Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-17-0004 

8:30 a.m. (EST) Friday, January 6, 2017

Technical information:

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • https://www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • https://www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2016

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 156,000 in December, and the unemployment rate was 

little changed at 4.7 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job growth occurred in 

health care and social assistance.

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal 

adjustment factors, a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted 

estimates back to January 2012 were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 

2016 through November 2016 (as originally published and as revised) appear in table A on 

page 5, along with additional information about the revisions. 

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month 

change, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2014 – December 2016

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Dec-14 Mar-15 Jun-15 Sep-15 Dec-15 Mar-16 Jun-16 Sep-16 Dec-16

Percent Thousands

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Dec-14 Mar-15 Jun-15 Sep-15 Dec-15 Mar-16 Jun-16 Sep-16 Dec-16

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2014 – December 2016
-2-

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate, at 4.7 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 7.5 million, 

changed little in December. However, both measures edged down in the fourth quarter, after showing 

little net change earlier in the year. (See table A-1.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (4.4 percent), adult women 

(4.3 percent), teenagers (14.7 percent), Whites (4.3 percent), Blacks (7.8 percent), Asians (2.6 percent), 

and Hispanics (5.9 percent) showed little change in December. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was essentially unchanged 

at 1.8 million in December and accounted for 24.2 percent of the unemployed. In 2016, the number of 

long-term unemployed declined by 263,000. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate, at 62.7 percent, changed little in December and was unchanged 

over the year. In December, the employment-population ratio was 59.7 percent for the third 

consecutive month; this measure showed little change, on net, in 2016. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (also referred to as involuntary parttime workers), at 5.6 million, was essentially unchanged in December but was down by 459,000 over the 

year. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-time job. (See

table A-8.) 

In December, 1.7 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, little changed from a 

year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted 

and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not 

counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. 

(See table A-16.) 

Among the marginally attached, there were 426,000 discouraged workers in December, down by 

237,000 from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons not 

currently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available to them. The remaining 1.3 million 

persons marginally attached to the labor force in December had not searched for work for reasons such 

as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 156,000 in December, with an increase in health care and 

social assistance. Job growth totaled 2.2 million in 2016, less than the increase of 2.7 million in 2015. 

(See table B-1.) 

Employment in health care rose by 43,000 in December, with most of the increase occurring in 

ambulatory health care services (+30,000) and hospitals (+11,000). Health care added an average of 

35,000 jobs per month in 2016, roughly in line with the average monthly gain of 39,000 in 2015. 

Social assistance added 20,000 jobs in December, reflecting job growth in individual and family 

services (+21,000). In 2016, social assistance added 92,000 jobs, down from an increase of 162,000 in 

2015. 
-3-

Employment in food services and drinking places continued to trend up in December (+30,000). This 

industry added 247,000 jobs in 2016, fewer than the 359,000 jobs gained in 2015. 

Employment also continued to trend up in transportation and warehousing in December (+15,000). 

Within the industry, employment expanded by 12,000 in couriers and messengers. In 2016, 

transportation and warehousing added 62,000 jobs, down from a gain of 110,000 jobs in 2015. 

Employment in financial activities continued on an upward trend in December (+13,000). This is in line 

with the average monthly gains for the industry over the past 2 years. 

In December, employment edged up in manufacturing (+17,000), with a gain of 15,000 in the durable 

goods component. However, since reaching a recent peak in January, manufacturing employment has 

declined by 63,000. 

Employment in professional and business services was little changed in December (+15,000), 

following an increase of 65,000 in November. The industry added 522,000 jobs in 2016. 

Employment in other major industries, including mining, construction, wholesale trade, retail trade, 

information, and government, changed little in December.

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.3 hours in 

December. In manufacturing, the workweek edged up by 0.1 hour to 40.7 hours, and overtime edged up 

by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 

private nonfarm payrolls remained at 33.6 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 10 

cents to $26.00, after edging down by 2 cents in November. Over the year, average hourly earnings have 

risen by 2.9 percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and 

nonsupervisory employees increased by 7 cents to $21.80. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised down from +142,000 to 

+135,000, and the change for November was revised up from +178,000 to +204,000. With these

revisions, employment gains in October and November were 19,000 higher than previously reported.

Over the past 3 months, job gains have averaged 165,000 per month.

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 3, 2017, 

at 8:30 a.m. (EST).
-4-

Upcoming Changes to the Establishment Survey Data

Effective with the release of January 2017 data on February 3, 2017, the Current Employment 

Statistics (CES) program will begin using an improved methodology to select models for 

annual seasonal adjustment processing. See https://www.bls.gov/ces/cestramo.htm for more 

information. 

Revision of Establishment Survey Data 

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2017 on February 3, 2017, 

the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey will introduce revisions to nonfarm payroll 

employment, hours, and earnings data to reflect the annual benchmark adjustment for March 

2016 and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Not seasonally adjusted data beginning with 

April 2015 and seasonally adjusted data beginning with January 2012 are subject to revision. 

Consistent with standard practice, some historical data may be subject to minor revisions 

resulting from issues identified during the benchmark process.

Upcoming Changes to the Household Survey

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2017 on February 3, 2017, 

new population controls will be used in the Current Population Survey (CPS) estimation 

process. These new controls reflect the annual updating of intercensal population estimates by 

the U.S. Census Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, historical data will not be revised to 

incorporate the new controls; consequently, household survey data for January 2017 will not be 

directly comparable with data for December 2016 or earlier periods. A table showing the 

effects of the new controls on the major labor force series will be included in the January 2017 

release.
-5-

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the labor 

force series derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS), or household survey. As a result of this 

process, seasonally adjusted data for January 2012 through November 2016 were subject to revision. 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2016 through November 2016, as first published and 

as revised. The rates changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 2 of the 11 months and were 

unchanged in the remaining 9 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major labor force 

series beginning in December 2015 appear in table B.

An article describing the seasonal adjustment methodology for the household survey data and revised 

data for January 2016 through November 2016 is available at 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables of this release can be accessed at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted data are available at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/. 

Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2016 and changes due to revision

January - November 2016

January ......................................... 4.9 4.9 0.0

February ....................................... 4.9 4.9 .0

March .......................................... 5.0 5.0 .0

April ............................................. 5.0 5.0 .0

May ............................................. 4.7 4.7 .0

June .............................................. 4.9 4.9 .0

July .............................................. 4.9 4.9 .0

August .......................................... 4.9 4.9 .0

September .................................... 5.0 4.9 -.1

October ........................................ 4.9 4.8 -.1

November .................................... 4.6 4.6 .0

Month As first

published As revised Change
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

2015 2016

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 251,936 252,397 252,577 252,768 252,969 253,174 253,397 253,620 253,854 254,091 254,321 254,540 254,742

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,957 158,362 158,888 159,278 158,938 158,510 158,889 159,295 159,508 159,830 159,643 159,456 159,640

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.7 62.7 62.9 63.0 62.8 62.6 62.7 62.8 62.8 62.9 62.8 62.6 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,030 150,533 151,043 151,301 151,028 151,058 151,090 151,546 151,655 151,926 151,902 152,048 152,111

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 59.6 59.6 59.8 59.9 59.7 59.7 59.6 59.8 59.7 59.8 59.7 59.7 59.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,927 7,829 7,845 7,977 7,910 7,451 7,799 7,749 7,853 7,904 7,740 7,409 7,529

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.7

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 113,241 113,483 113,566 113,653 113,746 113,844 113,951 114,058 114,173 114,289 114,401 114,506 114,603

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,000 81,319 81,681 81,800 81,743 81,420 81,782 81,818 81,835 81,988 81,967 81,817 81,983

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 71.7 71.9 72.0 71.9 71.5 71.8 71.7 71.7 71.7 71.6 71.5 71.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,213 77,670 77,974 78,066 77,993 77,926 78,098 78,042 78,142 78,191 78,232 78,330 78,379

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 68.2 68.4 68.7 68.7 68.6 68.4 68.5 68.4 68.4 68.4 68.4 68.4 68.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,787 3,648 3,707 3,734 3,750 3,493 3,684 3,775 3,693 3,798 3,735 3,486 3,605

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.4

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 122,071 122,263 122,345 122,433 122,524 122,622 122,728 122,835 122,949 123,066 123,179 123,285 123,383

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,109 71,205 71,289 71,617 71,316 71,226 71,310 71,588 71,674 71,856 71,784 71,737 71,831

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 58.2 58.3 58.5 58.2 58.1 58.1 58.3 58.3 58.4 58.3 58.2 58.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,920 67,959 68,071 68,303 68,099 68,218 68,116 68,534 68,452 68,702 68,698 68,712 68,760

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 55.6 55.6 55.6 55.8 55.6 55.6 55.5 55.8 55.7 55.8 55.8 55.7 55.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,189 3,246 3,218 3,314 3,218 3,008 3,194 3,054 3,223 3,154 3,085 3,025 3,071

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 16,624 16,651 16,666 16,682 16,699 16,708 16,718 16,728 16,732 16,737 16,741 16,749 16,756

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,848 5,838 5,918 5,861 5,879 5,864 5,798 5,889 5,999 5,987 5,892 5,903 5,826

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.2 35.1 35.5 35.1 35.2 35.1 34.7 35.2 35.9 35.8 35.2 35.2 34.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,898 4,904 4,997 4,931 4,936 4,914 4,877 4,969 5,062 5,034 4,972 5,006 4,972

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 29.5 29.5 30.0 29.6 29.6 29.4 29.2 29.7 30.3 30.1 29.7 29.9 29.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951 934 921 929 943 950 921 920 937 953 920 897 854

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 16.0 15.6 15.9 16.0 16.2 15.9 15.6 15.6 15.9 15.6 15.2 14.7

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

-6-
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Change from:

Nov. 2016-

Dec. 2016

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 251,936 254,321 254,540 254,742 202

Civilian labor force........................................................... 157,957 159,643 159,456 159,640 184

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.7 62.8 62.6 62.7 0.1

Employed................................................................... 150,030 151,902 152,048 152,111 63

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 59.6 59.7 59.7 59.7 0.0

Unemployed............................................................... 7,927 7,740 7,409 7,529 120

Unemployment rate.................................................... 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.7 0.1

Not in labor force............................................................ 93,978 94,678 95,084 95,102 18

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.7 0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.4 0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 16.3 15.6 15.2 14.7 -0.5

White.......................................................................... 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 0.1

Black or African American.................................................. 8.4 8.6 8.0 7.8 -0.2

Asian.......................................................................... 4.0 3.4 3.0 2.6 -0.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 6.2 5.7 5.7 5.9 0.2

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 0.0

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 6.7 7.4 7.9 7.9 0.0

High school graduates, no college........................................ 5.5 5.5 4.9 5.1 0.2

Some college or associate degree........................................ 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8 -0.1

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.5 0.2

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 3,799 3,749 3,542 3,639 97

Job leavers...................................................................... 817 945 934 905 -29

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,486 2,339 2,266 2,219 -47

New entrants.................................................................... 860 791 728 783 55

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,413 2,393 2,415 2,379 -36

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 2,211 2,273 2,133 2,156 23

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 1,233 1,167 1,073 1,199 126

27 weeks and over............................................................. 2,094 1,964 1,856 1,831 -25

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 6,057 5,850 5,659 5,598 -61

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 3,589 3,481 3,485 3,401 -84

Could only find part-time work............................................. 2,175 2,093 1,902 1,873 -29

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 20,173 20,765 21,059 21,251 192

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,833 1,700 1,932 1,684 –

Discouraged workers........................................................ 663 487 591 426 –

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 135 204 156

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 146 198 144

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 8 13 12

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -10 -2 3 -2

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 14 17 -3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 -4 -7 17

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2 4 -4 15

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 1.1 2.3 2.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -8 -3 2

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 138 185 132

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 7.0 4.8 2.0

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 -2.3 19.5 6.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.5 13.0 11.4 14.7

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.7 -0.2 0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -2 -12 -6

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 8 13

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 42 65 15

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.9 5.2 23.8 -15.5

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 50 43 70

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 42.9 34.6 63.3

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 20 37 24

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1 9 -8

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 -11 6 12

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 173 182 165

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 161 183 163

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.4 49.6 49.6 49.6

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.9 48.2 48.2 48.2

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 82.3 82.3 82.3

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 34.4 34.3 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25.26 $25.92 $25.90 $26.00

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $871.47 $891.65 $888.37 $891.80

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.9 106.0 105.8 106.0

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.2 -0.2 0.2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.6 131.3 131.0 131.7

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.5 -0.2 0.5

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (262 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 59.0 55.7 57.1

Manufacturing (79 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 48.1 44.3 48.7

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates 

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment? 

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm. 

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys? 

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release. 

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm. 

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms? 

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 

 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses? 

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year. 

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits? 

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work? 

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates? 

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note 

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 146,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 623,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. 

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys 

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force. 

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime 

during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. 

Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be 

looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The 

unemployment data derived from the household survey in no 

way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of 

unemployment insurance benefits. 

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and 

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information 

about the household survey can be found at 

https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm. 

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who received pay for any part of the reference pay 

period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted 

in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced 

for the private sector for all employees and for production 

and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and 

related employees in manufacturing and mining and logging, 

construction workers in construction, and non-supervisory 

employees in private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2012 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at https://www.bls.gov/ces/. 

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are: 

 The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey. 

 The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not. 

 The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age. 

 The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance. 
Seasonal adjustment 

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity. 

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year. 

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 115,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -65,000 to +165,000 

(50,000 +/- 115,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point. 

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages. 

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data. 

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final. 

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment. 

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment 

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years. 

The sample-based estimates from the establishment 

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from 

-0.7 percent to 0.6 percent. 

Other information 

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,936 254,540 254,742 251,936 253,854 254,091 254,321 254,540 254,742

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,245 159,451 158,968 157,957 159,508 159,830 159,643 159,456 159,640

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.6 62.4 62.7 62.8 62.9 62.8 62.6 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,703 152,385 151,798 150,030 151,655 151,926 151,902 152,048 152,111

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.4 59.9 59.6 59.6 59.7 59.8 59.7 59.7 59.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,542 7,066 7,170 7,927 7,853 7,904 7,740 7,409 7,529

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.4 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,691 95,089 95,774 93,978 94,346 94,261 94,678 95,084 95,102

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,705 5,524 5,449 5,920 5,841 6,082 5,889 5,837 5,662

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,671 122,998 123,099 121,671 122,656 122,775 122,889 122,998 123,099

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,439 84,628 84,463 83,959 84,902 85,042 84,994 84,860 84,979

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.6 68.8 68.6 69.0 69.2 69.3 69.2 69.0 69.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,158 80,763 80,368 79,650 80,669 80,735 80,717 80,826 80,861

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 65.7 65.3 65.5 65.8 65.8 65.7 65.7 65.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,280 3,865 4,095 4,310 4,234 4,307 4,278 4,034 4,118

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,233 38,370 38,636 37,712 37,754 37,732 37,895 38,139 38,120

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,241 114,506 114,603 113,241 114,173 114,289 114,401 114,506 114,603

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,663 81,751 81,640 81,000 81,835 81,988 81,967 81,817 81,983

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2 71.4 71.2 71.5 71.7 71.7 71.6 71.5 71.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,827 78,405 77,984 77,213 78,142 78,191 78,232 78,330 78,379

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.8 68.5 68.0 68.2 68.4 68.4 68.4 68.4 68.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,836 3,347 3,656 3,787 3,693 3,798 3,735 3,486 3,605

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,578 32,755 32,963 32,241 32,338 32,301 32,434 32,690 32,620

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,265 131,542 131,643 130,265 131,198 131,317 131,432 131,542 131,643

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,807 74,823 74,505 73,998 74,605 74,788 74,648 74,597 74,661

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 56.9 56.6 56.8 56.9 57.0 56.8 56.7 56.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,544 71,622 71,430 70,381 70,986 71,191 71,185 71,222 71,250

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 54.4 54.3 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.2 54.1 54.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,262 3,201 3,075 3,618 3,619 3,597 3,463 3,375 3,411

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,458 56,719 57,138 56,266 56,593 56,529 56,783 56,945 56,982

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,071 123,285 123,383 122,071 122,949 123,066 123,179 123,285 123,383

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,055 72,109 71,794 71,109 71,674 71,856 71,784 71,737 71,831

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.2 58.5 58.2 58.3 58.3 58.4 58.3 58.2 58.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,131 69,203 68,984 67,920 68,452 68,702 68,698 68,712 68,760

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 56.1 55.9 55.6 55.7 55.8 55.8 55.7 55.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,924 2,906 2,810 3,189 3,223 3,154 3,085 3,025 3,071

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,016 51,176 51,589 50,962 51,275 51,210 51,395 51,548 51,552

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,624 16,749 16,756 16,624 16,732 16,737 16,741 16,749 16,756

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,527 5,591 5,534 5,848 5,999 5,987 5,892 5,903 5,826

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 33.4 33.0 35.2 35.9 35.8 35.2 35.2 34.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,745 4,778 4,831 4,898 5,062 5,034 4,972 5,006 4,972

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.5 28.5 28.8 29.5 30.3 30.1 29.7 29.9 29.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 814 704 951 937 953 920 897 854

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.2 14.6 12.7 16.3 15.6 15.9 15.6 15.2 14.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,096 11,158 11,221 10,775 10,733 10,750 10,849 10,846 10,930

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,471 198,745 198,845 197,471 198,380 198,509 198,633 198,745 198,845

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,401 124,549 124,081 123,941 124,736 124,826 124,700 124,578 124,616

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5 62.7 62.4 62.8 62.9 62.9 62.8 62.7 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,157 119,680 118,992 118,409 119,269 119,391 119,310 119,370 119,263

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8 60.2 59.8 60.0 60.1 60.1 60.1 60.1 60.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,244 4,869 5,090 5,532 5,466 5,435 5,391 5,208 5,354

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.9 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,070 74,197 74,764 73,530 73,644 73,683 73,932 74,168 74,229

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,506 65,096 64,895 64,755 65,207 65,283 65,259 65,124 65,146

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.5 71.7 71.4 71.8 71.9 72.0 71.9 71.7 71.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,788 62,716 62,194 62,056 62,536 62,589 62,592 62,608 62,476

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.5 69.0 68.4 68.8 69.0 69.0 68.9 68.9 68.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,718 2,380 2,700 2,698 2,671 2,693 2,668 2,516 2,669

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,560 55,065 54,856 54,567 54,863 54,871 54,852 54,808 54,872

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 57.6 57.4 57.5 57.5 57.5 57.4 57.4 57.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,596 53,168 52,966 52,435 52,720 52,799 52,774 52,783 52,813

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.4 55.6 55.4 55.2 55.3 55.3 55.3 55.2 55.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,964 1,897 1,890 2,132 2,143 2,072 2,078 2,026 2,059

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,335 4,388 4,330 4,620 4,665 4,672 4,589 4,645 4,599

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.2 35.5 35.1 37.5 37.8 37.8 37.2 37.6 37.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,773 3,796 3,832 3,917 4,013 4,002 3,944 3,979 3,974

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.6 30.7 31.0 31.8 32.5 32.4 31.9 32.2 32.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 593 499 702 652 670 645 666 625

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 13.5 11.5 15.2 14.0 14.3 14.1 14.3 13.6

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,594 32,068 32,105 31,594 31,945 31,987 32,028 32,068 32,105

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,359 19,916 19,779 19,444 19,767 19,826 19,801 19,856 19,844

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 62.1 61.6 61.5 61.9 62.0 61.8 61.9 61.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,795 18,361 18,307 17,802 18,170 18,181 18,104 18,262 18,292

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 57.3 57.0 56.3 56.9 56.8 56.5 56.9 57.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,565 1,555 1,472 1,641 1,597 1,646 1,696 1,594 1,552

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 7.8 7.4 8.4 8.1 8.3 8.6 8.0 7.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,235 12,152 12,327 12,150 12,178 12,161 12,228 12,212 12,261

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,759 9,009 9,023 8,791 8,950 9,000 9,011 9,018 9,056

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 67.4 67.4 66.9 67.3 67.5 67.5 67.5 67.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,994 8,355 8,337 8,027 8,269 8,264 8,223 8,328 8,366

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.9 62.5 62.3 61.1 62.2 62.0 61.6 62.3 62.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 655 686 764 680 736 789 691 690

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 7.3 7.6 8.7 7.6 8.2 8.8 7.7 7.6

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,890 10,226 10,088 9,911 10,025 10,074 10,079 10,135 10,094

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 63.2 62.2 62.1 62.2 62.4 62.3 62.6 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,240 9,496 9,459 9,206 9,316 9,370 9,367 9,418 9,410

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.9 58.7 58.4 57.7 57.8 58.0 57.9 58.2 58.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 730 629 705 709 703 712 716 683

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 7.1 6.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.1 6.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710 681 668 742 792 752 710 703 694

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.5 27.0 26.5 29.8 31.5 29.9 28.2 27.9 27.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 510 511 569 585 546 515 516 515

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.5 20.3 20.3 22.9 23.3 21.7 20.5 20.5 20.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 171 157 173 207 206 196 187 178

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 25.0 23.5 23.3 26.2 27.4 27.5 26.6 25.7

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,553 15,323 15,433 14,553 15,304 15,310 15,344 15,323 15,433

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,185 9,584 9,681 9,183 9,702 9,760 9,797 9,634 9,678

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1 62.5 62.7 63.1 63.4 63.7 63.8 62.9 62.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,821 9,292 9,428 8,816 9,293 9,381 9,462 9,342 9,423

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.6 60.6 61.1 60.6 60.7 61.3 61.7 61.0 61.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 292 253 367 409 379 334 292 256

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 3.0 2.6 4.0 4.2 3.9 3.4 3.0 2.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,367 5,739 5,752 5,370 5,603 5,550 5,547 5,690 5,755

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 40,090 41,102 41,190 40,090 40,825 40,919 41,011 41,102 41,190

Civilian labor force................................ 26,210 27,066 27,032 26,258 26,988 27,063 26,931 26,990 27,079

Participation rate............................... 65.4 65.8 65.6 65.5 66.1 66.1 65.7 65.7 65.7

Employed....................................... 24,591 25,540 25,450 24,626 25,460 25,331 25,389 25,448 25,486

Employment-population ratio............... 61.3 62.1 61.8 61.4 62.4 61.9 61.9 61.9 61.9

Unemployed.................................... 1,619 1,526 1,582 1,631 1,528 1,732 1,542 1,541 1,594

Unemployment rate......................... 6.2 5.6 5.9 6.2 5.7 6.4 5.7 5.7 5.9

Not in labor force................................. 13,881 14,037 14,158 13,833 13,838 13,856 14,080 14,113 14,111

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 14,475 14,932 14,832 14,464 14,895 14,833 14,861 14,881 14,821

Participation rate............................... 80.1 80.6 79.9 80.0 80.9 80.4 80.4 80.3 79.8

Employed....................................... 13,639 14,162 14,059 13,681 14,176 14,035 14,118 14,113 14,102

Employment-population ratio............... 75.4 76.4 75.7 75.7 77.0 76.1 76.4 76.2 75.9

Unemployed.................................... 835 770 773 783 719 798 743 768 720

Unemployment rate......................... 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.4 4.8 5.4 5.0 5.2 4.9

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 10,608 11,035 11,062 10,630 10,957 11,001 10,912 10,971 11,083

Participation rate............................... 58.0 58.8 58.8 58.2 58.8 58.9 58.3 58.5 58.9

Employed....................................... 9,979 10,476 10,435 9,969 10,322 10,296 10,314 10,411 10,424

Employment-population ratio............... 54.6 55.8 55.5 54.5 55.4 55.1 55.1 55.5 55.4

Unemployed.................................... 629 559 627 661 635 705 598 560 659

Unemployment rate......................... 5.9 5.1 5.7 6.2 5.8 6.4 5.5 5.1 5.9

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,127 1,099 1,138 1,164 1,136 1,229 1,158 1,138 1,175

Participation rate............................... 30.2 28.8 29.8 31.2 30.0 32.4 30.5 29.9 30.8

Employed....................................... 972 902 956 976 962 1,000 958 924 960

Employment-population ratio............... 26.1 23.7 25.1 26.2 25.4 26.3 25.2 24.3 25.2

Unemployed.................................... 154 196 182 188 174 229 200 214 215

Unemployment rate......................... 13.7 17.9 16.0 16.1 15.3 18.6 17.3 18.8 18.3

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 10,810 10,678 10,461 10,854 10,789 10,803 10,657 10,587 10,483

Participation rate.................................. 45.3 45.5 44.9 45.4 46.4 45.6 45.3 45.1 45.0

Employed.......................................... 10,067 9,858 9,621 10,128 10,006 9,881 9,872 9,753 9,660

Employment-population ratio................. 42.2 42.0 41.3 42.4 43.0 41.7 42.0 41.5 41.4

Unemployed....................................... 742 820 840 726 783 922 784 834 823

Unemployment rate............................ 6.9 7.7 8.0 6.7 7.3 8.5 7.4 7.9 7.9

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 34,720 35,873 35,535 34,819 35,796 35,720 35,871 35,833 35,661

Participation rate.................................. 56.9 57.8 57.5 57.1 57.1 57.4 57.8 57.7 57.7

Employed.......................................... 32,765 34,175 33,710 32,890 33,984 33,877 33,912 34,068 33,860

Employment-population ratio................. 53.7 55.1 54.6 53.9 54.2 54.4 54.6 54.9 54.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,955 1,698 1,825 1,928 1,812 1,843 1,959 1,765 1,801

Unemployment rate............................ 5.6 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.1 5.2 5.5 4.9 5.1

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,679 38,110 38,188 37,799 37,612 37,963 38,119 38,189 38,244

Participation rate.................................. 66.2 66.3 66.0 66.4 66.6 67.2 66.4 66.4 66.1

Employed.......................................... 36,179 36,684 36,795 36,220 36,023 36,378 36,666 36,702 36,773

Employment-population ratio................. 63.6 63.8 63.6 63.6 63.8 64.4 63.9 63.8 63.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,500 1,426 1,394 1,579 1,589 1,584 1,453 1,486 1,472

Unemployment rate............................ 4.0 3.7 3.6 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 53,202 54,054 54,095 53,164 54,053 54,310 54,064 53,899 54,032

Participation rate.................................. 74.2 73.9 73.6 74.1 74.1 74.2 74.1 73.7 73.6

Employed.......................................... 51,970 52,867 52,843 51,854 52,600 52,942 52,683 52,656 52,699

Employment-population ratio................. 72.5 72.3 71.9 72.3 72.1 72.3 72.2 72.0 71.7

Unemployed....................................... 1,231 1,187 1,252 1,310 1,453 1,367 1,380 1,243 1,333

Unemployment rate............................ 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.5

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,059 20,757 19,053 18,735 2,006 2,022

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,745 10,434 9,507 9,210 1,237 1,224

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.0 50.3 49.9 49.2 61.7 60.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,231 10,009 9,030 8,822 1,201 1,187

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.6 48.2 47.4 47.1 59.9 58.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 424 478 388 36 36

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.1 5.0 4.2 2.9 3.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,314 10,323 9,546 9,525 769 798

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,677 4,038 3,017 3,334 660 704

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,041 3,341 2,556 2,836 485 505

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.7 82.7 84.7 85.1 73.4 71.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,868 3,152 2,406 2,669 462 483

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.0 78.1 79.8 80.0 70.0 68.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 189 150 167 22 22

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.9 4.6 4.3

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 697 460 498 175 199

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,458 3,309 2,938 2,799 520 510

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,725 2,613 2,363 2,252 362 361

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.8 79.0 80.4 80.5 69.7 70.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,590 2,540 2,228 2,182 362 358

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.9 76.8 75.8 78.0 69.7 70.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 74 135 70 0 4

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 2.8 5.7 3.1 0.0 1.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 695 575 547 158 149

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,705 8,308 8,394 8,010 311 298

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,255 1,875 2,174 1,812 80 62

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.9 22.6 25.9 22.6 25.8 20.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,179 1,796 2,107 1,740 72 56

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.0 21.6 25.1 21.7 23.1 18.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 79 67 73 9 6

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 4.2 3.1 4.0 10.7 –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,450 6,433 6,220 6,198 231 236

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,219 5,102 4,704 4,592 515 510

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,724 2,605 2,414 2,310 310 295

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 51.1 51.3 50.3 60.2 57.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,594 2,522 2,288 2,232 305 290

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.4 48.6 48.6 59.2 56.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 83 125 78 5 5

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 3.2 5.2 3.4 1.6 1.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,495 2,497 2,290 2,282 205 215

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,985 224,879 98,160 99,823 123,825 125,055

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,625 146,581 72,999 74,321 71,626 72,260

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 65.2 74.4 74.5 57.8 57.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,878 140,128 69,367 70,793 68,510 69,335

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.1 62.3 70.7 70.9 55.3 55.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,748 6,454 3,632 3,528 3,116 2,925

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.4 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,360 78,297 25,161 25,502 52,199 52,795

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,447 30,131 222,489 224,611

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 5,660 6,054 151,585 152,914

Participation rate..................................................................... 19.2 20.1 68.1 68.1

Employed............................................................................. 5,076 5,509 144,627 146,289

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 17.2 18.3 65.0 65.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 584 545 6,958 6,625

Unemployment rate............................................................... 10.3 9.0 4.6 4.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,787 24,077 70,904 71,697

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,447 2,650 76,148 76,792

Participation rate..................................................................... 32.4 34.6 81.9 82.0

Employed............................................................................. 2,136 2,379 72,342 73,182

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 28.3 31.1 77.8 78.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 312 271 3,806 3,610

Unemployment rate............................................................... 12.7 10.2 5.0 4.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,110 5,001 16,858 16,836

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,237 2,347 67,563 67,993

Participation rate..................................................................... 27.9 28.9 70.3 70.4

Employed............................................................................. 2,005 2,152 64,668 65,264

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 25.0 26.5 67.3 67.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 232 195 2,895 2,729

Unemployment rate............................................................... 10.4 8.3 4.3 4.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,781 5,763 28,523 28,522

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 976 1,057 7,874 8,128

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.0 7.4 23.6 23.6

Employed............................................................................. 936 978 7,616 7,842

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 6.7 6.8 22.8 22.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 40 79 257 286

Unemployment rate............................................................... 4.1 7.4 3.3 3.5

Not in labor force....................................................................... 12,897 13,312 25,523 26,340

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 40,737 41,623 19,959 20,196 20,778 21,427

Civilian labor force.................................................. 26,681 27,062 15,540 15,560 11,141 11,501

Participation rate.................................................. 65.5 65.0 77.9 77.0 53.6 53.7

Employed.......................................................... 25,426 25,881 14,859 14,945 10,567 10,935

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.4 62.2 74.5 74.0 50.9 51.0

Unemployed....................................................... 1,255 1,181 681 615 574 566

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.0 5.2 4.9

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,056 14,561 4,419 4,636 9,638 9,925

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 211,199 213,119 101,713 102,903 109,486 110,217

Civilian labor force.................................................. 130,564 131,906 67,898 68,903 62,666 63,004

Participation rate.................................................. 61.8 61.9 66.8 67.0 57.2 57.2

Employed.......................................................... 124,277 125,917 64,299 65,423 59,978 60,495

Employment-population ratio................................. 58.8 59.1 63.2 63.6 54.8 54.9

Unemployed....................................................... 6,287 5,989 3,599 3,480 2,688 2,509

Unemployment rate............................................ 4.8 4.5 5.3 5.1 4.3 4.0

Not in labor force.................................................... 80,635 81,213 33,814 34,000 46,820 47,213

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,273 2,366 2,180 2,455 2,505 2,429 2,317 2,431 2,356

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,482 1,535 1,366 1,594 1,597 1,522 1,493 1,559 1,470

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 760 796 797 819 874 890 817 833 857

Unpaid family workers........................... 32 34 18 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 147,430 150,020 149,617 147,635 149,170 149,526 149,604 149,752 149,811

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 138,989 141,210 140,753 139,025 140,431 140,739 140,806 140,968 140,773

Government..................................... 20,905 21,114 21,029 20,755 20,701 20,809 20,698 20,938 20,865

Private industries............................... 118,083 120,096 119,724 118,278 119,682 119,990 120,073 120,016 119,916

Private households.......................... 735 717 680 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 117,348 119,380 119,044 117,511 118,932 119,241 119,325 119,290 119,206

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,386 8,757 8,800 8,576 8,631 8,599 8,731 8,716 8,991

Unpaid family workers........................... 55 53 64 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 6,179 5,518 5,707 6,057 6,027 5,874 5,850 5,659 5,598

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,678 3,391 3,478 3,589 3,736 3,587 3,481 3,485 3,401

Could only find part-time work.................. 2,129 1,853 1,828 2,175 1,907 1,972 2,093 1,902 1,873

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,585 22,084 21,711 20,173 20,575 20,742 20,765 21,059 21,251

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 6,046 5,411 5,561 5,948 5,903 5,770 5,748 5,550 5,476

Slack work or business conditions............. 3,594 3,327 3,362 3,531 3,599 3,510 3,415 3,424 3,310

Could only find part-time work.................. 2,123 1,832 1,824 2,164 1,903 1,959 2,082 1,870 1,862

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,294 21,757 21,335 19,888 20,261 20,409 20,455 20,696 20,818

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,703 152,385 151,798 150,030 151,655 151,926 151,902 152,048 152,111

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,745 4,778 4,831 4,898 5,062 5,034 4,972 5,006 4,972

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,594 1,590 1,661 1,656 1,814 1,832 1,665 1,682 1,723

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,151 3,187 3,170 3,245 3,243 3,186 3,283 3,318 3,253

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,958 147,608 146,967 145,132 146,593 146,892 146,930 147,042 147,139

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,975 14,024 13,999 14,044 14,138 14,004 13,889 14,000 14,071

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130,983 133,584 132,968 131,093 132,473 132,845 133,100 133,166 133,065

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,968 98,751 98,417 97,054 97,912 98,205 98,442 98,453 98,495

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,987 34,056 34,219 32,951 33,944 33,979 33,934 33,952 34,185

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,430 31,870 31,564 31,479 31,410 31,567 31,604 31,741 31,611

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,551 32,824 32,634 32,625 32,558 32,659 32,904 32,760 32,698

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,014 34,833 34,551 34,039 34,560 34,641 34,658 34,713 34,570

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,158 80,763 80,368 79,650 80,669 80,735 80,717 80,826 80,861

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,332 2,359 2,384 2,437 2,527 2,545 2,485 2,495 2,482

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 716 753 790 882 840 754 769 786

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,570 1,642 1,631 1,647 1,642 1,714 1,725 1,728 1,699

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,827 78,405 77,984 77,213 78,142 78,191 78,232 78,330 78,379

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,090 7,171 7,152 7,181 7,223 7,188 7,122 7,206 7,246

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,737 71,233 70,832 70,011 70,907 70,969 71,128 71,186 71,114

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,774 52,760 52,529 51,977 52,426 52,515 52,627 52,700 52,737

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,777 18,254 18,328 17,819 18,240 18,237 18,223 18,228 18,374

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,882 17,187 16,988 16,950 17,004 16,979 17,038 17,137 17,054

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,115 17,319 17,213 17,208 17,182 17,299 17,365 17,334 17,309

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,963 18,473 18,303 18,033 18,481 18,454 18,502 18,486 18,377

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,544 71,622 71,430 70,381 70,986 71,191 71,185 71,222 71,250

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,413 2,419 2,446 2,461 2,535 2,489 2,487 2,510 2,490

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 874 908 866 932 992 911 914 938

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,580 1,545 1,538 1,597 1,601 1,472 1,558 1,590 1,554

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,131 69,203 68,984 67,920 68,452 68,702 68,698 68,712 68,760

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,885 6,852 6,847 6,862 6,915 6,816 6,767 6,794 6,825

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,246 62,351 62,136 61,082 61,565 61,877 61,972 61,981 61,951

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,194 45,990 45,889 45,077 45,486 45,690 45,815 45,753 45,758

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,210 15,802 15,891 15,131 15,704 15,743 15,710 15,724 15,812

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,548 14,683 14,577 14,529 14,406 14,588 14,566 14,603 14,557

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,437 15,505 15,421 15,417 15,376 15,359 15,539 15,426 15,389

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,051 16,361 16,248 16,005 16,079 16,187 16,157 16,227 16,193

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,162 45,294 45,254 45,166 45,441 45,647 45,331 45,268 45,252

Married women, spouse present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,318 35,653 35,712 35,080 35,354 35,495 35,404 35,342 35,478

Women who maintain families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,853 9,935 9,998 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,013 123,960 123,570 122,700 124,256 124,253 124,190 124,213 124,248

Part-time workers2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,689 28,425 28,228 27,370 27,222 27,684 27,770 27,854 27,895

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,855 8,107 7,675 7,743 7,573 7,845 7,758 7,812 7,554

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,842 5,898 5,835 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,146 9,553 9,596 9,395 9,504 9,488 9,549 9,549 9,848

1 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

2 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 7,927 7,409 7,529 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 951 897 854 16.3 15.6 15.9 15.6 15.2 14.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 352 372 368 17.5 16.8 17.4 19.8 18.1 17.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 596 551 490 15.5 15.1 15.3 13.5 14.2 13.1

20 years and over................................ 6,977 6,511 6,675 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,451 1,232 1,255 9.4 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.1 8.2

25 years and over.............................. 5,517 5,333 5,412 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9

25 to 54 years............................... 4,400 4,053 4,130 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.0

25 to 34 years............................. 1,857 1,717 1,699 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.8 4.7

35 to 44 years............................. 1,307 1,164 1,305 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.5 4.0

45 to 54 years............................. 1,235 1,172 1,127 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.3

55 years and over........................... 1,127 1,273 1,287 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6

Men, 16 years and over............................ 4,310 4,034 4,118 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.8

16 to 19 years..................................... 522 548 513 17.6 17.6 16.7 17.9 18.0 17.1

16 to 17 years.................................. 201 234 210 20.3 18.3 19.1 22.0 23.3 21.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 309 332 296 15.8 17.4 15.6 16.2 16.1 14.8

20 years and over................................ 3,787 3,486 3,605 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 805 724 737 10.1 9.3 9.2 9.7 9.1 9.2

25 years and over.............................. 2,988 2,810 2,873 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.9

25 to 54 years............................... 2,333 2,129 2,166 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.9

25 to 34 years............................. 1,044 927 914 5.5 5.0 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7

35 to 44 years............................. 670 616 680 3.8 3.8 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.8

45 to 54 years............................. 619 585 572 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.3 3.2

55 years and over........................... 655 681 707 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.7

Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,618 3,375 3,411 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 428 350 340 14.8 13.5 15.1 13.2 12.2 12.0

16 to 17 years.................................. 151 138 158 14.8 15.3 15.8 18.0 13.1 14.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 287 218 194 15.2 12.6 14.9 10.2 12.1 11.1

20 years and over................................ 3,189 3,025 3,071 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.3

20 to 24 years.................................. 645 508 517 8.6 6.8 7.0 6.9 7.0 7.0

25 years and over.............................. 2,529 2,523 2,539 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9

25 to 54 years............................... 2,067 1,924 1,964 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.1

25 to 34 years............................. 813 790 784 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.7

35 to 44 years............................. 638 548 624 4.2 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.6 4.1

45 to 54 years............................. 616 586 555 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.7 3.5

55 years and over........................... 496 577 596 3.0 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.6

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present...................... 1,254 1,264 1,275 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7

Married women, spouse present.................. 1,099 988 1,070 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.7 2.9

Women who maintain families1

.................... 607 657 621 5.8 7.9 6.4 6.1 6.2 5.8

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers2................................... 6,596 6,159 6,094 5.1 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.7

Part-time workers3.................................. 1,328 1,305 1,435 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.5 4.9

1 Not seasonally adjusted.

2 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

3 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,820 3,271 3,668 3,799 3,777 3,930 3,749 3,542 3,639

On temporary layoff.............................. 1,000 723 1,117 925 1,002 1,068 994 896 1,033

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,820 2,548 2,550 2,875 2,775 2,862 2,755 2,646 2,606

Permanent job losers.......................... 2,006 1,838 1,863 2,046 1,989 1,963 1,906 1,903 1,902

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 814 710 687 828 786 899 848 743 704

Job leavers........................................... 762 936 842 817 893 900 945 934 905

Reentrants............................................ 2,239 2,188 2,003 2,486 2,284 2,327 2,339 2,266 2,219

New entrants......................................... 721 671 657 860 853 802 791 728 783

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 50.6 46.3 51.2 47.7 48.4 49.4 47.9 47.4 48.2

On temporary layoff.............................. 13.3 10.2 15.6 11.6 12.8 13.4 12.7 12.0 13.7

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 37.4 36.1 35.6 36.1 35.5 36.0 35.2 35.4 34.5

Job leavers........................................... 10.1 13.3 11.7 10.3 11.4 11.3 12.1 12.5 12.0

Reentrants............................................ 29.7 31.0 27.9 31.2 29.3 29.2 29.9 30.3 29.4

New entrants......................................... 9.6 9.5 9.2 10.8 10.9 10.1 10.1 9.7 10.4

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.3

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Reentrants............................................ 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4

New entrants......................................... 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,280 2,201 2,251 2,413 2,318 2,584 2,393 2,415 2,379

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 2,031 2,006 1,974 2,211 2,308 2,220 2,273 2,133 2,156

15 weeks and over.................................. 3,231 2,859 2,945 3,327 3,077 3,127 3,130 2,929 3,030

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 1,206 1,060 1,176 1,233 1,080 1,164 1,167 1,073 1,199

27 weeks and over............................... 2,025 1,799 1,769 2,094 1,997 1,963 1,964 1,856 1,831

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 27.6 27.1 25.8 27.8 27.4 27.3 27.0 26.2 26.0

Median duration, in weeks......................... 10.9 10.5 10.5 10.7 10.9 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 30.2 31.1 31.4 30.4 30.1 32.6 30.7 32.3 31.4

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 26.9 28.4 27.5 27.8 30.0 28.0 29.2 28.5 28.5

15 weeks and over.................................. 42.8 40.5 41.1 41.8 39.9 39.4 40.1 39.2 40.0

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 16.0 15.0 16.4 15.5 14.0 14.7 15.0 14.4 15.8

27 weeks and over............................... 26.9 25.5 24.7 26.3 25.9 24.7 25.2 24.8 24.2

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Total, 16 years and over1............................................. 149,703 151,798 7,542 7,170 4.8 4.5

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 59,030 60,069 1,208 1,361 2.0 2.2

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 24,544 25,216 474 609 1.9 2.4

Professional and related occupations.......................... 34,486 34,853 734 752 2.1 2.1

Service occupations................................................ 25,729 26,459 1,858 1,493 6.7 5.3

Sales and office occupations...................................... 33,776 33,976 1,500 1,482 4.3 4.2

Sales and related occupations.................................. 15,671 16,019 787 768 4.8 4.6

Office and administrative support occupations............... 18,105 17,958 713 714 3.8 3.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,610 13,653 1,163 1,064 7.9 7.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,000 926 172 170 14.7 15.5

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 7,602 7,790 807 724 9.6 8.5

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 5,008 4,938 183 170 3.5 3.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 17,557 17,641 1,071 1,097 5.8 5.9

Production occupations.......................................... 8,243 8,315 458 487 5.3 5.5

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 9,314 9,326 614 610 6.2 6.1

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Total, 16 years and over1................................................................ 7,542 7,170 4.8 4.5

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 5,848 5,581 4.7 4.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 104 27 11.2 3.7

Construction.......................................................................... 645 670 7.5 7.4

Manufacturing........................................................................ 616 630 4.0 4.0

Durable goods..................................................................... 364 366 3.8 3.7

Nondurable goods................................................................ 253 264 4.3 4.5

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 1,005 955 4.9 4.6

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 264 241 4.0 3.6

Information............................................................................ 81 87 2.9 3.1

Financial activities................................................................... 260 251 2.6 2.6

Professional and business services............................................... 838 879 5.2 5.3

Education and health services..................................................... 725 667 3.1 2.9

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 1,018 899 7.4 6.4

Other services........................................................................ 293 276 4.5 4.2

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 190 166 11.7 11.2

Government workers................................................................... 445 401 2.1 1.9

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 338 365 3.5 3.6

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Aug.

2016

Sept.

2016

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016

Dec.

2016

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 2.1 1.8 1.9 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.9

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.3

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 4.8 4.4 4.5 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.7

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 5.2 4.8 4.8 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.0

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 5.9 5.6 5.5 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 9.8 9.0 9.1 9.9 9.7 9.7 9.5 9.3 9.2

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

Dec.

2015

Dec.

2016

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 94,691 95,774 38,233 38,636 56,458 57,138

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,705 5,449 2,639 2,631 3,066 2,819

Marginally attached to the labor force1........................ 1,833 1,684 929 963 904 721

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 663 426 396 295 267 131

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,170 1,258 533 668 638 590

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,855 7,675 3,840 3,630 4,016 4,045

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.5 5.7 5.7

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,315 4,204 2,345 2,235 1,970 1,969

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 2,067 2,078 696 682 1,371 1,396

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 230 282 133 162 98 120

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,194 1,050 647 521 546 529

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Change

from:

Nov.2016 -

Dec.2016p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,116 145,894 146,418 146,148 143,146 144,943 145,147 145,303 156

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,710 123,325 123,720 123,583 121,106 122,738 122,936 123,080 144

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,595 19,865 19,771 19,567 19,678 19,630 19,643 19,655 12

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 691 693 686 761 680 683 681 -2

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1 51.0 50.5 48.6 50.8 49.3 49.2 49.3 0.1

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714.0 639.6 642.0 637.8 710.3 630.8 633.9 631.6 -2.3

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.3 172.2 174.3 173.3 182.9 172.3 173.7 172.4 -1.3

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.6 184.4 184.9 180.6 191.3 181.7 183.1 182.7 -0.4

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.7 53.5 54.5 54.5 60.6 53.4 54.0 53.8 -0.2

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.8 38.5 38.6 38.9 39.8 38.8 38.7 38.7 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.1 92.4 91.8 87.2 91.0 89.5 90.4 90.3 -0.1

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341.1 283.0 282.8 283.9 336.1 276.8 277.1 276.5 -0.6

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,507 6,891 6,815 6,604 6,597 6,685 6,702 6,699 -3

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,433.8 1,503.9 1,492.7 1,467.8 1,438.8 1,469.4 1,472.8 1,469.6 -3.2

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706.0 756.6 753.7 741.1 707.6 736.9 740.4 738.5 -1.9

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727.8 747.3 739.0 726.7 731.2 732.5 732.4 731.1 -1.3

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 908.4 999.7 962.8 881.0 943.7 936.2 932.1 923.2 -8.9

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,164.4 4,387.3 4,359.6 4,255.3 4,214.0 4,279.0 4,297.3 4,305.8 8.5

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 1,812.7 1,930.7 1,925.7 1,887.0 1,843.0 1,887.5 1,902.9 1,914.6 11.7

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,351.7 2,456.6 2,433.9 2,368.3 2,371.0 2,391.5 2,394.4 2,391.2 -3.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,323 12,283 12,263 12,277 12,320 12,265 12,258 12,275 17

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,735 7,668 7,663 7,676 7,731 7,667 7,663 7,678 15

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.2 385.4 386.8 385.6 385.6 383.5 384.6 386.7 2.1

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.4 410.0 407.7 402.4 400.7 404.0 404.4 406.8 2.4

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.8 373.6 372.1 375.9 383.9 373.9 372.6 374.8 2.2

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,442.7 1,421.8 1,417.0 1,422.7 1,440.0 1,422.2 1,418.8 1,424.6 5.8

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,103.5 1,074.0 1,070.8 1,073.8 1,102.3 1,075.3 1,072.2 1,072.5 0.3

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,041.4 1,030.6 1,031.6 1,032.5 1,042.3 1,032.9 1,033.3 1,032.4 -0.9

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 156.2 161.3 161.3 161.0 157.2 162.5 162.5 162.5 0.0

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.1 83.7 83.9 82.9 85.8 83.8 83.7 83.0 -0.7

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.5 356.0 356.2 357.8 365.5 356.9 356.7 357.0 0.3

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398.3 394.5 395.3 396.9 398.8 394.9 395.8 396.1 0.3

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.3 35.1 34.9 33.9 35.0 34.8 34.6 33.7 -0.9

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 384.9 381.9 383.6 383.8 384.3 382.7 383.4 383.4 0.0

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,608.1 1,601.8 1,604.8 1,608.0 1,605.4 1,604.8 1,605.5 1,605.6 0.1

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919.6 926.2 929.8 934.2 918.1 928.8 931.1 934.0 2.9

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.3 388.6 386.9 389.6 387.2 388.5 389.1 391.4 2.3

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600.3 600.2 602.1 601.5 598.8 599.4 599.5 599.5 0.0

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,588 4,615 4,600 4,601 4,589 4,598 4,595 4,597 2

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511.8 1,549.1 1,538.4 1,538.6 1,512.2 1,535.3 1,535.7 1,535.8 0.1

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 111.7 111.9 110.6 115.2 112.1 111.6 110.9 -0.7

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.3 115.2 115.2 114.3 116.9 114.4 114.0 113.5 -0.5

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.9 131.4 131.5 130.6 136.1 130.6 130.8 130.5 -0.3

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.6 367.6 367.7 368.1 373.1 368.4 367.9 367.0 -0.9

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 451.4 439.1 439.1 439.9 448.5 438.8 437.2 438.3 1.1

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.8 116.9 114.3 114.1 116.7 114.5 114.1 115.2 1.1

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.1 815.8 818.4 822.1 814.5 819.1 819.5 818.6 -0.9

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689.3 686.4 684.7 688.5 690.5 689.7 687.1 689.3 2.2

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.5 281.7 278.5 274.3 265.6 275.4 277.5 278.2 0.7

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,115 103,460 103,949 104,016 101,428 103,108 103,293 103,425 132

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,867 27,462 27,967 28,185 27,114 27,428 27,463 27,487 24

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,907.7 5,952.8 5,963.8 5,958.9 5,901.1 5,945.8 5,950.6 5,952.6 2.0

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,948.3 2,949.8 2,953.0 2,957.5 2,945.6 2,951.1 2,953.4 2,955.0 1.6

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,049.8 2,087.7 2,088.4 2,078.5 2,050.3 2,079.9 2,077.6 2,077.1 -0.5

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Change

from:

Nov.2016 -

Dec.2016p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909.6 915.3 922.4 922.9 905.2 914.8 919.6 920.5 0.9

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,303.2 15,995.6 16,411.3 16,519.4 15,760.8 15,991.7 16,011.2 16,017.5 6.3

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,963.8 2,011.9 2,015.4 2,011.5 1,973.9 2,010.1 2,015.1 2,017.8 2.7

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,268.7 1,302.0 1,304.4 1,302.6 1,271.2 1,299.6 1,302.3 1,303.6 1.3

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.1 150.8 148.6 144.9 150.7 151.2 151.7 151.4 -0.3

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 552.0 559.1 562.4 564.0 552.0 559.2 561.1 562.8 1.7

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 490.1 486.9 495.3 501.0 467.4 481.9 480.4 481.6 1.2

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 553.7 516.9 533.7 539.6 524.5 513.2 508.1 510.9 2.8

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,221.0 1,266.3 1,260.6 1,253.4 1,258.4 1,291.2 1,291.9 1,293.4 1.5

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,089.8 3,112.8 3,124.5 3,132.2 3,067.5 3,109.7 3,111.1 3,113.3 2.2

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,051.5 1,051.6 1,069.7 1,071.8 1,033.2 1,051.7 1,055.3 1,056.3 1.0

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912.6 934.6 928.9 927.4 915.4 931.4 928.7 931.4 2.7

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,517.5 1,360.2 1,450.2 1,509.0 1,359.1 1,365.3 1,344.7 1,355.0 10.3

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692.0 619.4 674.7 702.3 628.4 624.6 626.1 631.3 5.2

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,387.1 3,223.6 3,430.1 3,442.4 3,164.4 3,228.9 3,264.0 3,240.1 -23.9

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,466.9 1,315.5 1,436.6 1,475.7 1,313.1 1,327.4 1,335.7 1,329.5 -6.2

Other general merchandise stores. . . . . . . . 1,920.2 1,908.1 1,993.5 1,966.7 1,851.3 1,901.5 1,928.4 1,910.7 -17.7

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863.6 859.7 850.9 843.8 844.3 841.7 836.7 833.5 -3.2

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560.5 551.7 577.3 585.0 524.3 542.0 549.1 552.9 3.8

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,093.4 4,949.6 5,026.7 5,141.9 4,888.8 4,924.8 4,936.2 4,950.9 14.7

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460.9 470.6 469.6 469.5 462.0 471.1 471.2 471.4 0.2

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228.9 216.2 215.9 214.9 229.1 215.9 215.5 215.3 -0.2

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.8 61.7 59.7 59.8 61.5 61.5 60.9 60.9 0.0

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,462.5 1,486.4 1,483.1 1,472.3 1,463.8 1,469.7 1,472.8 1,474.2 1.4

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490.9 481.7 480.1 474.9 473.8 464.9 464.6 459.9 -4.7

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.3 47.6 47.7 47.8 50.2 47.7 47.7 47.7 0.0

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 24.4 30.3 24.6 24.7 29.5 29.7 29.6 30.5 0.9

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 658.1 657.5 656.5 659.0 654.5 653.6 654.1 657.9 3.8

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792.3 610.6 688.2 821.2 623.7 635.8 642.3 654.0 11.7

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864.3 887.0 901.3 897.8 840.7 874.9 877.5 879.1 1.6

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.1 564.4 564.8 565.0 563.7 565.5 565.3 565.5 0.2

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,768 2,776 2,778 2,768 2,763 2,779 2,767 2,761 -6

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 727.0 726.0 727.0 727.9 724.0 724.6 724.9 724.4 -0.5

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.5 425.3 429.0 415.5 406.2 430.4 424.8 417.7 -7.1

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281.3 277.6 274.8 273.4 279.7 276.9 273.9 273.5 -0.4

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807.5 782.5 785.0 783.8 804.0 783.4 782.0 779.9 -2.1

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300.0 300.7 297.9 301.8 298.9 300.1 297.6 299.2 1.6

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250.2 263.5 263.9 266.0 249.7 263.5 263.7 266.1 2.4

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,201 8,335 8,336 8,359 8,190 8,328 8,336 8,349 13

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,101.2 6,180.1 6,191.2 6,211.6 6,084.7 6,179.8 6,182.6 6,195.4 12.8

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 17.9 17.9 17.9 18.2 17.9 17.9 18.0 18.3 0.3

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,579.1 2,611.2 2,618.4 2,632.1 2,572.7 2,614.7 2,618.6 2,625.5 6.9

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,677.8 1,685.8 1,689.6 1,697.2 1,676.2 1,691.2 1,691.9 1,695.5 3.6

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,265.0 1,263.3 1,265.8 1,272.0 1,264.0 1,267.7 1,267.8 1,269.4 1.6

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 602.0 613.9 616.0 620.3 599.1 612.6 614.5 617.4 2.9

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 299.3 311.5 312.8 314.6 297.4 310.9 312.1 312.7 0.6

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 922.9 930.9 930.1 932.6 920.7 928.8 929.7 931.2 1.5

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,581.3 2,620.1 2,624.8 2,628.7 2,573.4 2,618.4 2,616.3 2,620.4 4.1

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,099.5 2,154.5 2,144.6 2,147.4 2,104.8 2,148.4 2,152.9 2,153.3 0.4

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,540.9 1,583.5 1,580.5 1,583.5 1,537.7 1,577.7 1,582.6 1,582.5 -0.1

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.7 547.5 540.6 540.5 543.5 547.4 547.0 547.6 0.6

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 23.9 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.6 23.3 23.3 23.2 -0.1

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Change

from:

Nov.2016 -

Dec.2016p

Private service-providing - Continued

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,079 20,604 20,673 20,624 19,981 20,423 20,488 20,503 15

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 8,787.6 8,990.7 9,034.4 9,070.2 8,756.5 9,013.0 9,030.8 9,037.4 6.6

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130.0 1,128.2 1,127.7 1,131.9 1,124.2 1,126.1 1,125.6 1,127.6 2.0

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,000.8 972.9 1,015.8 1,038.2 1,004.1 1,037.0 1,053.7 1,040.5 -13.2

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,423.3 1,459.5 1,453.1 1,454.1 1,425.3 1,451.2 1,450.1 1,453.8 3.7

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141.9 146.0 144.1 145.6 139.6 144.0 142.8 143.4 0.6

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,953.8 2,033.3 2,038.4 2,031.7 1,950.8 2,022.9 2,026.0 2,030.1 4.1

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,314.4 1,382.3 1,384.2 1,390.9 1,299.7 1,371.0 1,372.5 1,378.0 5.5

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662.2 676.2 682.0 684.0 662.1 678.9 682.3 684.0 1.7

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.5 499.1 495.5 493.8 490.9 495.6 493.3 490.7 -2.6

Other professional and technical services. . . 667.7 693.2 693.6 700.0 659.7 686.2 684.7 689.2 4.5

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,251.1 2,277.6 2,282.1 2,295.4 2,246.8 2,280.3 2,282.6 2,288.3 5.7

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,039.9 9,336.0 9,356.6 9,258.5 8,977.6 9,129.6 9,174.9 9,177.1 2.2

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,639.6 8,923.0 8,942.4 8,844.3 8,573.8 8,717.2 8,760.7 8,761.1 0.4

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 482.0 500.9 503.7 503.9 482.3 500.1 502.3 504.0 1.7

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.5 144.4 144.0 142.7 143.9 143.7 143.8 143.1 -0.7

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,744.3 3,766.9 3,813.8 3,809.5 3,619.5 3,637.9 3,670.3 3,659.2 -11.1

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,057.3 3,077.3 3,113.8 3,106.2 2,944.1 2,958.9 2,982.7 2,967.2 -15.5

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921.9 937.6 947.5 947.3 897.3 924.5 925.5 926.1 0.6

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201.0 204.1 203.3 201.2 202.4 204.3 203.4 201.8 -1.6

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 887.6 906.8 910.3 907.3 882.6 898.0 899.6 900.9 1.3

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 1,948.9 2,130.2 2,094.7 2,010.6 2,029.7 2,081.9 2,088.2 2,098.8 10.6

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310.4 332.1 325.1 321.8 316.0 326.8 327.6 327.2 -0.4

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.3 413.0 414.2 414.2 403.8 412.4 414.2 416.0 1.8

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,559 23,051 23,144 23,105 22,378 22,858 22,901 22,971 70

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,614.2 3,727.1 3,760.0 3,683.5 3,501.8 3,566.2 3,574.1 3,580.4 6.3

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,945.0 19,324.0 19,383.9 19,421.3 18,876.0 19,292.2 19,326.8 19,390.1 63.3

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,354.5 15,676.8 15,720.8 15,761.1 15,302.5 15,650.1 15,681.0 15,724.2 43.2

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,020.4 7,224.4 7,247.5 7,277.4 6,991.9 7,201.4 7,222.3 7,252.0 29.7

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,582.9 2,639.5 2,646.2 2,660.5 2,568.7 2,631.0 2,637.1 2,645.3 8.2

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927.6 947.4 951.2 950.5 926.4 945.4 947.3 949.8 2.5

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 829.7 876.9 880.9 884.8 827.3 874.3 879.7 884.1 4.4

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763.0 793.7 799.8 810.0 760.8 794.4 798.3 805.3 7.0

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 260.8 260.7 259.9 261.0 259.7 260.6 260.3 260.5 0.2

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363.2 1,410.5 1,412.3 1,413.1 1,355.5 1,402.7 1,404.4 1,410.2 5.8

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.2 295.7 297.2 297.5 293.5 292.9 295.2 296.9 1.7

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,009.3 5,121.2 5,137.7 5,143.1 4,998.5 5,117.5 5,127.3 5,138.0 10.7

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,324.8 3,331.2 3,335.6 3,340.6 3,312.1 3,331.2 3,331.4 3,334.2 2.8

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,664.8 1,658.9 1,661.5 1,664.4 1,659.7 1,657.8 1,657.5 1,659.7 2.2

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 609.8 613.0 614.5 615.2 608.8 613.7 613.9 614.1 0.2

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887.1 894.2 894.4 897.2 880.9 895.0 895.4 896.9 1.5

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 163.1 165.1 165.2 163.8 162.7 164.7 164.7 163.5 -1.2

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,590.5 3,647.2 3,663.1 3,660.2 3,573.5 3,642.1 3,645.8 3,665.9 20.1

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,198.6 2,241.9 2,252.8 2,254.5 2,193.2 2,247.4 2,250.6 2,271.7 21.1

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 157.0 159.1 159.3 162.8 155.7 159.6 160.0 161.0 1.0

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 334.7 333.7 332.7 333.1 335.7 334.5 333.3 332.3 -1.0

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900.2 912.5 918.3 909.8 888.9 900.7 902.0 900.8 -1.2

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000 15,520 15,338 15,279 15,342 15,576 15,613 15,637 24

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,029.7 2,188.5 2,091.5 2,048.2 2,195.5 2,233.5 2,245.1 2,235.2 -9.9

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 446.7 470.9 445.6 436.3 464.3 465.6 462.6 462.8 0.2

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.6 159.4 151.6 151.5 152.5 158.4 157.1 158.5 1.4

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,437.4 1,558.2 1,494.3 1,460.4 1,578.7 1,609.5 1,625.4 1,613.9 -11.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,969.8 13,331.7 13,246.7 13,231.0 13,146.4 13,342.4 13,367.5 13,402.0 34.5

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Change

from:

Nov.2016 -

Dec.2016p

Accommodation and food services -

Continued

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,859.2 1,912.2 1,869.8 1,866.9 1,926.4 1,926.2 1,930.5 1,935.4 4.9

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,110.6 11,419.5 11,376.9 11,364.1 11,220.0 11,416.2 11,437.0 11,466.6 29.6

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,641 5,712 5,713 5,696 5,660 5,716 5,725 5,717 -8

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,283.3 1,285.0 1,281.6 1,271.3 1,290.9 1,284.4 1,284.9 1,281.1 -3.8

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,417.4 1,446.7 1,445.7 1,452.5 1,417.2 1,446.6 1,447.9 1,451.6 3.7

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,940.6 2,980.0 2,985.3 2,972.0 2,952.3 2,984.7 2,991.9 2,984.2 -7.7

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,406 22,569 22,698 22,565 22,040 22,205 22,211 22,223 12

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,785.0 2,793.0 2,794.0 2,824.0 2,768.0 2,801.0 2,799.0 2,804.0 5.0

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,163.2 2,183.6 2,182.0 2,186.4 2,164.3 2,186.0 2,185.4 2,185.0 -0.4

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621.6 609.7 611.8 637.3 603.6 614.5 613.4 619.4 6.0

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,231.0 5,273.0 5,293.0 5,223.0 5,108.0 5,113.0 5,114.0 5,110.0 -4.0

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,568.6 2,607.5 2,627.8 2,566.7 2,435.2 2,442.2 2,441.6 2,448.2 6.6

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,662.6 2,665.0 2,664.7 2,655.9 2,672.5 2,670.5 2,672.1 2,662.2 -9.9

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,390.0 14,503.0 14,611.0 14,518.0 14,164.0 14,291.0 14,298.0 14,309.0 11.0

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,123.6 8,111.0 8,193.0 8,166.8 7,813.5 7,861.9 7,855.4 7,862.3 6.9

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,265.9 6,392.3 6,417.7 6,351.6 6,350.3 6,429.0 6,442.8 6,447.1 4.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.5 34.4 34.3 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.4 40.4 40.2 40.1

Mining and logging................................................................ 44.0 44.3 43.4 43.8

Construction....................................................................... 39.6 39.2 39.1 38.7

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.6 40.8 40.6 40.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.0 41.3 41.1 41.1

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.8 40.0 39.7 39.8

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.4 33.2 33.2 33.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.6 34.2 34.2 34.1

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.9 38.9 38.9 38.9

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.3 30.8 30.8 30.7

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 39.1 38.6 38.7 38.6

Utilities........................................................................... 42.4 43.1 42.0 42.6

Information......................................................................... 36.0 36.0 35.8 36.0

Financial activities................................................................ 37.7 37.3 37.5 37.6

Professional and business services............................................ 36.2 36.1 36.0 36.1

Education and health services.................................................. 32.9 32.9 32.9 33.0

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.2 26.1 26.2 25.9

Other services..................................................................... 31.9 31.9 31.8 31.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Total private............................................... $25.26 $25.92 $25.90 $26.00 $871.47 $891.65 $888.37 $891.80

Goods-producing....................................... 26.44 27.25 27.14 27.26 1,068.18 1,100.90 1,091.03 1,093.13

Mining and logging.................................. 31.30 32.21 31.90 32.15 1,377.20 1,426.90 1,384.46 1,408.17

Construction.......................................... 27.60 28.38 28.31 28.42 1,092.96 1,112.50 1,106.92 1,099.85

Manufacturing........................................ 25.51 26.36 26.24 26.37 1,035.71 1,075.49 1,065.34 1,073.26

Durable goods.................................... 26.83 27.64 27.49 27.63 1,100.03 1,141.53 1,129.84 1,135.59

Nondurable goods................................ 23.21 24.16 24.08 24.18 923.76 966.40 955.98 962.36

Private service-providing.............................. 24.99 25.62 25.61 25.71 834.67 850.58 850.25 853.57

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 22.03 22.55 22.58 22.69 762.24 771.21 772.24 773.73

Wholesale trade.................................. 28.80 29.77 29.79 29.87 1,120.32 1,158.05 1,158.83 1,161.94

Retail trade........................................ 17.73 17.98 18.07 18.18 554.95 553.78 556.56 558.13

Transportation and warehousing............... 23.06 23.52 23.54 23.60 901.65 907.87 911.00 910.96

Utilities............................................. 37.66 38.94 38.30 38.61 1,596.78 1,678.31 1,608.60 1,644.79

Information........................................... 35.90 37.38 37.33 37.49 1,292.40 1,345.68 1,336.41 1,349.64

Financial activities................................... 31.87 32.57 32.64 32.62 1,201.50 1,214.86 1,224.00 1,226.51

Professional and business services.............. 30.26 31.11 31.11 31.17 1,095.41 1,123.07 1,119.96 1,125.24

Education and health services..................... 25.51 25.92 25.86 25.96 839.28 852.77 850.79 856.68

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.49 15.07 15.07 15.13 379.64 393.33 394.83 391.87

Other services....................................... 22.70 23.16 23.14 23.20 724.13 738.80 735.85 737.76

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2016 -

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2016 -

Dec.

2016p

Total private..................................... 104.9 106.0 105.8 106.0 0.2 126.6 131.3 131.0 131.7 0.5

Goods-producing............................. 90.6 90.4 90.0 89.8 -0.2 108.2 111.3 110.4 110.6 0.2

Mining and logging........................ 105.2 94.7 93.1 93.7 0.6 132.2 122.4 119.3 121.0 1.4

Construction................................ 90.1 90.3 90.3 89.4 -1.0 108.0 111.4 111.1 110.4 -0.6

Manufacturing.............................. 90.0 90.0 89.5 89.9 0.4 106.8 110.4 109.3 110.2 0.8

Durable goods........................... 89.2 89.1 88.7 88.8 0.1 106.3 109.4 108.3 109.0 0.6

Nondurable goods...................... 91.1 91.8 91.0 91.3 0.3 107.3 112.5 111.2 112.0 0.7

Private service-providing.................... 109.0 110.1 110.3 110.5 0.2 132.4 137.1 137.3 138.0 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 102.0 102.0 102.2 101.9 -0.3 121.0 123.8 124.1 124.5 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 100.2 100.9 101.0 101.0 0.0 120.4 125.4 125.6 125.9 0.2

Retail trade.............................. 100.2 100.1 100.2 99.9 -0.3 117.5 118.9 119.7 120.1 0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 109.4 108.8 109.3 109.4 0.1 128.0 129.9 130.6 131.0 0.3

Utilities.................................... 103.4 105.5 102.7 104.2 1.5 128.7 135.7 130.0 133.0 2.3

Information................................. 90.8 91.4 90.5 90.8 0.3 116.1 121.6 120.2 121.2 0.8

Financial activities......................... 101.1 101.7 102.4 102.8 0.4 125.7 129.2 130.3 130.8 0.4

Professional and business services..... 113.8 116.0 116.0 116.4 0.3 139.5 146.1 146.2 147.0 0.5

Education and health services........... 120.2 122.8 123.0 123.8 0.7 147.5 153.0 153.0 154.5 1.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 114.7 116.0 116.7 115.6 -0.9 134.1 141.0 141.9 141.1 -0.6

Other services............................. 104.1 105.1 105.0 104.8 -0.2 129.5 133.4 133.1 133.3 0.2

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Total nonfarm............................................. 70,682 71,934 71,999 72,086 49.4 49.6 49.6 49.6

Total private............................................ 58,060 59,195 59,262 59,336 47.9 48.2 48.2 48.2

Goods-producing.................................... 4,281 4,305 4,310 4,318 21.8 21.9 21.9 22.0

Mining and logging............................... 108 100 100 100 14.2 14.7 14.6 14.7

Construction....................................... 815 840 841 847 12.4 12.6 12.5 12.6

Manufacturing..................................... 3,358 3,365 3,369 3,371 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.5

Durable goods.................................. 1,798 1,799 1,801 1,804 23.3 23.5 23.5 23.5

Nondurable goods............................. 1,560 1,566 1,568 1,567 34.0 34.1 34.1 34.1

Private service-providing........................... 53,779 54,890 54,952 55,018 53.0 53.2 53.2 53.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 10,972 11,155 11,154 11,147 40.5 40.7 40.6 40.6

Wholesale trade................................ 1,735.2 1,755.4 1,754.0 1,754.8 29.4 29.5 29.5 29.5

Retail trade..................................... 7,928.8 8,067.2 8,063.9 8,050.0 50.3 50.4 50.4 50.3

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,172.9 1,200.7 1,204.4 1,210.3 24.0 24.4 24.4 24.4

Utilities........................................... 135.1 131.9 132.1 131.5 24.0 23.3 23.4 23.3

Information......................................... 1,106 1,115 1,110 1,106 40.0 40.1 40.1 40.1

Financial activities................................ 4,672 4,740 4,745 4,746 57.0 56.9 56.9 56.8

Professional and business services............ 8,912 9,168 9,184 9,198 44.6 44.9 44.8 44.9

Education and health services.................. 17,229 17,614 17,644 17,680 77.0 77.1 77.0 77.0

Leisure and hospitality........................... 7,936 8,096 8,108 8,130 51.7 52.0 51.9 52.0

Other services..................................... 2,952 3,002 3,007 3,011 52.2 52.5 52.5 52.7

Government............................................. 12,622 12,739 12,737 12,750 57.3 57.4 57.3 57.4

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Total private............................................................................... 99,812 101,042 101,187 101,340

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,212 14,104 14,114 14,127

Mining and logging.................................................................. 554 474 481 479

Construction.......................................................................... 4,990 5,043 5,050 5,049

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,668 8,587 8,583 8,599

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,330 5,261 5,260 5,277

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,338 3,326 3,323 3,322

Private service-providing.............................................................. 85,600 86,938 87,073 87,213

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 22,812 23,035 23,059 23,077

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,730.5 4,759.8 4,765.7 4,765.0

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,384.7 13,556.7 13,559.3 13,553.3

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,244.1 4,263.1 4,279.0 4,304.3

Utilities.............................................................................. 452.5 455.2 454.6 454.7

Information............................................................................ 2,234 2,241 2,228 2,222

Financial activities................................................................... 6,335 6,469 6,482 6,505

Professional and business services............................................... 16,385 16,700 16,734 16,750

Education and health services..................................................... 19,636 20,057 20,089 20,152

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,489 13,696 13,734 13,766

Other services........................................................................ 4,709 4,740 4,747 4,741

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.8 33.6 33.6 33.6

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.3 41.2 41.2 41.0

Mining and logging................................................................ 45.8 45.9 45.8 46.0

Construction....................................................................... 40.2 39.6 39.7 39.2

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.7 42.0 41.8 41.8

Durable goods.................................................................. 42.2 42.4 42.2 42.3

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.0 41.3 41.1 41.1

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.5 32.4 32.4 32.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.7 33.5 33.5 33.5

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.6 38.8 38.8 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.0 29.7 29.7 29.6

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 39.2 38.6 38.6 38.7

Utilities........................................................................... 42.5 43.4 42.1 43.0

Information......................................................................... 35.5 35.6 35.3 35.6

Financial activities................................................................ 37.2 36.9 37.0 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 35.6 35.4 35.3 35.3

Education and health services.................................................. 32.2 32.2 32.3 32.3

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.1 24.9 25.1 24.8

Other services..................................................................... 30.8 30.8 30.8 30.8

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.3

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.3 4.5 4.4 4.4

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.1

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Total private............................................... $21.26 $21.72 $21.73 $21.80 $718.59 $729.79 $730.13 $732.48

Goods-producing....................................... 22.21 22.80 22.79 22.83 917.27 939.36 938.95 936.03

Mining and logging.................................. 26.55 27.13 26.87 27.15 1,215.99 1,245.27 1,230.65 1,248.90

Construction.......................................... 25.43 26.23 26.24 26.26 1,022.29 1,038.71 1,041.73 1,029.39

Manufacturing........................................ 20.12 20.63 20.62 20.68 839.00 866.46 861.92 864.42

Durable goods.................................... 21.16 21.62 21.60 21.66 892.95 916.69 911.52 916.22

Nondurable goods................................ 18.41 19.02 19.02 19.08 754.81 785.53 781.72 784.19

Private service-providing.............................. 21.06 21.49 21.51 21.58 684.45 696.28 696.92 699.19

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 18.84 19.10 19.13 19.19 634.91 639.85 640.86 642.87

Wholesale trade.................................. 23.85 24.41 24.40 24.50 920.61 947.11 946.72 950.60

Retail trade........................................ 14.96 15.05 15.18 15.32 448.80 446.99 450.85 453.47

Transportation and warehousing............... 20.88 21.03 20.96 20.71 818.50 811.76 809.06 801.48

Utilities............................................. 34.58 35.86 35.48 35.57 1,469.65 1,556.32 1,493.71 1,529.51

Information........................................... 29.62 30.36 30.38 30.53 1,051.51 1,080.82 1,072.41 1,086.87

Financial activities................................... 25.65 26.37 26.32 26.47 954.18 973.05 973.84 979.39

Professional and business services.............. 25.02 25.64 25.71 25.77 890.71 907.66 907.56 909.68

Education and health services..................... 22.31 22.64 22.67 22.70 718.38 729.01 732.24 733.21

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 12.57 12.98 13.01 13.05 315.51 323.20 326.55 323.64

Other services....................................... 19.18 19.38 19.37 19.37 590.74 596.90 596.60 596.60

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2016 -

Dec.

2016p

Dec.

2015

Oct.

2016

Nov.

2016p

Dec.

2016p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2016 -

Dec.

2016p

Total private..................................... 112.4 113.1 113.3 113.4 0.1 159.7 164.2 164.5 165.3 0.5

Goods-producing............................. 89.7 88.8 88.9 88.5 -0.4 122.0 124.0 124.0 123.7 -0.2

Mining and logging........................ 134.8 115.6 117.1 117.1 0.0 208.2 182.4 182.9 184.9 1.1

Construction................................ 100.4 100.0 100.4 99.1 -1.3 137.9 141.6 142.2 140.5 -1.2

Manufacturing.............................. 83.0 82.8 82.4 82.5 0.1 109.2 111.7 111.1 111.6 0.5

Durable goods........................... 84.5 83.8 83.4 83.9 0.6 111.6 113.1 112.5 113.4 0.8

Nondurable goods...................... 80.6 80.9 80.5 80.4 -0.1 104.9 108.8 108.2 108.5 0.3

Private service-providing.................... 118.5 120.0 120.1 120.3 0.2 171.1 176.8 177.2 178.1 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 107.2 107.6 107.7 107.8 0.1 144.0 146.6 147.0 147.5 0.3

Wholesale trade......................... 107.5 108.8 108.9 108.9 0.0 151.1 156.4 156.5 157.1 0.4

Retail trade.............................. 101.6 101.9 101.9 101.5 -0.4 130.3 131.5 132.6 133.3 0.5

Transportation and warehousing...... 125.2 123.9 124.3 125.4 0.9 165.9 165.2 165.3 164.7 -0.4

Utilities.................................... 98.3 101.0 97.9 100.0 2.1 142.0 151.2 145.0 148.5 2.4

Information................................. 90.5 91.1 89.8 90.3 0.6 132.7 136.9 135.0 136.5 1.1

Financial activities......................... 110.9 112.4 112.9 113.3 0.4 175.1 182.3 182.8 184.5 0.9

Professional and business services..... 130.7 132.5 132.4 132.5 0.1 194.6 202.2 202.5 203.2 0.3

Education and health services........... 134.8 137.7 138.3 138.7 0.3 198.5 205.7 207.0 207.9 0.4

Leisure and hospitality.................... 124.0 124.9 126.3 125.1 -1.0 177.0 184.1 186.6 185.3 -0.7

Other services............................. 101.7 102.4 102.5 102.4 -0.1 142.1 144.6 144.7 144.5 -0.1

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2015 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.