1

Technical information: (202) 691-6467

 http://www.bls.gov/bdm/

Media contact: 691-5902

USDL 04-82

For release: 10:00 A.M. EST

Wednesday, January 28, 2004

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS: SECOND QUARTER 2003

From March to June 2003, the number of job gains from opening and expanding establishments was

7.5 million, and the number of job losses from closing and contracting establishments was 7.7 million,

according to preliminary data released today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of

Labor. Expanding and contracting establishments accounted for most of the jobs gained and lost. (See

charts 1 and 2.)

The change in the employment level over time is the net result of gross job gains and gross job losses

that occur at establishments throughout the economy. Business Employment Dynamics statistics track these

changes in employment at private business establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third

month of the next. In this data series, gross job gains are defined as increases in employment resulting from

expansions of employment at existing establishments or from the opening of establishments. Gross job losses

are defined as declines in employment at existing establishments or from the closing of establishments. The

difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in

employment.

The data series on Business Employment Dynamics are derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), also known as the ES-202 program. This program is a quarterly census of

all establishments covered under state and federal unemployment insurance programs, representing about

98 percent of employment on nonfarm payrolls.
2

June 2002 Sept. 2002 Dec. 2002 Mar. 2003 June 2003

Gross job gains ........................................ 8,010 7,922 7,746 7,441 7,510

 At expanding establishments ........... 6,223 6,208 6,114 5,904 5,988

 At opening establishments .............. 1,787 1,714 1,632 1,537 1,522

Gross job losses ....................................... 8,091 7,851 7,816 7,919 7,690

 At contracting establishments ......... 6,372 6,257 6,189 6,361 6,140

 At closing establishments ................ 1,719 1,594 1,627 1,558 1,550

Net employment change ......................... -81 71 -70 -478 -180

 3 months ended

(In thousands)

Category

Table A. 3-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

1

1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical

Note for further information.

Table B. 3-month private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, seasonally adjusted

 June 2002 Sept. 2002 Dec. 2002 Mar. 2003 June 2003

Gross job gains ......................................... 7.5 7.4 7.2 6.9 7.0

 At expanding establishments ............ 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.5 5.6

 At opening establishments ............... 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4

Gross job losses ........................................ 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.3

 At contracting establishments .......... 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.8

 At closing establishments ................. 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

Net employment change .......................... 0.0 0.1 -0.1 -0.5 -0.3

 Category

3 months ended

(Percent)

1

 1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical

 Note for further information.

Trends in Gross Job Gains and Job Losses

Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 7.5 million jobs in the second

quarter of 2003, or 69,000 more than in the first quarter of 2003. This is the first over-the-quarter increase

in gross job gains since the first quarter of 2002. Over the quarter, expanding establishments added 6.0

million jobs, while opening establishments added 1.5 million.

Gross job losses totaled 7.7 million in the second quarter of 2003, 229,000 fewer than in the first quarter

of 2003. This is a return to the downward trend in gross job losses that was interrupted by a slight increase

in the first quarter. In the second quarter of 2003, contracting establishments lost 6.1 million jobs, while

closing establishments accounted for a loss of 1.6 million jobs. (See table A and chart 2.)

Rates of Gross Job Gains and Gross Job Losses

From March to June 2003, gross job gains represented 7.0 percent of private sector employment, while

gross job losses represented 7.3 percent of private sector employment. (See chart 3 and table B.) These

gross job gain and loss statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter.
3

 Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, seasonally adjusted

June 2002 Sept. 2002 Dec. 2002 Mar. 2003 June 2003

 Establishments gaining jobs ................... 1,794 1,805 1,798 1,756 1,783

 Expanding establishments ................... 1,447 1,460 1,453 1,420 1,451

 Opening establishments ....................... 347 345 345 336 332

 Establishments losing jobs...................... 1,825 1,781 1,809 1,859 1,802

 Contracting establishments ................. 1,484 1,474 1,476 1,519 1,465

 Closing establishments ........................ 341 307 333 340 337

 Net establishment change .......................

 (In thousands)

 3 months ended

Category

1

1 The net establishment change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of

closing establishments. See the Technical Note for further information.

6 38 12 -4 -5

Number of Establishments Gaining and Losing Employment

Out of 6.4 million active private sector establishments, a total of 1.8 million establishments gained jobs

from March to June 2003. (See table C.) Of these, 1.5 million were expanding establishments and 332,000

were opening establishments. During the second quarter of 2003, 1.8 million establishments lost jobs. Of

these, 1.5 million were contracting establishments and 337,000 were closing establishments. The statistics

from tables A and C indicate that the average expanding establishment added 4.1 jobs during the quarter and

the average contracting establishment lost 4.2 jobs during the quarter.
4

More Information

For updates of the Business Employment Dynamics series, please refer to the BLS Web site at

http://www.bls.gov. For more information, please see the Technical Note of this release or the Business

Employment Dynamics Web page at the BLS Web site http://www.bls.gov/bdm. Additional information

about the Business Employment Dynamics data may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov.

Comparing Business Employment Dynamics Data with Current Employment

Statistics and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages Data

The net change in employment from Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data series will

not match the net change in employment from the monthly Current Employment Statistics (CES)

survey. The CES estimates are based on monthly surveys from a sample of establishments,

while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly census of administrative

records. In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding the agriculture sector but

including establishments not covered by the unemployment insurance program. The net overthe-quarter changes derived by aggregating component series in the BED data may be different

from the net employment change estimated from the CES seasonally adjusted total employment

series. The intended use of the BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market flows that

underlie the net changes in aggregate employment levels; data users who want to track net

changes in aggregate employment levels over time should refer to CES data.

BED data have a more limited scope than the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

(QCEW) data. The data in this release, in contrast to QCEW data, exclude government employees, private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero employment. See

the Technical Note for further information.
Technical Note

Source Count of UI administrative records Count of longitudinally-linked UI Sample survey: 400,000 employers

submitted by 8.2 million employers administrative records submitted by

6.4 million private sector employers

Coverage UI and UCFE coverage, including UI coverage, excluding govern- Nonfarm wage and salary jobs:

all employers subject to state and ment, private households, and estab- UI coverage, excluding agriculture,

federal UI laws lishments with zero employment private households, and self-employed

Other employment, including railroads, religious organizations, and

other non-UI-covered jobs

Publication Quarterly Quarterly Monthly

frequency - 7 months after the end of each - 8 months after the end of each - Usually first Friday of following

quarter quarter month

Use of UI file Directly summarizes and pub- Links each new UI quarter to Uses UI file as a sampling frame

 lishes each new quarter of UI longitudinal database and directly and annually realigns (benchmarks)

 data

Principal Provides a quarterly and annual Provides quarterly employer dyna- Provides current monthly estimates

products universe count of estab- mics data on establishment open- of employment, hours, and earnings

lishments, employment, and ings, closings, expansions, and at the MSA, state, and national levwages at the county, MSA, contractions at the national level el by industry

state, and national levels by Future expansions will include

detailed industry data at the county, MSA, and

state level by industry and size

of establishment

Principal uses Major uses include: Major uses include: Major uses include:

- Detailed locality data - Business cycle analysis - Principal national economic

- Periodic universe counts for - Analysis of employer dynamics indicator

benchmarking sample survey underlying economic expansions - Official time series for

estimates and contractions employment change measures

- Sample frame for BLS - Future: employment expansion - Input into other major economic

establishment surveys and contraction by size of estab- indicators

lishment

Program www.bls.gov/cew/ www.bls.gov/bdm/ www.bls.gov/ces/

Web sites

•

•

•

•

 •

•

•

• •

•

•

• •

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures

 QCEW BED CES

•

sample estimates to first quarter

UI levels

summarizes gross job gains

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a

product of a federal-state cooperative program known as

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the

ES-202 program. The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing quarterly state

unemployment insurance (UI) records. Most employers in the

U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment

and wages of workers covered by UI laws, and to pay quarterly

UI taxes. The quarterly UI reports are sent by the State

Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) to BLS and form the

basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.

These reports also are used to produce the quarterly QCEW

data on total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED

data on gross job gains and losses. Other important Bureau

uses of the UI reports are in the Current Employment Statistics

(CES) program. (See table below for differences between

QCEW, CES , and BED.)

In the BED program, the quarterly UI records are linked

across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each

establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net

employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn

allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding

establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting

establishments.

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment measures

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based

employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these

measures—QCEW, BED, and CES—makes use of the quarterly

and losses
UI employment reports in producing data; however, each

measure has a somewhat different universe coverage,

estimation procedure, and publication product.

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result

in somewhat different measures of over-the-quarter employment change. It is important to understand program

differences and the intended uses of the program products.

(See table on previous page.) Additional information on each

program can be obtained from the program Web sites shown

in the table.

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI

and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees

(UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports

submitted to the SESAs by employers. In addition to the

quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple

establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called

the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which provides detailed

information on the location of their establishments. These

reports are based on place of employment rather than place of

residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically

comparable from state to state.

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self employed

workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on

small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials

in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic

workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of

certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are

derived from longitudinal histories of over 6.4 million private

sector employer reports out of 8.2 million total reports of

employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first

quarter of 2003. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in

this release do not report estimates for government employees

or private households (NAICS 814110), and do not include

establishments with zero employment over three quarters. Data

from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also are excluded from

the national data. As an illustration, the table below shows, in

millions of establishments, the number of establishments

excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in

the fourth quarter 2002:

 Total establishments included in Business

 Employment Dynamics data.......................... 6.4

 *Approximately 48,000 establishments.

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net

change in employment at the establishment level. These

changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in

employment can come from either opening establishments or

expanding establishments. A net decrease in employment can

come from either closing establishments or contracting

establishments. Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs

added at either opening or expanding establishments. Gross

job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or

contracting establishments. The net change in employment is

the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.

The formal definitions of establishment-level employment

changes are as follows:

Openings. These are either establishments with positive

third month employment for the first time in the current quarter,

with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month

employment in the current quarter following zero employment

in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are establishments with positive

employment in the third month in both the previous and current

quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are either establishments with positive

third month employment in the previous quarter, with no

employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are establishments with positive

employment in the third month in both the previous and current

quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.

All establishment-level employment changes are measured

from the third month of each quarter. Not all establishments

change their employment levels; these establishments count

towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of

gross job gains and gross job losses.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates

by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the

current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric

growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of

gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form

their respective totals. These rates can be added and

subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference

between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate

is the net growth rate.

The linkage process matches establishments' unique SESA

identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of

establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter

are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three

ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor

information, identified by the States, which relates records with

different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and

successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons,

 Number of active establishments included in

 Business Employment Dynamics data

 Millions

 Total establishments ES-202 program ................. 8.2

 Excluded: Public sector ................................. 0.3

Private households ....................... 0.5

Zero employment ......................... 1.0

Establishments in Puerto Rico

 and the Virgin Islands .................. 0.0*
including a change in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI

account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this

manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts

to identify two establishments with different SESA-IDs as

continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the

same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst

examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible

match.

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data,

SESAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the

industry, location, and ownership classification of all

establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment

classification codes resulting from the verification process are

introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the

year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting also

are introduced in the first quarter.

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the

associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such

seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or

expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the

opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal

variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular

pattern each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting

these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments

make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic

activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of

youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes

that have taken place in June relative to March, making it

difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen

or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing

school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current

year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The

adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to

analyze changes in economic activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding,

closing, and contracting establishments are independently

seasonally adjusted; net changes are calculated based on the

difference between gross job gains and gross job losses.

Similarly, the establishment counts data series for opening,

expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are

independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated

based on the difference between the number of opening and

closing establishments. Additionally establishment and

employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to

calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal

adjustment is run using X-12 ARIMA.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the

BED component series will differ from the net employment

change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private

employment series from the CES program. The intended use of

BED statistics is to show the dynamic labor market changes

that underlie the net employment change statistic. As such,

data users interested particularly in the net employment change

and not in the gross job flows underlying this change should

refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics

are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are

no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error,

however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many

reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected

employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical

errors made by businesses when providing information. Such

errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly

throughout the dataset.

Changes in administrative data sometimes create

complications for the linkage process. This can result in

overstating openings and closings while understating

expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine

methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate the

effects of these complications.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related

information. The QCEW program, also known as the ES-202

program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of

employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News

releases on quarterly county employment and wages and

average annual pay by state and industry are available upon

request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and

Labor Turnover, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of

Labor, Washington, DC 20212; telephone 202-691-6567;

(http://www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: CEWInfo@bls.gov).

The CES program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry.

These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report

put out monthly by BLS.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)

program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well

as employee hires and separations.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory

impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200;

TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Gross job gains Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change1

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September 276 7,233 5,528 1,705 6,957 5,362 1,595

 December 344 7,162 5,504 1,658 6,818 5,428 1,390

1993 March 534 7,511 5,532 1,979 6,977 5,318 1,659

 June 636 7,290 5,757 1,533 6,654 5,260 1,394

 September 709 7,383 5,770 1,613 6,674 5,322 1,352

 December 754 7,481 5,876 1,605 6,727 5,357 1,370

1994 March 643 7,502 5,880 1,622 6,859 5,401 1,458

 June 880 7,761 6,033 1,728 6,881 5,400 1,481

 September 1,025 7,838 6,121 1,717 6,813 5,493 1,320

 December 614 7,682 6,044 1,638 7,068 5,602 1,466

1995 March 830 7,858 6,180 1,678 7,028 5,647 1,381

 June 307 7,705 6,020 1,685 7,398 5,934 1,464

 September 673 7,873 6,211 1,662 7,200 5,667 1,533

 December 570 8,023 6,287 1,736 7,453 5,916 1,537

1996 March 432 7,980 6,262 1,718 7,548 6,030 1,518

 June 594 8,111 6,329 1,782 7,517 5,961 1,556

 September 590 8,146 6,285 1,861 7,556 5,988 1,568

 December 827 8,267 6,390 1,877 7,440 5,906 1,534

1997 March 823 8,305 6,463 1,842 7,482 5,886 1,596

 June 627 8,139 6,386 1,753 7,512 5,924 1,588

 September 876 8,608 6,674 1,934 7,732 5,972 1,760

 December 642 8,673 6,674 1,999 8,031 6,098 1,933

1998 March 777 8,829 6,668 2,161 8,052 6,120 1,932

 June 677 8,739 6,601 2,138 8,062 6,191 1,871

 September 759 8,587 6,600 1,987 7,828 6,123 1,705

 December 619 8,482 6,704 1,778 7,863 6,115 1,748

1999 March 401 8,804 6,720 2,084 8,403 6,454 1,949

 June 587 8,806 6,803 2,003 8,219 6,383 1,836

 September 752 8,938 6,931 2,007 8,186 6,335 1,851

 December 950 9,066 7,046 2,020 8,116 6,303 1,813

2000 March 719 8,847 6,938 1,909 8,128 6,414 1,714

 June 534 8,723 6,938 1,785 8,189 6,463 1,726

 September 407 8,854 6,930 1,924 8,447 6,620 1,827

 December 301 8,680 6,867 1,813 8,379 6,594 1,785

2001 March -281 8,474 6,700 1,774 8,755 6,883 1,872

 June -782 8,217 6,413 1,804 8,999 7,115 1,884

 September -1,080 7,898 6,104 1,794 8,978 7,060 1,918

 December -808 7,902 6,083 1,819 8,710 6,930 1,780

2002 March -276 8,013 6,200 1,813 8,289 6,545 1,744

 June -81 8,010 6,223 1,787 8,091 6,372 1,719

 September 71 7,922 6,208 1,714 7,851 6,257 1,594

 December -70 7,746 6,114 1,632 7,816 6,189 1,627

2003 March -478 7,441 5,904 1,537 7,919 6,361 1,558

 June -180 7,510 5,988 1,522 7,690 6,140 1,550

 1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Total Total
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, not seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Gross job gains Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change1

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September 32 6,695 5,186 1,509 6,663 5,253 1,410

 December 141 7,017 5,547 1,470 6,876 5,573 1,303

1993 March -1,673 6,817 4,706 2,111 8,490 6,319 2,171

 June 3,266 8,712 6,929 1,783 5,446 4,234 1,212

 September 412 6,832 5,408 1,424 6,420 5,223 1,197

 December 580 7,345 5,921 1,424 6,765 5,483 1,282

1994 March -1,573 6,762 5,027 1,735 8,335 6,423 1,912

 June 3,606 9,244 7,237 2,007 5,638 4,354 1,284

 September 664 7,236 5,726 1,510 6,572 5,401 1,171

 December 477 7,551 6,097 1,454 7,074 5,705 1,369

1995 March -1,400 7,133 5,327 1,806 8,533 6,718 1,815

 June 3,062 9,135 7,182 1,953 6,073 4,807 1,266

 September 295 7,238 5,786 1,452 6,943 5,581 1,362

 December 492 7,913 6,371 1,542 7,421 5,990 1,431

1996 March -1,878 7,297 5,430 1,867 9,175 7,173 2,002

 June 3,375 9,575 7,520 2,055 6,200 4,861 1,339

 September 134 7,433 5,822 1,611 7,299 5,901 1,398

 December 809 8,181 6,508 1,673 7,372 5,951 1,421

1997 March -1,448 7,650 5,630 2,020 9,098 6,986 2,112

 June 3,342 9,577 7,565 2,012 6,235 4,875 1,360

 September 346 7,809 6,149 1,660 7,463 5,885 1,578

 December 727 8,621 6,830 1,791 7,894 6,118 1,776

1998 March -1,613 8,204 5,819 2,385 9,817 7,247 2,570

 June 3,543 10,266 7,823 2,443 6,723 5,129 1,594

 September 150 7,741 6,045 1,696 7,591 6,049 1,542

 December 774 8,474 6,873 1,601 7,700 6,109 1,591

1999 March -2,032 8,186 5,881 2,305 10,218 7,621 2,597

 June 3,485 10,362 8,076 2,286 6,877 5,311 1,566

 September 62 8,023 6,317 1,706 7,961 6,278 1,683

 December 1,097 9,032 7,208 1,824 7,935 6,298 1,637

2000 March -1,607 8,208 6,097 2,111 9,815 7,532 2,283

 June 3,443 10,307 8,269 2,038 6,864 5,385 1,479

 September -332 7,917 6,285 1,632 8,249 6,583 1,666

 December 400 8,628 6,986 1,642 8,228 6,622 1,606

2001 March -2,622 7,880 5,924 1,956 10,502 8,018 2,484

 June 2,173 9,735 7,671 2,064 7,562 5,936 1,626

 September -1,734 7,040 5,519 1,521 8,774 7,023 1,751

 December -828 7,795 6,147 1,648 8,623 7,026 1,597

2002 March -2,363 7,506 5,512 1,994 9,869 7,560 2,309

 June 2,704 9,512 7,463 2,049 6,808 5,317 1,491

 September -618 7,059 5,605 1,454 7,677 6,223 1,454

 December -148 7,629 6,151 1,478 7,777 6,318 1,459

2003 March -2,669 6,868 5,187 1,681 9,537 7,483 2,054

 June 2,537 8,985 7,230 1,755 6,448 5,093 1,355

 1See footnote 1, table 1.

Total Total
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment1

, seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Gross job gains Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change2

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September 0.3 8.1 6.2 1.9 7.8 6.0 1.8

 December 0.2 7.9 6.1 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6

1993 March 0.6 8.3 6.1 2.2 7.7 5.9 1.8

 June 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

 September 0.8 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.3 5.8 1.5

 December 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

1994 March 0.7 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

 June 0.9 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

 September 1.1 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.2 5.8 1.4

 December 0.6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5

1995 March 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4

 June 0.3 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.6 6.1 1.5

 September 0.7 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6

 December 0.5 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6

1996 March 0.6 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.6 6.1 1.5

 June 0.6 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.6 6.0 1.6

 September 0.6 8.2 6.3 1.9 7.6 6.0 1.6

 December 0.9 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.4 5.9 1.5

1997 March 0.8 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6

 June 0.6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6

 September 0.9 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.5 5.8 1.7

 December 0.6 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.8 5.9 1.9

1998 March 0.7 8.5 6.4 2.1 7.8 5.9 1.9

 June 0.6 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.7 5.9 1.8

 September 0.8 8.2 6.3 1.9 7.4 5.8 1.6

 December 0.5 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.5 5.8 1.7

1999 March 0.4 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.9 6.1 1.8

 June 0.6 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.7 6.0 1.7

 September 0.7 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.6 5.9 1.7

 December 0.9 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.5 5.8 1.7

2000 March 0.6 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.5 5.9 1.6

 June 0.4 7.9 6.3 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6

 September 0.3 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.7 6.0 1.7

 December 0.2 7.8 6.2 1.6 7.6 6.0 1.6

2001 March -0.2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.9 6.2 1.7

 June -0.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 8.2 6.5 1.7

 September -1.1 7.2 5.6 1.6 8.3 6.5 1.8

 December -0.7 7.3 5.6 1.7 8.0 6.4 1.6

2002 March -0.2 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.7 6.1 1.6

 June 0.0 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.5 5.9 1.6

 September 0.1 7.4 5.8 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5

 December -0.1 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5

2003 March -0.5 6.9 5.5 1.4 7.4 5.9 1.5

 June -0.3 7.0 5.6 1.4 7.3 5.8 1.5

 1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment. 

 2See footnote 1, table 1.

Total Total
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment1

, not seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Gross job gains Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change2

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September 0.1 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6

 December 0.2 7.8 6.2 1.6 7.6 6.2 1.4

1993 March -1.8 7.7 5.3 2.4 9.5 7.1 2.4

 June 3.7 9.7 7.7 2.0 6.0 4.7 1.3

 September 0.4 7.4 5.9 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3

 December 0.6 7.9 6.4 1.5 7.3 5.9 1.4

1994 March -1.7 7.4 5.5 1.9 9.1 7.0 2.1

 June 3.9 10.0 7.8 2.2 6.1 4.7 1.4

 September 0.7 7.6 6.0 1.6 6.9 5.7 1.2

 December 0.5 7.9 6.4 1.5 7.4 6.0 1.4

1995 March -1.5 7.5 5.6 1.9 9.0 7.1 1.9

 June 3.2 9.5 7.5 2.0 6.3 5.0 1.3

 September 0.3 7.4 5.9 1.5 7.1 5.7 1.4

 December 0.5 8.1 6.5 1.6 7.6 6.1 1.5

1996 March -2.0 7.5 5.6 1.9 9.5 7.4 2.1

 June 3.5 9.8 7.7 2.1 6.3 4.9 1.4

 September 0.1 7.4 5.8 1.6 7.3 5.9 1.4

 December 0.9 8.2 6.5 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4

1997 March -1.5 7.6 5.6 2.0 9.1 7.0 2.1

 June 3.4 9.5 7.5 2.0 6.1 4.8 1.3

 September 0.4 7.6 6.0 1.6 7.2 5.7 1.5

 December 0.7 8.3 6.6 1.7 7.6 5.9 1.7

1998 March -1.6 7.9 5.6 2.3 9.5 7.0 2.5

 June 3.4 9.8 7.5 2.3 6.4 4.9 1.5

 September 0.1 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.2 5.7 1.5

 December 0.8 8.0 6.5 1.5 7.2 5.7 1.5

1999 March -1.9 7.8 5.6 2.2 9.7 7.2 2.5

 June 3.2 9.7 7.6 2.1 6.5 5.0 1.5

 September 0.0 7.4 5.8 1.6 7.4 5.8 1.6

 December 1.0 8.3 6.6 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5

2000 March -1.5 7.5 5.6 1.9 9.0 6.9 2.1

 June 3.2 9.5 7.6 1.9 6.3 4.9 1.4

 September -0.2 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.4 5.9 1.5

 December 0.4 7.8 6.3 1.5 7.4 6.0 1.4

2001 March -2.4 7.2 5.4 1.8 9.6 7.3 2.3

 June 2.0 8.9 7.0 1.9 6.9 5.4 1.5

 September -1.6 6.4 5.0 1.4 8.0 6.4 1.6

 December -0.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.5 1.5

2002 March -2.2 7.1 5.2 1.9 9.3 7.1 2.2

 June 2.5 8.9 7.0 1.9 6.4 5.0 1.4

 September -0.6 6.5 5.2 1.3 7.1 5.8 1.3

 December -0.2 7.1 5.7 1.4 7.3 5.9 1.4

2003 March -2.4 6.5 4.9 1.6 8.9 7.0 1.9

 June 2.4 8.5 6.8 1.7 6.1 4.8 1.3

 1See footnote 1, table 3.

 2See footnote 1, table 1.

Total Total
Table 5. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Establishments gaining jobs Establishments losing jobs

Year 3 months ended Net change1

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September 11 1,576 1,287 289 1,541 1,263 278

 December 24 1,591 1,294 297 1,534 1,261 273

1993 March 32 1,614 1,310 304 1,537 1,265 272

 June 26 1,631 1,337 294 1,521 1,253 268

 September 37 1,647 1,348 299 1,530 1,268 262

 December 23 1,655 1,365 290 1,544 1,277 267

1994 March 13 1,644 1,356 288 1,576 1,301 275

 June 29 1,700 1,390 310 1,570 1,289 281

 September 38 1,715 1,404 311 1,579 1,306 273

 December 13 1,693 1,394 299 1,613 1,327 286

1995 March 31 1,717 1,411 306 1,616 1,341 275

 June 26 1,697 1,390 307 1,640 1,359 281

 September 7 1,715 1,412 303 1,649 1,353 296

 December 23 1,726 1,409 317 1,656 1,362 294

1996 March 15 1,736 1,424 312 1,663 1,366 297

 June 22 1,745 1,426 319 1,674 1,377 297

 September 36 1,762 1,432 330 1,675 1,381 294

 December 35 1,787 1,455 332 1,673 1,376 297

1997 March 31 1,801 1,471 330 1,683 1,384 299

 June 18 1,783 1,463 320 1,702 1,400 302

 September 17 1,810 1,482 328 1,706 1,395 311

 December 9 1,818 1,482 336 1,736 1,409 327

1998 March 19 1,814 1,469 345 1,738 1,412 326

 June 56 1,841 1,487 354 1,706 1,408 298

 September 22 1,824 1,488 336 1,744 1,430 314

 December 2 1,831 1,512 319 1,730 1,413 317

1999 March 11 1,827 1,493 334 1,766 1,443 323

 June -1 1,847 1,506 341 1,785 1,443 342

 September 16 1,860 1,510 350 1,783 1,449 334

 December 36 1,903 1,539 364 1,758 1,430 328

2000 March 24 1,882 1,525 357 1,810 1,477 333

 June 20 1,876 1,526 350 1,819 1,489 330

 September 23 1,879 1,520 359 1,821 1,485 336

 December 12 1,863 1,512 351 1,831 1,492 339

2001 March 5 1,849 1,502 347 1,841 1,499 342

 June -3 1,811 1,473 338 1,861 1,520 341

 September -8 1,774 1,435 339 1,878 1,531 347

 December 6 1,775 1,429 346 1,856 1,516 340

2002 March 4 1,786 1,444 342 1,834 1,496 338

 June 6 1,794 1,447 347 1,825 1,484 341

 September 38 1,805 1,460 345 1,781 1,474 307

 December 12 1,798 1,453 345 1,809 1,476 333

2003 March -4 1,756 1,420 336 1,859 1,519 340

 June -5 1,783 1,451 332 1,802 1,465 337

 1 Net change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of closing establishments.

Total Total
Table 6. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, not seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Establishments gaining jobs Establishments losing jobs

Year 3 months ended Net change1

Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September 15 1,497 1,235 262 1,581 1,334 247

 December 37 1,577 1,282 295 1,514 1,256 258

1993 March -61 1,481 1,189 292 1,735 1,382 353

 June 103 1,857 1,522 335 1,304 1,072 232

 September 37 1,565 1,295 270 1,572 1,339 233

 December 36 1,643 1,354 289 1,525 1,272 253

1994 March -79 1,513 1,236 277 1,774 1,418 356

 June 110 1,928 1,575 353 1,349 1,106 243

 September 36 1,630 1,350 280 1,623 1,379 244

 December 27 1,683 1,384 299 1,594 1,322 272

1995 March -61 1,585 1,291 294 1,812 1,457 355

 June 108 1,925 1,575 350 1,414 1,172 242

 September 6 1,627 1,355 272 1,694 1,428 266

 December 38 1,720 1,402 318 1,636 1,356 280

1996 March -82 1,605 1,304 301 1,864 1,481 383

 June 108 1,975 1,612 363 1,446 1,191 255

 September 29 1,664 1,370 294 1,726 1,461 265

 December 52 1,787 1,451 336 1,650 1,366 284

1997 March -67 1,669 1,351 318 1,884 1,499 385

 June 105 2,014 1,651 363 1,470 1,212 258

 September 9 1,706 1,415 291 1,761 1,479 282

 December 31 1,823 1,481 342 1,706 1,395 311

1998 March -85 1,682 1,348 334 1,949 1,530 419

 June 145 2,077 1,678 399 1,472 1,218 254

 September 9 1,713 1,416 297 1,808 1,520 288

 December 29 1,842 1,514 328 1,695 1,396 299

1999 March -92 1,695 1,372 323 1,978 1,563 415

 June 93 2,083 1,700 383 1,540 1,250 290

 September -4 1,742 1,434 308 1,854 1,542 312

 December 70 1,917 1,541 376 1,719 1,413 306

2000 March -82 1,751 1,406 345 2,022 1,595 427

 June 114 2,113 1,721 392 1,570 1,292 278

 September -5 1,757 1,442 315 1,901 1,581 320

 December 53 1,878 1,512 366 1,791 1,478 313

2001 March -104 1,720 1,386 334 2,050 1,612 438

 June 91 2,045 1,668 377 1,607 1,321 286

 September -38 1,654 1,357 297 1,964 1,629 335

 December 50 1,788 1,426 362 1,819 1,507 312

2002 March -102 1,659 1,330 329 2,034 1,603 431

 June 101 2,029 1,642 387 1,577 1,291 286

 September 4 1,685 1,383 302 1,865 1,567 298

 December 58 1,811 1,448 363 1,776 1,471 305

2003 March -113 1,621 1,300 321 2,075 1,641 434

 June 86 2,021 1,652 369 1,558 1,275 283

 1See footnote 1, table 5.
Table 7. Private sector establishments by direction of employment change, as a percent of total establishments1

, 

seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Establishments gaining jobs Establishments losing jobs

Year 3 months ended Net change2

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September 0.2 29.5 24.1 5.4 28.8 23.6 5.2

 December 0.4 29.6 24.1 5.5 28.6 23.5 5.1

1993 March 0.6 29.8 24.2 5.6 28.4 23.4 5.0

 June 0.5 29.9 24.5 5.4 27.9 23.0 4.9

 September 0.6 30.0 24.6 5.4 27.9 23.1 4.8

 December 0.4 29.9 24.7 5.2 27.9 23.1 4.8

1994 March 0.2 29.6 24.4 5.2 28.4 23.4 5.0

 June 0.6 30.5 24.9 5.6 28.1 23.1 5.0

 September 0.6 30.5 25.0 5.5 28.2 23.3 4.9

 December 0.2 30.0 24.7 5.3 28.6 23.5 5.1

1995 March 0.6 30.3 24.9 5.4 28.4 23.6 4.8

 June 0.5 29.7 24.3 5.4 28.7 23.8 4.9

 September 0.1 29.9 24.6 5.3 28.8 23.6 5.2

 December 0.4 30.0 24.5 5.5 28.8 23.7 5.1

1996 March 0.3 30.0 24.6 5.4 28.7 23.6 5.1

 June 0.4 30.1 24.6 5.5 28.8 23.7 5.1

 September 0.7 30.2 24.5 5.7 28.6 23.6 5.0

 December 0.5 30.4 24.8 5.6 28.5 23.4 5.1

1997 March 0.5 30.5 24.9 5.6 28.5 23.4 5.1

 June 0.3 30.0 24.6 5.4 28.7 23.6 5.1

 September 0.3 30.3 24.8 5.5 28.6 23.4 5.2

 December 0.1 30.4 24.8 5.6 29.0 23.5 5.5

1998 March 0.3 30.2 24.5 5.7 28.9 23.5 5.4

 June 1.0 30.5 24.6 5.9 28.2 23.3 4.9

 September 0.3 30.0 24.5 5.5 28.7 23.5 5.2

 December 0.0 30.0 24.8 5.2 28.4 23.2 5.2

1999 March 0.2 29.9 24.4 5.5 28.9 23.6 5.3

 June 0.0 30.2 24.6 5.6 29.2 23.6 5.6

 September 0.3 30.3 24.6 5.7 29.0 23.6 5.4

 December 0.6 30.9 25.0 5.9 28.5 23.2 5.3

2000 March 0.4 30.4 24.6 5.8 29.2 23.8 5.4

 June 0.3 30.1 24.5 5.6 29.2 23.9 5.3

 September 0.3 30.0 24.3 5.7 29.1 23.7 5.4

 December 0.2 29.7 24.1 5.6 29.2 23.8 5.4

2001 March 0.1 29.4 23.9 5.5 29.2 23.8 5.4

 June 0.0 28.8 23.4 5.4 29.5 24.1 5.4

 September -0.1 28.2 22.8 5.4 29.8 24.3 5.5

 December 0.1 28.2 22.7 5.5 29.5 24.1 5.4

2002 March 0.0 28.3 22.9 5.4 29.1 23.7 5.4

 June 0.1 28.4 22.9 5.5 28.8 23.4 5.4

 September 0.6 28.4 23.0 5.4 28.0 23.2 4.8

 December 0.2 28.2 22.8 5.4 28.3 23.1 5.2

2003 March 0.0 27.5 22.2 5.3 29.0 23.7 5.3

 June -0.1 27.8 22.6 5.2 28.2 22.9 5.3

 1The rates measure establishments gaining or losing jobs as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter total number of 

establishments.

 2See footnote 1, table 5.

Total Total
Table 8. Private sector establishments by direction of employment change, as a percent of total establishments1

,

not seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Establishments gaining jobs Establishments losing jobs

Year 3 months ended Net change2

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

1992 September 0.3 27.9 23.0 4.9 29.4 24.8 4.6

 December 0.7 29.2 23.7 5.5 28.1 23.3 4.8

1993 March -1.2 27.5 22.1 5.4 32.3 25.7 6.6

 June 1.9 34.3 28.1 6.2 24.1 19.8 4.3

 September 0.7 28.4 23.5 4.9 28.5 24.3 4.2

 December 0.6 29.6 24.4 5.2 27.5 22.9 4.6

1994 March -1.4 27.4 22.4 5.0 32.0 25.6 6.4

 June 2.0 34.8 28.4 6.4 24.3 19.9 4.4

 September 0.7 28.9 23.9 5.0 28.8 24.5 4.3

 December 0.5 29.7 24.4 5.3 28.1 23.3 4.8

1995 March -1.1 28.0 22.8 5.2 32.1 25.8 6.3

 June 1.9 33.9 27.7 6.2 24.9 20.6 4.3

 September 0.1 28.2 23.5 4.7 29.4 24.8 4.6

 December 0.7 29.8 24.3 5.5 28.3 23.5 4.8

1996 March -1.5 27.8 22.6 5.2 32.4 25.7 6.7

 June 1.9 34.2 27.9 6.3 25.0 20.6 4.4

 September 0.5 28.4 23.4 5.0 29.4 24.9 4.5

 December 0.9 30.3 24.6 5.7 27.9 23.1 4.8

1997 March -1.1 28.3 22.9 5.4 31.9 25.4 6.5

 June 1.7 34.0 27.9 6.1 24.9 20.5 4.4

 September 0.2 28.5 23.6 4.9 29.4 24.7 4.7

 December 0.5 30.3 24.6 5.7 28.4 23.2 5.2

1998 March -1.4 28.1 22.5 5.6 32.6 25.6 7.0

 June 2.4 34.5 27.9 6.6 24.4 20.2 4.2

 September 0.2 28.1 23.2 4.9 29.6 24.9 4.7

 December 0.5 30.1 24.7 5.4 27.7 22.8 4.9

1999 March -1.5 27.8 22.5 5.3 32.4 25.6 6.8

 June 1.5 34.2 27.9 6.3 25.3 20.5 4.8

 September -0.1 28.3 23.3 5.0 30.2 25.1 5.1

 December 1.2 31.0 24.9 6.1 27.7 22.8 4.9

2000 March -1.3 28.3 22.7 5.6 32.7 25.8 6.9

 June 1.8 34.0 27.7 6.3 25.3 20.8 4.5

 September -0.1 28.0 23.0 5.0 30.3 25.2 5.1

 December 0.8 29.8 24.0 5.8 28.5 23.5 5.0

2001 March -1.7 27.4 22.1 5.3 32.7 25.7 7.0

 June 1.4 32.6 26.6 6.0 25.7 21.1 4.6

 September -0.6 26.2 21.5 4.7 31.1 25.8 5.3

 December 0.8 28.3 22.6 5.7 28.7 23.8 4.9

2002 March -1.6 26.3 21.1 5.2 32.3 25.5 6.8

 June 1.6 32.1 26.0 6.1 25.0 20.5 4.5

 September 0.0 26.4 21.7 4.7 29.3 24.6 4.7

 December 0.9 28.3 22.6 5.7 27.8 23.0 4.8

2003 March -1.8 25.4 20.4 5.0 32.5 25.7 6.8

 June 1.4 31.7 25.9 5.8 24.4 20.0 4.4

 1See footnote 1, table 7.

 2See footnote 1, table 5.

Total Total