For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Thursday, May 22, 2014 USDL-14-0873 

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

FOREIGN-BORN WORKERS: LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS — 2013 

The unemployment rate for the foreign born in the United States was 6.9 percent in 2013, down from 8.1 

percent in 2012, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The jobless rate for the native born 

fell to 7.5 percent in 2013, also down from 8.1 percent in the prior year. 

Data on nativity are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 households. The foreign born are those who reside in the United States but who 

were born outside the country or one of its outlying areas to parents who were not U.S. citizens. The 

foreign born include legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and 

temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify 

the numbers of persons in these categories. For further information about the survey, see the Technical 

Note. 

Highlights from the 2013 data: 

 In 2013, there were 25.3 million foreign-born persons in the U.S. labor force, comprising 16.3 

percent of the total. (See table 1.) 

 Hispanics accounted for 47.8 percent of the foreign-born labor force in 2013 and Asians 

accounted for 24.3 percent. (See table 1.) (Data in this news release for persons who are white, 

black, or Asian do not include those of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Data on persons of Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity are presented separately.) 

 Foreign-born workers were more likely than native-born workers to be employed in service 

occupations and less likely to be employed in management, professional, and related occupations 

and in sales and office occupations. (See table 4.) 

 The median usual weekly earnings of foreign-born full-time wage and salary workers were $643 

in 2013, compared with $805 for their native-born counterparts. (See table 5.) (Differences in 

earnings reflect a variety of factors, including variations in the distributions of foreign-born and 

native-born workers by educational attainment, occupation, industry, and geographic region.) 
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Demographic Characteristics 

The demographic composition of the foreign-born labor force differs from the native-born labor force. 

In 2013, men accounted for 57.7 percent of the foreign-born labor force, compared with 52.3 percent of 

the native-born labor force. By age, the proportion of the foreign-born labor force made up of 25- to 

54-year-olds (74.6 percent) was higher than for the native-born labor force (63.0 percent). Labor force 

participation is typically highest among persons in that age bracket. (See table 1.) 

In 2013, nearly half (47.8 percent) of the foreign-born labor force was Hispanic, and almost one-quarter 

(24.3 percent) was Asian, compared with 9.7 percent and 1.7 percent, respectively, of the native-born 

labor force. About 17.7 percent of the foreign-born labor force was white and 9.0 percent was black, 

compared with 74.4 percent and 11.7 percent, respectively, of the native-born labor force. 

In 2013, 24.3 percent of the foreign-born labor force age 25 and over had not completed high school, 

compared with 4.8 percent of the native-born labor force. The foreign born were less likely than the 

native born to have some college or an associate degree—17.1 percent versus 30.1 percent. The 

proportions for foreign-born and native-born persons that had a bachelor’s degree or higher were more 

similar, at 33.8 percent and 37.5 percent, respectively. 

Labor Force 

The share of the U.S. civilian labor force that was foreign born was 16.3 percent in 2013, about the same 

as in 2012 but up from 13.3 percent in 2000. (See table 1.) 

In 2013, the labor force participation rate of the foreign born was 66.4 percent, compared with 62.7 

percent for the native born. The participation rate for the foreign born was about the same as in 2012, 

while that for the native born continued to trend down. By gender, the participation rate of foreign-born 

men was 78.8 percent in 2013, higher than the rate of 68.0 percent for native-born men. In contrast, 54.6 

percent of foreign-born women were labor force participants, compared with 57.7 percent of native-born 

women. 

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, the 2013 labor force participation rates for foreign-born 

whites (60.0 percent), blacks (71.8 percent), Asians (65.1 percent), and Hispanics (68.6 percent) were 

little different from the prior year. In comparison, the participation rate for native-born whites (63.1 

percent) declined in 2013, while the rates for blacks (59.5 percent), Asians (62.4 percent), and Hispanics 

(63.7 percent) showed little change. 

In 2013, foreign-born mothers with children under 18 years old were less likely to be labor force 

participants than were native-born mothers—59.7 percent versus 72.7 percent. Labor force participation 

differences between foreign-born and native-born mothers were greater among those with younger 

children than among those with older children. The labor force participation rate of foreign-born 

mothers with children under age 6 was 51.2 percent in 2013, much lower than that for native-born 

mothers with children under age 6, at 67.4 percent. Among women with children under age 3, the 

participation rate for the foreign born (46.7 percent) was 18.2 percentage points below that for nativeborn mothers (64.9 percent). The labor force participation rates of foreign-born and native-born fathers 

with children under age 18 were similar, at 93.6 percent and 92.6 percent, respectively. (See table 2.) 

By region, the foreign born made up a larger share of the labor force in the West (23.8 percent) and in 

the Northeast (19.1 percent) than for the nation as a whole (16.3 percent) in 2013. In contrast, the 
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foreign born made up a smaller share of the labor force than for the nation as a whole in the South 

(14.9 percent) and Midwest (8.4 percent). (See table 6.) 

Unemployment 

From 2012 to 2013, the unemployment rate of foreign-born workers declined from 8.1 percent to 6.9 

percent, and the jobless rate for the native born fell from 8.1 percent to 7.5 percent. The over-the-year 

decrease in the unemployment rate of foreign-born and native-born workers reflected decreases in the 

rates for both men and women. The unemployment rate for foreign-born men fell from 7.5 percent to 

6.4 percent, and the rate for foreign-born women was down from 8.9 percent to 7.5 percent. Among the 

native born, the rate for men fell from 8.4 percent to 7.9 percent, while the rate for women was down 

from 7.7 percent to 7.0 percent. (See table 1.) 

For both the foreign born and the native born, jobless rates vary considerably by race and ethnicity. 

Among the foreign born, blacks had the highest unemployment rate (10.5 percent) in 2013, while Asians 

had the lowest (4.7 percent). The unemployment rates were 6.6 percent for whites and 7.5 percent for 

Hispanics. Among the native born, blacks also had the highest jobless rate (13.5 percent), followed by 

Hispanics (10.7 percent). The unemployment rates were 6.0 percent for whites and 6.5 percent for 

Asians. 

Occupation 

In 2013, foreign-born workers were more likely than native-born workers to be employed in service 

occupations (24.8 percent versus 16.7 percent). Within service occupations, about one-third of the 

foreign born were employed in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations, about twice 

the proportion for the native born. Foreign-born workers also were more likely than native-born workers 

to be employed in production, transportation, and material moving occupations (15.4 percent versus 11.1 

percent) and in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (12.9 percent versus 8.3 

percent). (See table 4.) 

Native-born workers were more likely than foreign-born workers to be employed in management, 

professional, and related occupations (39.5 percent versus 30.3 percent) and in sales and office 

occupations (24.4 percent versus 16.5 percent). 

Foreign-born men were more likely than native-born men to work in natural resources, construction, and 

maintenance occupations and in service occupations. Compared with native-born women, foreign-born 

women were more likely to be in service occupations and in production, transportation, and material 

moving occupations. Among women, the disparity was especially great in service occupations: 32.9 

percent of foreign-born women worked in service occupations in 2013, compared with 19.8 percent of 

the native-born women. Native-born women were more likely than foreign-born women to be in sales 

and office occupations, 31.8 percent versus 22.4 percent. 

Earnings 

In 2013, the median usual weekly earnings of foreign-born, full-time wage and salary workers ($643) 

were 79.9 percent of the earnings of their native-born counterparts ($805). Among men, median weekly 

earnings for the foreign-born men ($671) were 74.6 percent of the earnings of their native-born 

counterparts ($899). Among women, median earnings for foreign-born women ($610) were 84.8 percent 
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of the earnings of their native-born counterparts ($719). Differences in earnings reflect a variety of 

factors, including variations in the distributions of foreign-born and native-born workers by educational 

attainment, occupation, industry, and geographic region. (See table 5.) 

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanic foreign-born full-time wage and salary workers 

earned 78.2 percent as much as their native-born counterparts in 2013. For white, black, and Asian 

workers, earnings for the foreign born and the native born were relatively close within each group. 

The earnings of both foreign-born and native-born workers increase with education. In 2013, foreignborn workers age 25 and over with less than a high school education earned $428 per week, while those 

with a bachelor’s degree and higher earned about 2.9 times as much—$1,235 per week. Among the 

native born, those with a bachelor’s degree and higher earned about 2.3 times as much as those with less 

than a high school education—$1,187 versus $511 per week. 

Native-born workers earn more than the foreign born at most educational attainment levels. The gap 

between the earnings of foreign-born and native-born workers closes at higher levels of education. For 

example, among high school dropouts and graduates in 2013, full-time workers who were foreign born 

earned 83.8 percent as much as their native-born counterparts. Among those with a bachelor’s degree 

and higher, the earnings of foreign-born workers were essentially the same as the earnings of nativeborn workers. 
Technical Note 

The estimates in this release are based on annual 

average data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). 

The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau 

for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly 

survey of about 60,000 eligible households that provides 

information on the labor force status, demographics, and 

other characteristics of the nation's civilian noninstitutional 

population age 16 and over. In response to the increased 

demand for statistical information about the foreign born, 

questions on nativity, citizenship, year of entry into the 

United States, and the parental nativity of respondents were 

added to the CPS beginning in January 1994. Prior to 1994, 

the primary sources of data on the foreign born were the 

decennial census, two CPS supplements (conducted in April 

1983 and November 1989), and, to some extent, 

information collected by the U.S. Citizenship and 

Immigration Services (formerly known as the Immigration 

and Naturalization Service). 

The foreign- and native-born data presented in this 

release are not strictly comparable with data for earlier 

years due to the introduction of updated population 

estimates, or controls, used in the CPS. The population 

controls are updated each year in January to reflect the 

latest information about population change. Additional 

information is available from the BLS website at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop. 

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200, Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339. 

Reliability of the estimates 

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both 

sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather 

than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance 

that the sample estimates may differ from the true 

population values they represent. The component of this 

difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is 

known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by 

the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-

percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate 

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard 

errors from the true population value because of sampling 

error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-

percent level of confidence. 

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability 

to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 

information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of the data. 

Additional information about the reliability of data 

from the CPS and estimating standard errors is available at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability. 

Definitions 

Definitions of the principal terms used in this release 

are presented below. 

Foreign born. The foreign born are persons residing in 

the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That 

is, they were born outside the United States or one of its 

outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents 

neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born 

population includes legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, 

temporary residents such as students and temporary 

workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, 

however, do not separately identify the number of persons 

in these categories. 

Native born. The native born are persons born in the 

United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto 

Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one 

parent who was a U.S. citizen. 

Race and ethnicity groups. In this release, the data are 

presented for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians and 

for persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. These four 

groups are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive. Other 

race groups (including persons who selected more than one 

race category) are included in the overall totals but are not 

shown separately because the number of survey 

respondents is too small to develop statistically reliable 

estimates. The presentation of data on race and ethnicity in 

this release differs from that which appears in most 

analyses of CPS labor force data because persons of 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are separated from the race 

groups. Because persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity can 

be of any race, they are usually included in the race groups 

as well as shown separately in the Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity group. The reason for the difference in the data 

presentation in this release is because about half of the 

foreign born are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity and they 

have somewhat different labor force characteristics than the 

non-Hispanic foreign born. 

Employed. Employed persons are all those who, 

during the survey reference week, (a) did any work at all as 

paid employees; (b) worked in their own business, 

profession, or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or 

more as unpaid workers in a family member's business. 

Persons who were temporarily absent from their jobs 

because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or 

another reason also are counted as employed. 
Unemployed. The unemployed are those who had no 

employment during the reference week, were available for 

work at that time, and had made specific efforts to find 

employment sometime during the 4-week period ending 

with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be 

recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not 

be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. 

Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force 

comprises all persons classified as employed or 

unemployed. 

Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the 

number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. 

Labor force participation rate. The labor force 

participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the 

population. 

Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before 

taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, 

commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the 

case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis 

other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. 

Full-time wage and salary workers. These are workers 

who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole 

or principal job and receive wages, salaries, and other types 

of compensation. The group includes employees in both the 

private and public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings 

series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of 

whether or not their businesses are incorporated. 

Median earnings. The median earnings is the amount 

which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal 

groups, one having earnings above the median and the other 

having earnings below the median. 
Table 1. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations by selected characteristics,

2012-2013 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2012 2013

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Total Participation rate

Employed

Unemployed

Total Participation rate

Employed

Unemployed

Number

Unemployment

rate

Number

Unemployment

rate

TOTAL

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,284 154,975 63.7 142,469 12,506 8.1 245,679 155,389 63.2 143,929 11,460 7.4

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,343 82,327 70.2 75,555 6,771 8.2 118,555 82,667 69.7 76,353 6,314 7.6

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,941 72,648 57.7 66,914 5,734 7.9 127,124 72,722 57.2 67,577 5,146 7.1

FOREIGN BORN

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,727 25,026 66.3 23,006 2,021 8.1 38,162 25,328 66.4 23,582 1,746 6.9

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,365 14,424 78.5 13,342 1,082 7.5 18,543 14,615 78.8 13,677 938 6.4

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,362 10,602 54.8 9,663 939 8.9 19,620 10,713 54.6 9,905 809 7.5

Age

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,724 1,905 51.2 1,632 273 14.3 3,719 1,951 52.4 1,702 249 12.7

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,674 5,840 76.1 5,373 468 8.0 7,615 5,754 75.6 5,368 386 6.7

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,710 6,997 80.3 6,518 479 6.8 8,687 6,937 79.9 6,541 395 5.7

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,509 6,071 80.9 5,622 449 7.4 7,691 6,193 80.5 5,789 404 6.5

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,021 3,332 66.4 3,051 282 8.5 5,256 3,529 67.2 3,276 254 7.2

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,089 880 17.3 810 70 8.0 5,195 964 18.6 905 59 6.1

Race and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity1

White non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,595 4,564 60.1 4,242 322 7.1 7,473 4,485 60.0 4,189 297 6.6

Black non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,068 2,166 70.6 1,925 241 11.1 3,175 2,280 71.8 2,041 239 10.5

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,146 5,919 64.7 5,582 337 5.7 9,440 6,143 65.1 5,857 286 4.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,507 12,087 69.0 10,988 1,099 9.1 17,658 12,115 68.6 11,210 906 7.5

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,002 23,121 68.0 21,374 1,747 7.6 34,443 23,378 67.9 21,880 1,498 6.4

Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . 9,497 5,688 59.9 5,126 562 9.9 9,520 5,688 59.7 5,229 459 8.1

High school graduates, no college2

. . . . . . . 8,713 5,783 66.4 5,314 469 8.1 8,763 5,786 66.0 5,375 411 7.1

Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . 5,670 4,028 71.0 3,713 315 7.8 5,654 4,004 70.8 3,743 262 6.5

Bachelor’s degree and higher3

. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,122 7,621 75.3 7,221 401 5.3 10,507 7,899 75.2 7,533 366 4.6

NATIVE BORN

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,558 129,948 63.2 119,464 10,485 8.1 207,517 130,061 62.7 120,348 9,713 7.5

Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,979 67,903 68.6 62,213 5,690 8.4 100,013 68,052 68.0 62,675 5,376 7.9

Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,579 62,046 58.2 57,251 4,795 7.7 107,504 62,009 57.7 57,672 4,337 7.0

Age

16 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,059 19,379 55.3 16,202 3,177 16.4 35,120 19,430 55.3 16,355 3,075 15.8

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,301 27,625 83.0 25,328 2,297 8.3 33,933 27,992 82.5 25,874 2,118 7.6

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,932 25,737 83.2 24,058 1,679 6.5 30,926 25,626 82.9 24,109 1,517 5.9

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,188 28,983 80.1 27,252 1,731 6.0 35,555 28,274 79.5 26,733 1,541 5.4

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,297 21,377 64.2 20,189 1,189 5.6 33,766 21,587 63.9 20,501 1,086 5.0

65 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,780 6,847 18.6 6,435 412 6.0 38,217 7,152 18.7 6,776 376 5.3

Race and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity1

White non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,742 97,328 63.7 90,949 6,379 6.6 153,335 96,826 63.1 91,058 5,768 6.0

Black non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,137 15,089 60.0 12,925 2,164 14.3 25,508 15,186 59.5 13,135 2,051 13.5

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,277 2,014 61.5 1,880 134 6.7 3,538 2,207 62.4 2,065 142 6.5

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,252 12,304 63.9 10,890 1,414 11.5 19,860 12,656 63.7 11,305 1,351 10.7

Educational attainment

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,499 110,569 64.9 103,261 7,308 6.6 172,397 110,631 64.2 103,993 6,638 6.0

Less than a high school diploma. . . . . . . . . . 15,384 5,640 36.7 4,797 843 14.9 14,905 5,317 35.7 4,569 748 14.1

High school graduates, no college2

. . . . . . . 53,099 30,988 58.4 28,404 2,584 8.3 53,186 30,573 57.5 28,244 2,329 7.6

Some college or associate degree. . . . . . . . 48,624 33,332 68.5 30,992 2,339 7.0 49,384 33,289 67.4 31,182 2,107 6.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher3

. . . . . . . . . . . . 53,392 40,609 76.1 39,067 1,542 3.8 54,923 41,452 75.5 39,998 1,454 3.5

1 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.

2

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

3

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence

and age of youngest child and sex, 2012-2013 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2012 2013

Total Men Women Total Men Women

FOREIGN BORN

With own children under 18

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 14,796 6,896 7,901 14,838 6,886 7,952

Civilian labor force.................................................. 11,229 6,466 4,763 11,189 6,442 4,747

Participation rate.................................................. 75.9 93.8 60.3 75.4 93.6 59.7

Employed.......................................................... 10,378 6,063 4,315 10,494 6,114 4,380

Employment-population ratio................................. 70.1 87.9 54.6 70.7 88.8 55.1

Unemployed....................................................... 851 403 448 695 328 367

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.6 6.2 9.4 6.2 5.1 7.7

With own children 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 7,896 3,576 4,319 8,003 3,622 4,381

Civilian labor force.................................................. 6,223 3,326 2,897 6,265 3,347 2,918

Participation rate.................................................. 78.8 93.0 67.1 78.3 92.4 66.6

Employed.......................................................... 5,753 3,115 2,638 5,870 3,167 2,703

Employment-population ratio................................. 72.9 87.1 61.1 73.3 87.4 61.7

Unemployed....................................................... 469 211 259 395 180 215

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.5 6.3 8.9 6.3 5.4 7.4

With own children under 6

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 6,901 3,319 3,581 6,835 3,264 3,572

Civilian labor force.................................................. 5,006 3,140 1,865 4,924 3,094 1,829

Participation rate.................................................. 72.5 94.6 52.1 72.0 94.8 51.2

Employed.......................................................... 4,625 2,948 1,677 4,624 2,947 1,677

Employment-population ratio................................. 67.0 88.8 46.8 67.7 90.3 47.0

Unemployed....................................................... 381 192 189 299 147 152

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.6 6.1 10.1 6.1 4.8 8.3

With own children under 3

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 3,828 1,864 1,964 3,736 1,809 1,927

Civilian labor force.................................................. 2,697 1,772 925 2,614 1,715 899

Participation rate.................................................. 70.5 95.1 47.1 70.0 94.8 46.7

Employed.......................................................... 2,497 1,671 827 2,464 1,638 826

Employment-population ratio................................. 65.2 89.6 42.1 66.0 90.6 42.9

Unemployed....................................................... 200 101 98 150 77 74

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.4 5.7 10.6 5.7 4.5 8.2

With no own children under 18

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 22,930 11,469 11,461 23,324 11,657 11,667

Civilian labor force.................................................. 13,797 7,958 5,840 14,139 8,173 5,966

Participation rate.................................................. 60.2 69.4 51.0 60.6 70.1 51.1

Employed.......................................................... 12,628 7,279 5,348 13,087 7,563 5,524

Employment-population ratio................................. 55.1 63.5 46.7 56.1 64.9 47.4

Unemployed....................................................... 1,170 679 491 1,052 610 442

Unemployment rate............................................ 8.5 8.5 8.4 7.4 7.5 7.4

NATIVE BORN

With own children under 18

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 50,823 22,048 28,776 50,546 22,061 28,486

Civilian labor force.................................................. 41,525 20,488 21,037 41,145 20,427 20,719

Participation rate.................................................. 81.7 92.9 73.1 81.4 92.6 72.7

Employed.......................................................... 38,723 19,397 19,326 38,651 19,426 19,226

Employment-population ratio................................. 76.2 88.0 67.2 76.5 88.1 67.5

Unemployed....................................................... 2,802 1,091 1,711 2,494 1,001 1,493

Unemployment rate............................................ 6.7 5.3 8.1 6.1 4.9 7.2

With own children 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 27,890 12,200 15,690 28,216 12,384 15,831

Civilian labor force.................................................. 23,350 11,219 12,131 23,550 11,366 12,183

Participation rate.................................................. 83.7 92.0 77.3 83.5 91.8 77.0

Employed.......................................................... 21,969 10,676 11,293 22,346 10,880 11,466

Employment-population ratio................................. 78.8 87.5 72.0 79.2 87.9 72.4
Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence

and age of youngest child and sex, 2012-2013 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2012 2013

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Unemployed....................................................... 1,382 544 838 1,204 486 718

Unemployment rate............................................ 5.9 4.8 6.9 5.1 4.3 5.9

With own children under 6

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 22,933 9,847 13,086 22,331 9,676 12,655

Civilian labor force.................................................. 18,175 9,268 8,907 17,596 9,060 8,535

Participation rate.................................................. 79.3 94.1 68.1 78.8 93.6 67.4

Employed.......................................................... 16,754 8,721 8,034 16,306 8,546 7,760

Employment-population ratio................................. 73.1 88.6 61.4 73.0 88.3 61.3

Unemployed....................................................... 1,421 548 873 1,290 515 775

Unemployment rate............................................ 7.8 5.9 9.8 7.3 5.7 9.1

With own children under 3

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 13,293 5,718 7,575 12,928 5,644 7,284

Civilian labor force.................................................. 10,314 5,400 4,914 10,018 5,291 4,727

Participation rate.................................................. 77.6 94.4 64.9 77.5 93.7 64.9

Employed.......................................................... 9,494 5,075 4,419 9,282 4,995 4,287

Employment-population ratio................................. 71.4 88.8 58.3 71.8 88.5 58.9

Unemployed....................................................... 821 325 496 736 296 440

Unemployment rate............................................ 8.0 6.0 10.1 7.3 5.6 9.3

With no own children under 18

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 154,734 76,931 77,803 156,971 77,952 79,019

Civilian labor force.................................................. 88,423 47,415 41,008 88,916 47,625 41,290

Participation rate.................................................. 57.1 61.6 52.7 56.6 61.1 52.3

Employed.......................................................... 80,741 42,817 37,924 81,696 43,250 38,446

Employment-population ratio................................. 52.2 55.7 48.7 52.0 55.5 48.7

Unemployed....................................................... 7,683 4,599 3,084 7,219 4,375 2,844

Unemployment rate............................................ 8.7 9.7 7.5 8.1 9.2 6.9

NOTE: Own children include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational

attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012-2013 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2012 2013

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High

school

graduates,

no

college1

Some

college or

associate

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

and

higher2

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High

school

graduates,

no

college1

Some

college or

associate

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

and

higher2

FOREIGN BORN

White non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 789 1,778 1,434 3,019 770 1,708 1,412 3,004

Civilian labor force..................................... 256 932 879 2,200 256 897 880 2,172

Participation rate.................................... 32.4 52.4 61.3 72.9 33.2 52.5 62.4 72.3

Employed............................................. 233 864 818 2,078 235 838 826 2,045

Employment-population ratio.................... 29.6 48.6 57.0 68.8 30.6 49.1 58.5 68.1

Unemployed.......................................... 23 68 61 122 20 59 54 127

Unemployment rate.............................. 8.9 7.3 6.9 5.5 8.0 6.6 6.1 5.8

Black non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 368 812 693 813 413 809 681 889

Civilian labor force..................................... 182 591 544 680 237 585 531 740

Participation rate.................................... 49.5 72.7 78.5 83.7 57.6 72.3 77.9 83.2

Employed............................................. 153 520 488 631 205 519 474 696

Employment-population ratio.................... 41.6 64.0 70.4 77.7 49.7 64.2 69.6 78.3

Unemployed.......................................... 29 71 56 49 32 66 57 43

Unemployment rate.............................. 16.0 12.0 10.3 7.2 13.6 11.3 10.7 5.8

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 978 1,658 1,306 4,364 988 1,669 1,325 4,600

Civilian labor force..................................... 438 1,011 894 3,251 403 1,036 925 3,433

Participation rate.................................... 44.8 61.0 68.5 74.5 40.8 62.1 69.8 74.6

Employed............................................. 407 949 837 3,104 377 978 873 3,316

Employment-population ratio.................... 41.6 57.2 64.1 71.1 38.2 58.6 65.9 72.1

Unemployed.......................................... 31 62 57 147 26 58 51 118

Unemployment rate.............................. 7.1 6.2 6.4 4.5 6.4 5.6 5.6 3.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 7,319 4,360 2,147 1,798 7,299 4,486 2,152 1,859

Civilian labor force..................................... 4,789 3,175 1,642 1,386 4,765 3,198 1,601 1,429

Participation rate.................................... 65.4 72.8 76.5 77.1 65.3 71.3 74.4 76.9

Employed............................................. 4,312 2,911 1,507 1,308 4,385 2,977 1,506 1,353

Employment-population ratio.................... 58.9 66.8 70.2 72.8 60.1 66.4 70.0 72.8

Unemployed.......................................... 476 263 134 78 379 221 95 76

Unemployment rate.............................. 9.9 8.3 8.2 5.6 8.0 6.9 5.9 5.3

NATIVE BORN

White non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 9,533 40,294 36,922 44,806 9,283 39,947 37,317 45,779

Civilian labor force..................................... 3,372 22,863 24,868 33,777 3,129 22,460 24,635 34,201

Participation rate.................................... 35.4 56.7 67.4 75.4 33.7 56.2 66.0 74.7

Employed............................................. 2,946 21,234 23,363 32,596 2,781 21,032 23,305 33,116

Employment-population ratio.................... 30.9 52.7 63.3 72.7 30.0 52.7 62.5 72.3

Unemployed.......................................... 426 1,629 1,505 1,182 347 1,428 1,330 1,085

Unemployment rate.............................. 12.6 7.1 6.1 3.5 11.1 6.4 5.4 3.2

Black non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 2,799 7,000 6,097 4,068 2,765 7,151 6,184 4,208

Civilian labor force..................................... 910 4,204 4,275 3,157 919 4,130 4,324 3,263

Participation rate.................................... 32.5 60.1 70.1 77.6 33.2 57.8 69.9 77.5

Employed............................................. 703 3,626 3,793 2,966 702 3,600 3,900 3,080

Employment-population ratio.................... 25.1 51.8 62.2 72.9 25.4 50.3 63.1 73.2

Unemployed.......................................... 207 578 482 191 217 530 424 182

Unemployment rate.............................. 22.7 13.7 11.3 6.1 23.7 12.8 9.8 5.6

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 135 397 474 1,237 132 437 534 1,329

See footnotes at end of table.
Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational

attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2012-2013 annual averages — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2012 2013

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High

school

graduates,

no

college1

Some

college or

associate

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

and

higher2

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High

school

graduates,

no

college1

Some

college or

associate

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

and

higher2

Civilian labor force..................................... 52 222 350 979 64 253 381 1,050

Participation rate.................................... 38.6 56.0 73.8 79.1 48.6 57.8 71.3 79.0

Employed............................................. 49 210 323 944 59 243 360 1,009

Employment-population ratio.................... 36.6 52.8 68.2 76.3 44.9 55.6 67.3 75.9

Unemployed.......................................... 3 13 27 34 5 10 22 40

Unemployment rate.............................. 5.0 5.7 7.6 3.5 7.6 3.8 5.7 3.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population..................... 2,461 4,273 3,831 2,413 2,309 4,468 4,029 2,693

Civilian labor force..................................... 1,131 2,993 2,942 1,998 1,060 3,050 3,046 2,214

Participation rate.................................... 46.0 70.0 76.8 82.8 45.9 68.3 75.6 82.2

Employed............................................. 957 2,702 2,708 1,902 912 2,777 2,818 2,107

Employment-population ratio.................... 38.9 63.2 70.7 78.8 39.5 62.2 69.9 78.2

Unemployed.......................................... 174 291 234 96 148 272 228 107

Unemployment rate.............................. 15.4 9.7 8.0 4.8 13.9 8.9 7.5 4.8

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
Table 4. Employed foreign-born and native-born persons 16 years and over by occupation and sex, 2013

annual averages

[Percent distribution]

Occupation

Foreign born Native born

Total Men Women Total Men Women

Total employed (in thousands)....................................... 23,582 13,677 9,905 120,348 62,675 57,672

Occupation as a percent of total employed

Total employed......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 30.3 28.2 33.2 39.5 36.3 43.0

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 11.7 11.7 11.7 16.6 18.0 15.1

Management occupations.................................... 8.0 8.9 6.8 11.8 13.9 9.5

Business and financial operations occupations............ 3.7 2.8 4.9 4.9 4.2 5.7

Professional and related occupations.......................... 18.6 16.5 21.5 22.9 18.3 27.9

Computer and mathematical occupations.................. 3.9 5.1 2.3 2.5 3.6 1.4

Architecture and engineering occupations.................. 2.2 3.2 0.9 1.9 3.2 0.5

Life, physical, and social science occupations............. 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.9

Community and social service occupations................ 0.8 0.6 1.1 1.8 1.3 2.3

Legal occupations............................................. 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.3 1.5

Education, training, and library occupations................ 3.4 2.0 5.4 6.5 3.2 10.1

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations.................................................. 1.3 1.2 1.5 2.1 2.2 2.1

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations. . . . . . .. 5.2 2.9 8.5 5.8 2.7 9.1

Service occupations................................................ 24.8 19.0 32.9 16.7 13.8 19.8

Healthcare support occupations................................ 2.7 0.7 5.6 2.4 0.5 4.5

Protective service occupations................................. 1.0 1.4 0.5 2.4 3.6 1.1

Food preparation and serving related occupations.......... 7.7 7.5 8.0 5.3 4.3 6.4

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations..................................................... 8.6 7.7 9.8 3.0 3.9 2.1

Personal care and service occupations....................... 4.8 1.8 8.9 3.5 1.5 5.7

Sales and office occupations...................................... 16.5 12.2 22.4 24.4 17.6 31.8

Sales and related occupations.................................. 8.5 7.5 9.9 11.2 11.0 11.3

Office and administrative support occupations............... 8.0 4.7 12.4 13.2 6.5 20.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 12.9 21.2 1.5 8.3 15.2 0.8

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1.6 2.1 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.2

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8.3 14.1 0.3 4.3 8.0 0.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 3.1 5.1 0.3 3.5 6.5 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 15.4 19.4 10.0 11.1 17.1 4.6

Production occupations.......................................... 8.3 9.1 7.4 5.2 7.6 2.7

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 7.1 10.3 2.7 5.8 9.5 1.9

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers for the foreign born and native

born by selected characteristics, 2012-2013 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

2012 2013

Foreign born Native born

Earnings

of

foreign

born as

percent

of

native

born

Foreign born Native born

Earnings

of

foreign

born as

percent

of

native

born

Number

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

Median

weekly

earnings

Number

Median

weekly

earnings

Total, 16 years and over.................. 17,089 $625 85,659 $797 78.4 17,551 $643 86,712 $805 79.9

Men........................................ 10,385 665 46,901 898 74.1 10,741 671 47,254 899 74.6

Women.................................... 6,704 589 38,758 710 83.0 6,810 610 39,458 719 84.8

AGE

16 to 24 years.............................. 994 403 8,036 452 89.2 1,001 415 8,246 459 90.4

25 to 34 years.............................. 4,275 591 20,310 729 81.1 4,257 593 20,824 730 81.2

35 to 44 years.............................. 4,972 692 19,112 897 77.1 5,065 705 19,238 911 77.4

45 to 54 years.............................. 4,267 683 21,079 913 74.8 4,341 699 20,759 916 76.3

55 to 64 years.............................. 2,142 667 14,376 929 71.8 2,376 706 14,691 932 75.8

65 years and over.......................... 439 628 2,747 778 80.7 510 665 2,954 831 80.0

RACE AND HISPANIC OR

LATINO ETHNICITY1

White non-Hispanic or Latino............. 2,906 898 64,284 857 104.8 2,867 952 64,767 864 110.2

Black non-Hispanic or Latino............. 1,459 640 10,002 623 102.7 1,547 649 10,139 634 102.4

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino............. 4,213 922 1,385 937 98.4 4,383 951 1,524 936 101.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................ 8,316 501 7,986 641 78.2 8,529 509 8,330 651 78.2

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Total, 25 years and over.................. 16,095 652 77,623 851 76.6 16,550 670 78,465 860 77.9

Less than a high school diploma. . . . .. 3,879 428 3,131 510 83.9 3,931 428 3,025 511 83.8

High school graduates, no college2

. .. 3,899 550 21,339 675 81.5 4,047 565 20,997 674 83.8

Some college or associate degree. . .. 2,702 673 23,124 758 88.8 2,719 691 23,315 754 91.6

Bachelor’s degree and higher3

......... 5,615 1,164 30,029 1,165 99.9 5,853 1,235 31,129 1,187 104.0

1 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races.

2

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

3

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 6. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by census

region and division, 2012-2013 annual averages

[Numbers in thousands]

Census region and

division

2012 2013

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Total Participation rate

Employed

Unemployed

Total Participation rate

Employed

Unemployed

Number

Unemployment

rate

Number

Unemployment

rate

FOREIGN BORN

Northeast................... 8,239 5,372 65.2 4,958 414 7.7 8,255 5,410 65.5 5,004 405 7.5

New England............ 1,602 1,094 68.3 1,017 78 7.1 1,609 1,098 68.2 1,019 79 7.2

Middle Atlantic.......... 6,637 4,278 64.5 3,941 336 7.9 6,646 4,312 64.9 3,985 326 7.6

South....................... 12,201 8,269 67.8 7,683 586 7.1 12,428 8,431 67.8 7,907 523 6.2

South Atlantic........... 7,166 4,839 67.5 4,476 363 7.5 7,273 4,919 67.6 4,600 319 6.5

East South Central. . . .. 621 452 72.7 409 42 9.3 661 453 68.6 419 34 7.6

West South Central. . .. 4,414 2,979 67.5 2,798 181 6.1 4,495 3,059 68.1 2,889 170 5.6

Midwest..................... 4,148 2,815 67.9 2,625 190 6.8 4,281 2,894 67.6 2,698 196 6.8

East North Central. . . .. 3,097 2,071 66.9 1,923 148 7.2 3,183 2,117 66.5 1,965 152 7.2

West North Central..... 1,051 744 70.8 702 42 5.6 1,099 777 70.7 733 44 5.6

West........................ 13,138 8,570 65.2 7,740 830 9.7 13,197 8,593 65.1 7,971 622 7.2

Mountain................. 2,296 1,523 66.3 1,384 139 9.2 2,319 1,498 64.6 1,399 98 6.6

Pacific.................... 10,842 7,047 65.0 6,356 690 9.8 10,878 7,096 65.2 6,572 524 7.4

NATIVE BORN

Northeast................... 36,134 23,002 63.7 21,080 1,922 8.4 36,410 22,957 63.1 21,230 1,727 7.5

New England............ 10,066 6,619 65.8 6,134 485 7.3 10,154 6,598 65.0 6,136 461 7.0

Middle Atlantic.......... 26,068 16,383 62.8 14,946 1,437 8.8 26,255 16,359 62.3 15,094 1,265 7.7

South....................... 77,812 48,226 62.0 44,476 3,749 7.8 78,717 48,191 61.2 44,729 3,462 7.2

South Atlantic........... 40,468 25,090 62.0 23,002 2,088 8.3 41,003 25,076 61.2 23,238 1,838 7.3

East South Central. . . .. 13,802 8,224 59.6 7,565 659 8.0 13,840 8,124 58.7 7,483 641 7.9

West South Central. . .. 23,541 14,912 63.3 13,909 1,003 6.7 23,875 14,992 62.8 14,009 983 6.6

Midwest..................... 48,264 31,403 65.1 29,079 2,324 7.4 48,333 31,404 65.0 29,140 2,264 7.2

East North Central. . . .. 33,277 21,191 63.7 19,443 1,748 8.2 33,291 21,151 63.5 19,417 1,734 8.2

West North Central..... 14,988 10,212 68.1 9,636 577 5.6 15,041 10,253 68.2 9,723 530 5.2

West........................ 43,348 27,318 63.0 24,828 2,490 9.1 44,057 27,509 62.4 25,248 2,261 8.2

Mountain................. 14,824 9,476 63.9 8,749 727 7.7 15,070 9,577 63.5 8,895 682 7.1

Pacific.................... 28,524 17,842 62.6 16,080 1,762 9.9 28,987 17,932 61.9 16,353 1,579 8.8

NOTE: The states (plus the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New

Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont); Middle Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania); South Atlantic (Delaware, District of Columbia,

Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia); East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and

Tennessee); West South Central (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas); East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin);

West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota); Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,

Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming); Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington). Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.