Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-2318 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 3, 2023

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — OCTOBER 2023 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 150,000 in October, and the unemployment rate

changed little at 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in 

health care, government, and social assistance. Employment declined in manufacturing due to strike 

activity.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.9 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 6.5 million,

changed little in October. However, since their recent lows in April, these measures are up by 0.5 

percentage point and 849,000, respectively. (See table A-1.) 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

October 2021 – October 2023

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, October 2021 – October 2023

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jul-23 Oct-23

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Oct-21 Jan-22 Apr-22 Jul-22 Oct-22 Jan-23 Apr-23 Jul-23 Oct-23
 

-2-

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.7 percent), adult women 

(3.3 percent), teenagers (13.2 percent), Whites (3.5 percent), Blacks (5.8 percent), Asians (3.1 percent), 

and Hispanics (4.8 percent) showed little change in October. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers increased by 164,000 over the month to 

1.6 million. The number of persons on temporary layoff changed little at 873,000. (See table A-11.)

In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little 

changed at 1.3 million. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.8 percent of all unemployed 

persons. (See table A-12.) 

Both the labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, and the employment-population ratio, at 60.2 

percent, changed little in October. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.3 million, changed little in 

October. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

In October, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was 5.4 million,

little different from the prior month. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they 

were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take 

a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to

the labor force changed little at 1.4 million in October. These individuals wanted and were available for 

work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached

who believed that no jobs were available for them, also changed little over the month at 416,000. (See

Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 150,000 in October, below the average monthly gain 

of 258,000 over the prior 12 months. In October, job gains occurred in health care, government, and 

social assistance. Employment in manufacturing declined due to strike activity. (See table B-1.) 

Health care added 58,000 jobs in October, in line with the average monthly gain of 53,000 over the 

prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in ambulatory health care services 

(+32,000), hospitals (+18,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+8,000). 

Employment in government increased by 51,000 in October and has returned to its pre-pandemic 

February 2020 level. Monthly job growth in government had averaged 50,000 in the prior 12 months. In 

October, employment continued to trend up in local government (+38,000). 

Social assistance added 19,000 jobs in October, compared with the average monthly gain of 23,000 

over the prior 12 months. Over the month, employment continued to trend up in individual and family 

services (+14,000). 
 

-3-

In October, construction employment continued to trend up (+23,000), about in line with the average 

monthly gain of 18,000 over the prior 12 months. Employment continued to trend up over the month in 

specialty trade contractors (+14,000) and construction of buildings (+6,000). 

Employment in manufacturing decreased by 35,000 in October, reflecting a decline of 33,000 in motor 

vehicles and parts that was largely due to strike activity. 

In October, employment in leisure and hospitality changed little (+19,000). The industry had added an 

average of 52,000 jobs per month over the prior 12 months. 

Employment in professional and business services was little changed in October (+15,000) and has 

shown little net change since May. Employment in temporary help services changed little over the 

month (+7,000) but is 229,000 below its peak in March 2022. 

In October, employment in transportation and warehousing was little changed (-12,000) and has 

shown little net change over the year. Over the month, warehousing and storage lost 11,000 jobs, while 

air transportation added 4,000 jobs. 

Information employment changed little in October (-9,000). Employment in motion picture and sound 

recording continued to trend down (-5,000); the industry has lost 44,000 jobs since May, at least 

partially reflecting the impact of an ongoing labor dispute. 

Over the month, employment showed little change in other major industries, including mining,

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; wholesale trade; retail trade; financial activities; and other 

services. 

In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 7 cents, or 

0.2 percent, to $34.00. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.1 percent. 

In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose 

by 10 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $29.19. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.3 

hours in October. In manufacturing, the average workweek was little changed at 40.0 hours, and 

overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and 

nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours. (See 

tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised down by 62,000, from

+227,000 to +165,000, and the change for September was revised down by 39,000, from +336,000 to 

+297,000. With these revisions, employment in August and September combined is 101,000 lower than 

previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 

government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 8, 

2023, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Change from:

Sept. 2023-

Oct. 2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 264,535 267,213 267,428 267,642 214

Civilian labor force........................................................... 164,646 167,839 167,929 167,728 -201

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.2 62.8 62.8 62.7 -0.1

Employed................................................................... 158,593 161,484 161,570 161,222 -348

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.0 60.4 60.4 60.2 -0.2

Unemployed............................................................... 6,053 6,355 6,360 6,506 146

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 0.1

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,890 99,374 99,498 99,914 416

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.7 -0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.3 0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 11.0 12.2 11.6 13.2 1.6

White.......................................................................... 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 0.1

Black or African American.................................................. 5.9 5.3 5.7 5.8 0.1

Asian.......................................................................... 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.1 0.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.2 4.9 4.6 4.8 0.2

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 0.0

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 6.2 5.4 5.5 5.8 0.3

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.9 3.8 4.1 4.0 -0.1

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 0.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.1 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,695 2,914 2,858 3,059 201

Job leavers...................................................................... 861 801 797 800 3

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,873 1,930 2,043 1,884 -159

New entrants.................................................................... 494 597 568 612 44

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,215 2,221 2,051 2,268 217

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,774 1,877 2,044 1,836 -208

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 817 1,002 1,072 1,081 9

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,169 1,296 1,216 1,282 66

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 3,664 4,221 4,065 4,283 218

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,535 2,799 2,793 2,982 189

Could only find part-time work............................................. 867 1,021 938 1,002 64

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,297 21,975 22,152 21,539 -613

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,493 1,505 1,457 1,417 -40

Discouraged workers........................................................ 373 386 367 416 49

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 165 297 150

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 114 246 99

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 28 28 -11

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 1 1

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 30 13 23

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 -2 14 -35

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 0 10 -36

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 -3.7 8.9 -33.2

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -2 4 1

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 86 218 110

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.8 2.5 16.0 9.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -5.6 -5.9 13.3 0.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 -26.9 12.5 -12.1

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 2.4 1.5 0.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -22 -4 -9

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1 2 -2

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 8 17 15

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 -10.1 -8.9 6.6

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 105 78 89

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.0 96.1 69.3 77.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 8 74 19

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 14 8 -1

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 51 51 51

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 169 233 204

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 115 168 153

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.9

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 81.4 81.3 81.3

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 34.4 34.4 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $32.66 $33.82 $33.93 $34.00

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,130.04 $1,163.41 $1,167.19 $1,166.20

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.4 115.4 115.7 115.4

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.3 0.3 -0.3

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.7 186.7 187.6 187.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.0

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 60.0 61.4 52.0

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 50.7 47.9 42.4

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,535 267,428 267,642 264,535 266,801 267,002 267,213 267,428 267,642

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,753 167,718 167,774 164,646 166,951 167,103 167,839 167,929 167,728

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 62.7 62.7 62.2 62.6 62.6 62.8 62.8 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,144 161,669 161,676 158,593 160,994 161,262 161,484 161,570 161,222

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 60.5 60.4 60.0 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.4 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,609 6,049 6,098 6,053 5,957 5,841 6,355 6,360 6,506

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,782 99,710 99,868 99,890 99,850 99,899 99,374 99,498 99,914

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,341 5,299 5,037 5,681 5,389 5,247 5,370 5,450 5,373

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,897 130,713 130,816 128,897 130,408 130,507 130,608 130,713 130,816

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,685 89,159 88,730 87,772 88,836 88,695 89,082 89,331 88,871

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.0 68.2 67.8 68.1 68.1 68.0 68.2 68.3 67.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,799 85,745 85,384 84,559 85,547 85,492 85,493 85,633 85,217

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.8 65.6 65.3 65.6 65.6 65.5 65.5 65.5 65.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,886 3,414 3,345 3,212 3,289 3,203 3,589 3,697 3,654

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,212 41,553 42,087 41,126 41,572 41,811 41,527 41,382 41,945

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,225 121,931 122,029 120,225 121,646 121,735 121,832 121,931 122,029

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,623 86,086 85,542 84,606 85,774 85,739 85,934 86,130 85,597

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 70.6 70.1 70.4 70.5 70.4 70.5 70.6 70.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,093 83,057 82,663 81,776 82,868 82,922 82,777 82,837 82,423

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.3 68.1 67.7 68.0 68.1 68.1 67.9 67.9 67.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,530 3,029 2,879 2,829 2,906 2,817 3,157 3,293 3,174

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,601 35,845 36,487 35,619 35,871 35,997 35,898 35,801 36,432

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,638 136,715 136,826 135,638 136,393 136,496 136,605 136,715 136,826

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,068 78,559 79,045 76,874 78,115 78,408 78,757 78,599 78,857

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 57.5 57.8 56.7 57.3 57.4 57.7 57.5 57.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,345 75,924 76,292 74,033 75,448 75,769 75,991 75,936 76,005

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.8 55.5 55.8 54.6 55.3 55.5 55.6 55.5 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,723 2,634 2,753 2,841 2,668 2,638 2,766 2,662 2,852

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,570 58,156 57,781 58,764 58,277 58,088 57,847 58,116 57,969

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,204 128,237 128,342 127,204 127,932 128,028 128,132 128,237 128,342

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,069 75,602 75,888 73,752 74,927 75,205 75,541 75,497 75,584

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 59.0 59.1 58.0 58.6 58.7 59.0 58.9 58.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,628 73,292 73,499 71,218 72,567 72,877 73,121 73,163 73,115

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 57.2 57.3 56.0 56.7 56.9 57.1 57.1 57.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,441 2,310 2,390 2,534 2,360 2,328 2,419 2,334 2,469

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,135 52,635 52,454 53,452 53,005 52,822 52,591 52,740 52,759

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,107 17,260 17,270 17,107 17,223 17,239 17,249 17,260 17,270

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,061 6,030 6,344 6,288 6,250 6,159 6,365 6,303 6,547

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.4 34.9 36.7 36.8 36.3 35.7 36.9 36.5 37.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,422 5,321 5,514 5,598 5,559 5,462 5,586 5,570 5,685

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 30.8 31.9 32.7 32.3 31.7 32.4 32.3 32.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 710 830 690 691 696 779 733 863

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 11.8 13.1 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.2 11.6 13.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,046 11,230 10,927 10,819 10,973 11,080 10,885 10,957 10,723

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,522 204,756 204,867 203,522 204,433 204,536 204,645 204,756 204,867

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,215 127,706 127,686 126,180 127,306 127,329 127,976 127,829 127,651

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.4 62.3 62.0 62.3 62.3 62.5 62.4 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,490 123,547 123,623 122,063 123,389 123,393 123,571 123,456 123,220

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 60.3 60.3 60.0 60.4 60.3 60.4 60.3 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,725 4,160 4,063 4,117 3,917 3,936 4,405 4,373 4,431

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.4 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,308 77,049 77,181 77,342 77,127 77,207 76,669 76,926 77,216

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,025 66,622 66,334 66,032 66,543 66,414 66,565 66,643 66,360

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.3 70.3 70.0 70.3 70.3 70.2 70.3 70.3 70.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,276 64,514 64,359 64,026 64,545 64,423 64,324 64,321 64,135

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.4 68.1 67.9 68.2 68.2 68.0 67.9 67.9 67.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,749 2,108 1,975 2,006 1,998 1,991 2,241 2,322 2,225

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.5 3.4

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,592 56,503 56,501 55,340 55,994 56,188 56,451 56,401 56,255

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.2 58.0 57.9 57.0 57.6 57.7 58.0 57.9 57.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,043 54,912 55,002 53,691 54,536 54,690 54,826 54,810 54,662

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.6 56.3 56.4 55.3 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.2 56.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,550 1,592 1,498 1,649 1,458 1,498 1,625 1,591 1,593

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,597 4,581 4,851 4,807 4,769 4,727 4,960 4,785 5,036

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.8 36.6 38.7 38.5 38.1 37.8 39.6 38.2 40.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,171 4,121 4,262 4,346 4,308 4,281 4,421 4,324 4,423

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 32.9 34.0 34.8 34.4 34.2 35.3 34.5 35.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 460 589 462 461 447 539 460 613

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 10.0 12.1 9.6 9.7 9.5 10.9 9.6 12.2

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,237 34,751 34,788 34,237 34,644 34,678 34,714 34,751 34,788

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,368 21,808 21,996 21,247 21,695 21,751 21,746 21,868 21,871

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.8 63.2 62.1 62.6 62.7 62.6 62.9 62.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,124 20,622 20,716 19,988 20,402 20,496 20,596 20,616 20,601

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.8 59.3 59.5 58.4 58.9 59.1 59.3 59.3 59.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,244 1,186 1,281 1,259 1,292 1,255 1,150 1,253 1,270

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 5.4 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.3 5.7 5.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,869 12,943 12,792 12,990 12,949 12,927 12,969 12,883 12,918

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,836 10,197 10,063 9,783 10,053 10,114 10,131 10,185 10,025

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 68.7 67.8 67.2 68.0 68.3 68.4 68.6 67.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,335 9,650 9,547 9,269 9,465 9,576 9,620 9,611 9,494

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.1 65.0 64.3 63.7 64.0 64.7 64.9 64.8 63.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 547 516 514 588 538 511 574 531

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.9 5.3 5.0 5.6 5.3

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,770 10,861 11,148 10,696 10,886 10,922 10,872 10,873 11,055

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 62.5 64.1 62.2 62.9 63.0 62.7 62.6 63.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,140 10,394 10,517 10,080 10,300 10,353 10,359 10,389 10,464

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.0 59.8 60.5 58.6 59.5 59.7 59.7 59.8 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 467 630 616 586 569 514 485 590

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 4.3 5.7 5.8 5.4 5.2 4.7 4.5 5.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 750 786 768 756 715 742 810 791

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 29.5 30.8 30.8 29.8 28.2 29.2 31.8 31.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 579 651 639 638 568 617 616 642

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.0 22.7 25.5 25.7 25.1 22.3 24.3 24.2 25.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 172 135 128 118 148 125 194 148

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 22.9 17.2 16.7 15.6 20.7 16.9 24.0 18.8

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,129 17,633 17,593 17,129 17,491 17,600 17,515 17,633 17,593

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,100 11,611 11,443 11,106 11,435 11,556 11,486 11,580 11,480

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 65.8 65.0 64.8 65.4 65.7 65.6 65.7 65.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,776 11,288 11,094 10,781 11,073 11,288 11,131 11,250 11,129

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.9 64.0 63.1 62.9 63.3 64.1 63.6 63.8 63.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 323 349 325 363 267 355 330 351

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 2.8 3.1 2.9 3.2 2.3 3.1 2.8 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,029 6,023 6,150 6,023 6,056 6,044 6,029 6,053 6,112

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 46,459 47,774 47,877 46,459 47,473 47,569 47,671 47,774 47,877

Civilian labor force................................ 30,796 32,099 32,071 30,725 31,943 32,052 31,977 32,144 32,028

Participation rate............................... 66.3 67.2 67.0 66.1 67.3 67.4 67.1 67.3 66.9

Employed....................................... 29,595 30,706 30,641 29,430 30,571 30,637 30,420 30,660 30,498

Employment-population ratio............... 63.7 64.3 64.0 63.3 64.4 64.4 63.8 64.2 63.7

Unemployed.................................... 1,202 1,393 1,429 1,295 1,372 1,416 1,557 1,484 1,529

Unemployment rate......................... 3.9 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.9 4.6 4.8

Not in labor force................................. 15,663 15,675 15,807 15,734 15,530 15,517 15,694 15,630 15,850

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,674 17,246 17,124 16,653 17,224 17,290 17,164 17,262 17,120

Participation rate............................... 79.2 79.5 78.7 79.1 79.8 80.0 79.2 79.5 78.7

Employed....................................... 16,068 16,586 16,464 16,000 16,576 16,599 16,433 16,523 16,407

Employment-population ratio............... 76.3 76.4 75.7 76.0 76.8 76.8 75.9 76.1 75.4

Unemployed.................................... 606 660 660 653 649 691 731 739 714

Unemployment rate......................... 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,717 13,395 13,285 12,655 13,182 13,271 13,343 13,379 13,239

Participation rate............................... 60.2 61.9 61.2 59.9 61.3 61.6 61.8 61.8 61.0

Employed....................................... 12,294 12,826 12,794 12,185 12,638 12,745 12,752 12,805 12,700

Employment-population ratio............... 58.2 59.2 59.0 57.7 58.7 59.1 59.0 59.1 58.5

Unemployed.................................... 424 569 491 469 544 525 591 573 539

Unemployment rate......................... 3.3 4.2 3.7 3.7 4.1 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.1

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,405 1,457 1,661 1,417 1,537 1,492 1,470 1,503 1,668

Participation rate............................... 32.7 33.0 37.5 33.0 35.0 33.9 33.4 34.0 37.7

Employed....................................... 1,233 1,293 1,382 1,245 1,357 1,292 1,236 1,331 1,391

Employment-population ratio............... 28.7 29.3 31.2 29.0 31.0 29.4 28.0 30.1 31.4

Unemployed.................................... 172 164 279 173 180 200 235 172 277

Unemployment rate......................... 12.2 11.3 16.8 12.2 11.7 13.4 16.0 11.4 16.6

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,016 9,287 9,176 9,141 9,184 8,926 9,239 9,185 9,299

Participation rate.................................. 46.0 47.5 47.3 46.6 46.6 47.7 47.6 46.9 47.9

Employed.......................................... 8,534 8,865 8,725 8,574 8,632 8,459 8,743 8,683 8,764

Employment-population ratio................. 43.5 45.3 45.0 43.7 43.8 45.2 45.0 44.4 45.2

Unemployed....................................... 481 422 451 567 552 467 496 501 535

Unemployment rate............................ 5.3 4.5 4.9 6.2 6.0 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.8

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,243 36,416 35,758 35,070 36,038 35,980 36,243 36,205 35,624

Participation rate.................................. 56.2 57.2 57.1 55.9 57.0 56.5 56.5 56.8 56.9

Employed.......................................... 33,915 34,993 34,377 33,692 34,638 34,763 34,851 34,722 34,197

Employment-population ratio................. 54.1 54.9 54.9 53.7 54.7 54.6 54.4 54.5 54.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,328 1,423 1,381 1,378 1,400 1,217 1,391 1,484 1,427

Unemployment rate............................ 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.8 4.1 4.0

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,169 36,016 36,188 35,806 35,564 35,730 35,867 35,960 35,826

Participation rate.................................. 63.3 62.9 62.9 62.7 62.5 62.7 63.3 62.8 62.3

Employed.......................................... 35,132 34,976 35,098 34,734 34,472 34,612 34,780 34,886 34,703

Employment-population ratio................. 61.5 61.1 61.0 60.8 60.5 60.7 61.4 60.9 60.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,037 1,041 1,090 1,071 1,092 1,118 1,087 1,074 1,123

Unemployment rate............................ 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 63,458 64,285 64,670 63,312 64,274 64,817 64,398 64,277 64,535

Participation rate.................................. 72.9 73.5 72.9 72.7 73.4 73.4 73.5 73.5 72.8

Employed.......................................... 62,292 62,946 63,362 62,089 63,010 63,522 62,986 62,907 63,172

Employment-population ratio................. 71.6 71.9 71.5 71.3 72.0 71.9 71.9 71.9 71.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,166 1,340 1,308 1,223 1,264 1,295 1,412 1,370 1,363

Unemployment rate............................ 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,291 17,836 16,259 15,790 2,032 2,046

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,833 8,485 7,613 7,295 1,221 1,189

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 47.6 46.8 46.2 60.1 58.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,610 8,256 7,417 7,095 1,192 1,160

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.1 46.3 45.6 44.9 58.7 56.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 229 195 200 28 29

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.3 2.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,458 9,351 8,646 8,495 811 857

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,949 5,167 4,076 4,218 873 949

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,044 3,987 3,369 3,286 675 701

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.7 77.2 82.7 77.9 77.3 73.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,931 3,826 3,278 3,149 654 678

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.4 74.1 80.4 74.7 74.9 71.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 161 92 137 21 24

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 4.0 2.7 4.2 3.1 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905 1,180 706 932 198 248

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,234 2,877 2,728 2,448 506 429

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,276 2,063 1,955 1,766 321 297

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.4 71.7 71.7 72.1 63.5 69.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,222 2,026 1,904 1,729 318 297

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.7 70.4 69.8 70.6 62.9 69.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 37 51 37 3 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 1.8 2.6 2.1 0.9 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958 814 773 682 184 132

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,154 5,895 5,909 5,645 245 250

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 804 837 781 49 23

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 13.6 14.2 13.8 20.2 9.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 795 817 773 49 22

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 13.5 13.8 13.7 20.2 8.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 9 19 8 0 1

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 1.1 2.3 1.0 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,268 5,091 5,072 4,864 196 227

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,954 3,897 3,546 3,479 408 418

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,627 1,630 1,452 1,463 175 168

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 41.8 40.9 42.0 42.9 40.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,589 1,608 1,418 1,444 171 164

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.2 41.3 40.0 41.5 41.9 39.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 22 34 18 4 4

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 1.4 2.3 1.2 2.4 2.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,327 2,267 2,094 2,016 233 250

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,800 240,471 107,887 110,232 128,913 130,239

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,525 156,796 78,943 80,195 74,582 76,601

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.8 65.2 73.2 72.8 57.9 58.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,341 151,258 76,371 77,235 71,970 74,024

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.6 62.9 70.8 70.1 55.8 56.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,184 5,537 2,572 2,960 2,611 2,577

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,275 83,675 28,943 30,037 54,332 53,638

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,819 33,623 231,716 234,019

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,797 8,197 156,956 159,577

Participation rate..................................................................... 23.8 24.4 67.7 68.2

Employed............................................................................. 7,224 7,590 151,920 154,086

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 22.0 22.6 65.6 65.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 573 607 5,036 5,491

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.4 7.4 3.2 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,022 25,425 74,760 74,442

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,318 3,562 78,017 78,993

Participation rate..................................................................... 39.7 42.0 82.6 82.6

Employed............................................................................. 3,035 3,255 75,544 76,096

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 36.3 38.4 80.0 79.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 283 306 2,473 2,897

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.5 8.6 3.2 3.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,037 4,925 16,397 16,654

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,092 3,265 68,970 70,621

Participation rate..................................................................... 37.6 38.7 71.7 73.4

Employed............................................................................. 2,848 3,035 66,604 68,245

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 34.7 36.0 69.2 70.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 244 229 2,366 2,376

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.9 7.0 3.4 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,122 5,164 27,276 25,654

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,387 1,371 9,968 9,963

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.5 8.2 24.3 23.7

Employed............................................................................. 1,341 1,299 9,772 9,746

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 8.3 7.8 23.8 23.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 46 72 196 217

Unemployment rate............................................................... 3.3 5.2 2.0 2.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,864 15,337 31,087 32,135

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 45,908 46,936 22,506 22,873 23,402 24,063

Civilian labor force.................................................. 30,459 31,237 17,657 17,628 12,802 13,610

Participation rate.................................................. 66.3 66.6 78.5 77.1 54.7 56.6

Employed.......................................................... 29,451 30,056 17,110 16,953 12,340 13,103

Employment-population ratio................................. 64.2 64.0 76.0 74.1 52.7 54.5

Unemployed....................................................... 1,008 1,182 547 675 461 507

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.3 3.8 3.1 3.8 3.6 3.7

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,450 15,698 4,849 5,245 10,600 10,453

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 218,627 220,706 106,391 107,943 112,236 112,763

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,294 136,537 70,028 71,102 64,267 65,435

Participation rate.................................................. 61.4 61.9 65.8 65.9 57.3 58.0

Employed.......................................................... 129,693 131,621 67,688 68,431 62,005 63,190

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.3 59.6 63.6 63.4 55.2 56.0

Unemployed....................................................... 4,601 4,916 2,340 2,671 2,261 2,245

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force.................................................... 84,333 84,169 36,363 36,841 47,970 47,328

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,300 2,288 2,283 2,206 2,311 2,261 2,296 2,303 2,207

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,577 1,551 1,519 1,495 1,591 1,519 1,559 1,571 1,463

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 701 699 719 692 674 688 695 693 707

Unpaid family workers........................... 22 39 45 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 156,845 159,381 159,393 156,570 158,853 159,099 159,321 159,388 159,299

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 147,397 150,233 150,305 147,109 149,632 149,974 150,217 150,090 150,154

Government..................................... 21,258 21,480 21,741 21,211 21,552 21,161 21,199 21,601 21,655

Private industries............................... 126,139 128,753 128,564 126,102 128,110 128,778 128,891 128,821 128,699

Private households.......................... 743 665 768 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 125,397 128,089 127,796 125,460 127,470 128,166 128,282 128,209 128,076

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,394 9,114 9,054 9,261 8,917 8,814 8,809 9,033 8,943

Unpaid family workers........................... 54 33 34 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,356 3,742 3,973 3,664 4,191 4,000 4,221 4,065 4,283

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,335 2,608 2,790 2,535 2,890 2,717 2,799 2,793 2,982

Could only find part-time work.................. 817 940 964 867 948 1,014 1,021 938 1,002

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,901 22,309 22,008 21,297 21,267 21,971 21,975 22,152 21,539

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,301 3,698 3,923 3,578 4,095 3,913 4,110 3,991 4,182

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,288 2,579 2,754 2,487 2,835 2,657 2,757 2,752 2,944

Could only find part-time work.................. 813 930 958 862 943 1,012 1,021 929 995

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,555 21,883 21,649 20,950 20,913 21,539 21,522 21,723 21,175

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,144 161,669 161,676 158,593 160,994 161,262 161,484 161,570 161,222

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,422 5,321 5,514 5,598 5,559 5,462 5,586 5,570 5,685

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,193 2,134 2,162 2,200 2,177 2,083 2,098 2,119 2,161

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,229 3,186 3,352 3,387 3,372 3,353 3,461 3,427 3,517

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,722 156,349 156,162 152,994 155,435 155,799 155,898 156,000 155,537

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,849 14,569 14,600 13,780 14,741 14,559 14,606 14,676 14,550

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,873 141,780 141,562 139,160 140,612 141,160 141,194 141,293 140,911

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,028 103,831 103,741 101,509 103,384 103,539 103,531 103,537 103,299

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,527 36,008 35,939 35,296 35,755 36,168 35,974 35,940 35,778

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,760 35,625 35,625 34,611 35,391 35,379 35,478 35,518 35,491

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,742 32,199 32,177 31,601 32,238 31,992 32,080 32,079 32,030

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,844 37,949 37,821 37,651 37,228 37,620 37,663 37,756 37,612

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,799 85,745 85,384 84,559 85,547 85,492 85,493 85,633 85,217

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,705 2,688 2,721 2,783 2,679 2,570 2,716 2,797 2,794

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 1,064 1,054 1,034 972 943 1,009 1,060 1,069

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,695 1,624 1,667 1,752 1,695 1,606 1,668 1,720 1,725

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,093 83,057 82,663 81,776 82,868 82,922 82,777 82,837 82,423

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,150 7,248 7,238 7,144 7,541 7,435 7,369 7,310 7,252

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,943 75,809 75,426 74,548 75,233 75,462 75,297 75,466 75,100

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,379 55,489 55,191 54,106 55,263 55,358 55,300 55,291 54,997

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,845 19,175 19,037 18,701 19,130 19,338 19,215 19,114 18,956

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,721 19,188 19,099 18,649 19,143 19,103 19,053 19,120 19,045

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,813 17,126 17,055 16,756 16,990 16,917 17,032 17,057 16,997

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,564 20,319 20,235 20,442 19,971 20,104 19,997 20,175 20,103

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,345 75,924 76,292 74,033 75,448 75,769 75,991 75,936 76,005

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,717 2,633 2,793 2,815 2,880 2,892 2,870 2,773 2,890

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,183 1,071 1,108 1,167 1,205 1,140 1,089 1,059 1,092

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,534 1,562 1,685 1,635 1,677 1,746 1,793 1,708 1,792

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,628 73,292 73,499 71,218 72,567 72,877 73,121 73,163 73,115

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,699 7,321 7,363 6,636 7,201 7,125 7,237 7,366 7,298

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,929 65,971 66,136 64,612 65,378 65,697 65,897 65,827 65,811

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,649 48,342 48,550 47,403 48,121 48,181 48,232 48,245 48,302

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,682 16,832 16,902 16,596 16,625 16,830 16,759 16,826 16,822

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,039 16,437 16,526 15,963 16,248 16,276 16,425 16,398 16,447

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,928 15,073 15,122 14,845 15,248 15,075 15,048 15,022 15,033

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,280 17,629 17,586 17,209 17,258 17,516 17,665 17,582 17,509

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,631 46,588 45,960 45,624 45,844 45,886 45,911 46,357 45,990

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,309 37,300 37,130 36,179 36,847 37,413 37,430 37,279 37,077

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,629 9,882 9,963 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,544 134,560 134,824 132,179 134,859 134,274 134,189 134,167 134,493

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,600 27,109 26,853 26,413 26,181 27,153 27,185 27,336 26,666

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,676 8,146 8,542 7,519 7,995 8,113 8,028 8,151 8,356

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 5.0 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.2

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,851 6,684 6,626 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,095 9,813 9,773 9,953 9,591 9,502 9,504 9,726 9,650

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 6,053 6,360 6,506 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 690 733 863 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.2 11.6 13.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 238 307 370 9.8 11.2 11.2 11.8 12.7 14.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 457 429 505 11.9 10.5 11.4 12.7 11.1 12.6

20 years and over................................ 5,363 5,627 5,643 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,021 1,115 1,103 6.9 6.1 6.7 7.2 7.1 7.0

25 years and over.............................. 4,295 4,453 4,508 3.0 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1

25 to 54 years............................... 3,376 3,438 3,457 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2

25 to 34 years............................. 1,456 1,505 1,589 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.3

35 to 44 years............................. 1,020 1,012 1,077 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.9

45 to 54 years............................. 899 921 791 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.8 2.4

55 years and over........................... 938 1,029 1,059 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.7 2.7

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,212 3,697 3,654 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.1

16 to 19 years..................................... 383 404 480 12.1 12.5 13.0 13.7 12.6 14.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 137 190 206 11.7 14.1 13.2 12.0 15.2 16.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 254 222 289 12.6 10.5 12.9 15.3 11.4 14.3

20 years and over................................ 2,829 3,293 3,174 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.7

20 to 24 years.................................. 551 673 621 7.2 6.7 7.2 8.4 8.4 7.9

25 years and over.............................. 2,248 2,583 2,533 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.3

25 to 54 years............................... 1,758 2,064 1,973 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.5

25 to 34 years............................. 768 925 938 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.6 4.7

35 to 44 years............................. 499 587 584 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 490 552 450 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 2.6

55 years and over........................... 490 518 560 2.3 3.0 2.2 2.8 2.5 2.7

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,841 2,662 2,852 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 307 329 383 9.8 9.7 9.7 10.8 10.6 11.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 101 117 164 8.0 8.7 9.4 11.6 9.9 13.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 203 207 217 11.1 10.4 10.0 10.2 10.8 10.8

20 years and over................................ 2,534 2,334 2,469 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 471 441 482 6.6 5.3 6.2 5.8 5.7 6.2

25 years and over.............................. 2,047 1,870 1,975 3.1 3.0 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 1,618 1,374 1,484 3.3 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.8 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 688 579 651 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.7

35 to 44 years............................. 521 426 493 3.2 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.9

45 to 54 years............................. 409 369 341 2.7 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.2

55 years and over........................... 446 492 502 2.5 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 891 989 942 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.1 2.0

Married women, spouse present1................. 801 821 798 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.1

Women who maintain families2.................... 577 415 485 5.7 4.8 4.5 4.9 4.0 4.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 5,012 5,099 5,236 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,073 1,239 1,286 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.6

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,335 2,522 2,744 2,695 2,900 2,620 2,914 2,858 3,059

On temporary layoff.............................. 526 478 572 853 842 667 789 781 873

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,809 2,044 2,172 1,842 2,058 1,953 2,125 2,077 2,186

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,260 1,409 1,617 1,267 1,493 1,372 1,538 1,441 1,605

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 549 634 555 575 565 581 587 636 581

Job leavers........................................... 887 859 823 861 794 852 801 797 800

Reentrants............................................ 1,887 2,114 1,895 1,873 1,745 1,853 1,930 2,043 1,884

New entrants......................................... 501 553 636 494 558 503 597 568 612

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 41.6 41.7 45.0 45.5 48.4 44.9 46.7 45.6 48.1

On temporary layoff.............................. 9.4 7.9 9.4 14.4 14.0 11.4 12.6 12.5 13.7

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 32.2 33.8 35.6 31.1 34.3 33.5 34.0 33.2 34.4

Job leavers........................................... 15.8 14.2 13.5 14.5 13.2 14.6 12.8 12.7 12.6

Reentrants............................................ 33.6 34.9 31.1 31.6 29.1 31.8 30.9 32.6 29.6

New entrants......................................... 8.9 9.1 10.4 8.3 9.3 8.6 9.6 9.1 9.6

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,023 2,023 2,104 2,215 2,068 2,004 2,221 2,051 2,268

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,696 1,865 1,726 1,774 1,889 1,698 1,877 2,044 1,836

15 weeks and over.................................. 1,889 2,161 2,268 1,987 2,021 2,161 2,298 2,288 2,363

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 714 928 975 817 917 997 1,002 1,072 1,081

27 weeks and over............................... 1,175 1,233 1,292 1,169 1,105 1,164 1,296 1,216 1,282

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 21.5 21.9 22.2 20.8 20.7 20.6 20.4 21.5 21.6

Median duration, in weeks......................... 8.6 9.7 9.1 8.4 8.7 8.7 8.7 9.2 8.9

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 36.1 33.4 34.5 37.1 34.6 34.2 34.7 32.1 35.1

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 30.2 30.8 28.3 29.7 31.6 29.0 29.3 32.0 28.4

15 weeks and over.................................. 33.7 35.7 37.2 33.2 33.8 36.9 35.9 35.8 36.5

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 12.7 15.3 16.0 13.7 15.3 17.0 15.7 16.8 16.7

27 weeks and over............................... 21.0 20.4 21.2 19.6 18.5 19.9 20.3 19.1 19.8

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 159,144 161,676 5,609 6,098 3.4 3.6

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 68,918 71,387 1,398 1,415 2.0 1.9

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 29,433 30,812 639 550 2.1 1.8

Professional and related occupations.......................... 39,485 40,575 759 865 1.9 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 25,749 26,349 1,134 1,224 4.2 4.4

Sales and office occupations...................................... 29,886 29,893 1,060 1,152 3.4 3.7

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,242 14,228 497 577 3.4 3.9

Office and administrative support occupations............... 15,644 15,665 563 575 3.5 3.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,463 14,308 606 678 4.0 4.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 938 975 77 123 7.6 11.2

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,658 8,361 413 458 4.6 5.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,867 4,972 116 97 2.3 1.9

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 20,128 19,739 886 971 4.2 4.7

Production occupations.......................................... 8,184 8,072 295 313 3.5 3.7

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,944 11,668 591 657 4.7 5.3

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,609 6,098 3.4 3.6

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,381 4,636 3.4 3.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 4 39 0.8 6.1

Construction.......................................................................... 419 414 4.1 4.0

Manufacturing........................................................................ 463 478 3.1 3.1

Durable goods..................................................................... 319 318 3.3 3.3

Nondurable goods................................................................ 144 160 2.7 2.8

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 699 789 3.6 4.0

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 273 361 3.3 4.5

Information............................................................................ 94 106 3.3 3.7

Financial activities................................................................... 195 222 1.9 2.2

Professional and business services............................................... 645 611 3.5 3.2

Education and health services..................................................... 677 593 2.7 2.3

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 738 757 5.5 5.5

Other services........................................................................ 174 264 2.5 3.8

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 81 106 5.1 6.7

Government workers................................................................... 321 354 1.5 1.6

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 325 367 3.1 3.6

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

June

2023

July

2023

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023

Oct.

2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.8 3.9

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.7

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.3 6.7 6.8 6.7 6.9 6.7 7.1 7.0 7.2

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

Oct.

2022

Oct.

2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 99,782 99,868 41,212 42,087 58,570 57,781

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,341 5,037 2,618 2,449 2,723 2,588

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,469 1,391 786 724 683 667

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 373 428 261 238 112 190

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,096 963 525 486 571 477

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,676 8,542 3,846 4,043 3,830 4,499

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.8 5.3 4.5 4.7 5.2 5.9

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,449 4,978 2,449 2,510 1,999 2,468

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,733 1,978 612 699 1,122 1,280

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 347 394 194 203 154 191

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,095 1,137 565 614 530 523

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Change

from:

Sept.2023

-

Oct.2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,041 156,392 156,918 157,984 154,006 156,476 156,773 156,923 150

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,422 134,415 134,002 134,741 131,744 133,686 133,932 134,031 99

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,553 21,901 21,810 21,805 21,384 21,622 21,650 21,639 -11

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 652 650 651 616 644 645 646 1

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 48.1 48.2 48.1 45.1 46.7 47.5 47.4 -0.1

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 576.7 604.0 601.5 602.6 571.1 597.6 597.9 598.4 0.5

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.9 119.8 119.2 119.5 116.6 118.7 118.8 119.1 0.3

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.8 190.5 189.3 187.6 184.8 186.9 186.8 185.8 -1.0

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 41.6 41.3 40.9 40.9 41.5 41.3 40.8 -0.5

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 44.2 44.2 43.6 43.2 43.9 44.2 43.7 -0.5

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.7 104.7 103.8 103.1 100.7 101.5 101.3 101.3 0.0

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.0 293.7 293.0 295.5 269.7 292.0 292.3 293.5 1.2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,976 8,207 8,164 8,193 7,814 7,997 8,010 8,033 23

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,788.8 1,835.6 1,825.3 1,839.3 1,763.8 1,802.6 1,809.5 1,815.8 6.3

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 942.1 941.1 936.6 949.0 929.5 925.9 931.8 935.5 3.7

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 846.7 894.5 888.7 890.3 834.3 876.7 877.7 880.3 2.6

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,125.4 1,179.7 1,181.1 1,180.7 1,073.8 1,126.6 1,129.4 1,131.0 1.6

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,062.0 5,191.8 5,157.4 5,173.0 4,976.0 5,067.6 5,071.5 5,085.7 14.2

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,353.3 2,405.9 2,393.9 2,407.7 2,323.2 2,356.0 2,362.8 2,372.8 10.0

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,708.7 2,785.9 2,763.5 2,765.3 2,652.8 2,711.6 2,708.7 2,712.9 4.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,955 13,042 12,996 12,961 12,954 12,981 12,995 12,960 -35

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,053 8,168 8,139 8,104 8,059 8,137 8,147 8,111 -36

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.6 424.6 421.4 421.8 428.8 422.7 422.3 422.1 -0.2

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431.0 437.8 437.3 437.6 426.2 432.4 433.8 433.8 0.0

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366.0 372.0 369.3 368.2 368.0 371.5 370.6 369.7 -0.9

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,444.7 1,455.7 1,453.6 1,456.4 1,446.7 1,454.1 1,456.3 1,457.1 0.8

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,107.9 1,138.2 1,130.5 1,128.1 1,113.3 1,134.7 1,135.7 1,134.0 -1.7

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,096.6 1,107.5 1,096.7 1,096.0 1,097.5 1,101.6 1,099.0 1,097.3 -1.7

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.7 168.3 166.9 166.3 166.3 167.5 166.9 166.1 -0.8

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.9 85.4 85.6 86.6 85.3 85.5 86.0 86.6 0.6

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391.3 388.3 382.8 382.6 392.4 386.0 384.4 383.5 -0.9

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421.5 431.8 428.1 427.8 421.6 429.5 428.5 428.3 -0.2

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 33.7 33.3 32.7 31.9 33.1 33.2 32.8 -0.4

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.5 407.4 406.0 405.7 406.0 406.6 406.5 406.9 0.4

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,762.5 1,831.4 1,840.1 1,807.8 1,758.9 1,824.2 1,835.1 1,805.2 -29.9

Motor vehicles and parts2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,037.8 1,074.0 1,083.2 1,047.5 1,032.9 1,069.5 1,078.4 1,045.2 -33.2

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.0 360.6 355.0 354.4 380.8 359.4 357.5 356.0 -1.5

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633.3 632.7 629.0 628.4 632.8 629.3 630.1 628.4 -1.7

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,902 4,874 4,857 4,857 4,895 4,844 4,848 4,849 1

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,716.7 1,731.6 1,726.7 1,733.2 1,707.6 1,718.0 1,721.2 1,727.4 6.2

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.3 93.6 93.0 93.1 97.2 93.2 92.9 93.0 0.1

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3 98.9 98.4 97.0 102.4 99.2 98.7 97.5 -1.2

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.5 91.7 91.1 90.6 93.3 91.6 91.3 90.8 -0.5

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.3 346.2 347.3 348.1 362.7 347.4 348.1 348.7 0.6

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 382.4 375.5 370.5 373.5 380.9 374.8 371.7 372.8 1.1

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.9 108.2 106.4 106.5 105.0 105.8 105.2 104.8 -0.4

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913.8 917.1 913.2 910.6 916.9 915.0 916.6 914.0 -2.6

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762.1 741.0 742.2 738.3 768.8 739.5 743.2 740.1 -3.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Change

from:

Sept.2023

-

Oct.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.8 370.3 367.9 366.2 360.0 359.8 359.0 360.2 1.2

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,869 112,514 112,192 112,936 110,360 112,064 112,282 112,392 110

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,843 28,714 28,721 28,958 28,815 28,842 28,885 28,884 -1

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,024.1 6,082.0 6,076.2 6,099.4 6,019.6 6,065.3 6,081.3 6,090.7 9.4

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,317.5 3,359.6 3,362.7 3,369.9 3,321.8 3,352.2 3,367.6 3,371.2 3.6

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,180.3 2,189.6 2,184.6 2,195.1 2,173.1 2,182.2 2,184.7 2,187.6 2.9

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 526.3 532.8 528.9 534.4 524.7 530.9 529.0 531.9 2.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,502.5 15,503.8 15,415.1 15,562.9 15,496.7 15,532.1 15,545.4 15,546.1 0.7

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,016.9 2,056.6 2,058.5 2,063.6 2,015.2 2,045.8 2,054.1 2,060.0 5.9

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,253.5 1,265.5 1,267.6 1,273.3 1,255.0 1,262.0 1,267.2 1,273.1 5.9

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.4 183.7 177.3 174.2 177.8 176.6 175.6 173.7 -1.9

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.0 607.4 613.6 616.1 582.4 607.2 611.3 613.1 1.8

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,393.0 1,380.4 1,356.3 1,348.4 1,420.4 1,373.3 1,372.2 1,369.1 -3.1

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,212.2 3,257.0 3,229.5 3,249.3 3,210.4 3,248.2 3,249.2 3,252.6 3.4

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893.2 835.3 837.6 847.3 896.7 847.5 845.0 841.6 -3.4

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 451.8 428.3 428.9 439.5 452.7 435.2 436.4 438.3 1.9

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 441.4 407.0 408.7 407.8 431.1 411.1 408.4 403.1 -5.3

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,117.6 3,125.3 3,124.7 3,193.5 3,105.9 3,176.7 3,179.4 3,180.1 0.7

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949.1 929.1 927.7 958.6 945.4 954.2 955.1 953.5 -1.6

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,168.5 2,196.2 2,197.0 2,234.9 2,160.5 2,222.5 2,224.4 2,226.6 2.2

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,114.0 1,086.4 1,090.6 1,106.4 1,108.8 1,099.4 1,101.2 1,100.9 -0.3

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,052.6 1,087.2 1,082.8 1,078.7 1,049.2 1,072.8 1,078.5 1,076.3 -2.2

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,155.2 1,139.1 1,112.4 1,142.0 1,153.2 1,138.6 1,135.7 1,138.4 2.7

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,547.8 1,536.5 1,522.7 1,533.7 1,536.9 1,529.8 1,530.1 1,527.1 -3.0

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,759.9 6,568.6 6,671.0 6,734.6 6,741.7 6,685.8 6,698.3 6,686.2 -12.1

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.3 550.1 552.7 556.2 516.8 547.1 551.6 555.1 3.5

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147.8 150.5 150.3 150.3 147.6 150.2 150.2 150.2 0.0

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.9 71.5 70.7 71.1 66.2 69.0 69.1 70.3 1.2

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,619.7 1,588.8 1,589.6 1,589.7 1,605.4 1,570.2 1,583.6 1,578.6 -5.0

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439.4 380.9 450.7 453.0 417.0 438.5 434.9 434.2 -0.7

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.0 48.2 48.3 47.9 48.1 48.0 48.5 48.0 -0.5

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 35.6 43.9 41.6 37.7 34.0 36.5 36.4 36.0 -0.4

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 806.8 816.5 817.6 818.8 801.3 815.3 816.4 815.0 -1.4

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,102.9 1,060.4 1,079.9 1,107.9 1,156.1 1,123.6 1,125.2 1,127.8 2.6

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,976.5 1,857.8 1,869.6 1,902.0 1,949.2 1,887.4 1,882.4 1,871.0 -11.4

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.5 559.9 558.6 561.1 556.9 558.4 559.9 560.7 0.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,124 3,057 3,037 3,037 3,116 3,040 3,036 3,027 -9

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.3 451.7 431.4 436.0 463.5 437.4 433.6 428.2 -5.4

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947.3 929.2 935.8 924.4 950.3 926.1 929.8 925.3 -4.5

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 358.2 346.9 346.4 348.0 357.0 347.5 347.4 347.7 0.3

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663.2 638.9 638.2 641.1 663.9 639.9 639.1 640.5 1.4

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481.2 498.7 495.8 495.6 480.4 499.2 495.6 494.6 -1.0

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200.5 191.1 189.8 191.6 200.5 189.9 190.3 190.2 -0.1

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,111 9,208 9,154 9,178 9,086 9,153 9,155 9,153 -2

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,705.3 6,741.9 6,702.5 6,716.3 6,700.0 6,720.1 6,716.6 6,708.8 -7.8

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 22.1 22.0 21.9 21.6 22.0 22.0 21.9 -0.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Change

from:

Sept.2023

-

Oct.2023p

Finance and insurance - Continued

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,690.5 2,667.3 2,643.9 2,637.3 2,694.4 2,657.7 2,649.8 2,639.8 -10.0

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,772.9 1,787.8 1,772.2 1,768.2 1,777.8 1,781.7 1,778.7 1,773.3 -5.4

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,369.6 1,375.0 1,361.4 1,355.9 1,374.3 1,369.8 1,366.8 1,361.0 -5.8

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 592.2 566.5 561.0 559.9 590.4 564.1 560.6 557.6 -3.0

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 325.4 313.0 310.7 309.2 326.2 311.8 310.5 308.9 -1.6

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,066.7 1,098.9 1,084.6 1,092.8 1,063.3 1,088.2 1,088.6 1,089.8 1.2

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,926.5 2,953.6 2,952.0 2,964.3 2,920.7 2,952.2 2,956.2 2,957.3 1.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,405.6 2,466.5 2,451.3 2,462.1 2,385.8 2,432.5 2,438.7 2,443.8 5.1

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,852.6 1,865.6 1,855.7 1,872.5 1,835.5 1,850.7 1,853.3 1,856.6 3.3

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530.3 578.1 573.0 566.8 527.7 559.3 562.7 564.5 1.8

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.7 22.8 22.6 22.8 22.6 22.5 22.7 22.7 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,044 23,086 23,060 23,287 22,791 22,995 23,012 23,027 15

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,683.4 10,925.0 10,853.7 10,972.2 10,664.8 10,916.7 10,935.6 10,952.6 17.0

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,184.9 1,177.3 1,175.6 1,188.2 1,179.0 1,178.3 1,181.9 1,181.9 0.0

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,095.0 1,114.4 1,105.4 1,119.6 1,134.6 1,158.8 1,158.4 1,158.7 0.3

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,645.3 1,707.1 1,688.3 1,697.4 1,633.5 1,685.2 1,684.6 1,687.2 2.6

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.1 161.2 158.8 160.9 153.7 160.5 159.7 160.2 0.5

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,496.1 2,528.8 2,501.3 2,535.1 2,488.7 2,518.1 2,518.0 2,524.7 6.7

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,835.9 1,885.4 1,886.4 1,914.8 1,813.4 1,882.9 1,891.0 1,893.6 2.6

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909.3 955.1 945.7 947.2 909.9 943.7 948.4 947.3 -1.1

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496.7 500.5 501.1 506.7 495.5 498.9 501.7 504.0 2.3

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865.1 895.2 891.1 902.3 856.5 890.2 891.9 895.0 3.1

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,504.7 2,537.1 2,524.9 2,523.3 2,505.9 2,525.7 2,526.9 2,524.4 -2.5

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,855.4 9,623.5 9,681.0 9,791.0 9,620.0 9,553.0 9,549.5 9,549.9 0.4

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 9,367.0 9,120.4 9,179.3 9,291.3 9,136.6 9,056.7 9,052.8 9,054.6 1.8

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 610.7 626.7 631.0 640.3 607.2 622.7 629.4 635.4 6.0

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.0 167.5 166.7 166.4 157.1 165.1 165.1 164.8 -0.3

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,038.5 3,679.1 3,757.2 3,864.8 3,897.4 3,728.3 3,712.0 3,709.4 -2.6

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,240.9 2,906.1 2,981.3 3,078.6 3,141.4 2,950.8 2,941.9 2,948.5 6.6

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.6 742.0 741.8 744.1 779.3 750.7 746.7 739.2 -7.5

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.2 187.2 187.1 190.6 174.5 184.9 186.2 189.0 2.8

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 971.3 982.0 986.0 987.0 966.1 980.4 982.7 982.8 0.1

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,283.5 2,391.1 2,361.4 2,344.0 2,217.3 2,283.2 2,287.3 2,287.0 -0.3

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.2 344.8 348.1 354.1 337.6 341.4 343.2 347.1 3.9

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488.4 503.1 501.7 499.7 483.4 496.3 496.7 495.3 -1.4

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 24,872 25,243 25,564 25,909 24,661 25,525 25,603 25,692 89

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,995.9 3,669.6 3,948.0 4,111.2 3,846.5 3,942.2 3,951.3 3,962.8 11.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,875.6 21,573.2 21,615.5 21,797.5 20,814.5 21,582.5 21,651.8 21,729.0 77.2

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,532.2 17,024.4 17,060.5 17,175.4 16,487.1 17,017.2 17,065.2 17,123.6 58.4

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,244.6 8,468.7 8,492.0 8,572.7 8,217.0 8,479.4 8,509.3 8,541.7 32.4

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,847.1 2,919.3 2,928.6 2,960.1 2,836.0 2,923.4 2,933.3 2,945.9 12.6

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,027.3 1,042.5 1,038.7 1,039.0 1,026.7 1,040.7 1,042.1 1,038.5 -3.6

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,113.6 1,144.1 1,144.9 1,158.3 1,109.0 1,143.5 1,148.2 1,152.6 4.4

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,046.6 1,062.8 1,063.6 1,075.3 1,045.7 1,065.0 1,066.7 1,074.8 8.1

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 318.4 325.7 325.4 325.4 317.4 325.4 326.4 325.3 -1.1

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,560.7 1,633.0 1,647.7 1,668.6 1,550.8 1,638.5 1,649.4 1,658.9 9.5

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Change

from:

Sept.2023

-

Oct.2023p

Ambulatory health care services -

Continued

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330.9 341.3 343.1 346.0 331.6 342.8 343.2 345.8 2.6

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,226.8 5,358.0 5,373.9 5,395.1 5,219.6 5,351.0 5,364.6 5,382.7 18.1

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,060.8 3,197.7 3,194.6 3,207.6 3,050.5 3,186.8 3,191.3 3,199.2 7.9

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,373.5 1,433.4 1,431.2 1,441.1 1,364.7 1,429.0 1,428.6 1,433.0 4.4

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619.5 641.4 644.9 646.1 619.3 639.6 643.9 645.2 1.3

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914.3 966.1 962.1 963.3 913.3 961.7 962.2 964.0 1.8

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 153.5 156.8 156.4 157.1 153.2 156.5 156.7 157.0 0.3

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,343.4 4,548.8 4,555.0 4,622.1 4,327.4 4,565.3 4,586.6 4,605.4 18.8

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,882.4 3,055.8 3,054.0 3,096.7 2,875.1 3,055.9 3,074.4 3,088.7 14.3

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 206.2 217.5 217.6 221.1 207.1 219.3 220.3 221.6 1.3

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 271.8 282.9 282.3 285.1 269.4 280.5 283.1 283.5 0.4

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.0 992.6 1,001.1 1,019.2 975.8 1,009.6 1,008.8 1,011.6 2.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,107 17,278 16,784 16,677 16,135 16,629 16,703 16,722 19

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,329.2 2,731.4 2,519.7 2,475.0 2,360.2 2,471.5 2,485.2 2,505.6 20.4

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.3 569.2 581.1 577.0 520.0 544.4 554.2 564.5 10.3

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.4 183.0 176.2 175.8 162.0 173.0 174.5 175.1 0.6

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,641.5 1,979.2 1,762.4 1,722.2 1,678.2 1,754.1 1,756.5 1,766.0 9.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,777.8 14,546.2 14,264.0 14,201.6 13,775.0 14,157.6 14,217.6 14,216.8 -0.8

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,802.8 1,990.1 1,905.4 1,875.1 1,819.1 1,873.6 1,885.3 1,892.0 6.7

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,975.0 12,556.1 12,358.6 12,326.5 11,955.9 12,284.0 12,332.3 12,324.8 -7.5

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,768 5,928 5,872 5,890 5,756 5,880 5,888 5,887 -1

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,417.4 1,460.7 1,456.4 1,464.0 1,410.5 1,453.2 1,457.0 1,458.0 1.0

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511.2 1,549.0 1,547.9 1,554.4 1,505.4 1,545.3 1,554.6 1,551.1 -3.5

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,839.7 2,918.5 2,867.5 2,872.0 2,839.9 2,881.9 2,876.7 2,877.8 1.1

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,619 21,977 22,916 23,243 22,262 22,790 22,841 22,892 51

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,877 2,952 2,960 2,958 2,871 2,944 2,948 2,951 3

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,279.3 2,349.4 2,357.5 2,352.4 2,269.6 2,335.0 2,340.7 2,343.1 2.4

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598.1 602.4 602.5 605.4 601.7 608.7 607.2 608.0 0.8

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,263 5,014 5,362 5,440 5,104 5,261 5,271 5,281 10

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,605.5 2,275.6 2,630.3 2,707.2 2,446.0 2,539.5 2,546.0 2,548.5 2.5

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,657.8 2,738.1 2,731.6 2,732.9 2,658.4 2,721.6 2,725.3 2,732.7 7.4

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,479 14,011 14,594 14,845 14,287 14,585 14,622 14,660 38

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,045.8 7,208.7 7,954.6 8,221.8 7,826.8 7,965.5 7,976.4 8,002.8 26.4

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,432.9 6,802.4 6,639.8 6,623.4 6,460.4 6,619.4 6,645.3 6,657.2 11.9

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.6 34.4 34.4 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.0 39.9 39.9 39.8

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.3 45.2 44.8 44.5

Construction....................................................................... 38.9 39.1 39.1 39.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.4 40.1 40.1 40.0

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.8 40.7 40.6 40.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.7 39.1 39.2 39.3

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 34.0 33.9 33.8

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.8 38.8 38.7 38.5

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.2 29.9 29.8 29.7

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.6 38.4 38.3 38.2

Utilities........................................................................... 42.7 41.8 41.7 41.7

Information......................................................................... 36.5 36.4 36.3 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.5 37.4 37.4 37.3

Professional and business services............................................ 36.7 36.4 36.5 36.3

Private education and health services......................................... 33.4 33.4 33.3 33.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.5 25.3 25.5 25.5

Other services..................................................................... 32.3 32.2 32.3 32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0

Nondurable goods................................................................... 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Total private............................................... $32.66 $33.82 $33.93 $34.00 $1,130.04 $1,163.41 $1,167.19 $1,166.20

Goods-producing....................................... 32.86 34.31 34.43 34.51 1,314.40 1,368.97 1,373.76 1,373.50

Mining and logging.................................. 36.24 38.21 38.69 38.42 1,677.91 1,727.09 1,733.31 1,709.69

Construction.......................................... 35.25 36.75 36.83 37.00 1,371.23 1,436.93 1,440.05 1,446.70

Manufacturing........................................ 31.29 32.63 32.76 32.79 1,264.12 1,308.46 1,313.68 1,311.60

Durable goods.................................... 32.91 34.16 34.31 34.39 1,342.73 1,390.31 1,392.99 1,389.36

Nondurable goods................................ 28.57 29.96 30.07 30.03 1,134.23 1,171.44 1,178.74 1,180.18

Private service-providing.............................. 32.62 33.71 33.81 33.88 1,092.77 1,122.54 1,125.87 1,124.82

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 28.04 29.14 29.26 29.26 958.97 990.76 991.91 988.99

Wholesale trade.................................. 35.56 37.08 37.22 37.09 1,379.73 1,438.70 1,440.41 1,427.97

Retail trade........................................ 23.21 23.99 24.06 24.05 700.94 717.30 716.99 714.29

Transportation and warehousing............... 28.14 29.28 29.46 29.58 1,086.20 1,124.35 1,128.32 1,129.96

Utilities............................................. 48.19 49.88 50.03 50.19 2,057.71 2,084.98 2,086.25 2,092.92

Information........................................... 47.66 48.26 48.32 48.32 1,739.59 1,756.66 1,754.02 1,758.85

Financial activities................................... 42.06 43.96 44.15 44.21 1,577.25 1,644.10 1,651.21 1,649.03

Professional and business services.............. 39.19 40.62 40.80 40.94 1,438.27 1,478.57 1,489.20 1,486.12

Private education and health services............ 32.30 33.11 33.19 33.27 1,078.82 1,105.87 1,105.23 1,104.56

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 20.44 21.28 21.29 21.36 521.22 538.38 542.90 544.68

Other services....................................... 29.17 30.08 30.17 30.33 942.19 968.58 974.49 976.63

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2023 -

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2023 -

Oct.

2023p

Total private..................................... 114.4 115.4 115.7 115.4 -0.3 178.7 186.7 187.6 187.6 0.0

Goods-producing............................. 97.5 98.3 98.4 98.1 -0.3 144.7 152.4 153.2 153.0 -0.1

Mining and logging........................ 89.6 91.5 90.8 90.3 -0.6 130.4 140.3 141.0 139.3 -1.2

Construction................................ 104.8 107.8 108.0 108.3 0.3 160.5 172.1 172.8 174.1 0.8

Manufacturing.............................. 94.2 93.6 93.7 93.3 -0.4 137.0 142.1 142.8 142.2 -0.4

Durable goods........................... 92.6 93.2 93.1 92.3 -0.9 135.3 141.5 141.9 140.9 -0.7

Nondurable goods...................... 97.0 94.5 94.9 95.1 0.2 140.6 143.7 144.7 144.9 0.1

Private service-providing.................... 119.0 120.1 120.4 120.1 -0.2 188.7 196.9 197.8 197.8 0.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.7 107.1 107.0 106.7 -0.3 162.8 168.4 168.8 168.3 -0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 103.0 103.8 103.8 103.4 -0.4 153.2 161.0 161.6 160.5 -0.7

Retail trade.............................. 95.3 94.5 94.3 94.0 -0.3 146.2 149.9 150.0 149.4 -0.4

Transportation and warehousing...... 149.5 147.5 147.4 146.8 -0.4 214.1 219.7 220.9 220.8 0.0

Utilities.................................... 102.9 101.0 101.0 101.2 0.2 163.8 166.4 167.0 167.8 0.5

Information................................. 103.9 101.1 100.7 100.6 -0.1 176.3 173.7 173.2 173.2 0.0

Financial activities......................... 111.6 112.1 112.2 111.8 -0.4 183.1 192.3 193.1 192.9 -0.1

Professional and business services..... 130.9 130.9 131.4 130.8 -0.5 207.7 215.5 217.2 216.9 -0.1

Private education and health services... 134.5 139.2 139.2 139.3 0.1 209.0 221.7 222.3 222.9 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 117.4 120.0 121.5 121.7 0.2 193.6 206.1 208.7 209.7 0.5

Other services............................. 107.2 109.2 109.7 109.3 -0.4 171.4 180.0 181.3 181.7 0.2

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Total nonfarm............................................. 76,689 77,984 78,128 78,248 49.8 49.8 49.8 49.9

Total private............................................ 63,731 64,690 64,817 64,898 48.4 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,933 4,991 4,998 4,998 23.1 23.1 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging............................... 79 83 84 84 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.0

Construction....................................... 1,099 1,137 1,139 1,149 14.1 14.2 14.2 14.3

Manufacturing..................................... 3,755 3,771 3,775 3,765 29.0 29.1 29.0 29.1

Durable goods.................................. 2,002 2,025 2,026 2,020 24.8 24.9 24.9 24.9

Nondurable goods............................. 1,753 1,746 1,749 1,745 35.8 36.0 36.1 36.0

Private service-providing........................... 58,798 59,699 59,819 59,900 53.3 53.3 53.3 53.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,351 11,297 11,291 11,292 39.4 39.2 39.1 39.1

Wholesale trade................................ 1,841.5 1,869.0 1,863.8 1,868.4 30.6 30.8 30.6 30.7

Retail trade..................................... 7,543.1 7,491.8 7,491.2 7,495.8 48.7 48.2 48.2 48.2

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,824.0 1,788.3 1,787.8 1,778.6 27.1 26.7 26.7 26.6

Utilities........................................... 142.5 147.5 147.8 148.9 25.6 26.4 26.4 26.6

Information......................................... 1,261 1,238 1,237 1,230 40.5 40.7 40.7 40.6

Financial activities................................ 5,065 5,091 5,098 5,108 55.7 55.6 55.7 55.8

Professional and business services............ 10,519 10,588 10,599 10,600 46.2 46.0 46.1 46.0

Private education and health services......... 19,015 19,616 19,677 19,771 77.1 76.9 76.9 77.0

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,523 8,726 8,766 8,745 52.8 52.5 52.5 52.3

Other services..................................... 3,064 3,143 3,151 3,154 53.2 53.5 53.5 53.6

Government............................................. 12,958 13,294 13,311 13,350 58.2 58.3 58.3 58.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Total private............................................................................... 107,231 108,764 108,951 108,968

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,348 15,473 15,481 15,451

Mining and logging.................................................................. 460 496 499 499

Construction.......................................................................... 5,785 5,872 5,872 5,877

Manufacturing........................................................................ 9,103 9,105 9,110 9,075

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,592 5,615 5,616 5,577

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,511 3,490 3,494 3,498

Private service-providing.............................................................. 91,883 93,291 93,470 93,517

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,276 24,313 24,361 24,357

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,784.3 4,786.4 4,798.1 4,799.1

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,182.8 13,236.1 13,266.0 13,262.3

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,865.4 5,846.6 5,851.2 5,847.3

Utilities.............................................................................. 443.2 443.9 445.6 448.5

Information............................................................................ 2,473 2,426 2,427 2,433

Financial activities................................................................... 6,846 6,853 6,863 6,871

Professional and business services............................................... 18,159 18,177 18,174 18,152

Private education and health services............................................ 21,431 22,196 22,287 22,365

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,017 14,522 14,556 14,538

Other services........................................................................ 4,681 4,804 4,802 4,801

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.0 33.8 33.8 33.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.8 40.6 40.6 40.6

Mining and logging................................................................ 48.0 47.8 47.9 47.9

Construction....................................................................... 39.8 39.7 39.7 39.8

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.0 40.8 40.7 40.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.4 41.0 40.9 41.0

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.3

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.9 32.7 32.7 32.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 34.0 34.0 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.8 38.9 38.6

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.5 30.4 30.5 30.3

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.8 37.6 37.5 37.6

Utilities........................................................................... 42.4 42.3 42.2 42.2

Information......................................................................... 36.2 36.0 36.0 36.1

Financial activities................................................................ 37.2 37.0 36.9 36.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.4 36.3 36.2 36.1

Private education and health services......................................... 32.6 32.5 32.4 32.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.5 24.1 24.4 24.2

Other services..................................................................... 31.3 31.2 31.4 31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.5

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.1 3.7 3.7 3.6

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Total private............................................... $27.96 $29.00 $29.09 $29.19 $950.64 $980.20 $983.24 $983.70

Goods-producing....................................... 28.41 29.74 29.87 29.95 1,159.13 1,207.44 1,212.72 1,215.97

Mining and logging.................................. 32.94 34.01 35.09 34.72 1,581.12 1,625.68 1,680.81 1,663.09

Construction.......................................... 32.88 34.45 34.51 34.64 1,308.62 1,367.67 1,370.05 1,378.67

Manufacturing........................................ 25.38 26.50 26.63 26.68 1,040.58 1,081.20 1,083.84 1,085.88

Durable goods.................................... 26.58 27.62 27.79 27.92 1,100.41 1,132.42 1,136.61 1,144.72

Nondurable goods................................ 23.42 24.68 24.73 24.67 943.83 994.60 999.09 994.20

Private service-providing.............................. 27.87 28.85 28.92 29.03 916.92 943.40 945.68 946.38

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.41 25.37 25.42 25.48 832.38 862.58 864.28 863.77

Wholesale trade.................................. 29.74 30.65 30.62 30.68 1,156.89 1,189.22 1,191.12 1,184.25

Retail trade........................................ 19.97 20.58 20.63 20.62 609.09 625.63 629.22 624.79

Transportation and warehousing............... 26.41 28.04 28.17 28.31 998.30 1,054.30 1,056.38 1,064.46

Utilities............................................. 42.93 44.44 44.60 44.84 1,820.23 1,879.81 1,882.12 1,892.25

Information........................................... 38.58 39.62 39.70 39.21 1,396.60 1,426.32 1,429.20 1,415.48

Financial activities................................... 32.65 34.07 34.30 34.55 1,214.58 1,260.59 1,265.67 1,264.53

Professional and business services.............. 32.92 34.34 34.42 34.54 1,198.29 1,246.54 1,246.00 1,246.89

Private education and health services............ 29.43 30.13 30.31 30.42 959.42 979.23 982.04 988.65

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 18.18 18.86 18.89 19.00 445.41 454.53 460.92 459.80

Other services....................................... 25.14 25.92 25.96 26.09 786.88 808.70 815.14 814.01

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2023 -

Oct.

2023p

Oct.

2022

Aug.

2023

Sept.

2023p

Oct.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2023 -

Oct.

2023p

Total private..................................... 121.5 122.5 122.7 122.4 -0.2 227.0 237.4 238.6 238.7 0.0

Goods-producing............................. 95.7 96.0 96.0 95.9 -0.1 166.5 174.8 175.7 175.8 0.1

Mining and logging........................ 117.3 126.0 127.0 127.0 0.0 224.8 249.2 259.2 256.5 -1.0

Construction................................ 115.3 116.7 116.7 117.1 0.3 204.7 217.1 217.5 219.1 0.7

Manufacturing.............................. 85.7 85.3 85.1 84.8 -0.4 142.2 147.8 148.2 147.9 -0.2

Durable goods........................... 87.0 86.5 86.3 85.9 -0.5 144.3 149.1 149.7 149.7 0.0

Nondurable goods...................... 83.4 82.9 83.2 83.1 -0.1 138.0 144.5 145.3 144.8 -0.3

Private service-providing.................... 128.8 130.0 130.2 129.9 -0.2 246.2 257.2 258.3 258.6 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 115.9 115.7 115.9 115.6 -0.3 202.2 209.8 210.6 210.5 0.0

Wholesale trade......................... 110.5 110.2 110.8 109.9 -0.8 193.9 199.4 200.2 199.1 -0.5

Retail trade.............................. 101.9 102.0 102.6 101.9 -0.7 174.6 180.0 181.5 180.1 -0.8

Transportation and warehousing...... 167.8 166.4 166.1 166.4 0.2 282.1 296.9 297.8 299.8 0.7

Utilities.................................... 96.1 96.0 96.2 96.8 0.6 172.2 178.1 179.0 181.2 1.2

Information................................. 102.2 99.7 99.7 100.2 0.5 195.2 195.5 196.0 194.6 -0.7

Financial activities......................... 119.9 119.3 119.2 118.4 -0.7 240.8 250.1 251.5 251.6 0.0

Professional and business services..... 147.6 147.3 146.9 146.3 -0.4 288.9 300.9 300.7 300.5 -0.1

Private education and health services... 149.0 153.8 154.0 155.0 0.6 289.4 305.9 308.0 311.2 1.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 125.8 128.2 130.1 128.9 -0.9 259.7 274.6 279.1 278.1 -0.4

Other services............................. 102.8 105.1 105.7 105.1 -0.6 188.2 198.5 200.0 199.7 -0.2

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.