Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-19-0731 

8:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, May 3, 2019

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — APRIL 2019 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 263,000 in April, and the unemployment rate 

declined to 3.6 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains occurred in 

professional and business services, construction, health care, and social assistance. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note. 

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate declined by 0.2 percentage point to 3.6 percent in April, the lowest rate since 

December 1969. Over the month, the number of unemployed persons decreased by 387,000 to 5.8 

million. (See table A-1.) 

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, April 2017 – April 2019

Percent Thousands

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

Apr-17 Jul-17 Oct-17 Jan-18 Apr-18 Jul-18 Oct-18 Jan-19 Apr-19

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

April 2017 – April 2019

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Apr-17 Jul-17 Oct-17 Jan-18 Apr-18 Jul-18 Oct-18 Jan-19 Apr-19
 

-2- 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates declined in April for adult men (3.4 

percent), adult women (3.1 percent), Whites (3.1 percent), Asians (2.2 percent), and Hispanics (4.2 

percent). The jobless rates for teenagers (13.0 percent) and Blacks (6.7 percent) showed little or no 

change. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

declined by 186,000 over the month to 2.7 million. (See table A-11.) 

In April, the number of persons unemployed less than 5 weeks declined by 222,000 to 1.9 million. The 

number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed at 1.2 

million in April and accounted for 21.1 percent of the unemployed. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate declined by 0.2 percentage point to 62.8 percent in April but was 

unchanged from a year earlier. The employment-population ratio was unchanged at 60.6 percent in 

April and has been either 60.6 percent or 60.7 percent since October 2018. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as 

involuntary part-time workers) was little changed at 4.7 million in April. These individuals, who would 

have preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or 

because they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

In April, 1.4 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, little different from a year 

earlier. (Data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted and 

were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not 

counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. 

(See table A-16.) 

Among the marginally attached, there were 454,000 discouraged workers in April, about unchanged 

from a year earlier. (Data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not currently 

looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 963,000 persons 

marginally attached to the labor force in April had not searched for work for reasons such as school 

attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 263,000 in April, compared with an average monthly 

gain of 213,000 over the prior 12 months. In April, notable jobs gains occurred in professional and 

business services, construction, health care, and social assistance. (See table B-1.) 

Professional and business services added 76,000 jobs in April. Within the industry, employment gains 

occurred in administrative and support services (+53,000) and in computer systems design and related 

services (+14,000). Over the past 12 months, professional and business services has added 535,000 jobs. 

In April, construction employment rose by 33,000, with gains in nonresidential specialty trade 

contractors (+22,000) and in heavy and civil engineering construction (+10,000). Construction has 

added 256,000 jobs over the past 12 months. 

 
 

-3- 

Employment in health care grew by 27,000 in April and 404,000 over the past 12 months. In April, job 

growth occurred in ambulatory health care services (+17,000), hospitals (+8,000), and community care 

facilities for the elderly (+7,000). 

Social assistance added 26,000 jobs over the month, with all of the gain in individual and family 

services.

Financial activities employment continued to trend up in April (+12,000). The industry has added 

110,000 jobs over the past 12 months, with almost three-fourths of the growth in real estate and rental 

and leasing. 

Manufacturing employment changed little for the third month in a row (+4,000 in April). In the 12 

months prior to February, the industry had added an average of 22,000 jobs per month. 

Employment in retail trade changed little in April (-12,000). Job losses occurred in general 

merchandise stores (-9,000), while motor vehicle and parts dealers added 8,000 jobs. 

Employment in other major industries, including mining, wholesale trade, transportation and 

warehousing, information, leisure and hospitality, and government, showed little change over the 

month. 

In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 6 cents to 

$27.77. Over the year, average hourly earnings have increased by 3.2 percent. Average hourly earnings 

of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees increased by 7 cents to $23.31 in April. 

(See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour to 34.4 

hours in April. In manufacturing, both the workweek and overtime were unchanged (40.7 hours and 3.4 

hours, respectively). The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on private 

nonfarm payrolls held at 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised up from +33,000 to +56,000, 

and the change for March was revised down from +196,000 to +189,000. With these revisions, 

employment gains in February and March combined were 16,000 more than previously reported. 

(Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government agencies 

since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) After revisions, job 

gains have averaged 169,000 per month over the last 3 months. 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 7, 2019, at 8:30 

a.m. (EDT).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Change from:

Mar. 2019-

Apr. 2019

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 257,272 258,392 258,537 258,693 156

Civilian labor force........................................................... 161,551 163,184 162,960 162,470 -490

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.8 63.2 63.0 62.8 -0.2

Employed................................................................... 155,216 156,949 156,748 156,645 -103

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.3 60.7 60.6 60.6 0.0

Unemployed............................................................... 6,335 6,235 6,211 5,824 -387

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.6 -0.2

Not in labor force............................................................ 95,721 95,208 95,577 96,223 646

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.6 -0.2

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.4 -0.2

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 -0.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 13.0 13.4 12.8 13.0 0.2

White.......................................................................... 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.1 -0.3

Black or African American.................................................. 6.5 7.0 6.7 6.7 0.0

Asian.......................................................................... 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.2 -0.9

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.8 4.3 4.7 4.2 -0.5

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9 -0.2

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.8 5.3 5.9 5.4 -0.5

High school graduates, no college........................................ 4.3 3.8 3.7 3.5 -0.2

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.1 -0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.1 0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,965 2,857 2,837 2,651 -186

Job leavers...................................................................... 812 840 779 737 -42

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,001 1,905 2,007 1,926 -81

New entrants.................................................................... 615 623 614 530 -84

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,121 2,194 2,126 1,904 -222

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,975 1,810 1,815 1,842 27

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 1,018 942 950 854 -96

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,311 1,271 1,305 1,230 -75

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,952 4,310 4,499 4,654 155

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,990 2,792 2,909 2,891 -18

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,564 1,347 1,329 1,446 117

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,295 21,153 21,297 21,322 25

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,362 1,424 1,357 1,417 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 408 428 412 454 –

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 56 189 263

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 46 179 236

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 -19 21 34

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 -4 1 -3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 -23 20 33

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 8 0 4

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5 -5 0

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.5 1.5 -6.3 -1.5

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 5 4

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 65 158 202

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -13.4 12.5 -0.1 9.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 -13.7 -15.7 -12.0

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 -6.3 2.4 11.1

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 -1.3 1.3 -3.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 -7 7 -1

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 13 12

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 54 24 76

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.8 7.0 -5.8 17.9

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 19 69 62

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.6 35.8 64.6 52.6

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 -1 37 34

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4 20 14

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10 10 27

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 198 186 169

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 189 174 154

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.6 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.2 48.4 48.4 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 34.4 34.5 34.4

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $26.90 $27.66 $27.71 $27.77

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $928.05 $951.50 $956.00 $955.29

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.2 110.6 111.1 111.0

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 -0.3 0.5 -0.1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140.4 146.3 147.2 147.3

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.1

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (258 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 58.1 59.7 60.1

Manufacturing (76 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.8 52.6 53.9 48.0

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 142,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 689,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime 

during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. 

Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be 

looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The 

unemployment data derived from the household survey in no 

way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of 

unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at https://www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.
Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment 

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.6 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257,272 258,537 258,693 257,272 258,888 258,239 258,392 258,537 258,693

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,280 162,823 162,097 161,551 163,240 163,229 163,184 162,960 162,470

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 63.0 62.7 62.8 63.1 63.2 63.2 63.0 62.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,348 156,441 156,710 155,216 156,945 156,694 156,949 156,748 156,645

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.4 60.5 60.6 60.3 60.6 60.7 60.7 60.6 60.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,932 6,382 5,387 6,335 6,294 6,535 6,235 6,211 5,824

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,992 95,714 96,596 95,721 95,649 95,010 95,208 95,577 96,223

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,010 4,887 4,951 5,143 5,327 5,254 5,222 5,227 5,121

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,418 125,037 125,114 124,418 125,227 124,890 124,965 125,037 125,114

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,965 86,286 86,027 86,102 86,441 86,577 86,439 86,442 86,179

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 69.0 68.8 69.2 69.0 69.3 69.2 69.1 68.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,610 82,606 82,963 82,599 83,041 83,031 83,095 83,034 82,959

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.4 66.1 66.3 66.4 66.3 66.5 66.5 66.4 66.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,355 3,681 3,064 3,502 3,401 3,545 3,343 3,408 3,221

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.3 3.6 4.1 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,453 38,750 39,087 38,317 38,785 38,313 38,527 38,595 38,935

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,921 116,586 116,665 115,921 116,739 116,436 116,513 116,586 116,665

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,225 83,603 83,415 83,163 83,500 83,599 83,632 83,573 83,373

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.8 71.7 71.5 71.7 71.5 71.8 71.8 71.7 71.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,242 80,295 80,711 80,108 80,501 80,472 80,712 80,564 80,576

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.2 68.9 69.2 69.1 69.0 69.1 69.3 69.1 69.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,983 3,308 2,703 3,055 2,999 3,126 2,920 3,009 2,797

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 4.0 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,697 32,983 33,251 32,758 33,239 32,837 32,881 33,013 33,292

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,853 133,500 133,579 132,853 133,662 133,350 133,427 133,500 133,579

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,314 76,536 76,069 75,449 76,798 76,652 76,746 76,518 76,291

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 57.3 56.9 56.8 57.5 57.5 57.5 57.3 57.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,738 73,835 73,747 72,616 73,904 73,663 73,854 73,715 73,687

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.8 55.3 55.2 54.7 55.3 55.2 55.4 55.2 55.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,576 2,701 2,323 2,833 2,894 2,990 2,892 2,803 2,604

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,539 56,964 57,510 57,405 56,864 56,697 56,681 56,982 57,288

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,579 125,252 125,332 124,579 125,393 125,099 125,177 125,252 125,332

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,573 73,658 73,382 72,558 73,769 73,691 73,760 73,525 73,419

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 58.8 58.5 58.2 58.8 58.9 58.9 58.7 58.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,266 71,259 71,327 70,033 71,218 71,049 71,221 71,072 71,131

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 56.9 56.9 56.2 56.8 56.8 56.9 56.7 56.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,307 2,399 2,055 2,525 2,550 2,642 2,540 2,453 2,288

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.3 2.8 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,006 51,594 51,950 52,021 51,624 51,408 51,417 51,727 51,913

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,771 16,698 16,696 16,771 16,756 16,704 16,702 16,698 16,696

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,482 5,562 5,300 5,829 5,971 5,939 5,792 5,862 5,678

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.7 33.3 31.7 34.8 35.6 35.6 34.7 35.1 34.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,840 4,887 4,672 5,074 5,226 5,172 5,017 5,113 4,938

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.9 29.3 28.0 30.3 31.2 31.0 30.0 30.6 29.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 675 628 755 745 767 776 748 740

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 12.1 11.9 13.0 12.5 12.9 13.4 12.8 13.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,290 11,137 11,395 10,942 10,785 10,765 10,909 10,837 11,018

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,950 200,508 200,576 199,950 200,774 200,382 200,447 200,508 200,576

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,488 126,290 125,627 125,675 126,680 126,351 126,313 126,404 125,900

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 63.0 62.6 62.9 63.1 63.1 63.0 63.0 62.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,358 121,929 122,036 121,228 122,318 121,880 122,168 122,143 121,944

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 60.8 60.8 60.6 60.9 60.8 60.9 60.9 60.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,130 4,362 3,591 4,447 4,362 4,471 4,144 4,261 3,957

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.5 2.9 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,462 74,218 74,950 74,274 74,094 74,030 74,134 74,104 74,676

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,988 66,029 65,852 65,919 66,110 66,051 66,052 66,014 65,802

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 71.9 71.7 72.0 71.9 72.0 72.0 71.9 71.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,848 63,742 64,014 63,724 64,046 63,890 64,088 63,936 63,896

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 69.4 69.7 69.6 69.6 69.6 69.8 69.6 69.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,140 2,287 1,838 2,195 2,064 2,161 1,964 2,078 1,906

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.5 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.0 3.1 2.9

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,210 55,893 55,639 55,192 55,995 55,740 55,814 55,806 55,671

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 58.0 57.7 57.4 58.0 57.8 57.9 57.9 57.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,641 54,293 54,309 53,451 54,226 53,959 54,151 54,140 54,133

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 56.3 56.3 55.6 56.2 56.0 56.2 56.1 56.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,568 1,600 1,330 1,742 1,769 1,781 1,663 1,666 1,538

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.9 2.4 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,290 4,368 4,136 4,564 4,575 4,560 4,447 4,585 4,427

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 35.6 33.8 37.0 37.2 37.2 36.3 37.4 36.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,868 3,894 3,713 4,053 4,047 4,031 3,929 4,067 3,915

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 31.8 30.3 32.9 32.9 32.9 32.0 33.2 31.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 474 423 511 528 530 518 517 512

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 10.9 10.2 11.2 11.6 11.6 11.6 11.3 11.6

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,672 32,925 32,955 32,672 32,956 32,868 32,897 32,925 32,955

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,172 20,328 20,537 20,233 20,460 20,628 20,575 20,432 20,589

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 61.7 62.3 61.9 62.1 62.8 62.5 62.1 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,953 18,965 19,262 18,911 19,107 19,220 19,137 19,073 19,219

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 57.6 58.4 57.9 58.0 58.5 58.2 57.9 58.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,219 1,364 1,275 1,321 1,353 1,408 1,437 1,359 1,370

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 6.7 6.2 6.5 6.6 6.8 7.0 6.7 6.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,500 12,597 12,418 12,439 12,496 12,240 12,322 12,493 12,366

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,248 9,344 9,449 9,266 9,284 9,367 9,414 9,399 9,456

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 67.6 68.3 67.8 67.2 67.9 68.2 68.0 68.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,681 8,675 8,827 8,674 8,709 8,705 8,734 8,753 8,811

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.5 62.8 63.8 63.4 63.0 63.1 63.3 63.3 63.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 669 622 593 575 662 680 646 645

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 7.2 6.6 6.4 6.2 7.1 7.2 6.9 6.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,239 10,324 10,406 10,244 10,359 10,419 10,366 10,316 10,411

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 62.1 62.5 62.1 62.2 62.8 62.4 62.0 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,764 9,777 9,907 9,716 9,749 9,847 9,822 9,777 9,859

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.2 58.8 59.5 58.9 58.6 59.3 59.1 58.8 59.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 547 499 528 611 572 544 539 552

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 5.3 4.8 5.2 5.9 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 660 681 722 817 842 795 717 722

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 26.7 27.6 28.9 32.8 34.0 32.1 29.0 29.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 513 527 522 650 669 582 542 549

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 20.7 21.3 20.8 26.1 27.0 23.5 21.9 22.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 148 155 201 167 173 213 174 173

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.8 22.4 22.7 27.8 20.5 20.6 26.8 24.3 24.0

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,933 16,245 16,290 15,933 16,138 16,034 16,055 16,245 16,290

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,034 10,447 10,166 10,039 10,262 10,298 10,369 10,402 10,180

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0 64.3 62.4 63.0 63.6 64.2 64.6 64.0 62.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,765 10,133 9,954 9,760 9,929 9,978 10,045 10,082 9,957

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 62.4 61.1 61.3 61.5 62.2 62.6 62.1 61.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 314 212 279 334 321 324 320 223

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 3.0 2.1 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,898 5,798 6,124 5,894 5,876 5,736 5,686 5,843 6,110

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 42,507 43,205 43,289 42,507 43,234 43,044 43,127 43,205 43,289

Civilian labor force................................ 28,193 28,900 28,474 28,219 28,963 28,985 28,724 28,929 28,546

Participation rate............................... 66.3 66.9 65.8 66.4 67.0 67.3 66.6 67.0 65.9

Employed....................................... 26,970 27,479 27,415 26,865 27,701 27,579 27,480 27,566 27,348

Employment-population ratio............... 63.4 63.6 63.3 63.2 64.1 64.1 63.7 63.8 63.2

Unemployed.................................... 1,223 1,421 1,059 1,354 1,261 1,406 1,245 1,363 1,198

Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 4.9 3.7 4.8 4.4 4.9 4.3 4.7 4.2

Not in labor force................................. 14,314 14,305 14,814 14,288 14,271 14,060 14,403 14,277 14,743

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,517 15,836 15,595 15,516 15,651 15,699 15,675 15,832 15,611

Participation rate............................... 80.9 81.2 79.8 80.9 80.2 80.8 80.5 81.2 79.9

Employed....................................... 14,949 15,114 15,074 14,891 15,107 15,066 15,117 15,187 15,028

Employment-population ratio............... 77.9 77.5 77.2 77.6 77.4 77.6 77.7 77.9 76.9

Unemployed.................................... 568 722 521 626 544 633 557 646 583

Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 4.6 3.3 4.0 3.5 4.0 3.6 4.1 3.7

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 11,437 11,842 11,776 11,410 12,002 11,968 11,798 11,839 11,762

Participation rate............................... 59.0 60.0 59.6 58.8 60.8 60.9 59.9 60.0 59.5

Employed....................................... 10,929 11,318 11,381 10,869 11,487 11,396 11,331 11,321 11,330

Employment-population ratio............... 56.3 57.3 57.6 56.0 58.2 58.0 57.5 57.4 57.3

Unemployed.................................... 508 524 395 541 515 572 466 518 432

Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 4.4 3.4 4.7 4.3 4.8 4.0 4.4 3.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,239 1,222 1,103 1,293 1,310 1,318 1,252 1,257 1,172

Participation rate............................... 31.6 30.8 27.7 32.9 33.0 33.3 31.6 31.7 29.5

Employed....................................... 1,091 1,048 961 1,105 1,107 1,117 1,031 1,058 989

Employment-population ratio............... 27.8 26.4 24.2 28.2 27.9 28.2 26.0 26.6 24.9

Unemployed.................................... 148 175 142 187 202 201 221 199 183

Unemployment rate......................... 11.9 14.3 12.9 14.5 15.4 15.2 17.6 15.9 15.6

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,438 10,064 10,081 10,294 10,283 10,065 10,267 10,142 9,996

Participation rate.................................. 46.6 45.8 45.7 46.0 46.1 45.2 47.0 46.1 45.3

Employed.......................................... 9,836 9,374 9,554 9,692 9,683 9,489 9,720 9,548 9,460

Employment-population ratio................. 43.9 42.6 43.3 43.3 43.4 42.6 44.5 43.4 42.8

Unemployed....................................... 603 689 527 602 600 576 548 594 536

Unemployment rate............................ 5.8 6.9 5.2 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.9 5.4

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,538 36,015 35,900 35,487 36,154 36,301 36,230 35,983 35,901

Participation rate.................................. 57.0 57.9 57.9 56.9 58.1 58.5 58.2 57.9 57.9

Employed.......................................... 34,086 34,571 34,729 33,975 34,776 34,937 34,863 34,654 34,662

Employment-population ratio................. 54.7 55.6 56.0 54.5 55.9 56.3 56.0 55.8 55.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,451 1,444 1,172 1,512 1,377 1,363 1,367 1,329 1,239

Unemployment rate............................ 4.1 4.0 3.3 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 38,056 37,204 37,494 37,880 37,175 37,339 37,213 37,268 37,290

Participation rate.................................. 65.6 65.1 64.9 65.3 65.7 65.5 65.3 65.2 64.6

Employed.......................................... 36,818 35,895 36,405 36,578 35,954 36,071 36,040 36,012 36,141

Employment-population ratio................. 63.5 62.8 63.0 63.1 63.5 63.2 63.3 63.0 62.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,238 1,309 1,089 1,302 1,222 1,268 1,173 1,256 1,149

Unemployment rate............................ 3.3 3.5 2.9 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 56,823 58,984 58,335 56,795 58,701 58,472 58,497 58,593 58,381

Participation rate.................................. 74.2 74.2 73.8 74.2 73.6 74.0 73.5 73.7 73.9

Employed.......................................... 55,735 57,789 57,235 55,616 57,442 57,078 57,220 57,409 57,179

Employment-population ratio................. 72.8 72.7 72.4 72.6 72.0 72.2 71.9 72.2 72.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,088 1,195 1,099 1,179 1,260 1,395 1,277 1,184 1,202

Unemployment rate............................ 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.1

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,280 18,903 17,418 17,022 1,862 1,881

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,582 9,337 8,446 8,219 1,136 1,118

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.4 48.5 48.3 61.0 59.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,231 9,120 8,117 8,049 1,114 1,072

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 48.2 46.6 47.3 59.8 57.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 217 329 171 22 46

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 2.3 3.9 2.1 1.9 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,698 9,566 8,972 8,803 726 763

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,070 4,248 3,378 3,552 692 697

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,356 3,390 2,849 2,913 507 477

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 79.8 84.3 82.0 73.3 68.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,193 3,331 2,702 2,880 491 451

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 78.4 80.0 81.1 70.9 64.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 59 147 33 16 26

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 1.7 5.2 1.1 3.2 5.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 858 529 639 185 220

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,134 3,119 2,638 2,593 496 525

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,441 2,413 2,085 2,056 355 357

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.9 77.4 79.0 79.3 71.6 68.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,397 2,360 2,044 2,011 353 349

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 75.7 77.5 77.5 71.2 66.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 53 41 45 2 8

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 0.6 2.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 705 553 538 141 168

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,714 7,298 7,452 7,047 262 251

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,628 1,480 1,569 1,405 60 75

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 20.3 21.0 19.9 22.7 29.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,576 1,442 1,516 1,373 60 70

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.4 19.8 20.3 19.5 22.7 27.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 38 52 33 0 5

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 2.6 3.3 2.3 – 7.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,086 5,818 5,883 5,642 202 176

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,362 4,238 3,950 3,830 412 408

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,158 2,054 1,944 1,846 214 208

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.5 48.5 49.2 48.2 52.0 51.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,065 1,986 1,854 1,785 211 201

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.3 46.9 46.9 46.6 51.2 49.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 67 89 60 3 7

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.3 4.6 3.3 1.5 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,204 2,184 2,006 1,984 198 200

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229,048 230,997 102,525 103,613 126,524 127,385

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,781 150,960 76,583 76,873 73,198 74,087

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.4 65.4 74.7 74.2 57.9 58.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,475 146,047 73,719 74,093 70,756 71,953

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1 63.2 71.9 71.5 55.9 56.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,306 4,913 2,864 2,780 2,442 2,133

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.3 2.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,267 80,038 25,942 26,740 53,326 53,298

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 30,307 30,770 226,965 227,923

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,337 6,384 154,942 155,713

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.9 20.7 68.3 68.3

Employed............................................................................. 5,828 5,978 149,520 150,731

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 19.2 19.4 65.9 66.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 509 405 5,423 4,982

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.0 6.3 3.5 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,970 24,386 72,022 72,210

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,746 2,732 77,722 77,629

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.6 36.6 82.6 82.5

Employed............................................................................. 2,474 2,522 74,799 74,947

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 33.0 33.8 79.5 79.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 272 210 2,923 2,682

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.9 7.7 3.8 3.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,746 4,735 16,384 16,470

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,451 2,402 68,401 68,967

Participation rate..................................................................... 30.7 30.2 70.7 71.3

Employed............................................................................. 2,256 2,249 66,123 66,927

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 28.2 28.3 68.3 69.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 194 152 2,279 2,039

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.9 6.3 3.3 3.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,538 5,547 28,377 27,760

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,141 1,250 8,819 9,117

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.7 8.1 24.4 24.6

Employed............................................................................. 1,098 1,208 8,598 8,857

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.4 7.9 23.8 23.9

Unemployed.......................................................................... 43 43 222 260

Unemployment rate............................................................... 3.8 3.4 2.5 2.9

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,685 14,104 27,261 27,979

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 43,164 43,527 21,041 21,187 22,123 22,340

Civilian labor force.................................................. 28,266 28,439 16,398 16,521 11,868 11,918

Participation rate.................................................. 65.5 65.3 77.9 78.0 53.6 53.3

Employed.......................................................... 27,300 27,660 15,961 16,122 11,338 11,539

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.2 63.5 75.9 76.1 51.2 51.7

Unemployed....................................................... 967 779 437 400 530 379

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.4 2.7 2.7 2.4 4.5 3.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,898 15,088 4,643 4,665 10,255 10,422

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 214,107 215,166 103,377 103,927 110,730 111,239

Civilian labor force.................................................. 133,014 133,657 69,568 69,506 63,446 64,151

Participation rate.................................................. 62.1 62.1 67.3 66.9 57.3 57.7

Employed.......................................................... 128,049 129,049 66,649 66,842 61,400 62,208

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.8 60.0 64.5 64.3 55.5 55.9

Unemployed....................................................... 4,965 4,608 2,919 2,664 2,046 1,944

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.7 3.4 4.2 3.8 3.2 3.0

Not in labor force.................................................... 81,094 81,509 33,810 34,421 47,284 47,087

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,230 2,243 2,281 2,312 2,522 2,576 2,510 2,332 2,394

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,438 1,558 1,571 1,528 1,747 1,778 1,741 1,687 1,687

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 759 667 687 747 752 787 764 644 690

Unpaid family workers........................... 33 18 23 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 153,119 154,197 154,429 152,860 154,520 154,177 154,446 154,358 154,271

Wage and salary workers1...................... 144,009 145,493 145,849 143,815 145,478 145,251 145,674 145,609 145,675

Government..................................... 21,453 21,077 21,189 21,175 20,677 20,614 20,588 20,677 20,831

Private industries............................... 122,556 124,417 124,661 122,663 124,787 124,657 125,042 124,948 124,892

Private households.......................... 780 808 825 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 121,776 123,609 123,835 121,895 123,904 123,861 124,243 124,153 124,075

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,039 8,659 8,543 9,001 9,031 8,855 8,780 8,727 8,569

Unpaid family workers........................... 70 45 37 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,734 4,621 4,483 4,952 4,657 5,147 4,310 4,499 4,654

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,867 2,949 2,782 2,990 2,891 3,451 2,792 2,909 2,891

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,573 1,413 1,473 1,564 1,496 1,419 1,347 1,329 1,446

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 22,132 21,738 22,160 21,295 21,234 20,949 21,153 21,297 21,322

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,631 4,548 4,424 4,844 4,580 5,079 4,244 4,439 4,589

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,799 2,895 2,750 2,926 2,816 3,418 2,763 2,854 2,865

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,559 1,410 1,461 1,552 1,473 1,401 1,339 1,327 1,437

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,763 21,434 21,830 20,918 20,826 20,548 20,761 20,995 20,985

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,348 156,441 156,710 155,216 156,945 156,694 156,949 156,748 156,645

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,840 4,887 4,672 5,074 5,226 5,172 5,017 5,113 4,938

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,642 1,601 1,543 1,827 1,784 1,674 1,756 1,759 1,723

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,198 3,285 3,129 3,265 3,441 3,459 3,249 3,356 3,198

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,508 151,554 152,038 150,141 151,720 151,522 151,932 151,635 151,707

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,034 13,925 14,114 14,152 13,885 13,911 14,018 14,064 14,192

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,475 137,629 137,923 135,952 137,786 137,605 137,942 137,685 137,481

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,206 100,750 100,890 99,968 100,833 100,787 100,840 100,792 100,687

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,157 35,686 35,602 35,103 35,689 35,665 35,584 35,695 35,582

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,670 32,785 33,001 32,604 32,881 32,902 33,101 32,855 32,918

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,379 32,279 32,287 32,260 32,263 32,221 32,156 32,241 32,187

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,269 36,879 37,033 35,985 36,954 36,817 37,102 36,893 36,794

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,610 82,606 82,963 82,599 83,041 83,031 83,095 83,034 82,959

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,368 2,311 2,252 2,492 2,540 2,559 2,384 2,470 2,383

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 793 821 850 848 805 860 882 893

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,594 1,518 1,430 1,651 1,686 1,735 1,535 1,594 1,486

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,242 80,295 80,711 80,108 80,501 80,472 80,712 80,564 80,576

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,204 7,015 7,161 7,271 7,044 7,101 7,148 7,120 7,203

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,038 73,280 73,551 72,835 73,435 73,398 73,566 73,520 73,379

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,721 53,825 53,870 53,659 53,774 53,808 53,858 53,968 53,813

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,944 19,294 19,170 18,949 19,165 19,132 19,119 19,314 19,186

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,667 17,635 17,815 17,633 17,701 17,772 17,899 17,720 17,768

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,110 16,897 16,884 17,077 16,908 16,904 16,840 16,933 16,859

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,317 19,455 19,681 19,176 19,661 19,591 19,708 19,553 19,566

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,738 73,835 73,747 72,616 73,904 73,663 73,854 73,715 73,687

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,472 2,576 2,420 2,583 2,686 2,613 2,633 2,643 2,555

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 808 721 977 936 869 896 877 830

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,603 1,767 1,699 1,614 1,755 1,723 1,714 1,762 1,712

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,266 71,259 71,327 70,033 71,218 71,049 71,221 71,072 71,131

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,829 6,910 6,954 6,881 6,841 6,810 6,870 6,944 6,989

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,437 64,349 64,373 63,117 64,352 64,206 64,377 64,164 64,102

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,485 46,925 47,020 46,309 47,059 46,979 46,983 46,824 46,874

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,213 16,392 16,432 16,155 16,524 16,533 16,465 16,381 16,396

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,003 15,151 15,186 14,971 15,180 15,130 15,202 15,135 15,150

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,269 15,382 15,402 15,183 15,355 15,317 15,316 15,308 15,327

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,952 17,424 17,352 16,809 17,293 17,227 17,394 17,340 17,228

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,195 45,865 45,927 45,991 45,984 45,819 45,893 45,867 45,734

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,386 36,841 36,414 36,122 36,379 36,504 36,574 36,566 36,206

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,492 9,708 9,698 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,340 128,819 129,212 127,826 129,913 129,837 130,159 129,969 129,778

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,008 27,622 27,498 27,382 26,994 26,752 26,878 26,938 26,915

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,637 8,047 7,765 7,667 7,866 7,850 7,641 7,853 7,798

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,787 5,991 6,094 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,798 9,326 9,230 9,748 9,783 9,642 9,544 9,371 9,259

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 6,335 6,211 5,824 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 755 748 740 13.0 12.5 12.9 13.4 12.8 13.0

16 to 17 years.................................. 296 254 273 13.9 13.8 14.4 16.0 12.6 13.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 466 486 451 12.5 12.1 12.2 12.2 12.7 12.4

20 years and over................................ 5,580 5,463 5,085 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,015 1,095 993 6.7 7.2 7.6 7.2 7.2 6.5

25 years and over.............................. 4,598 4,359 4,132 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 3,522 3,373 3,159 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 1,598 1,487 1,434 4.4 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 999 930 898 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.7

45 to 54 years............................. 925 955 827 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.5

55 years and over........................... 1,107 1,012 978 3.0 2.9 3.2 2.7 2.7 2.6

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,502 3,408 3,221 4.1 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.9 3.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 447 398 424 15.2 13.7 14.1 15.1 13.9 15.1

16 to 17 years.................................. 176 116 127 17.2 14.9 15.6 18.0 11.7 12.5

18 to 19 years.................................. 276 274 297 14.3 13.7 13.1 14.0 14.7 16.6

20 years and over................................ 3,055 3,009 2,797 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 604 690 601 7.7 7.8 8.4 7.6 8.8 7.7

25 years and over.............................. 2,488 2,327 2,226 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.1 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 1,856 1,765 1,703 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1

25 to 34 years............................. 892 750 719 4.5 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.6

35 to 44 years............................. 486 505 497 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.8 2.7

45 to 54 years............................. 479 510 487 2.7 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8

55 years and over........................... 632 562 522 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.8 2.6

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,833 2,803 2,604 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 308 350 316 10.7 11.3 11.7 11.8 11.7 11.0

16 to 17 years.................................. 119 137 146 10.9 12.9 13.3 14.0 13.5 15.0

18 to 19 years.................................. 190 212 154 10.5 10.5 11.2 10.6 10.7 8.3

20 years and over................................ 2,525 2,453 2,288 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 411 404 392 5.6 6.5 6.7 6.8 5.5 5.3

25 years and over.............................. 2,110 2,032 1,906 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 1,666 1,608 1,456 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 707 737 715 4.2 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.2

35 to 44 years............................. 513 426 401 3.3 2.7 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.6

45 to 54 years............................. 446 445 340 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.2

55 years and over........................... 485 463 468 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.6

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 985 912 821 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8

Married women, spouse present1................. 905 892 668 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.8

Women who maintain families2.................... 548 479 501 5.5 4.5 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.9

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 5,150 5,026 4,680 3.9 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.5

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,204 1,224 1,163 4.2 4.8 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1

1 Refers to persons in opposite-sex couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,805 3,098 2,484 2,965 2,903 3,082 2,857 2,837 2,651

On temporary layoff.............................. 713 1,029 574 865 762 937 820 878 717

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,092 2,069 1,910 2,100 2,141 2,144 2,037 1,960 1,934

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,415 1,470 1,287 1,418 1,432 1,427 1,300 1,379 1,302

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 677 599 623 682 710 717 737 580 632

Job leavers........................................... 761 763 685 812 839 805 840 779 737

Reentrants............................................ 1,836 1,982 1,761 2,001 1,958 1,945 1,905 2,007 1,926

New entrants......................................... 530 539 457 615 588 606 623 614 530

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 47.3 48.5 46.1 46.4 46.2 47.9 45.9 45.5 45.4

On temporary layoff.............................. 12.0 16.1 10.6 13.5 12.1 14.6 13.2 14.1 12.3

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 35.3 32.4 35.5 32.8 34.1 33.3 32.7 31.4 33.1

Job leavers........................................... 12.8 12.0 12.7 12.7 13.3 12.5 13.5 12.5 12.6

Reentrants............................................ 31.0 31.1 32.7 31.3 31.1 30.2 30.6 32.2 33.0

New entrants......................................... 8.9 8.4 8.5 9.6 9.3 9.4 10.0 9.8 9.1

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

New entrants......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,782 1,868 1,585 2,121 2,126 2,325 2,194 2,126 1,904

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,666 2,017 1,572 1,975 2,027 2,013 1,810 1,815 1,842

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,483 2,496 2,231 2,330 2,203 2,153 2,214 2,256 2,084

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 1,158 1,111 997 1,018 897 902 942 950 854

27 weeks and over............................... 1,325 1,385 1,234 1,311 1,306 1,252 1,271 1,305 1,230

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 24.2 22.9 24.2 23.0 21.8 20.5 21.7 22.2 22.9

Median duration, in weeks......................... 11.9 10.8 11.2 9.8 9.1 8.9 9.3 9.6 9.4

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 30.1 29.3 29.4 33.0 33.4 35.8 35.3 34.3 32.7

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 28.1 31.6 29.2 30.7 31.9 31.0 29.1 29.3 31.6

15 weeks and over.................................. 41.9 39.1 41.4 36.3 34.7 33.2 35.6 36.4 35.7

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 19.5 17.4 18.5 15.9 14.1 13.9 15.2 15.3 14.6

27 weeks and over............................... 22.3 21.7 22.9 20.4 20.5 19.3 20.4 21.1 21.1

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 155,348 156,710 5,932 5,387 3.7 3.3

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 62,561 63,560 1,134 1,040 1.8 1.6

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 25,742 26,645 460 375 1.8 1.4

Professional and related occupations.......................... 36,819 36,915 675 664 1.8 1.8

Service occupations................................................ 27,105 26,921 1,238 1,132 4.4 4.0

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,170 33,295 1,242 1,254 3.6 3.6

Sales and related occupations.................................. 15,573 15,211 659 625 4.1 3.9

Office and administrative support occupations............... 17,597 18,084 583 629 3.2 3.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,036 14,141 926 725 6.2 4.9

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 969 1,198 127 140 11.6 10.5

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,014 8,274 662 453 7.6 5.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 5,052 4,669 138 132 2.7 2.7

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,476 18,792 841 768 4.4 3.9

Production occupations.......................................... 8,434 8,534 384 340 4.4 3.8

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,042 10,257 457 427 4.4 4.0

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,932 5,387 3.7 3.3

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,533 4,254 3.6 3.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 39 17 4.7 2.4

Construction.......................................................................... 623 439 6.5 4.7

Manufacturing........................................................................ 521 483 3.3 3.0

Durable goods..................................................................... 308 265 3.1 2.6

Nondurable goods................................................................ 212 218 3.5 3.6

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 843 829 4.2 4.3

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 207 255 3.0 3.4

Information............................................................................ 62 87 2.3 3.5

Financial activities................................................................... 155 210 1.6 2.1

Professional and business services............................................... 596 611 3.5 3.5

Education and health services..................................................... 555 512 2.3 2.1

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 719 647 5.2 4.5

Other services........................................................................ 212 164 3.1 2.5

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 137 121 9.0 7.3

Government workers................................................................... 433 347 2.0 1.6

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 300 208 2.9 2.2

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Dec.

2018

Jan.

2019

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019

Apr.

2019

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.6

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.9 4.2 3.6 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.9

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.5 4.7 4.2 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.4

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.4 7.5 6.9 7.8 7.6 8.1 7.3 7.3 7.3

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

Apr.

2018

Apr.

2019

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 95,992 96,596 38,453 39,087 57,539 57,510

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,010 4,951 2,294 2,420 2,716 2,531

Marginally attached to the labor force1........................ 1,362 1,417 706 742 657 674

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 408 454 242 288 165 166

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 955 963 463 455 491 508

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,637 7,765 3,841 3,693 3,797 4,072

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.9 5.0 4.6 4.5 5.2 5.5

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,237 4,317 2,337 2,227 1,900 2,090

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 2,040 2,098 756 738 1,284 1,360

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 273 252 163 168 111 84

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,053 1,045 572 535 480 510

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Change

from:

Mar.2019 -

Apr.2019p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,383 149,148 149,862 150,988 148,475 150,643 150,832 151,095 263

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,581 126,370 126,998 128,058 126,054 128,133 128,312 128,548 236

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,422 20,576 20,700 20,912 20,587 21,022 21,043 21,077 34

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 744 746 743 723 755 756 753 -3

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 45.7 45.1 42.4 49.9 46.1 46.3 44.6 -1.7

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.9 698.0 701.2 700.9 672.8 708.5 709.6 708.0 -1.6

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.1 150.5 152.0 151.1 143.7 151.8 152.5 152.5 0.0

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.5 189.2 191.3 194.0 189.8 195.4 195.9 195.7 -0.2

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.8 52.5 52.6 52.5 51.7 52.6 52.8 52.4 -0.4

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.0 40.8 40.9 41.0 41.4 41.1 41.2 41.4 0.2

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.7 95.9 97.8 100.5 96.7 101.7 101.9 101.9 0.0

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.3 358.3 357.9 355.8 339.3 361.3 361.2 359.8 -1.4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,129 7,066 7,174 7,385 7,230 7,433 7,453 7,486 33

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,596.0 1,602.9 1,616.1 1,633.5 1,616.3 1,653.5 1,656.4 1,654.3 -2.1

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.6 806.4 814.4 824.2 795.1 832.1 836.6 834.1 -2.5

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811.4 796.5 801.7 809.3 821.2 821.4 819.8 820.2 0.4

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,020.3 970.8 1,002.1 1,069.6 1,038.3 1,075.2 1,077.9 1,087.8 9.9

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,512.8 4,491.9 4,555.7 4,681.5 4,575.3 4,704.1 4,718.2 4,743.4 25.2

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 1,984.3 1,963.6 1,991.3 2,038.0 2,011.3 2,055.3 2,062.0 2,065.1 3.1

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,528.5 2,528.3 2,564.4 2,643.5 2,564.0 2,648.8 2,656.2 2,678.3 22.1

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,579 12,766 12,780 12,784 12,634 12,834 12,834 12,838 4

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,886 8,034 8,039 8,038 7,903 8,060 8,055 8,055 0

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.5 406.1 405.1 408.6 405.6 411.2 409.8 411.2 1.4

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.3 403.5 407.1 413.3 414.3 415.3 414.1 413.5 -0.6

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376.3 383.8 383.6 381.3 376.4 383.2 383.1 381.0 -2.1

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,455.8 1,479.1 1,481.8 1,482.2 1,458.6 1,483.8 1,485.1 1,484.9 -0.2

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,109.2 1,141.8 1,140.8 1,137.0 1,111.6 1,141.0 1,141.4 1,138.7 -2.7

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,046.9 1,070.7 1,073.5 1,073.5 1,050.7 1,073.3 1,074.4 1,076.6 2.2

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 155.5 159.8 160.3 159.1 156.1 160.2 160.1 159.5 -0.6

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.0 85.3 86.1 86.0 85.3 85.8 86.1 86.2 0.1

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.6 374.9 375.7 374.5 368.7 375.3 375.6 375.3 -0.3

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.8 417.8 418.4 421.1 407.1 418.6 419.3 422.2 2.9

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.0 32.9 33.0 32.8 33.5 33.3 33.3 33.3 0.0

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 394.5 401.2 402.0 400.1 395.7 403.0 403.0 401.6 -1.4

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,688.7 1,741.0 1,739.2 1,734.6 1,689.8 1,739.8 1,734.4 1,736.3 1.9

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997.1 1,007.9 1,004.0 998.1 995.0 1,005.5 999.2 997.7 -1.5

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.4 395.6 394.1 393.3 393.8 395.5 394.9 394.9 0.0

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.5 611.5 612.1 614.2 606.6 613.8 614.7 616.1 1.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,693 4,732 4,741 4,746 4,731 4,774 4,779 4,783 4

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,587.8 1,612.1 1,611.7 1,612.5 1,613.4 1,632.6 1,635.6 1,638.3 2.7

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.2 111.9 112.7 113.6 112.5 112.0 112.9 113.7 0.8

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.6 113.8 114.5 114.4 115.9 114.7 115.0 114.9 -0.1

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.0 106.8 107.7 108.3 116.1 106.8 107.7 107.9 0.2

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.8 370.4 370.5 368.8 365.1 369.8 370.6 369.0 -1.6

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 430.2 420.6 420.7 417.9 431.5 423.2 421.5 419.6 -1.9

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.1 112.6 113.1 114.8 114.8 117.0 116.7 116.5 -0.2

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830.3 855.5 855.9 857.8 832.5 858.2 856.7 859.7 3.0

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729.0 734.9 735.5 735.6 729.2 736.2 735.9 735.9 0.0

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.9 293.3 298.4 301.8 300.1 303.4 305.9 307.4 1.5

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,159 105,794 106,298 107,146 105,467 107,111 107,269 107,471 202

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,354 27,474 27,495 27,567 27,589 27,827 27,815 27,820 5

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,805.0 5,888.8 5,895.6 5,915.3 5,821.4 5,921.6 5,921.5 5,931.4 9.9

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,127.2 3,190.9 3,195.7 3,204.0 3,135.2 3,202.0 3,205.1 3,212.2 7.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,139.1 2,144.4 2,150.2 2,160.1 2,144.3 2,163.6 2,163.9 2,164.6 0.7

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Change

from:

Mar.2019 -

Apr.2019p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538.7 553.5 549.7 551.2 541.9 556.0 552.5 554.6 2.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,681.4 15,567.4 15,577.1 15,625.6 15,838.0 15,816.6 15,800.9 15,788.9 -12.0

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,012.0 2,020.7 2,032.7 2,049.2 2,014.1 2,038.9 2,043.0 2,050.5 7.5

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,293.2 1,300.7 1,304.8 1,311.0 1,296.7 1,307.2 1,308.9 1,314.0 5.1

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159.2 151.2 153.8 161.1 158.4 159.0 157.9 160.2 2.3

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 559.6 568.8 574.1 577.1 559.0 572.7 576.2 576.3 0.1

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 473.7 483.7 484.8 480.8 479.8 485.7 488.1 486.9 -1.2

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 489.0 471.9 468.4 467.3 495.7 474.2 472.5 472.4 -0.1

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,358.2 1,263.4 1,310.3 1,347.5 1,309.8 1,304.8 1,302.9 1,299.9 -3.0

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,055.2 3,090.3 3,087.4 3,092.8 3,083.3 3,114.8 3,117.0 3,119.2 2.2

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,053.6 1,042.4 1,035.8 1,035.9 1,060.5 1,049.3 1,042.4 1,045.0 2.6

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924.2 935.4 935.5 940.6 931.9 947.3 945.6 948.2 2.6

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,317.7 1,312.6 1,303.6 1,292.9 1,365.4 1,354.3 1,348.7 1,342.1 -6.6

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577.6 547.0 547.8 543.4 596.4 559.5 564.0 558.7 -5.3

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,035.9 3,005.8 2,981.2 2,981.4 3,094.3 3,069.8 3,059.0 3,050.5 -8.5

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,106.2 1,099.8 1,084.5 1,079.5 1,144.0 1,130.2 1,125.5 1,120.8 -4.7

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 1,929.7 1,906.0 1,896.7 1,901.9 1,950.3 1,939.6 1,933.5 1,929.7 -3.8

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821.1 817.2 814.2 822.3 834.1 836.5 836.3 835.2 -1.1

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.2 577.0 575.4 571.5 572.7 581.5 581.4 580.3 -1.1

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,311.3 5,467.5 5,468.5 5,475.5 5,372.2 5,534.9 5,537.3 5,548.4 11.1

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498.6 511.0 513.3 514.9 499.3 514.7 514.9 515.4 0.5

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.7 212.4 211.2 211.2 212.8 213.9 212.3 211.6 -0.7

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.8 62.3 62.4 63.8 64.4 65.1 64.6 64.6 0.0

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,468.7 1,492.9 1,494.4 1,502.9 1,481.4 1,516.5 1,516.8 1,516.3 -0.5

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500.0 500.0 502.1 508.3 486.6 489.0 489.0 494.1 5.1

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.4 46.8 47.0 47.1 48.5 47.2 47.1 47.2 0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 30.1 24.7 26.9 29.9 34.5 33.9 34.0 34.1 0.1

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 705.6 714.6 717.3 718.3 706.7 718.7 719.6 719.7 0.1

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673.7 726.5 720.3 703.1 714.4 751.3 752.4 753.4 1.0

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,109.7 1,176.3 1,173.6 1,176.0 1,123.6 1,184.6 1,186.6 1,192.0 5.4

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.2 550.7 553.6 550.1 557.2 553.6 554.9 551.7 -3.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,823 2,798 2,804 2,807 2,829 2,808 2,815 2,814 -1

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 726.5 731.2 731.2 730.9 730.4 733.5 733.8 734.7 0.9

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442.6 410.2 417.1 423.2 438.7 416.8 424.1 420.6 -3.5

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270.6 270.6 269.8 268.4 270.4 271.1 269.0 268.5 -0.5

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752.9 732.5 730.3 722.6 756.6 730.9 730.1 727.0 -3.1

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329.8 330.9 332.5 333.0 330.1 331.7 332.9 333.4 0.5

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300.8 322.7 322.6 328.7 302.6 324.3 324.8 330.0 5.2

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,496 8,571 8,592 8,605 8,541 8,626 8,639 8,651 12

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,281.3 6,310.3 6,314.1 6,310.9 6,303.3 6,323.8 6,329.5 6,332.9 3.4

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 19.3 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.4 19.7 19.7 19.7 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,636.7 2,630.0 2,623.1 2,619.3 2,645.9 2,635.4 2,631.3 2,629.9 -1.4

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,711.6 1,712.9 1,709.3 1,705.2 1,714.9 1,714.9 1,710.6 1,708.9 -1.7

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,321.0 1,313.4 1,311.0 1,304.8 1,322.3 1,313.2 1,310.3 1,306.2 -4.1

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 617.1 608.5 608.1 607.9 622.3 612.0 613.7 613.6 -0.1

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 308.0 308.6 305.7 306.2 308.8 308.5 306.9 307.3 0.4

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 948.6 963.8 965.1 965.5 953.2 967.4 969.4 970.3 0.9

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,676.7 2,696.9 2,706.3 2,706.5 2,684.8 2,701.3 2,709.1 2,713.0 3.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,214.8 2,260.2 2,277.4 2,293.7 2,237.8 2,302.6 2,309.8 2,317.6 7.8

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637.9 1,670.3 1,677.1 1,686.4 1,650.0 1,691.3 1,693.6 1,699.0 5.4

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.4 567.3 577.6 584.5 565.0 588.2 593.1 595.5 2.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Change

from:

Mar.2019 -

Apr.2019p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8 23.1 23.1 23.1 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,828 20,987 21,073 21,362 20,878 21,313 21,337 21,413 76

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,281.0 9,525.0 9,541.0 9,573.3 9,230.2 9,479.6 9,508.6 9,522.5 13.9

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,135.1 1,134.0 1,138.3 1,137.5 1,140.0 1,141.7 1,143.1 1,142.4 -0.7

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,093.0 1,144.3 1,145.5 1,132.5 1,005.6 1,037.8 1,041.6 1,042.9 1.3

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,452.6 1,483.2 1,490.5 1,493.9 1,464.1 1,503.1 1,508.3 1,506.6 -1.7

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.8 147.5 148.2 149.5 142.8 149.1 149.5 149.4 -0.1

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,096.0 2,166.9 2,162.3 2,191.0 2,102.4 2,169.4 2,182.7 2,196.8 14.1

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,461.2 1,505.6 1,504.3 1,513.2 1,469.0 1,518.6 1,520.8 1,521.7 0.9

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680.4 713.5 715.9 719.2 683.8 717.3 719.9 723.1 3.2

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 490.0 487.5 488.4 485.3 490.4 490.5 489.6 485.8 -3.8

Other professional and technical services. . . 729.9 742.5 747.6 751.2 732.0 752.1 753.2 753.8 0.6

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,348.8 2,392.6 2,396.4 2,404.3 2,359.8 2,405.2 2,408.2 2,415.0 6.8

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,198.2 9,069.2 9,135.7 9,384.1 9,288.4 9,428.0 9,420.6 9,475.4 54.8

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,767.6 8,625.7 8,690.0 8,933.4 8,854.2 8,977.1 8,968.3 9,021.4 53.1

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 511.3 520.5 522.8 531.2 512.6 523.9 526.1 531.9 5.8

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151.7 155.2 155.6 154.4 151.8 155.8 155.6 154.8 -0.8

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,595.7 3,569.5 3,582.8 3,649.4 3,667.2 3,715.0 3,707.9 3,723.1 15.2

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,937.5 2,908.5 2,924.8 2,985.6 2,999.1 3,040.5 3,034.7 3,052.6 17.9

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888.8 894.4 887.5 883.9 897.1 893.3 891.1 893.0 1.9

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220.5 212.8 214.3 216.0 219.7 215.8 215.5 215.4 -0.1

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 937.5 937.8 945.5 948.8 941.6 949.2 952.5 953.3 0.8

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,137.4 2,005.2 2,050.5 2,206.3 2,139.8 2,189.1 2,187.1 2,207.7 20.6

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.7 330.3 331.0 343.4 324.5 335.0 332.5 342.3 9.8

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430.6 443.5 445.7 450.7 434.2 450.9 452.3 454.0 1.7

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,705 24,130 24,204 24,296 23,542 23,999 24,068 24,130 62

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,878.3 3,914.5 3,921.1 3,942.5 3,705.4 3,755.0 3,759.3 3,769.0 9.7

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,827.0 20,215.7 20,283.2 20,353.1 19,836.9 20,243.6 20,308.2 20,360.8 52.6

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,898.2 16,224.9 16,272.2 16,303.9 15,930.9 16,259.9 16,307.4 16,334.4 27.0

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,442.3 7,651.1 7,682.5 7,707.9 7,455.1 7,669.6 7,699.9 7,717.1 17.2

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,606.8 2,653.9 2,661.1 2,666.9 2,612.4 2,659.1 2,666.6 2,671.6 5.0

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945.6 974.1 978.5 979.9 949.3 976.5 981.3 983.4 2.1

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 921.3 956.4 956.7 962.8 921.6 959.4 961.1 963.4 2.3

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.5 964.7 967.8 966.2 926.5 964.8 966.6 966.8 0.2

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 274.1 286.5 288.1 288.7 274.2 286.9 288.1 288.7 0.6

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,459.8 1,509.6 1,520.7 1,532.0 1,461.8 1,515.8 1,526.0 1,531.9 5.9

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309.2 305.9 309.6 311.4 309.3 307.2 310.2 311.2 1.0

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,114.2 5,206.0 5,217.3 5,218.9 5,123.5 5,211.6 5,220.9 5,229.2 8.3

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,341.7 3,367.8 3,372.4 3,377.1 3,352.3 3,378.7 3,386.6 3,388.1 1.5

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,602.7 1,601.6 1,600.7 1,599.1 1,608.4 1,605.9 1,608.2 1,605.1 -3.1

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 640.0 645.8 650.0 648.7 640.8 647.4 651.3 649.9 -1.4

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933.9 950.4 951.4 959.5 937.5 954.7 955.9 962.9 7.0

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 165.1 170.0 170.3 169.8 165.6 170.7 171.2 170.3 -0.9

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,928.8 3,990.8 4,011.0 4,049.2 3,906.0 3,983.7 4,000.8 4,026.4 25.6

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,447.2 2,498.6 2,513.2 2,548.3 2,443.8 2,502.7 2,517.5 2,543.8 26.3

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 171.4 177.1 176.6 176.0 171.3 175.9 175.9 176.2 0.3

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 327.6 326.1 328.4 326.6 329.1 329.4 331.1 328.3 -2.8

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982.6 989.0 992.8 998.3 961.9 975.8 976.3 978.1 1.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,132 15,997 16,253 16,586 16,262 16,646 16,683 16,717 34

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,310.3 2,225.7 2,299.9 2,424.5 2,375.8 2,472.3 2,480.9 2,490.3 9.4

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 522.5 471.1 492.1 538.4 504.0 517.0 517.5 519.5 2.0

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.4 158.6 164.3 172.7 168.9 174.2 174.8 176.1 1.3

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Change

from:

Mar.2019 -

Apr.2019p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,622.4 1,596.0 1,643.5 1,713.4 1,702.9 1,781.1 1,788.6 1,794.7 6.1

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,821.9 13,771.4 13,953.1 14,161.2 13,886.1 14,173.5 14,202.4 14,226.8 24.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,976.9 1,955.9 1,979.5 1,999.6 2,023.0 2,045.5 2,046.6 2,046.0 -0.6

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,845.0 11,815.5 11,973.6 12,161.6 11,863.1 12,128.0 12,155.8 12,180.8 25.0

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,821 5,837 5,877 5,923 5,826 5,892 5,912 5,926 14

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,329.0 1,332.5 1,347.4 1,358.2 1,324.9 1,340.3 1,348.8 1,353.4 4.6

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,502.1 1,507.6 1,517.5 1,538.9 1,499.8 1,528.7 1,532.5 1,536.9 4.4

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,989.5 2,997.1 3,011.8 3,025.7 3,001.0 3,023.3 3,030.8 3,035.7 4.9

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,802 22,778 22,864 22,930 22,421 22,510 22,520 22,547 27

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,786.0 2,785.0 2,779.0 2,803.0 2,793.0 2,804.0 2,800.0 2,811.0 11.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,177.6 2,180.3 2,173.8 2,197.8 2,186.3 2,197.7 2,193.9 2,206.4 12.5

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608.6 604.6 605.6 604.8 607.0 606.0 606.2 604.7 -1.5

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,335.0 5,313.0 5,339.0 5,338.0 5,169.0 5,186.0 5,186.0 5,175.0 -11.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,644.1 2,625.6 2,647.1 2,650.7 2,478.5 2,485.7 2,488.1 2,487.6 -0.5

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,691.1 2,687.4 2,692.1 2,687.4 2,690.3 2,699.9 2,697.6 2,687.4 -10.2

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,681.0 14,680.0 14,746.0 14,789.0 14,459.0 14,520.0 14,534.0 14,561.0 27.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,258.8 8,268.3 8,310.5 8,311.9 7,953.4 7,983.6 7,990.4 8,003.3 12.9

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,422.4 6,412.1 6,435.0 6,476.9 6,505.4 6,536.7 6,543.7 6,557.3 13.6

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.5 34.4 34.5 34.4

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.6 40.3 40.5 40.3

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.9 46.3 46.5 46.7

Construction....................................................................... 39.4 38.9 39.4 39.1

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.0 40.7 40.7 40.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.5 41.0 41.1 41.0

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.2 40.1 40.1 40.1

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.3 33.3 33.3 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.5 34.2 34.3 34.3

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.0 39.0 39.0 39.0

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.0 30.6 30.6 30.7

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 39.0 38.6 38.8 38.8

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 42.4 42.3 41.9

Information......................................................................... 36.1 36.2 36.2 36.3

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.7 37.7 37.7

Professional and business services............................................ 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.2

Education and health services.................................................. 33.0 33.0 33.1 33.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.0 26.0 26.1 26.0

Other services..................................................................... 31.8 31.9 32.0 31.9

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.4

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.4

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Total private............................................... $26.90 $27.66 $27.71 $27.77 $928.05 $951.50 $956.00 $955.29

Goods-producing....................................... 28.09 28.68 28.73 28.80 1,140.45 1,155.80 1,163.57 1,160.64

Mining and logging.................................. 32.36 33.06 33.08 33.45 1,485.32 1,530.68 1,538.22 1,562.12

Construction.......................................... 29.67 30.42 30.47 30.60 1,169.00 1,183.34 1,200.52 1,196.46

Manufacturing........................................ 26.95 27.43 27.45 27.47 1,104.95 1,116.40 1,117.22 1,118.03

Durable goods.................................... 28.28 28.88 28.91 28.94 1,173.62 1,184.08 1,188.20 1,186.54

Nondurable goods................................ 24.66 24.92 24.95 24.93 991.33 999.29 1,000.50 999.69

Private service-providing.............................. 26.62 27.42 27.47 27.53 886.45 913.09 914.75 916.75

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 23.13 23.94 24.04 24.01 797.99 818.75 824.57 823.54

Wholesale trade.................................. 30.11 31.06 31.31 31.15 1,174.29 1,211.34 1,221.09 1,214.85

Retail trade........................................ 18.60 19.40 19.42 19.47 576.60 593.64 594.25 597.73

Transportation and warehousing............... 24.28 24.59 24.62 24.66 946.92 949.17 955.26 956.81

Utilities............................................. 40.16 41.71 42.31 41.82 1,694.75 1,768.50 1,789.71 1,752.26

Information........................................... 39.46 41.56 41.68 41.64 1,424.51 1,504.47 1,508.82 1,511.53

Financial activities................................... 34.46 35.53 35.52 35.75 1,295.70 1,339.48 1,339.10 1,347.78

Professional and business services.............. 32.28 33.17 33.28 33.40 1,165.31 1,200.75 1,208.06 1,209.08

Education and health services..................... 26.84 27.48 27.50 27.53 885.72 906.84 910.25 908.49

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 15.86 16.37 16.41 16.45 412.36 425.62 428.30 427.70

Other services....................................... 24.46 24.97 24.85 24.91 777.83 796.54 795.20 794.63

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2019 -

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2019 -

Apr.

2019p

Total private..................................... 109.2 110.6 111.1 111.0 -0.1 140.4 146.3 147.2 147.3 0.1

Goods-producing............................. 95.2 96.5 97.1 96.8 -0.3 120.9 125.1 126.1 126.0 -0.1

Mining and logging........................ 104.3 109.8 110.5 110.5 0.0 135.5 145.8 146.7 148.4 1.2

Construction................................ 98.2 99.7 101.2 100.9 -0.3 126.6 131.7 134.0 134.2 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 93.2 94.0 94.0 94.0 0.0 116.8 119.9 120.0 120.1 0.1

Durable goods........................... 92.3 93.0 93.2 93.0 -0.2 116.0 119.3 119.7 119.5 -0.2

Nondurable goods...................... 94.9 95.6 95.7 95.7 0.0 118.8 120.8 121.1 121.1 0.0

Private service-providing.................... 113.0 114.7 114.9 115.1 0.2 146.2 152.9 153.4 154.0 0.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 103.8 103.8 104.0 104.0 0.0 129.4 133.9 134.8 134.6 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 100.1 101.9 101.9 102.0 0.1 126.1 132.3 133.4 132.9 -0.4

Retail trade.............................. 99.7 98.3 98.2 98.4 0.2 122.6 126.0 126.0 126.6 0.5

Transportation and warehousing...... 119.8 122.1 122.8 123.0 0.2 147.5 152.3 153.4 153.9 0.3

Utilities.................................... 101.7 101.6 101.6 100.0 -1.6 135.0 140.0 142.0 138.2 -2.7

Information................................. 93.3 92.8 93.1 93.3 0.2 131.0 137.4 138.1 138.3 0.1

Financial activities......................... 105.2 106.5 106.7 106.8 0.1 141.4 147.6 147.8 148.9 0.7

Professional and business services..... 118.2 121.0 121.4 121.5 0.1 154.5 162.5 163.6 164.4 0.5

Education and health services........... 126.9 129.3 130.1 130.0 -0.1 163.8 171.0 172.1 172.2 0.1

Leisure and hospitality.................... 120.6 123.5 124.2 124.0 -0.2 154.4 163.1 164.5 164.6 0.1

Other services............................. 106.8 108.4 109.1 109.0 -0.1 143.2 148.3 148.6 148.8 0.1

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Total nonfarm............................................. 73,646 74,994 75,133 75,298 49.6 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 60,757 62,009 62,131 62,278 48.2 48.4 48.4 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,534 4,676 4,689 4,701 22.0 22.2 22.3 22.3

Mining and logging............................... 91 96 97 97 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9

Construction....................................... 923 960 963 964 12.8 12.9 12.9 12.9

Manufacturing..................................... 3,520 3,620 3,629 3,640 27.9 28.2 28.3 28.4

Durable goods.................................. 1,860 1,919 1,925 1,931 23.5 23.8 23.9 24.0

Nondurable goods............................. 1,660 1,701 1,704 1,709 35.1 35.6 35.7 35.7

Private service-providing........................... 56,223 57,333 57,442 57,577 53.3 53.5 53.5 53.6

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,080 11,161 11,148 11,160 40.2 40.1 40.1 40.1

Wholesale trade................................ 1,728.8 1,778.3 1,778.6 1,787.5 29.7 30.0 30.0 30.1

Retail trade..................................... 7,892.3 7,862.0 7,846.0 7,834.7 49.8 49.7 49.7 49.6

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,329.2 1,388.8 1,390.7 1,405.7 24.7 25.1 25.1 25.3

Utilities........................................... 129.4 131.8 132.6 132.0 23.2 23.8 23.9 23.9

Information......................................... 1,115 1,116 1,119 1,120 39.4 39.7 39.8 39.8

Financial activities................................ 4,830 4,878 4,887 4,887 56.6 56.5 56.6 56.5

Professional and business services............ 9,440 9,680 9,702 9,734 45.2 45.4 45.5 45.5

Education and health services.................. 18,142 18,530 18,583 18,638 77.1 77.2 77.2 77.2

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,532 8,821 8,846 8,873 52.5 53.0 53.0 53.1

Other services..................................... 3,084 3,147 3,157 3,165 52.9 53.4 53.4 53.4

Government............................................. 12,889 12,985 13,002 13,020 57.5 57.7 57.7 57.7

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Total private............................................................................... 103,853 105,559 105,703 105,877

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,796 15,106 15,106 15,122

Mining and logging.................................................................. 536 562 563 559

Construction.......................................................................... 5,396 5,537 5,545 5,569

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,864 9,007 8,998 8,994

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,433 5,565 5,554 5,554

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,431 3,442 3,444 3,440

Private service-providing.............................................................. 89,057 90,453 90,597 90,755

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,334 23,539 23,530 23,507

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,671.2 4,764.2 4,761.8 4,771.6

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,543.4 13,505.1 13,493.8 13,454.8

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,673.2 4,828.1 4,832.0 4,839.0

Utilities.............................................................................. 446.4 441.6 442.3 441.3

Information............................................................................ 2,276 2,264 2,263 2,260

Financial activities................................................................... 6,619 6,684 6,692 6,700

Professional and business services............................................... 17,007 17,401 17,431 17,517

Education and health services..................................................... 20,682 21,066 21,131 21,177

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,316 14,620 14,655 14,687

Other services........................................................................ 4,823 4,879 4,895 4,907

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.8 33.6 33.7 33.7

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.7 40.9 41.3 41.1

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.0 46.8 47.1 47.3

Construction....................................................................... 40.0 39.0 39.9 39.6

Manufacturing..................................................................... 42.4 41.8 41.7 41.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.7 42.0 42.0 41.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.8 41.3 41.3 41.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.5 32.4 32.5 32.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.9 33.8 33.9 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.7 38.7 38.7

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.5

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.4 37.9 37.9 37.9

Utilities........................................................................... 43.0 42.3 42.5 42.4

Information......................................................................... 35.9 35.5 35.6 35.6

Financial activities................................................................ 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 35.3 35.4 35.4 35.4

Education and health services.................................................. 32.3 32.2 32.3 32.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.9 24.8 24.9 24.7

Other services..................................................................... 30.8 30.8 30.9 30.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.3

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.3

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Total private............................................... $22.55 $23.17 $23.24 $23.31 $762.19 $778.51 $783.19 $785.55

Goods-producing....................................... 23.84 24.41 24.52 24.60 994.13 998.37 1,012.68 1,011.06

Mining and logging.................................. 27.88 29.11 29.43 29.98 1,310.36 1,362.35 1,386.15 1,418.05

Construction.......................................... 27.52 28.19 28.30 28.41 1,100.80 1,099.41 1,129.17 1,125.04

Manufacturing........................................ 21.46 21.92 21.94 21.97 909.90 916.26 914.90 916.15

Durable goods.................................... 22.44 22.86 22.90 22.91 958.19 960.12 961.80 959.93

Nondurable goods................................ 19.88 20.37 20.37 20.42 830.98 841.28 841.28 841.30

Private service-providing.............................. 22.28 22.91 22.97 23.04 724.10 742.28 746.53 746.50

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 19.75 20.33 20.49 20.54 669.53 687.15 694.61 696.31

Wholesale trade.................................. 24.84 25.78 26.10 26.01 966.28 997.69 1,010.07 1,006.59

Retail trade........................................ 15.83 16.27 16.40 16.51 479.65 494.61 500.20 503.56

Transportation and warehousing............... 21.76 22.27 22.35 22.40 835.58 844.03 847.07 848.96

Utilities............................................. 36.46 36.94 36.75 36.70 1,567.78 1,562.56 1,561.88 1,556.08

Information........................................... 31.41 33.15 33.26 33.30 1,127.62 1,176.83 1,184.06 1,185.48

Financial activities................................... 26.87 27.47 27.37 27.50 994.19 1,016.39 1,012.69 1,017.50

Professional and business services.............. 26.61 27.26 27.38 27.45 939.33 965.00 969.25 971.73

Education and health services..................... 23.48 24.10 24.11 24.16 758.40 776.02 778.75 780.37

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 13.75 14.28 14.34 14.36 342.38 354.14 357.07 354.69

Other services....................................... 20.67 21.22 21.04 21.12 636.64 653.58 650.14 650.50

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2019 -

Apr.

2019p

Apr.

2018

Feb.

2019

Mar.

2019p

Apr.

2019p

Percent

change

from:

Mar.

2019 -

Apr.

2019p

Total private..................................... 117.0 118.2 118.7 118.9 0.2 176.2 183.0 184.3 185.2 0.5

Goods-producing............................. 94.3 94.4 95.3 95.0 -0.3 137.6 141.1 143.1 143.1 0.0

Mining and logging........................ 133.9 139.8 140.9 140.5 -0.3 217.1 236.6 241.2 245.0 1.6

Construction................................ 108.1 108.1 110.8 110.4 -0.4 160.6 164.6 169.3 169.4 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 86.3 86.4 86.1 86.1 0.0 121.1 123.9 123.6 123.7 0.1

Durable goods........................... 87.2 87.8 87.6 87.4 -0.2 122.1 125.3 125.3 125.0 -0.2

Nondurable goods...................... 84.5 83.8 83.8 83.5 -0.4 118.7 120.6 120.6 120.5 -0.1

Private service-providing.................... 123.3 124.8 125.4 125.2 -0.2 188.3 196.1 197.5 197.9 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 110.5 111.1 111.4 111.3 -0.1 155.8 161.3 162.9 163.2 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 107.8 109.4 109.4 109.6 0.2 158.1 166.5 168.5 168.2 -0.2

Retail trade.............................. 103.8 103.9 104.2 103.8 -0.4 140.9 144.8 146.4 146.9 0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 135.0 137.6 137.7 137.9 0.1 186.3 194.4 195.2 196.0 0.4

Utilities.................................... 98.2 95.5 96.1 95.7 -0.4 149.4 147.3 147.5 146.6 -0.6

Information................................. 93.3 91.7 92.0 91.8 -0.2 145.0 150.5 151.4 151.4 0.0

Financial activities......................... 115.3 116.4 116.6 116.7 0.1 190.6 196.8 196.3 197.4 0.6

Professional and business services..... 134.2 137.7 138.0 138.6 0.4 212.4 223.3 224.6 226.3 0.8

Education and health services........... 142.4 144.6 145.5 145.8 0.2 220.7 230.1 231.6 232.6 0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 130.6 132.8 133.7 132.9 -0.6 203.9 215.4 217.7 216.7 -0.5

Other services............................. 104.2 105.4 106.1 106.0 -0.1 156.9 162.9 162.6 163.1 0.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2018 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.