Internet address:http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm
Technical information: (202) 606-6569     USDL 98-502
                                          For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact:               606-5902     Tuesday, December 22, 1998

                OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, 1997

  The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.Department of Labor announces
the release of national employment and wage data for a comprehensive set of
over 770 occupations from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES)
survey.  The OES survey is a Federal-State cooperative program between BLS
and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs).

  The OES survey data presented in this release have a fourth-quarter 1997
reference period and are based on information collected during a 1997
survey and a 1996 survey.  The 2 years of sample responses for employment
and wage data have been combined to produce this year's results.  The 1996
wage data have been adjusted to the 1997 reference period by using the over-
the-year wage change in the most applicable Employment Cost Index series.
The employment estimates from 1996 and 1997 have been adjusted to the full
universe counts for the 1997 survey reference period based on the Covered
Employment and Wages program.  The estimation methodology has been improved
since the 1996 estimates were prepared, so that data from 1997 are not
strictly comparable with data from 1996 issued in December1997.  (For
further details, see Technical Note beginning on page 4.)

  The data provide employment, average (mean) hourly wages, and mean
annual wages for over 770 detailed occupations.  (See table A-1.) Overall,
almost one-half of the occupations had mean wages in the mid-range
intervals; this result, however, was variable across the major occupational
divisions.

  The OES classification system has seven major occupational divisions, as
shown below.  Table A displays the number and percentage of occupations
within each division, as well as the distribution of employment by
occupational division.  The managerial, sales, and agricultural divisions
include the fewest number of occupations and the smallest employment
coverage.  The professional and production divisions include the largest
number of occupations, while also accounting for the largest share of
employment.

  The majority of occupations in the managerial and professional divisions
have average (mean) wage rates in the upper wage ranges, while the majority
of occupations in the clerical, service, and agricultural divisions have
average hourly wages in the lower wage ranges.  (See table B.)  For
example, table B shows that 75 percent of managerial occupations have a
mean occupational wage above $19.24 an hour, while 61 percent of service
occupations have a mean occupational wage below $10.00 an hour.
Occupations in the production division are paid average hourly wages
dispersed across the middle wage ranges.

                                  - 2 -

Table A. Distribution of occupations and employment by occupational
division, 1997
-------------------------------------------------------------------
                 |     Occupation     |          Employment
                 |--------------------|----------------------------
  Occupational   |         | Percent  |              |  Percent
    division     |  Number |   of     |     Number   |    of
                 |         |  total   |              |   total            
-----------------|--------------------|--------------|-------------
                 |         |          |              |
  Total..........|   777   |    100.0 |  121,592,210 |   100.0
                 |         |          |              |
Managerial.......|    20   |      2.6 |    8,192,170 |     6.7
Professional.....|   214   |     27.5 |   25,594,320 |    21.0
Sales............|    22   |      2.8 |   14,319,050 |    11.8
Clerical.........|    77   |      9.9 |   21,251,910 |    17.5
Service..........|    64   |      8.2 |   19,610,730 |    16.1
Agricultural.....|    20   |      2.6 |    1,515,370 |     1.2
Production.......|   360   |     46.3 |   31,108,660 |    25.6
-------------------------------------------------------------------


Table B.  Wage ranges of average (mean) wages by occupation, 1997
(Percentage distribution)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
              |                           Wage range
              |
Occupational  |-------------------------------------------------------------
  division    |$5.57|$8.50|$10.00|$11.25|$13.25|$15.75|$19.25|$24.25| $43.25
              |  to |  to |  to  |  to  |  to  |  to  |  to  |  to  |   to
              |$8.49|$9.99|$11.24|$13.24|$15.74|$19.24|$24.24|$43.24| $60.00
--------------|-----|-----|------|------|------|------|------|----- |-------
Managerial....|     |     |      |  5.0 | 15.0 |  5.0 | 30.0 | 45.0 |
Professional..| 0.5 |  3.7|  3.7 |  6.5 |  9.8 | 23.4 | 17.8 | 33.6 |   0.9
Sales.........|13.6 | 13.6|  9.1 |  9.1 |  4.5 | 22.7 | 13.6 | 13.6 |
Clerical......| 7.8 | 24.7| 19.5 | 33.8 |  7.8 |  5.2 |  1.3 |      |
Service.......|46.9 | 14.1|  7.8 |  6.3 |  9.4 |  7.8 |  6.3 |  1.6 |
Agricultural..|30.0 | 10.0| 20.0 | 35.0 |  5.0 |      |      |      |
Production....| 5.8 | 11.7| 16.1 | 21.9 | 21.1 | 16.7 |  6.1 |  0.6 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------




Technical Note


Scope of the survey

   The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail
survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary
workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry.  The OES survey samples and
contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years,
contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments.  The reference period
for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year.  While estimates
can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to
produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample.  (See Estimation
Methodology section.)  The full sample allows the production of estimates
at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail.
   
   BLS and the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) provide the
funding for the survey.  BLS provides the procedures and technical support,
while the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) collect the data.  The
SESAs produce industry-specific estimates for states and local areas.  BLS
produces industry estimates for the nation, and cross-industry estimates
for the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs).
   
   The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be
classified as full-time or part-time employees; workers on paid vacations
or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried
officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees
temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting
unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit
prepares their paycheck.  The survey excludes the self-employed,
owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers.
Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not
necessarily for which they were trained.
   
   The OES survey currently uses the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system to classify all establishments.  An establishment is defined
as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a
factory, mine, or store.  The establishment is generally at a single
physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of economic
activity.  The scope of the survey includes establishments in SIC codes 07,
10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87,
and 89 covering agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing;
transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance,
insurance, and real estate; services; and also includes the postal service
(SIC code 43) and other government.
   
   States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from
which the OES survey draws its sample.  The employment benchmarks are
obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program.  In some
nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for
establishments not reporting to the UI program.
   
   The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry, and size class.
Size classes are defined as follows:

           Size class        Number of employees

             1                   1 to 4
             2                   5 to 9
             3                   10 to 19
             4                   20 to 49
             5                   50 to 99
             6                   100 to 249
             7                   250 to 499
             8                   500 to 999
             9                   1,000 or more

UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with certainty
across a 3-year period; however, during any one survey year, only one-third
of the certainty units are in the sample.  In 1996 and 1997, establishments
in size classes 2 to 6 were selected based on a probability sample.  The
sampling weights in size class 2 were adjusted to account for the
employment in size class 1.  In 1998, the OES Survey began sampling
establishments in size class 1; thus, establishments in all size classes
are now represented in the probability sample.
   
   The OES classification system uses seven occupational divisions to
categorize workers in one of over 770 detailed occupations.  The seven
divisions are as follows:
   
       1.   Managerial and administrative occupations
       2.   Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations
       3.   Sales and related occupations
       4.   Clerical and administrative support occupations
       5.   Service occupations
       6.   Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations
       7.   Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material
             handling occupations.

Concepts

   Employment represents the estimate of total wage and salary employment
in an occupation across the industries in which it was surveyed.  The OES
survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 OES
occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size
class of the sampled establishments.  To reduce paperwork and respondent
burden, no survey form contains every OES occupation.  Thus, data for
specific occupations are collected from establishments within industries
that are the predominant employers of labor in those occupations.
   
   Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of
premium pay.  Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay,
hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production
bonuses, and on-call pay are included.  Excluded are back pay, jury duty
pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction
bonuses, and tuition reimbursements.
   
   The OES survey collects wage data in 11 intervals.  Employers report
the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range.  The wage
intervals are as follows:

-------------------------------------------------------
           |                  Wages
 Interval  |-------------------------------------------
           |        Hourly      |       Annual
-------------------------------------------------------
Range A    |   Under $5.75      |  Under $11,960
Range B    |   $5.75 to $8.49   |  $11,960 to $17,659
Range C    |   $8.50 to $9.99   |  $17,660 to $20,779
Range D    |   $10.00 to $11.24 |  $20,780 to $23,399
Range E    |   $11.25 to $13.24 |  $23,400 to $27,559
Range F    |   $13.25 to $15.74 |  $27,560 to $32,759
Range G    |   $15.75 to $19.24 |  $32,760 to $40,039
Range H    |   $19.25 to $24.24 |  $40,040 to $50,439
Range I    |   $24.25 to $43.24 |  $50,440 to $89,959
Range J    |   $43.25 to $60.00 |  $89,960 to $124,820
Range K    |   $60.01 and over  |  $124,821 and over
-------------------------------------------------------                          

   
   A mean wage is calculated using wage data from establishments in the
industries that are the predominant employers for an occupation.
Industries that do not typically employ workers in a given occupation are
not included in the calculation of the wage rates.

   Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its
weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended wage
interval, interval K ($60.01 and over), a mean wage value is calculated for
each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the Office
of Compensation and Working Conditions.  The mean wage value for the upper
open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized mean).  These
interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in
the interval.  For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval
are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted
survey employment.

   Annual wage:  Most employees are paid at an hourly rate by their
employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week.  The
annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the
mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours per year
(52 weeks by 40 hours).   Thus, the annual wage estimates may not represent
the actual annual pay received by the employee.  There are a small number
of occupations in this release where only an annual wage figure is
provided; the workers in these occupations are generally paid on an annual
basis, and their annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported
survey data.
   
   Hourly versus annual wage reporting:  For each occupation, respondents
are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage
intervals.  The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the
corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by
multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year
of 2,080 hours.  In reporting, the respondent can reference either the
hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for
part-time workers.
   
   There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual
amount, but generally work less than the usual 2,080 hours per year.  Since
the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot
be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages.
For this reason, only the annual salary is reported for these occupations.
Occupations that typically have a work-year of less than 2,080 hours
include musical and entertainment occupations, flight pilots and
attendants, and teachers.
   
Estimation Methodology

   The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year
and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million
establishments.  Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of
both the certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample
plan.  While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES
survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full
3 years of data.  The full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates
at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail, while
estimates using any one year of data would be subject to a higher sampling
error (due to the smaller sample size) and the limitations associated with
having only 1/3 of the units from the certainty strata.  Producing
estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant sampling
error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occupations);
however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires the
adjustment of earlier years' data to the current reference period--a
procedure referred to as "wage updating."

   1996 OES Survey Estimates:  The 1996 OES survey estimates, which were
published in December 1997, were from the first year of the new OES wage
survey and were developed using only a single year (i.e., 400,000 sample
units) of data.  The initial estimation methodology used a weighting-class
adjustment procedure for nonrespondents and an employment benchmark at the
state/industry level.  Since multiple years were not available for the 1996
data, the estimation procedure did not involve "wage updating."

   1997 OES Survey Estimates:  The 1997 OES survey estimates represent the
second year of OES estimates and have been developed using both 1996 and
1997 survey data that, when combined, cover approximately 800,000 sample
units.  The 1997 estimates also represent the first year of using a "wage-
updating" methodology in developing the OES survey estimates.  For the 1997
estimates, the OES program has used the over-the-year fourth quarter wage
changes from the Bureau's Employment Cost Index to adjust the 1996 survey
data before combining it with this year's fourth quarter 1997 data.  In
addition to the wage-updating procedure, the 1997 estimates use an improved
estimation methodology, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach
for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by
3-digit industry and broad size class level.  Note:  Because of the
difference in estimation methods for these first 2 years of OES estimates,
the data from 1997 are not strictly comparable with those published from
1996.

   Combining Multiple Years of Data:  As noted above, combining multiple
years of data has both statistical advantages and limitations.  Significant
reductions in sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of a full
3 years of data, which covers 1.2 million establishments and over 70
percent of the employment in the United States.  This feature is
particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates for small
domains in the population (i.e., wage and employment estimates for
detailed occupations in small areas).  Combining multiple years of data
also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata
(i.e., large employers with 250+ employment); the current OES collection
cycle samples these units only once every 3 years.
   
   While there are significant advantages, there are also limitations
associated with this estimation procedure in that it requires "wage
updating" for the earlier years of data.  For "wage-updating" purposes,the
Bureau has used the national over-the-year wage changes from the fourth
quarter of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 1997 for the nine occupational
divisions for which ECI estimates are available.  Such a procedure assumes
that each occupation's wage, as measured in the earlier years, moves
according to the average movement of its occupational division and that
there are no major geographic differences--and this may not be the case.
As noted below, the Bureau will be conducting research over the next
several years on the accuracy of this approach and also on other modeling
approaches that may produce more accurate results.
   
   Future Research:  The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program,
and the Bureau has a number of research efforts underway.  Some areas of
future research are given below.
   
   Sample Design Research--The Bureau is evaluating the feasibility of
collecting all certainty units (i.e., large employers of 250+) every year
so that more accurate independent estimates from a single year of sample
data can be produced.  These estimates will not contain possible effects
from the "wage-updating" procedure and can provide an independent measure
of the accuracy of the updating procedure along with the ability to use
this data directly for more aggregate levels of publication.  Inclusion of
certainty units in each year's sample also will enable the Bureau to
explore alternative "wage-updating" procedures using the new OES data
itself in the updating process.
   
   Collection Methodology Research--This includes cognitive research on
improvements to form design and alternative electronic collection reporting
procedures for respondents.
   
   Estimation Methodology Research--An important research effort over the
next several years will be the evaluation of the current "wage-updating"
methodology along with the identification of alternative modeling
approaches may produce improved overall accuracy.  An additional area of
research will be to extend the Bureau's earlier 1992 and 1996 research on
estimation methods for workers who fall in the upper-end wage interval,
$60.01 and above.
   
Additional Information
   
   The 1997 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in table
A-1, will be available on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm),
along with additional technical information.  Users also may access each
occupation's definition and wage distribution (similar to the division data
shown in table B).  1997 OES data for States will be available on the BLS
website in January, with data for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
available some time thereafter.
   
   In addition to the data provided on the Internet, industry staffing
patterns at the 2- and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
levels will be available on diskette beginning in January 1999.  These data
will include industry-specific occupational employment and wage data.  BLS
also plans to release a bulletin displaying 1997 employment and wage data
for selected occupations in the spring of 1999.
   
   For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and
Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2
Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington DC, 20212, telephone 202-606-6569
(e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov).
   
   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request.  Voice phone:  202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number:  1-800-326-2577.


      Table A-1.  National employment and wage data from the Occupational 
      Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 1997 

                                                                                  Mean  Wages
                              Occupation                            Employ-
                                                                     ment      Hourly   Annual /1

      Managerial and administrative occupations                   
      Financial managers                                             655,680     $27.43    $57,060
      Personnel, training, and labor relations managers              221,370      24.08     50,080
      Purchasing managers                                            172,980      21.35     44,400
      Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers          453,920      27.45     57,100
      Administrative services managers                               346,600      22.61     47,030
      Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences managers       316,110      32.99     68,620
      Postmasters and mail superintendents                            27,090      22.26     46,300
      Education administrators                                       375,170      26.87     55,900
      Medicine and health services managers                          203,420      24.02     49,960

      Property and real estate managers and administrators           135,570      16.67     34,680
      Industrial production managers                                 208,000      26.38     54,860
      Construction managers                                          220,560      23.69     49,280
      Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas well drilling managers        8,670      29.18     60,700
      Communications, transportation, and utilities operations 
       managers                                                      192,250      24.90     51,790
      Food service and lodging managers                              377,000      13.47     28,020
      Nursery and greenhouse managers                                  2,980      13.87     28,850
      Lawn service managers                                           17,450      12.91     26,850
      Public administration chief executives, legislators,
       and general administrators                                     77,450      14.77     30,710
      General managers and top executives                          3,259,730      29.31     60,960

      Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations
      Insurance underwriters                                          88,530      19.45     40,460
      Credit analysts                                                 39,740      18.73     38,960
      Loan officers and counselors                                   213,250      18.96     39,430
      Tax preparers                                                   48,080      16.12     33,530
      Accountants and auditors                                       885,360      19.49     40,550
      Budget analysts                                                 56,660      22.29     46,350

      Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products               99,820      16.72     34,780
      Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products                     25,200      17.08     35,530
      Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail,
       and farm products                                             213,930      19.25     40,030
      Claims takers, unemployment benefits                            11,760      14.82     30,820
      Special agents, insurance                                       23,050      21.97     45,690
      Employment interviewers, private or public employment
       service                                                        62,390      16.63     34,590
      Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists           340,970      19.03     39,570
      Cost estimators                                                150,360      20.20     42,020
      Management analysts                                            126,790      25.05     52,110
      Construction and building inspectors                            60,640      18.11     37,660
      Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors, 
       except construction                                           164,820      18.43     38,340
      Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents                   61,210      19.01     39,540
      Assessors                                                       21,530      14.86     30,900
      Claims examiners, property and casualty insurance               45,870      20.34     42,310

      Aeronautical and astronautical engineers                        46,060      30.35     63,130
      Metallurgists and metallurgical, ceramic, and materials
       engineers                                                      15,640      26.41     54,930
      Mining engineers, including mine safety                          3,440      25.80     53,650
      Petroleum engineers                                              8,770      32.84     68,300
      Chemical engineers                                              43,270      28.08     58,400
      Nuclear engineers                                                8,030      30.95     64,380
      Civil engineers, including traffic                             173,690      25.36     52,750
      Agricultural engineers                                           2,900      25.30     52,620
      Electrical and electronic engineers                            329,070      27.32     56,820

      Computer engineers                                             252,230     $27.21    $56,590
      Industrial engineers, except safety                            112,400      25.17     52,350
      Safety engineers, except mining                                 19,400      24.41     50,760
      Mechanical engineers                                           209,490      25.10     52,210
      Marine engineers                                                 3,300      22.97     47,770
      Architects, except landscape and marine                         67,790      24.12     50,170
      Marine architects                                                1,070      28.52     59,320
      Landscape architects                                            12,920      19.22     39,970
      Surveyors and mapping scientists                                37,880      19.17     39,880

      Civil engineering technicians and technologists                 72,560      16.69     34,710
      Electrical and electronic engineering technicians
       and technologists                                             308,910      17.37     36,120
      Industrial engineering technicians and technologists            27,510      18.44     38,360
      Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists            87,340      19.07     39,660
      Drafters                                                       253,790      16.01     33,300
      Estimators and drafters, utilities                               5,290      22.01     45,790
      Surveying and mapping technicians                               61,910      13.40     27,860

      Physicists and astronomers                                       8,020      32.72     68,060
      Chemists, except biochemists                                    80,010      22.69     47,200
      Atmospheric and space scientists                                 6,900      24.87     51,730
      Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers                   32,130      26.73     55,600

      Foresters and conservation scientists                           26,090      20.30     42,230
      Agricultural and food scientists                                 9,090      20.77     43,200
      Biological scientists                                           66,940      22.86     47,550
      Medical scientists                                              14,620      27.13     56,430

      Biological, agricultural, and food technicians
       and technologists, except health                               37,750      13.84     28,790
      Chemical technicians and technologists, except health           73,480      15.46     32,160
      Nuclear technicians and technologists                            2,430      20.91     43,480
      Petroleum technicians and technologists                          8,160      18.56     38,590

      Systems analysts, electronic data processing                   530,420      24.69     51,360
      Data base administrators                                        82,600      23.06     47,960
      Computer support specialists                                   406,230      18.71     38,920
      Computer programmers                                           501,390      24.27     50,490
      Computer programmer aides                                       63,240      14.83     30,840
      Programmers, numerical tool and process control                  8,500      19.82     41,230

      Operations and systems researchers and analysts,
       except computer                                                71,530      24.40     50,740
      Mathematical scientists                                          8,280      20.26     42,150
      Statisticians                                                   15,090      23.96     49,830
      Actuaries                                                       11,770      30.85     64,160
      Financial analysts, statistical                                 43,930      24.68     51,330
      Mathematical technicians                                         1,590      14.73     30,630

      Economists, including market research analysts                  46,480      25.18     52,370
      Urban and regional planners                                     33,380      21.00     43,670
      Psychologists                                                   79,170      23.78     49,460
      Social workers, medical and psychiatric                        219,740      15.82     32,910
      Social workers, except medical and psychiatric                 350,170      15.23     31,680
      Residential counselors                                         175,770       9.57     19,910

      Human services workers                                         252,340     $10.63    $22,110
      Recreation workers                                             227,570       8.93     18,570
      Clergy                                                          25,740      14.65     30,480
      Directors, religious activities and education                   11,810      12.33     25,650

      Judges and magistrates                                          23,760      29.88     62,160
      Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial reviewers         44,900      18.22     37,890
      Lawyers                                                        425,170      35.02     72,840
      Law clerks                                                      43,080      13.64     28,360
      Paralegal personnel                                            129,400      16.01     33,300
      Title searchers                                                  9,410      11.59     24,100
      Title examiners and abstractors                                 14,150      14.38     29,900

      Lecturers                                                       10,750      12.93     26,890
      Nursing instructors, postsecondary                              41,030      27.57     45,400
      Graduate assistants, teaching                                   92,480         /2     21,290
      Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary                    8,600         /2     57,950
      Life sciences teachers, postsecondary                           36,970         /2     53,360
      Chemistry teachers, postsecondary                               13,470         /2     48,460
      Physics teachers, postsecondary                                  8,720         /2     53,200

      Health diagnostics teachers, postsecondary                      31,810         /2     68,360
      Health assessment and treatment teachers, postsecondary         24,350         /2     56,840

      Communications teachers, postsecondary                          14,110         /2     41,830
      English language and literature teachers, postsecondary         52,480         /2     43,840
      Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary         18,150         /2     43,590
      Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary                   48,590         /2     43,190
      Engineering teachers, postsecondary                             23,180         /2     60,040
      Architecture teachers, postsecondary                             4,070         /2     52,480

      Mathematical sciences teachers, postsecondary                   37,450         /2     45,260
      Computer science teachers, postsecondary                        21,260         /2     45,530
      Anthropology and sociology teachers, postsecondary              12,260         /2     47,250
      Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary       2,930         /2     44,980
      Economics teachers, postsecondary                                9,190         /2     54,430
      Geography teachers, postsecondary                                3,250         /2     51,090
      History teachers, postsecondary                                 15,090         /2     46,460
      Political science teachers, postsecondary                        9,380         /2     50,040
      Psychology teachers, postsecondary                              21,400         /2     47,710

      Business teachers, postsecondary                                53,340         /2     49,670
      Law teachers, postsecondary                                      8,430         /2     65,240
      Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary     7,260         /2     41,250
      Social work teachers, postsecondary                              4,990         /2     42,480
      Education teachers, postsecondary                               33,780         /2     43,260
      Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary                 13,160         /2     44,130
      Library science teachers, postsecondary                          2,330         /2     46,050
      Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies teachers,
       postsecondary                                                   7,540         /2     43,230
      Home economics teachers, postsecondary                           2,930         /2     45,080

      Teachers, preschool                                            284,100       9.09     18,900
      Teachers, kindergarten                                         164,090         /2     34,150
      Teachers, elementary school                                  1,560,380         /2    $37,310
      Teachers, secondary school                                   1,319,250         /2     39,010
      Teachers, special education                                    376,360         /2     39,200
      Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training    296,930      17.00     35,350
      Instructors, nonvocational education                           114,320      13.04     27,110
      Instructors and coaches, sports and physical training          284,610      12.14     25,250
      Farm and home management advisors                                9,180      17.95     37,350

      Librarians, professional                                       141,360      18.46     38,400
      Technical assistants, library                                   66,850      10.58     22,000
      Audio-visual specialists                                        11,610      15.87     33,010
      Curators, archivists, museum technicians, and conservators      11,960      15.93     33,130
      Vocational and educational counselors                          165,960      18.78     39,060
      Instructional coordinators                                      84,460      19.09     39,720
      Teacher aides, paraprofessional                                608,750       7.96     16,550

      Physicians and surgeons                                        463,870      48.52    100,920
      Dentists                                                        81,160      43.89     91,280
      Optometrists                                                    24,380      31.33     65,170
      Podiatrists                                                      7,190      39.92     83,040
      Chiropractors                                                   16,170      32.69     68,000
      Veterinarians and veterinary inspectors                         34,910      26.65     55,430

      Respiratory therapists                                          83,440      16.40     34,110
      Occupational therapists                                         62,560      24.33     50,610
      Physical therapists                                            112,060      26.95     56,060
      Corrective and manual arts therapists                            2,200      16.33     33,970
      Speech-language pathologists and audiologists                   88,650      21.33     44,370
      Recreational therapists                                         24,140      13.42     27,920

      Registered nurses                                            2,007,030      19.91     41,400
      Licensed practical nurses                                      667,650      12.94     26,910
      Emergency medical technicians                                  140,140      10.21     21,230
      Physician assistants                                            61,800      21.63     44,980
      Opticians, dispensing and measuring                             64,500      11.15     23,180
      Pharmacists                                                    174,540      27.88     57,990
      Pharmacy technicians and aides                                 165,430       8.82     18,350
      Dietitians and nutritionists                                    45,300      16.41     34,120
      Dietetic technicians                                            24,990       9.97     20,730
      Medical and clinical laboratory technologists                  157,530      18.44     38,350
      Medical and clinical laboratory technicians                    136,380      12.93     26,900

      Dental hygienists                                              139,700      21.56     44,840
      Medical records technicians                                     87,040      10.20     21,220
      Radiation therapists                                            12,110      19.05     39,630
      Nuclear medicine technologists                                  13,700      19.07     39,670
      Radiologic technologists                                       157,640      15.79     32,837
      Electroneurodiagnostic technologists                             5,320      15.66     32,570
      Cardiology technologists                                        20,580      16.21     33,720
      Electrocardiograph technicians                                  12,190      12.34     25,660
      Surgical technologists and technicians                          52,650      12.30     25,580
      Psychiatric technicians                                         62,120      10.59     22,020
      Veterinary technicians and technologists                        30,160       9.58     19,930

      Writers and editors                                            125,220     $17.76    $36,940
      Technical writers and editors                                   49,430      20.07     41,740
      Public relations specialists and publicity writers              91,870      17.43     36,260
      Reporters and correspondents                                    55,840      14.26     29,660
      Broadcast news analysts                                          7,490      20.38     42,400
      Announcers, radio and television                                51,450      11.38     23,680
      Announcers, except radio and television                          1,240      11.02     22,930
      Photographers                                                   63,280      11.74     24,420
      Camera operators, television and motion picture                 10,760      12.19     25,360
      Broadcast technicians                                           35,960      14.12     29,380
      Film editors                                                     9,320      19.58     40,740

      Artists and related workers                                    126,930      16.52     34,360
      Designers, except interior designers                           184,120      15.62     32,480
      Interior designers                                              28,760      15.44     32,120
      Merchandise displayers and window trimmers                      33,570       9.15     19,030
      Music directors, singers, composers, and related workers        12,030         /2     31,560
      Musicians, instrumental                                         42,390         /2     36,190
      Dancers and choreographers                                      16,980      11.52     23,960
      Producers, directors, actors, and other entertainers           113,500         /2     35,420
      Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers                 25,700         /2     33,950

      Airplane dispatchers and air traffic controllers                28,470      27.41     57,020
      Traffic technicians                                              7,370      16.75     34,850
      Radio operators                                                  6,640      10.79     22,440
      Funeral directors and morticians                                24,880      18.72     38,940
      Embalmers                                                        5,890      14.75     30,680

      Sales and related occupations
      First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors              1,672,080      16.32     33,950
      Sales agents and placers, insurance                            248,130      19.64     40,850
      Brokers, real estate                                            21,020      26.50     55,120
      Sales agents, real estate                                       78,270      16.73     34,790
      Appraisers, real estate                                         33,570      19.29     40,130
      Sales agents, securities, commodities,
       and financial services                                        213,240      28.34     58,950
      Sales agents, selected business services                       247,920      18.24     37,940
      Travel agents                                                  117,000      10.99     22,850
      Sales agents, advertising                                      126,020      17.48     36,360

      Sales engineers                                                 77,330      25.98     54,040
      Sales representatives, scientific and related products 
       and services, except retail                                   391,610      22.64     47,090
      Sales representatives, except retail and scientific
       and related products and services                           1,032,880      18.99     39,510
      Salespersons, retail                                         3,842,730       8.64     17,970
      Salespersons, parts                                            293,940      11.51     23,930
      Counter and rental clerks                                      444,220       7.37     15,330
      Stock clerks, sales floor                                    1,264,970       7.64     15,900
      Cashiers                                                     3,122,490       6.96     14,480
      Telemarketers, door-to-door sales workers, news 
       and street vendors, and other related workers                 407,850       9.19     19,120
      Demonstrators and promoters                                     81,310       8.73     18,160
      Models                                                             970      10.70     22,250

      Clerical and administrative support occupations
      First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors              1,544,540     $15.62    $32,490
      Tellers                                                        544,670       8.24     17,140
      New accounts clerks                                            109,290      10.00     20,800
      Transit clerks                                                  13,750       8.51     17,700
      Loan interviewers                                               15,310      11.59     24,100
      Credit authorizers                                              16,410      11.68     24,300
      Credit checkers                                                 39,310      10.88     22,630
      Loan and credit clerks                                         167,790      10.89     22,650
      Adjustment clerks                                              467,480      11.07     23,020
      Statement clerks                                                13,190       8.75     18,190
      Brokerage clerks                                                72,530      13.85     28,800

      Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators              161,830      19.04     39,610
      Insurance appraisers, auto damage                               10,160      19.27     40,080
      Insurance examining clerks                                       8,830      11.14     23,180
      Insurance claims clerks                                        150,410      11.69     24,310
      Insurance policy processing clerks                             157,410      11.75     24,450

      Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers                    88,060      16.17     33,630
      Investigators, clerical                                         12,260      11.79     24,530
      Bill and account collectors                                    279,360      10.99     22,850
      Court clerks                                                    50,890      12.16     25,300
      Municipal clerks                                                22,910      11.90     24,750
      License clerks                                                  24,000      10.99     22,870
      Travel clerks                                                   20,240       9.21     19,160
      Reservation and transportation ticket agents                   196,670      11.66     24,250
      Hotel desk clerks                                              154,560       7.32     15,230

      Library assistants and bookmobile drivers                      120,220       8.68     18,050
      Teacher aides and educational assistants, clerical             474,890       7.59     15,790
      Advertising clerks                                              13,280       9.93     20,650
      Proofreaders and copy markers                                   36,350       9.74     20,260
      Real estate clerks                                              23,870       9.74     20,250

      Legal secretaries                                              277,290      14.60     30,370
      Medical secretaries                                            210,230      10.71     22,270
      Secretaries, except legal and medical                        2,397,710      11.52     23,970
      Stenographers and/or court reporters                            73,630      13.34     27,740
      Receptionists and information clerks                         1,212,340       9.00     18,710
      Typists, including word processing                             404,570      10.88     22,640
      Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping               137,070      11.80     24,540
      Correspondence clerks                                           22,660      11.15     23,200
      File clerks                                                    259,130       8.34     17,350

      Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service              357,040      10.60     22,040
      Procurement clerks                                              57,420      11.11     23,120
      Statistical clerks                                              49,930      11.73     24,400
      Interviewing clerks, except personnel and social welfare       123,990       8.97     18,650
      Customer service representatives, utilities                    187,770      13.24     27,540
      Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks                 1,746,630      11.34     23,580
      Payroll and timekeeping clerks                                 163,410      11.84     24,620
      Billing, cost, and rate clerks                                 328,740      10.91     22,690
      General office clerks                                        2,869,990       9.74     20,250

      Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators            101,390      $9.79    $20,350
      Duplicating machine operators                                   48,620       9.46     19,670
      Mail machine operators, preparation and handling                59,140       8.75     18,200
      Computer operators, except peripheral equipment                208,680      12.55     26,090
      Peripheral EDP equipment operators                              25,930      11.33     23,560
      Data entry keyers, except composing                            389,050       9.33     19,410
      Data keyers, composing                                          16,810       9.83     20,450

      Switchboard operators                                          205,670       8.88     18,470
      Directory assistance operators                                  22,640      13.30     27,660
      Central office operators                                        22,100      12.21     25,400
      Telegraph and teletype operators                                 6,250      11.78     24,510

      Mail clerks, except mail machine operators
       and postal service                                            114,390       8.76     18,230
      Postal mail carriers                                           341,210      16.42     34,160
      Postal service clerks                                           74,760      16.22     33,740
      Messengers                                                      97,200       8.46     17,590
      Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance                        83,830      11.31     23,530
      Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance                148,950      13.20     27,460

      Production, planning, and expediting clerks                    242,960      14.35     29,850
      Transportation agents                                           28,340      11.63     24,180
      Meter readers, utilities                                        50,090      12.77     26,570
      Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping      41,390      11.59     24,100
      Marking clerks                                                  24,890       7.96     16,560
      Stock clerks - stockroom, warehouse or storage yard            803,560       9.66     20,090
      Order fillers, wholesale and retail sales                      235,720       9.40     19,560
      Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks                        993,450      11.30     23,510

      Service occupations
      Fire fighting and prevention supervisors                        56,630     $21.54    $44,810
      Police and detective supervisors                               105,970      23.33     48,530
      Housekeeping supervisors                                        83,010       9.81     20,400
      Fire inspectors                                                  8,300      20.36     42,340
      Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists                3,820      17.39     36,180
      Fire fighters                                                  226,450      15.18     31,570
      Police detectives                                               55,490      21.00     43,690
      Police patrol officers                                         420,750      18.17     37,800
      Correction officers and jailers                                382,150      14.59     30,340
      Parking enforcement officers                                    11,530      11.84     24,620

      Bailiffs                                                        12,640      14.42     29,980
      Criminal investigators, public service                          21,030      25.80     53,660
      Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs                                    89,250      14.13     29,390
      Detectives and investigators, except public                     39,040      12.46     25,910
      Railroad and transit police and special agents                   4,500      18.18     37,820
      Fish and game wardens                                            7,480      16.33     33,960
      Crossing guards                                                 52,560       7.84     16,310
      Guards and watch guards                                        974,690       8.34     17,350

      Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, or coffee shop        251,420       6.69     13,910
      Bartenders                                                     392,480       6.70     13,940
      Waiters and waitresses                                       1,981,130       5.87     12,200

      Service occupations
      Food servers, outside                                           60,730      $7.43    $15,450
      Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers     388,620       6.26     13,020
      Counter attendants - lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria      332,920       6.42     13,360

      Bakers, bread and pastry                                       159,760       8.63     17,940
      Butchers and meat cutters                                      145,930      11.24     23,370
      Cooks, restaurant                                              728,060       8.06     16,770
      Cooks, institution or cafeteria                                375,530       8.02     16,670
      Cooks, fast food                                               502,400       6.11     12,700
      Cooks, short order                                             154,590       7.16     14,900
      Food preparation workers                                     1,210,580       6.95     14,450
      Combined food preparation and service workers                1,586,250       6.21     12,920

      Dental assistants                                              222,410      10.89     22,650
      Medical assistants                                             248,080      10.00     20,810
      Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants                     1,255,210       8.12     16,890
      Home health aides                                              482,080       8.31     17,290
      Psychiatric aides                                               92,280      10.35     21,530
      Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides            80,770      11.57     24,070
      Occupational therapy assistants and aides                       18,280      14.31     29,760
      Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency              17,260       8.57     17,820

      Maids and housekeeping cleaners                                873,040       7.14     14,850
      Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping
       cleaners                                                    1,938,270       8.21     17,070
      Pest controllers and assistants                                 43,900      10.85     22,570
      Elevator operators                                               3,140      14.53     30,220

      Barbers                                                         11,780       9.63     20,030
      Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists                 327,260       8.34     17,350
      Manicurists                                                     27,810       7.77     16,170
      Shampooers                                                      14,680       6.33     13,160

      Amusement and recreation attendants                            319,670       6.73     14,000
      Guides                                                          27,300       7.99     16,610
      Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers                     70,890       6.26     13,020
      Baggage porters and bellhops                                    35,640       6.92     14,400
      Flight attendants                                               99,430         /2     38,780

      Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
       and baggage porters                                            21,160       8.95     18,610
      Wardrobe, and locker and dressing room attendants                6,680       8.45     17,580
      Personal and home care aides                                   237,390       7.28     15,140
      Child care workers                                             353,250       7.03     14,630
      Funeral attendants                                              22,410       7.76     16,140

      Agricultural, Forestry, Fishing, and Related Occupations
      First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors                 46,720      14.22     29,580
      Fallers and buckers                                             11,480      13.08     27,200
      Choke setters                                                    2,960      13.00     27,040
      Log-handling equipment operators                                18,120      11.75     24,430
      Logging tractor operators                                       17,150      11.45     23,810
      Forest and conservation workers                                 20,330      11.86     24,670
      Log graders and scalers                                          3,790      11.18     23,250

      Graders and sorters, agricultural products                      67,790      $6.89    $14,340
      Animal breeders                                                  1,670      12.98     27,000
      Animal trainers                                                  3,590      10.69     22,240
      Animal caretakers, except farm                                  88,780       7.67     15,950

      Farm equipment operators                                        21,670       7.81     16,240
      Pruners                                                         24,170      10.86     22,600
      Sprayers/applicators                                            17,900      10.42     21,680
      Laborers, landscaping and groundskeeping                       859,170       9.09     18,910
      Veterinary assistants                                           41,850       7.92     16,480
      Farmworkers, food and fiber crops                              159,450       6.00     12,470
      Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals                              8,600       7.59     15,780

      Production, construction, operating, maintenance,
       and material handling occupations 
       First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors: 
          Mechanics, installers, and repairers                       431,310      19.33     40,200
         Construction trades and extractive workers                  339,110      19.58     40,730
         Production and operating workers                            619,430      17.76     36,940
         Transportation and material-moving machine
          and vehicle operators                                      139,860      17.87     37,170
         Helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand                146,560      14.77     30,730

       Precision inspectors, testers, and graders                    149,910      13.74     28,580
       Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers,
        and weighers                                                 434,080      11.27     23,440
       Transportation inspectors                                      14,690      18.10     37,650

      Machinery maintenance mechanics                                271,550      15.22     31,660
      Machinery maintenance mechanics, textile machines               28,410      11.61     24,140
      Machinery maintenance mechanics, sewing machines                10,140      11.21     23,310
      Machinery maintenance mechanics, marine equipment               12,370      14.74     30,650

      Underground mine machinery mechanics                             6,850      17.50     36,390
      Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or power
       generation plant                                               57,330      17.66     36,720
      Millwrights                                                     78,580      17.18     35,720
      Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons               1,780      14.66     30,500
      Machinery maintenance workers                                   83,940      14.48     30,120
      Maintenance repairers, general utility                       1,110,340      11.73     24,400

      Automotive mechanics                                           604,400      13.63     28,340
      Automotive body and related repairers                          186,340      13.97     29,050
      Motorcycle repairers                                             9,210      11.67     24,260
      Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists          233,770      14.15     29,440
      Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines                98,490      15.06     31,320
      Rail car repairers                                              14,010      16.75     34,840
      Farm equipment mechanics                                        36,120      10.81     22,480
      Aircraft mechanics                                             111,180      17.65     36,710
      Aircraft engine specialists                                     14,640      18.16     37,770
      Small engine specialists                                        26,010      10.60     22,040

      Central office and pbx installers and repairers                 41,370      19.31     40,170
      Frame wirers, central office                                    12,070      21.83     45,400
      Telegraph and teletype installers and maintainers                1,160      21.32     44,350
      Signal or track switch maintainers                               4,550      19.70     40,980
      Radio mechanics                                                  6,940      14.14     29,410

      Telephone and cable television line installers and repairers   172,960     $15.70    $32,650
      Data processing equipment repairers                             59,000      14.64     30,450
      Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers               27,840      12.04     25,040
      Electric home appliance and power tool repairers                29,850      12.00     24,960
      Electric motor, transformer, and related repairers              18,130      13.61     28,310
      Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment      62,470      16.52     34,350
      Powerhouse, substation, and relay electricians                   8,540      22.36     46,520
      Electrical power-line installers and repairers                  97,310      19.75     41,090
      Station installers and repairers, telephone                     23,480      18.06     37,560
      Electrical installers and repairers, transportation
       equipment                                                      18,690      15.39     32,010

      Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics         238,220      14.48     30,120
      Precision instrument repairers                                  30,520      18.00     37,430
      Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers               10,470      15.99     33,250
      Electric meter installers and repairers                         12,050      18.71     38,920
      Camera and photographic equipment repairers                      3,170      14.07     29,260
      Watchmakers                                                      3,010      12.84     26,700
      Musical instrument repairers and tuners                          4,410      11.57     24,070
      Locksmiths and safe repairers                                   12,370      12.67     26,350
      Office machine and cash register servicers                      53,010      13.32     27,700

      Mechanical control and valve installers and repairers           20,180      16.26     33,820
      Elevator installers and repairers                               21,000      22.42     46,640
      Riggers                                                         10,960      15.95     33,180
      Installers and repairers, manufactured buildings, 
       mobile homes, and travel trailers                              34,800      10.77     22,410
      Gas appliance repairers                                         13,430      15.80     32,870
      Coin and vending machine servicers and repairers                27,240      11.23     23,360
      Bicycle repairers                                                8,150       7.80     16,210
      Tire repairers and changers                                     80,280       8.28     17,210
      Menders, garments, linens, and related                           8,150       7.77     16,170

      Carpenters                                                     714,430      14.81     30,800
      Ceiling tile installers and acoustical carpenters               15,040      16.27     33,830
      Drywall installers                                              72,700      15.47     32,180
      Tapers                                                          31,520      16.30     33,900
      Lathers                                                         11,460      16.17     33,640
      Brattice builders                                                  450      15.92     33,120

      Electricians                                                   570,030      17.50     36,390
      Brickmasons                                                     95,430      17.26     35,900
      Stonemasons                                                     13,280      16.44     34,190
      Hard tile setters                                               16,940      16.36     34,040
      Concrete and terrazzo finishers                                128,510      13.35     27,770

      Reinforcing metal workers                                       21,990      16.81     34,960
      Plasterers and stucco masons                                    31,350      14.92     31,030
      Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance        265,610      12.99     27,020
      Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters                        336,810      17.46     36,310
      Pipelaying fitters                                               5,780      16.00     33,280
      Pipelayers                                                      45,660      12.65     26,320
      Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners                    8,870      12.88     26,780

      Carpet installers                                               29,860     $14.46    $30,080
      Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles               11,310      13.72     28,550
      Floor sanding machine operators                                  5,090      11.88     24,710

      Air hammer operators                                             2,430      15.06     31,330
      Pile-driver operators                                            2,140      19.77     41,110
      Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators              72,330      12.89     26,810
      Highway maintenance workers                                    154,110      11.79     24,520
      Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators           17,100      15.84     32,940

      Insulation workers                                              61,650      13.57     28,230
      Hazardous materials removal workers                             37,410      14.01     29,140
      Sheet metal duct installers                                     45,520      14.82     30,820
      Roofers                                                        104,340      13.38     27,840
      Glaziers                                                        38,450      13.40     27,870
      Structural metal workers                                        55,610      16.30     33,890
      Fence erectors                                                  18,490      10.24     21,310

      Earth drillers, except oil and gas                              15,630      14.26     29,650
      Blasters and explosives workers                                  4,360      14.63     30,430
      Rock splitters, quarry                                           2,180      10.93     22,730
      Rotary drill operators, oil and gas extraction                  10,110      16.35     34,010
      Derrick operators, oil and gas extraction                       12,640      13.24     27,530
      Service unit operators                                          17,700      11.54     24,010
      Roustabouts                                                     30,170       9.85     20,480
      Roof bolters                                                     4,460      17.18     35,730
      Continuous mining machine operators                              5,810      16.55     34,420
      Mine cutting and channeling machine operators                    2,380      17.77     36,960

      Tool and die makers                                            137,080      17.36     36,110
      Precision instrument makers                                      3,580      14.08     29,290
      Machinists                                                     415,010      13.84     28,780
      Tool grinders, filers, sharpeners, and other precision
       grinders                                                       34,360      12.90     26,840
      Pattern and model makers, metal                                  3,530      14.95     31,100
      Precision lay-out workers, metal                                13,340      13.95     29,020
      Shipfitters                                                      8,060      13.50     28,080
      Jewelers and silversmiths                                       19,330      11.95     24,850
      Precision hand workers, jewelry and related products             9,060      10.34     21,500
      Precision etchers and engravers, hand or machine                 2,670      10.90     22,660
      Sheet metal workers                                            176,220      14.55     30,260
      Boilermakers                                                    17,110      18.25     37,970

      Pattern and model makers, wood                                   9,270      16.30     33,910
      Pattern markers, wood                                            1,410      10.11     21,020
      Wood machinists                                                 39,130       9.62     20,010
      Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters                              97,100      11.07     23,030
      Furniture finishers                                             26,260       9.82     20,430

      Fabric and apparel patternmakers and lay-out workers            16,640      12.21     25,400
      Custom tailors and sewers                                       31,840       9.53     19,820
      Upholsterers                                                    40,380      10.81     22,490
      Shoe and leather workers and repairers, precision               18,870       8.32     17,310

      Spotters, dry-cleaning                                          10,390      $8.59    $17,870
      Pressers, delicate fabrics                                      26,350       7.57     15,740
      Precision dyers                                                  4,930       9.58     19,920

      Hand compositors and typesetters                                 8,340      10.88     22,630
      Job printers                                                    16,880      12.95     26,940
      Paste-up workers                                                 8,920      10.43     21,680
      Electronic pagination system operators                          25,510      14.32     29,780
      Photoengravers                                                   2,740      14.10     29,320

      Camera operators                                                 9,170      11.66     24,250
      Scanner operators                                                6,900      16.34     33,990
      Strippers                                                       22,520      15.26     31,750
      Platemakers                                                     14,410      13.99     29,110
      Bookbinders                                                      6,250      11.88     24,710

      Slaughterers and butchers                                       57,420       8.64     17,980
      Bakers, manufacturing                                           40,000      10.79     22,440
      Food batchmakers                                                32,280      11.25     23,400

      Precision foundry mold and coremakers                           12,020      11.91     24,770
      Precision molders, shapers, casters, and carvers,
       except jewelry and foundry                                     12,940      10.67     22,200
      Precision patternmakers, model makers, lay-out workers,
       and cutters                                                     3,680      14.17     29,470
      Precision detail design decorators and painters                  4,800       9.97     20,740
      Precision photographic process workers                           9,130      10.51     21,860
      Precision optical goods workers                                 22,690       9.80     20,370
      Precision dental laboratory technicians                         35,050      13.31     27,680
      Medical appliance makers                                         6,300      12.52     26,030
      Gem and diamond workers                                            560      12.16     25,290

      Sawing machine tool setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              19,860      11.33     23,570
      Lathe and turning machine tool setters and set-up
       operators, metal and plastic                                   72,400      13.57     28,230
      Drilling and boring machine tool setters and set-up
       operators, metal and plastic                                   41,160      12.19     25,360
      Milling and planing machine setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              24,120      13.69     28,480
      Grinding, lapping, and buffing machine tool setters
       and set-up operators, metal and plastic                        65,390      12.24     25,470
      Machine tool cutting operators and tenders,
       metal and plastic                                             108,770      12.62     26,250
      Punching machine setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              47,240      11.14     23,180
      Press and press-brake machine setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              71,680      11.46     23,840

      Shear and slitter machine setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              21,360      11.57     24,070
      Extruding and drawing machine setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              40,990      11.54     24,000
      Rolling machine setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              22,040      13.14     27,320
      Forging machine setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              15,190      16.53     34,380
      Machine forming operators and tenders, metal and plastic       163,720      10.38     21,580

      Numerical control machine tool operators and tenders,
       metal and plastic                                              87,940      13.29     27,640
      Combination machine tool setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                              55,640      13.45     27,990
      Combination machine tool operators and tenders,
       metal and plastic                                              51,540      10.63     22,100

      Welding machine setters and set-up operators                    32,700      13.19     27,440
      Welding machine operators and tenders                           75,830      12.06     25,090
      Soldering and brazing machine setters and set-up operators       5,110      10.51     21,860
      Soldering and brazing machine operators and tenders              7,080       9.88     20,540
      Metal fabricators, structural metal products                    36,040      12.08     25,130

      Plastic molding and casting machine setters
       and set-up operators                                           35,680     $10.79    $22,440
      Plastic molding and casting machine operators and tenders      134,770       8.78     18,270
      Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters
       and set-up operators                                           23,720      12.29     25,560
      Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine operators
       and tenders                                                    33,990      12.31     25,610
      Foundry mold assembly and shake-out workers                      9,450      10.34     21,510

      Electrolytic plating and coating machine setters 
       and set-up operators, metal and plastic                        14,470      10.86     22,590
      Electrolytic plating and coating machine operators
       and tenders, metal and plastic                                 30,420      10.07     20,950
      Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine setters
       and set-up operators, metal and plastic                         3,240      10.73     22,320
      Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine operators
       and tenders, metal and plastic                                  4,600      10.09     20,990
      Heating equipment setters and set-up operators,
       metal and plastic                                               5,580      12.27     25,530
      Heat treating, annealing, and tempering machine operators
        and tenders, metal and plastic                                23,570      12.34     25,670
      Furnace operators and tenders                                   23,220      12.84     26,700
      Heaters, metal and plastic                                       2,790      12.49     25,980

      Sawing machine setters and set-up operators                      7,270      10.41     21,660
      Head sawyers                                                     6,600      12.08     25,130
      Sawing machine operators and tenders                            48,880       9.31     19,370
      Woodworking machine setters and set-up operators,
       except sawing                                                  22,150       9.72     20,220
      Woodworking machine operators and tenders, except sawing        48,460       9.09     18,910

      Printing press machine setters and set-up operators             12,910      12.88     26,790
      Offset lithographic press setters and set-up operators          59,470      15.01     31,230
      Letterpress setters and set-up operators                        10,090      13.29     27,640
      Specialty materials printing machine setters
       and set-up operators                                           12,420      12.28     25,550
      Screen printing machine setters and set-up operators            28,690       9.29     19,320
      Bindery machine setters and set-up operators                    25,410      12.21     25,400

      Typesetting and composing machine operators and tenders         13,290      11.74     24,410
      Printing press machine operators and tenders                   123,260      12.94     26,910
      Photoengraving and lithographing machine operators
       and tenders                                                     6,650      12.38     25,750
      Bindery machine operators and tenders                           63,360       9.97     20,740

      Textile machine setters and set-up operators                    28,720      10.17     21,150
      Textile machine operators and tenders, winding, twisting, 
       knitting, weaving, and cutting                                181,980       9.04     18,800
      Extruding and forming machine operators and tenders,
       synthetic or glass fibers                                      32,900      12.67     26,350
      Textile draw-out machine operators and tenders                   9,260      10.02     20,840
      Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders      24,490       9.03     18,790

      Sewing machine operators, garment                              369,810       7.22     15,020
      Sewing machine operators, nongarment                           131,280       8.31     17,290
      Shoe sewing machine operators and tenders                        6,990       7.85     16,320
      Laundry and dry-cleaning machine operators and tenders,
       except pressing                                               140,990       7.32     15,220
      Pressing machine operators and tenders, textile, garment,
       and related materials                                          69,870       7.32     15,220
      Electronic semiconductor processors                             64,650      12.35     25,680
      Motion picture projectionists                                    7,970      10.10     21,010
      Photographic processing machine operators and tenders           46,450       9.62     20,010
      Tire building machine operators                                 16,710      16.09     33,460
      Paper goods machine setters and set-up operators                61,490      12.48     25,950

      Cooking machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco         18,200      10.76     22,380
      Roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders,
       food and tobacco                                               11,810      10.48     21,790

      Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, or kettle operators and tenders     24,780     $11.94     24,830
      Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure                      15,840      14.26     29,670
      Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders             6,450      10.10     21,020
      Dairy processing equipment operators, including setters         14,080      11.68     24,290

      Chemical equipment controllers and operators                    87,450      15.47     32,170
      Chemical equipment tenders                                      13,360      13.33     27,730
      Cutting and slicing machine setters and set-up operators        26,590      10.59     22,020
      Cutting and slicing machine operators and tenders               66,360      10.38     21,580

      Painters, transportation equipment                              34,900      14.54     30,240
      Coating, painting & spraying machine setters
       and set-up operators                                           40,700      11.09     23,075
      Coating, painting, and spraying machine operators
       and tenders                                                    85,290      10.40     21,630
      Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders              22,180       9.72     20,220
      Cleaning, washing, and pickling equipment operators
        and tenders                                                   24,960      10.41     21,650
      Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating,
       and still machine operators and tenders                        28,460      14.50     30,160
      Crushing, grinding, mixing, and blending machine operators
       and tenders                                                   136,760      11.51     23,930
      Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters
       and set-up operators                                           30,120      11.52     23,960
      Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine
       operators and tenders                                          83,830      10.79     22,430
      Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders            370,830      10.08     20,970

      Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems
       assemblers, precision                                          16,640      18.54     38,560
      Machine builders and other precision machine assemblers         73,910      13.96     29,040
      Fitters, structural metal, precision                            16,910      13.10     27,240
      Electromechanical equipment assemblers, precision               50,090      11.24     23,390
      Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, precision      196,010      10.70     22,260
      Watch, clock, and chronometer assemblers, adjusters,
       calibrators, precision                                          2,760       9.03     18,780

      Machine assemblers                                              67,450      11.06     23,000
      Electrical and electronic assemblers                           242,350       9.26     19,260
      Coil winders, tapers, and finishers                             22,260       9.64     20,040
      Glaziers, manufacturing                                          7,310      10.16     21,130
      Welders and cutters                                            343,580      12.68     26,380
      Solderers and brazers                                           35,190       8.66     18,010

      Pressers, hand                                                  13,880       7.05     14,660
      Sewers, hand                                                    10,320       7.80     16,220
      Cutters and trimmers, hand                                      42,200       8.70     18,090
      Portable machine cutters                                        10,230       8.58     17,840
      Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and seamers                           670      11.03     22,940

      Cannery workers                                                 47,350       7.92     16,470
      Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers, hand             140,530       7.77     16,160
      Metal pourers and casters, basic shapes                         10,220      11.86     24,680
      Molders and casters, hand                                       17,910       9.35     19,440
      Painting, coating, and decorating workers, hand                 31,790       9.63     20,030
      Engraving and printing workers, hand                             7,830       8.38     17,430
      Grinding and polishing workers, hand                            80,560      10.28     21,370
      Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical,
       electronic, and precision                                   1,271,810      10.30     21,430

      Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators     93,090      14.20     29,540
      Gas plant operators                                              7,600      19.00     39,510
      Chemical plant and system operators                             42,410      17.96     37,360

      Petroleum pump system operators                                  5,430     $20.06    $41,730
      Petroleum refinery and control panel operators                  17,620      20.05     41,710
      Gaugers                                                          6,880      16.83     35,000

      Power-generating plant operators, except auxiliary
       equipment                                                      20,160      20.45     42,540
      Auxiliary equipment operators, power                             7,420      19.57     40,710
      Power reactor operators                                          4,010      25.70     53,450
      Power distributors and dispatchers                              13,540      21.87     45,490
      Stationary engineers                                            29,410      18.00     37,440

      Truck drivers, heavy or tractor-trailer                      1,435,510      13.74     28,580
      Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers     1,207,070      10.33     21,480
      Bus drivers                                                    187,630      11.55     24,020
      Bus drivers, school                                            418,550       9.12     18,970
      Taxi drivers and chauffeurs                                     76,030       8.29     17,250
      Driver/sales workers                                           288,380       9.92     20,630

      Railroad conductors and yardmasters                             26,780      20.31     42,250
      Locomotive engineers                                            34,970      20.26     42,140
      Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers              2,310      16.68     34,700
      Locomotive firers                                                4,710      19.85     41,290
      Subway and streetcar operators                                   3,280      16.74     34,810
      Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators                    14,900      18.10     37,640

      Captains, water vessel                                          12,620      20.36     42,350
      Mates, ship, boat, and barge                                     7,700      15.00     31,200
      Pilots, ship                                                     2,340      20.27     42,170
      Motorboat operators                                                890      14.41     29,960
      Able seamen                                                      8,850      12.69     26,400
      Ordinary seamen and marine oilers                               13,040      11.45     23,810
      Ship engineers                                                   6,310      19.12     39,770

      Aircraft pilots and flight engineers                            89,560         /2     73,950
      Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders                             4,280      13.32     27,710
      Service station attendants                                     130,740       7.06     14,690
      Parking lot attendants                                          73,830       7.06     14,680

      Longshore equipment operators                                    7,600      22.44     46,670
      Tank car and truck loaders                                       3,390      15.35     31,930
      Oil pumpers, except wellhead                                     3,980      13.08     27,200
      Wellhead pumpers                                                 7,690      15.75     32,770
      Main-line station engineers                                        430      19.79     41,170
      Gas pumping station operators                                      680      13.92     28,950
      Gas compressor operators                                         3,040      17.81     37,030
      Excavating and loading machine operators                        91,250      14.13     29,390
      Dragline operators                                               2,480      15.35     31,920
      Dredge operators                                                 1,600      13.35     27,770

      Loading machine operators, underground mining                    3,430      14.61     30,380
      Shuttle car operators                                            2,860      16.93     35,210
      Grader, bulldozer, and scraper operators                        98,590      13.92     28,960
      Hoist and winch operators                                        8,810      13.18     27,410

      Crane and tower operators                                       44,470     $14.89    $30,980
      Industrial truck and tractor operators                         407,980      11.84     24,620
      Conveyor operators and tenders                                  34,940      10.93     22,740
      Pump operators                                                   8,160      16.42     34,160
      Operating engineers                                            114,780      17.58     36,570

      Helpers, mechanics and repairers                               221,820       9.58     19,930
      Helpers, brick and stonemasons and hard tile setters            63,110      11.45     23,820
      Helpers, carpenters and related workers                        178,320       9.89     20,560
      Helpers, electricians and power-line transmission installers    76,920       9.71     20,190
      Helpers, painters, paperhangers, plasterers,
       and stucco masons                                              32,050       9.33     19,410
      Helpers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters                81,420       9.94     20,670
      Helpers, roofers                                                28,760       8.43     17,530
      Helpers, extractive workers                                     12,750       9.78     20,350

      Machine feeders and offbearers                                 205,890       9.24     19,210
      Stevedores, except equipment operators                          23,360      16.22     33,740
      Refuse and recyclable material collectors                       90,760      10.92     22,720
      Hand packers and packagers                                     962,770       7.46     15,510
      Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners                         249,240       7.46     15,520

      1/  Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, 
      full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly  
      mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the 
      reported survey data. 
      
      2/  Hourly wage rates for occupation where workers typically work fewer than 2,080
      hours per year are not available.