For release 10:00 a.m. (EST) Tuesday, February 26, 2019 USDL-19-0326 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY: LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS — 2018

In 2018, the employment-population ratio—the proportion of the population that is employed—

was 19.1 percent among those with a disability, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 

today. In contrast, the employment-population ratio for those without a disability was 65.9 

percent. The employment-population ratio for persons with a disability increased from 2017 to 

2018, and the ratio for persons without a disability edged up. The unemployment rate for both 

persons with and without a disability declined from the previous year to 8.0 percent and 3.7 

percent, respectively.

The data on persons with a disability are collected as part of the Current Population Survey 

(CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that provides statistics on 

employment and unemployment in the United States. The collection of data on persons with a 

disability is sponsored by the Department of Labor’s Office of Disability Employment Policy. 

For more information, see the Technical Note in this news release.

Highlights from the 2018 data: 

• Nearly half of all persons with a disability were age 65 and older, about three times larger 

than the share of those with no disability. (See table 1.) 

• Across all age groups, the employment-population ratios were much lower for persons with a 

disability than for those with no disability. (See table 1.) 

• Across all educational attainment groups, jobless rates for persons with a disability were 

higher than those for persons without a disability. (See table 1.) 

• In 2018, 31 percent of workers with a disability were employed part time, compared with 17 

percent for those with no disability. (See table 2.) 

• Employed persons with a disability were more likely to be self-employed than those with no 

disability. (See table 4.)

Demographic characteristics

Persons with a disability tend to be older than persons with no disability, reflecting the increased 

incidence of disability with age. In 2018, 49 percent of persons with a disability were age 65 and 
-2- 

older, compared with 16 percent of those with no disability. Overall, women were somewhat 

more likely to have a disability than men, partly reflecting the greater life expectancy of women. 

In 2018, the prevalence of disability continued to be higher for Blacks and Whites than for 

Hispanics and Asians. (See table 1.) 

Employment

The employment-population ratio for persons with a disability increased from 18.7 percent in 

2017 to 19.1 percent in 2018. The ratio for those without a disability, at 65.9 percent, edged up in 

2018. The lower ratio among persons with a disability reflects, in part, the older age profile of 

persons with a disability; older workers are less likely to be employed regardless of disability 

status. However, across all age groups, persons with a disability were much less likely to be 

employed than those with no disability. (See tables A and 1.) 

Among persons ages 16 to 64, employment-population ratios rose for both persons with a 

disability (30.4 percent) and persons without a disability (74.0 percent) in 2018. The ratios for 

persons age 65 and older with a disability (7.4 percent) and without a disability (23.6 percent) 

were little changed from the previous year. (See table A.)

Persons with a disability are less likely to have completed a bachelor’s degree or higher than 

those with no disability. Among both groups, those who had attained higher levels of education 

were more likely to be employed than those who had attained less education. Across all levels of 

education in 2018, persons with a disability were much less likely to be employed than were 

their counterparts with no disability. (Educational attainment data are presented for those age 25 

and older.) (See table 1.) 

Workers with a disability were more likely to be employed part time than those with no

disability. In 2018, 31 percent of workers with a disability usually worked part time, compared 

with 17 percent of those without a disability. The proportion of workers with a disability who 

worked part time for economic reasons was slightly higher than their counterparts without a 

disability (4 percent, compared with 3 percent). These individuals were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or because they were not able to find a full-time job. (See 

table 2.) 

In 2018, persons with a disability were more concentrated in service occupations than those with 

no disability (19.0 percent, compared with 17.2 percent). Workers with a disability were also 

more likely than those with no disability to work in production, transportation, and material 

moving occupations (13.9 percent, compared with 11.8 percent). Persons with a disability were 

less likely to work in management, professional, and related occupations than those without a 

disability (33.7 percent, compared with 40.3 percent). (See table 3.) 

The proportion of persons employed in government was slightly higher for persons with a 

disability than for persons without a disability in 2018 (14.1 percent, compared with 13.4 

percent, respectively). A larger share of persons with a disability were self-employed than were 

those with no disability (10.2 percent, compared with 6.1 percent); a smaller share of workers 
-3- 

with a disability were employed as private wage and salary workers (75.5 percent) than those 

with no disability (80.4 percent). (See table 4.) 

Unemployment

The unemployment rate for persons with a disability was 8.0 percent in 2018, more than twice 

the rate of those with no disability (3.7 percent). (Unemployed persons are those who did not 

have a job, were available for work, and were actively looking for a job in the 4 weeks preceding 

the survey.) The unemployment rates for both persons with and without a disability were lower 

in 2018 than in the prior year. (See tables A and 1.) 

In 2018, the unemployment rate for men with a disability (7.9 percent) was about the same as the 

rate for women (8.1 percent). The unemployment rates for both men and women declined from 

2017 to 2018. Jobless rates declined among Whites and Blacks with a disability in 2018, while 

the rates for Hispanics and Asians showed little change. For persons with a disability, Blacks 

(11.2 percent) and Hispanics (9.8 percent) had higher unemployment rates than Whites (7.3 

percent), and Asians (7.1 percent) in 2018. (See table 1.) 

Not in the labor force

Persons who are neither employed nor unemployed are not in the labor force. A large proportion 

of persons with a disability—about 8 in 10—were not in the labor force in 2018, compared with 

about 3 in 10 of those with no disability. In part, this reflects the older age profile of persons with 

a disability; persons age 65 and older are much less likely to participate in the labor force than 

younger age groups. Across all age groups, however, persons with a disability were more likely 

to be out of the labor force than those with no disability. (See table 1.) 

For persons with and without a disability, the vast majority of those not in the labor force 

reported that they do not want a job. In 2018, 3 percent of those with a disability and 6 percent of 

those without a disability wanted a job. Among those who do want a job, a subset is classified as 

marginally attached to the labor force. These individuals wanted and were available to work, and 

had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not counted as unemployed 

because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. (Persons marginally 

attached to the labor force include discouraged workers.) About 1 percent of persons with a 

disability and 2 percent of persons without a disability were marginally attached to the labor 

force in 2018. (See table 5.) 
Table A. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by disability status and age, 2017 and

2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2017 2018

Total, 16

years

and over

16 to 64

years

65 years

and over

Total, 16

years

and over

16 to 64

years

65 years

and over

PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 30,351 15,697 14,654 30,136 15,325 14,810

Civilian labor force.................................................. 6,245 5,117 1,129 6,266 5,111 1,155

Participation rate.................................................. 20.6 32.6 7.7 20.8 33.3 7.8

Employed.......................................................... 5,670 4,603 1,066 5,767 4,666 1,101

Employment-population ratio................................. 18.7 29.3 7.3 19.1 30.4 7.4

Unemployed....................................................... 576 514 62 499 445 54

Unemployment rate............................................ 9.2 10.0 5.5 8.0 8.7 4.7

Not in labor force.................................................... 24,106 10,580 13,526 23,870 10,215 13,655

PERSONS WITH NO DISABILITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 224,728 189,840 34,887 227,655 191,182 36,472

Civilian labor force.................................................. 154,074 145,626 8,449 155,809 146,932 8,877

Participation rate.................................................. 68.6 76.7 24.2 68.4 76.9 24.3

Employed.......................................................... 147,668 139,500 8,168 149,994 141,390 8,604

Employment-population ratio................................. 65.7 73.5 23.4 65.9 74.0 23.6

Unemployed....................................................... 6,407 6,126 281 5,815 5,542 273

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.2 4.2 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 70,653 44,215 26,439 71,846 44,250 27,595

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Technical Note 

 The estimates in this release are based on annual 

average data obtained from the Current Population 

Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the 

U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics 

(BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible 

households that provides information on the labor 

force status, demographics, and other characteristics 

of the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 

16 and over. 

 Questions were added to the CPS in June 2008 to 

identify persons with a disability in the civilian 

noninstitutional population age 16 and older. The 

addition of these questions allowed the BLS to begin 

releasing monthly labor force data from the CPS for 

persons with a disability. The collection of these data 

is sponsored by the Department of Labor's Office of 

Disability Employment Policy. 

 Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice 

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 

(800) 877-8339. 

Reliability of the estimates 

 Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both 

sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, 

rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is 

a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the 

true population values they represent. The component 

of this difference that occurs because samples differ 

by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the 

estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level 

of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will 

differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the 

true population value because of sampling error. BLS 

analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent 

level of confidence. 

 The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, 

including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all 

respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness 

of respondents to provide correct information, and 

errors made in the collection or processing of the data. 

 Additional information about the reliability of data 

from the CPS and estimating standard errors is 

available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability. 

 CPS estimates are controlled to population totals 

that are available by age, sex, race, and Hispanic 

ethnicity. These controls are developed by the Census 

Bureau and are based on complete population counts 

obtained in the decennial census. In the years between 

decennial censuses, they incorporate the latest 

information about population change (births, deaths, 

and net international migration). As part of its annual 

update of population estimates, the Census Bureau 

introduces adjustments to the total population 

controls. The updated controls typically have a 

negligible impact on unemployment rates and other 

ratios. The estimates of the population of persons with 

a disability are not controlled to independent 

population totals of persons with a disability because 

such data are not available. Without independent 

population totals, sample-based estimates are more 

apt to vary from one time period to the next. 

Information about population controls is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

Disability questions and concepts 

 The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify 

persons with disabilities. In the CPS, persons are 

classified as having a disability if there is a response 

of "yes" to any of these questions. The disability 

questions appear in the CPS in the following format: 

 This month we want to learn about people who have 

physical, mental, or emotional conditions that cause 

serious difficulty with their daily activities. Please 

answer for household members who are 15 years and 

older. 

 Is anyone deaf or does anyone have serious 

difficulty hearing? 

 Is anyone blind or does anyone have serious 

difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses? 

 Because of a physical, mental, or emotional 

condition, does anyone have serious 

difficulty concentrating, remembering, or 

making decisions? 

 Does anyone have serious difficulty walking 

or climbing stairs? 

 Does anyone have difficulty dressing or 

bathing? 
 Because of a physical, mental, or emotional 

condition, does anyone have difficulty doing 

errands alone such as visiting a doctor's 

office or shopping? 

 The CPS questions for identifying individuals with 

disabilities are only asked of household members who 

are age 15 and older. Each of the questions ask the 

respondent whether anyone in the household has the 

condition described, and if the respondent replies 

"yes," they are then asked to identify everyone in the 

household who has the condition. Labor force 

measures from the CPS are tabulated for persons age 

16 and older. More information on the disability 

questions and the limitations of the CPS disability 

data is available on the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsdisability_faq.htm. 

Other definitions 

 Other definitions used in this release are described 

briefly below. Additional information on the concepts 

and methodology of the CPS is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. 

 Employed. Employed persons are all those who, 

during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at 

all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own 

business, profession, or on their own farm; or (c) 

worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a 

family member's business. Persons who were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, 

bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or another 

reason also are counted as employed. 

 Unemployed. Unemployed persons are those who 

had no employment during the reference week, were 

available for work at that time, and had made specific 

efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-

week period ending with the reference week. Persons 

who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which 

they had been laid off need not have been looking for 

work to be classified as unemployed. 

 Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force 

comprises all persons classified as employed or 

unemployed. 

 Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate 

represents the number of unemployed persons as a 

percent of the civilian labor force. 

 Not in the labor force. Persons not in the labor force 

include all those who are not classified as employed 

or unemployed. Information is collected on their 

desire for and availability to take a job at the time of 

the CPS interview, job search activity in the prior 

year, and reason for not looking in the 4-week period 

ending with the reference week. This group includes 

individuals marginally attached to the labor force, 

defined as persons not in the labor force who want and 

are available for a job and who have looked for work 

sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end of 

their last job if they held one within the past 12 

months). They are not counted as unemployed 

because they had not actively searched for work in the 

prior 4 weeks. Within the marginally attached group 

are discouraged workers—persons who are not 

currently looking for work because they believe there 

are no jobs available or there are none for which they 

would qualify. The other persons marginally attached 

to the labor force group includes persons who want a 

job but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks 

for reasons such as family responsibilities or 

transportation problems. 

 Part time for economic reasons. Persons classified 

as at work part time for economic reasons, a measure 

sometimes referred to as involuntary part time, are 

those who gave an economic reason for working 1 to 

34 hours during the reference week. Economic 

reasons include slack work or unfavorable business 

conditions, inability to find full-time work, and 

seasonal declines in demand. Those who usually work 

part time must also indicate that they want and are 

available for full-time work to be classified as part 

time for economic reasons. 

 Occupation, industry, and class of worker. The 

occupation, industry, and class of worker 

classifications for the employed relate to the job held 

in the survey reference week. Persons with two or 

more jobs are classified in the job at which they 

worked the greatest number of hours. Persons are 

classified using the 2010 Census occupational and 

2012 Census industry classification systems. The 

class-of-worker breakdown assigns workers to the 

following categories: private and government wage 

and salary workers, self-employed workers, and 

unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers 

receive wages, salary, commissions, tips, or pay in 

kind from a private employer or from a government 

unit. Self-employed persons are those who work for 

profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, 

or farm. Only the unincorporated self-employed are 

included in the self-employed category. Selfemployed persons who respond that their businesses 

are incorporated are included among wage and salary 

workers. Unpaid family workers are persons working 

without pay for 15 hours a week or more on a farm or 

in a business operated by a family member in their 

household. 
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by disability status and selected

characteristics, 2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Not in

labor

Total force

Participation

rate

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of

population Total Rate

TOTAL

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134

PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,136 6,266 20.8 5,767 19.1 499 8.0 23,870

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,997 3,389 24.2 3,122 22.3 267 7.9 10,608

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,139 2,877 17.8 2,645 16.4 232 8.1 13,262

Age

16 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,325 5,111 33.3 4,666 30.4 445 8.7 10,215

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 151 23.5 112 17.4 39 26.1 493

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 384 44.3 328 37.8 56 14.6 483

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,914 930 48.6 828 43.3 101 10.9 984

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,140 861 40.2 795 37.1 67 7.7 1,279

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,537 1,204 34.0 1,123 31.7 81 6.7 2,333

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,223 1,580 25.4 1,480 23.8 100 6.3 4,643

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,810 1,155 7.8 1,101 7.4 54 4.7 13,655

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,987 5,043 21.0 4,676 19.5 367 7.3 18,944

Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,151 763 18.4 677 16.3 85 11.2 3,388

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 162 18.4 150 17.1 12 7.1 716

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,258 753 23.1 679 20.9 74 9.8 2,505

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,625 5,731 20.0 5,327 18.6 403 7.0 22,894

Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,250 581 11.1 513 9.8 68 11.7 4,668

High school graduates, no college1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,326 1,748 16.9 1,609 15.6 139 7.9 8,578

Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,624 1,783 23.4 1,659 21.8 124 6.9 5,841

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,425 1,619 29.8 1,546 28.5 73 4.5 3,806

PERSONS WITH NO DISABILITY

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,655 155,809 68.4 149,994 65.9 5,815 3.7 71,846

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,681 82,707 74.7 79,576 71.9 3,131 3.8 27,974

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,974 73,102 62.5 70,418 60.2 2,684 3.7 43,872

Age

16 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,182 146,932 76.9 141,390 74.0 5,542 3.8 44,250

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,121 5,734 35.6 5,014 31.1 720 12.6 10,387

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,372 14,715 72.2 13,723 67.4 992 6.7 5,657

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,667 35,844 84.0 34,496 80.8 1,348 3.8 6,823

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,429 32,758 85.2 31,822 82.8 936 2.9 5,671

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,703 32,107 85.2 31,250 82.9 857 2.7 5,596

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,890 25,773 71.8 25,085 69.9 689 2.7 10,117

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,472 8,877 24.3 8,604 23.6 273 3.1 27,595

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,235 120,772 68.5 116,785 66.3 3,987 3.3 55,463

Black or African American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,610 19,651 68.7 18,414 64.4 1,237 6.3 8,959

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,083 9,975 66.1 9,682 64.2 293 2.9 5,109

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,475 27,583 69.9 26,333 66.7 1,250 4.5 11,893

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,162 135,360 70.8 131,257 68.7 4,103 3.0 55,802

Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,001 9,696 57.0 9,188 54.0 508 5.2 7,304

High school graduates, no college1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,266 34,263 65.6 32,941 63.0 1,322 3.9 18,003

Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,781 35,803 71.9 34,679 69.7 1,124 3.1 13,978

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,114 55,598 77.1 54,449 75.5 1,149 2.1 16,516

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 2. Employed full- and part-time workers by disability status and age, 2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Disability status and age

Employed At work

part time for

economic

reasons1

Total

Usually

work

full time

Usually

work

part time

TOTAL

16 years and over........................................................................ 155,761 128,572 27,189 4,778

16 to 64 years.......................................................................... 146,056 122,605 23,450 4,535

65 years and over...................................................................... 9,705 5,967 3,739 243

Persons with a disability

16 years and over........................................................................ 5,767 3,956 1,811 243

16 to 64 years.......................................................................... 4,666 3,406 1,259 208

65 years and over...................................................................... 1,101 550 551 35

Persons with no disability

16 years and over........................................................................ 149,994 124,616 25,378 4,535

16 to 64 years.......................................................................... 141,390 119,199 22,191 4,326

65 years and over...................................................................... 8,604 5,417 3,187 208

1 Refers to persons who, whether they usually work full or part time, worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as

slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. Persons who usually work part time

for an economic reason, but worked 35 hours or more during the reference week are excluded. Also excludes employed persons who were absent

from their jobs for the entire reference week.

NOTE: Full time refers to persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week; part time refers to persons who usually work less than 35 hours per

week.
Table 3. Employed persons by disability status, occupation, and sex, 2018 annual averages

[Percent distribution]

Occupation

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Total employed (in thousands)....................................... 5,767 3,122 2,645 149,994 79,576 70,418

Occupation as a percent of total employed

Total employed......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 33.7 31.0 37.0 40.3 36.8 44.3

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 14.3 15.4 13.0 16.7 17.6 15.7

Management occupations.................................... 10.5 12.5 8.2 11.8 13.3 10.1

Business and financial operations occupations............ 3.8 2.9 4.8 4.9 4.3 5.6

Professional and related occupations.......................... 19.4 15.6 24.0 23.6 19.3 28.6

Computer and mathematical occupations.................. 2.0 2.7 1.2 3.3 4.7 1.8

Architecture and engineering occupations.................. 1.6 2.4 0.5 2.1 3.4 0.7

Life, physical, and social science occupations............. 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0

Community and social service occupations................ 2.3 1.6 3.2 1.7 1.1 2.4

Legal occupations............................................. 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3

Education, training, and library occupations................ 5.3 2.9 8.2 6.0 3.0 9.4

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations.................................................. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations....... 4.2 2.0 6.9 6.1 2.9 9.8

Service occupations................................................ 19.0 15.6 23.0 17.2 13.7 21.1

Healthcare support occupations................................ 2.2 0.6 4.1 2.3 0.6 4.3

Protective service occupations................................. 1.8 2.6 0.9 2.1 3.0 1.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations.......... 4.9 3.9 6.0 5.3 4.4 6.3

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations..................................................... 5.7 6.2 5.2 3.7 4.1 3.2

Personal care and service occupations....................... 4.4 2.3 6.9 3.8 1.6 6.2

Sales and office occupations...................................... 23.1 16.2 31.2 21.4 15.7 27.9

Sales and related occupations.................................. 10.5 9.4 11.7 10.1 9.7 10.6

Office and administrative support occupations............... 12.6 6.7 19.5 11.3 6.0 17.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 10.3 18.1 1.1 9.3 16.5 1.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 0.9 1.4 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.4

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 5.0 8.9 0.5 5.4 9.8 0.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4.4 7.8 0.3 3.2 5.8 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 13.9 19.2 7.7 11.8 17.2 5.8

Production occupations.......................................... 6.0 7.4 4.3 5.5 7.4 3.4

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 7.9 11.8 3.4 6.3 9.7 2.4
Table 4. Employed persons by disability status, industry, class of worker, and sex, 2018 annual averages

[Percent distribution]

Industry and class of worker

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Total employed (in thousands)....................................... 5,767 3,122 2,645 149,994 79,576 70,418

Industry as a percent of total employed

Total employed......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries................................. 2.8 4.2 1.2 1.5 2.1 0.8

Nonagricultural industries.......................................... 97.2 95.8 98.8 98.5 97.9 99.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction................. 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.2

Construction....................................................... 6.8 11.3 1.4 7.2 12.2 1.5

Manufacturing..................................................... 9.2 12.0 6.0 10.0 13.4 6.2

Wholesale trade.................................................. 2.0 2.7 1.2 2.4 3.2 1.4

Retail trade........................................................ 13.5 12.9 14.1 10.5 10.3 10.9

Transportation and utilities...................................... 5.6 7.6 3.2 5.5 7.8 2.8

Information........................................................ 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.9 2.2 1.5

Financial activities................................................ 5.0 4.3 5.8 6.9 6.2 7.7

Professional and business services............................ 11.1 11.8 10.2 12.2 13.5 10.8

Education and health services.................................. 21.6 11.4 33.8 22.5 10.8 35.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................... 8.6 7.9 9.4 9.2 8.4 10.1

Other services.................................................... 6.4 6.0 6.9 4.9 4.3 5.6

Public administration............................................. 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.7 4.9 4.6

Class of worker as a percent of total employed

Total employed1

........................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Wage and salary workers2

......................................... 89.6 87.7 91.9 93.9 92.9 94.9

Private industries................................................. 75.5 75.8 75.2 80.4 82.0 78.6

Government....................................................... 14.1 12.0 16.7 13.4 10.9 16.3

Federal.......................................................... 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.3

State............................................................. 5.1 4.0 6.5 4.5 3.4 5.7

Local............................................................. 6.2 5.0 7.6 6.6 5.0 8.3

Self-employed workers, unincorporated.......................... 10.2 12.1 8.0 6.1 7.0 5.0

1

Includes a small number of unpaid family workers, not shown separately.

2

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Persons not in the labor force by disability status, age, and sex, 2018 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total,

16 years and

over

16 to 64 years Total,

65 years and

Total Men Women over

PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY

Total not in the labor force.................................................... 23,870 10,215 4,819 5,396 13,655

Persons who currently want a job......................................... 650 439 232 207 211

Marginally attached to the labor force1

................................. 162 127 76 51 35

Discouraged workers2................................................. 37 26 16 10 11

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3............ 125 101 59 41 25

PERSONS WITH NO DISABILITY

Total not in the labor force.................................................... 71,846 44,250 16,299 27,951 27,595

Persons who currently want a job......................................... 4,599 3,994 1,847 2,147 604

Marginally attached to the labor force1

................................. 1,355 1,224 655 569 131

Discouraged workers2................................................. 387 342 216 126 45

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3............ 968 883 439 443 86

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.