Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-0002 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 6, 2023

Technical information: 

 Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — DECEMBER 2022 

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 223,000 in December, and the unemployment rate

edged down to 3.5 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Notable job gains 

occurred in leisure and hospitality, health care, construction, and social assistance.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal adjustment factors, 

a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted estimates back to January 2018 

were subject to revision. The unemployment rates for January 2022 through November 2022 (as 

originally published and as revised) appear in table A on page 6, along with additional information about 

the revisions.

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2019 – December 2022

Percent

125,000

130,000

135,000

140,000

145,000

150,000

155,000

160,000

Dec-19 Jun-20 Dec-20 Jun-21 Dec-21 Jun-22 Dec-22

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment, seasonally adjusted, 

December 2019 – December 2022

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Dec-19 Jun-20 Dec-20 Jun-21 Dec-21 Jun-22 Dec-22
 

-2-

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate edged down to 3.5 percent in December and has remained in a narrow range of 

3.5 percent to 3.7 percent since March. The number of unemployed persons edged down to 5.7 million 

in December. (See table A-1.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Whites fell to 3.0 percent in December. 

The jobless rates for adult men (3.1 percent), adult women (3.2 percent), teenagers (10.4 percent), 

Blacks (5.7 percent), Asians (2.4 percent), and Hispanics (4.1 percent) showed little or no change over 

the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) declined by 146,000 to 1.1 

million in December. This measure is down from 2.0 million a year earlier. The long-term unemployed 

accounted for 18.5 percent of all unemployed persons. (See table A-12.) 

The employment-population ratio increased by 0.2 percentage point over the month to 60.1 percent. 

The labor force participation rate was little changed at 62.3 percent. Both measures have shown little 

net change since early 2022. These measures are each 1.0 percentage point below their values in 

February 2020, prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 3.9 million, changed little in 

December. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time 

because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job fell by 352,000 to 5.2 million 

in December and is little different from its February 2020 level of 5.1 million. These individuals were 

not counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks 

preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to 

the labor force declined by 231,000 to 1.3 million in December. These individuals wanted and were 

available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for 

work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the 

marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, numbered 410,000 in December, 

essentially unchanged from the previous month. (See Summary table A.) 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 223,000 in December. Notable job gains occurred in 

leisure and hospitality, health care, construction, and social assistance. Payroll employment rose by 4.5 

million in 2022 (an average monthly gain of 375,000), less than the increase of 6.7 million in 2021 (an 

average monthly gain of 562,000). (See table B-1.) 

In December, employment in leisure and hospitality rose by 67,000. Employment continued to trend 

up in food services and drinking places (+26,000); amusements, gambling, and recreation (+25,000); 

and accommodation (+10,000). Leisure and hospitality added an average of 79,000 jobs per month in 

2022, substantially less than the average gain of 196,000 jobs per month in 2021. Employment in the 

industry remains below its pre-pandemic February 2020 level by 932,000, or 5.5 percent. 
 

-3-

Health care employment increased by 55,000 in December, with gains in ambulatory health care 

services (+30,000), hospitals (+16,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000). Job growth 

in health care averaged 49,000 per month in 2022, considerably above the 2021 average monthly gain of 

9,000. 

Employment in construction increased by 28,000 in December, as specialty trade contractors added 

17,000 jobs. Construction employment increased by an average of 19,000 per month in 2022, little 

different than the average of 16,000 per month in 2021. 

Social assistance added 20,000 jobs in December. Employment in individual and family services 

continued to trend up over the month (+10,000). Job growth in social assistance averaged 17,000 per 

month in 2022, compared with the 2021 average of 13,000 per month. 

Employment in the other services industry continued to trend up in December (+14,000). Monthly job 

growth in other services averaged 14,000 in 2022, lower than the average of 24,000 per month in 2021. 

Employment in other services is below its February 2020 level by 174,000, or 2.9 percent. 

In December, mining employment increased by 4,000, reflecting job growth in support activities for 

mining (+5,000). Since a recent low in February 2021, mining employment has grown by 104,000. 

Employment in retail trade changed little in December (+9,000). Job growth in retail trade averaged 

16,000 per month in 2022, less than half the average growth of 35,000 per month in 2021. 

Over the month, employment in manufacturing changed little (+8,000), as job gains in durable goods 

(+24,000) were partially offset by losses in nondurable goods (-16,000). In 2022, manufacturing added 

an average of 32,000 jobs per month, little different than the average of 30,000 jobs per month in 2021.

In December, employment in transportation and warehousing changed little (+5,000). Air 

transportation (+3,000) added jobs over the month, while employment continued to trend down in 

couriers and messengers (-4,000) and in warehousing and storage (-3,000). In 2022, average job growth 

in transportation and warehousing (+17,000) was about half the average job growth in 2021 (+36,000). 

In December, government employment was essentially unchanged (+3,000). Employment in state 

government education declined by 24,000, reflecting strike activity among university employees. 

Employment in professional and business services remained little changed in December (-6,000). 

Employment in temporary help services declined by 35,000 over the month and has fallen by 111,000 

since July. Job growth in professional and business services averaged 50,000 per month in 2022, roughly 

half of the average of 94,000 per month in 2021. 

Over the month, employment showed little change in other major industries, including wholesale trade, 

information, and financial activities. 

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 9 cents, 

or 0.3 percent, to $32.82. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.6 

percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory 

employees rose by 6 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $28.07. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 
 

-4-

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.1 hour to 34.3 

hours in December. In manufacturing, the average workweek for all employees was little changed at

40.1 hours, and overtime declined by 0.2 hour to 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and 

nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour to 33.8 hours. (See 

tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised down by 21,000, from 

+284,000 to +263,000, and the change for November was revised down by 7,000, from +263,000 to 

+256,000. With these revisions, employment gains in October and November combined were 28,000 

lower than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from 

businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of 

seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 3, 2023, at 

8:30 a.m. (ET). 

Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2023 on February 3, 2023, new 

population controls will be used in the household survey estimation process. These new controls reflect 

the annual update of population estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, 

historical data will not be revised to incorporate the new controls. Consequently, household survey data 

for January 2023 will not be directly comparable with data for December 2022 or earlier periods. A table 

showing the effects of the new controls on the major labor force series will be included in The 

Employment Situation for January 2023. 
-5-

Upcoming Changes to Establishment Survey Data

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2023 on February 3, 2023, nonfarm

payroll employment, hours, and earnings data from the establishment survey will be revised to reflect 

the annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment factors. 

In addition, the basis for industry classification in the establishment survey will be revised from the 

2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) to NAICS 2022. Approximately 10 

percent of employment will be reclassified into different industries as a result of the NAICS revision. 

The conversion to NAICS 2022 will result in major revisions reflecting content and coding changes in 

the retail trade and information sectors, as well as minor revisions reflecting content and coding changes 

within the mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other services 

sectors. Many industry titles and descriptions will also be updated to better reflect official NAICS titles. 

Revisions due to both the NAICS 2022 conversion and the benchmark process will affect more 

historical data than is typical in the annual benchmark process. The NAICS revisions will be reflected in 

the entire time series of affected industries for both seasonally adjusted and not adjusted data. Details of 

updated titles and new, discontinued, and collapsed industries are available at 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesnewseries.htm.

For more information on NAICS 2022, visit www.census.gov/naics. 

Upcoming Changes to The Employment Situation News Release

Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2023 on February 3, 2023, the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics will introduce changes to The Employment Situation news release 

establishment survey data tables (Summary table B and tables B-1 through B-9). A listing of all series

changes resulting from the NAICS 2022 update, including the industries published in these news 

release tables, is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesnewseries.htm.
 

-6-

Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data 

At the end of each calendar year, BLS updates the seasonal adjustment factors for the national labor 

force series derived from the household survey. As a result of this process, seasonally adjusted data for 

January 2018 through November 2022 were subject to revision. (Not seasonally adjusted data were not 

subject to revision.) 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2022 through November 2022, as first published and 

as revised. The rate changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 1 of the 11 months and was 

unchanged in the remaining 10 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data for other major labor force 

series back to December 2021 appear in table B. 

More information on this year’s revisions to seasonally adjusted household series is available at 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. Detailed information on the seasonal 

adjustment methodology is found at www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables (A-1 through A-16) of this news 

release can be accessed at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted data 

are available at www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/. 

Month As First 

Published As Revised Change

January................................ 4.0 4.0 0.0

February.............................. 3.8 3.8 0.0

March................................. 3.6 3.6 0.0

April.................................... 3.6 3.6 0.0

May.................................... 3.6 3.6 0.0

June..................................... 3.6 3.6 0.0

July...................................... 3.5 3.5 0.0

August................................. 3.7 3.7 0.0

September........................... 3.5 3.5 0.0

October............................... 3.7 3.7 0.0

November........................... 3.7 3.6 -0.1

Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2022 and change due to revision, 

January – November 2022
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

2021 2022

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population1. . . . . . 262,136 263,202 263,324 263,444 263,559 263,679 263,835 264,012 264,184 264,356 264,535 264,708 264,844

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,410 163,633 163,862 164,301 163,950 164,278 164,002 163,990 164,714 164,619 164,646 164,527 164,966

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.2 62.2 62.4 62.2 62.3 62.2 62.1 62.3 62.3 62.2 62.2 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,081 157,122 157,590 158,328 157,982 158,299 158,057 158,272 158,694 158,850 158,593 158,527 159,244

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 59.5 59.7 59.8 60.1 59.9 60.0 59.9 59.9 60.1 60.1 60.0 59.9 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,329 6,511 6,272 5,972 5,968 5,979 5,945 5,718 6,021 5,770 6,053 6,000 5,722

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 118,520 119,612 119,669 119,726 119,780 119,831 119,899 119,977 120,058 120,140 120,225 120,301 120,360

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,968 83,885 84,264 84,266 84,200 84,165 84,029 83,905 84,192 84,602 84,606 84,525 84,694

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.0 70.1 70.4 70.4 70.3 70.2 70.1 69.9 70.1 70.4 70.4 70.3 70.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,958 80,695 81,293 81,389 81,236 81,331 81,210 81,185 81,263 81,816 81,776 81,698 82,033

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 67.5 67.5 67.9 68.0 67.8 67.9 67.7 67.7 67.7 68.1 68.0 67.9 68.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,010 3,190 2,971 2,877 2,963 2,834 2,818 2,720 2,929 2,786 2,829 2,827 2,661

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 127,167 126,570 126,631 126,691 126,749 126,802 126,872 126,951 127,034 127,117 127,204 127,283 127,345

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,498 73,517 73,482 73,736 73,508 73,877 73,721 73,956 74,098 73,729 73,752 73,532 73,930

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.8 58.1 58.0 58.2 58.0 58.3 58.1 58.3 58.3 58.0 58.0 57.8 58.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,831 70,872 70,810 71,275 71,144 71,388 71,280 71,659 71,676 71,457 71,218 71,088 71,531

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 55.7 56.0 55.9 56.3 56.1 56.3 56.2 56.4 56.4 56.2 56.0 55.9 56.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,667 2,645 2,672 2,462 2,365 2,489 2,441 2,297 2,422 2,272 2,534 2,444 2,398

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population1

. . . . . . 16,449 17,020 17,024 17,027 17,030 17,046 17,064 17,084 17,091 17,099 17,107 17,124 17,139

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,944 6,231 6,116 6,298 6,242 6,235 6,252 6,129 6,424 6,288 6,288 6,469 6,343

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1 36.6 35.9 37.0 36.7 36.6 36.6 35.9 37.6 36.8 36.8 37.8 37.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,292 5,555 5,487 5,665 5,603 5,579 5,566 5,428 5,754 5,576 5,598 5,740 5,680

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . 32.2 32.6 32.2 33.3 32.9 32.7 32.6 31.8 33.7 32.6 32.7 33.5 33.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652 676 628 634 640 656 686 701 670 712 690 729 662

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.0 10.9 10.3 10.1 10.2 10.5 11.0 11.4 10.4 11.3 11.0 11.3 10.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

-7-
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Change from:

Nov. 2022-

Dec. 2022

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 262,136 264,535 264,708 264,844 136

Civilian labor force........................................................... 162,410 164,646 164,527 164,966 439

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.0 62.2 62.2 62.3 0.1

Employed................................................................... 156,081 158,593 158,527 159,244 717

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 59.5 60.0 59.9 60.1 0.2

Unemployed............................................................... 6,329 6,053 6,000 5,722 -278

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,726 99,890 100,181 99,878 -303

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.1 -0.2

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2 -0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 11.0 11.0 11.3 10.4 -0.9

White.......................................................................... 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.0 -0.3

Black or African American.................................................. 7.0 5.9 5.7 5.7 0.0

Asian.......................................................................... 3.8 2.9 2.6 2.4 -0.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 0.1

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 3.3 3.0 3.0 2.8 -0.2

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.3 6.2 4.4 5.0 0.6

High school graduates, no college........................................ 4.5 3.9 3.9 3.6 -0.3

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.5 3.0 3.2 2.9 -0.3

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.9 -0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 3,089 2,695 2,761 2,629 -132

Job leavers...................................................................... 725 861 829 825 -4

Reentrants....................................................................... 2,024 1,873 1,798 1,767 -31

New entrants.................................................................... 508 494 558 497 -61

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 1,989 2,215 2,244 2,233 -11

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,593 1,774 1,694 1,639 -55

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 799 817 821 826 5

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,989 1,169 1,215 1,069 -146

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 3,936 3,664 3,688 3,878 190

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,573 2,535 2,546 2,648 102

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,067 867 826 911 85

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 20,251 21,297 21,226 21,628 402

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,665 1,493 1,491 1,260 -231

Discouraged workers........................................................ 458 373 406 410 4

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 263 256 223

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 219 202 220

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 49 27 40

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 4 4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 13 15 28

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 34 8 8

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 29 8 24

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 9.0 2.3 7.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5 0 -16

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 170 175 180

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 11.2 -1.3 12.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.2 -2.3 -16.8 9.0

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 -7.5 -21.7 4.7

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.6 1.2 -0.9 1.6

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 22 -5

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11 11 5

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 13 -8 -6

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.9 -22.3 -30.3 -35.0

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 77 90 78

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.1 73.1 73.3 74.4

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 50 79 67

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 12 22 14

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 44 54 3

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 275 263 247

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 236 225 214

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.9 49.9 49.9

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.5 48.5 48.5

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.5 81.5 81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 34.5 34.4 34.3

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31.38 $32.60 $32.73 $32.82

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,092.02 $1,124.70 $1,125.91 $1,125.73

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.0 113.4 113.2 113.1

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.2 -0.2 -0.1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.6 176.7 177.1 177.4

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (256 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.0 62.9 63.9 60.7

Manufacturing (74 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 61.5 56.1 55.4

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 131,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 670,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error.

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 120,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -70,000 to +170,000 

(50,000 +/- 120,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262,136 264,708 264,844 262,136 264,184 264,356 264,535 264,708 264,844

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,696 164,272 164,224 162,410 164,714 164,619 164,646 164,527 164,966

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.7 62.1 62.0 62.0 62.3 62.3 62.2 62.2 62.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,732 158,749 158,872 156,081 158,694 158,850 158,593 158,527 159,244

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.4 60.0 60.0 59.5 60.1 60.1 60.0 59.9 60.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,964 5,523 5,352 6,329 6,021 5,770 6,053 6,000 5,722

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,440 100,436 100,621 99,726 99,469 99,736 99,890 100,181 99,878

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,524 5,211 4,948 5,747 5,534 5,813 5,681 5,528 5,176

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,832 128,983 129,050 126,832 128,722 128,807 128,897 128,983 129,050

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,339 87,441 87,251 85,934 87,366 87,659 87,772 87,793 87,864

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.3 67.8 67.6 67.8 67.9 68.1 68.1 68.1 68.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,024 84,455 84,304 82,580 84,081 84,532 84,559 84,557 84,880

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.7 65.5 65.3 65.1 65.3 65.6 65.6 65.6 65.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,314 2,986 2,947 3,354 3,284 3,127 3,212 3,236 2,984

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 3.4 3.4 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,493 41,542 41,799 40,898 41,356 41,148 41,126 41,189 41,186

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,520 120,301 120,360 118,520 120,058 120,140 120,225 120,301 120,360

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,547 84,329 84,262 82,968 84,192 84,602 84,606 84,525 84,694

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.6 70.1 70.0 70.0 70.1 70.4 70.4 70.3 70.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,525 81,731 81,589 79,958 81,263 81,816 81,776 81,698 82,033

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.1 67.9 67.8 67.5 67.7 68.1 68.0 67.9 68.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,022 2,598 2,673 3,010 2,929 2,786 2,829 2,827 2,661

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 3.1 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,973 35,972 36,098 35,552 35,867 35,537 35,619 35,776 35,666

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,304 135,725 135,795 135,304 135,462 135,548 135,638 135,725 135,795

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,357 76,831 76,973 76,476 77,349 76,960 76,874 76,734 77,102

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 56.6 56.7 56.5 57.1 56.8 56.7 56.5 56.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,708 74,294 74,568 73,501 74,613 74,318 74,033 73,970 74,364

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.5 54.7 54.9 54.3 55.1 54.8 54.6 54.5 54.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,649 2,537 2,405 2,975 2,736 2,642 2,841 2,764 2,738

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,947 58,894 58,821 58,828 58,113 58,588 58,764 58,991 58,692

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,167 127,283 127,345 127,167 127,034 127,117 127,204 127,283 127,345

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,546 73,766 73,981 73,498 74,098 73,729 73,752 73,532 73,930

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.8 58.0 58.1 57.8 58.3 58.0 58.0 57.8 58.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,140 71,516 71,843 70,831 71,676 71,457 71,218 71,088 71,531

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.9 56.2 56.4 55.7 56.4 56.2 56.0 55.9 56.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,406 2,250 2,138 2,667 2,422 2,272 2,534 2,444 2,398

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.1 2.9 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,621 53,517 53,365 53,669 52,936 53,388 53,452 53,750 53,416

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,449 17,124 17,139 16,449 17,091 17,099 17,107 17,124 17,139

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,602 6,177 5,981 5,944 6,424 6,288 6,288 6,469 6,343

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 36.1 34.9 36.1 37.6 36.8 36.8 37.8 37.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,068 5,502 5,439 5,292 5,754 5,576 5,598 5,740 5,680

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.8 32.1 31.7 32.2 33.7 32.6 32.7 33.5 33.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 675 541 652 670 712 690 729 662

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 10.9 9.1 11.0 10.4 11.3 11.0 11.3 10.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,847 10,947 11,158 10,505 10,667 10,811 10,819 10,655 10,796

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,250 203,617 203,684 202,250 203,324 203,420 203,522 203,617 203,684

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,427 125,707 125,934 124,871 126,147 126,117 126,180 125,902 126,408

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 61.7 61.8 61.7 62.0 62.0 62.0 61.8 62.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,536 121,967 122,301 120,775 122,125 122,261 122,063 121,807 122,556

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.6 59.9 60.0 59.7 60.1 60.1 60.0 59.8 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,891 3,741 3,633 4,096 4,022 3,856 4,117 4,094 3,852

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,823 77,910 77,750 77,379 77,177 77,303 77,342 77,716 77,276

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,784 65,590 65,789 65,036 65,616 65,884 66,032 65,759 66,045

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 69.8 70.0 70.1 69.9 70.2 70.3 70.0 70.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,745 63,771 63,876 63,055 63,592 64,012 64,026 63,767 64,189

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.6 67.9 68.0 67.9 67.8 68.2 68.2 67.9 68.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,039 1,819 1,912 1,982 2,024 1,871 2,006 1,992 1,856

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,289 55,381 55,533 55,219 55,625 55,348 55,340 55,174 55,461

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 57.0 57.1 56.7 57.3 57.0 57.0 56.8 57.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,765 53,910 54,181 53,506 54,087 53,885 53,691 53,562 53,918

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 55.5 55.7 54.9 55.7 55.5 55.3 55.1 55.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,524 1,471 1,353 1,714 1,538 1,463 1,649 1,611 1,543

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 2.7 2.4 3.1 2.8 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.8

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,354 4,736 4,612 4,615 4,907 4,885 4,807 4,969 4,902

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1 37.9 36.8 38.3 39.3 39.1 38.5 39.7 39.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,025 4,286 4,244 4,215 4,446 4,364 4,346 4,478 4,449

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 34.3 33.9 35.0 35.6 34.9 34.8 35.8 35.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 450 369 400 460 521 462 491 453

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 9.5 8.0 8.7 9.4 10.7 9.6 9.9 9.2

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,749 34,272 34,301 33,749 34,171 34,204 34,237 34,272 34,301

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,364 21,354 21,278 20,514 21,129 21,260 21,247 21,365 21,418

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 62.3 62.0 60.8 61.8 62.2 62.1 62.3 62.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,045 20,203 20,146 19,086 19,785 20,016 19,988 20,139 20,189

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 59.0 58.7 56.6 57.9 58.5 58.4 58.8 58.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,319 1,151 1,132 1,428 1,344 1,244 1,259 1,226 1,229

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 5.4 5.3 7.0 6.4 5.9 5.9 5.7 5.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,385 12,917 13,023 13,234 13,042 12,944 12,990 12,907 12,883

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,320 9,935 9,886 9,393 9,714 9,892 9,783 9,947 9,956

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 68.2 67.8 65.8 66.9 68.0 67.2 68.3 68.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,697 9,433 9,399 8,740 9,133 9,322 9,269 9,408 9,446

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.9 64.7 64.5 61.2 62.9 64.1 63.7 64.6 64.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 502 487 652 582 570 514 539 510

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 5.1 4.9 6.9 6.0 5.8 5.3 5.4 5.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,391 10,660 10,631 10,443 10,640 10,637 10,696 10,633 10,679

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.8 62.0 61.7 61.1 62.0 61.9 62.2 61.8 62.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,814 10,133 10,100 9,806 10,017 10,057 10,080 10,077 10,093

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 58.9 58.7 57.4 58.4 58.6 58.6 58.6 58.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 527 531 637 624 579 616 556 586

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 4.9 5.0 6.1 5.9 5.4 5.8 5.2 5.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 759 761 678 774 731 768 785 784

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 30.4 30.4 28.4 31.2 29.4 30.8 31.4 31.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 637 646 540 635 636 639 654 650

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 25.5 25.9 22.6 25.6 25.6 25.7 26.2 26.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 122 114 139 139 95 128 131 134

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 16.0 15.0 20.4 18.0 12.9 16.7 16.7 17.1

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,612 16,980 17,005 16,612 16,989 17,132 17,129 16,980 17,005

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,727 10,968 10,890 10,752 11,084 11,106 11,106 10,995 10,918

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.6 64.6 64.0 64.7 65.2 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,344 10,686 10,650 10,346 10,778 10,832 10,781 10,704 10,654

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 62.9 62.6 62.3 63.4 63.2 62.9 63.0 62.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 282 241 406 305 274 325 291 265

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 2.6 2.2 3.8 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.6 2.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,885 6,011 6,115 5,860 5,906 6,025 6,023 5,984 6,086

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 45,303 46,545 46,624 45,303 46,287 46,373 46,459 46,545 46,624

Civilian labor force................................ 29,800 30,694 30,872 29,900 30,920 30,673 30,725 30,600 30,893

Participation rate............................... 65.8 65.9 66.2 66.0 66.8 66.1 66.1 65.7 66.3

Employed....................................... 28,443 29,555 29,594 28,463 29,526 29,462 29,430 29,382 29,611

Employment-population ratio............... 62.8 63.5 63.5 62.8 63.8 63.5 63.3 63.1 63.5

Unemployed.................................... 1,357 1,139 1,278 1,436 1,395 1,211 1,295 1,218 1,281

Unemployment rate......................... 4.6 3.7 4.1 4.8 4.5 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1

Not in labor force................................. 15,503 15,850 15,752 15,403 15,367 15,700 15,734 15,944 15,731

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,167 16,530 16,691 16,275 16,633 16,536 16,653 16,526 16,725

Participation rate............................... 79.0 78.4 79.0 79.5 79.3 78.7 79.1 78.4 79.2

Employed....................................... 15,518 15,982 15,958 15,606 15,967 15,967 16,000 15,925 16,047

Employment-population ratio............... 75.8 75.8 75.6 76.2 76.1 76.0 76.0 75.5 76.0

Unemployed.................................... 649 547 734 669 666 569 653 601 677

Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 3.3 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.4 3.9 3.6 4.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,340 12,743 12,837 12,291 12,807 12,771 12,655 12,637 12,785

Participation rate............................... 59.5 60.2 60.6 59.2 60.9 60.6 59.9 59.7 60.3

Employed....................................... 11,763 12,301 12,385 11,689 12,260 12,314 12,185 12,179 12,307

Employment-population ratio............... 56.7 58.2 58.5 56.3 58.3 58.4 57.7 57.6 58.1

Unemployed.................................... 577 442 453 602 546 457 469 458 478

Unemployment rate......................... 4.7 3.5 3.5 4.9 4.3 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.7

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,293 1,422 1,343 1,333 1,481 1,366 1,417 1,438 1,383

Participation rate............................... 31.7 33.0 31.1 32.7 34.6 31.8 33.0 33.4 32.0

Employed....................................... 1,162 1,272 1,252 1,168 1,299 1,181 1,245 1,279 1,257

Employment-population ratio............... 28.5 29.5 29.0 28.6 30.3 27.5 29.0 29.7 29.1

Unemployed.................................... 131 150 92 165 182 185 173 159 126

Unemployment rate......................... 10.1 10.6 6.8 12.4 12.3 13.6 12.2 11.0 9.1

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 8,786 8,944 8,918 8,752 8,654 8,990 9,141 8,901 8,885

Participation rate.................................. 45.2 45.8 45.8 45.0 45.4 45.7 46.6 45.6 45.6

Employed.......................................... 8,271 8,603 8,428 8,285 8,124 8,491 8,574 8,506 8,443

Employment-population ratio................. 42.5 44.0 43.3 42.6 42.6 43.1 43.7 43.5 43.4

Unemployed....................................... 515 341 490 467 530 499 567 395 442

Unemployment rate............................ 5.9 3.8 5.5 5.3 6.1 5.5 6.2 4.4 5.0

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,778 35,227 35,532 35,852 35,819 35,282 35,070 35,192 35,605

Participation rate.................................. 55.6 55.8 56.1 55.7 56.4 56.2 55.9 55.7 56.2

Employed.......................................... 34,154 33,902 34,270 34,223 34,259 33,975 33,692 33,816 34,339

Employment-population ratio................. 53.1 53.7 54.1 53.2 54.0 54.1 53.7 53.5 54.2

Unemployed....................................... 1,624 1,325 1,262 1,629 1,560 1,307 1,378 1,377 1,266

Unemployment rate............................ 4.5 3.8 3.6 4.5 4.4 3.7 3.9 3.9 3.6

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,525 36,113 35,849 35,480 35,606 35,575 35,806 35,880 35,789

Participation rate.................................. 62.8 63.3 62.8 62.7 63.0 62.7 62.7 62.9 62.7

Employed.......................................... 34,335 35,029 34,851 34,222 34,559 34,558 34,734 34,748 34,735

Employment-population ratio................. 60.7 61.4 61.0 60.5 61.2 60.9 60.8 60.9 60.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,190 1,084 998 1,257 1,046 1,017 1,071 1,133 1,054

Unemployment rate............................ 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.5 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 2.9

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 61,300 63,142 63,241 61,205 63,609 63,519 63,312 63,041 63,150

Participation rate.................................. 72.5 72.6 72.8 72.4 72.9 72.9 72.7 72.5 72.7

Employed.......................................... 60,147 61,944 62,156 59,934 62,426 62,381 62,089 61,781 61,947

Employment-population ratio................. 71.1 71.3 71.5 70.9 71.6 71.6 71.3 71.1 71.3

Unemployed....................................... 1,153 1,198 1,085 1,271 1,183 1,138 1,223 1,260 1,203

Unemployment rate............................ 1.9 1.9 1.7 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,921 18,237 16,000 16,203 1,921 2,034

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,366 8,770 7,198 7,592 1,168 1,177

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 48.1 45.0 46.9 60.8 57.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,100 8,487 6,978 7,329 1,121 1,158

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 46.5 43.6 45.2 58.4 56.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 283 220 263 47 20

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.5 4.0 1.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,555 9,467 8,802 8,611 753 857

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,596 5,021 3,745 4,098 851 923

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,591 4,029 3,013 3,349 578 680

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.1 80.2 80.4 81.7 67.9 73.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,437 3,907 2,882 3,240 555 666

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.8 77.8 77.0 79.1 65.2 72.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 122 130 109 23 13

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 3.0 4.3 3.3 4.0 1.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,006 992 733 749 273 244

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,160 3,185 2,704 2,724 456 461

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,270 2,185 1,929 1,880 342 305

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.9 68.6 71.3 69.0 75.0 66.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,236 2,117 1,901 1,812 335 305

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.8 66.5 70.3 66.5 73.4 66.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 68 27 68 7 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 3.1 1.4 3.6 2.1 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 1,000 775 844 114 156

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,266 6,100 6,045 5,857 221 243

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,010 964 957 932 53 33

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.1 15.8 15.8 15.9 24.1 13.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 929 928 897 48 33

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.6 15.2 15.4 15.3 21.9 13.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 35 28 35 5 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.6 3.0 3.8 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,256 5,136 5,088 4,925 168 210

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,899 3,931 3,506 3,524 393 407

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,495 1,592 1,301 1,431 195 160

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.4 40.5 37.1 40.6 49.6 39.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,450 1,534 1,266 1,380 183 154

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.2 39.0 36.1 39.2 46.7 37.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 58 34 51 12 7

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 3.6 2.6 3.6 5.9 4.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,404 2,339 2,205 2,093 198 247

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,089 237,329 106,253 108,183 128,837 129,146

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151,162 153,028 77,150 78,544 74,011 74,484

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.3 64.5 72.6 72.6 57.4 57.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,667 148,134 74,154 75,956 71,513 72,178

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.0 62.4 69.8 70.2 55.5 55.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,495 4,894 2,996 2,588 2,499 2,306

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.2 3.9 3.3 3.4 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,928 84,301 29,102 29,639 54,825 54,662

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,420 32,874 229,716 231,970

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,244 7,761 154,452 156,463

Participation rate..................................................................... 22.3 23.6 67.2 67.4

Employed............................................................................. 6,671 7,370 149,061 151,501

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 20.6 22.4 64.9 65.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 573 390 5,391 4,962

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.9 5.0 3.5 3.2

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,177 25,114 75,264 75,507

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,050 3,208 76,205 77,843

Participation rate..................................................................... 37.9 40.0 81.8 82.1

Employed............................................................................. 2,777 3,052 73,340 75,240

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 34.5 38.0 78.8 79.4

Unemployed.......................................................................... 273 156 2,865 2,603

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.0 4.9 3.8 3.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,989 4,819 16,899 16,924

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,929 3,184 68,453 68,853

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.6 38.2 71.5 71.7

Employed............................................................................. 2,696 2,998 66,151 66,762

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 32.7 35.9 69.1 69.5

Unemployed.......................................................................... 233 186 2,302 2,090

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.0 5.8 3.4 3.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,310 5,160 27,283 27,235

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,264 1,368 9,794 9,768

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.8 8.3 24.0 23.8

Employed............................................................................. 1,198 1,320 9,571 9,499

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.4 8.0 23.4 23.1

Unemployed.......................................................................... 66 49 223 269

Unemployment rate............................................................... 5.2 3.6 2.3 2.8

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,878 15,135 31,082 31,348

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 44,172 45,736 21,413 22,302 22,758 23,434

Civilian labor force.................................................. 28,760 30,077 16,469 17,165 12,291 12,912

Participation rate.................................................. 65.1 65.8 76.9 77.0 54.0 55.1

Employed.......................................................... 27,691 29,130 15,925 16,610 11,766 12,520

Employment-population ratio................................. 62.7 63.7 74.4 74.5 51.7 53.4

Unemployed....................................................... 1,069 947 544 554 525 393

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.2 4.3 3.0

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,412 15,659 4,944 5,137 10,467 10,522

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 217,964 219,109 105,418 106,748 112,545 112,361

Civilian labor force.................................................. 132,935 134,147 68,870 70,086 64,066 64,061

Participation rate.................................................. 61.0 61.2 65.3 65.7 56.9 57.0

Employed.......................................................... 128,041 129,742 66,100 67,693 61,941 62,049

Employment-population ratio................................. 58.7 59.2 62.7 63.4 55.0 55.2

Unemployed....................................................... 4,894 4,405 2,770 2,393 2,124 2,012

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.7 3.3 4.0 3.4 3.3 3.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 85,029 84,962 36,549 36,662 48,480 48,300

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,253 2,191 2,267 2,297 2,173 2,178 2,206 2,228 2,311

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,473 1,472 1,482 1,485 1,486 1,473 1,495 1,492 1,496

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 746 695 755 783 648 696 692 715 791

Unpaid family workers........................... 33 24 31 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 153,479 156,558 156,604 153,650 156,699 156,762 156,570 156,344 156,818

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 144,275 147,532 147,639 144,514 147,381 147,291 147,109 147,381 147,886

Government..................................... 21,239 21,189 21,943 21,006 21,216 21,331 21,211 21,084 21,683

Private industries............................... 123,036 126,344 125,696 123,468 126,048 126,371 126,102 126,468 126,169

Private households.......................... 585 671 692 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 122,450 125,673 125,003 122,915 125,357 125,712 125,460 125,819 125,538

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,161 8,979 8,923 9,277 8,992 9,155 9,261 8,970 9,036

Unpaid family workers........................... 43 46 43 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,049 3,580 3,991 3,936 4,140 3,843 3,664 3,688 3,878

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,679 2,463 2,755 2,573 2,767 2,576 2,535 2,546 2,648

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,040 815 893 1,067 971 942 867 826 911

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,694 22,062 22,084 20,251 21,085 21,260 21,297 21,226 21,628

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,994 3,498 3,903 3,901 4,063 3,762 3,578 3,623 3,810

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,649 2,415 2,703 2,558 2,724 2,526 2,487 2,497 2,611

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,040 812 873 1,067 958 940 862 819 892

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,308 21,671 21,640 19,891 20,754 20,912 20,950 20,844 21,211

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,732 158,749 158,872 156,081 158,694 158,850 158,593 158,527 159,244

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,068 5,502 5,439 5,292 5,754 5,576 5,598 5,740 5,680

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,966 2,164 2,251 2,072 2,257 2,100 2,200 2,241 2,371

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,102 3,338 3,188 3,223 3,483 3,462 3,387 3,500 3,312

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,664 153,247 153,433 150,789 152,939 153,274 152,994 152,787 153,564

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,758 13,769 13,728 13,864 13,668 13,752 13,780 13,759 13,834

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136,907 139,478 139,705 136,682 139,231 139,503 139,160 138,845 139,477

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,016 101,922 102,069 99,798 102,028 101,954 101,509 101,400 101,848

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,464 35,304 35,152 35,374 35,509 35,349 35,296 35,073 35,066

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,521 34,919 35,029 33,481 34,689 34,619 34,611 34,777 34,983

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,031 31,699 31,888 30,943 31,830 31,986 31,601 31,550 31,799

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,891 37,555 37,636 36,884 37,204 37,550 37,651 37,446 37,630

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,024 84,455 84,304 82,580 84,081 84,532 84,559 84,557 84,880

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,499 2,724 2,714 2,622 2,818 2,716 2,783 2,859 2,847

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 991 1,018 972 1,037 962 1,034 1,059 1,109

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,608 1,734 1,696 1,658 1,760 1,750 1,752 1,809 1,748

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,525 81,731 81,589 79,958 81,263 81,816 81,776 81,698 82,033

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,952 7,049 6,967 7,065 6,912 7,040 7,144 7,071 7,080

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,573 74,682 74,623 72,716 74,252 74,703 74,548 74,451 74,767

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,948 54,331 54,325 52,993 54,199 54,325 54,106 54,119 54,370

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,816 18,655 18,644 18,799 18,735 18,829 18,701 18,548 18,629

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,849 18,813 18,743 17,906 18,647 18,579 18,649 18,761 18,798

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,283 16,863 16,938 16,289 16,817 16,917 16,756 16,810 16,943

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,625 20,351 20,298 19,723 20,053 20,378 20,442 20,332 20,396

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,708 74,294 74,568 73,501 74,613 74,318 74,033 73,970 74,364

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,568 2,778 2,725 2,670 2,936 2,861 2,815 2,881 2,833

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,074 1,173 1,233 1,101 1,221 1,138 1,167 1,182 1,262

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,494 1,605 1,492 1,565 1,723 1,712 1,635 1,691 1,564

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,140 71,516 71,843 70,831 71,676 71,457 71,218 71,088 71,531

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,806 6,721 6,761 6,799 6,756 6,712 6,636 6,688 6,755

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,334 64,795 65,082 63,966 64,979 64,801 64,612 64,394 64,711

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,068 47,591 47,744 46,805 47,828 47,628 47,403 47,281 47,477

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,648 16,649 16,508 16,575 16,773 16,519 16,596 16,525 16,436

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,672 16,106 16,286 15,575 16,042 16,040 15,963 16,016 16,185

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,748 14,836 14,950 14,654 15,013 15,069 14,845 14,740 14,857

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,266 17,204 17,338 17,161 17,151 17,172 17,209 17,113 17,233

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,351 46,014 46,099 44,463 45,488 45,920 45,624 45,988 46,209

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,909 36,617 36,763 35,621 36,778 36,582 36,179 36,322 36,472

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,726 9,832 10,150 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,824 132,154 131,812 130,278 132,336 132,575 132,179 132,300 132,299

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,908 26,595 27,060 25,657 26,250 26,249 26,413 26,115 26,794

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,461 7,782 8,140 7,377 7,747 7,755 7,519 7,676 8,046

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 4.9 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.8 5.1

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,213 7,028 6,811 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,908 9,674 9,678 10,060 9,640 9,851 9,953 9,686 9,827

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 6,329 6,000 5,722 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 652 729 662 11.0 10.4 11.3 11.0 11.3 10.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 252 290 217 10.8 9.7 12.2 9.8 11.5 8.4

18 to 19 years.................................. 414 447 461 11.4 10.9 11.0 11.9 11.3 12.2

20 years and over................................ 5,677 5,271 5,059 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,058 1,011 1,085 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.8 7.3

25 years and over.............................. 4,668 4,250 4,025 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.8

25 to 54 years............................... 3,571 3,318 3,008 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.2 2.9

25 to 34 years............................. 1,564 1,507 1,400 4.2 3.8 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.8

35 to 44 years............................. 1,132 945 862 3.3 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4

45 to 54 years............................. 875 865 746 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.8 2.7 2.3

55 years and over........................... 1,114 947 1,032 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.7

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,354 3,236 2,984 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 344 409 323 11.6 11.2 11.2 12.1 12.5 10.2

16 to 17 years.................................. 116 195 114 10.7 11.5 13.1 11.7 15.6 9.3

18 to 19 years.................................. 239 222 223 12.6 11.2 10.3 12.6 10.9 11.3

20 years and over................................ 3,010 2,827 2,661 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 590 588 555 7.7 8.1 7.9 7.2 7.7 7.3

25 years and over.............................. 2,452 2,243 2,139 3.3 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8

25 to 54 years............................... 1,897 1,701 1,564 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.8

25 to 34 years............................. 865 795 763 4.4 3.7 3.6 3.9 4.1 3.9

35 to 44 years............................. 614 459 441 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3

45 to 54 years............................. 418 447 360 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.6 2.1

55 years and over........................... 555 542 575 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.7

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,975 2,764 2,738 3.9 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.6 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 308 320 339 10.4 9.7 11.5 9.8 10.0 10.7

16 to 17 years.................................. 135 95 103 11.0 8.1 11.3 8.0 7.4 7.6

18 to 19 years.................................. 176 225 238 10.1 10.6 11.6 11.1 11.7 13.2

20 years and over................................ 2,667 2,444 2,398 3.6 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 468 423 530 6.4 5.8 6.0 6.6 5.9 7.3

25 years and over.............................. 2,216 2,007 1,886 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.1 3.0 2.8

25 to 54 years............................... 1,675 1,617 1,444 3.5 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 699 712 637 4.0 3.8 3.6 4.0 4.1 3.7

35 to 44 years............................. 519 486 421 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.5

45 to 54 years............................. 457 419 386 3.0 2.7 1.9 2.7 2.8 2.5

55 years and over........................... 552 400 452 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.6

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 869 921 844 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.8

Married women, spouse present1................. 892 752 764 2.4 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1

Women who maintain families2.................... 577 507 383 5.6 5.1 4.7 5.7 4.9 3.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 5,216 4,801 4,661 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.4

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,130 1,200 1,079 4.2 4.1 3.7 3.9 4.4 3.9

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 3,044 2,487 2,583 3,089 2,693 2,530 2,695 2,761 2,629

On temporary layoff.............................. 834 608 848 801 796 772 853 806 814

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,210 1,879 1,735 2,288 1,898 1,758 1,842 1,956 1,815

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,622 1,293 1,255 1,705 1,314 1,202 1,267 1,351 1,339

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 588 585 480 584 584 555 575 605 476

Job leavers........................................... 676 818 768 725 897 904 861 829 825

Reentrants............................................ 1,849 1,688 1,613 2,024 1,833 1,834 1,873 1,798 1,767

New entrants......................................... 395 530 388 508 451 460 494 558 497

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 51.0 45.0 48.3 48.7 45.8 44.2 45.5 46.4 46.0

On temporary layoff.............................. 14.0 11.0 15.8 12.6 13.5 13.5 14.4 13.5 14.2

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 37.1 34.0 32.4 36.1 32.3 30.7 31.1 32.9 31.7

Job leavers........................................... 11.3 14.8 14.4 11.4 15.3 15.8 14.5 13.9 14.4

Reentrants............................................ 31.0 30.6 30.1 31.9 31.2 32.0 31.6 30.2 30.9

New entrants......................................... 6.6 9.6 7.3 8.0 7.7 8.0 8.3 9.4 8.7

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6

Job leavers........................................... 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1

New entrants......................................... 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,884 2,051 2,128 1,989 2,227 2,158 2,215 2,244 2,233

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,453 1,562 1,490 1,593 1,797 1,643 1,774 1,694 1,639

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,626 1,910 1,733 2,788 2,052 1,990 1,987 2,036 1,895

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 722 716 749 799 887 901 817 821 826

27 weeks and over............................... 1,905 1,194 984 1,989 1,165 1,089 1,169 1,215 1,069

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 27.6 22.0 19.1 28.1 22.3 20.3 20.8 21.4 19.5

Median duration, in weeks......................... 10.8 8.7 7.5 12.3 8.6 8.5 8.4 8.8 8.9

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 31.6 37.1 39.8 31.2 36.6 37.3 37.1 37.6 38.7

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 24.4 28.3 27.8 25.0 29.6 28.4 29.7 28.4 28.4

15 weeks and over.................................. 44.0 34.6 32.4 43.8 33.8 34.4 33.2 34.1 32.9

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 12.1 13.0 14.0 12.5 14.6 15.6 13.7 13.7 14.3

27 weeks and over............................... 31.9 21.6 18.4 31.2 19.2 18.8 19.6 20.3 18.5

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 155,732 158,872 5,964 5,352 3.7 3.3

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 66,366 69,297 1,146 1,198 1.7 1.7

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 28,264 29,725 526 537 1.8 1.8

Professional and related occupations.......................... 38,103 39,572 621 661 1.6 1.6

Service occupations................................................ 24,821 25,334 1,462 1,225 5.6 4.6

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,949 30,185 1,137 1,008 3.5 3.2

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,527 14,053 535 488 3.6 3.4

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,422 16,133 602 520 3.5 3.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 13,774 14,295 851 689 5.8 4.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 961 945 118 69 10.9 6.8

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,158 8,491 567 510 6.5 5.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,655 4,860 167 110 3.5 2.2

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,821 19,760 954 829 4.6 4.0

Production occupations.......................................... 8,066 8,152 290 223 3.5 2.7

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,755 11,608 664 606 5.3 5.0

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,964 5,352 3.7 3.3

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,739 4,117 3.7 3.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 34 12 5.8 1.9

Construction.......................................................................... 497 443 5.0 4.4

Manufacturing........................................................................ 435 271 2.8 1.8

Durable goods..................................................................... 282 175 2.8 1.8

Nondurable goods................................................................ 154 95 2.8 1.8

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 843 688 4.2 3.6

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 264 349 3.3 4.0

Information............................................................................ 115 67 4.9 2.4

Financial activities................................................................... 241 271 2.4 2.6

Professional and business services............................................... 707 668 3.8 3.5

Education and health services..................................................... 505 483 2.1 2.0

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 861 694 6.7 5.4

Other services........................................................................ 237 170 3.7 2.7

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 155 75 9.8 5.0

Government workers................................................................... 325 381 1.5 1.7

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 349 391 3.4 3.9

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Aug.

2022

Sept.

2022

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.9 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 4.0 3.6 3.5 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.7 4.2 4.0 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.2

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.2 6.4 6.4 7.3 7.0 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.5

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

Dec.

2021

Dec.

2022

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 100,440 100,621 41,493 41,799 58,947 58,821

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,524 4,948 2,759 2,349 2,765 2,600

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,671 1,260 924 673 747 587

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 468 421 279 217 189 204

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 1,203 839 645 456 558 384

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,461 8,140 3,741 4,075 3,720 4,065

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.8 5.1 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.5

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,062 4,594 2,235 2,454 1,827 2,140

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,825 1,940 622 759 1,203 1,182

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 406 388 255 226 150 163

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,094 1,133 588 589 507 544

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Change

from:

Nov.2022 -

Dec.2022p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,352 154,401 155,015 154,771 149,240 153,264 153,520 153,743 223

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,922 131,678 132,115 132,006 127,099 130,880 131,082 131,302 220

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,617 21,464 21,399 21,281 20,691 21,288 21,315 21,355 40

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 641 641 643 590 636 640 644 4

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.7 45.4 45.7 45.7 44.6 44.6 45.3 45.5 0.2

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.5 595.9 595.3 597.2 545.3 591.5 594.2 598.3 4.1

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.5 135.3 135.4 136.2 124.6 135.7 136.0 136.1 0.1

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.1 183.2 182.7 178.4 176.3 181.0 181.7 180.8 -0.9

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.4 38.2 38.0 38.3 36.5 38.2 38.2 38.5 0.3

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2 43.6 43.6 43.7 42.3 43.8 43.8 43.8 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.5 101.4 101.1 96.4 97.6 99.1 99.7 98.5 -1.2

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.9 277.4 277.2 282.6 244.4 274.8 276.5 281.4 4.9

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,449 7,897 7,822 7,691 7,546 7,734 7,749 7,777 28

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,665.4 1,745.7 1,737.1 1,724.6 1,678.9 1,721.9 1,727.6 1,736.5 8.9

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874.8 919.1 909.7 902.8 880.1 906.3 905.5 908.6 3.1

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790.6 826.6 827.4 821.8 798.8 815.6 822.1 827.9 5.8

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,018.1 1,124.9 1,101.4 1,041.0 1,060.7 1,073.7 1,079.0 1,080.9 1.9

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,765.8 5,026.2 4,983.2 4,925.4 4,806.8 4,938.4 4,942.6 4,959.2 16.6

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,191.4 2,308.9 2,294.9 2,267.3 2,217.2 2,277.5 2,280.6 2,287.0 6.4

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,574.4 2,717.3 2,688.3 2,658.1 2,589.6 2,660.9 2,662.0 2,672.2 10.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,579 12,926 12,936 12,947 12,555 12,918 12,926 12,934 8

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,819 8,033 8,048 8,079 7,816 8,041 8,049 8,073 24

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.5 428.5 429.8 429.4 418.7 428.7 430.0 430.7 0.7

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402.7 424.5 421.2 419.2 408.4 419.3 418.5 423.0 4.5

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.1 365.8 366.1 368.2 356.7 367.0 366.1 366.6 0.5

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,410.6 1,451.2 1,449.7 1,454.6 1,412.0 1,452.5 1,453.0 1,455.9 2.9

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,068.2 1,097.2 1,103.7 1,109.1 1,068.5 1,102.0 1,106.2 1,109.5 3.3

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,067.7 1,092.4 1,095.2 1,097.6 1,065.9 1,093.1 1,095.4 1,096.1 0.7

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 159.3 166.7 166.9 167.8 159.2 166.3 166.6 167.6 1.0

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.9 83.7 83.6 83.2 84.8 84.1 83.9 84.0 0.1

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371.3 387.6 389.1 389.3 371.0 388.4 389.5 389.6 0.1

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.1 422.3 423.0 424.8 420.4 422.4 423.2 422.9 -0.3

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.1 32.1 32.6 32.5 30.5 31.8 32.2 32.0 -0.2

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 401.1 409.8 410.1 408.5 402.4 410.8 410.3 409.9 -0.4

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,678.3 1,741.5 1,751.1 1,772.2 1,672.7 1,743.8 1,748.3 1,763.5 15.2

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994.8 1,029.0 1,035.9 1,051.4 984.6 1,029.1 1,031.4 1,038.8 7.4

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.3 379.9 378.1 376.3 383.6 380.7 378.8 375.6 -3.2

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628.4 642.1 643.4 643.8 626.6 642.6 642.6 642.2 -0.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,760 4,893 4,888 4,868 4,739 4,877 4,877 4,861 -16

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,669.7 1,717.8 1,720.8 1,726.5 1,658.2 1,709.8 1,714.0 1,717.3 3.3

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.4 98.6 97.8 96.9 100.3 98.4 97.7 96.9 -0.8

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.2 102.5 102.7 102.5 105.5 102.6 102.6 102.0 -0.6

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.8 94.9 96.4 94.2 94.1 94.8 96.1 93.8 -2.3

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351.7 358.8 358.0 355.5 351.4 360.1 358.3 356.6 -1.7

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 377.9 376.8 378.0 377.8 373.5 375.2 374.6 373.8 -0.8

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.6 108.1 107.9 102.0 105.3 105.9 107.0 103.7 -3.3

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880.6 908.4 913.1 908.5 878.0 911.1 914.7 909.0 -5.7

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739.7 755.8 751.3 753.9 733.1 754.6 750.9 749.8 -1.1

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.9 371.5 362.1 349.9 339.7 364.3 361.0 358.1 -2.9

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,305 110,214 110,716 110,725 106,408 109,592 109,767 109,947 180

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,043 28,825 29,241 29,512 28,163 28,760 28,719 28,746 27

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,761.0 5,924.7 5,918.7 5,929.8 5,749.7 5,914.6 5,913.3 5,925.4 12.1

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,170.8 3,258.7 3,260.1 3,267.9 3,166.6 3,259.5 3,263.1 3,268.4 5.3

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,106.3 2,158.4 2,150.1 2,150.9 2,103.9 2,149.4 2,144.1 2,149.7 5.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Change

from:

Nov.2022 -

Dec.2022p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.9 507.6 508.5 511.0 479.2 505.7 506.1 507.3 1.2

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,054.9 15,813.3 16,078.8 16,176.8 15,595.1 15,797.3 15,780.5 15,789.5 9.0

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,943.6 1,979.2 1,988.0 1,985.2 1,950.9 1,978.3 1,989.3 1,992.3 3.0

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,224.7 1,235.3 1,243.3 1,241.5 1,226.4 1,237.4 1,244.0 1,244.0 0.0

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.9 173.7 170.3 168.8 170.6 173.2 174.3 175.2 0.9

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 555.0 570.2 574.4 574.9 553.9 567.8 571.1 573.1 2.0

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 460.4 429.6 437.3 440.8 445.8 429.3 427.1 426.5 -0.6

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 454.8 419.8 419.5 416.9 432.2 410.9 404.1 401.2 -2.9

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,353.3 1,375.5 1,377.9 1,361.9 1,392.0 1,396.8 1,406.0 1,402.4 -3.6

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,159.6 3,192.7 3,223.9 3,239.4 3,120.9 3,197.8 3,200.7 3,206.4 5.7

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,084.2 1,079.4 1,097.0 1,103.8 1,064.3 1,075.5 1,079.2 1,082.7 3.5

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952.4 982.3 978.8 978.1 952.2 977.7 977.2 979.2 2.0

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,161.3 1,092.1 1,137.5 1,172.0 1,068.1 1,088.9 1,084.3 1,081.9 -2.4

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.4 534.5 571.0 579.6 527.7 539.8 543.5 547.2 3.7

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,409.5 3,200.4 3,313.7 3,355.0 3,158.4 3,189.2 3,162.4 3,155.5 -6.9

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,078.7 955.1 1,015.9 1,044.5 952.6 949.6 933.1 932.6 -0.5

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 2,330.8 2,245.3 2,297.8 2,310.5 2,205.8 2,239.6 2,229.3 2,222.9 -6.4

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.1 865.1 864.5 869.9 831.2 864.4 862.4 869.2 6.8

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682.3 662.7 669.7 674.2 651.4 648.7 644.3 645.0 0.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,689.0 6,543.7 6,700.8 6,861.0 6,279.7 6,503.9 6,482.2 6,486.9 4.7

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.1 570.7 572.0 573.0 517.2 570.5 573.7 576.9 3.2

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.7 147.8 147.8 147.8 146.1 147.6 147.8 147.7 -0.1

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.4 61.6 59.4 59.9 57.2 61.1 60.6 61.0 0.4

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,545.2 1,615.5 1,612.1 1,604.1 1,538.9 1,598.8 1,599.4 1,601.5 2.1

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404.4 428.9 428.3 434.4 387.4 409.5 411.5 416.2 4.7

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1 47.2 47.4 47.1 51.2 47.3 47.3 47.2 -0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 22.1 32.3 26.2 24.8 25.7 30.6 29.2 29.1 -0.1

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 763.3 795.3 798.7 801.0 754.6 789.5 789.3 791.3 2.0

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,414.9 1,077.2 1,236.1 1,404.7 1,087.5 1,108.2 1,095.2 1,090.8 -4.4

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,771.8 1,767.2 1,772.8 1,764.2 1,713.9 1,740.8 1,728.2 1,725.2 -3.0

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538.0 543.5 542.7 544.8 538.1 543.7 542.8 544.4 1.6

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,925 3,053 3,081 3,066 2,913 3,044 3,066 3,061 -5

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 806.8 838.4 846.9 844.4 803.0 841.0 846.4 843.6 -2.8

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429.3 446.5 464.5 441.5 427.1 437.3 453.3 440.3 -13.0

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.2 234.9 236.8 235.7 233.8 234.0 234.6 235.1 0.5

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661.2 661.4 660.2 659.9 655.3 661.3 659.5 657.0 -2.5

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.1 432.2 434.6 443.3 402.6 430.7 434.3 439.9 5.6

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.5 439.6 438.0 441.5 390.9 440.1 438.3 444.9 6.6

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,893 9,009 9,012 9,029 8,863 8,981 8,992 8,997 5

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,572.1 6,624.2 6,630.6 6,636.5 6,547.9 6,615.8 6,615.9 6,613.0 -2.9

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 20.8 21.2 21.3 21.3 20.7 21.1 21.3 21.2 -0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,710.5 2,699.2 2,694.4 2,689.8 2,706.4 2,700.8 2,694.8 2,687.3 -7.5

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,730.7 1,748.6 1,756.4 1,758.2 1,732.0 1,753.2 1,758.2 1,758.3 0.1

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,342.1 1,344.8 1,349.8 1,351.5 1,344.3 1,348.8 1,350.9 1,351.2 0.3

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 643.7 622.6 612.1 608.0 639.5 619.8 611.0 605.4 -5.6

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 336.1 328.0 325.9 323.6 334.9 327.8 325.6 323.6 -2.0

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 1,016.9 1,054.5 1,060.6 1,061.1 1,011.0 1,049.8 1,054.2 1,055.1 0.9

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,823.9 2,849.3 2,854.3 2,864.3 2,809.8 2,844.1 2,845.6 2,849.4 3.8

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,320.9 2,384.6 2,381.8 2,392.8 2,314.8 2,365.0 2,376.1 2,383.8 7.7

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,793.5 1,835.6 1,831.8 1,838.7 1,783.2 1,817.9 1,821.7 1,825.7 4.0

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506.7 528.3 529.3 533.3 511.2 526.5 533.9 537.6 3.7

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Change

from:

Nov.2022 -

Dec.2022p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 20.7 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.4 20.6 20.5 20.5 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,964 22,700 22,700 22,541 21,821 22,440 22,432 22,426 -6

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,214.7 10,595.9 10,635.4 10,642.8 10,173.4 10,571.1 10,596.2 10,612.8 16.6

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,182.7 1,187.0 1,188.7 1,190.1 1,173.8 1,182.1 1,182.8 1,182.4 -0.4

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 1,075.1 1,085.3 1,110.5 1,127.8 1,069.7 1,124.5 1,128.9 1,127.8 -1.1

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,589.6 1,672.8 1,672.5 1,667.4 1,590.4 1,661.1 1,666.3 1,668.7 2.4

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149.7 154.5 156.5 158.5 147.7 153.3 154.5 156.2 1.7

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,368.3 2,459.8 2,467.3 2,457.7 2,368.5 2,448.8 2,454.6 2,461.8 7.2

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,721.0 1,802.6 1,808.0 1,816.2 1,702.0 1,780.1 1,788.6 1,796.9 8.3

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851.7 894.0 893.9 894.7 850.2 893.3 893.7 894.3 0.6

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.5 491.9 484.3 480.8 460.8 489.4 484.4 480.2 -4.2

Other professional and technical services. . . 813.1 848.0 853.7 849.6 810.2 838.5 842.5 844.5 2.0

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,356.3 2,393.8 2,397.0 2,409.3 2,350.5 2,395.1 2,396.1 2,402.9 6.8

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,392.5 9,710.1 9,667.8 9,488.5 9,297.1 9,473.9 9,439.3 9,410.0 -29.3

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,924.8 9,224.4 9,180.4 9,004.4 8,834.4 8,994.1 8,958.1 8,929.5 -28.6

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 562.2 609.2 609.9 612.3 563.5 606.9 610.0 614.7 4.7

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.7 157.6 158.3 157.9 154.4 156.7 157.4 157.6 0.2

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,917.3 3,987.1 3,972.7 3,892.7 3,776.7 3,843.0 3,806.8 3,767.1 -39.7

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,207.1 3,244.9 3,229.0 3,149.1 3,077.3 3,110.2 3,079.9 3,044.9 -35.0

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.2 767.4 769.4 767.2 800.0 758.7 748.2 745.6 -2.6

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.5 157.9 157.2 157.7 146.0 156.4 157.6 159.7 2.1

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 918.1 942.4 949.0 948.9 910.3 937.7 940.1 940.7 0.6

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,101.1 2,273.5 2,238.5 2,142.1 2,176.3 2,210.2 2,212.5 2,214.5 2.0

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.7 329.3 325.4 325.6 307.1 324.5 325.5 329.4 3.9

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467.7 485.7 487.4 484.1 462.7 479.8 481.2 480.5 -0.7

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,090 24,949 25,102 25,052 23,939 24,721 24,811 24,889 78

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,788.5 4,004.3 4,049.1 3,939.4 3,709.2 3,845.5 3,861.8 3,866.3 4.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,301.9 20,945.0 21,052.6 21,112.1 20,230.0 20,875.4 20,948.7 21,023.1 74.4

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,167.6 16,634.4 16,707.5 16,768.2 16,103.8 16,584.9 16,633.0 16,687.7 54.7

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,043.6 8,316.1 8,352.4 8,382.5 8,006.8 8,286.6 8,308.3 8,338.2 29.9

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,797.0 2,879.2 2,887.6 2,907.4 2,780.5 2,867.6 2,873.0 2,885.3 12.3

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,016.0 1,054.6 1,060.7 1,057.9 1,017.3 1,051.3 1,054.2 1,057.6 3.4

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,057.3 1,112.7 1,112.4 1,115.7 1,052.6 1,108.1 1,108.3 1,111.1 2.8

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,012.7 1,036.5 1,043.1 1,044.6 1,006.3 1,035.6 1,039.2 1,039.3 0.1

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 311.7 310.9 310.8 311.2 309.1 310.4 311.0 310.5 -0.5

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,534.7 1,596.1 1,607.4 1,613.2 1,527.8 1,587.0 1,593.0 1,603.8 10.8

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314.2 326.1 330.4 332.5 313.3 326.6 329.7 330.6 0.9

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,142.7 5,255.9 5,281.2 5,296.6 5,126.4 5,247.5 5,263.6 5,279.3 15.7

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 2,981.3 3,062.4 3,073.9 3,089.1 2,970.6 3,050.8 3,061.1 3,070.2 9.1

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,352.4 1,376.6 1,377.7 1,385.6 1,346.2 1,366.9 1,369.1 1,374.8 5.7

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 599.8 618.8 620.7 625.4 598.2 618.4 619.6 622.6 3.0

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875.0 909.1 916.0 918.8 871.1 907.5 913.5 913.2 -0.3

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 154.1 157.9 159.5 159.3 155.0 158.0 158.9 159.7 0.8

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,134.3 4,310.6 4,345.1 4,343.9 4,126.2 4,290.5 4,315.7 4,335.4 19.7

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,742.7 2,854.1 2,880.9 2,879.5 2,738.1 2,844.5 2,863.9 2,874.0 10.1

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 198.2 205.4 206.8 209.6 196.2 206.4 205.8 207.3 1.5

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 274.0 277.3 277.8 279.0 274.7 275.7 277.4 279.4 2.0

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919.4 973.8 979.6 975.8 917.2 964.0 968.5 974.6 6.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,804 15,924 15,812 15,766 15,105 15,905 15,984 16,051 67

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,049.6 2,313.3 2,225.7 2,225.3 2,192.3 2,334.2 2,336.7 2,367.7 31.0

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 448.7 506.8 474.1 465.9 452.2 487.5 475.5 482.6 7.1

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.5 162.9 164.3 161.9 148.2 162.0 164.8 164.2 -0.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Change

from:

Nov.2022 -

Dec.2022p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,454.4 1,643.6 1,587.3 1,597.5 1,591.9 1,684.7 1,696.4 1,720.9 24.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,754.7 13,610.8 13,586.4 13,540.5 12,912.9 13,570.3 13,647.2 13,683.5 36.3

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,567.7 1,742.8 1,713.8 1,712.8 1,624.7 1,745.8 1,763.3 1,773.3 10.0

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,187.0 11,868.0 11,872.6 11,827.7 11,288.2 11,824.5 11,883.9 11,910.2 26.3

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,586 5,754 5,768 5,759 5,604 5,741 5,763 5,777 14

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,393.6 1,449.5 1,450.2 1,439.9 1,401.0 1,443.0 1,445.5 1,447.0 1.5

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,420.4 1,484.1 1,490.2 1,498.2 1,416.8 1,474.4 1,485.0 1,494.2 9.2

Membership associations and organizations. . . 2,772.3 2,820.6 2,827.9 2,821.0 2,786.0 2,823.2 2,832.4 2,835.4 3.0

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,430 22,723 22,900 22,765 22,141 22,384 22,438 22,441 3

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,894 2,878 2,886 2,892 2,876 2,872 2,874 2,875 1

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,268.8 2,279.4 2,282.4 2,280.6 2,269.6 2,272.4 2,277.7 2,280.1 2.4

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.6 598.1 603.2 611.7 606.1 599.7 595.9 594.6 -1.3

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,325 5,428 5,464 5,378 5,237 5,274 5,288 5,269 -19

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,692.8 2,784.2 2,821.4 2,729.1 2,595.7 2,627.2 2,637.9 2,614.1 -23.8

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,632.3 2,644.0 2,642.2 2,649.0 2,641.5 2,646.9 2,650.0 2,655.1 5.1

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,211 14,417 14,550 14,495 14,028 14,238 14,276 14,297 21

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,934.1 7,994.5 8,094.6 8,082.3 7,677.0 7,781.0 7,804.2 7,816.7 12.5

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,276.8 6,422.6 6,455.2 6,413.1 6,350.8 6,456.8 6,471.3 6,480.6 9.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.8 34.5 34.4 34.3

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.1 40.0 39.7 39.7

Mining and logging................................................................ 44.9 46.3 46.4 46.3

Construction....................................................................... 39.2 38.9 38.4 38.5

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.4 40.3 40.2 40.1

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.6 40.7 40.5 40.6

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.0 39.7 39.6 39.4

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.7 33.4 33.4 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.6 34.1 34.0 33.9

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.2 38.8 38.9 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 31.3 30.2 30.1 30.0

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.1 38.5 38.2 38.2

Utilities........................................................................... 42.5 42.8 42.1 42.3

Information......................................................................... 36.9 36.6 36.7 36.4

Financial activities................................................................ 37.5 37.4 37.4 37.2

Professional and business services............................................ 36.7 36.7 36.6 36.6

Education and health services.................................................. 33.4 33.3 33.3 33.2

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 26.1 25.5 25.5 25.3

Other services..................................................................... 32.3 32.2 32.1 32.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.9

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.7

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Total private............................................... $31.38 $32.60 $32.73 $32.82 $1,092.02 $1,124.70 $1,125.91 $1,125.73

Goods-producing....................................... 31.69 32.88 32.98 33.10 1,270.77 1,315.20 1,309.31 1,314.07

Mining and logging.................................. 35.66 36.61 36.86 37.31 1,601.13 1,695.04 1,710.30 1,727.45

Construction.......................................... 33.62 35.28 35.42 35.57 1,317.90 1,372.39 1,360.13 1,369.45

Manufacturing........................................ 30.35 31.29 31.36 31.44 1,226.14 1,260.99 1,260.67 1,260.74

Durable goods.................................... 31.88 32.88 32.93 32.90 1,294.33 1,338.22 1,333.67 1,335.74

Nondurable goods................................ 27.79 28.60 28.71 28.93 1,111.60 1,135.42 1,136.92 1,139.84

Private service-providing.............................. 31.31 32.54 32.67 32.76 1,055.15 1,086.84 1,091.18 1,090.91

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 27.00 28.06 28.17 28.21 934.20 956.85 957.78 956.32

Wholesale trade.................................. 34.42 35.67 35.71 35.93 1,349.26 1,384.00 1,389.12 1,394.08

Retail trade........................................ 22.50 23.25 23.44 23.42 704.25 702.15 705.54 702.60

Transportation and warehousing............... 27.36 28.39 28.42 28.37 1,042.42 1,093.02 1,085.64 1,083.73

Utilities............................................. 45.96 48.21 48.02 48.03 1,953.30 2,063.39 2,021.64 2,031.67

Information........................................... 44.96 47.52 47.62 47.80 1,659.02 1,739.23 1,747.65 1,739.92

Financial activities................................... 40.65 42.06 42.12 42.45 1,524.38 1,573.04 1,575.29 1,579.14

Professional and business services.............. 37.68 39.22 39.43 39.52 1,382.86 1,439.37 1,443.14 1,446.43

Education and health services..................... 31.01 32.06 32.21 32.27 1,035.73 1,067.60 1,072.59 1,071.36

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 19.40 20.41 20.50 20.64 506.34 520.46 522.75 522.19

Other services....................................... 28.42 28.94 29.02 28.96 917.97 931.87 931.54 935.41

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2022 -

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2022 -

Dec.

2022p

Total private..................................... 111.0 113.4 113.2 113.1 -0.1 166.6 176.7 177.1 177.4 0.2

Goods-producing............................. 94.5 97.0 96.4 96.6 0.2 135.4 144.2 143.7 144.5 0.6

Mining and logging........................ 83.2 92.5 93.3 93.7 0.4 119.2 136.0 138.1 140.3 1.6

Construction................................ 102.0 103.7 102.6 103.2 0.6 149.0 159.0 157.9 159.5 1.0

Manufacturing.............................. 91.3 93.7 93.5 93.3 -0.2 128.8 136.3 136.3 136.4 0.1

Durable goods........................... 89.3 92.1 91.8 92.3 0.5 126.5 134.5 134.2 134.8 0.4

Nondurable goods...................... 94.6 96.6 96.4 95.6 -0.8 133.4 140.2 140.4 140.3 -0.1

Private service-providing.................... 115.4 117.8 118.0 117.9 -0.1 175.7 186.4 187.4 187.7 0.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 106.3 107.0 106.5 106.3 -0.2 154.8 161.9 161.9 161.8 -0.1

Wholesale trade......................... 99.4 101.2 101.5 101.4 -0.1 143.1 151.0 151.6 152.4 0.5

Retail trade.............................. 99.1 96.9 96.5 96.2 -0.3 147.4 148.9 149.4 148.9 -0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 137.5 143.9 142.3 142.4 0.1 191.3 207.8 205.7 205.5 -0.1

Utilities.................................... 98.9 100.7 98.9 99.6 0.7 150.2 160.4 156.9 158.1 0.8

Information................................. 98.2 101.7 102.8 101.8 -1.0 157.1 172.2 174.2 173.2 -0.6

Financial activities......................... 108.9 110.1 110.2 109.7 -0.5 172.7 180.6 181.0 181.6 0.3

Professional and business services..... 125.6 129.1 128.7 128.7 0.0 191.6 205.1 205.5 205.9 0.2

Education and health services........... 130.6 134.4 134.9 134.9 0.0 194.8 207.3 209.0 209.5 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 112.5 115.7 116.3 115.9 -0.3 176.1 190.6 192.3 192.9 0.3

Other services............................. 104.4 106.6 106.7 107.6 0.8 162.6 169.1 169.6 170.8 0.7

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Total nonfarm............................................. 74,233 76,440 76,617 76,734 49.7 49.9 49.9 49.9

Total private............................................ 61,405 63,413 63,557 63,640 48.3 48.5 48.5 48.5

Goods-producing.................................... 4,719 4,922 4,946 4,949 22.8 23.1 23.2 23.2

Mining and logging............................... 77 84 85 86 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4

Construction....................................... 1,045 1,086 1,096 1,100 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.1

Manufacturing..................................... 3,597 3,752 3,765 3,763 28.6 29.0 29.1 29.1

Durable goods.................................. 1,907 2,005 2,013 2,018 24.4 24.9 25.0 25.0

Nondurable goods............................. 1,690 1,747 1,752 1,745 35.7 35.8 35.9 35.9

Private service-providing........................... 56,686 58,491 58,611 58,691 53.3 53.4 53.4 53.4

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,112 11,421 11,382 11,388 39.5 39.7 39.6 39.6

Wholesale trade................................ 1,733.9 1,803.9 1,795.7 1,806.2 30.2 30.5 30.4 30.5

Retail trade..................................... 7,590.3 7,721.8 7,694.2 7,680.1 48.7 48.9 48.8 48.6

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,652.9 1,756.1 1,753.6 1,761.9 26.3 27.0 27.1 27.2

Utilities........................................... 135.1 139.3 138.6 139.7 25.1 25.6 25.5 25.7

Information......................................... 1,153 1,235 1,239 1,244 39.6 40.6 40.4 40.6

Financial activities................................ 4,951 5,005 5,008 5,012 55.9 55.7 55.7 55.7

Professional and business services............ 10,101 10,313 10,336 10,319 46.3 46.0 46.1 46.0

Education and health services.................. 18,415 19,059 19,116 19,167 76.9 77.1 77.0 77.0

Leisure and hospitality........................... 7,980 8,406 8,462 8,484 52.8 52.9 52.9 52.9

Other services..................................... 2,974 3,052 3,068 3,077 53.1 53.2 53.2 53.3

Government............................................. 12,828 13,027 13,060 13,094 57.9 58.2 58.2 58.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Total private............................................................................... 103,605 106,682 106,828 106,908

Goods-producing....................................................................... 14,803 15,286 15,295 15,325

Mining and logging.................................................................. 444 476 477 485

Construction.......................................................................... 5,588 5,723 5,731 5,744

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,771 9,087 9,087 9,096

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,386 5,583 5,590 5,603

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,385 3,504 3,497 3,493

Private service-providing.............................................................. 88,802 91,396 91,533 91,583

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,811 24,263 24,212 24,235

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,575.9 4,702.9 4,692.6 4,709.8

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,285.9 13,450.7 13,408.7 13,412.2

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,520.6 5,676.3 5,679.6 5,682.3

Utilities.............................................................................. 428.9 432.9 431.5 430.9

Information............................................................................ 2,312 2,424 2,448 2,442

Financial activities................................................................... 6,669 6,774 6,790 6,793

Professional and business services............................................... 17,491 17,918 17,892 17,828

Education and health services..................................................... 20,856 21,498 21,568 21,635

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,122 13,843 13,936 13,960

Other services........................................................................ 4,541 4,676 4,687 4,690

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.1 33.9 33.9 33.8

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.0 40.8 40.4 40.3

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.4 47.9 47.6 47.5

Construction....................................................................... 39.9 39.8 39.1 39.2

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.4 41.0 40.9 40.6

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.4 41.4 41.1 41.0

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.3 40.3 40.5 40.0

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.0 32.8 32.8 32.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 33.9 33.8 33.7

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.1 38.9 39.0 38.7

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.6 30.2 30.1 30.0

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.8 37.7 37.6 37.7

Utilities........................................................................... 42.1 42.6 42.7 43.2

Information......................................................................... 36.5 36.2 36.5 35.9

Financial activities................................................................ 37.4 37.1 37.0 37.0

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.4 36.4 36.4

Education and health services.................................................. 32.6 32.6 32.6 32.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.9 24.4 24.4 24.3

Other services..................................................................... 31.4 31.3 31.1 31.3

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.8

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.4

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Total private............................................... $26.74 $27.89 $28.01 $28.07 $911.83 $945.47 $949.54 $948.77

Goods-producing....................................... 27.17 28.43 28.53 28.67 1,113.97 1,159.94 1,152.61 1,155.40

Mining and logging.................................. 32.09 33.27 33.32 34.05 1,488.98 1,593.63 1,586.03 1,617.38

Construction.......................................... 31.25 32.91 33.00 33.15 1,246.88 1,309.82 1,290.30 1,299.48

Manufacturing........................................ 24.38 25.39 25.54 25.61 1,009.33 1,040.99 1,044.59 1,039.77

Durable goods.................................... 25.46 26.60 26.82 26.81 1,054.04 1,101.24 1,102.30 1,099.21

Nondurable goods................................ 22.65 23.41 23.46 23.63 935.45 943.42 950.13 945.20

Private service-providing.............................. 26.65 27.78 27.90 27.95 879.45 911.18 915.12 913.97

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 23.27 24.33 24.44 24.44 793.51 824.79 826.07 823.63

Wholesale trade.................................. 28.49 29.77 29.80 30.00 1,113.96 1,158.05 1,162.20 1,161.00

Retail trade........................................ 19.17 19.81 19.92 19.93 586.60 598.26 599.59 597.90

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.24 26.66 26.78 26.56 954.07 1,005.08 1,006.93 1,001.31

Utilities............................................. 41.09 42.87 42.96 43.10 1,729.89 1,826.26 1,834.39 1,861.92

Information........................................... 36.97 38.82 39.05 39.14 1,349.41 1,405.28 1,425.33 1,405.13

Financial activities................................... 30.98 32.62 32.71 32.87 1,158.65 1,210.20 1,210.27 1,216.19

Professional and business services.............. 31.65 32.91 33.07 33.16 1,148.90 1,197.92 1,203.75 1,207.02

Education and health services..................... 28.20 29.23 29.34 29.35 919.32 952.90 956.48 953.88

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.16 18.09 18.21 18.33 427.28 441.40 444.32 445.42

Other services....................................... 24.28 24.75 24.85 24.88 762.39 774.68 772.84 778.74

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2022 -

Dec.

2022p

Dec.

2021

Oct.

2022

Nov.

2022p

Dec.

2022p

Percent

change

from:

Nov.

2022 -

Dec.

2022p

Total private..................................... 117.7 120.5 120.7 120.4 -0.2 210.4 224.6 225.9 225.9 0.0

Goods-producing............................. 92.7 95.3 94.4 94.4 0.0 154.3 165.9 165.0 165.7 0.4

Mining and logging........................ 109.5 121.2 120.7 122.4 1.4 204.3 234.4 233.8 242.4 3.7

Construction................................ 111.6 114.0 112.2 112.7 0.4 188.4 202.7 199.9 201.8 1.0

Manufacturing.............................. 83.4 85.5 85.3 84.8 -0.6 132.9 142.0 142.5 142.0 -0.4

Durable goods........................... 83.8 86.8 86.3 86.3 0.0 133.1 144.2 144.5 144.4 -0.1

Nondurable goods...................... 82.4 83.2 83.4 82.3 -1.3 131.8 137.6 138.3 137.5 -0.6

Private service-providing.................... 124.9 127.7 127.9 127.6 -0.2 228.2 243.4 244.8 244.6 -0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 113.5 115.0 114.4 114.2 -0.2 188.8 200.0 199.9 199.5 -0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 106.2 108.6 108.6 108.2 -0.4 178.6 190.8 191.0 191.5 0.3

Retail trade.............................. 102.9 102.8 102.1 101.8 -0.3 169.0 174.5 174.3 173.9 -0.2

Transportation and warehousing...... 157.9 162.0 161.6 162.1 0.3 253.7 274.8 275.5 274.1 -0.5

Utilities.................................... 92.3 94.3 94.2 95.2 1.1 158.4 168.8 169.0 171.3 1.4

Information................................. 96.3 100.2 102.0 100.1 -1.9 176.3 192.5 197.1 193.9 -1.6

Financial activities......................... 117.4 118.3 118.2 118.3 0.1 223.7 237.4 237.9 239.2 0.5

Professional and business services..... 142.0 145.8 145.6 145.1 -0.3 267.2 285.4 286.4 286.1 -0.1

Education and health services........... 145.0 149.4 149.9 149.9 0.0 269.8 288.3 290.3 290.4 0.0

Leisure and hospitality.................... 119.7 123.7 124.6 124.3 -0.2 233.2 254.2 257.6 258.7 0.4

Other services............................. 100.0 102.6 102.2 103.0 0.8 176.9 185.1 185.1 186.6 0.8

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2021 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.