For release 10:00 a.m. (EST), Wednesday, January 29, 2014 USDL-14-0127

Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 • BDMInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/bdm 

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – SECOND QUARTER 2013

From March 2013 to June 2013 gross job 

gains from opening and expanding private 

sector establishments were 7.1 million, the 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 

today. Over this period, gross job losses

from closing and contracting private sector 

establishments were 6.5 million, an increase 

of 191,000 from the previous quarter. (See 

box note on page 3.) 

The difference between the number of gross 

job gains and the number of gross job losses

yielded a net employment gain of 666,000 

jobs in the private sector during the second 

quarter of 2013. (See table 1.) 

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment 

that occur at all businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track 

these changes in employment at private business units from the third month of one quarter to the third 

month of the next. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing 

units and the addition of new jobs at opening units. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in 

employment at existing units and the loss of jobs at closing units. The difference between the number of 

gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See the Technical 

Note for more information.) 

Corrections to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data

Following normal processing procedures, annual revisions were published with the release of first 

quarter 2013 data. These annual revisions should have included updates to the BED establishment birth 

and death data series, but they were not updated due to a production error. For this reason, the BED birth 

and death data are revised with this release. These revisions cover all four quarters of 2012 for not 

seasonally adjusted data and the previous five years of seasonally adjusted data. Table 8 is updated with 

this release along with the birth and death data at the national industry level. These data are available 

at http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmind.htm and the state total private data are available 

at http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmstate.htm.
Gross job gains at expanding

establishments totaled 5.8 million in 

second quarter 2013, an increase of 

216,000 jobs from the previous quarter.

Opening establishments accounted for 

1.3 million jobs gained in second 

quarter 2013. (See box note on page 3.) 

Contracting establishments lost 5.3 

million jobs in second quarter 2013. 

This is an increase of 131,000 jobs from

the prior quarter. 

In the second quarter of 2013, closing

establishments lost 1.2 million jobs, an 

increase of 60,000 jobs from the 

previous quarter. (See tables 1 and 3.) 

 

Gross job gains represented 6.4 percent

of private sector employment in second

quarter 2013, while gross job losses

represented 5.8 percent of private sector 

employment. (See table 2.) 

In second quarter 2013, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data, see the 

Technical Note for more information) was 226,000. These new establishments accounted for 777,000 

jobs. (See box note on page 3 and table 8.) 

Data for establishment deaths (a subset of the closings data) are available through third quarter 2012, 

when 684,000 jobs were lost at 185,000 establishments. These figures represent increases from the prior 

quarter when 666,000 jobs were lost at 184,000 establishments. 

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in all three major firm size classes during second quarter 

2013. Firms with less than 250 employees accounted for 56 percent of the net job growth. (See tables 4 

and 5.) 

In the second quarter of 2013, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 42 states and the District of 

Columbia. California had the largest net employment gain of 79,166 jobs, followed by Texas with 

65,907 jobs. (See table 6.) Alaska had the largest rate of gross job gains as a percent of employment at 

10.6 percent, above the U.S. rate of 6.4 percent. Connecticut had the lowest rate of gross job losses as a 

percent of employment at 4.8 percent, below the U.S. rate of 5.8 percent. (See table 7.) 

- 2 - 
The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job 

losses. See the Technical Note for further information. 

More Information 

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses are available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. 

This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm 

size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, 

charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions 

on firm size data. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found 

in the Technical Note of this release or may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. 

Administrative Change Affecting Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data 

First quarter 2013 data were affected by an administrative change to the count of establishments in the 

education and health services industry. A review of these data revealed that certain establishments that 

provide non-medical, home-based services for the elderly and persons with disabilities had been 

misclassified in the private households industry (NAICS 814110), which is out of scope for the BED. 

These establishments are now in scope and are classified in services for the elderly and persons with 

disabilities (NAICS 624120.) This non-economic industry code change artificially inflated the first 

quarter 2013 data for gross job gains, openings, births, and the net employment change for the following 

data series: national total private, state total private, the education and health services sector, firm size 

class, annual, and age and survival. As a result, data for first quarter 2013 are not comparable to data 

from other quarters.

The Business Employment Dynamics for Third Quarter 2013 are scheduled to be released on

Tuesday, April 29, 2014 at 10:00 a.m. (EDT).

Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

Category

3 months ended

June Sept. Dec. Mar. June

2012 2012 2012 2013 2013

Levels (in thousands)

Gross job gains.................................... 7,027 6,847 7,110 7,200 7,143

 At expanding establishments........... 5,738 5,552 5,769 5,623 5,839

 At opening establishments............... 1,289 1,295 1,341 1,577 1,304

Gross job losses................................... 6,414 6,614 6,401 6,286 6,477

 At contracting establishments........... 5,259 5,436 5,199 5,136 5,267

 At closing establishments................ 1,155 1,178 1,202 1,150 1,210

Net employment change1........................ 613 233 709 914 666

Rates (percent)

Gross job gains................................ 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4

 At expanding establishments....... 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2

 At opening establishments............ 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2

Gross job losses............................... 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.8

 At contracting establishments........ 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.7

 At closing establishments............. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

 

Net employment change1..................... .5 .2 .6 .8 .6

- 3 - 
Technical Note

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are 

a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as 

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). 

The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most 

employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports 

on the employment and wages of workers covered by 

unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly 

UI taxes. The QCEW is based largely on quarterly UI 

reports which are sent by businesses to the State 

Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). These UI reports 

are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections 

to render administrative data into economic statistics. 

Together these data comprise the QCEW and form the 

basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling 

frame.

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW 

data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal 

BED data on gross job gains and losses. The QCEW is also 

the employment benchmark for the Current Employment 

Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics 

(OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey 

(JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of 

Economic Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts. 

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are 

linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for 

each establishment. The linkage process allows the 

tracking of net employment changes at the establishment 

level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at 

opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and 

contracting units.

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES 

employment measures 

The Bureau publishes three different establishmentbased employment measures for any given quarter. Each 

of these measures — QCEW, BED, and CES — makes use 

of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; 

however, each measure has a somewhat different universe 

coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. 

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can 

result in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter 

employment change. It is important to understand program 

differences and the intended uses of the program products. 

(See table below.)

Additional information on each program can be 

obtained from the program web sites shown in the table 

below. 

Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures

QCEW BED CES

Source • Count of UI administrative records 

submitted by 9.2 million employers 

• Count of longitudinally-linked UI 

administrative records submitted by 

7.3 million private sector employers 

• Sample Survey: 557,000 

establishments

Coverage • UI and UCFE coverage: all 

employers subject to State and 

federal UI Laws

• UI Coverage, excluding: government, 

private households, and establishments 

with zero employment

Non-farm wage and salary jobs: 

• UI Coverage, excluding: agriculture,

private households, and selfemployed; including: railroads, 

religious organizations, and other 

non-UI-covered jobs

Publication 

frequency

• Quarterly 

— 7 Months after the end of each 

quarter

• Quarterly 

— 8 Months after the end of each quarter

• Monthly 

— First Friday of following month

Use of UI file • Directly summarizes and publishes 

each new quarter of UI data

• Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal 

database and directly summarizes gross 

job gains and losses

• Uses UI file as a sampling frame 

and annually realigns (benchmarks) 

sample estimates to first quarter UI 

levels

Principal products • Provides a quarterly and annual 

universe count of establishments, 

employment, and wages at the 

county, MSA, State, and national 

levels by detailed industry

• Provides quarterly employer dynamics 

data on establishment openings, closings, 

expansions, and contractions at the 

national level by NAICS super-sectors, 3-

digit NAICS, and by size of firm, and at 

the state private-sector total level

• Future expansions will include data at the 

county and MSA level

• Provides current monthly estimates 

of employment, hours, and earnings 

at the MSA, State, and national level 

by industry

Principal uses • Major uses include:

— Detailed locality data

— Periodic universe counts for 

benchmarking sample survey 

estimates

— Sample frame for BLS 

establishment surveys

• Major uses include:

— Business cycle analysis

— Analysis of employer dynamics 

underlying economic expansions and 

contractions

— Analysis of employment expansion 

and contraction by size of firm

• Major uses include:

— Principal national economic 

indicator 

— Official time series for 

employment change measures

— Input into other major economic 

indicators

Program Websites • www.bls.gov/cew/ • www.bls.gov/bdm/ • www.bls.gov/ces/

- 4 - 
Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by 

state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal 

Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly 

contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by employers. 

In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers 

who operate multiple establishments within a state 

complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite 

Report,” which provides detailed information on the 

location of their establishments. These reports are based 

on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI 

and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable 

from state to state. 

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed 

workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers 

on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected 

officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some 

domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and 

employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are 

derived from longitudinal histories of 7.3 million private 

sector employer reports out of 9.2 million total reports of 

employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the 

first quarter of 2013. Gross job gains and gross job losses 

data in this release do not report estimates for government 

employees or private households (NAICS 814110), and do 

not include establishments with zero employment in both 

previous and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and 

the Virgin Islands (49,972 units rounded to 0.0 million)

also are excluded from the national data. As an illustration, 

the table below shows, in millions of establishments, the 

number of establishments excluded from the national gross 

job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2013: 

Number of active establishments included in

Business Employment Dynamics data at the 

national level

 Millions

Total establishments QCEW program.........9.2 

 Excluded: Public sector .........................0.3

Private households................0.2 

Zero employment .................1.3 

Establishments in Puerto Rico

and the Virgin Islands...........0.1 

Total establishments included in Business

Employment Dynamics data........................7.3

Unit of analysis

 Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED 

statistics by industry and firms are used in the tabulation of 

the BED size class statistics. An establishment is defined 

as an economic unit that produces goods or services, 

usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or 

predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, 

either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several 

establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an 

aggregation of establishments under common ownership 

by a corporate parent using employer tax identification 

numbers. The firm level aggregation which is consistent 

with the role of corporations as the economic decision 

makers are used for the measurement of the BED data 

elements by size class.

 Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total 

gross job gains and gross job losses by size class are lower 

than total gross job gains and gross job losses by industry, 

as some establishment gains and losses within a firm are 

offset during the aggregation process. However, the total 

net changes in employment are the same for not seasonally 

adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. 

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure 

the net change in employment at the establishment or firm 

level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A 

net increase in employment can come from either opening 

units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment 

can come from either closing units or contracting units. 

Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either 

opening or expanding units. Gross job losses include the 

sum of all jobs lost in either closing or contracting units. 

The net change in employment is the difference between 

gross job gains and gross job losses. 

The formal definitions of employment changes are as 

follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third 

month employment for the first time in the current quarter, 

with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third 

month employment in the current quarter following zero 

employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive 

employment in the third month in both the previous and 

current quarters, with a net increase in employment over 

this period.

Closings. These are either units with positive third 

month employment in the previous quarter, with no 

employment or zero employment reported in the current 

quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive 

employment in the third month in both the previous and 

current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over 

this period.

Births. These are units with positive third month 

employment for the first time in the current quarter with no 

links to the prior quarter, or units with positive third month 

employment in the current quarter and zero employment in 

the third month of the previous four quarters. Births are a 

- 5 - 
subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal 

businesses.

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero 

employment reported in the third month of four 

consecutive quarters following the last quarter with 

positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings not 

including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A 

unit that closes during the quarter may be a death, but we 

wait three quarters to determine whether it is a permanent 

closing or a temporary shutdown. Therefore, there is 

always a lag of three quarters for the publication7.3 of 

death statistics. 

All employment changes are measured from the third 

month of the previous quarter to the third month of the 

current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change 

their employment levels. Units with no change in 

employment count towards estimates of total employment, 

but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as 

rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment 

in the current and previous quarters. This provides a 

symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the 

components of gross job gains and gross job losses and 

then summed to form their respective totals. These rates 

can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For 

instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate 

and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.

Establishment Births and Deaths

 For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as 

establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for 

the first time with positive employment in the third month 

of a quarter, or showed four consecutive quarters of zero 

employment in the third month followed by a quarter in 

which it shows positive employment in the third month. 

Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either 

drop out of the longitudinal database or an establishment 

that had positive employment in the third month of a given 

quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing 

zero employment in the third month. Although the data for 

establishment births and deaths are tabulated 

independently from the data for openings and closings, the 

concepts are not mutually exclusive. An establishment that 

is defined as a birth in a given quarter is necessarily an 

opening as well, and an establishment defined as a death in 

a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings include 

seasonal and other re-openings and closings include 

temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values 

for births and deaths must be less than those for openings 

and closings. However, because some BED series do not 

have many re-openings or temporary shutdowns, as well as 

the fact that births and deaths are independently seasonally 

adjusted from openings and closings, there may be 

instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the 

former is greater than the latter.

Linkage methodology

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross 

job losses, QCEW records are linked across two quarters. 

The linkage process matches establishments' unique SESA 

identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 

97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from 

quarter to quarter are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are 

linked in one of three ways. The first method uses 

predecessor and successor information, identified by the 

States, which relates records with different SESA-IDs 

across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can 

come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in 

ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account 

restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, 

a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to 

identify two establishments with different SESA-IDs as 

continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as 

the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an 

analyst examines unmatched records individually and 

makes a possible match. 

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, 

SESAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the 

industry, location, and ownership classification of all 

establishments on a 4-year cycle. Changes in 

establishment classification codes resulting from the 

verification process are introduced with the data reported 

for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from 

improved employer reporting also are introduced in the 

first quarter. 

 

Sizing methodology

 The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations 

for the BED size class data series. Dynamic sizing 

allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a 

quarter to each respective size class in which the change 

occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees 

in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-

employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size 

class, 5 to the size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 

19 to size class 20 to 49.

 Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm size 

estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may 

be caused by the transitory and reverting changes in firms’ 

sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or 

loss to the actual size class where it occurred.

Annual Data

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses 

measure the net change in employment at the establishment 

level from the third month of a quarter in the previous year 

to the third month of the same quarter in the current year. 

The BLS publishes annual BED data based on March-toMarch changes once a year with the release of the first 

quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year 

changes for other quarters of the year are available upon 

request. The definitions and methodology in measuring 

annual gross job gains and gross job losses are similar to 

the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all 

predecessor and successor relations that may come about 

due to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring 

over the entire year. At the establishment level, some of the 

quarterly job gains and job losses are offset during the 

- 6 - 
estimation over the year. Therefore, the sum of four 

quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not

equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The 

net change in employment over the year, however, is equal 

to the sum of four quarterly net changes on a not seasonally 

adjusted basis. 

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment 

and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due 

to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced 

or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the 

opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal 

variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated 

by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These 

adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as 

declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For 

example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is 

likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in 

June relative to March, making it difficult to determine if 

the level of economic activity has risen or declined. 

However, because the effect of students finishing school in 

previous years is known, the statistics for the current year 

can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The 

adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to 

analyze changes in economic activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding, 

closing, and contracting units are independently seasonally 

adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the difference 

between gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, for 

industry data, the establishment counts data series for 

opening, expanding, closing, and contracting 

establishments are independently adjusted, and the net 

changes are calculated based on the difference between the 

number of opening and closing establishments. 

Additionally establishment and employment levels are 

independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the 

seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment 

is run using X-12 ARIMA. Seasonally adjusted data series 

for total private are the sum of seasonally adjusted data of 

all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not 

separately published.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing 

the BED component series will differ from the net 

employment change estimated from the seasonally 

adjusted total private employment series from the CES 

program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show the 

dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net 

employment change statistic. As such, data users interested 

particularly in the net employment change and not in the 

gross job flows underlying this change should refer to CES 

data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment 

Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample 

data, there are no issues related to sampling error. 

Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling 

errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer 

submitting corrected employment data after the end of the 

quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when 

providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to 

be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. 

 Changes in administrative data sometimes create 

complications for the linkage process. This can result in 

overstating openings and closings while understating 

expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine 

methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the 

effects of these complications.

 The BED data series are subject to periodic minor 

changes based on corrections in QCEW records, updates 

on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal 

adjustment revisions. 

 Annual revisions are published each year with the 

release of the first quarter data. These revisions cover the 

last four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and 5

years of seasonally adjusted data.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely 

related information. The QCEW program provides both 

quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, 

county, and detailed industry. News releases on quarterly 

county employment and wages and an annual bulletin: 

Employment and Wages Annual Averages, are available 

upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics 

and Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. 

Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 

202-691-6567; (http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: 

QCEWInfo@bls.gov). 

The CES program produces monthly estimates of 

employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed 

industry. These estimates are part of the Employment 

Situation report put out monthly by BLS. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey 

(JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job 

openings, as well as employee hires and separations. 

 Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. 

Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral 

number: 1-800-877-8339.

- 7 - 
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2003 March -393 7,467 5,928 1,539 7,860 6,307 1,553

June -90 7,398 5,929 1,469 7,488 6,030 1,458

September 204 7,392 5,923 1,469 7,188 5,828 1,360

December 297 7,521 6,005 1,516 7,224 5,800 1,424

2004 March 470 7,715 6,204 1,511 7,245 5,795 1,450

June 644 7,754 6,235 1,519 7,110 5,639 1,471

September 206 7,633 6,060 1,573 7,427 5,888 1,539

December 757 7,844 6,243 1,601 7,087 5,663 1,424

2005 March 384 7,620 6,131 1,489 7,236 5,801 1,435

June 593 7,774 6,231 1,543 7,181 5,776 1,405

September 677 7,965 6,387 1,578 7,288 5,844 1,444

December 494 7,807 6,252 1,555 7,313 5,948 1,365

2006 March 874 7,797 6,354 1,443 6,923 5,636 1,287

June 371 7,758 6,246 1,512 7,387 6,015 1,372

September 52 7,499 6,061 1,438 7,447 6,097 1,350

December 455 7,740 6,223 1,517 7,285 5,941 1,344

2007 March 549 7,727 6,297 1,430 7,178 5,881 1,297

June 149 7,632 6,222 1,410 7,483 6,079 1,404

September -252 7,318 5,847 1,471 7,570 6,215 1,355

December 299 7,658 6,196 1,462 7,359 6,012 1,347

2008 March -225 7,246 5,834 1,412 7,471 6,102 1,369

June -578 7,254 5,846 1,408 7,832 6,352 1,480

September -944 6,886 5,523 1,363 7,830 6,448 1,382

December -1,809 6,706 5,354 1,352 8,515 7,034 1,481

2009 March -2,710 5,844 4,655 1,189 8,554 7,132 1,422

June -1,659 6,391 5,088 1,303 8,050 6,667 1,383

September -880 6,340 5,125 1,215 7,220 5,863 1,357

December -229 6,640 5,316 1,324 6,869 5,589 1,280

2010 March -262 6,256 5,086 1,170 6,518 5,313 1,205

June 715 6,966 5,684 1,282 6,251 5,086 1,165

September 210 6,675 5,423 1,252 6,465 5,240 1,225

December 591 7,015 5,642 1,373 6,424 5,202 1,222

2011 March 296 6,448 5,278 1,170 6,152 5,015 1,137

June 602 6,940 5,642 1,298 6,338 5,108 1,230

September 819 7,144 5,785 1,359 6,325 5,181 1,144

December 368 6,896 5,549 1,347 6,528 5,250 1,278

2012 March 847 6,946 5,702 1,244 6,099 4,995 1,104

June 613 7,027 5,738 1,289 6,414 5,259 1,155

September 233 6,847 5,552 1,295 6,614 5,436 1,178

December 709 7,110 5,769 1,341 6,401 5,199 1,202

2013 March 914 7,200 5,623 1,577 6,286 5,136 1,150

June 666 7,143 5,839 1,304 6,477 5,267 1,210

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change 1
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1

 seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2003 March -.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5

June .0 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.0 5.6 1.4

September .1 6.9 5.5 1.4 6.8 5.5 1.3

December .3 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3

2004 March .5 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.7 5.4 1.3

June .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.2 1.4

September .3 7.1 5.6 1.5 6.8 5.4 1.4

December .7 7.2 5.7 1.5 6.5 5.2 1.3

2005 March .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3

June .6 7.1 5.7 1.4 6.5 5.2 1.3

September .6 7.2 5.8 1.4 6.6 5.3 1.3

December .4 7.0 5.6 1.4 6.6 5.4 1.2

2006 March .9 7.0 5.7 1.3 6.1 5.0 1.1

June .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

September .1 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.6 5.4 1.2

December .3 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

2007 March .5 6.8 5.5 1.3 6.3 5.2 1.1

June .2 6.7 5.5 1.2 6.5 5.3 1.2

September -.3 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.7 5.5 1.2

December .2 6.7 5.4 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

2008 March -.3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2

June -.6 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.9 5.6 1.3

September -.8 6.1 4.9 1.2 6.9 5.7 1.2

December -1.6 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.6 6.3 1.3

2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3

June -1.6 5.9 4.7 1.2 7.5 6.2 1.3

September -.9 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.8 5.5 1.3

December -.2 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

2010 March -.2 5.9 4.8 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1

June .7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

September .2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2

December .6 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.0 4.9 1.1

2011 March .2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1

June .6 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

September .8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1

December .3 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.0 4.8 1.2

2012 March .7 6.3 5.2 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0

June .5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

September .2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1

December .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2013 March .8 6.4 5.0 1.4 5.6 4.6 1.0

June .6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. 

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change 2
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June

2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013

Total private 1

Gross job gains ........................... 7,027 6,847 7,110 7,200 7,143 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4

At expanding establishments ...... 5,738 5,552 5,769 5,623 5,839 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.2

At opening establishments ......... 1,289 1,295 1,341 1,577 1,304 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2

Gross job losses ........................ 6,414 6,614 6,401 6,286 6,477 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.8

At contracting establishments ...... 5,259 5,436 5,199 5,136 5,267 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.7

At closing establishments ............ 1,155 1,178 1,202 1,150 1,210 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

Net employment change .............. 613 233 709 914 666 .5 .2 .6 .8 .6

Goods-producing

Gross job gains ........................... 1,396 1,338 1,359 1,345 1,370 7.2 6.9 7.0 6.8 6.9

At expanding establishments ...... 1,188 1,129 1,147 1,151 1,165 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.9

At opening establishments ......... 208 209 212 194 205 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0

Gross job losses ........................ 1,302 1,301 1,315 1,224 1,273 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.2 6.4

At contracting establishments ...... 1,087 1,090 1,097 1,020 1,067 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.2 5.4

At closing establishments ............ 215 211 218 204 206 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0

Net employment change .............. 94 37 44 121 97 .5 .2 .3 .6 .5

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains ........................... 300 277 279 277 287 15.1 14.0 14.0 13.7 14.2

At expanding establishments ...... 259 236 238 238 249 13.0 11.9 11.9 11.8 12.3

At opening establishments ......... 41 41 41 39 38 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9

Gross job losses ........................ 293 276 288 250 272 14.8 13.9 14.4 12.4 13.4

At contracting establishments ...... 252 240 250 214 235 12.7 12.1 12.5 10.6 11.6

At closing establishments ............ 41 36 38 36 37 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8

Net employment change .............. 7 1 -9 27 15 .3 .1 -.4 1.3 .8

Construction

Gross job gains ........................... 641 648 667 674 661 11.5 11.6 11.9 11.7 11.4

At expanding establishments ...... 512 516 534 553 534 9.2 9.2 9.5 9.6 9.2

At opening establishments ......... 129 132 133 121 127 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.1 2.2

Gross job losses ........................ 639 614 604 600 616 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.5 10.6

At contracting establishments ...... 510 484 474 476 494 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.3 8.5

At closing establishments ............ 129 130 130 124 122 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.1

Net employment change .............. 2 34 63 74 45 .1 .6 1.2 1.2 .8

Manufacturing

Gross job gains ........................... 455 413 413 394 422 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.5

At expanding establishments ...... 417 377 375 360 382 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.2

At opening establishments ......... 38 36 38 34 40 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3

Gross job losses ........................ 370 411 423 374 385 3.1 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.2

At contracting establishments ...... 325 366 373 330 338 2.7 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.8

At closing establishments ............ 45 45 50 44 47 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4

Net employment change .............. 85 2 -10 20 37 .7 .0 -.1 .1 .3

Service-providing 1

Gross job gains ........................... 5,631 5,509 5,751 5,855 5,773 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.2

At expanding establishments ...... 4,550 4,423 4,622 4,472 4,674 5.0 4.9 5.1 4.9 5.0

At opening establishments ......... 1,081 1,086 1,129 1,383 1,099 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.2

Gross job losses ........................ 5,112 5,313 5,086 5,062 5,204 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.6

At contracting establishments ...... 4,172 4,346 4,102 4,116 4,200 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.5 4.5

At closing establishments ............ 940 967 984 946 1,004 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1

Net employment change .............. 519 196 665 793 569 .6 .2 .7 .9 .6

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains ........................... 287 267 280 273 288 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.8 5.0

At expanding establishments ...... 236 217 227 227 237 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.1

At opening establishments ......... 51 50 53 46 51 .9 .9 .9 .8 .9

Gross job losses ........................ 252 262 257 251 253 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.4

At contracting establishments ...... 195 208 200 194 199 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5

At closing establishments ............ 57 54 57 57 54 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9

Net employment change .............. 35 5 23 22 35 .7 .0 .4 .4 .6

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June

2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013

Retail trade

Gross job gains ........................... 896 848 921 895 946 6.0 5.6 6.2 6.0 6.3

At expanding establishments ...... 760 708 788 777 816 5.1 4.7 5.3 5.2 5.4

At opening establishments ......... 136 140 133 118 130 .9 .9 .9 .8 .9

Gross job losses ........................ 819 875 829 874 768 5.5 5.8 5.6 5.8 5.1

At contracting establishments ...... 716 764 710 768 664 4.8 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.4

At closing establishments ............ 103 111 119 106 104 .7 .7 .8 .7 .7

Net employment change .............. 77 -27 92 21 178 .5 -.2 .6 .2 1.2

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains ........................... 220 221 263 207 219 5.3 5.3 6.3 4.9 5.2

At expanding establishments ...... 187 189 231 177 185 4.5 4.5 5.5 4.2 4.4

At opening establishments ......... 33 32 32 30 34 .8 .8 .8 .7 .8

Gross job losses ........................ 201 208 211 236 210 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.5 5.0

At contracting establishments ...... 168 174 173 205 177 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.8 4.2

At closing establishments ............ 33 34 38 31 33 .8 .8 .9 .7 .8

Net employment change .............. 19 13 52 -29 9 .5 .3 1.3 -.6 .2

Utilities

Gross job gains ........................... 11 12 14 10 14 2.0 2.2 2.6 1.8 2.6

At expanding establishments ...... 10 10 12 9 12 1.8 1.8 2.2 1.6 2.2

At opening establishments ......... 1 2 2 1 2 .2 .4 .4 .2 .4

Gross job losses ........................ 13 13 12 11 14 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.6

At contracting establishments ...... 12 12 11 10 13 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.8 2.4

At closing establishments ............ 1 1 1 1 1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2

Net employment change .............. -2 -1 2 -1 0 -.4 -.2 .4 -.2 .0

 Information

Gross job gains ........................... 123 129 141 114 134 4.6 4.8 5.2 4.2 4.9

At expanding establishments ...... 105 108 116 97 114 3.9 4.0 4.3 3.6 4.2

At opening establishments ......... 18 21 25 17 20 .7 .8 .9 .6 .7

Gross job losses ........................ 126 140 121 119 125 4.7 5.2 4.5 4.4 4.6

At contracting establishments ...... 104 118 96 99 101 3.9 4.4 3.6 3.7 3.7

At closing establishments ............ 22 22 25 20 24 .8 .8 .9 .7 .9

Net employment change .............. -3 -11 20 -5 9 -.1 -.4 .7 -.2 .3

Financial activities

Gross job gains ........................... 360 354 376 346 365 4.8 4.7 5.0 4.5 4.8

At expanding establishments ...... 291 285 293 282 296 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.9

At opening establishments ......... 69 69 83 64 69 .9 .9 1.1 .8 .9

Gross job losses ........................ 330 333 326 325 328 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4

At contracting establishments ...... 255 262 251 250 255 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4

At closing establishments ............ 75 71 75 75 73 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0

Net employment change .............. 30 21 50 21 37 .4 .3 .7 .2 .4

Professional and business services

Gross job gains ........................... 1,362 1,325 1,403 1,255 1,358 7.6 7.4 7.8 6.9 7.3

At expanding establishments ...... 1,111 1,080 1,132 1,035 1,112 6.2 6.0 6.3 5.7 6.0

At opening establishments ......... 251 245 271 220 246 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.3

Gross job losses ........................ 1,215 1,256 1,229 1,179 1,261 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.4 6.8

At contracting establishments ...... 959 1,003 977 940 995 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.4

At closing establishments ............ 256 253 252 239 266 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

Net employment change .............. 147 69 174 76 97 .8 .4 1.0 .5 .5

Education and health services

Gross job gains ........................... 799 840 836 1,200 838 4.1 4.3 4.3 6.0 4.1

At expanding establishments ...... 677 708 701 681 689 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4

At opening establishments ......... 122 132 135 519 149 .6 .7 .7 2.6 .7

Gross job losses ........................ 768 746 717 743 848 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7 4.2

At contracting establishments ...... 644 618 590 600 673 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.3

At closing establishments ............ 124 128 127 143 175 .6 .7 .6 .7 .9

Net employment change .............. 31 94 119 457 -10 .2 .4 .7 2.3 -.1

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June

2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013

 Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains ........................... 1,212 1,162 1,176 1,202 1,245 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.8

At expanding establishments ...... 935 891 904 958 978 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.9

At opening establishments ......... 277 271 272 244 267 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.9

Gross job losses ........................ 1,102 1,169 1,091 1,038 1,107 8.0 8.5 7.8 7.4 7.8

At contracting establishments ...... 908 960 881 844 909 6.6 7.0 6.3 6.0 6.4

At closing establishments ............ 194 209 210 194 198 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4

Net employment change .............. 110 -7 85 164 138 .8 .0 .7 1.1 1.0

 Other services

Gross job gains ........................... 290 275 269 272 285 7.6 7.2 7.0 7.1 7.4

At expanding establishments ...... 230 218 209 218 227 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.9

At opening establishments ......... 60 57 60 54 58 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5

Gross job losses ........................ 259 281 266 256 265 6.7 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.9

At contracting establishments ...... 204 219 207 199 208 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.4

At closing establishments ............ 55 62 59 57 57 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5

Net employment change .............. 31 -6 3 16 20 .9 -.1 .1 .4 .5

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

gains losses gains losses gains losses gains losses

2003 March -326 6,112 6,438 -135 3,257 3,392 -56 1,127 1,183 -135 1,728 1,863

June -137 6,108 6,245 112 3,346 3,234 -26 1,133 1,159 -223 1,629 1,852

September 193 6,162 5,969 120 3,327 3,207 21 1,127 1,106 52 1,708 1,656

December 310 6,218 5,908 146 3,340 3,194 32 1,128 1,096 132 1,750 1,618

2004 March 430 6,306 5,876 153 3,392 3,239 137 1,194 1,057 140 1,720 1,580

June 621 6,471 5,850 169 3,387 3,218 141 1,196 1,055 311 1,888 1,577

September 197 6,243 6,046 88 3,379 3,291 88 1,175 1,087 21 1,689 1,668

December 759 6,494 5,735 274 3,480 3,206 101 1,172 1,071 384 1,842 1,458

2005 March 368 6,320 5,952 66 3,416 3,350 97 1,161 1,064 205 1,743 1,538

June 570 6,435 5,865 243 3,476 3,233 146 1,198 1,052 181 1,761 1,580

September 701 6,672 5,971 218 3,510 3,292 85 1,195 1,110 398 1,967 1,569

December 506 6,406 5,900 169 3,462 3,293 45 1,140 1,095 292 1,804 1,512

2006 March 788 6,433 5,645 334 3,547 3,213 222 1,213 991 232 1,673 1,441

June 375 6,349 5,974 117 3,434 3,317 110 1,190 1,080 148 1,725 1,577

September 43 6,103 6,060 -14 3,329 3,343 27 1,127 1,100 30 1,647 1,617

December 447 6,375 5,928 117 3,393 3,276 74 1,147 1,073 256 1,835 1,579

2007 March 466 6,300 5,834 189 3,451 3,262 99 1,153 1,054 178 1,696 1,518

June 174 6,256 6,082 -31 3,337 3,368 108 1,180 1,072 97 1,739 1,642

September -269 5,891 6,160 -132 3,252 3,384 -53 1,073 1,126 -84 1,566 1,650

December 298 6,254 5,956 8 3,315 3,307 63 1,140 1,077 227 1,799 1,572

2008 March -290 5,806 6,096 -154 3,228 3,382 -14 1,073 1,087 -122 1,505 1,627

June -548 5,855 6,403 -284 3,179 3,463 -41 1,095 1,136 -223 1,581 1,804

September -999 5,498 6,497 -346 3,047 3,393 -151 1,015 1,166 -502 1,436 1,938

December -1,869 5,338 7,207 -695 2,907 3,602 -374 948 1,322 -800 1,483 2,283

2009 March -2,664 4,578 7,242 -983 2,715 3,698 -615 806 1,421 -1,066 1,057 2,123

June -1,764 5,170 6,934 -472 2,951 3,423 -277 954 1,231 -1,015 1,265 2,280

September -940 5,134 6,074 -374 2,821 3,195 -118 928 1,046 -448 1,385 1,833

December -289 5,405 5,694 -162 2,938 3,100 -43 964 1,007 -84 1,503 1,587

2010 March -240 5,093 5,333 -198 2,855 3,053 -3 909 912 -39 1,329 1,368

June 692 5,815 5,123 238 3,097 2,859 209 1,076 867 245 1,642 1,397

September 188 5,490 5,302 23 2,939 2,916 79 994 915 86 1,557 1,471

December 519 5,786 5,267 85 3,047 2,962 95 1,035 940 339 1,704 1,365

2011 March 313 5,334 5,021 93 2,968 2,875 118 963 845 102 1,403 1,301

June 548 5,758 5,210 196 3,078 2,882 176 1,069 893 176 1,611 1,435

September 823 5,943 5,120 259 3,123 2,864 161 1,061 900 403 1,759 1,356

December 321 5,612 5,291 39 2,967 2,928 45 987 942 237 1,658 1,421

2012 March 846 5,761 4,915 385 3,157 2,772 217 1,047 830 244 1,557 1,313

June 604 5,825 5,221 178 3,042 2,864 167 1,082 915 259 1,701 1,442

September 213 5,565 5,352 49 2,950 2,901 44 1,002 958 120 1,613 1,493

December 637 5,766 5,129 169 3,014 2,845 90 1,012 922 378 1,740 1,362

2013 March 1,198 6,302 5,104 281 3,098 2,817 156 1,021 865 761 2,183 1,422

June 643 5,911 5,268 217 3,064 2,847 143 1,079 936 283 1,768 1,485

NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data

Net 

change

Gross job

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

3 Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment.

Year 3 months ended

Total private by firm1 Firm size 1 - 49 employees

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains 

and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more

Net 

change2,3

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June

2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013

Total private by firm 1

Gross job gains ........................ 5,825 5,565 5,766 6,302 5,911 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.6 5.3

At expanding firms ............... 4,925 4,670 4,840 5,365 5,039 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.8 4.5

At opening firms .................. 900 895 926 937 872 .8 .8 .8 .8 .8

Gross job losses ..................... 5,221 5,352 5,129 5,104 5,268 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.6

At contracting firms ............... 4,393 4,515 4,282 4,251 4,444 4.0 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.9

At closing firms ................... 828 837 847 853 824 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7

Net employment change ............ 604 213 637 1,198 643 .5 .1 .5 1.0 .7

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains ........................ 3,042 2,950 3,014 3,098 3,064 9.6 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.6

At expanding firms ............... 2,185 2,099 2,124 2,194 2,232 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.0

At opening firms .................. 857 851 890 904 832 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.6

Gross job losses ..................... 2,864 2,901 2,845 2,817 2,847 9.0 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.8

At contracting firms ............... 2,070 2,100 2,040 2,002 2,064 6.5 6.6 6.4 6.3 6.4

At closing firms ................... 794 801 805 815 783 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4

Net employment change ............ 178 49 169 281 217 .6 .2 .6 .9 .8

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains ........................ 1,082 1,002 1,012 1,021 1,079 5.3 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.3

At expanding firms ............... 1,046 966 979 991 1,044 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.1

At opening firms .................. 36 36 33 30 35 .2 .2 .2 .1 .2

Gross job losses ..................... 915 958 922 865 936 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.6

At contracting firms ............... 887 929 888 833 905 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.4

At closing firms ................... 28 29 34 32 31 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2

Net employment change ............ 167 44 90 156 143 .8 .3 .4 .6 .7

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains ........................ 1,701 1,613 1,740 2,183 1,768 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.7 2.9

At expanding firms ............... 1,694 1,605 1,737 2,180 1,763 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.7 2.9

At opening firms .................. 7 8 3 3 5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

Gross job losses ..................... 1,442 1,493 1,362 1,422 1,485 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5

At contracting firms ............... 1,436 1,486 1,354 1,416 1,475 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5

At closing firms ................... 6 7 8 6 10 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

Net employment change ............ 259 120 378 761 283 .4 .3 .7 1.3 .4

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and 

losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June

2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013

United States 1 ............ 7,027,000 6,847,000 7,110,000 7,200,000 7,143,000 6,414,000 6,614,000 6,401,000 6,286,000 6,477,000

Alabama .................. 86,636 83,851 85,704 89,056 87,744 82,955 83,306 80,669 80,275 82,081

Alaska ..................... 27,530 22,445 24,240 26,662 26,706 23,495 25,672 25,260 23,917 25,115

Arizona .................. 128,793 135,745 142,500 128,935 129,196 125,041 117,227 119,631 121,218 126,066

Arkansas .................. 52,314 51,668 56,703 54,198 48,982 53,856 57,464 50,392 52,714 55,245

California .................. 894,003 844,915 919,234 1,149,953 913,484 776,483 795,400 774,546 756,150 834,318

Colorado .................. 136,640 131,864 134,421 135,946 137,839 118,410 123,134 117,054 120,012 120,105

Connecticut ............... 75,561 72,837 75,395 70,949 78,215 68,910 75,227 71,198 72,020 67,043

Delaware .................. 21,869 21,192 23,491 22,621 22,484 22,030 21,369 19,541 20,532 20,386

District of Columbia ... 27,380 27,410 31,906 27,106 29,043 25,248 28,636 25,818 25,558 26,928

Florida ..................... 431,131 457,853 455,616 425,622 461,241 395,664 423,743 399,755 383,394 409,372

Georgia .................. 209,942 201,628 217,427 212,850 216,172 196,142 198,881 188,763 186,171 200,027

Hawaii ..................... 27,415 27,160 26,609 25,203 25,642 23,961 22,743 20,912 23,670 25,689

Idaho ..................... 40,455 41,233 40,125 41,579 41,461 37,818 35,434 36,684 36,854 38,558

Illinois ..................... 265,911 271,148 258,830 268,730 283,705 243,549 263,946 251,875 265,334 261,498

Indiana ..................... 141,219 138,626 143,227 136,368 139,661 132,146 133,678 130,952 130,034 129,407

Iowa ........................ 71,500 70,809 71,392 72,607 75,237 64,753 68,605 68,038 66,921 67,017

Kansas ..................... 64,309 60,448 67,871 61,140 67,481 61,195 64,860 58,658 59,438 60,483

Kentucky .................. 88,382 83,055 93,554 84,328 85,477 80,246 85,735 80,606 84,243 81,754

Louisiana .................. 103,796 101,975 107,395 104,541 98,313 105,425 102,711 91,414 94,234 99,533

Maine ..................... 38,534 32,673 34,238 32,143 39,249 33,537 35,673 36,486 34,202 31,139

Maryland .................. 128,774 128,971 129,764 126,945 126,893 121,718 128,148 127,138 118,295 125,056

Massachusetts ............ 164,755 149,438 151,216 175,505 173,757 137,124 155,111 148,085 138,023 142,775

Michigan .................. 207,062 207,299 205,504 207,947 217,038 192,021 197,226 183,401 171,542 200,728

Minnesota ............... 138,414 136,191 134,577 137,595 141,183 121,959 128,083 130,799 120,381 122,226

Mississippi ............... 50,119 53,633 57,216 49,609 49,612 55,578 52,107 51,673 47,175 51,657

Missouri .................. 133,660 127,233 138,250 142,864 131,513 134,163 128,691 122,509 122,171 119,004

Montana .................. 28,856 27,400 29,068 28,651 28,546 26,533 25,705 27,260 26,427 27,473

Nebraska .................. 43,558 42,551 44,816 45,864 45,752 39,222 41,491 39,881 40,939 43,811

Nevada ..................... 62,766 58,249 60,294 62,843 66,018 53,406 57,228 56,082 53,767 55,959

New Hampshire ......... 37,456 34,114 34,580 33,735 36,200 33,920 36,227 34,128 32,155 31,552

New Jersey ............... 209,311 197,518 203,835 202,206 213,505 189,291 202,355 198,718 187,276 181,131

New Mexico ............ 40,507 38,580 44,250 37,762 40,791 41,590 39,230 37,406 39,187 40,789

New York ............... 466,207 454,607 466,748 456,587 472,820 429,311 443,564 440,756 429,494 426,420

North Carolina ............ 205,622 202,081 211,726 196,443 207,942 196,910 193,077 190,051 184,492 189,804

North Dakota ............ 26,806 28,903 29,218 29,398 25,853 22,207 25,009 23,917 23,359 28,021

Ohio ........................ 253,914 241,581 263,759 256,737 274,779 229,793 250,160 238,558 244,972 234,133

Oklahoma ............... 76,079 73,753 82,091 72,957 75,621 68,331 73,607 68,685 74,768 70,293

Oregon ..................... 94,439 97,220 95,654 99,441 99,417 89,229 86,297 91,054 84,487 85,962

Pennsylvania ............ 264,855 264,397 265,032 268,272 262,901 266,763 266,195 252,649 262,407 252,075

Rhode Island ............ 25,079 23,706 24,574 24,360 25,911 23,337 24,729 23,675 23,094 22,672

South Carolina ............ 89,273 85,519 97,458 87,131 95,628 86,862 87,308 79,795 83,845 82,252

South Dakota ............ 22,284 21,046 20,959 20,848 21,611 20,663 20,682 20,519 20,553 19,329

Tennessee ............... 134,381 124,873 138,078 123,145 127,303 125,736 124,155 114,673 116,749 121,662

Texas ..................... 549,198 532,447 553,932 537,115 530,372 458,036 473,461 450,359 465,576 464,465

Utah ........................ 71,874 68,688 74,490 75,396 72,630 60,288 61,913 61,715 64,502 67,465

Vermont .................. 18,231 17,200 18,800 17,248 18,264 17,602 17,307 17,530 16,860 19,400

Virginia .................. 169,738 186,995 177,043 165,555 165,372 168,085 179,241 165,510 159,740 164,084

Washington ............... 173,163 163,111 166,655 204,649 177,515 148,738 153,439 153,804 148,789 148,500

West Virginia ............ 36,043 36,427 36,002 35,950 34,375 40,260 38,609 36,604 34,714 37,260

Wisconsin ............... 133,444 125,268 131,552 125,586 134,838 120,808 127,601 122,830 120,242 124,587

Wyoming .................. 17,401 18,081 20,277 18,617 18,151 19,123 18,364 17,704 18,333 19,316

Puerto Rico ............... 46,152 42,434 46,915 38,510 40,549 38,353 43,922 40,722 43,762 42,254

Virgin Islands ............ 1,843 1,512 1,981 1,570 1,419 4,106 2,173 1,599 1,819 1,819

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains Gross job losses

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

June Sept. Dec. Mar. June June Sept. Dec. Mar. June

2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013

United States .......................... 6.4 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.8

Alabama ............................. 5.9 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.5

Alaska ................................. 11.1 9.0 9.8 10.7 10.6 9.4 10.3 10.1 9.6 10.0

Arizona ............................... 6.3 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1

Arkansas .............................. 5.5 5.5 6.0 5.7 5.2 5.7 6.1 5.3 5.5 5.8

California .............................. 7.2 6.8 7.4 9.0 7.0 6.3 6.4 6.2 5.9 6.4

Colorado .............................. 7.3 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.3 6.5 6.2 6.2 6.1

Connecticut ......................... 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.6 4.9 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.8

Delaware .............................. 6.4 6.2 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.8

District of Columbia ............... 5.8 5.8 6.8 5.7 6.1 5.3 6.1 5.5 5.4 5.6

Florida ................................. 6.9 7.3 7.1 6.7 7.1 6.3 6.7 6.3 6.0 6.3

Georgia .............................. 6.6 6.4 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.1 6.2 5.9 5.7 6.2

Hawaii ............................... 5.7 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.8 5.2

Idaho .................................... 8.0 8.2 7.9 8.1 8.0 7.5 7.0 7.2 7.2 7.5

Illinois ................................ 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.0 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.3

Indiana ............................... 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3

Iowa .................................... 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.0 5.2 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.4

Kansas ................................. 6.0 5.6 6.3 5.6 6.2 5.7 6.1 5.4 5.5 5.5

Kentucky .............................. 6.1 5.7 6.5 5.8 5.8 5.5 5.9 5.5 5.8 5.6

Louisiana .............................. 6.7 6.6 7.0 6.7 6.2 6.9 6.7 5.9 6.1 6.3

Maine ................................... 7.9 6.7 7.0 6.7 8.1 6.9 7.3 7.5 7.0 6.4

Maryland ............................. 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.0 6.3 6.3 5.8 6.1

Massachusetts ....................... 5.9 5.3 5.4 6.2 6.1 4.9 5.6 5.3 4.9 5.0

Michigan ............................. 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.7 5.9 5.4 5.0 5.8

Minnesota ........................... 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.2 5.2

Mississippi ........................... 5.9 6.4 6.8 5.9 5.8 6.5 6.2 6.1 5.5 6.0

Missouri .............................. 6.1 5.9 6.4 6.5 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.4

Montana ............................... 8.3 7.9 8.3 8.1 8.0 7.6 7.3 7.8 7.4 7.7

Nebraska .............................. 5.7 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.4 5.7

Nevada ............................... 6.4 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.6 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.5

New Hampshire ..................... 7.1 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.8 6.4 6.9 6.4 6.1 5.9

New Jersey ........................... 6.5 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.6 5.9 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.6

New Mexico ........................ 6.7 6.4 7.4 6.2 6.7 6.9 6.6 6.2 6.5 6.8

New York ........................... 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.0 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.8

North Carolina ........................ 6.4 6.3 6.5 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.8

North Dakota ........................ 7.9 8.3 8.3 8.3 7.2 6.5 7.2 6.8 6.6 7.9

Ohio .................................... 5.8 5.6 6.1 5.9 6.2 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.6 5.3

Oklahoma ........................... 6.3 6.1 6.7 6.0 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.6 6.0 5.7

Oregon ................................. 6.9 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.1 6.6 6.4 6.6 6.1 6.2

Pennsylvania ........................ 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.2

Rhode Island ........................ 6.4 6.0 6.3 6.1 6.5 5.9 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.7

South Carolina ........................ 6.1 5.8 6.6 5.8 6.3 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.5

South Dakota ........................ 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.8

Tennessee ........................... 6.0 5.6 6.1 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.1 5.1 5.4

Texas ................................. 6.2 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 5.0

Utah .................................... 7.2 6.9 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.5

Vermont .............................. 7.4 7.0 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.1 7.0 7.1 6.7 7.8

Virginia .............................. 5.8 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.5 5.6

Washington ........................... 7.4 7.0 7.1 8.6 7.3 6.4 6.6 6.5 6.2 6.1

West Virginia ........................ 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.1 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.1 6.6

Wisconsin ........................... 5.8 5.4 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.4

Wyoming .............................. 8.2 8.6 9.5 8.7 8.5 9.0 8.7 8.4 8.5 9.0

Puerto Rico ........................... 6.8 6.2 6.8 5.6 5.9 5.6 6.3 5.9 6.4 6.2

Virgin Islands ........................ 6.2 5.3 7.0 5.6 5.0 13.9 7.7 5.6 6.5 6.5

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

(Levels in thousands)

Level Rate 2 Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate

2003 March 193 3.0 186 2.9 1,004 .9 1,011 .9

June 191 3.0 186 2.9 964 .9 951 .9

September 193 3.0 179 2.8 954 .9 884 .8

December 200 3.1 180 2.8 998 .9 910 .9

2004 March 207 3.2 180 2.8 1,000 .9 917 .9

June 203 3.1 185 2.8 980 .9 909 .8

September 209 3.2 186 2.8 1,016 .9 953 .9

December 210 3.2 180 2.7 997 .9 894 .8

2005 March 209 3.1 185 2.8 944 .9 852 .8

June 216 3.2 180 2.7 951 .9 841 .8

September 221 3.3 186 2.8 996 .9 884 .8

December 221 3.3 186 2.8 979 .9 846 .8

2006 March 220 3.2 180 2.6 924 .8 748 .7

June 221 3.2 194 2.8 973 .9 841 .7

September 210 3.1 196 2.9 927 .8 836 .7

December 221 3.2 194 2.8 959 .8 804 .7

2007 March 214 3.1 193 2.8 897 .8 771 .7

June 206 3.0 202 2.9 884 .8 850 .7

September 216 3.1 203 2.9 941 .8 836 .7

December 208 3.0 206 2.9 902 .8 825 .7

2008 March 207C 3.0C 211C 3.0C 900C .8C 817C .7C

June 202C 2.9C 228C 3.3C 873C .8C 934C .8C

September 191C 2.7C 223C 3.2C 826C .7C 877C .8C

December 187C 2.7C 238C 3.4C 798C .7C 941C .8C

2009 March 172C 2.5C 236C 3.4C 705C .6C 851C .8C

June 178C 2.6C 226C 3.3C 743C .7C 830C .8C

September 169C 2.5C 216C 3.2C 692C .7C 785C .7C

December 183C 2.7C 199C 2.9C 712C .7C 730C .7C

2010 March 175C 2.6C 195C 2.9C 688C .7C 671C .6C

June 179C 2.7C 185C 2.7C 713C .7C 650C .6C

September 187C 2.8C 189C 2.8C 741C .7C 694C .7C

December 200C 2.9C 186C 2.7C 787C .7C 688C .6C

2011 March 189C 2.8C 184C 2.7C 698C .7C 615C .6C

June 192C 2.8C 190C 2.8C 749C .7C 677C .6C

September 199C 2.9C 187C 2.7C 788C .7C 673C .6C

December 202C 2.9C 191C 2.8C 801C .7C 749C .7C

2012 March 201C 2.9C 181C 2.6C 748C .7C 604C .6C

June 197C 2.9C 184C 2.7C 778C .7C 666C .6C

September 201C 2.9C 185 2.7 796C .7C 684 .6

December 201C 2.9C N/A N/A 795C .7C N/A N/A

2013 March 578 8.0 N/A N/A 1,067 1.0 N/A N/A

June 226 3.0 N/A N/A 777 .7 N/A N/A

1 Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note for more information.

2 The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.

C Corrected

Year 3 months ended

Number of Establishments Employment

Births Deaths 1 Births Deaths