Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-20-0010 

8:30 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 10, 2020

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

(NOTE: This news release was reissued on February 21, 2020, to correct data in table A-5 on 

veterans and nonveterans. The population controls used in the weighting of veterans and 

nonveterans data were incorrect in the original publication. All differences between the original 

and corrected tables were minor, and the text was unaffected.) 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2019 

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 145,000 in December, and the unemployment rate was 

unchanged at 3.5 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains occurred 

in retail trade and health care, while mining lost jobs.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Dec-17 Mar-18 Jun-18 Sep-18 Dec-18 Mar-19 Jun-19 Sep-19 Dec-19

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2017 – December 2019

Percent

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dec-17 Mar-18 Jun-18 Sep-18 Dec-18 Mar-19 Jun-19 Sep-19 Dec-19

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, December 2017 – December 2019
 

-2-

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal adjustment factors, 

a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted estimates back to January 2015 

were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 2019 through November 2019 (as 

originally published and as revised) appear in table A on page 5, along with additional information about 

the revisions. 

Household Survey Data

In December, the unemployment rate held at 3.5 percent, and the number of unemployed persons was 

unchanged at 5.8 million. A year earlier, the jobless rate was 3.9 percent, and the number of unemployed 

persons was 6.3 million. (See table A-1.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.1 percent), adult women 

(3.2 percent), teenagers (12.6 percent), Whites (3.2 percent), Blacks (5.9 percent), Asians (2.5 percent), 

and Hispanics (4.2 percent) showed little or no change in December. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.2 million, was 

unchanged in December and accounted for 20.5 percent of the unemployed. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate was unchanged at 63.2 percent in December. The employmentpopulation ratio was 61.0 percent for the fourth consecutive month but was up by 0.4 percentage point 

over the year. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.1 million, changed little in 

December but was down by 507,000 over the year. These individuals, who would have preferred fulltime employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to 

find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 

In December, 1.2 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, down by 310,000 from 

a year earlier. (Data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted 

and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not 

counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. 

(See table A-16.) 

Among the marginally attached, there were 277,000 discouraged workers in December, down by 

98,000 from a year earlier. (Data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not 

currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 969,000 

persons marginally attached to the labor force in December had not searched for work for reasons such 

as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.) 

Establishment Survey Data
 

-3-

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 145,000 in December. Notable job gains occurred in 

retail trade and health care, while mining lost jobs. In 2019, payroll employment rose by 2.1 million, 

down from a gain of 2.7 million in 2018. (See table B-1.) 

In December, retail trade added 41,000 jobs. Employment increased in clothing and accessories stores 

(+33,000) and in building material and garden supply stores (+7,000); both industries showed 

employment declines in the prior month. Employment in retail trade changed little, on net, in both 2019 

and 2018 (+9,000 and +14,000, respectively). 

Employment in health care increased by 28,000 in December. Ambulatory health care services and 

hospitals added jobs over the month (+23,000 and +9,000, respectively). Health care added 399,000 jobs 

in 2019, compared with an increase of 350,000 in 2018. 

Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to trend up in December (+40,000). The industry 

added 388,000 jobs in 2019, similar to the increase in 2018 (+359,000). 

Mining employment declined by 8,000 in December. In 2019, employment in mining declined by 

24,000, after rising by 63,000 in 2018. 

Construction employment changed little in December (+20,000). Employment in the industry rose by 

151,000 in 2019, about half of the 2018 gain of 307,000. 

In December, employment in professional and business services showed little change (+10,000). The 

industry added 397,000 jobs in 2019, down from an increase of 561,000 jobs in 2018. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing changed little in December (-10,000). Employment in 

the industry increased by 57,000 in 2019, about one-fourth of the 2018 gain of 216,000. 

Manufacturing employment was little changed in December (-12,000). Employment in the industry 

changed little in 2019 (+46,000), after increasing in 2018 (+264,000). 

In December, employment showed little change in other major industries, including wholesale trade, 

information, financial activities, and government. 

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 3 cents 

to $28.32. Over the last 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 2.9 percent. In December, 

average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees, at $23.79, were

little changed (+2 cents). (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.3 hours in 

December. In manufacturing, the average workweek and overtime remained at 40.5 hours and 3.2 hours, 

respectively. The average workweek of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees held 

at 33.5 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised down by 4,000 from +156,000 

to +152,000, and the change for November was revised down by 10,000 from +266,000 to +256,000. 

With these revisions, employment gains in October and November combined were 14,000 lower than 

previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 

government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) 

After revisions, job gains have averaged 184,000 over the last 3 months. 
 

-4-

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 7, 2020, at 

8:30 a.m. (EST). 

Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data

With the publication of The Employment Situation for January 2020 on February 7, 2020, two not 

seasonally adjusted series currently displayed in Summary table A—persons marginally attached to the 

labor force and discouraged workers—will be replaced with new seasonally adjusted series. The new 

seasonally adjusted series will be available in the BLS online database back to 1994. Not seasonally 

adjusted data for persons marginally attached to the labor force and for discouraged workers will 

continue to be published in table A-16. These series will also be available in the BLS online database 

back to 1994. 

Persons marginally attached to the labor force and discouraged workers are inputs into three alternative 

measures of labor underutilization displayed in table A-15. Therefore, with the publication of The 

Employment Situation for January 2020, data for U-4, U-5, and U-6 in table A-15 will reflect the new 

seasonally adjusted series. Revised data back to 1994 will be available in the BLS online database. Not 

seasonally adjusted series for the alternative measures will be unaffected. 

Beginning with data for January 2020, occupation estimates in table A-13 will reflect the introduction of 

the 2018 Census occupation classification system into the household survey. This occupation 

classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. In 

addition, industry estimates in table A-14 will reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry 

classification system, which is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System 

(NAICS). Historical data on occupation and industry will not be revised. Beginning with data for 

January 2020, estimates will not be strictly comparable with earlier years. 

Also beginning with data for January 2020, estimates of married persons will include those in oppositeand same-sex marriages. Prior to January 2020, these estimates included only those in opposite-sex 

marriages. This will affect marital status estimates in tables A-9 and A-10. Historical data will not be 

revised.

Also effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2020, new population controls 

will be used in the household survey estimation process. These new controls reflect the annual update of 

intercensal population estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, historical 

data will not be revised to incorporate the new controls; consequently, household survey data for 

January 2020 will not be directly comparable with data for December 2019 or earlier periods. A table 

showing the effects of the new controls on the major labor force series will be included in the January 

2020 news release. In addition, the population controls for veterans, which are derived from a 

Department of Veterans Affairs’ population model and are updated periodically, will also be updated 

with the release of January data. 
 

-5-

Upcoming Revisions to Establishment Survey Data 

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2020 on February 7, 2020, the 

establishment survey will revise nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and earnings data to reflect the 

annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data 

beginning with April 2018 and seasonally adjusted data beginning with January 2015 are subject to 

revision. Consistent with standard practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the 

benchmark process.

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the national

labor force series derived from the household survey. As a result of this process, seasonally adjusted 

data for January 2015 through November 2019 were subject to revision. (Not seasonally adjusted data 

were not subject to revision.) 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2019 through November 2019, as first published and 

as revised. The rates were unchanged for all 11 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major 

labor force series beginning in December 2018 appear in table B. 

More information on this year’s revisions to seasonally adjusted household series is available at 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. Detailed information on the seasonal 

adjustment methodology is found at www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables of this news release can be accessed at 

www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted data are available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/. 
 

-6-

Month As first published As revised Change

January............................... 4.0 4.0 0.0

February............................. 3.8 3.8 0.0

March................................ 3.8 3.8 0.0

April................................... 3.6 3.6 0.0

May................................... 3.6 3.6 0.0

June................................... 3.7 3.7 0.0

July.................................... 3.7 3.7 0.0

August................................ 3.7 3.7 0.0

September.......................... 3.5 3.5 0.0

October.............................. 3.6 3.6 0.0

November........................... 3.5 3.5 0.0

Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2019 and changes due to revision 

January - November 2019
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Change from:

Nov. 2019-

Dec. 2019

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 258,888 259,845 260,020 260,181 161

Civilian labor force........................................................... 163,111 164,401 164,347 164,556 209

Participation rate.......................................................... 63.0 63.3 63.2 63.2 0.0

Employed................................................................... 156,825 158,544 158,536 158,803 267

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.6 61.0 61.0 61.0 0.0

Unemployed............................................................... 6,286 5,857 5,811 5,753 -58

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 0.0

Not in labor force............................................................ 95,777 95,444 95,673 95,625 -48

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 0.0

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.1 -0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 0.0

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 12.6 12.3 12.0 12.6 0.6

White.......................................................................... 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 6.6 5.5 5.6 5.9 0.3

Asian.......................................................................... 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.5 -0.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 0.0

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.8 -0.1

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.2 -0.1

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 0.0

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.3 2.8 2.9 2.7 -0.2

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 -0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,892 2,691 2,804 2,686 -118

Job leavers...................................................................... 827 846 776 829 53

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,968 1,698 1,663 1,655 -8

New entrants.................................................................... 600 622 581 551 -30

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,117 1,978 2,026 2,065 39

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 2,007 1,747 1,753 1,730 -23

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 899 884 865 812 -53

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,311 1,259 1,219 1,186 -33

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,655 4,397 4,288 4,148 -140

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,895 2,747 2,634 2,657 23

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,487 1,278 1,259 1,215 -44

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,230 21,544 21,532 21,586 54

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,556 1,229 1,246 1,246 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 375 341 325 277 –

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 152 256 145

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 164 243 139

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 -29 52 -1

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 -8 -9

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 14 2 20

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 -45 58 -12

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 -51 48 -7

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 -43.6 39.3 -0.8

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 10 -5

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 193 191 140

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 10.7 -2.5 8.3

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -5.9 30.9 -14.1 41.2

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.1 2.8 11.9 -10.4

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.2 -1.4 1.2 0.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2 0 8 3

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 16 14 6

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 35 53 10

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 -5.4 4.0 6.4

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 31 72 36

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.9 37.8 63.8 33.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 70 38 40

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 -2 10 5

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -12 13 6

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 188 200 184

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 170 197 182

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 50.0 50.0 50.0

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.6 48.6 48.7

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.2 82.2 82.2

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 34.3 34.3 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $27.53 $28.20 $28.29 $28.32

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $949.79 $967.26 $970.35 $971.38

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.7 111.4 111.6 111.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 -0.1 0.2 0.1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.6 150.1 150.9 151.2

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.2

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (258 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.9 55.2 65.7 57.0

Manufacturing (76 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 38.2 65.8 44.7

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 142,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 689,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime 

during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. 

Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be 

looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The 

unemployment data derived from the household survey in no 

way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of 

unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at https://www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 
by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.6 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,888 260,020 260,181 258,888 259,432 259,638 259,845 260,020 260,181

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,510 164,386 164,007 163,111 163,894 164,051 164,401 164,347 164,556

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 63.2 63.0 63.0 63.2 63.2 63.3 63.2 63.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,481 158,945 158,504 156,825 157,895 158,298 158,544 158,536 158,803

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 61.1 60.9 60.6 60.9 61.0 61.0 61.0 61.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,029 5,441 5,503 6,286 5,999 5,753 5,857 5,811 5,753

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,378 95,634 96,174 95,777 95,538 95,587 95,444 95,673 95,625

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,121 4,515 4,643 5,312 5,117 4,861 4,756 4,832 4,832

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,227 125,773 125,852 125,227 125,481 125,583 125,687 125,773 125,852

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,857 86,864 86,500 86,406 86,824 86,855 86,901 87,104 87,049

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.6 69.1 68.7 69.0 69.2 69.2 69.1 69.3 69.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,440 83,973 83,467 83,016 83,613 83,747 83,776 84,018 84,034

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.8 66.8 66.3 66.3 66.6 66.7 66.7 66.8 66.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,417 2,890 3,033 3,390 3,210 3,109 3,126 3,086 3,015

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.3 3.5 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,370 38,909 39,352 38,820 38,657 38,728 38,786 38,669 38,803

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,739 117,331 117,413 116,739 117,040 117,140 117,242 117,331 117,413

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,101 83,970 83,628 83,483 83,852 83,841 83,911 84,057 84,008

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 71.6 71.2 71.5 71.6 71.6 71.6 71.6 71.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,036 81,464 80,940 80,496 81,046 81,146 81,196 81,377 81,390

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.6 69.4 68.9 69.0 69.2 69.3 69.3 69.4 69.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,066 2,506 2,688 2,987 2,806 2,695 2,715 2,679 2,618

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.0 3.2 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,638 33,361 33,785 33,256 33,187 33,300 33,330 33,274 33,405

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,662 134,247 134,329 133,662 133,951 134,054 134,158 134,247 134,329

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,654 77,522 77,507 76,705 77,070 77,195 77,500 77,243 77,507

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.3 57.7 57.7 57.4 57.5 57.6 57.8 57.5 57.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,041 74,971 75,036 73,808 74,282 74,551 74,769 74,518 74,769

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 55.8 55.9 55.2 55.5 55.6 55.7 55.5 55.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,612 2,550 2,471 2,896 2,788 2,644 2,731 2,725 2,738

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,008 56,725 56,822 56,957 56,881 56,859 56,658 57,004 56,822

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,393 125,998 126,082 125,393 125,705 125,806 125,907 125,998 126,082

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,768 74,695 74,730 73,673 74,116 74,313 74,542 74,291 74,584

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.8 59.3 59.3 58.8 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.0 59.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,422 72,426 72,534 71,123 71,665 71,990 72,130 71,881 72,200

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 57.5 57.5 56.7 57.0 57.2 57.3 57.0 57.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,345 2,269 2,196 2,550 2,451 2,323 2,411 2,411 2,383

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,625 51,303 51,352 51,720 51,590 51,493 51,365 51,706 51,498

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,756 16,692 16,686 16,756 16,687 16,691 16,696 16,692 16,686

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,641 5,721 5,649 5,955 5,926 5,897 5,948 5,999 5,964

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.7 34.3 33.9 35.5 35.5 35.3 35.6 35.9 35.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,023 5,055 5,029 5,205 5,184 5,162 5,218 5,278 5,213

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0 30.3 30.1 31.1 31.1 30.9 31.3 31.6 31.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 666 619 750 742 735 730 721 752

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 11.6 11.0 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,115 10,971 11,038 10,801 10,761 10,794 10,748 10,693 10,722

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,774 201,254 201,326 200,774 200,953 201,062 201,172 201,254 201,326

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,072 127,170 126,758 126,546 126,853 127,018 127,122 127,191 127,197

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 63.2 63.0 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.2 63.2 63.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,900 123,397 122,919 122,209 122,566 122,955 123,028 123,077 123,175

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 61.3 61.1 60.9 61.0 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,173 3,773 3,839 4,337 4,286 4,063 4,094 4,115 4,022

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,702 74,084 74,568 74,228 74,100 74,044 74,050 74,063 74,129

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,822 66,143 65,827 66,081 66,064 66,109 66,115 66,204 66,076

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 71.7 71.4 71.9 71.8 71.8 71.7 71.8 71.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,649 64,336 63,897 64,015 64,099 64,224 64,173 64,247 64,238

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 69.8 69.3 69.6 69.6 69.7 69.6 69.7 69.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,174 1,807 1,930 2,066 1,965 1,886 1,941 1,957 1,839

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,939 56,591 56,509 55,894 56,152 56,348 56,399 56,299 56,429

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 58.5 58.4 57.9 58.1 58.3 58.3 58.2 58.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,368 55,095 55,086 54,144 54,379 54,709 54,755 54,666 54,827

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 56.9 56.9 56.1 56.3 56.6 56.6 56.5 56.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,571 1,496 1,423 1,750 1,773 1,639 1,644 1,633 1,602

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.6 2.5 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,311 4,436 4,423 4,571 4,636 4,561 4,608 4,688 4,692

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 36.2 36.2 37.2 37.9 37.3 37.6 38.3 38.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,883 3,966 3,936 4,050 4,088 4,022 4,099 4,164 4,111

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.6 32.4 32.2 32.9 33.4 32.9 33.5 34.0 33.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 470 486 521 548 539 509 524 581

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 10.6 11.0 11.4 11.8 11.8 11.0 11.2 12.4

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,956 33,184 33,215 32,956 33,081 33,116 33,152 33,184 33,215

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,325 20,670 20,855 20,422 20,604 20,685 20,704 20,675 20,949

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 62.3 62.8 62.0 62.3 62.5 62.5 62.3 63.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,067 19,587 19,692 19,082 19,485 19,550 19,571 19,527 19,712

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.9 59.0 59.3 57.9 58.9 59.0 59.0 58.8 59.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,257 1,083 1,163 1,340 1,119 1,135 1,133 1,148 1,238

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 5.2 5.6 6.6 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,632 12,515 12,360 12,534 12,477 12,431 12,448 12,509 12,266

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,214 9,475 9,500 9,304 9,487 9,488 9,485 9,504 9,591

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 67.9 68.0 67.3 68.2 68.1 68.0 68.1 68.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,645 9,024 8,965 8,712 8,937 8,976 9,003 9,019 9,034

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 64.6 64.1 63.0 64.3 64.5 64.6 64.6 64.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 451 535 592 550 512 482 485 557

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 4.8 5.6 6.4 5.8 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,329 10,490 10,646 10,309 10,400 10,478 10,494 10,445 10,625

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 62.5 63.4 61.9 62.2 62.6 62.6 62.3 63.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,779 9,995 10,139 9,727 9,944 9,987 9,984 9,929 10,094

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.8 59.6 60.4 58.4 59.5 59.7 59.6 59.2 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 494 507 582 456 491 511 516 530

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.7 4.8 5.6 4.4 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 704 709 808 717 719 724 727 734

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 28.7 28.9 32.5 29.1 29.3 29.5 29.6 29.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 568 588 642 604 588 584 579 583

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 23.1 24.0 25.8 24.6 23.9 23.8 23.6 23.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 137 121 166 113 132 141 147 151

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 19.4 17.1 20.5 15.8 18.3 19.4 20.3 20.6

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,138 16,558 16,482 16,138 16,433 16,400 16,399 16,558 16,482

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,250 10,666 10,443 10,287 10,527 10,521 10,713 10,705 10,478

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 64.4 63.4 63.7 64.1 64.2 65.3 64.7 63.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,928 10,391 10,189 9,951 10,227 10,262 10,409 10,429 10,214

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 62.8 61.8 61.7 62.2 62.6 63.5 63.0 62.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 274 254 335 299 259 305 276 264

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.6 2.4 3.3 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,888 5,892 6,040 5,852 5,906 5,879 5,686 5,852 6,004

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 43,234 43,902 43,986 43,234 43,630 43,722 43,814 43,902 43,986

Civilian labor force................................ 28,913 29,679 29,493 28,920 29,088 29,293 29,482 29,575 29,517

Participation rate............................... 66.9 67.6 67.1 66.9 66.7 67.0 67.3 67.4 67.1

Employed....................................... 27,659 28,472 28,275 27,652 27,876 28,156 28,279 28,339 28,286

Employment-population ratio............... 64.0 64.9 64.3 64.0 63.9 64.4 64.5 64.6 64.3

Unemployed.................................... 1,255 1,207 1,218 1,268 1,213 1,137 1,203 1,236 1,231

Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.2

Not in labor force................................. 14,321 14,223 14,493 14,315 14,542 14,430 14,332 14,327 14,468

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,639 16,015 15,878 15,635 15,719 15,793 15,841 15,983 15,875

Participation rate............................... 80.1 80.8 79.9 80.1 79.8 80.0 80.1 80.6 79.9

Employed....................................... 15,042 15,551 15,352 15,083 15,191 15,320 15,310 15,498 15,393

Employment-population ratio............... 77.1 78.4 77.3 77.3 77.1 77.6 77.4 78.2 77.5

Unemployed.................................... 596 464 526 552 528 473 531 485 483

Unemployment rate......................... 3.8 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.0 3.4 3.0 3.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,996 12,294 12,310 11,981 12,119 12,192 12,318 12,196 12,293

Participation rate............................... 60.8 61.3 61.2 60.7 60.8 61.0 61.5 60.8 61.1

Employed....................................... 11,511 11,771 11,779 11,469 11,609 11,723 11,834 11,675 11,736

Employment-population ratio............... 58.3 58.7 58.6 58.1 58.2 58.7 59.1 58.2 58.4

Unemployed.................................... 485 522 531 512 510 468 485 521 558

Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,278 1,370 1,305 1,303 1,250 1,308 1,323 1,396 1,349

Participation rate............................... 32.2 34.1 32.5 32.8 31.3 32.7 33.0 34.8 33.6

Employed....................................... 1,105 1,150 1,143 1,099 1,075 1,112 1,135 1,166 1,157

Employment-population ratio............... 27.8 28.6 28.5 27.7 26.9 27.8 28.3 29.0 28.8

Unemployed.................................... 173 221 161 203 175 196 188 230 191

Unemployment rate......................... 13.6 16.1 12.4 15.6 14.0 15.0 14.2 16.5 14.2

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,265 9,778 9,918 10,246 10,020 9,917 9,783 9,761 9,895

Participation rate.................................. 46.0 46.6 46.6 46.0 47.1 45.9 47.2 46.5 46.5

Employed.......................................... 9,604 9,279 9,330 9,654 9,478 9,440 9,240 9,245 9,379

Employment-population ratio................. 43.1 44.2 43.8 43.3 44.5 43.7 44.6 44.1 44.0

Unemployed....................................... 661 498 588 592 542 477 543 516 516

Unemployment rate............................ 6.4 5.1 5.9 5.8 5.4 4.8 5.5 5.3 5.2

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,011 36,238 35,923 36,186 36,313 36,305 36,263 36,178 36,094

Participation rate.................................. 57.8 58.1 58.2 58.1 57.3 57.8 57.8 58.0 58.5

Employed.......................................... 34,631 34,977 34,585 34,814 35,011 34,990 34,928 34,850 34,764

Employment-population ratio................. 55.6 56.1 56.0 55.9 55.3 55.7 55.6 55.9 56.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,380 1,260 1,337 1,372 1,302 1,315 1,335 1,328 1,330

Unemployment rate............................ 3.8 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,132 37,626 37,499 37,160 37,701 37,455 37,585 37,478 37,509

Participation rate.................................. 65.6 65.0 64.7 65.6 65.6 65.1 64.8 64.7 64.7

Employed.......................................... 35,952 36,572 36,516 35,936 36,558 36,370 36,515 36,393 36,491

Employment-population ratio................. 63.5 63.2 63.0 63.5 63.6 63.2 63.0 62.9 63.0

Unemployed....................................... 1,180 1,054 983 1,224 1,143 1,085 1,069 1,085 1,018

Unemployment rate............................ 3.2 2.8 2.6 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.7

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 58,701 60,112 60,174 58,535 58,866 59,159 59,555 59,924 59,938

Participation rate.................................. 73.6 74.2 73.8 73.4 74.0 74.0 73.9 74.0 73.5

Employed.......................................... 57,519 59,024 59,096 57,264 57,630 57,966 58,319 58,750 58,778

Employment-population ratio................. 72.1 72.8 72.5 71.8 72.4 72.5 72.3 72.5 72.1

Unemployed....................................... 1,182 1,088 1,079 1,271 1,236 1,193 1,235 1,174 1,160

Unemployment rate............................ 2.0 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,028 18,649 17,153 16,756 1,875 1,893

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,337 9,272 8,175 8,151 1,162 1,121

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.1 49.7 47.7 48.6 62.0 59.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,040 9,009 7,906 7,909 1,135 1,100

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 48.3 46.1 47.2 60.5 58.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 264 269 242 27 22

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.0 2.3 1.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,691 9,377 8,978 8,605 713 772

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,251 4,344 3,556 3,580 696 764

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,437 3,494 2,951 2,963 486 531

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.8 80.4 83.0 82.7 69.9 69.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,313 3,387 2,841 2,873 471 514

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.9 78.0 79.9 80.2 67.8 67.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 107 110 90 15 17

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.0 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 851 605 618 210 233

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,062 3,126 2,547 2,646 514 480

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,371 2,360 1,988 2,035 383 325

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.5 75.5 78.0 76.9 74.5 67.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,300 2,302 1,924 1,980 376 322

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.1 73.7 75.5 74.8 73.2 67.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 58 64 55 7 3

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.5 3.2 2.7 1.9 1.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 766 559 611 131 155

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,434 7,028 7,179 6,784 255 244

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,550 1,466 1,492 1,419 57 46

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 20.9 20.8 20.9 22.5 19.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511 1,418 1,453 1,372 57 46

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.2 22.5 18.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 48 39 48 0 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 3.3 2.6 3.4 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,884 5,562 5,687 5,365 198 198

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,281 4,151 3,871 3,746 410 405

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,978 1,953 1,744 1,734 235 219

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.2 47.0 45.0 46.3 57.3 54.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,917 1,902 1,687 1,685 230 217

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 45.8 43.6 45.0 56.0 53.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 51 56 49 5 2

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.6 3.2 2.8 2.2 0.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,303 2,198 2,127 2,012 175 186

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,032 232,695 103,609 104,710 127,424 127,985

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,248 152,699 76,777 77,424 74,470 75,275

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.5 65.6 74.1 73.9 58.4 58.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,746 147,702 73,757 74,761 71,989 72,940

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1 63.5 71.2 71.4 56.5 57.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,502 4,997 3,020 2,662 2,481 2,335

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.3 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,785 79,996 26,831 27,286 52,954 52,710

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2020 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,426 30,705 228,462 229,476

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,288 6,281 156,222 157,726

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.7 20.5 68.4 68.7

Employed............................................................................. 5,793 5,840 150,688 152,663

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 19.0 19.0 66.0 66.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 495 440 5,535 5,063

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.9 7.0 3.5 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 24,138 24,425 72,240 71,749

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,690 2,657 77,618 77,840

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.5 34.9 82.3 82.7

Employed............................................................................. 2,469 2,445 74,570 75,176

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 32.6 32.2 79.1 79.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 221 211 3,048 2,664

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.2 7.9 3.9 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,880 4,948 16,681 16,268

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,455 2,389 69,515 70,052

Participation rate..................................................................... 31.2 31.6 71.6 72.1

Employed............................................................................. 2,230 2,201 67,262 67,898

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 28.3 29.1 69.3 69.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 225 188 2,253 2,154

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.2 7.9 3.2 3.1

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,414 5,165 27,528 27,105

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,144 1,235 9,090 9,834

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.6 7.9 24.5 25.7

Employed............................................................................. 1,094 1,193 8,856 9,589

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.3 7.7 23.9 25.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 49 42 234 245

Unemployment rate............................................................... 4.3 3.4 2.6 2.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,843 14,312 28,031 28,376

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 42,985 42,438 20,855 20,625 22,130 21,813

Civilian labor force.................................................. 28,359 28,086 16,140 15,936 12,219 12,150

Participation rate.................................................. 66.0 66.2 77.4 77.3 55.2 55.7

Employed.......................................................... 27,393 27,223 15,633 15,513 11,761 11,709

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.7 64.1 75.0 75.2 53.1 53.7

Unemployed....................................................... 966 863 507 422 459 441

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.7 3.8 3.6

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,626 14,352 4,715 4,689 9,911 9,663

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 215,903 217,743 104,372 105,228 111,532 112,516

Civilian labor force.................................................. 134,151 135,921 69,717 70,564 64,435 65,357

Participation rate.................................................. 62.1 62.4 66.8 67.1 57.8 58.1

Employed.......................................................... 129,088 131,281 66,807 67,954 62,281 63,327

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.8 60.3 64.0 64.6 55.8 56.3

Unemployed....................................................... 5,064 4,640 2,910 2,610 2,154 2,030

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.8 3.4 4.2 3.7 3.3 3.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 81,752 81,822 34,655 34,663 47,097 47,159

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,393 2,363 2,449 2,491 2,414 2,416 2,473 2,356 2,533

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,659 1,676 1,795 1,718 1,579 1,634 1,651 1,661 1,849

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 708 663 637 759 785 765 793 692 684

Unpaid family workers........................... 26 24 17 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 154,088 156,581 156,055 154,266 155,546 155,816 155,970 156,167 156,241

Wage and salary workers1...................... 145,063 147,544 147,176 145,366 146,586 146,852 147,118 147,275 147,431

Government..................................... 20,709 21,619 21,367 20,654 20,968 21,144 21,513 21,342 21,323

Private industries............................... 124,354 125,925 125,808 124,657 125,582 125,734 125,812 125,996 126,069

Private households.......................... 879 824 841 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 123,474 125,101 124,968 123,795 124,731 124,864 124,979 125,157 125,250

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,973 8,954 8,809 9,012 8,895 8,850 8,811 8,856 8,821

Unpaid family workers........................... 52 83 70 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,740 4,110 4,247 4,655 4,381 4,336 4,397 4,288 4,148

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,984 2,512 2,742 2,895 2,683 2,600 2,747 2,634 2,657

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,456 1,249 1,190 1,487 1,338 1,310 1,278 1,259 1,215

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,726 22,482 22,086 21,230 21,673 21,559 21,544 21,532 21,586

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,621 4,053 4,170 4,570 4,303 4,257 4,306 4,221 4,111

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,909 2,476 2,685 2,832 2,626 2,554 2,684 2,599 2,613

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,435 1,246 1,186 1,464 1,325 1,300 1,267 1,254 1,209

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,349 22,109 21,685 20,830 21,284 21,178 21,137 21,163 21,180

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,481 158,945 158,504 156,825 157,895 158,298 158,544 158,536 158,803

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,023 5,055 5,029 5,205 5,184 5,162 5,218 5,278 5,213

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,695 1,914 1,793 1,776 1,839 1,809 1,851 1,978 1,874

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,328 3,141 3,236 3,439 3,347 3,321 3,411 3,315 3,339

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,458 153,890 153,474 151,620 152,711 153,136 153,326 153,258 153,590

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,753 14,037 13,947 13,939 14,047 14,282 14,362 14,112 14,142

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,706 139,852 139,527 137,649 138,542 138,787 139,023 139,176 139,426

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,845 102,027 101,783 100,746 101,074 101,201 101,437 101,517 101,653

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,664 36,351 36,263 35,640 35,945 35,928 36,070 36,190 36,230

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,884 33,459 33,432 32,868 33,165 33,385 33,390 33,293 33,406

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,298 32,217 32,088 32,238 31,964 31,887 31,978 32,033 32,017

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,860 37,826 37,744 36,903 37,468 37,586 37,585 37,660 37,773

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,440 83,973 83,467 83,016 83,613 83,747 83,776 84,018 84,034

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,404 2,509 2,527 2,520 2,567 2,601 2,580 2,640 2,644

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 862 797 855 894 896 899 929 876

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,627 1,647 1,730 1,667 1,663 1,686 1,694 1,717 1,766

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,036 81,464 80,940 80,496 81,046 81,146 81,196 81,377 81,390

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,934 7,073 7,001 7,079 7,096 7,208 7,208 7,157 7,152

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,102 74,391 73,940 73,392 73,835 73,896 73,986 74,224 74,217

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,612 54,247 53,863 53,760 53,773 53,870 53,952 54,101 54,005

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,084 19,451 19,295 19,152 19,208 19,197 19,312 19,413 19,364

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,645 17,915 17,819 17,708 17,773 17,928 17,875 17,890 17,881

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,883 16,880 16,748 16,900 16,793 16,745 16,765 16,797 16,761

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,490 20,144 20,077 19,631 20,061 20,026 20,034 20,124 20,212

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,041 74,971 75,036 73,808 74,282 74,551 74,769 74,518 74,769

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,619 2,546 2,502 2,685 2,617 2,561 2,639 2,637 2,568

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918 1,052 996 921 946 914 952 1,049 999

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,701 1,494 1,506 1,772 1,684 1,635 1,717 1,598 1,573

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,422 72,426 72,534 71,123 71,665 71,990 72,130 71,881 72,200

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,819 6,964 6,947 6,860 6,950 7,073 7,154 6,955 6,990

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,604 65,461 65,587 64,258 64,708 64,891 65,037 64,952 65,208

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,233 47,780 47,921 46,986 47,301 47,331 47,486 47,416 47,648

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,580 16,900 16,969 16,488 16,738 16,731 16,758 16,777 16,866

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,238 15,543 15,613 15,159 15,392 15,457 15,514 15,403 15,525

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,415 15,337 15,339 15,338 15,171 15,143 15,214 15,236 15,256

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,371 17,681 17,666 17,272 17,406 17,560 17,551 17,536 17,561

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,720 46,035 45,969 45,908 46,221 46,011 45,971 46,059 46,177

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,603 36,896 36,913 36,342 36,389 36,478 36,657 36,581 36,631

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,667 9,618 9,757 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,143 131,385 131,142 129,825 130,877 131,123 131,518 131,561 131,755

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,338 27,560 27,362 26,982 26,988 27,079 26,992 26,958 26,992

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,030 8,279 8,058 7,918 8,335 8,312 8,132 8,107 7,946

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.1 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,085 6,299 6,554 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,682 9,618 9,446 9,771 9,679 9,615 9,604 9,548 9,506

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 6,286 5,811 5,753 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 750 721 752 12.6 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.0 12.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 288 286 298 13.9 12.8 13.1 14.0 12.6 13.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 473 438 461 12.1 12.1 12.2 11.3 11.7 12.1

20 years and over................................ 5,536 5,090 5,001 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,074 972 958 7.2 7.1 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.3

25 years and over.............................. 4,452 4,126 4,045 3.1 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8

25 to 54 years............................... 3,365 3,110 3,133 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 1,460 1,339 1,344 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.6

35 to 44 years............................. 935 930 947 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8

45 to 54 years............................. 970 842 842 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6

55 years and over........................... 1,096 998 911 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.4

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,390 3,086 3,015 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 403 407 397 13.8 13.6 13.7 13.7 13.4 13.0

16 to 17 years.................................. 150 152 150 14.9 14.4 13.1 14.4 14.1 14.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 268 257 260 13.9 13.3 14.0 13.2 13.0 12.8

20 years and over................................ 2,987 2,679 2,618 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 605 563 555 7.9 7.8 7.2 7.5 7.3 7.2

25 years and over.............................. 2,372 2,134 2,064 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7

25 to 54 years............................... 1,777 1,596 1,619 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9

25 to 34 years............................. 741 741 728 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.6

35 to 44 years............................. 513 469 466 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5

45 to 54 years............................. 523 386 424 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.5

55 years and over........................... 595 538 445 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.2

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,896 2,725 2,738 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 347 314 355 11.4 11.4 11.2 10.8 10.6 12.1

16 to 17 years.................................. 138 133 148 13.0 11.3 13.2 13.6 11.3 12.9

18 to 19 years.................................. 205 181 201 10.4 10.8 10.2 9.4 10.2 11.3

20 years and over................................ 2,550 2,411 2,383 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 469 409 403 6.4 6.3 5.4 4.8 5.5 5.5

25 years and over.............................. 2,079 1,992 1,981 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 1,588 1,514 1,514 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 719 598 616 4.2 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.5

35 to 44 years............................. 421 460 481 2.7 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0

45 to 54 years............................. 447 455 417 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.7

55 years and over........................... 495 472 476 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 947 895 751 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.6

Married women, spouse present1................. 877 837 798 2.4 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1

Women who maintain families2.................... 453 480 425 4.5 5.1 4.7 5.4 4.8 4.2

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,945 4,754 4,664 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.4

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,331 1,065 1,087 4.7 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,947 2,561 2,752 2,892 2,864 2,575 2,691 2,804 2,686

On temporary layoff.............................. 834 638 873 768 812 729 772 768 807

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,113 1,923 1,879 2,123 2,052 1,846 1,919 2,036 1,880

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,415 1,336 1,296 1,419 1,388 1,318 1,260 1,422 1,295

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 698 587 583 704 664 528 659 614 585

Job leavers........................................... 775 759 776 827 784 840 846 776 829

Reentrants............................................ 1,810 1,599 1,524 1,968 1,785 1,669 1,698 1,663 1,655

New entrants......................................... 496 522 452 600 577 673 622 581 551

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 48.9 47.1 50.0 46.0 47.7 44.7 45.9 48.1 46.9

On temporary layoff.............................. 13.8 11.7 15.9 12.2 13.5 12.7 13.2 13.2 14.1

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 35.0 35.4 34.1 33.8 34.1 32.1 32.8 35.0 32.9

Job leavers........................................... 12.9 13.9 14.1 13.2 13.0 14.6 14.4 13.3 14.5

Reentrants............................................ 30.0 29.4 27.7 31.3 29.7 29.0 29.0 28.6 28.9

New entrants......................................... 8.2 9.6 8.2 9.5 9.6 11.7 10.6 10.0 9.6

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,050 1,871 2,001 2,117 2,218 1,869 1,978 2,026 2,065

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,901 1,609 1,651 2,007 1,746 1,778 1,747 1,753 1,730

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,078 1,962 1,852 2,210 2,082 2,124 2,144 2,083 1,998

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 859 818 755 899 831 806 884 865 812

27 weeks and over............................... 1,219 1,143 1,097 1,311 1,251 1,318 1,259 1,219 1,186

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 21.5 20.8 20.3 22.0 22.1 21.7 21.6 20.2 20.8

Median duration, in weeks......................... 8.9 9.3 8.4 9.4 9.0 9.4 9.2 9.2 9.0

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 34.0 34.4 36.4 33.4 36.7 32.4 33.7 34.6 35.6

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 31.5 29.6 30.0 31.7 28.9 30.8 29.8 29.9 29.9

15 weeks and over.................................. 34.5 36.1 33.6 34.9 34.4 36.8 36.5 35.5 34.5

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 14.2 15.0 13.7 14.2 13.7 14.0 15.1 14.7 14.0

27 weeks and over............................... 20.2 21.0 19.9 20.7 20.7 22.8 21.5 20.8 20.5

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 156,481 158,504 6,029 5,503 3.7 3.4

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 63,642 65,682 1,368 1,171 2.1 1.8

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 26,450 27,748 582 533 2.2 1.9

Professional and related occupations.......................... 37,192 37,935 786 638 2.1 1.7

Service occupations................................................ 26,271 26,487 1,301 1,198 4.7 4.3

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,718 33,441 1,244 1,062 3.6 3.1

Sales and related occupations.................................. 16,217 15,672 602 528 3.6 3.3

Office and administrative support occupations............... 17,500 17,769 642 533 3.5 2.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,439 14,329 858 782 5.6 5.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,148 1,171 143 130 11.1 10.0

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,390 8,143 539 547 6.0 6.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,901 5,016 175 105 3.4 2.0

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,412 18,564 746 826 3.9 4.3

Production occupations.......................................... 8,689 8,229 298 372 3.3 4.3

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 9,722 10,335 448 454 4.4 4.2

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 6,029 5,503 3.7 3.4

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,605 4,207 3.6 3.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 21 31 2.6 3.8

Construction.......................................................................... 493 489 5.1 5.0

Manufacturing........................................................................ 441 422 2.8 2.7

Durable goods..................................................................... 231 246 2.3 2.5

Nondurable goods................................................................ 210 175 3.5 3.1

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 753 726 3.7 3.6

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 280 196 3.9 2.6

Information............................................................................ 103 48 3.9 1.9

Financial activities................................................................... 248 236 2.4 2.3

Professional and business services............................................... 723 546 4.3 3.1

Education and health services..................................................... 519 604 2.1 2.4

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 814 685 6.0 5.0

Other services........................................................................ 211 225 3.0 3.2

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 151 185 8.6 9.6

Government workers................................................................... 526 393 2.5 1.8

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 251 266 2.5 2.7

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Aug.

2019

Sept.

2019

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019

Dec.

2019

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.9 3.5 3.5 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.6 4.0 4.1 4.8 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.5 6.5 6.7 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

Dec.

2018

Dec.

2019

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 96,378 96,174 39,370 39,352 57,008 56,822

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,121 4,643 2,514 2,336 2,607 2,307

Marginally attached to the labor force1........................ 1,556 1,246 878 688 678 558

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 375 277 232 172 143 105

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,181 969 646 516 535 452

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 8,030 8,058 3,952 3,972 4,078 4,086

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.8 5.5 5.4

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,329 4,419 2,331 2,377 1,998 2,041

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 2,177 2,072 733 727 1,445 1,344

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 267 336 180 221 88 115

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,203 1,165 700 606 504 560

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Change

from:

Nov.2019 -

Dec.2019p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,203 153,001 153,620 153,342 150,275 151,982 152,238 152,383 145

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,363 129,995 130,493 130,344 127,790 129,355 129,598 129,737 139

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,881 21,292 21,217 21,052 20,961 21,086 21,138 21,137 -1

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 759 745 731 752 748 740 731 -9

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.7 52.4 52.5 50.9 47.2 51.1 51.0 50.3 -0.7

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705.4 706.1 692.8 680.2 705.1 697.2 688.6 681.0 -7.6

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.3 165.9 165.6 167.1 148.3 165.7 165.1 167.6 2.5

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.8 194.2 192.9 187.6 194.9 191.6 191.9 190.0 -1.9

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.9 53.2 53.3 52.1 52.7 52.9 53.2 52.0 -1.2

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 39.6 39.5 39.3 41.0 39.9 39.7 39.4 -0.3

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.0 101.4 100.1 96.2 101.1 98.9 99.0 98.5 -0.5

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.3 346.0 334.3 325.5 361.9 339.9 331.6 323.4 -8.2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,313 7,713 7,603 7,456 7,400 7,529 7,531 7,551 20

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,643.4 1,694.0 1,678.7 1,664.9 1,649.7 1,666.3 1,667.1 1,671.1 4.0

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.2 858.5 853.0 844.5 824.7 844.9 845.6 844.5 -1.1

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818.2 835.5 825.7 820.4 825.0 821.4 821.5 826.6 5.1

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,033.2 1,146.7 1,108.1 1,048.1 1,075.4 1,087.2 1,089.5 1,091.3 1.8

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,636.6 4,872.5 4,816.2 4,742.8 4,674.5 4,775.2 4,774.1 4,788.2 14.1

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,026.9 2,113.0 2,090.4 2,054.6 2,046.7 2,074.8 2,073.0 2,077.3 4.3

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,609.7 2,759.5 2,725.8 2,688.2 2,627.8 2,700.4 2,701.1 2,710.9 9.8

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,815 12,820 12,869 12,865 12,809 12,809 12,867 12,855 -12

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,045 8,011 8,064 8,067 8,036 8,015 8,063 8,056 -7

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.1 413.3 412.7 413.5 406.2 411.9 412.1 413.3 1.2

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.6 424.0 422.2 416.2 417.6 418.1 418.0 416.8 -1.2

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.0 371.5 372.0 371.7 382.0 372.6 372.9 370.6 -2.3

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,483.3 1,478.3 1,481.3 1,475.0 1,481.2 1,479.5 1,479.8 1,472.6 -7.2

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,137.1 1,126.0 1,125.8 1,126.6 1,137.0 1,130.9 1,128.9 1,126.8 -2.1

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,068.3 1,090.6 1,094.5 1,099.4 1,067.6 1,092.7 1,096.2 1,097.7 1.5

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 157.9 163.7 164.9 166.3 158.1 164.0 164.9 165.7 0.8

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.6 86.0 86.6 86.7 86.4 86.1 86.5 86.5 0.0

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.4 378.0 379.4 380.2 372.3 379.5 380.2 379.7 -0.5

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.8 429.0 429.3 431.9 416.5 429.5 430.7 431.8 1.1

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 33.9 34.3 34.3 34.3 33.6 33.9 34.0 0.1

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 405.5 402.9 403.9 406.1 404.9 403.2 403.9 404.8 0.9

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,735.3 1,695.3 1,739.3 1,745.5 1,731.6 1,698.4 1,739.7 1,741.6 1.9

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,008.4 946.6 988.0 990.4 1,005.1 948.4 987.7 986.9 -0.8

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.3 391.9 393.1 393.0 395.2 392.0 393.9 392.6 -1.3

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.4 616.7 619.1 620.1 613.1 616.0 617.4 618.9 1.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,770 4,809 4,805 4,798 4,773 4,794 4,804 4,799 -5

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,629.0 1,662.4 1,657.2 1,652.1 1,631.7 1,649.0 1,656.0 1,652.3 -3.7

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.0 110.6 110.2 109.7 112.6 110.4 110.1 109.6 -0.5

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.5 113.3 113.8 113.2 116.1 113.1 113.3 113.0 -0.3

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.9 104.6 102.4 101.4 108.4 104.3 102.2 101.7 -0.5

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370.4 368.9 368.7 370.5 370.7 370.2 370.0 370.2 0.2

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 427.8 419.0 418.7 417.1 425.5 417.7 416.7 415.1 -1.6

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.6 116.0 114.0 114.1 116.7 114.0 114.9 116.0 1.1

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850.6 857.0 859.7 862.6 849.4 859.9 861.8 861.6 -0.2

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738.3 737.8 742.5 744.6 737.7 741.0 742.3 743.2 0.9

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.0 319.7 317.6 312.6 304.5 313.9 316.8 316.5 -0.3

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,482 108,703 109,276 109,292 106,829 108,269 108,460 108,600 140

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,512 27,918 28,486 28,660 27,788 27,877 27,873 27,913 40

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,913.6 5,964.0 5,965.6 5,977.6 5,901.3 5,957.4 5,954.9 5,963.2 8.3

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,195.2 3,231.4 3,229.0 3,238.1 3,189.8 3,233.4 3,229.1 3,231.8 2.7

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,165.9 2,174.6 2,177.0 2,179.1 2,160.5 2,167.0 2,168.5 2,173.5 5.0

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Change

from:

Nov.2019 -

Dec.2019p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552.5 558.0 559.6 560.4 551.0 557.0 557.3 557.9 0.6

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,309.2 15,800.0 16,248.2 16,324.5 15,821.0 15,802.4 15,788.3 15,829.5 41.2

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,026.1 2,069.2 2,074.5 2,070.4 2,033.8 2,065.1 2,073.8 2,076.7 2.9

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,303.5 1,311.3 1,311.5 1,314.0 1,304.9 1,308.7 1,311.5 1,314.9 3.4

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4 161.2 158.9 155.8 159.7 161.8 162.9 162.9 0.0

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 570.2 596.7 604.1 600.6 569.2 594.6 599.5 598.9 -0.6

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 507.3 482.7 496.4 504.5 484.5 481.6 481.0 482.7 1.7

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 489.7 473.1 485.8 487.9 474.2 470.5 468.1 470.7 2.6

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,264.2 1,299.7 1,286.3 1,287.2 1,301.0 1,323.0 1,317.5 1,324.6 7.1

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,138.2 3,139.0 3,166.9 3,169.6 3,107.9 3,137.6 3,140.0 3,137.9 -2.1

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,090.0 1,052.5 1,069.0 1,075.3 1,062.3 1,052.6 1,047.1 1,046.6 -0.5

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939.9 961.6 963.0 956.5 942.7 959.8 959.2 959.2 0.0

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,477.9 1,283.5 1,389.0 1,437.7 1,348.2 1,302.3 1,280.0 1,313.2 33.2

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596.5 557.5 591.9 600.3 542.8 557.1 551.3 548.4 -2.9

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,319.0 3,072.7 3,301.6 3,316.1 3,105.1 3,061.6 3,084.1 3,086.9 2.8

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,280.9 1,124.7 1,250.6 1,282.3 1,142.6 1,123.3 1,134.6 1,138.9 4.3

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,038.1 1,948.0 2,051.0 2,033.8 1,962.5 1,938.3 1,949.5 1,947.9 -1.6

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857.9 832.3 836.4 826.2 842.3 821.2 819.0 813.5 -5.5

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602.5 576.2 587.4 592.8 576.2 570.0 567.2 569.1 1.9

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,733.7 5,604.7 5,721.4 5,804.7 5,511.0 5,566.6 5,578.5 5,568.1 -10.4

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506.5 520.5 517.7 519.4 508.3 521.4 520.5 521.3 0.8

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.0 196.2 194.2 194.2 215.4 196.2 194.1 194.8 0.7

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 65.7 63.9 62.7 64.9 65.1 64.5 63.7 -0.8

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511.7 1,528.7 1,523.3 1,509.3 1,511.6 1,513.3 1,512.9 1,509.4 -3.5

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.1 509.0 509.2 511.2 487.4 490.8 492.9 495.6 2.7

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.8 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.7 47.6 47.8 47.7 -0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 29.3 34.5 30.6 29.6 34.6 34.1 35.0 35.0 0.0

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 726.4 726.8 728.5 732.6 721.3 723.5 725.7 727.1 1.4

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.5 765.6 865.4 962.0 749.8 777.9 782.4 773.0 -9.4

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,204.5 1,210.0 1,240.9 1,236.0 1,170.0 1,196.7 1,202.7 1,200.5 -2.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555.4 549.3 550.9 553.4 554.6 550.2 551.4 552.2 0.8

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,839 2,836 2,864 2,857 2,827 2,828 2,836 2,839 3

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 735.5 744.8 747.2 745.2 732.8 743.1 743.5 742.8 -0.7

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440.6 429.3 448.1 441.1 439.1 424.3 430.2 433.8 3.6

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271.9 269.6 270.0 268.3 270.4 267.7 267.6 266.7 -0.9

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740.5 710.5 711.6 712.4 735.5 711.3 708.5 707.3 -1.2

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329.1 339.8 341.0 343.0 329.5 339.0 340.7 342.8 2.1

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.6 342.2 346.1 346.7 319.7 342.6 345.1 345.5 0.4

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,622 8,732 8,729 8,744 8,615 8,717 8,731 8,737 6

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,339.6 6,380.4 6,388.5 6,399.0 6,328.1 6,375.0 6,381.9 6,386.7 4.8

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 19.6 19.4 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.4 19.4 19.4 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,641.2 2,646.0 2,651.9 2,661.3 2,638.5 2,646.9 2,652.1 2,657.4 5.3

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,712.1 1,709.3 1,714.9 1,721.5 1,714.5 1,715.4 1,718.6 1,722.6 4.0

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,313.4 1,304.0 1,308.5 1,312.7 1,315.5 1,309.2 1,311.6 1,313.8 2.2

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 620.6 625.4 624.4 627.4 616.6 621.2 622.2 624.0 1.8

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 308.5 311.3 312.6 312.4 307.3 310.3 311.3 310.8 -0.5

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 970.1 979.0 976.9 979.3 966.9 977.3 976.7 977.4 0.7

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,708.7 2,736.0 2,740.4 2,739.0 2,703.1 2,731.4 2,733.7 2,732.5 -1.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,282.8 2,351.4 2,340.8 2,344.9 2,286.9 2,341.7 2,348.6 2,349.9 1.3

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,687.3 1,733.4 1,729.7 1,738.3 1,682.8 1,725.7 1,731.1 1,734.1 3.0

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.1 594.8 587.8 583.1 580.8 592.9 594.3 592.5 -1.8

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Change

from:

Nov.2019 -

Dec.2019p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 23.4 23.2 23.3 23.5 23.3 23.1 23.2 23.3 0.1

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,345 21,815 21,877 21,745 21,254 21,588 21,641 21,651 10

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,463.6 9,661.5 9,724.9 9,739.2 9,434.9 9,667.5 9,701.1 9,710.3 9.2

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,146.6 1,152.5 1,154.6 1,157.0 1,139.9 1,148.8 1,152.0 1,150.4 -1.6

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,030.8 1,011.3 1,040.1 1,069.7 1,034.3 1,064.0 1,066.8 1,071.4 4.6

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,494.5 1,529.5 1,531.9 1,531.6 1,495.3 1,522.6 1,529.7 1,532.8 3.1

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.6 153.6 153.6 153.1 146.3 152.3 151.3 150.8 -0.5

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,164.1 2,244.3 2,258.6 2,244.2 2,162.2 2,233.0 2,242.5 2,243.2 0.7

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,519.0 1,572.1 1,572.5 1,570.4 1,505.7 1,554.8 1,555.6 1,557.3 1.7

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710.5 736.2 741.8 744.8 710.3 738.0 741.9 744.7 2.8

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.1 494.1 495.5 493.6 491.6 492.0 493.5 491.9 -1.6

Other professional and technical services. . . 756.4 767.9 776.3 774.8 749.5 761.9 767.6 768.0 0.4

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,398.4 2,433.7 2,437.4 2,443.9 2,395.3 2,435.0 2,437.7 2,441.3 3.6

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,483.3 9,719.9 9,714.6 9,561.6 9,423.3 9,485.8 9,502.5 9,499.8 -2.7

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 9,038.2 9,252.5 9,246.4 9,093.9 8,976.1 9,019.9 9,033.6 9,030.3 -3.3

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 519.3 533.2 533.6 533.8 518.6 532.3 532.5 534.3 1.8

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.0 160.1 158.7 158.1 155.3 158.5 158.3 158.2 -0.1

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,860.8 3,874.3 3,905.9 3,874.0 3,731.2 3,728.7 3,733.4 3,736.8 3.4

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,178.7 3,162.8 3,194.9 3,169.9 3,059.8 3,032.9 3,036.9 3,043.3 6.4

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921.2 891.9 907.5 903.2 897.5 878.2 883.3 880.0 -3.3

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.9 216.3 218.8 218.6 216.5 216.4 220.0 221.1 1.1

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 954.4 964.3 965.6 964.1 948.1 957.4 958.3 959.2 0.9

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,087.6 2,265.2 2,211.2 2,101.2 2,177.2 2,205.5 2,200.2 2,194.5 -5.7

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326.0 347.2 345.1 340.9 331.6 342.9 347.6 346.1 -1.5

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445.1 467.4 468.2 467.7 447.2 465.9 468.9 469.5 0.6

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,092 24,654 24,785 24,737 23,912 24,451 24,523 24,559 36

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,852.5 3,989.7 4,033.6 3,942.5 3,745.5 3,825.7 3,834.6 3,835.9 1.3

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,239.8 20,664.2 20,751.7 20,794.9 20,166.1 20,625.0 20,688.8 20,722.7 33.9

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,248.1 16,536.1 16,599.3 16,646.3 16,184.7 16,509.3 16,555.4 16,583.5 28.1

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,649.2 7,844.8 7,885.8 7,917.4 7,614.6 7,828.4 7,860.9 7,884.0 23.1

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,664.8 2,710.6 2,728.2 2,741.7 2,647.8 2,703.3 2,718.1 2,723.5 5.4

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975.5 984.1 991.3 992.0 971.5 983.9 989.2 989.1 -0.1

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 957.5 982.7 983.9 988.3 954.0 980.8 979.7 984.6 4.9

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956.9 980.8 983.4 993.6 953.9 981.7 982.8 990.1 7.3

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 283.6 297.3 299.2 300.4 282.4 296.7 299.0 299.2 0.2

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,506.7 1,571.8 1,581.8 1,583.4 1,500.3 1,566.0 1,574.4 1,578.3 3.9

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.2 317.5 318.0 318.0 304.7 316.1 317.8 319.2 1.4

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,207.4 5,282.7 5,300.7 5,311.4 5,195.1 5,276.4 5,288.3 5,297.1 8.8

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,391.5 3,408.6 3,412.8 3,417.5 3,375.0 3,404.5 3,406.2 3,402.4 -3.8

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,617.5 1,606.5 1,608.6 1,604.2 1,609.2 1,604.6 1,603.7 1,597.0 -6.7

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 649.2 655.9 656.2 658.3 647.2 656.2 656.5 656.4 -0.1

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955.8 974.5 975.6 981.9 949.7 972.2 973.8 976.4 2.6

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 169.0 171.7 172.4 173.1 168.9 171.5 172.2 172.6 0.4

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,991.7 4,128.1 4,152.4 4,148.6 3,981.4 4,115.7 4,133.4 4,139.2 5.8

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,503.5 2,608.1 2,626.4 2,621.8 2,502.2 2,606.0 2,620.4 2,622.1 1.7

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 179.2 178.9 179.8 182.1 177.2 179.2 179.5 180.0 0.5

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 329.7 330.7 330.3 330.3 330.1 330.7 329.9 330.5 0.6

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979.3 1,010.4 1,015.9 1,014.4 971.9 999.8 1,003.5 1,006.6 3.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,213 16,804 16,592 16,614 16,554 16,864 16,902 16,942 40

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,264.2 2,442.3 2,330.3 2,347.7 2,444.6 2,488.3 2,506.0 2,520.7 14.7

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 494.7 520.2 503.8 495.6 516.0 511.5 518.4 516.2 -2.2

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.1 177.6 174.2 174.5 174.0 177.9 179.7 182.2 2.5

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Change

from:

Nov.2019 -

Dec.2019p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,603.4 1,744.5 1,652.3 1,677.6 1,754.6 1,798.9 1,807.9 1,822.3 14.4

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,949.0 14,361.9 14,261.3 14,266.2 14,109.5 14,375.5 14,396.3 14,421.2 24.9

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,967.8 2,054.7 2,004.4 2,008.3 2,036.0 2,068.0 2,067.4 2,076.4 9.0

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,981.2 12,307.2 12,256.9 12,257.9 12,073.5 12,307.5 12,328.9 12,344.8 15.9

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,859 5,944 5,943 5,935 5,879 5,944 5,954 5,959 5

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,331.0 1,373.5 1,369.8 1,364.3 1,337.0 1,370.5 1,373.1 1,371.6 -1.5

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,524.6 1,533.3 1,534.8 1,535.3 1,524.2 1,530.6 1,532.4 1,535.4 3.0

Membership associations and organizations. . . 3,003.6 3,037.2 3,038.3 3,035.3 3,018.2 3,042.4 3,048.4 3,051.6 3.2

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,840 23,006 23,127 22,998 22,485 22,627 22,640 22,646 6

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,815.0 2,832.0 2,836.0 2,836.0 2,798.0 2,828.0 2,826.0 2,826.0 0.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,186.9 2,225.4 2,221.2 2,215.2 2,191.9 2,221.3 2,220.3 2,222.1 1.8

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628.2 606.5 614.6 620.8 606.3 606.6 606.1 603.5 -2.6

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,295.0 5,355.0 5,380.0 5,299.0 5,183.0 5,191.0 5,193.0 5,185.0 -8.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,611.8 2,645.3 2,671.8 2,602.9 2,486.7 2,477.8 2,480.8 2,477.8 -3.0

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,683.4 2,709.4 2,708.2 2,695.8 2,695.8 2,713.6 2,711.7 2,707.6 -4.1

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,730.0 14,819.0 14,911.0 14,863.0 14,504.0 14,608.0 14,621.0 14,635.0 14.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,284.3 8,288.3 8,376.9 8,350.9 7,973.7 8,030.6 8,035.6 8,038.4 2.8

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,446.1 6,530.5 6,533.7 6,511.9 6,529.9 6,577.2 6,585.1 6,596.1 11.0

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.5 34.3 34.3 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.6 40.1 40.1 40.1

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.2 46.2 46.0 45.7

Construction....................................................................... 39.5 39.2 39.0 39.0

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.9 40.3 40.5 40.5

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.2 40.8 40.9 40.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.3 39.6 39.7 39.7

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 33.2 33.2 33.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.3 34.1 34.0 34.2

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.0 38.9 39.0 38.9

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.6 30.5 30.3 30.5

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.9 38.5 38.5 38.7

Utilities........................................................................... 42.4 42.3 42.4 42.4

Information......................................................................... 36.3 36.3 36.3 36.2

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.7 37.7 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.1 36.1 36.2 36.1

Education and health services.................................................. 33.0 33.0 33.1 33.1

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.0 25.8 25.9 25.8

Other services..................................................................... 31.9 31.8 31.8 31.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.2

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Total private............................................... $27.53 $28.20 $28.29 $28.32 $949.79 $967.26 $970.35 $971.38

Goods-producing....................................... 28.62 29.28 29.36 29.43 1,161.97 1,174.13 1,177.34 1,180.14

Mining and logging.................................. 32.77 34.86 34.78 34.61 1,513.97 1,610.53 1,599.88 1,581.68

Construction.......................................... 30.42 30.95 31.07 31.11 1,201.59 1,213.24 1,211.73 1,213.29

Manufacturing........................................ 27.33 27.95 28.04 28.15 1,117.80 1,126.39 1,135.62 1,140.08

Durable goods.................................... 28.82 29.42 29.53 29.65 1,187.38 1,200.34 1,207.78 1,212.69

Nondurable goods................................ 24.77 25.42 25.45 25.56 998.23 1,006.63 1,010.37 1,014.73

Private service-providing.............................. 27.27 27.95 28.04 28.06 908.09 927.94 930.93 931.59

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 23.79 24.46 24.56 24.53 816.00 834.09 835.04 838.93

Wholesale trade.................................. 30.92 31.71 31.84 31.63 1,205.88 1,233.52 1,241.76 1,230.41

Retail trade........................................ 19.23 19.90 19.97 20.04 588.44 606.95 605.09 611.22

Transportation and warehousing............... 24.49 24.98 25.00 25.06 952.66 961.73 962.50 969.82

Utilities............................................. 41.68 41.72 41.94 41.98 1,767.23 1,764.76 1,778.26 1,779.95

Information........................................... 41.29 42.10 42.30 42.34 1,498.83 1,528.23 1,535.49 1,532.71

Financial activities................................... 35.37 36.17 36.27 36.36 1,329.91 1,363.61 1,367.38 1,367.14

Professional and business services.............. 32.99 34.02 34.12 34.22 1,190.94 1,228.12 1,235.14 1,235.34

Education and health services..................... 27.32 27.77 27.82 27.82 901.56 916.41 920.84 920.84

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 16.27 16.69 16.75 16.77 423.02 430.60 433.83 432.67

Other services....................................... 24.88 25.17 25.26 25.38 793.67 800.41 803.27 807.08

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2019 -

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2019 -

Dec.

2019p

Total private..................................... 110.7 111.4 111.6 111.7 0.1 145.6 150.1 150.9 151.2 0.2

Goods-producing............................. 97.0 96.3 96.6 96.6 0.0 125.4 127.5 128.1 128.4 0.2

Mining and logging........................ 109.2 108.6 107.0 105.0 -1.9 143.6 152.0 149.4 145.9 -2.3

Construction................................ 100.8 101.7 101.2 101.5 0.3 133.2 136.8 136.7 137.2 0.4

Manufacturing.............................. 94.2 92.9 93.8 93.7 -0.1 119.8 120.7 122.3 122.6 0.2

Durable goods........................... 93.2 92.1 92.8 92.8 0.0 119.3 120.3 121.8 122.2 0.3

Nondurable goods...................... 96.0 94.8 95.2 95.1 -0.1 120.7 122.2 122.9 123.3 0.3

Private service-providing.................... 114.4 115.6 115.8 116.0 0.2 151.7 157.1 157.9 158.2 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 103.9 103.7 103.3 104.1 0.8 133.3 136.7 136.8 137.6 0.6

Wholesale trade......................... 101.5 102.2 102.4 102.3 -0.1 131.3 135.6 136.4 135.4 -0.7

Retail trade.............................. 98.3 97.9 97.1 98.0 0.9 124.9 128.7 128.2 129.8 1.2

Transportation and warehousing...... 122.5 122.5 122.8 123.2 0.3 152.2 155.2 155.7 156.6 0.6

Utilities.................................... 101.7 100.7 101.2 101.3 0.1 140.1 138.8 140.2 140.5 0.2

Information................................. 93.7 93.8 94.0 93.9 -0.1 137.8 140.5 141.6 141.5 -0.1

Financial activities......................... 106.1 107.6 107.8 107.6 -0.2 146.4 151.8 152.5 152.6 0.1

Professional and business services..... 120.3 122.2 122.8 122.5 -0.2 160.7 168.3 169.7 169.8 0.1

Education and health services........... 128.8 131.8 132.5 132.7 0.2 169.3 176.0 177.4 177.6 0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 122.8 124.1 124.9 124.7 -0.2 161.2 167.2 168.8 168.7 -0.1

Other services............................. 108.1 109.0 109.2 109.3 0.1 147.4 150.3 151.1 152.0 0.6

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Total nonfarm............................................. 74,724 75,958 76,107 76,246 49.7 50.0 50.0 50.0

Total private............................................ 61,748 62,877 63,012 63,145 48.3 48.6 48.6 48.7

Goods-producing.................................... 4,651 4,741 4,755 4,764 22.2 22.5 22.5 22.5

Mining and logging............................... 95 101 100 101 12.6 13.5 13.5 13.8

Construction....................................... 956 981 983 988 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.1

Manufacturing..................................... 3,600 3,659 3,672 3,675 28.1 28.6 28.5 28.6

Durable goods.................................. 1,911 1,942 1,951 1,955 23.8 24.2 24.2 24.3

Nondurable goods............................. 1,689 1,717 1,721 1,720 35.4 35.8 35.8 35.8

Private service-providing........................... 57,097 58,136 58,257 58,381 53.4 53.7 53.7 53.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,129 11,183 11,180 11,210 40.0 40.1 40.1 40.2

Wholesale trade................................ 1,769.5 1,794.5 1,797.9 1,804.0 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3

Retail trade..................................... 7,853.2 7,828.0 7,814.5 7,834.4 49.6 49.5 49.5 49.5

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,375.5 1,428.5 1,434.8 1,437.4 25.0 25.7 25.7 25.8

Utilities........................................... 130.8 132.4 132.8 134.2 23.6 24.1 24.1 24.3

Information......................................... 1,115 1,128 1,138 1,137 39.4 39.9 40.1 40.0

Financial activities................................ 4,868 4,916 4,920 4,927 56.5 56.4 56.4 56.4

Professional and business services............ 9,648 9,868 9,895 9,916 45.4 45.7 45.7 45.8

Education and health services.................. 18,462 18,904 18,972 18,997 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.4

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,736 8,969 8,979 9,020 52.8 53.2 53.1 53.2

Other services..................................... 3,139 3,168 3,173 3,174 53.4 53.3 53.3 53.3

Government............................................. 12,976 13,081 13,095 13,101 57.7 57.8 57.8 57.9

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Total private............................................................................... 105,244 106,392 106,563 106,655

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,063 15,081 15,108 15,105

Mining and logging.................................................................. 559 543 533 526

Construction.......................................................................... 5,517 5,610 5,600 5,613

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,987 8,928 8,975 8,966

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,540 5,497 5,535 5,532

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,447 3,431 3,440 3,434

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,181 91,311 91,455 91,550

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,488 23,557 23,542 23,573

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,743.6 4,769.9 4,764.5 4,774.8

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,497.2 13,479.9 13,457.6 13,484.7

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,803.2 4,866.6 4,878.1 4,871.5

Utilities.............................................................................. 443.7 440.3 441.8 442.4

Information............................................................................ 2,285 2,270 2,279 2,280

Financial activities................................................................... 6,672 6,745 6,754 6,751

Professional and business services............................................... 17,340 17,542 17,585 17,581

Education and health services..................................................... 20,984 21,474 21,536 21,569

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,541 14,806 14,837 14,875

Other services........................................................................ 4,871 4,917 4,922 4,921

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.7 33.5 33.5 33.5

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.4 41.0 40.9 40.8

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.7 47.2 46.7 46.2

Construction....................................................................... 39.9 39.7 39.4 39.4

Manufacturing..................................................................... 42.0 41.4 41.4 41.4

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.5 41.7 41.8 41.8

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.3 40.9 40.8 40.9

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.4 32.3 32.3 32.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.7 33.7 33.6 33.8

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.8 38.6 38.6 38.5

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.1 30.2 29.9 30.2

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.2 37.9 38.0 38.1

Utilities........................................................................... 42.6 42.8 42.9 43.0

Information......................................................................... 35.6 35.1 35.1 35.1

Financial activities................................................................ 36.9 36.9 36.9 36.9

Professional and business services............................................ 35.4 35.3 35.3 35.3

Education and health services.................................................. 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.8 24.6 24.7 24.7

Other services..................................................................... 30.9 30.8 30.9 30.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.2

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.1

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Total private............................................... $23.09 $23.73 $23.77 $23.79 $778.13 $794.96 $796.30 $796.97

Goods-producing....................................... 24.38 24.95 24.97 25.05 1,009.33 1,022.95 1,021.27 1,022.04

Mining and logging.................................. 28.71 30.88 30.89 30.82 1,340.76 1,457.54 1,442.56 1,423.88

Construction.......................................... 28.20 28.64 28.69 28.76 1,125.18 1,137.01 1,130.39 1,133.14

Manufacturing........................................ 21.85 22.31 22.37 22.46 917.70 923.63 926.12 929.84

Durable goods.................................... 22.81 23.24 23.33 23.42 969.43 969.11 975.19 978.96

Nondurable goods................................ 20.25 20.78 20.80 20.87 836.33 849.90 848.64 853.58

Private service-providing.............................. 22.82 23.47 23.52 23.53 739.37 758.08 759.70 760.02

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 20.32 20.80 20.86 20.85 684.78 700.96 700.90 704.73

Wholesale trade.................................. 25.70 26.34 26.44 26.32 997.16 1,016.72 1,020.58 1,013.32

Retail trade........................................ 16.28 16.76 16.81 16.86 490.03 506.15 502.62 509.17

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.13 22.53 22.47 22.50 845.37 853.89 853.86 857.25

Utilities............................................. 37.12 37.09 37.02 37.27 1,581.31 1,587.45 1,588.16 1,602.61

Information........................................... 32.95 34.36 34.19 34.36 1,173.02 1,206.04 1,200.07 1,206.04

Financial activities................................... 27.26 27.91 28.01 27.97 1,005.89 1,029.88 1,033.57 1,032.09

Professional and business services.............. 27.16 28.14 28.22 28.26 961.46 993.34 996.17 997.58

Education and health services..................... 23.97 24.62 24.60 24.64 771.83 792.76 792.12 795.87

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.17 14.65 14.72 14.73 351.42 360.39 363.58 363.83

Other services....................................... 21.10 21.34 21.41 21.49 651.99 657.27 661.57 661.89

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2019 -

Dec.

2019p

Dec.

2018

Oct.

2019

Nov.

2019p

Dec.

2019p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2019 -

Dec.

2019p

Total private..................................... 118.2 118.7 118.9 119.0 0.1 182.3 188.3 188.9 189.3 0.2

Goods-producing............................. 95.3 94.5 94.4 94.2 -0.2 142.3 144.4 144.4 144.5 0.1

Mining and logging........................ 138.7 136.2 132.3 129.1 -2.4 231.6 244.6 237.6 231.5 -2.6

Construction................................ 110.2 111.5 110.5 110.7 0.2 167.8 172.5 171.1 172.0 0.5

Manufacturing.............................. 86.6 84.8 85.3 85.2 -0.1 123.8 123.8 124.8 125.2 0.3

Durable goods........................... 88.5 86.1 86.9 86.9 0.0 126.0 124.9 126.6 127.0 0.3

Nondurable goods...................... 83.9 82.7 82.7 82.8 0.1 120.0 121.4 121.6 122.0 0.3

Private service-providing.................... 124.4 125.6 125.8 125.9 0.1 194.7 202.2 202.9 203.2 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 110.5 110.9 110.5 111.3 0.7 160.4 164.6 164.5 165.6 0.7

Wholesale trade......................... 109.2 109.3 109.1 109.1 0.0 165.7 169.9 170.3 169.5 -0.5

Retail trade.............................. 102.8 103.0 101.8 103.1 1.3 143.4 148.0 146.7 148.9 1.5

Transportation and warehousing...... 138.0 138.7 139.4 139.6 0.1 193.7 198.2 198.7 199.2 0.3

Utilities.................................... 96.7 96.4 96.9 97.3 0.4 149.8 149.2 149.8 151.3 1.0

Information................................. 92.8 90.9 91.3 91.3 0.0 151.4 154.7 154.5 155.4 0.6

Financial activities......................... 115.9 117.2 117.3 117.3 0.0 194.4 201.2 202.2 201.8 -0.2

Professional and business services..... 137.2 138.5 138.8 138.8 0.0 221.7 231.7 232.9 233.2 0.1

Education and health services........... 144.1 147.4 147.9 148.5 0.4 227.9 239.6 240.1 241.6 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 132.1 133.4 134.2 134.6 0.3 212.6 222.0 224.4 225.1 0.3

Other services............................. 105.6 106.2 106.7 106.3 -0.4 162.3 165.1 166.4 166.4 0.0

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.