For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, October 26, 2022 USDL-22-2060 

Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 • BDMInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/bdm 

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2022

From December 2021 to March 2022, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector 

establishments were 8.4 million, a decrease of 1.1 million jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and 

contracting private-sector establishments were 6.9 million, an increase of 205,000 jobs from the 

previous quarter. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job 

losses yielded a net employment gain of 1.5 million jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 

2022. (See chart 1, and tables A and 1.) 

Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data 

The release of First Quarter 2022 BED data incorporates annual revisions in accordance with standard 

procedures. However, the current release, published on October 26, 2022, includes two years of 

revisions to not seasonally adjusted data, along with the customary five years of revisions to seasonally 

adjusted data. This temporary procedural change is to amend spikes in the openings and closings series 

for the education and health services sector in Washington caused by an administrative change. 

Gross job gains

Gross job losses

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 1. Total private-sector gross job gains and gross job losses, seasonally adjusted

March 2012 - March 2022

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defined recession period.
- 2 - 

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment 

that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics 

track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter 

to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of 

gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include 

gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by 

employer size class. 

Gross Job Gains 

In the first quarter of 2022, gross job gains represented 6.6 percent of private-sector employment. Gross 

job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the 

addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.9 

million in the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of 828,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter. 

Opening establishments accounted for 1.6 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2022, a 

decrease of 314,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) 

  

Gross Job Losses 

In the first quarter of 2022, gross job losses represented 5.4 percent of private-sector employment. Gross 

job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at 

closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.5 million jobs in the first quarter of 2022, an 

increase of 142,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2022, closing establishments lost 

1.4 million jobs, an increase of 63,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A, 

1, 2, and 3.) 

Expansions

Contractions

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

'12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22

Chart 2. Private-sector gross job gains at expanding establishments 

and gross job losses at contracting establishments, seasonally 

adjusted: March 2012 - March 2022

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.

Openings

Closings

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

'12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22

Chart 3. Private-sector gross job gains at opening establishments 

and gross job losses at closing establishments, seasonally adjusted: 

March 2012 - March 2022

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.
- 3 - 

Establishment Births and Deaths 

In the first quarter of 2022, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data) 

decreased by 32,000 to a total of 347,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for 

960,000 jobs, a decrease of 159,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a 

subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2021, when 663,000 jobs were 

lost at 225,000 establishments, an increase of 61,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2021. (See Technical 

Note and table 8.) 

Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 

 

Category 

3 months ended 

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 

2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 

Levels (in thousands) 

Gross job gains............................. 8,322 8,196 8,882 9,580 8,438 

 At expanding establishments 6,781 6,641 7,201 7,715 6,887 

 At opening establishments..... 1,541 1,555 1,681 1,865 1,551 

Gross job losses............................ 6,512 7,260 7,408 6,688 6,893 

 At contracting establishments 5,367 5,997 5,953 5,344 5,486 

 At closing establishments...... 1,145 1,263 1,455 1,344 1,407 

Net employment change1............. 1,810 936 1,474 2,892 1,545 

 

Rates (percent) 

Gross job gains............................. 7.0 6.8 7.3 7.7 6.6 

 At expanding establishments 5.7 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.4 

 At opening establishments.... 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 

Gross job losses............................ 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.4 

 At contracting establishments 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.3 

 At closing establishments...... 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 

Net employment change1............. 1.5 0.9 1.2 2.3 1.2 

1

 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for 

further information. 

Firm Size 

In the first quarter of 2022, firms with 1-49 employees had a net employment increase of 291,000. Firms 

with 50-249 employees had a net employment gain of 267,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a 

net employment increase of 1.1 million. (See tables 4 and 5.) 
- 4 - 

Industries 

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 12 of the 13 industry sectors in the first quarter of 2022. 

The service-providing industries experienced a net job increase of 1.3 million. Within the serviceproviding industries, the retail trade sector had the largest over-the-quarter net employment gain, adding 

279,000 jobs. This was the result of 1.0 million gross job gains and 731,000 gross job losses. The 

transportation and warehousing sector had gross job gains of 366,000 and gross job losses of 393,000, 

leading to a net job decline of 27,000. The goods-producing industries had a net job gain of 282,000 in 

the first quarter of 2022. Of the goods-producing industries, the construction sector had a net increase of 

137,000, the manufacturing sector posted a net job gain of 130,000, and the natural resources and 

mining sector added 15,000 jobs. (See table 3.) 

States 

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in the 

first quarter of 2022. (See tables 6 and 7.) 

For More Information 

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. 

This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm 

size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts 

of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked 

questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the 

Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. 

 

The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2022 are scheduled to be released on 

Wednesday, January 25, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET). 
Technical Note 

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of 

a federal-state cooperative program known as the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports 

on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment 

insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is 

based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to 

the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the 

QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe 

sampling frame. 

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on 

total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross 

job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark 

for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey 

(JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts. 

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked 

across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment 

changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at 

closing and contracting units. 

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment 

measures 

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. 

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in 

somewhat different measures of employment change over time. It is 

important to understand program differences and the intended uses 

of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each 

program can be obtained from the program websites shown in the 

table. 

Coverage 

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and 

Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws 

are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the 

SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state 

complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” 

which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather 

than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. 

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, 

religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all 

members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most 

employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. 

 Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived 

from longitudinal histories of 8.9 million private-sector employer reports out of 11.3 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2022. Gross job gains 

and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for 

government employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and 

do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous 

and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 

are also excluded from the national data. The table below shows, in 

millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded 

from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first 

quarter of 2022. 

Number of active establishments included in 

Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level 

 Millions 

Total establishments QCEW program..........11.3 

 Excluded: Public sector....................... 0.3 

 Private households............... 0.2 

 Zero employment................. 1.9 

 

Total establishments included in Business 

Employment Dynamics data.....................8.9 
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures

QCEW BED CES 

Source  Count of UI administrative records 

submitted by 11.3 million establishments in first quarter of 2022 

 Count of longitudinally-linked UI administrative records submitted by 8.9 

million private-sector establishments 

 Sample survey: 670,000 establishments 

Coverage  UI and UCFE coverage, including 

all employers subject to state and 

federal UI laws 

 UI coverage, excluding government, 

private households, and establishments with zero employment 

Nonfarm wage and salary jobs: 

 UI coverage, excluding agriculture, private 

households, and self-employed workers 

 Other employment, including railroads, 

religious organizations, and other nonUI-covered jobs 

Publication frequency 

 Quarterly 

— 6 months after the end of each 

quarter 

 Quarterly 

— 7 months after the end of each 

quarter 

 Monthly 

— Usually the 3rd Friday after the end 

of the week including the 12th of the 

month 

Use of UI file  Directly summarizes and publishes 

each new quarter of UI data 

 Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal database and directly summarizes gross job gains and losses 

 Uses UI file as a sampling frame and to 

annually realign sample-based estimates 

to population counts (benchmarking) 

Principal 

products 

 Provides a quarterly and annual universe count of establishments, employment, and wages at the county, 

metropolitan statistical area (MSA), 

state, and national levels by detailed 

industry 

 Provides quarterly employer dynamics data on establishment openings, 

closings, expansions, and contractions 

at the national level by NAICS supersectors, 3-digit NAICS, and by size of 

firm, and at the state private-sector total level 

 Future expansions will include data 

with greater industry detail and data 

at the county and MSA levels 

 Provides current monthly estimates of 

employment, hours, and earnings at the 

MSA, state, and national levels by industry 

Principal uses  Major uses include: 

— Detailed locality data 

— Periodic universe counts for 

benchmarking sample survey estimates 

— Sample frame for BLS establishment surveys 

 Major uses include: 

— Business cycle analysis 

— Analysis of employer dynamics 

underlying economic expansions 

and contractions 

— Analysis of employment expansion and contraction by size of 

firm 

 Major uses include: 

— Principal federal economic indicator 

— Official time series for employment 

change measures 

— Input into other major economic indicators 

Program web 

sites 

 www.bls.gov/cew  www.bls.gov/bdm  www.bls.gov/ces 

Unit of analysis 

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by 

industry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class 

statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, 

either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation, which 

is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision 

makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size 

class. 

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job 

gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job 

gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains 

and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not 

seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. 
Concepts and methodology 

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change 

in employment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come 

about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come 

from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. 

Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or 

expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in 

either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is 

the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. 

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: 

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior 

quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. 

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third 

month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in 

employment over this period. 

Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in 

the previous quarter and either not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter. 

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third 

month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease 

in employment over this period. 

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for 

the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, 

or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter 

and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. 

Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal 

businesses. 

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment 

reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the 

last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings 

not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that 

closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to 

determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. 

Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of 

death statistics. 

All employment changes are measured from the third month of the 

previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no 

change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, 

but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and 

previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates 

are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job 

losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates 

can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the 

difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses 

rate is the net growth rate. 

Establishment Births and Deaths 

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with 

positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four 

consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed 

by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. 

Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of 

the longitudinal database or establishments that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are 

not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in 

a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment 

defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings 

include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and 

deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, 

because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary 

shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently 

seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater 

than the latter. 

Linkage methodology 

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, 

QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process 

matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWAID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are 

linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and 

successor information, identified by the states, which relates records 

with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor 

relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change 

in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a 

match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is 

used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons 

such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst 

examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible 

match. 

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify 

with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and 

ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. 

Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting 

also are introduced in the first quarter. 

 

Sizing methodology 

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED 

size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in 

which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size class, 5 to the 

size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. 

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory 

and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. 

Annual Data 

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net 

change in employment at the establishment level from the third month 

of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter 

in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on 
March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year changes for 

other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions 

and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job 

losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due 

to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire 

year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and 

job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the 

sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not 

equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change 

in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four 

quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. 

Seasonal adjustment 

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events 

as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, 

major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of 

such seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern 

each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. 

For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely 

to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to 

March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current 

year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted 

figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in 

economic activity. 

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and 

contracting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes 

are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and 

gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts 

data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated 

based on the difference between the number of opening and closing 

establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels 

are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-13 

ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are 

the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. 

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED 

component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series 

from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show 

the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment 

change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net 

employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this 

change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment 

changes. 

Reliability of the data 

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based 

on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related 

to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. 

Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout 

the dataset. 

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for 

the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate 

the effects of these complications. 

 The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based 

on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. 

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the 

first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not 

seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. 

Additional statistics and other information 

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News 

releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual 

bulletin also are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; 

(www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). 

The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, hours, and earnings by detailed 

industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report 

put out monthly by BLS. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides 

monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please 

dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2012 March 948 7,080 5,746 1,334 6,132 5,005 1,127

June 616 7,051 5,724 1,327 6,435 5,266 1,169

September 252 6,881 5,571 1,310 6,629 5,430 1,199

December 695 7,110 5,753 1,357 6,415 5,225 1,190

2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182

June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207

September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143

December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202

2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154

June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217

September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183

December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233

2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204

June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191

September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212

December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266

2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208

June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305

September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244

December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299

2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184

June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269

September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295

December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296

2018 March 712 7,497 6,139 1,358 6,785 5,595 1,190

June 458 7,673 6,270 1,403 7,215 5,930 1,285

September 91 7,500 6,130 1,370 7,409 6,090 1,319

December 731 7,724 6,287 1,437 6,993 5,660 1,333

2019 March 524 7,464 6,101 1,363 6,940 5,691 1,249

June 218 7,653 6,265 1,388 7,435 6,073 1,362

September 66 7,398 6,025 1,373 7,332 6,062 1,270

December 750 7,831 6,340 1,491 7,081 5,750 1,331

2020 March -803 7,035 5,717 1,318 7,838 6,367 1,471

June -14,621 5,719 4,425 1,294 20,340 17,410 2,930

September 4,025 10,874 8,828 2,046 6,849 5,476 1,373

December 2,024 8,797 7,104 1,693 6,773 5,416 1,357

2021 March 1,810 8,322 6,781 1,541 6,512 5,367 1,145

June 936 8,196 6,641 1,555 7,260 5,997 1,263

September 1,474 8,882 7,201 1,681 7,408 5,953 1,455

December 2,892 9,580 7,715 1,865 6,688 5,344 1,344

2022 March 1,545 8,438 6,887 1,551 6,893 5,486 1,407

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Year 3 months ended Net change 1

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses
Table 2. Private-sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1

 seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2012 March 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0

June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

September 0.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1

December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1

June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1

September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0

June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1

December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1

December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1

2019 March 0.5 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1

September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1

2020 March -0.7 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.2 5.0 1.2

June -12.1 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.9 14.5 2.4

September 3.5 9.5 7.7 1.8 6.0 4.8 1.2

December 1.6 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.8 4.6 1.2

2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0

September 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.1 4.9 1.2

December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1

2022 March 1.2 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.4 4.3 1.1

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. 

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Year 3 months ended Net change 2

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022

Total private 1

Gross job gains .................................8,322 8,196 8,882 9,580 8,438 7.0 6.8 7.3 7.7 6.6

At expanding establishments ............................. 6,781 6,641 7,201 7,715 6,887 5.7 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.4

At opening establishments ....................... 1,541 1,555 1,681 1,865 1,551 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2

Gross job losses .................................6,512 7,260 7,408 6,688 6,893 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.4

At contracting establishments ........................ 5,367 5,997 5,953 5,344 5,486 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.3

At closing establishments ................... 1,145 1,263 1,455 1,344 1,407 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1

Net employment change .............. 1,810 936 1,474 2,892 1,545 1.5 0.9 1.2 2.3 1.2

Goods-producing

Gross job gains .................................1,390 1,287 1,350 1,526 1,426 6.5 6.0 6.3 7.1 6.4

At expanding establishments ............................. 1,170 1,092 1,128 1,290 1,220 5.5 5.1 5.3 6.0 5.5

At opening establishments ....................... 220 195 222 236 206 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9

Gross job losses .................................1,196 1,335 1,256 1,138 1,144 5.6 6.2 5.9 5.3 5.2

At contracting establishments ........................ 1,014 1,136 1,047 946 941 4.7 5.3 4.9 4.4 4.3

At closing establishments ................... 182 199 209 192 203 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

Net employment change .............. 194 -48 94 388 282 0.9 -0.2 0.4 1.8 1.2

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains .................................239 222 220 230 238 13.5 12.7 12.8 13.0 13.1

At expanding establishments ............................. 209 195 191 200 210 11.8 11.2 11.1 11.3 11.6

At opening establishments ....................... 30 27 29 30 28 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.5

Gross job losses .................................235 222 201 218 223 13.3 12.7 11.7 12.4 12.3

At contracting establishments ........................ 203 195 175 192 191 11.5 11.2 10.2 10.9 10.5

At closing establishments ...................32 27 26 26 32 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8

Net employment change .............. 4 0 19 12 15 0.2 0.0 1.1 0.6 0.8

Construction

Gross job gains .................................694 637 643 725 710 9.3 8.6 8.7 9.7 9.3

At expanding establishments ............................. 551 512 501 575 574 7.4 6.9 6.8 7.7 7.5

At opening establishments ....................... 143 125 142 150 136 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.8

Gross job losses .................................588 657 640 573 573 8.0 8.9 8.7 7.7 7.5

At contracting establishments ........................ 480 532 509 454 452 6.5 7.2 6.9 6.1 5.9

At closing establishments ................... 108 125 131 119 121 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.6

Net employment change .............. 106 -20 3 152 137 1.3 -0.3 0.0 2.0 1.8

Manufacturing

Gross job gains .................................457 428 487 571 478 3.8 3.5 4.0 4.6 3.8

At expanding establishments ............................. 410 385 436 515 436 3.4 3.1 3.6 4.1 3.5

At opening establishments ....................... 47 43 51 56 42 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.3

Gross job losses .................................373 456 415 347 348 3.0 3.7 3.4 2.8 2.8

At contracting establishments ........................ 331 409 363 300 298 2.7 3.3 3.0 2.4 2.4

At closing establishments ...................42 47 52 47 50 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Net employment change .............. 84 -28 72 224 130 0.8 -0.2 0.6 1.8 1.0

Service-providing 1

Gross job gains .................................6,932 6,909 7,532 8,054 7,012 7.0 7.0 7.4 7.8 6.7

At expanding establishments ............................. 5,611 5,549 6,073 6,425 5,667 5.7 5.6 6.0 6.2 5.4

At opening establishments ....................... 1,321 1,360 1,459 1,629 1,345 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.3

Gross job losses .................................5,316 5,925 6,152 5,550 5,749 5.4 6.0 6.1 5.4 5.4

At contracting establishments ........................ 4,353 4,861 4,906 4,398 4,545 4.4 4.9 4.9 4.3 4.3

At closing establishments ................... 963 1,064 1,246 1,152 1,204 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1

Net employment change .............. 1,616 984 1,380 2,504 1,263 1.6 1.0 1.3 2.4 1.3

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains .................................269 284 313 357 307 4.8 5.0 5.5 6.2 5.3

At expanding establishments ............................. 220 234 252 286 257 3.9 4.1 4.4 5.0 4.4

At opening establishments ....................... 49 50 61 71 50 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 0.9

Gross job losses .................................224 248 271 224 237 4.0 4.4 4.7 3.9 4.0

At contracting establishments ........................ 175 191 201 171 177 3.1 3.4 3.5 3.0 3.0

At closing establishments ...................49 57 70 53 60 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.0

Net employment change .............. 45 36 42 133 70 0.8 0.6 0.8 2.3 1.3

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022

Retail trade

Gross job gains .................................1,005 936 970 931 1,010 6.6 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.5

At expanding establishments ............................. 876 807 841 801 900 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.2 5.8

At opening establishments ....................... 129 129 129 130 110 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

Gross job losses .................................755 948 1,000 823 731 5.0 6.2 6.5 5.3 4.7

At contracting establishments ........................ 655 843 880 714 626 4.3 5.5 5.7 4.6 4.0

At closing establishments ................... 100 105 120 109 105 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7

Net employment change .............. 250 -12 -30 108 279 1.6 -0.2 -0.2 0.7 1.8

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains .................................384 324 451 696 366 6.5 5.5 7.7 11.2 5.7

At expanding establishments ............................. 330 270 388 578 320 5.6 4.6 6.6 9.3 5.0

At opening establishments ....................... 54 54 63 118 46 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.9 0.7

Gross job losses .................................432 393 308 237 393 7.3 6.8 5.3 3.9 6.1

At contracting establishments ........................ 394 353 263 196 353 6.7 6.1 4.5 3.2 5.5

At closing establishments ...................38 40 45 41 40 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6

Net employment change .............. -48 -69 143 459 -27 -0.8 -1.3 2.4 7.3 -0.4

Utilities

Gross job gains .................................11 13 15 18 14 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.4 2.6

At expanding establishments ............................. 9 11 13 15 12 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.8 2.2

At opening establishments ....................... 2 2 2 3 2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4

Gross job losses .................................10 14 13 14 13 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.4

At contracting establishments ........................ 9 12 11 12 11 1.7 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0

At closing establishments ................... 1 2 2 2 2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Net employment change .............. 1 -1 2 4 1 0.2 -0.2 0.4 0.8 0.2

 Information

Gross job gains .................................174 196 238 226 201 6.3 7.1 8.3 7.7 6.8

At expanding establishments ............................. 143 150 194 179 168 5.2 5.4 6.8 6.1 5.7

At opening establishments ....................... 31 46 44 47 33 1.1 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.1

Gross job losses .................................121 161 146 169 150 4.4 5.8 5.1 5.8 5.0

At contracting establishments ........................ 96 131 111 133 113 3.5 4.7 3.9 4.6 3.8

At closing establishments ...................25 30 35 36 37 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2

Net employment change .............. 53 35 92 57 51 1.9 1.3 3.2 1.9 1.8

Financial activities

Gross job gains .................................396 427 490 518 467 4.8 5.1 5.9 6.1 5.5

At expanding establishments ............................. 307 327 377 388 376 3.7 3.9 4.5 4.6 4.4

At opening establishments ....................... 89 100 113 130 91 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.1

Gross job losses .................................345 421 427 399 421 4.1 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.9

At contracting establishments ........................ 259 323 319 301 310 3.1 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.6

At closing establishments ...................86 98 108 98 111 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3

Net employment change .............. 51 6 63 119 46 0.7 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.6

Professional and business services

Gross job gains .................................1,498 1,562 1,755 1,961 1,613 7.1 7.4 8.3 9.0 7.2

At expanding establishments ............................. 1,197 1,228 1,381 1,585 1,295 5.7 5.8 6.5 7.3 5.8

At opening establishments ....................... 301 334 374 376 318 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.4

Gross job losses .................................1,258 1,473 1,454 1,302 1,361 6.0 7.0 6.9 6.0 6.1

At contracting establishments ........................ 1,008 1,200 1,120 988 1,050 4.8 5.7 5.3 4.6 4.7

At closing establishments ................... 250 273 334 314 311 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.4

Net employment change .............. 240 89 301 659 252 1.1 0.4 1.4 3.0 1.1

Education and health services

Gross job gains .................................1,076 1,028 1,072 1,231 1,150 4.8 4.5 4.8 5.4 5.0

At expanding establishments ............................. 867 824 856 944 929 3.9 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.0

At opening establishments ....................... 209 204 216 287 221 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.0

Gross job losses .................................905 1,002 1,059 985 937 4.0 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.1

At contracting establishments ........................ 738 808 829 771 727 3.3 3.6 3.7 3.4 3.2

At closing establishments ................... 167 194 230 214 210 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9

Net employment change .............. 171 26 13 246 213 0.8 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.9

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022

 Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains .................................1,740 1,741 1,809 1,669 1,405 13.6 12.7 12.5 11.2 9.2

At expanding establishments ............................. 1,411 1,429 1,487 1,358 1,136 11.0 10.4 10.3 9.1 7.4

At opening establishments ....................... 329 312 322 311 269 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.8

Gross job losses .................................988 983 1,172 1,108 1,183 7.6 7.2 8.1 7.4 7.7

At contracting establishments ........................ 815 801 967 907 953 6.3 5.9 6.7 6.1 6.2

At closing establishments ................... 173 182 205 201 230 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.5

Net employment change .............. 752 758 637 561 222 6.0 5.5 4.4 3.8 1.5

 Other services

Gross job gains .................................330 336 355 367 322 8.7 8.7 9.0 9.1 7.8

At expanding establishments ............................. 242 259 272 276 251 6.4 6.7 6.9 6.8 6.1

At opening establishments ....................... 88 77 83 91 71 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.7

Gross job losses .................................257 259 275 263 287 6.8 6.7 7.0 6.5 7.0

At contracting establishments ........................ 198 192 197 198 213 5.2 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.2

At closing establishments ...................59 67 78 65 74 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.6 1.8

Net employment change .............. 73 77 80 104 35 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.6 0.8

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 4. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

gains losses gains losses gains losses gains losses

2012 March 972 5,904 4,932 388 3,173 2,785 220 1,054 834 364 1,677 1,313

June 612 5,828 5,216 174 3,039 2,865 158 1,074 916 280 1,715 1,435

September 226 5,581 5,355 55 2,963 2,908 54 1,006 952 117 1,612 1,495

December 637 5,779 5,142 180 3,025 2,845 94 1,014 920 363 1,740 1,377

2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429

June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461

September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501

December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427

2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498

June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460

September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489

December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376

2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571

June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583

September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581

December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486

2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614

June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681

September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559

December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658

2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561

June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654

September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760

December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492

2018 March 731 6,066 5,335 298 3,210 2,912 165 1,072 907 268 1,784 1,516

June 477 6,202 5,725 127 3,192 3,065 156 1,133 977 194 1,877 1,683

September 43 5,981 5,938 -78 3,031 3,109 -26 1,028 1,054 147 1,922 1,775

December 670 6,094 5,424 203 3,172 2,969 132 1,074 942 335 1,848 1,513

2019 March 572 6,010 5,438 260 3,193 2,933 154 1,065 911 158 1,752 1,594

June 225 6,154 5,929 46 3,156 3,110 98 1,122 1,024 81 1,876 1,795

September 7 5,867 5,860 -2 3,047 3,049 -29 1,016 1,045 38 1,804 1,766

December 656 6,199 5,543 210 3,186 2,976 91 1,062 971 355 1,951 1,596

2020 March -652 5,606 6,258 -368 3,027 3,395 -99 970 1,069 -185 1,609 1,794

June -15,224 4,506 19,730 -4,719 2,555 7,274 -2,812 581 3,393 -7,693 1,370 9,063

September 4,046 9,448 5,402 1,519 4,486 2,967 541 1,421 880 1,986 3,541 1,555

December 1,862 7,073 5,211 510 3,487 2,977 345 1,189 844 1,007 2,397 1,390

2021 March 1,837 6,887 5,050 973 3,642 2,669 225 1,102 877 639 2,143 1,504

June 974 6,650 5,676 719 3,522 2,803 213 1,143 930 42 1,985 1,943

September 1,440 7,159 5,719 400 3,530 3,130 255 1,195 940 785 2,434 1,649

December 2,744 7,650 4,906 914 3,767 2,853 466 1,304 838 1,364 2,579 1,215

2022 March 1,646 6,958 5,312 291 3,348 3,057 267 1,162 895 1,088 2,448 1,360

Firm size 250 or more

Net 

change

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job

establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See

www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Net 

change

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the

Year 3 months ended

Total private by firm1 Firm size 1 - 49 employees

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains 

and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

Firm size 50 - 249 employees
Table 5. Components of private-sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022

Total private by firm 1

Gross job gains .................................6,887 6,650 7,159 7,650 6,958 5.7 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.5

At expanding firms ............................. 5,794 5,677 6,107 6,468 5,987 4.8 4.7 5.0 5.2 4.7

At opening firms .......................1,093 973 1,052 1,182 971 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8

Gross job losses .................................5,050 5,676 5,719 4,906 5,312 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.2

At contracting firms ........................4,269 4,846 4,760 4,050 4,323 3.6 4.0 3.9 3.3 3.4

At closing firms ................... 781 830 959 856 989 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8

Net employment change .............. 1,837 974 1,440 2,744 1,646 1.4 0.8 1.2 2.1 1.3

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains .................................3,642 3,522 3,530 3,767 3,348 10.8 10.3 10.2 10.8 9.6

At expanding firms ............................. 2,591 2,580 2,513 2,627 2,414 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.5 6.9

At opening firms .......................1,051 942 1,017 1,140 934 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.3 2.7

Gross job losses .................................2,669 2,803 3,130 2,853 3,057 7.9 8.2 9.1 8.2 8.7

At contracting firms ........................1,914 1,999 2,200 2,029 2,107 5.7 5.8 6.4 5.8 6.0

At closing firms ................... 755 804 930 824 950 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.4 2.7

Net employment change .............. 973 719 400 914 291 2.9 2.1 1.1 2.6 0.9

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains .................................1,102 1,143 1,195 1,304 1,162 5.3 5.4 5.6 6.0 5.2

At expanding firms ............................. 1,072 1,115 1,166 1,268 1,131 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.8 5.1

At opening firms ....................... 30 28 29 36 31 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Gross job losses .................................877 930 940 838 895 4.2 4.4 4.4 3.8 4.1

At contracting firms ........................854 908 915 812 861 4.1 4.3 4.3 3.7 3.9

At closing firms ................... 23 22 25 26 34 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

Net employment change .............. 225 213 255 466 267 1.1 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.1

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains .................................2,143 1,985 2,434 2,579 2,448 3.3 3.0 3.6 3.8 3.5

At expanding firms ............................. 2,131 1,982 2,428 2,573 2,442 3.3 3.0 3.6 3.8 3.5

At opening firms ....................... 12 3 6 6 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Gross job losses .................................1,504 1,943 1,649 1,215 1,360 2.3 2.9 2.5 1.8 1.9

At contracting firms ........................1,501 1,939 1,645 1,209 1,355 2.3 2.9 2.5 1.8 1.9

At closing firms ................... 3 4 4 6 5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Net employment change .............. 639 42 785 1,364 1,088 1.0 0.1 1.1 2.0 1.6

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the

establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See

www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and 

losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 
Table 6. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022

United States 1

 ................................... 8,322,000 8,196,000 8,882,000 9,580,000 8,438,000 6,512,000 7,260,000 7,408,000 6,688,000 6,893,000

Alabama ..................... 105,885 100,321 107,313 123,011 101,635 91,864 94,208 100,830 84,977 98,513

Alaska ........................................ 25,532 21,854 24,165 27,704 24,382 21,604 21,452 22,226 20,460 22,348

Arizona ...................... 161,087 171,387 181,751 176,081 177,728 135,443 146,954 130,003 129,874 149,379

Arkansas ........................62,875 57,786 68,367 79,698 61,175 51,353 57,576 67,097 48,806 55,459

California .......................... 1,092,335 1,124,734 1,140,001 1,262,060 1,125,393 840,720 924,030 897,795 819,248 854,366

Colorado .......................190,278 175,362 184,293 176,521 176,404 122,558 144,398 159,236 140,744 147,988

Connecticut ......................... 87,276 91,231 95,258 96,011 90,157 72,583 79,366 82,955 74,432 74,954

Delaware .......................... 25,603 25,070 28,520 31,109 28,247 22,600 24,089 26,876 22,407 21,636

District of Columbia ........................... 25,543 33,379 38,398 36,343 30,589 24,817 25,450 23,712 24,348 24,466

Florida ..................................... 531,589 598,198 709,162 617,316 528,678 431,070 475,639 471,323 473,940 460,834

Georgia ...........................256,214 263,677 285,546 309,130 268,652 215,001 237,392 235,914 216,525 226,310

Hawaii ......................... 38,709 49,707 35,048 34,180 29,910 25,204 25,431 29,985 24,407 25,187

Idaho .......................... 54,398 48,649 51,017 57,952 59,454 37,539 47,632 48,848 42,358 43,197

Illinois ..............................353,364 301,583 324,793 376,431 314,250 247,015 270,527 292,761 241,926 259,113

Indiana ................................ 162,982 148,624 165,974 195,577 164,473 131,786 156,612 150,106 127,405 129,843

Iowa ....................................... 77,996 75,647 78,716 84,654 83,938 68,500 76,666 76,296 67,805 67,785

Kansas ..................................... 69,498 68,239 73,198 85,411 70,885 62,033 68,062 72,903 59,286 61,952

Kentucky ........................................ 115,385 100,922 106,179 117,441 107,884 83,502 99,996 100,144 78,247 81,658

Louisiana ....................................... 101,804 104,138 103,194 146,643 101,345 87,382 92,861 126,817 87,586 109,685

Maine .......................................... 45,400 38,465 40,107 42,590 42,068 32,449 39,413 39,717 35,914 32,315

Maryland ................................... 137,261 137,955 158,616 154,823 142,556 115,350 133,513 134,037 111,842 126,978

Massachusetts ................................ 197,125 208,104 218,115 216,317 207,793 147,904 169,210 176,875 176,714 158,999

Michigan ............................ 301,389 223,226 234,395 272,209 233,378 170,756 201,538 213,992 189,714 191,047

Minnesota ................................ 219,919 144,786 154,372 175,591 147,775 113,786 132,770 159,644 126,717 133,464

Mississippi ................................ 50,566 57,525 67,061 71,413 56,306 57,389 58,194 54,423 50,814 55,380

Missouri .............................. 148,305 141,704 156,150 174,351 154,875 120,443 143,625 140,849 131,101 130,222

Montana ...........................34,618 33,331 33,440 39,683 38,089 26,918 31,733 32,822 28,758 34,500

Nebraska ............................ 52,716 49,956 50,591 56,712 55,634 46,391 48,885 52,173 46,629 48,798

Nevada ................................ 84,583 110,152 107,725 103,429 87,043 64,553 66,509 69,879 59,997 66,378

New Hampshire ............................... 41,827 39,745 39,841 43,659 44,904 30,395 35,479 38,509 36,729 31,555

New Jersey ...................................... 236,799 237,743 251,481 303,908 250,014 192,077 190,046 207,095 187,278 195,389

New Mexico .................................. 52,661 45,578 51,303 52,440 47,735 33,799 40,438 40,382 40,038 39,948

New York .................................... 506,986 520,677 562,099 590,453 520,705 395,413 424,472 441,717 415,910 408,276

North Carolina .............................. 258,717 243,596 257,364 311,730 257,489 201,840 219,824 244,394 193,867 208,837

North Dakota ............................... 27,100 22,577 24,609 25,483 25,143 21,709 21,167 22,152 21,569 21,779

Ohio .................................... 276,212 267,748 279,666 320,621 284,863 226,691 264,711 270,186 234,473 226,562

Oklahoma .................................... 77,139 81,929 89,669 96,147 80,662 72,783 76,904 82,308 74,418 73,118

Oregon ................................. 137,670 106,656 114,033 125,828 124,997 88,110 106,342 104,595 99,966 94,957

Pennsylvania ........................324,793 279,724 313,381 345,124 324,890 228,261 265,157 253,645 243,523 251,630

Rhode Island ...................................... 38,870 28,480 30,692 34,456 32,775 21,998 25,912 28,694 26,984 23,799

South Carolina ............................................ 110,681 108,638 125,862 138,775 124,981 103,215 110,469 103,876 93,629 111,267

South Dakota ..................................... 25,754 24,078 23,711 26,002 28,210 21,017 20,761 22,973 21,492 22,324

Tennessee .................................... 149,822 156,916 179,187 193,621 175,955 131,516 153,791 142,682 146,914 127,316

Texas .................................... 627,986 703,892 756,929 837,491 700,110 520,781 583,038 577,850 517,170 593,644

Utah ............................................. 95,466 93,113 98,829 102,357 108,640 75,229 81,618 93,337 80,736 80,947

Vermont ................................ 19,761 20,145 19,191 19,701 19,574 14,502 16,658 18,685 16,817 15,566

Virginia .................................... 189,875 197,023 215,362 226,887 207,429 168,528 189,269 190,140 168,955 185,781

Washington ............................. 219,403 185,694 203,176 221,756 211,204 156,100 165,356 164,099 150,693 147,789

West Virginia ................................. 38,448 34,479 37,193 41,652 39,495 30,630 34,441 34,198 31,478 31,871

Wisconsin ................................... 145,388 140,957 134,603 160,882 160,365 113,408 129,275 140,924 127,962 117,824

Wyoming .................................... 18,671 17,618 18,267 20,688 18,653 16,398 16,902 16,909 15,914 17,325

Puerto Rico .............................. 44,536 52,929 58,934 45,326 50,478 33,024 34,011 35,503 38,654 35,144

Virgin Islands ................................. 1,813 2,692 1,867 1,963 1,658 2,572 1,419 2,094 2,327 2,459

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses

(3 months ended)
Table 7. Private-sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2021 2021 2021 2021 2022 2021 2021 2021 2021 2022

United States ................................... 7.0 6.8 7.3 7.7 6.6 5.5 5.9 6.1 5.4 5.4

Alabama ......................................6.7 6.3 6.7 7.6 6.2 5.8 6.0 6.3 5.2 6.0

Alaska ........................................ 11.1 9.5 10.5 11.8 10.1 9.4 9.3 9.7 8.7 9.3

Arizona ......................................6.5 6.8 7.1 6.8 6.8 5.4 5.9 5.1 5.0 5.7

Arkansas ....................................6.3 5.8 6.8 7.8 5.9 5.1 5.7 6.7 4.8 5.4

California ............................................ 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.5 7.4 5.9 6.5 6.1 5.5 5.6

Colorado ................................... 8.6 7.8 8.0 7.6 7.5 5.5 6.4 7.0 6.1 6.3

Connecticut ......................... 6.5 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.3 5.4 5.8 6.0 5.3 5.3

Delaware ............................................... 7.0 6.8 7.6 8.2 7.3 6.2 6.5 7.2 6.0 5.6

District of Columbia ...........................5.5 7.1 7.9 7.3 6.0 5.4 5.4 4.9 4.9 4.9

Florida ..................................... 7.0 7.8 9.0 7.7 6.5 5.8 6.3 6.0 6.0 5.7

Georgia ...........................................6.8 7.0 7.5 7.9 6.8 5.7 6.2 6.2 5.5 5.7

Hawaii ......................................8.7 10.7 7.3 7.1 6.1 5.7 5.5 6.3 5.1 5.1

Idaho .........................................8.2 7.2 7.7 8.5 8.5 5.7 7.2 7.3 6.3 6.2

Illinois .........................................7.3 6.2 6.6 7.5 6.2 5.1 5.5 6.0 4.9 5.0

Indiana ................................ 6.2 5.7 6.3 7.3 6.0 5.0 6.0 5.7 4.7 4.8

Iowa ....................................... 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.6 6.5 5.5 6.0 6.1 5.4 5.3

Kansas ..................................... 6.3 6.2 6.6 7.6 6.2 5.7 6.2 6.5 5.3 5.4

Kentucky ........................................ 7.4 6.5 6.7 7.4 6.6 5.4 6.4 6.4 4.9 5.0

Louisiana .......................................6.8 6.9 6.9 9.6 6.5 5.9 6.1 8.5 5.8 7.1

Maine .................................................. 8.9 7.5 7.8 8.2 8.0 6.4 7.7 7.8 6.9 6.1

Maryland .....................................6.7 6.6 7.5 7.3 6.6 5.6 6.5 6.4 5.3 5.9

Massachusetts .................................. 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.0 6.6 5.0 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.1

Michigan .............................. 8.6 6.3 6.5 7.5 6.3 4.8 5.6 5.9 5.2 5.1

Minnesota ................................ 9.4 6.1 6.4 7.3 6.0 4.8 5.6 6.7 5.2 5.4

Mississippi ................................ 5.7 6.5 7.6 7.9 6.1 6.5 6.6 6.1 5.7 6.0

Missouri .............................. 6.4 6.1 6.7 7.4 6.5 5.2 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.4

Montana ............................... 8.9 8.5 8.5 9.9 9.3 6.9 8.1 8.3 7.2 8.5

Nebraska ............................... 6.6 6.2 6.3 7.0 6.8 5.8 6.0 6.5 5.8 5.9

Nevada ................................ 7.5 9.4 8.9 8.3 6.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 4.8 5.2

New Hampshire ............................... 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.6 7.7 5.4 6.3 6.8 6.4 5.4

New Jersey ...................................... 7.2 7.1 7.5 8.7 7.1 5.9 5.7 6.1 5.4 5.5

New Mexico .................................. 8.7 7.4 8.2 8.2 7.4 5.6 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.2

New York ....................................7.0 7.1 7.5 7.7 6.7 5.4 5.7 5.9 5.4 5.2

North Carolina ..............................6.9 6.4 6.8 8.1 6.5 5.4 5.8 6.4 5.0 5.3

North Dakota ...............................8.3 6.9 7.5 7.6 7.5 6.7 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.5

Ohio .................................... 6.1 5.9 6.1 7.0 6.1 5.0 5.8 6.0 5.2 4.8

Oklahoma ....................................6.2 6.6 7.1 7.6 6.3 5.9 6.1 6.6 5.9 5.7

Oregon ................................. 8.7 6.6 7.1 7.8 7.5 5.6 6.6 6.5 6.1 5.7

Pennsylvania ........................ 6.7 5.7 6.3 6.8 6.3 4.7 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.9

Rhode Island ...................................... 9.9 7.0 7.6 8.5 7.9 5.6 6.4 7.1 6.6 5.7

South Carolina ............................................ 6.4 6.3 7.3 7.9 6.9 6.0 6.4 6.0 5.3 6.2

South Dakota ..................................... 7.3 6.8 6.6 7.2 7.7 6.0 5.8 6.4 5.9 6.1

Tennessee ....................................5.8 6.1 6.9 7.3 6.6 5.2 6.0 5.4 5.6 4.7

Texas .................................... 6.1 6.8 7.1 7.7 6.3 5.1 5.6 5.5 4.8 5.4

Utah .............................................7.3 7.0 7.4 7.5 7.8 5.7 6.1 7.0 6.0 5.9

Vermont ................................ 8.4 8.4 8.0 8.1 8.0 6.2 7.0 7.7 6.9 6.3

Virginia ....................................6.2 6.4 6.9 7.2 6.4 5.4 6.1 6.0 5.3 5.8

Washington ............................. 8.0 6.7 7.3 7.8 7.3 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.3 5.0

West Virginia .................................7.4 6.6 7.1 7.9 7.3 5.9 6.6 6.5 6.0 5.9

Wisconsin ...................................6.0 5.8 5.5 6.6 6.5 4.7 5.3 5.8 5.2 4.8

Wyoming ....................................9.3 8.8 9.1 10.1 8.9 8.2 8.4 8.4 7.8 8.3

Puerto Rico .............................. 6.8 7.8 8.5 6.4 7.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.5 4.9

Virgin Islands .................................7.4 11.0 7.5 8.0 6.9 10.6 5.8 8.5 9.5 10.3

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 8. Private-sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

(Levels in thousands)

Level Rate 2 Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate

2012 March 236 3.3 188 2.6 787 0.7 614 0.6

June 217 3.0 194 2.7 799 0.7 673 0.6

September 210 2.9 196 2.7 804 0.7 692 0.6

December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 0.7 673 0.6

2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6

June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6

September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6

December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6

2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6

June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6

September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6

December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6

2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6

June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6

September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6

December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6

2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6

June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6

September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6

December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6

2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5

June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6

September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6

December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6

2018 March 248 3.1 214 2.7 813 0.7 667 0.5

June 264 3.3 229 2.8 879 0.7 767 0.6

September 250 3.1 231 2.8 864 0.7 785 0.6

December 249 3.1 223 2.7 857 0.7 760 0.6

2019 March 260 3.2 219 2.7 809 0.6 695 0.6

June 257 3.1 241 2.9 849 0.7 803 0.6

September 250 3.0 232 2.8 847 0.7 769 0.6

December 269 3.2 235 2.8 905 0.7 789 0.6

2020 March 278 3.3 239 2.9 807 0.6 731 0.6

June 228 2.8 326 4.0 661 0.6 1,151 1.0

September 277 3.4 235 2.9 822 0.7 693 0.6

December 287 3.5 218 2.6 916 0.8 689 0.6

2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 832 0.7 602 0.5

June 352 4.1 225 2.6 981 0.8 663 0.5

September 359 4.1 N/A N/A 1,028 0.8 N/A N/A

December 379 4.3 N/A N/A 1,119 0.9 N/A N/A

2022 March 347 3.9 N/A N/A 960 0.8 N/A N/A

1 Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note for more information.

2 The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.

Year 3 months ended

Number of Establishments Employment

Births Deaths 1 Births Deaths