2017 IL App (1st) 170277

No. 1-17-0277 

Opinion filed September 29, 2017 

Second Division

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

ALLSTATE FIRE AND CASUALTY INSURANCE 

COMPANY, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

WOJCIECH BOCHENEK, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the

Circuit Court of 

Cook County. 

No. 16 CH 10462 

Honorable 

Kathleen M. Pantle, 

Judge, presiding. 

JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

 Presiding Justice Neville and Justice Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Wojciech Bochenek was crossing the street with his wife, Barbara, and daughter when 

Barbara was struck and seriously injured by a hit and run driver. Barbara filed a claim with her 

insurer, Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company, which paid her $100,000, the limit on 

her uninsured motorist coverage. Wojciech, who was fortunate to avoid being hit, also filed a 

claim under the policy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its physical manifestations, 

which he experienced after the accident. Allstate filed a declaratory judgment action against 

Wojciech seeking a declaration that he was not entitled to uninsured motorist benefits because he 
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was not physically contacted by the hit and run vehicle, the $100,000 per person policy limit 

payable under the policy’s uninsured motorist provision had been met, and he did not qualify as 

an insured person for medical payments coverage under the policy. The parties filed crossmotions for summary judgment. The trial court granted Allstate’s motion and denied Wojciech’s 

motion. 

¶ 2 Wojciech has appealed the trial court’s entry of summary judgment against him. We 

conclude that the trial court correctly found that the absence of physical contact between 

Wojciech and the hit and run vehicle precluded his recovery under the uninsured motorist 

provision of the policy and affirm on that basis. 

¶ 3 Background 

¶ 4 On the evening of February 24, 2015, Wojciech Bochenek, his wife Barbara Bochenek, 

and their daughter were crossing Harlem Avenue in Chicago. Barbara entered the intersection 

first and was struck by a hit and run driver traveling at a high rate of speed. Barbara was thrown 

into the air and landed on the sidewalk. Wojciech, walking behind Barbara, was not struck and 

suffered no actual physical injury. 

¶ 5 Barbara filed an uninsured motorist claim with Allstate, which paid her $100,000, the 

uninsured policy limits for her claim. Wojciech also made a claim with Allstate seeking 

uninsured motorist benefits and medical payments for the PTSD and accompanying symptoms, 

including shortness of breath, heart palpitations, dizziness, and loss of sleep, he experienced after 

the accident. 

¶ 6 At the time of the accident, Barbara and the couple’s daughter had an automobile 

insurance policy with Allstate. The policy included uninsured motorist coverage. Under the 
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policy, an uninsured auto included a hit and run vehicle that causes “bodily injury to an insured 

person by physical contact with the insured person or with a vehicle occupied by that person.”

The policy defines an insured person as the policyholder, a “resident relative” of the policy 

holder, and any person who is legally entitled to recover because of bodily injury to the 

policyholder, a resident relative, or an occupant of the insured auto with permission. Allstate

concedes Wojciech was an insured person under the policy. 

¶ 7 Allstate, which denied it owed Wojciech uninsured motorist benefits or medical 

payments under the policy, filed a three count complaint for declaratory judgment. Allstate 

sought a declaration that: (i) only Barbara sustained a bodily injury as a result of the accident, 

that Wojciech’s emotional damages claim was derivative of his wife’s bodily injury, and the 

$100,000 per person policy limit payable under the policy’s uninsured motorist provision had 

been met (count I); (ii) Wojciech was not entitled to uninsured motorist coverage under the 

policy because he was not was physically contacted by the hit and run vehicle (count II); and (iii) 

Wojciech did not qualify as an insured person for medical payments coverage under the policy as 

he was not in, getting into or out, occupying, or operating an automobile at the time of the 

accident and was not struck (count III). 

¶ 8 The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The trial court entered summary 

judgment for Allstate and against Wojciech, finding (i) the insurance policy to be clear and 

unambiguous; (ii) Wojciech’s PTSD and accompanying physical symptoms did not fall within 

the definition of “bodily injury” under the policy or Illinois law; (iii) the insurance policy and 

Illinois law provides uninsured motorist compensation only if the insured was physically 

contacted by the hit and run vehicle, and Wojciech was not; and (iv) the uninsured motorist
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coverage for the accident was exhausted by the payment of the limits of the policy to Barbara. 

The trial court also determined that Wojciech did not qualify as an insured person for purposes of 

medical payments coverage under the policy. Wojciech has abandoned this claim on appeal. 

¶ 9 Proceeding only on the issues related to his uninsured motorist claim, Wojciech argues: 

(i) Illinois law does not require physical contact between the insured and the uninsured vehicle in 

a hit and run accident; (ii) the physical contact requirement is intended to prevent fraudulent 

claims, which is not an issue because Barbara was hit by the uninsured vehicle; (iii) his injuries 

were caused by indirect contact with the uninsured vehicle, which is compensable under Illinois 

law; (iv) he was in the “zone of danger” when his wife was hit and should be able to recover for 

his injuries; and (iv) his injuries fall within the policy definition of “bodily injury.” 

¶ 10 Analysis

¶ 11 Summary judgment is appropriate when no genuine issue of material fact exists and the 

moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Virginia Surety Co. v. Northern 

Insurance Co. of New York, 224 Ill. 2d 550, 556 (2007). In an insurance coverage case, crossmotions for summary judgment indicate the parties agree that no genuine of issues of material 

fact exist, but dispute issues of law regarding the construction of the insurance policy. Liberty 

Mutual Fire Insurance Co. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co., 363 Ill. App. 3d 335, 338-

39 (2005). Our review is de novo. Virginia Surety Co., 224 Ill. 2d at 556. 

¶ 12 In construing an insurance policy, the primary function of the court is to ascertain and 

enforce the intentions of the parties as expressed in the policy. Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty 

Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 108 (1992). A court must afford unambiguous words their 
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plain, ordinary, and popular meaning. Insurance Co. of Illinois v. Stringfield, 292 Ill. App. 3d 

471, 473-74 (1997). 

¶ 13 Wojciech’s primary contention is that Illinois law does not require physical contact 

between the insured and the uninsured vehicle in a hit and run accident. 

¶ 14 Part 5 of the policy provides, in pertinent part, “We will pay those damages an insured 

person is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured auto because of 

bodily injury sustained by an injured person.” An uninsured auto under the policy includes “a hit 

and run vehicle which causes bodily injury to an insured person by physical contact with the 

insured person or with the vehicle occupied by that person.” 

¶ 15 Wojciech does not contend that the policy is ambiguous as to whether the uninsured 

motorist clause requires physical contact, but argues that the Illinois Insurance Code (Code) (215 

ILCS 5/1 et seq. (West 2016)) does not require physical impact between the uninsured vehicle 

and the insured and that a physical contact requirement is against public policy. See 215 ILCS 

5/143a (West 2016) (“Uninsured and hit and run motor vehicle coverage”). In the seminal case, 

Ferega v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 58 Ill. 2d 109, 111 (1974), our supreme 

court held that physical contact was required under the Code to collect uninsured motorist 

coverage. In Ferega, while the plaintiff was driving at night on a two-lane highway, he turned 

his vehicle to the right to avoid an oncoming vehicle in his own lane of travel and struck a 

culvert. Id. at 110. Plaintiff tried to collect for his injuries under his policy’s uninsured motorist 

clause, which defined a “ ‘it-and-run motor vehicle’ ” as a vehicle “ ‘which cause[d] bodily 

injury to an insured arising out of physical contact of such vehicle with the insured or with a 

vehicle which the insured [was] occupying at the time of the accident.’ ” Id. The lower courts 
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denied recovery because there had been no physical contact between the plaintiff’s vehicle and 

the unknown hit-and-run motor vehicle as required under the policy. 

¶ 16 In its ruling, the supreme court affirmed the lower courts and denied plaintiff's suggestion 

that the plain language of the statute and the policy should be judicially modified by altering the 

meaning of the word “hit” so that the element of physical contact was eliminated. Id. at 111. In 

support, the supreme court quoted the opinion in Prosk v. Allstate Insurance Co., 82 Ill. App. 2d 

457, 461 (1967), which stated that the Code “ ‘as not intended to include unidentified cars that 

may be present at the scene of an occurrence of bodily injury without a physical contact of the 

unidentified motor vehicle with the insured or an automobile occupied by the insured.’ ” Ferega, 

58 Ill. 2d at 111 (quoting Prosk, 82 Ill. App. 3d at 461). The supreme court also observed that the 

statute was “aimed at the avoidance of fraudulent claims.” Id. 

¶ 17 The supreme court reaffirmed Ferega in Lemke v. Kenilworth Insurance Co., 109 Ill. 2d 

350, 354 (1985) (noting legislature had amended Section 143a eight times since Ferega, and 

thus, “legislative inaction subsequent to Ferega indicate[d] approval of the reasoning and 

holding in that case”). But the appellate courts in Illinois are divided about whether the supreme 

court intended a physical contact requirement to be permissible in a policy or required by the 

Code itself. For instance, in Illinois National Insurance Co. v. Palmer, 116 Ill. App. 3d 1067, 

1069 (1983), the First District noted that “[i]t [was] well established in Illinois that an insured 

cannot recover under the hit-and-run provision of the uninsured motorist coverage unless there 

[was] a physical contact of the unidentified motor vehicle with the insured or an automobile 

occupied by the insured” (internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly, in Kannel v. State Farm 

Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 222 Ill. App. 3d 1013, 1016 (1991), the Second District 
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determined that “our supreme court ha[d] upheld the validity of insurance policies affording 

coverage for personal injuries in accidents caused by hit-and-run drivers only where the 

unknown vehicle makes physical contact with the insured or his vehicle.” 

¶ 18 But, the Third District, as Wojciech notes, has rejected the argument that an insured must 

be contacted by the hit and run vehicle to recover uninsured motorists benefits. In Groshans v. 

Dairyland Insurance Co., 311 Ill. App. 3d 876, 879 (2000), the Third District “found that Illinois 

law [did] not require actual physical contact but merely permit[ted] an insurance policy to 

require such contact.” See also Cincinnati Insurance Co. v. Prichett, 2015 IL App (3d) 130809 ¶ 

20 (reaffirming Groshans and noting that legislature amended the Code after Groshans was 

issued and did not invalidate Groshans or clarify that coverage applies only in cases of physical 

contact).

¶ 19 Wojciech suggests Groshans and Pritchett support his argument that he may recover 

under the uninsured motorist provision of the policy even though he was not physically contacted 

by the hit and run automobile. The assertion is misplaced. Even if we were to adopt the rationale 

of Groshans and Pritchett (which we do not), Wojciech still is not entitled to uninsured motorist 

benefits under the policy—the policy explicitly requires physical contact between an insured and 

the hit and run vehicle. While both Groshans and Pritchett conclude that Illinois law does not 

require actual physical contact, they find that it is a permissible requirement in an insurance 

policy. Under the plain and unambiguous language of the Allstate policy, an insured must have 

been physically contacted by the hit and run vehicle. Wojciech was not and thus may not 

recover.
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¶ 20 Wojciech argues that one of the primary purposes of the physical contact requirement, as 

noted in Ferega, is to prevent fraud, which is not an issue because it is undisputed that the hit 

and run driver ran into his wife, causing serious injuries. We agree. But that does not negate the 

policy’s express requirement that there be physical contact to recover under the uninsured 

motorist provision. 

¶ 21 Wojciech also notes that Illinois courts allow recovery for indirect physical contact when 

either an actual physical object from the hit-and-run vehicle indirectly strikes the insured’s 

vehicle or the indirect contact is a result of a chain of events. See Hartford Accident & Indemnity 

Co. v. LeJeune, 114 Ill. 2d 54, 59 (1986) (supreme court declined “to require that the ‘hit’ be 

direct” when hit-and-run vehicle hit a third car, which then hit the insured’s car); Palmer, 116 Ill.

App. 3d at 1068, 1071 (where physical contact requirement was satisfied when lug nut flew off 

hit-and-run vehicle and hit insured’s car). While Wojciech asks us to find his case analogous to 

Hartford and Palmer, there simply was no contact, direct or indirect, between him and the hit 

and run driver. Thus, he cannot recover under the uninsured motorist provision of the policy. 

¶ 22 Because we find that Wojciech’s claim is barred by the physical contact requirement of 

the policy, we need not address his contention that his physical and emotional injuries after the 

accident amount to “bodily injury” under the policy. 

¶ 23 Affirmed.