6.3 6.3 6.3 5.9 5.3 5.3 6.5 6.2 6.0

Delaware .............................. 8.2 7.3 6.5 8.6 6.7 6.0 5.6 8.2 6.1 7.6

District of Columbia ............... 7.3 6.0 6.0 7.2 5.6 4.9 4.9 6.8 4.8 5.6

Florida ................................. 7.7 6.5 7.5 7.8 6.2 6.0 5.7 6.9 5.5 6.1

Georgia .............................. 7.9 6.8 6.6 7.0 6.5 5.5 5.7 6.7 6.0 5.9

Hawaii ............................... 7.1 6.1 5.9 6.2 6.0 5.1 5.1 5.9 4.8 4.8

Idaho .................................... 8.5 8.5 7.1 8.5 8.4 6.3 6.2 9.1 7.5 6.9

Illinois ................................ 7.5 6.2 5.9 6.0 5.4 4.9 5.0 5.9 5.3 5.2

Indiana ............................... 7.3 6.0 5.6 6.4 5.7 4.7 4.8 6.8 5.5 5.2

Iowa .................................... 6.6 6.5 5.8 5.8 6.4 5.4 5.3 6.7 6.0 6.3

Kansas ................................. 7.6 6.2 6.5 7.6 6.3 5.3 5.4 7.5 5.6 5.6

Kentucky .............................. 7.4 6.6 6.3 6.7 5.9 4.9 5.0 8.7 5.4 5.3

Louisiana .............................. 9.6 6.5 6.6 7.3 6.0 5.8 7.1 7.3 5.7 6.5

Maine ................................ 8.2 8.0 17.7 7.4 7.3 6.9 6.1 8.1 7.4 6.9

Maryland ............................ 7.3 6.6 6.7 7.5 6.4 5.3 5.9 8.1 6.0 6.7

Massachusetts ....................... 7.0 6.6 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.1 5.4 6.1 5.8

Michigan ............................. 7.5 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.9 5.2 5.1 6.5 5.9 5.2

Minnesota ........................... 7.3 6.0 6.6 6.8 6.2 5.2 5.4 7.1 6.0 6.0

Mississippi ........................... 7.9 6.1 6.5 7.2 6.8 5.7 6.0 7.0 6.3 6.2

Missouri .............................. 7.4 6.5 6.3 6.8 6.0 5.5 5.4 5.9 6.3 5.8

Montana ............................... 9.9 9.3 8.2 8.5 9.2 7.2 8.5 9.4 7.7 7.8

Nebraska .............................. 7.0 6.8 6.0 6.9 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.6 6.2 5.7

Nevada ............................... 8.3 6.8 6.9 7.6 6.4 4.8 5.2 6.7 5.7 6.2

New Hampshire ..................... 7.6 7.7 6.6 6.9 6.7 6.4 5.4 7.9 6.7 6.0

New Jersey ........................... 8.7 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.8 5.4 5.5 6.3 6.3 5.9

New Mexico ........................ 8.2 7.4 6.5 7.7 6.5 6.3 6.2 7.1 5.9 6.2

New York ........................... 7.7 6.7 7.1 6.7 6.0 5.4 5.2 6.6 6.0 6.2

North Carolina ........................ 8.1 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.9 5.0 5.3 6.2 5.9 5.4

North Dakota ........................ 7.6 7.5 6.8 7.6 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.7 6.4 6.7

Ohio .................................... 7.0 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.2 4.8 6.3 5.6 5.8

Oklahoma ........................... 7.6 6.3 6.4 7.1 6.6 5.9 5.7 6.2 5.5 6.0

Oregon ................................. 7.8 7.5 6.1 6.7 6.5 6.1 5.7 7.1 8.6 6.4

Pennsylvania ........................ 6.8 6.3 5.5 6.1 5.5 4.8 4.9 5.6 5.2 5.1

Rhode Island ........................ 8.5 7.9 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.6 5.7 7.3 7.4 6.5

South Carolina ........................ 7.9 6.9 6.4 7.3 7.0 5.3 6.2 6.9 5.6 6.2

South Dakota ........................ 7.2 7.7 6.6 7.3 6.5 5.9 6.1 6.8 6.4 6.4

Tennessee ........................... 7.3 6.6 6.3 7.0 5.8 5.6 4.7 6.4 5.4 5.7

Texas ................................. 7.7 6.3 6.5 7.4 6.2 4.8 5.4 6.1 5.2 5.3

Utah .................................... 7.5 7.8 7.0 7.9 6.8 6.0 5.9 6.8 6.7 6.6

Vermont .............................. 8.1 8.0 7.3 7.2 7.8 6.9 6.3 8.4 8.0 7.1

Virginia .............................. 7.2 6.4 6.5 7.5 6.2 5.3 5.8 7.0 6.1 5.8

Washington ........................... 7.8 7.3 7.0 7.1 5.9 5.3 5.0 7.1 6.1 5.3

West Virginia ........................ 7.9 7.3 6.3 6.8 6.7 6.0 5.9 7.9 6.5 6.6

Wisconsin ........................... 6.6 6.5 5.9 6.1 6.1 5.2 4.8 6.8 5.9 5.6

Wyoming .............................. 10.1 8.9 8.4 9.2 9.2 7.8 8.3 9.1 8.5 8.0

Puerto Rico ........................... 6.4 7.0 6.5 6.2 6.7 5.5 4.9 6.1 5.2 6.1

Virgin Islands ........................ 8.0 6.9 8.8 7.9 6.0 9.5 10.3 12.6 4.9 4.3

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 8. Private-sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

(Levels in thousands)

Level Rate 2 Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate

2012 March 236 3.3 188 2.6 787 0.7 614 0.6

June 217 3.0 194 2.7 799 0.7 673 0.6

September 210 2.9 196 2.7 804 0.7 692 0.6

December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 0.7 673 0.6

2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6

June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6

September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6

December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6

2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6

June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6

September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6

December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6

2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6

June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6

September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6

December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6

2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6

June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6

September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6

December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6

2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5

June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6

September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6

December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6

2018 March 248 3.1 214 2.7 813 0.7 667 0.5

June 264 3.3 229 2.8 879 0.7 767 0.6

September 250 3.1 231 2.8 864 0.7 785 0.6

December 249 3.1 223 2.7 857 0.7 760 0.6

2019 March 260 3.2 219 2.7 809 0.6 695 0.6

June 257 3.1 241 2.9 849 0.7 803 0.6

September 250 3.0 232 2.8 847 0.7 769 0.6

December 269 3.2 235 2.8 905 0.7 789 0.6

2020 March 278 3.3 239 2.9 807 0.6 731 0.6

June 228 2.8 326 4.0 661 0.6 1,151 1.0

September 277 3.4 235 2.9 822 0.7 693 0.6

December 287 3.5 218 2.6 916 0.8 689 0.6

2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 832 0.7 602 0.5

June 352 4.1 225 2.6 981 0.8 663 0.5

September 359 4.1 245 2.8 1,028 0.8 734 0.6

December 379 4.3 254 2.9 1,119 0.9 778 0.6

2022 March 347 3.9 253 2.8 960 0.8 743 0.6

June 359 4.0 N/A N/A 1,050 0.8 N/A N/A

September 346 3.8 N/A N/A 1,032 0.8 N/A N/A

December 341 3.8 N/A N/A 1,049 0.8 N/A N/A

1 Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note for more information.

2 The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments

Year 3 months ended

Number of Establishments Employment

Births Deaths 1 Births Deaths