U n ited S tates

Depa rtmen t

o f Labo r

B u reau o f Labor Statistics Wash ington, D.C. 2021 2

Technical Contact: USDL: 02-239

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Internet address: UNTIL 8:30 A.M. (EDT),

http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm THURSDAY, APRIL 25, 2002

EMPLOYMENT COST INDEX— MARCH 2002

The Employment Cost Index for total compensation increased 3.9 percent (civilian workers, not

seasonally adjusted) for the year ended March 2002, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics

reported today. The Employment Cost Index (ECI), a component of the National Compensation Survey,

measures changes in compensation costs, which include wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee

benefits.

Quarterly changes, seasonally adjusted

On a seasonally adjusted basis, the 3-month increase in compensation costs for civilian workers (nonfarm

private industry plus State and local government) was 0.8 percent during the December 2001-March 2002

period, following a gain of 1.0 percent in September-December 2001. Wages and salaries increased 0.8 percent

during the December 2001-March 2002 period, following a 0.9 percent increase during the previous 3-month

period. Benefit costs rose 1.0 percent during the March quarter, following a 1.2 percent gain in the December

quarter.

Table A. 3-month percent changes in Employment Cost Index, seasonally adjusted

June Sep. Dec. Mar. June Sep. Dec. Mar.

Compensation Component 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002

 Civilian workers

Compensation costs 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8

 Wages and salaries 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8

 Benefit costs 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.0

 Private industry

Compensation costs 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

 Wages and salaries 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.9

 Benefit costs 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.1

 State and local government

Compensation costs 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 0.6 0.7

 Wages and salaries 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7

 Benefit costs 0.5 0.1 0.9 1.1 1.2 2.2 0.8 0.7

The 3-month increase in compensation costs for private industry workers was 0.7 percent during the

NOTE

This release incorporates new seasonal adjustment factors. See page 3 for details.
2

The 3-month increase in compensation costs for private industry workers was 0.9 percent during the

December 2001-March 2002 period, following an increase of 1.0 percent during the previous 3-month period.

The gain in wages and salaries was 0.9 percent in the quarter ended in March, identical to the change in the

previous 3-month period. Benefit costs showed a 3-month rise of 1.1 percent during the March quarter,

compared with a 1.3 percent gain during the December quarter. (See tables A and 1.)

Compensation costs for State and local government workers increased 0.7 percent during the December

2001-March 2002 period; in the September-December 2001 period, the increase was 0.6 percent. Wages and

salaries rose 0.7 percent in the quarter ended in March, identical to the increase of the previous quarter.

Benefit costs rose 0.7 percent during the March quarter; in the December quarter, the increase was 0.8 percent.

Over-the-year changes, not seasonally adjusted

Compensation costs for civilian workers (not seasonally adjusted) increased 3.9 percent for the 12

months ended in March 2002 to 158.4 (June 1989=100). This compares with over-the-year increases of 4.1

percent in March 2001 and 4.3 percent in March 2000. Compensation costs in private industry rose 3.9 percent

in the year ended March 2002, compared with increases of 4.2 percent in March 2001 and 4.6 percent in March

2000. In State and local government, compensation costs increased 3.9 percent for the year ended March

2002; over-the-year increases were 3.3 percent in March 2001 and 3.6 percent in March 2000. (See tables B,

2, and 3.)

Nonfarm private industry

In private industry, wages and salaries rose 3.5 percent for the year ended March 2002, after increasing

3.8 percent in the year ended March 2001. (See tables B and 6.) Benefit costs for private industry workers

increased 4.8 percent for the year ended in March 2002, compared with an increase of 5.0 percent in March

2001. (See chart A and tables B and 8.)

In private industry, over-the-year compensation cost increases were 4.0 percent for white-collar

occupations, 3.6 percent for blue-collar occupations, and 4.3 percent for service occupations. Among the

occupational groups, increases in compensation costs ranged from 3.3 percent for professional specialty and

technical workers to 4.5 percent for executive, administrative, and managerial employees. (See table 3.)

Table B. 12-month percent changes in Employment Cost Index, not seasonally adjusted

Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.

Compensation Component 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

 Civilian workers

Compensation costs 2.9 3.3 3.0 4.3 4.1 3.9

 Wages and salaries 3.3 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.8 3.5

 Benefit costs 2.0 2.2 2.3 5.0 4.7 4.9

 Private industry

Compensation costs 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.6 4.2 3.9

 Wages and salaries 3.4 4.0 3.3 4.2 3.8 3.5

 Benefit costs 2.0 2.3 2.2 5.5 5.0 4.8

 State and local government

Compensation costs 2.5 2.5 2.9 3.6 3.3 3.9

 Wages and salaries 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.8 3.5 3.4

 Benefit costs 2.0 1.7 2.8 3.2 2.8 5.0

For the year ended March 2002, the compensation cost increase was 3.6 percent for goods-producing

industries, compared with a 4.1 percent increase for the year ended March 2001. The over-the-year increase in

compensation for service-producing industries was 4.0 percent, compared with a 4.3 percent increase for the

year ended March 2001. Among service-producing industry divisions, the 12-month increases ranged from 3.2

percent for retail trade to 6.6 percent for banking, savings and loan, and other credit agencies. (See table 3.)
3

Compensation costs for union workers rose 4.7 percent over the year, greater than the 3.8 percent

increase for nonunion workers. In service-producing industries, union compensation increased 5.7 percent,

greater than the 3.8 percent increase for nonunion workers. In goods-producing industries, the increases for

both union and nonunion workers were 3.7 percent. Among the four geographic regions, increases in

compensation costs ranged from 3.4 percent in the South to 4.4 percent in the Northeast. (See table 4.)

State and local government

In State and local government, the March 2002 over-the-year increase in wages and salaries was 3.4

percent, compared with a gain of 3.5 percent for March 2001. The 12-month gain in benefit costs for March

2002 was 5.0 percent, significantly higher than the 2.8 percent gain for March 2001. (See tables B, 5, and 8.)

________________________________________________________________________________________

NOTES:

This release incorporates annual revisions in seasonally adjusted Employment Cost Index (ECI) data for

total compensation, wages and salaries, and benefit costs. Seasonally adjusted data for 1997-2001 were revised

to reflect updated seasonal factors. The new seasonal factors and historical listing containing revised seasonally

adjusted indexes are available on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ect/home.htm or upon request.

The ECI for June 2002 is scheduled to be released Thursday, July 25, 2002, at 8:30 a.m. (EDT).

ECI data are available on the Compensation Cost Trends page at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm.

To access data using Anonymous FTP, use the Internet address ftp://ftp.bls.gov.

For technical assistance in using the BLS Internet site, send e-mail to webmaster@bls.gov. For ECI data

requests, send e-mail to ocltinfo@bls.gov.

The ECI news release is available through an e-mail subscription service. See the subscription link on

http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm or http://www.bls.gov/bls/newsrels.htm.

News releases and other information are available from the BLS fax-on-demand service. To request a

document fax, call (202) 691-6325. To request a catalog of available documents, select option 2 at the initial

voice prompt. To request data found in this news release, enter the following codes:

Text 4110

Tables 1-4 4115

Tables 5-7 4120

Table 8 4125

Explanatory notes 4190

________________________________________________________________________________________
4

Chart D. Changes in benefit costs by

industry sector, private industry

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

12-month percent change

 Goods-producing Service-producing 

Employment Cost Index

Chart B. Changes in compensation,

seasonally adjusted and not seasonally

adjusted, private industry

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

3-month percent change

 Seasonally adjusted Not seasonally adjusted

Chart A. Changes in wages and salaries 

and benefit costs, private industry

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

12-month percent change

 Wages & salaries Benefits

Chart C. Changes in benefit costs by

bargaining status, private industry

82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

12-month percent change

Union Non-union
5

Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation1, wages and salaries, and benefit costs by industry and

occupational group

(Seasonally adjusted data)

Industry and occupational group

Indexes (June

1989=100) Percent changes for 3-months ended–

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Jun.

2000

Sep.

2000

Dec.

2000

Mar.

2001

Jun.

2001

Sep.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

TOTAL COMPENSATION

Civilian workers .............................................. 156.9 158.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8

State and local government .......................... 154.9 156.0 .7 .5 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 .6 .7

Private industry ............................................. 157.3 158.7 1.2 1.0 .9 1.1 1.0 .9 1.0 .9

Industry

Goods producing2 .................................... 154.8 156.2 1.2 1.0 .6 1.1 .9 .8 .9 .9

Construction ......................................... 153.3 154.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 .7

Manufacturing ....................................... 154.8 156.4 1.1 1.0 .5 1.1 .9 .6 1.0 1.0

Durables ........................................... 155.6 156.8 1.2 .9 .6 .9 .8 .7 1.0 .8

Nondurables ..................................... 153.6 155.6 .9 1.2 .3 1.4 1.0 .5 .9 1.3

Service producing3 ................................... 158.6 159.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 .8

Transportation and public utilities ......... 155.8 157.3 1.2 1.2 .8 1.3 1.2 .7 1.6 1.0

Wholesale trade .................................... 159.4 162.2 .8 .5 1.4 .7 1.4 .8 .4 1.8

Retail trade ........................................... 153.8 153.4 1.0 1.0 .8 1.0 .6 .8 2.1 -.3

Finance, insurance, and real estate4 .... 161.3 165.2 .7 1.4 .3 1.4 1.0 .9 .2 2.4

Services ................................................ 161.2 162.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.4 .8 1.3 .9 .9

Nonmanufacturing .................................... 157.9 159.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 .8

Occupational group

White collar ............................................... 160.5 161.8 1.2 1.0 .9 1.1 1.0 .9 1.2 .8

Blue collar ................................................. 152.2 153.6 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 .7 1.1 .9 .9

Service ...................................................... 154.4 156.2 1.1 .8 1.1 1.2 .8 1.0 1.4 1.2

WAGES AND SALARIES

Civilian workers .............................................. 153.4 154.7 1.0 .9 .8 1.0 1.0 .8 .9 .8

State and local government .......................... 153.4 154.5 .8 .8 .9 .9 1.0 1.0 .7 .7

Private industry ............................................. 153.4 154.8 1.0 .9 .8 1.0 1.0 .7 .9 .9

Industry

Goods producing2,4 .................................. 150.5 151.7 1.2 .9 .6 1.2 1.1 .6 .7 .8

Construction ......................................... 146.6 147.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 .9 1.0 1.0 1.1 .3

Manufacturing4 ..................................... 151.7 153.1 1.0 .9 .5 1.4 1.0 .5 .7 .9

Durables4 ......................................... 152.6 153.9 1.2 1.0 .8 1.2 1.0 .7 .7 .9

Nondurables ..................................... 150.5 151.7 .9 .9 .3 1.2 1.1 .3 .7 .8

Service producing3 ................................... 154.7 156.1 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.0 .9

Transportation and public utilities ......... 149.2 150.7 .9 .9 .8 1.1 1.2 .7 1.8 1.0

Wholesale trade .................................... 154.6 157.7 .9 .3 1.2 .5 1.3 .1 .3 2.0

Retail trade ........................................... 151.2 150.8 .9 .9 .8 .8 .5 .7 1.7 -.3

Finance, insurance, and real estate4 .... 156.0 160.3 .5 1.5 .0 1.5 .5 .8 .1 2.8

Services ................................................ 158.3 159.4 1.3 .9 .9 1.2 .9 1.2 .8 .7

Nonmanufacturing .................................... 153.7 155.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .9 1.1 .8

See footnotes at end of table.
6

Table 1. Employment Cost Index for total compensation1, wages and salaries, and benefit costs by industry and

occupational group — Continued

(Seasonally adjusted data)

Industry and occupational group

Indexes (June

1989=100) Percent changes for 3-months ended–

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Jun.

2000

Sep.

2000

Dec.

2000

Mar.

2001

Jun.

2001

Sep.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

WAGES AND SALARIES–Continued

Occupational group

White collar ............................................... 156.3 157.7 1.1 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9

Blue collar4 ............................................... 148.3 149.6 1.0 1.0 .6 1.3 .9 1.1 .5 .9

Service4 .................................................... 150.6 152.0 1.1 .7 1.0 1.0 .8 .8 1.3 .9

BENEFIT COSTS

Civilian workers .............................................. 165.3 166.9 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.0

State and local government .......................... 158.5 159.6 .5 .1 .9 1.1 1.2 2.2 .8 .7

Private industry ............................................. 166.8 168.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.3 1.1

Industry

Goods producing2 .................................... 163.1 165.4 1.3 1.2 .6 .9 .8 1.0 1.4 1.4

Manufacturing ....................................... 161.0 163.2 1.1 1.0 .2 .8 .6 .7 1.4 1.4

Service producing3 ................................... 169.0 170.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.2 .8

Nonmanufacturing .................................... 169.4 170.8 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.3 .8

Occupational group

White collar ............................................... 172.0 173.1 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 .6

Blue collar ................................................. 159.4 162.3 .9 1.0 .8 .9 .3 1.3 .8 1.8

Service ...................................................... 166.1 168.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.0 1.4 1.7 1.6

1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and

retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 4 No identifiable seasonality was found for this series.
7

Table 2. Employment Cost Index for total compensation1 for civilian and State and local government workers by

industry and occupational group

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Industry and occupational group

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Civilian workers ............................................ 152.5 156.8 158.4 1.3 0.8 1.0 4.1 4.1 3.9

Excluding sales occupations .................. 152.5 156.8 158.4 1.3 .8 1.0 4.2 4.2 3.9

Industry

Goods producing2 ...................................... 150.7 154.4 156.3 1.3 .8 1.2 4.0 3.8 3.7

Manufacturing ......................................... 151.3 154.6 156.6 1.3 .8 1.3 3.6 3.5 3.5

Service producing3 ..................................... 153.0 157.6 159.1 1.3 .8 1.0 4.0 4.3 4.0

Services .................................................. 154.3 159.0 160.2 1.2 .6 .8 4.3 4.3 3.8

Health services ................................... 152.5 158.3 160.5 1.2 1.0 1.4 4.5 5.0 5.2

Hospitals ......................................... 153.2 160.0 162.3 1.3 1.1 1.4 4.7 5.8 5.9

Educational services ........................... 151.7 156.6 157.1 .7 .3 .3 3.5 4.0 3.6

Public administration4 ............................. 150.6 155.2 156.5 1.6 .9 .8 3.4 4.7 3.9

Nonmanufacturing ...................................... 152.6 157.2 158.7 1.3 .8 1.0 4.1 4.3 4.0

Occupational group

White collar ................................................. 154.4 158.9 160.5 1.2 .8 1.0 4.0 4.2 4.0

Excluding sales ................................... 154.7 159.2 160.9 1.4 .7 1.1 4.3 4.3 4.0

Professional specialty and technical ....... 153.2 157.5 158.5 1.3 .5 .6 4.4 4.1 3.5

Executive, administrative, and

managerial ............................................ 156.6 161.2 163.7 1.3 1.0 1.6 4.1 4.3 4.5

Administrative support, including clerical 155.3 160.0 162.0 1.6 .8 1.3 4.5 4.7 4.3

Blue collar ................................................... 148.2 152.0 153.7 1.2 .6 1.1 3.9 3.8 3.7

Service ........................................................ 152.0 156.9 158.4 1.3 1.2 1.0 4.1 4.6 4.2

State and local government ......................... 150.3 155.2 156.1 .9 .6 .6 3.3 4.2 3.9

Industry

Services .................................................. 149.9 154.9 155.5 .7 .3 .4 3.2 4.0 3.7

Excluding schools ........................... 150.1 156.1 157.9 .9 1.0 1.2 3.4 4.9 5.2

Health services ................................... 152.1 158.6 160.4 .3 1.0 1.1 3.3 4.6 5.5

Hospitals ......................................... 152.2 159.1 160.7 .1 1.1 1.0 2.9 4.7 5.6

Educational services ........................... 149.6 154.5 154.8 .6 .3 .2 3.2 3.9 3.5

Schools ........................................... 149.9 154.8 155.1 .6 .3 .2 3.2 3.9 3.5

Elementary and secondary ......... 148.5 153.1 153.4 .3 .2 .2 2.8 3.4 3.3

Colleges and universities ............ 153.7 159.6 160.0 1.3 .4 .3 4.3 5.2 4.1

Public administration4 ............................. 150.6 155.2 156.5 1.6 .9 .8 3.4 4.7 3.9

Occupational group

White collar ................................................. 149.5 154.4 155.2 .8 .5 .5 3.2 4.1 3.8

Professional specialty and technical ....... 148.4 153.2 153.6 .7 .3 .3 3.0 3.9 3.5

Executive, administrative, and

managerial ............................................ 152.4 157.6 159.5 1.1 .8 1.2 3.7 4.6 4.7

Administrative support, including clerical 150.7 155.6 156.9 .9 .9 .8 3.3 4.1 4.1

Blue collar ................................................... 148.6 153.2 154.0 1.0 1.1 .5 3.4 4.1 3.6

Service ........................................................ 155.3 160.5 161.5 1.6 .9 .6 3.9 5.0 4.0

1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities;

wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; service

industries; and public administration. 4 Includes executive, legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory

activities of State and local governments, SICs 91 through 96.
8

Table 3. Employment Cost Index for total compensation1 for private industry workers, by industry and

occupational group

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Industry and occupational group

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Private industry workers .............................. 153.0 157.2 158.9 1.4 0.8 1.1 4.2 4.2 3.9

Excluding sales occupations .................. 153.0 157.2 159.0 1.4 .8 1.1 4.4 4.2 3.9

Industry

Goods producing2 .................................... 150.7 154.4 156.2 1.3 .8 1.2 4.1 3.8 3.6

Excluding sales ................................... 150.1 153.7 155.5 1.3 .8 1.2 4.1 3.7 3.6

White collar ............................................. 154.5 158.1 160.1 1.7 .8 1.3 4.3 4.1 3.6

Excluding sales ................................... 153.0 156.5 158.4 1.7 .8 1.2 4.4 4.0 3.5

Blue collar ............................................... 148.2 151.9 153.6 1.0 .7 1.1 3.8 3.5 3.6

Construction ........................................... 148.2 153.0 154.1 1.0 .9 .7 5.3 4.3 4.0

Manufacturing ......................................... 151.3 154.6 156.6 1.3 .8 1.3 3.6 3.5 3.5

White collar ......................................... 154.2 156.9 159.1 1.8 .6 1.4 4.0 3.6 3.2

Excluding sales ............................... 152.2 154.7 156.7 1.7 .6 1.3 4.1 3.3 3.0

Blue collar ........................................... 149.1 152.7 154.6 .9 .9 1.2 3.3 3.3 3.7

Durables ............................................. 151.8 155.3 156.9 1.1 .8 1.0 3.6 3.5 3.4

Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721) .. 159.8 163.4 167.5 2.9 1.9 2.5 5.7 5.2 4.8

White collar ................................. 157.3 159.0 163.3 4.0 1.7 2.7 7.3 5.2 3.8

Blue collar ................................... 161.9 169.1 172.6 .9 2.3 2.1 2.6 5.4 6.6

Nondurables ....................................... 150.4 153.2 156.0 1.8 .8 1.8 3.8 3.7 3.7

Service producing3 .................................. 153.8 158.2 159.9 1.4 .8 1.1 4.3 4.3 4.0

Excluding sales ................................... 154.6 159.0 160.9 1.6 .8 1.2 4.7 4.5 4.1

White collar ............................................. 155.8 160.3 162.1 1.4 .8 1.1 4.4 4.3 4.0

Excluding sales ................................... 157.5 162.2 164.1 1.5 .8 1.2 4.8 4.6 4.2

Blue collar ............................................... 147.7 151.4 153.2 1.7 .3 1.2 4.2 4.2 3.7

Service .................................................... 149.6 154.2 155.9 1.1 1.3 1.1 4.2 4.3 4.2

Transportation and public utilities ........... 150.5 155.5 157.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 4.6 4.9 4.5

Transportation .................................... 145.4 151.1 152.5 1.0 2.0 .9 3.6 5.0 4.9

Public utilities ...................................... 157.3 161.5 163.9 2.1 .5 1.5 5.9 4.8 4.2

Communications ............................. 158.3 163.4 166.0 2.3 .4 1.6 6.7 5.6 4.9

Electric, gas, and sanitary services 156.0 159.1 161.3 1.7 .6 1.4 4.8 3.7 3.4

Wholesale and retail trade ...................... 151.0 155.5 156.5 1.1 1.2 .6 3.7 4.1 3.6

Excluding sales ............................... 152.6 157.1 157.5 1.3 1.1 .3 4.2 4.3 3.2

Wholesale trade .................................. 155.1 159.5 161.9 .5 .6 1.5 3.4 3.3 4.4

Excluding sales ............................... 156.9 160.6 162.3 1.3 .4 1.1 4.9 3.7 3.4

Retail trade ......................................... 148.7 153.2 153.5 1.4 1.5 .2 3.8 4.5 3.2

General merchandise stores .......... 147.3 150.9 152.4 2.0 .8 1.0 5.4 4.5 3.5

Food stores ..................................... 146.1 151.7 152.9 1.1 1.3 .8 4.3 5.0 4.7

Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... 157.9 161.3 165.2 1.4 .2 2.4 3.9 3.6 4.6

Excluding sales ............................... 161.2 165.0 169.8 1.8 .2 2.9 4.5 4.2 5.3

Banking, savings and loan, and other

credit agencies ................................. 170.8 174.3 182.1 2.6 -.6 4.5 5.0 4.7 6.6

Insurance ............................................ 157.6 161.3 164.0 1.5 .9 1.7 5.1 3.9 4.1

Excluding sales ............................... 155.6 159.4 163.0 1.6 .9 2.3 4.1 4.1 4.8

Services .................................................. 156.5 161.0 162.6 1.6 .6 1.0 4.8 4.5 3.9

Business services ............................... 160.5 166.2 166.3 1.3 .6 .1 4.1 4.9 3.6

Health services ................................... 152.7 158.4 160.6 1.4 1.0 1.4 4.7 5.2 5.2

Hospitals ......................................... 153.5 160.3 162.8 1.6 1.2 1.6 5.3 6.1 6.1

Nursing homes ............................... – – – 1.8 .9 1.4 6.6 5.1 4.7

Educational services ........................... 162.3 167.6 168.5 1.5 .7 .5 5.4 4.8 3.8

Colleges and universities ................ 162.2 167.5 168.1 1.9 .8 .4 4.9 5.2 3.6

See footnotes at end of table.
9

Table 3. Employment Cost Index for total compensation1 for private industry workers, by industry and

occupational group — Continued

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Industry and occupational group

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Industry–Continued

Nonmanufacturing industries ................. 153.1 157.6 159.3 1.3 0.8 1.1 4.4 4.3 4.0

White collar ............................................. 155.8 160.5 162.2 1.4 .9 1.1 4.4 4.4 4.1

Excluding sales ................................... 157.5 162.3 164.2 1.5 .9 1.2 4.9 4.6 4.3

Blue collar ............................................... 146.9 150.6 152.2 1.5 .3 1.1 4.5 4.0 3.6

Service .................................................... 149.5 154.1 155.9 1.2 1.3 1.2 4.2 4.3 4.3

Occupational group

White collar ............................................... 155.7 160.1 161.9 1.4 .9 1.1 4.3 4.2 4.0

Excluding sales ................................... 156.5 160.9 162.8 1.6 .8 1.2 4.8 4.4 4.0

Professional specialty and technical ....... 156.3 160.3 161.5 1.7 .7 .7 5.3 4.3 3.3

Executive, administrative, and

managerial ............................................ 157.3 161.8 164.4 1.3 1.0 1.6 4.1 4.2 4.5

Sales ....................................................... 152.3 156.7 157.7 .6 1.1 .6 2.3 3.5 3.5

Administrative support, including

clerical .................................................. 156.1 160.8 162.8 1.8 .8 1.2 4.8 4.8 4.3

Blue collar ................................................. 148.2 151.9 153.6 1.2 .6 1.1 3.9 3.8 3.6

Precision production, craft, and repair .... 148.7 152.5 153.7 1.4 .5 .8 4.5 4.0 3.4

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors ............................................. 148.3 151.5 153.6 1.0 .7 1.4 3.0 3.2 3.6

Transportation and material moving ....... 142.6 146.3 148.7 1.1 .5 1.6 3.7 3.7 4.3

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,

and laborers .......................................... 152.2 156.5 158.7 1.2 1.0 1.4 4.0 4.1 4.3

Service ....................................................... 150.0 154.8 156.4 1.3 1.4 1.0 4.2 4.5 4.3

Production and nonsupervisory

occupations4 ........................................... 151.4 155.5 157.1 1.3 .8 1.0 4.2 4.0 3.8

1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities;

wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service

industries.

4 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the

Hourly Earnings Index, which was discontinued in January 1989.

NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
10

Table 4. Employment Cost Index for total compensation1 for private industry workers, by bargaining status,

region, and area

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Bargaining status, region, and area

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Bargaining status

Union ........................................................... 147.9 153.1 154.8 0.7 1.4 1.1 3.4 4.2 4.7

Blue-collar occupations ........................ 145.9 150.0 151.7 .6 .9 1.1 3.4 3.4 4.0

Goods-producing industries2 .................... 147.9 151.8 153.4 .4 .8 1.1 3.2 3.1 3.7

Service-producing industries3 .................. 147.6 154.2 156.0 .8 2.0 1.2 3.6 5.3 5.7

Manufacturing ........................................... 147.9 151.4 153.4 .3 1.0 1.3 2.4 2.7 3.7

Blue-collar occupations ........................ 147.3 150.9 152.5 .2 1.0 1.1 2.4 2.7 3.5

Nonmanufacturing .................................... 147.3 153.5 155.0 .8 1.6 1.0 4.0 5.0 5.2

Nonunion ..................................................... 153.8 157.8 159.6 1.5 .7 1.1 4.3 4.1 3.8

Blue-collar occupations ........................ 149.4 152.9 154.7 1.5 .5 1.2 4.2 3.9 3.5

Goods-producing industries2 .................... 151.6 155.3 157.2 1.5 .8 1.2 4.3 4.0 3.7

Service-producing industries3 .................. 154.4 158.6 160.3 1.4 .7 1.1 4.3 4.1 3.8

Manufacturing ........................................... 152.4 155.5 157.6 1.7 .7 1.4 4.0 3.7 3.4

Blue-collar occupations ........................ 149.9 153.5 155.6 1.3 .9 1.4 3.8 3.7 3.8

Nonmanufacturing .................................... 153.9 158.2 159.9 1.4 .8 1.1 4.4 4.2 3.9

Region4

Northeast ...................................................... 151.6 156.3 158.3 .9 .7 1.3 3.6 4.0 4.4

South ............................................................ 151.1 154.6 156.2 1.7 .7 1.0 4.2 4.0 3.4

Midwest ........................................................ 154.8 158.6 161.1 1.0 .8 1.6 4.0 3.5 4.1

West ............................................................. 154.3 159.4 160.4 1.6 1.1 .6 5.0 5.0 4.0

Area

Metropolitan .................................................. 153.1 157.4 159.1 1.4 .9 1.1 4.2 4.2 3.9

Other ............................................................. 152.1 155.6 157.5 1.2 .5 1.2 4.2 3.5 3.6

1 Includes wages, salaries, and employer costs for employee benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities;

wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service

industries.

4 The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,

Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District

of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,

North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,

and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and

Wisconsin; and West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii,

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and

Wyoming.

 NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those

for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series.
11

Table 5. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries for civilian and State and local government workers, by

industry and occupational group

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Industry and occupational group

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Civilian workers ............................................ 149.5 153.4 154.8 1.1 0.7 0.9 3.8 3.7 3.5

Excluding sales occupations .................. 149.4 153.4 154.8 1.2 .7 .9 4.0 3.9 3.6

Industry

Goods producing1 ...................................... 147.0 150.5 151.8 1.2 .7 .9 4.0 3.6 3.3

Manufacturing ......................................... 148.5 151.7 153.1 1.4 .7 .9 3.9 3.5 3.1

Service producing2 ..................................... 150.5 154.5 155.9 1.1 .7 .9 3.8 3.8 3.6

Services .................................................. 152.6 157.1 158.1 1.1 .6 .6 4.1 4.0 3.6

Health services ................................... 149.8 155.5 157.3 1.0 1.2 1.2 4.2 4.9 5.0

Hospitals ......................................... 148.8 155.5 157.2 1.0 1.3 1.1 4.3 5.6 5.6

Educational services ........................... 150.5 155.1 155.3 .6 .3 .1 3.6 3.7 3.2

Public administration3 ............................. 147.6 151.6 152.5 1.0 .9 .6 3.6 3.8 3.3

Nonmanufacturing ...................................... 149.7 153.8 155.0 1.1 .8 .8 3.8 3.8 3.5

Occupational group

White collar ................................................. 151.7 155.6 157.0 1.0 .7 .9 3.8 3.6 3.5

Excluding sales ................................... 152.1 156.1 157.6 1.1 .6 1.0 4.0 3.8 3.6

Professional specialty and technical ....... 151.1 155.1 155.6 1.0 .6 .3 4.3 3.7 3.0

Executive, administrative, and

managerial ............................................ 154.0 158.1 160.7 1.0 .9 1.6 3.6 3.7 4.4

Administrative support, including clerical 151.6 155.7 157.3 1.3 .7 1.0 4.2 4.1 3.8

Blue collar ................................................... 144.7 148.5 149.7 1.3 .6 .8 4.0 3.9 3.5

Service ........................................................ 148.6 153.0 154.2 1.0 1.2 .8 3.9 4.0 3.8

State and local government ......................... 149.3 153.7 154.4 .7 .5 .5 3.5 3.6 3.4

Industry

Services .................................................. 149.5 154.2 154.6 .5 .3 .3 3.4 3.7 3.4

Excluding schools ........................... 149.1 154.9 156.7 .8 1.1 1.2 3.3 4.7 5.1

Health services ................................... 149.9 155.8 157.8 .4 1.0 1.3 3.2 4.4 5.3

Hospitals ......................................... 149.5 155.7 157.7 .2 1.0 1.3 2.9 4.4 5.5

Educational services ........................... 149.5 154.0 154.2 .5 .3 .1 3.5 3.6 3.1

Schools ........................................... 149.7 154.1 154.3 .5 .2 .1 3.5 3.5 3.1

Elementary and secondary ......... 149.0 153.1 153.4 .3 .2 .2 3.1 3.1 3.0

Colleges and universities ............ 151.4 156.7 156.8 1.3 .1 .1 4.5 4.8 3.6

Public administration3 ............................. 147.6 151.6 152.5 1.0 .9 .6 3.6 3.8 3.3

Occupational group

White collar ................................................. 149.0 153.3 153.9 .7 .4 .4 3.4 3.6 3.3

Professional specialty and technical ....... 149.1 153.4 153.6 .6 .3 .1 3.3 3.5 3.0

Executive, administrative, and

managerial ............................................ 150.1 155.1 156.6 .9 .8 1.0 3.6 4.2 4.3

Administrative support, including clerical 147.0 150.9 151.9 .5 .7 .7 3.2 3.2 3.3

Blue collar ................................................... 146.0 150.8 151.6 .6 1.1 .5 3.2 3.9 3.8

Service ........................................................ 152.8 157.4 158.3 1.1 .8 .6 4.4 4.1 3.6

1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities;

wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; service

industries; and public administration. 3 Includes executive, legislative, judicial, administrative, and regulatory

activities of State and local governments, SICs 91 through 96.
12

Table 6. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries for private industry workers by industry and

occupational group

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Industry and occupational group

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Private industry workers .............................. 149.4 153.3 154.7 1.2 0.8 0.9 3.8 3.8 3.5

Excluding sales occupations .................. 149.5 153.3 154.9 1.3 .7 1.0 4.2 3.9 3.6

Industry

Goods producing1 .................................... 147.0 150.5 151.7 1.2 .7 .8 4.0 3.7 3.2

Excluding sales ................................... 146.3 149.7 150.9 1.2 .7 .8 4.1 3.5 3.1

White collar ............................................. 150.5 153.6 155.0 1.2 .7 .9 3.8 3.3 3.0

Excluding sales ................................... 148.9 151.7 152.9 1.2 .6 .8 4.0 3.1 2.7

Blue collar ............................................... 144.7 148.4 149.6 1.1 .7 .8 4.1 3.7 3.4

Construction ........................................... 142.1 146.3 147.0 1.0 .8 .5 4.5 4.0 3.4

Manufacturing ......................................... 148.5 151.7 153.1 1.4 .7 .9 3.9 3.5 3.1

White collar ......................................... 151.1 153.3 154.9 1.3 .3 1.0 3.6 2.7 2.5

Excluding sales ............................... 149.1 151.0 152.3 1.1 .3 .9 3.8 2.4 2.1

Blue collar ........................................... 146.4 150.3 151.7 1.2 .8 .9 4.0 3.9 3.6

Durables ............................................. 149.0 152.6 153.9 1.2 .7 .9 4.2 3.6 3.3

Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721) .. 154.3 158.3 161.4 1.8 1.1 2.0 5.5 4.4 4.6

White collar ................................. 149.8 152.2 155.9 2.5 .9 2.4 5.4 4.1 4.1

Blue collar ................................... 160.3 167.4 169.0 .6 1.5 1.0 5.6 5.1 5.4

Nondurables ....................................... 147.5 150.2 151.9 1.4 .6 1.1 3.4 3.3 3.0

Service producing2 .................................. 150.5 154.5 156.1 1.1 .8 1.0 3.8 3.8 3.7

Excluding sales ................................... 151.3 155.5 157.2 1.3 .8 1.1 4.1 4.1 3.9

White collar ............................................. 152.5 156.5 158.2 1.1 .8 1.1 3.8 3.7 3.7

Excluding sales ................................... 154.3 158.6 160.4 1.3 .9 1.1 4.4 4.1 4.0

Blue collar ............................................... 144.3 148.1 149.4 1.5 .4 .9 3.7 4.1 3.5

Service .................................................... 146.1 150.2 151.6 .9 1.2 .9 3.5 3.7 3.8

Transportation and public utilities ........... 143.7 149.2 150.5 1.0 1.7 .9 3.8 4.8 4.7

Transportation .................................... 139.8 145.7 147.4 .9 2.2 1.2 3.6 5.1 5.4

Public utilities ...................................... 148.7 153.6 154.3 1.1 1.1 .5 3.8 4.4 3.8

Communications ............................. 149.2 155.2 155.3 1.2 1.2 .1 4.0 5.3 4.1

Electric, gas, and sanitary services 148.1 151.7 153.0 1.0 .9 .9 3.6 3.5 3.3

Wholesale and retail trade ...................... 148.4 152.1 153.0 .7 1.0 .6 3.2 3.2 3.1

Excluding sales ............................... 150.7 154.6 154.8 1.1 1.0 .1 3.8 3.8 2.7

Wholesale trade .................................. 151.6 154.8 157.2 .0 .5 1.6 2.8 2.1 3.7

Excluding sales ............................... 154.9 157.9 159.4 1.1 .3 .9 4.7 3.1 2.9

Retail trade ......................................... 146.9 150.7 150.9 1.2 1.3 .1 3.4 3.8 2.7

General merchandise stores .......... 143.8 146.5 147.9 1.1 .5 1.0 4.4 3.0 2.9

Food stores ..................................... 143.3 146.7 148.0 1.2 .7 .9 4.8 3.6 3.3

Finance, insurance, and real estate ....... 153.9 156.0 160.3 1.5 .1 2.8 3.5 2.8 4.2

Excluding sales ............................... 156.6 159.1 164.5 1.6 .0 3.4 4.3 3.2 5.0

Banking, savings and loan, and other

credit agencies ................................. 169.4 171.7 181.2 2.2 -.9 5.5 4.6 3.6 7.0

Insurance ............................................ 152.4 155.0 157.1 1.1 .9 1.4 4.7 2.8 3.1

Excluding sales ............................... 148.3 151.2 154.3 1.2 .9 2.1 3.6 3.2 4.0

Services .................................................. 153.8 158.2 159.5 1.3 .7 .8 4.3 4.2 3.7

Business services ............................... 158.2 163.7 164.0 1.4 .6 .2 4.1 4.9 3.7

Health services ................................... 149.8 155.4 157.3 1.1 1.2 1.2 4.4 4.9 5.0

Hospitals ......................................... 148.5 155.4 157.1 1.2 1.4 1.1 4.7 5.9 5.8

Nursing homes ............................... – – – 1.7 1.1 1.4 6.2 5.1 4.7

Educational services ........................... 155.4 160.6 161.2 .7 .6 .4 4.4 4.1 3.7

Colleges and universities ................ 154.1 159.6 159.9 .8 .8 .2 3.5 4.4 3.8

See footnotes at end of table.
13

Table 6. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries for private industry workers by industry and

occupational group — Continued

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Industry and occupational group

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Industry–Continued

Nonmanufacturing industries ................. 149.5 153.5 155.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 3.9 3.8 3.7

White collar ............................................. 152.3 156.4 158.0 1.1 .9 1.0 4.0 3.9 3.7

Excluding sales ................................... 153.9 158.3 160.1 1.3 .9 1.1 4.4 4.2 4.0

Blue collar ............................................... 142.8 146.4 147.5 1.3 .4 .8 3.9 3.9 3.3

Service .................................................... 146.0 150.1 151.4 .9 1.3 .9 3.6 3.7 3.7

Occupational group

White collar ............................................... 152.3 156.1 157.7 1.1 .8 1.0 3.9 3.7 3.5

Excluding sales ................................... 153.0 156.9 158.6 1.3 .8 1.1 4.3 3.8 3.7

Professional specialty and technical ....... 152.1 155.9 156.7 1.3 .7 .5 4.8 3.8 3.0

Executive, administrative, and

managerial ............................................ 154.7 158.6 161.3 1.1 .9 1.7 3.7 3.7 4.3

Sales ....................................................... 149.2 152.6 153.6 .3 .9 .7 1.7 2.6 2.9

Administrative support, including

clerical .................................................. 152.3 156.5 158.2 1.5 .8 1.1 4.3 4.3 3.9

Blue collar ................................................. 144.6 148.3 149.6 1.3 .5 .9 4.0 3.9 3.5

Precision production, craft, and repair .... 144.6 148.4 149.2 1.3 .5 .5 4.1 3.9 3.2

Machine operators, assemblers, and

inspectors ............................................. 145.6 149.0 150.5 1.3 .6 1.0 3.5 3.7 3.4

Transportation and material moving ....... 139.5 142.8 144.8 1.4 .5 1.4 4.0 3.8 3.8

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,

and laborers .......................................... 148.0 152.4 154.2 1.2 .9 1.2 4.4 4.2 4.2

Service ....................................................... 146.4 150.6 152.0 1.0 1.3 .9 3.8 3.9 3.8

Production and nonsupervisory

occupations3 ........................................... 147.7 151.5 152.7 1.2 .8 .8 3.9 3.8 3.4

1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities;

wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service

industries.

3 This series has the same industry and occupational coverage as the

Hourly Earnings Index, which was discontinued in January 1989.

NOTE: Dashes indicate data not available.
14

Table 7. Employment Cost Index for wages and salaries for private industry workers by bargaining status,

region, and area

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Bargaining status, region, and area

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Bargaining status

Union ........................................................... 142.1 147.4 148.4 0.6 1.6 0.7 3.6 4.4 4.4

Blue-collar occupations ........................ 140.3 144.7 145.6 .8 1.0 .6 3.8 4.0 3.8

Goods-producing industries1 .................... 142.4 146.3 147.2 .8 .7 .6 3.8 3.5 3.4

Service-producing industries2 .................. 142.2 148.9 150.0 .5 2.4 .7 3.3 5.2 5.5

Manufacturing ........................................... 143.9 148.0 149.0 .9 .9 .7 3.7 3.8 3.5

Blue-collar occupations ........................ 143.0 147.0 147.8 .9 .8 .5 3.8 3.7 3.4

Nonmanufacturing .................................... 141.1 147.1 148.1 .5 1.9 .7 3.4 4.8 5.0

Nonunion ..................................................... 150.8 154.4 155.9 1.2 .7 1.0 3.9 3.6 3.4

Blue-collar occupations ........................ 147.1 150.5 151.9 1.5 .3 .9 4.0 3.9 3.3

Goods-producing industries1 .................... 148.8 152.1 153.5 1.4 .7 .9 4.1 3.6 3.2

Service-producing industries2 .................. 151.4 155.1 156.7 1.2 .6 1.0 3.8 3.7 3.5

Manufacturing ........................................... 150.1 153.1 154.7 1.4 .6 1.0 3.9 3.4 3.1

Blue-collar occupations ........................ 148.7 152.6 154.3 1.4 .9 1.1 4.1 4.1 3.8

Nonmanufacturing .................................... 150.7 154.4 155.9 1.2 .7 1.0 3.9 3.7 3.5

Region3

Northeast ...................................................... 147.3 151.7 153.5 .9 .7 1.2 3.5 3.9 4.2

South ............................................................ 148.3 151.2 152.5 1.4 .7 .9 3.7 3.3 2.8

Midwest ........................................................ 150.9 154.7 157.1 .9 .7 1.6 3.9 3.4 4.1

West ............................................................. 151.3 156.0 156.4 1.4 1.1 .3 4.6 4.6 3.4

Area

Metropolitan .................................................. 149.8 153.7 155.1 1.2 .9 .9 4.0 3.9 3.5

Other ............................................................. 147.4 150.5 151.7 1.0 .5 .8 3.7 3.1 2.9

1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities;

wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service

industries.

3 The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine,

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,

Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District

of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi,

North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,

and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and

Wisconsin; and West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii,

Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and

Wyoming.

 NOTE: The indexes for these series are not strictly comparable to those

for the aggregate, occupation, and industry series.
15

Table 8. Employment Cost Index for benefits for civilian, State and local government, and private industry

workers by industry, occupational group, and bargaining status

(Not seasonally adjusted data)

Industry, occupational group, and

bargaining status

Indexes (June 1989=100) Percent changes for–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

3 months ended– 12 months ended–

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Mar.

2001

Dec.

2001

Mar.

2002

Civilian workers .......................................... 159.7 165.1 167.5 1.8 0.9 1.5 4.7 5.2 4.9

State and local government ........................ 152.3 158.4 159.9 1.4 .7 .9 2.8 5.5 5.0

Private industry ........................................... 161.5 166.7 169.3 1.8 .9 1.6 5.0 5.1 4.8

Industry

Goods producing1 .................................. 158.5 162.6 165.8 1.5 1.1 2.0 4.1 4.1 4.6

Service producing2 ................................. 162.6 168.4 170.7 2.0 .8 1.4 5.6 5.6 5.0

Manufacturing ......................................... 157.1 160.4 163.7 1.5 1.2 2.1 3.2 3.6 4.2

Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721) ...... 171.4 174.4 180.7 5.1 3.7 3.6 5.9 6.9 5.4

White collar ..................................... 175.0 175.0 180.7 7.5 3.6 3.3 11.6 7.5 3.3

Blue collar ....................................... 165.0 172.4 179.5 1.4 3.8 4.1 -2.5 6.0 8.8

Nonmanufacturing .................................. 162.9 168.8 171.1 2.0 .8 1.4 5.8 5.7 5.0

Occupational group

White collar ............................................. 165.2 171.2 173.5 2.3 1.0 1.3 5.7 6.0 5.0

Blue collar ............................................... 155.7 159.2 162.2 1.0 .6 1.9 3.8 3.3 4.2

Service .................................................... 159.5 166.0 168.9 2.0 1.7 1.7 5.8 6.1 5.9

Bargaining status

Union ...................................................... 158.5 163.4 166.5 .6 .9 1.9 3.1 3.7 5.0

Nonunion ................................................ 162.0 167.2 169.7 2.1 .8 1.5 5.5 5.4 4.8

1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; 

 

wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service

industries. 
16

EXPLANATORY NOTES

The Employment Cost Index (ECI) is a measure of the change in the cost of labor, free from the influence

of employment shifts among occupations and industries. The compensation series includes changes in wages

and salaries and employer costs for employee benefits. The wage and salary series and the benefit cost series

provide the change for the two components of compensation.

Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate or, for workers not paid on an hourly

basis, straight-time earnings divided by the corresponding hours. Straight-time wage and salary rates are total

earnings before payroll deductions, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends and

holidays, shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses such as lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage

increases. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commission payments, and cost-of-living adjustments are

included in straight-time wage and salary rates.

Benefits covered by the ECI are: Paid leave--vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave;

supplemental pay--premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime,

weekends, and holidays), shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses (such as referral bonuses and lump-sum

payments provided in lieu of wage increases); insurance benefits--life, health, short-term disability, and longterm disability; retirement and savings benefits--defined benefit and defined contribution plans; legally required

benefits--social security, medicare, Federal and State unemployment insurance, and workers' compensation; and

other benefits--severance pay and supplemental unemployment plans.

The ECI provides data for the civilian economy, which includes the total private nonfarm economy

excluding households and the public sector excluding the Federal government. The private industry series and

the State and local government series provide data for the two sectors separately.

Data for this quarter were collected from a probability sample of approximately 29,800 occupational

observations within about 7,200 sample establishments in private industry and approximately 3,800 occupations

within about 800 sample establishments in State and local governments. Data are collected for the pay period

including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June, September, and December.

The sampled establishments are classified by industry categories based on the 1987 Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC), as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Details on the sample design are

included in the bulletin, Employment Cost Indexes, 1975-99, (Bulletin 2532). Within an establishment, specific

job categories are selected and classified into about 500 occupational classifications according to the 1990

Census of Population. Individual occupations are combined into broader occupational groups. Fixed

employment weights are used each quarter to calculate the most aggregate series – civilian, private, and State

and local government. These fixed weights are also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series

indexes. Since March 1995, 1990 employment counts, primarily from the Bureau’s Occupational Employment

Statistics survey, have been used. For more information on these topics, see the articles, “Introducing New

Weights for the Employment Cost Index,” in the June 1985 issue of the Monthly Labor Review and “Introducing

1990 Weights for the Employment Cost Index” in the June 1995 issue of Compensation and Working

Conditions.

For the series based on bargaining status, region, and area size, employment data are not available. The

employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current ECI sample. The

indexes for these series, consequently, are not strictly comparable to those for the aggregate, industry, and

occupation series. A fuller explanation of the calculation of index numbers appears in an article, "Estimation

Procedures for the Employment Cost Index," in the May 1982 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning

with the March 1990 ECI release, indexes were rebased to June 1989=100. A description of the rebasing is

included in the article "Employment Cost Index Rebased to June 1989," in the April 1990 issue of the Monthly

Labor Review.

Beginning with the December 1990 ECI release, seasonally adjusted data are available for selected ECI

series. Seasonal adjustment removes the effects of events that follow a more or less regular pattern each year.

These adjustments make nonseasonal patterns easier to identify. For more information on the methodology

used to seasonally adjust ECI series, see the bulletin, Employment Cost Indexes, 1975-99, (Bulletin 2532). The

seasonal adjustment factors are recalculated once a year. The March release contains data reflecting the
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newly updated seasonal adjustment factors. The historical data for the last five years are revised based on the

newly estimated factors. The seasonal factors for 2002 and revised seasonally adjusted indexes for the past five

years are available on the Internet site (http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm) or upon request.

The ECI sample is rotated over approximately five years, which makes the sample more representative

and reduces respondent burden. The sample is replaced on a cross-area, cross-industry basis.

Because the ECI is a sample survey, it is subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors are differences that

occur between the results computed from a sample of observations and those computed from all observations in

the population. The estimates derived from different samples selected using the same sample design may differ

from each other. A measure of the variation among these differing estimates is the standard error. It can be

used to measure the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the expected result

of all possible samples. The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an estimate from the survey differs from a

complete population figure by less than the standard error. The chances are about 90 out of 100 that this

difference would be less than 1.6 times the standard error. The statements of comparisons appearing in this

publication are significant at a 1.6 standard error level or better, unless otherwise indicated. This means that for

differences cited, the estimated difference is greater than 1.6 times the standard error of the difference.

Because standard errors vary from quarter to quarter, the ECI uses a five-year moving average of

standard errors to evaluate published series. To assist users in ascertaining the reliability of series, the five-year

moving average of standard errors for all estimates (excluding seasonally adjusted series) will be available on

the Internet site (http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm) shortly after publication of the news release.

When determining data to be used in contract negotiations, it is important to note that differences by

bargaining status may be due to factors other than union status, such as occupational and industry mix. For

example, union occupations tend to be concentrated in blue-collar occupations within manufacturing industries.

Thus, differences between blue-collar and white-collar pay or differences in manufacturing versus

nonmanufacturing industries could explain such differences. An important consideration when choosing a

series for escalation is the number of workers covered. Series with smaller numbers of workers may have

larger sampling errors or be dominated by a smaller number of employers.

More detailed information on the ECI is available from several sources. These include an historical

bulletin--Employment Cost Indexes, 1975-99, (Bulletin 2532), a chapter, “National Compensation Measures,”

in the BLS Handbook of Methods (Bulletin 2490), and several articles published in the Monthly Labor Review

and Compensation and Working Conditions. The bulletin is available from the Superintendent of Documents,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or Bureau of Labor Statistics, Publications Sales

Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, Illinois 60690, (312) 353-1880. Reprints of the articles and other descriptive

pieces are available upon request by calling (202) 691-6199 or sending e-mail to (ocltinfo@bls.gov). Current

and historical data are available at the web site: (http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm).

The costs per hour worked of compensation components, based on March data from the ECI, are

published in a separate news release titled "Employer Costs for Employee Compensation - March 2001."

Historical data and related articles are included in the bulletin, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation,

1986-99, (Bulletin 2526). An historical summary from 1986 through 2001 is also available on the Internet site

(http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm) or upon request. Data for March 2002 are scheduled to be released

this summer. The cost levels are calculated with current employment weights, rather than the fixed 1990

weights used in computing the ECI. Therefore, year-to-year changes in the cost levels usually differ from those

in the ECI.

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice

phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service Number: 1-800-877-8339.