IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-1799

Filed January 25, 2023

IN THE INTEREST OF E.B. and A.B.,

Minor Children,

A.H., Mother,

Appellant,

E.B., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Lynn C.H. Poschner, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother and father appeal the termination of their respective parental 

rights. AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS. 

Donna M. Schauer of Schauer Law Office, Adel, for appellant mother.

Barbara Durden Davis, West Des Moines, for appellant father.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Ellen Ramsey-Kacena (until 

withdrawal) and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee State.

Lori Bullock of Newkirk Zwagerman, P.L.C., Des Moines, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Schumacher and Chicchelly, JJ.
2

SCHUMACHER, Judge.

A mother and father appeal the termination of their parental rights. They 

claim the State did not establish a ground for termination. They also claim 

termination is not in the children’s best interests, in part due to the close their 

respective parent-child bonds. We find the State established a ground for 

termination by clear and convincing evidence as to both parents. We also find 

termination is in the best interests of the children. Finally, the parent-child bonds

are insufficient to prevent termination. We affirm on both appeals. 

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

This family came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Health and 

Human Services (DHHS) in January 2020 due to, as the juvenile court noted, 

“untreated mental illness, violence, and general chaos.” There were allegations of 

physical violence between the children. There were also concerns of domestic 

violence—the children reported fighting and physical violence between their

parents. The mother threatened to kill herself in front of the children, as did the 

father’s paramour at the time.1 The two oldest children—B.B., age thirteen at the 

time of the termination hearing, and A.B., age ten—had mental-health and 

behavioral concerns.2 Both had homicidal and suicidal ideation. The youngest 

child—E.B., age five—exhibited similar concerns as the older children. A.B. and 

E.B. attacked the mother, both physically and verbally. 

School employees articulated concerns for the children’s hygiene. School

staff consistently had to change the children’s clothing. It was later learned that 

1 The paramour is not a party to these proceedings. 

2 B.B., the oldest child, is not subject to the termination order.
3

the two older children had not been to the dentist since 2016; E.B. had never been 

to the dentist. DHHS offered voluntary services.

In May and June, DHHS conducted two more investigations. The

investigations focused on the father and his paramour’s drug use—the father 

tested positive for methamphetamine.3 The father’s paramour jumped out of a 

second story window in front of the children when she became overwhelmed. A 

safety plan was put in place in which the father was not allowed unsupervised 

contact with the children. But the parents violated that safety plan 

The State filed a petition alleging the children to be in need of assistance

(CINA) in July. On August 31, the children were adjudicated CINA pursuant to

Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(c)(2) (2020). The children were formally removed 

from the father, who was prohibited from contact with the children. Around that 

time, the father reported he had ended his relationship with his paramour and 

planned to resume his relationship with the mother. 

During a February 2021 hearing, plans were established to begin 

reintegration of the father into the home. But those plans were never implemented

as additional concerns surfaced. On March 10, police were called to the home. 

The mother and father had been fighting in front of the children, including the father 

pushing the mother. DHHS employees learned that the mother was not preventing 

the father from contacting the children. This included allowing the father 

unsupervised access to the children. 

3 The father has not tested positive for drugs since this time. 
4

There were also concerns related to B.B’s report that the father had broken 

the child’s arm in 2019 when B.B. tried to intervene in parental fighting. Both 

parents instructed the child to lie about how he broke his arm. As a result, the 

children were also removed from the mother’s custody. The father moved back in 

with the mother after the children’s removal. They continued to live together at the 

time of the termination hearing. 

The children were placed with their maternal grandmother. While there, the 

mother was offered unlimited supervised visits. She rarely went, however, 

because the father was not offered similar visitation. The children were moved 

again in January 2022 because of violence at the grandmother’s home. B.B. was 

placed with his paternal uncle. E.B. and A.B. moved into a foster home together. 

They were moved to a second foster home in February. They moved yet again in 

May to their third foster family, where they remain. Their behavioral problems have 

improved, although outbursts still happen, particularly after visits with the parents. 

The foster family is willing to adopt the two younger children.

The parents have both engaged in individual therapy. The focus of the 

father’s therapy has concerned controlling his anger. The mother’s focus is on 

expressing her emotions, advocating for herself, and establishing healthy 

boundaries. An evaluation of the mother indicated she has a co-dependent 

personality, a major concern for DHHS considering her dependency on the father. 

The mother obtained a domestic violence advocate. The father completed the 

“Caring Dads” course. The parents utilized the Safe Care course. 

Both parents have intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). The 

DHHS caseworker and Family Centered Services (FCS) worker testified they
5

addressed those issues by speaking slowly and repeating themselves. The DHHS 

caseworker expressed that she had hoped the parents’ individual therapist would 

refer the parents to programs and services that were needed based off of the

parents’ cognitive difficulties. The parents obtained family counseling in March 

2022. That therapist expressed concerns that the parent’s needs as individuals 

with IDD were not being addressed. Yet neither parent moved for reasonable 

efforts related to their intellectual disabilities beyond what was being provided prior 

to the termination hearing.

4

 

Visitation has remained fully supervised during this case. While parenting 

is generally appropriate, neither parent can deescalate A.B. or E.B. when they 

exhibit problematic behavior. The children particularly target the mother, cursing 

at her and hitting her. The foster family reports that the children’s problematic 

behavior is more limited when in their care and they are able to calm the children 

down.

The State petitioned to terminate both parent’s parental rights to all three 

children on April 18. The hearing was held over two days in early August. The 

mother testified that she would be willing to separate from the father to regain her 

children. She denied any physical abuse by the father against herself or the 

children except for the incident in March 2021 that led to the children’s removal. 

The father acknowledged he had committed domestic violence against the mother, 

and acknowledged shoving B.B. once. The father expressed an unwillingness to 

4 To the extent the parents claim DHHS failed to make reasonable efforts in relation 

to their intellectual disabilities, those claims are not preserved for our review. See 

In re T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 442 (Iowa 2015). 
6

leave the mother, believing it would not help either one of them regain custody and 

that the children were better off in both parents’ care. The parents struggled to 

understand the questions posed to them and often changed their answers, making 

their testimony difficult to follow.5 DHHS explained that the primary concern was 

the unacknowledged and therefore unresolved patterns of domestic violence and 

the parents’ inability to deescalate problematic behavior by the children. 

The father moved to reopen the record following the hearing. The court 

denied the motion as to E.B. and A.B, but granted it as to B.B., allowing B.B. to 

speak with the court. The court terminated both parents rights to E.B. and A.B. 

pursuant to Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(f) (2022). Both parents appeal. 

II. Standard of Review

We review the termination of parental rights de novo. In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 

33, 40 (Iowa 2010). We first examine if a statutory ground exists for termination 

under Iowa Code section 232.116(1). Id. at 39. We then consider if termination is 

in the children’s best interests. Id. Finally, we must determine whether termination 

should be prevented by an exception found in section 232.116(3). Id. Our “first 

and governing consideration . . . is the best interests of the child.” Iowa R. App. P. 

6.904(3)(o). 

5 The parents’ family counselor explained in her report to the court, “Both [the 

mother] and [the father] admitted to [the therapist] that they will agree or present 

as though they understand to avoid looking bad or ‘stupid.’”
7

III. Discussion

Both parents contend the State failed to prove a ground for termination. 

They also claim termination is not in the children’s best interests and that their 

respective close parent-child bonds should prevent termination. 

A. Statutory Ground for Termination

The juvenile court terminated both parent’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa 

Code section 232.116(1)(f).6 The parents only contest the fourth element, whether 

the children can be returned at the present time. “At the present time” means at 

the time of the termination hearing. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 

2010). Alternatively, both parents ask for a six-month extension. See Iowa Code 

section 232.104.

After our de novo review, we conclude the State established by clear and 

convincing evidence the children cannot be returned to either parent at the present 

time or in six-months.

7

 First, while the father has made some progress addressing 

6 That section allows a court to terminate parental rights if it finds:

(1) The child is four years of age or older.

(2) The child has been adjudicated a child in need of 

assistance pursuant to section 232.96.

(3) The child has been removed from the physical custody of 

the child’s parents for at least twelve of the last eighteen months, or 

for the last twelve consecutive months and any trial period at home 

has been less than thirty days.

(4) There is clear and convincing evidence that at the present 

time the child cannot be returned to the custody of the child's parents 

as provided in section 232.102.

7 We have previously explained: 

Under Iowa Code section 232.104(2)(b), a court may refrain from 

terminating a parent-child relationship and continue the current 

placement of the child for an additional six months if it determines 

“that the need for removal of the child from the child’s home will no 

longer exist at the end of the additional six-month period.” In order 

to grant such an extension, the court must be able to “enumerate the 
8

his anger and domestic violence, his therapist described that progress as “mild.”8 

That therapist highlighted his remaining concerns as (1) the father’s tendency to 

hide the full truth on issues and (2) his struggles translating what he learns in 

therapy into real-world changes. The therapist’s concerns over the honesty of the 

father is concerning, as it indicates therapy might not be addressing his domestic 

violence adequately. And therapy is of little value, at least in terms of returning the 

children to his custody, if the father cannot implement changes in his daily life. 

The mother has failed to acknowledge the father’s past abuse against her 

or her children. That is the case despite the father offering some limited 

concessions on the issue—he only admitted to shoving B.B. once and denies 

breaking his arm, but he does admit to prior verbal and physical abuse against the 

mother. Despite clear prohibitions on the father contacting the children, he 

regularly did so from August 2020 through March 2021, with the mother’s 

acquiescence. The mother testified that she might be willing to end her 

relationship with the father, but it is not her preference to do so. Given the history 

of this case, it is unlikely she will separate from him; the father testified at trial that 

he is against it. See In re B.H.A., 938 N.W.2d 227, 233 (Iowa 2020) (citation 

omitted) (explaining that past performance is indicative of future parenting). The 

mother lacks the protective capacity to prevent the father from harming the 

specific factors, conditions, or expected behavioral changes” 

providing the basis for its decision. Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b).

In re S.J., No. 20-0214, 2020 WL 1881119, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 15, 2020).

8 We note that while the family therapist expressed the belief that the mother’s 

family was a greater threat to the mother than the father, that opinion was premised 

on incomplete information. The therapist lacked access to the DHHS reports 

documenting the abuse, and the father admitted at the termination hearing that he 

did not inform the therapist of prior abuse. 
9

children. And we note the juvenile court previously granted a six-month extension 

as part of the permanency order filed August 25, 2021.

Finally, neither parent has learned how to address their children’s 

problematic, and sometimes violent, behaviors. As recently as August 3, in 

between the two days of the termination hearing, E.B. had a melt down and locked 

himself in a room during a visit. The parents were unable to deescalate the child 

and the visit was ended early. A.B. and E.B. are frequently verbally and physically 

abusive towards their mother. Those problematic behaviors extend outside the 

visits, including suicidal and homicidal threats. The foster family has indicated the 

behaviors are worse when the children return from visits, although the foster 

parents are able to deescalate the situations. 

The parent’s unaddressed and unresolved domestic abuse, as well as their 

inability to deescalate and prevent their children’s behavioral problems, presents

a danger to children if they were returned to parental custody. The children could 

not be returned to the custody of either parent at the time of the termination hearing

or with a six-month extension. 

B. Best Interests of the Children

The parents contend termination is not in the children’s best interests. 

When weighing the best interest of a child, we consider “the child’s safety, to the 

best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and growth of the child, and 

to the physical, mental, and emotional condition and needs of the child.” Iowa 

Code § 232.116(2). 

Termination is in both of the children’s best interests. As discussed above, 

the parents cannot deescalate the children when they exhibit problematic behavior. 
10

As the children grow older and bigger, that behavior will pose greater dangers to 

themselves and others. Additionally, there remains unacknowledged and 

unaddressed issues of domestic violence between the parents. And the father’s 

work on his anger is incomplete, posing a danger to the children. 

We also note that the children have been removed from the father for over 

two years, and from the mother for about a year-and-a-half. The children need 

permanency. As the foster family indicated, their behavior worsens after visits. 

This behavior is being addressed by the foster family, who are willing to adopt. 

Termination is in the children’s best interests. 

C. Close Parent-Child Bond

The parents assert their respective close bonds with the children should 

preclude termination. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). The exceptions to 

termination, which includes instances of a strong parent-child bond, “are 

permissive, not mandatory.” In re A.S., 906 N.W.2d 467, 475 (Iowa 2018) (citation 

omitted). The parent asserting the exception bears the burden of establishing its 

applicability. Id. at 476.

It was acknowledged at trial that both parents share a bond with their 

children. But this record is insufficient to establish that termination would be 

detrimental to the children. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c). Despite the parentchild bonds, the children’s best interests are furthered by termination of the mother 

and father’s parental rights to provide permanency. We, like the juvenile court, 

decline to apply an exception found in section 232.116(3).

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.