For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, October 25, 2023 USDL-23-2266 

Technical information: (202) 691-6553 • BDMInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/bdm 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2023

From December 2022 to March 2023, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector 

establishments were 8.0 million, a decrease of 67,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting privatesector establishments were 7.1 million, a decrease of 565,000 jobs from the previous quarter. The 

difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net 

employment gain of 976,000 jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 2023. (See chart 1, and 

tables A and 1.) 

Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data 

Data in this release contain annual revisions in accordance with standard procedures. These revisions 

include the previous four quarters of not seasonally adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted 

data. 

Gross job gains

Gross job losses

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Chart 1. Total private-sector gross job gains and gross job losses, seasonally adjusted

March 2013 - March 2023

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defined recession period.
- 2 - 

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment 

that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics 

track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter 

to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of 

gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include 

gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by 

employer size class. 

Gross Job Gains

In the first quarter of 2023, gross job gains represented 6.2 percent of private-sector employment. Gross 

job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the 

addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.5 

million in the first quarter of 2023, an increase of 68,000 jobs compared to the previous quarter. 

Opening establishments accounted for 1.5 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2023, a 

decrease of 135,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) 

Gross Job Losses 

In the first quarter of 2023, gross job losses represented 5.4 percent of private-sector employment. Gross 

job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at 

closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.6 million jobs in the first quarter of 2023, a 

decrease of 467,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2023, closing establishments lost 

1.4 million jobs, a decrease of 98,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A, 

1, 2, and 3.) 

Openings

Closings

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

'13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23

Chart 3. Private-sector gross job gains at opening establishments 

and gross job losses at closing establishments, seasonally 

adjusted: March 2013 - March 2023

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.

Expansions

Contractions

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

'13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 '20 '21 '22 '23

Chart 2. Private-sector gross job gains at expanding establishments 

and gross job losses at contracting establishments, seasonally 

adjusted: March 2013 - March 2023

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.
- 3 - 

Establishment Births and Deaths 

In the first quarter of 2023, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data) 

decreased by 13,000 to a total of 331,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for 

944,000 jobs, a decrease of 101,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a 

subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2022, when 925,000 jobs were 

lost at 322,000 establishments, an increase of 181,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2022. (See Technical 

Note and table 8.) 

Table A. Three-month private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted 

 

Category 

3 months ended 

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. 

2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 

Levels (in thousands) 

Gross job gains............................. 8,553 8,352 8,841 8,108 8,041 

 At expanding establishments 6,974 6,624 7,183 6,447 6,515 

 At opening establishments..... 1,579 1,728 1,658 1,661 1,526 

Gross job losses............................ 6,978 7,970 7,500 7,630 7,065 

 At contracting establishments 5,560 6,450 5,995 6,113 5,646 

 At closing establishments...... 1,418 1,520 1,505 1,517 1,419 

Net employment change1............. 1,575 382 1,341 478 976 

 

Rates (percent) 

Gross job gains............................. 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.3 6.2 

 At expanding establishments 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.0 

 At opening establishments.... 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 

Gross job losses............................ 5.5 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.4 

 At contracting establishments 4.4 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.3 

 At closing establishments...... 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 

Net employment change1............. 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.8 

1

 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for 

further information. 

Firm Size 

In the first quarter of 2023, firms with 1 to 49 employees had a net employment increase of 317,000. 

Firms with 50 to 249 employees had a net employment gain of 275,000. Firms with 250 or more 

employees had a net employment increase of 512,000. (See tables 4 and 5.) 
- 4 - 

Industries 

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 10 out of the 13 industry sectors in the first quarter of 2023. 

The service-providing industries experienced a net job gain of 844,000. The goods-producing industries 

had a net job increase of 132,000. (See table 3.) 

States 

Gross job gains surpassed gross job losses in 49 states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands 

in the first quarter of 2023. (See tables 6 and 7.) 

For More Information 

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. 

This information includes data for the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm 

size, not seasonally adjusted data and seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, charts 

of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and answers to frequently asked 

questions. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found in the 

Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. 

 

The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2023 are scheduled to be released on 

Tuesday, January 30, 2024, at 10:00 a.m. (ET). 
Technical Note 

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of 

a federal-state cooperative program known as the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports 

on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment 

insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is 

based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to 

the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the 

QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe 

sampling frame. 

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on 

total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross 

job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark 

for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey 

(JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts. 

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked 

across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment 

changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at 

closing and contracting units. 

Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment 

measures 

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, Business Employment Dynamics, and Current Employment Statistics—makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage, estimation procedure, and publication product. 

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in 

somewhat different measures of employment change over time. It is 

important to understand program differences and the intended uses 

of the program products. (See table.) Additional information on each 

program can be obtained from the program websites shown in the 

table. 

Coverage 

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and 

Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws 

are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the 

SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establishments within a state 

complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” 

which provides detailed information on the location of their establishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather 

than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. 

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, 

religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all 

members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most 

employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. 

 Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived 

from longitudinal histories of 9.1 million private-sector employer reports out of 11.6 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2023. Gross job gains 

and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for 

government employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and 

do not include establishments with zero employment in both previous 

and current quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands 

are also excluded from the national data. The table below shows, in 

millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded 

from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first 

quarter of 2023. 

Number of active establishments included in 

Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level 

 Millions 

Total establishments QCEW program..........11.6 

 Excluded: Public sector....................... 0.3 

 Private households............... 0.2 

 Zero employment................. 2.0 

 

Total establishments included in Business 

Employment Dynamics data.....................9.1 
Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures

QCEW BED CES 

Source  Count of UI administrative records 

submitted by 11.6 million establishments in first quarter of 2023 

 Count of longitudinally-linked UI administrative records submitted by 9.1 

million private-sector establishments 

 Sample survey: 670,000 establishments 

Coverage  UI and UCFE coverage, including 

all employers subject to state and 

federal UI laws 

 UI coverage, excluding government, 

private households, and establishments with zero employment 

Nonfarm wage and salary jobs: 

 UI coverage, excluding agriculture, private 

households, and self-employed workers 

 Other employment, including railroads, 

religious organizations, and other nonUI-covered jobs 

Publication frequency 

 Quarterly 

— 6 months after the end of each 

quarter 

 Quarterly 

— 7 months after the end of each 

quarter 

 Monthly 

— Usually the 3rd Friday after the end 

of the week including the 12th of the 

month 

Use of UI file  Directly summarizes and publishes 

each new quarter of UI data 

 Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal database and directly summarizes gross job gains and losses 

 Uses UI file as a sampling frame and to 

annually realign sample-based estimates 

to population counts (benchmarking) 

Principal 

products 

 Provides a quarterly and annual universe count of establishments, employment, and wages at the county, 

metropolitan statistical area (MSA), 

state, and national levels by detailed 

industry 

 Provides quarterly employer dynamics data on establishment openings, 

closings, expansions, and contractions 

at the national level by NAICS supersectors, 3-digit NAICS, and by size of 

firm, and at the state private-sector total level 

 Future expansions will include data 

with greater industry detail and data 

at the county and MSA levels 

 Provides current monthly estimates of 

employment, hours, and earnings at the 

MSA, state, and national levels by industry 

Principal uses  Major uses include: 

— Detailed locality data 

— Periodic universe counts for 

benchmarking sample survey estimates 

— Sample frame for BLS establishment surveys 

 Major uses include: 

— Business cycle analysis 

— Analysis of employer dynamics 

underlying economic expansions 

and contractions 

— Analysis of employment expansion and contraction by size of 

firm 

 Major uses include: 

— Principal federal economic indicator 

— Official time series for employment 

change measures 

— Input into other major economic indicators 

Program web 

sites 

 www.bls.gov/cew  www.bls.gov/bdm  www.bls.gov/ces 

Unit of analysis 

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by 

industry, and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class 

statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, 

either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation, which 

is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision 

makers, is used for the measurement of BED data elements by size 

class. 

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job 

gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job 

gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains 

and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not 

seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data. 
Concepts and methodology 

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change 

in employment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come 

about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come 

from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units. 

Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or 

expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in 

either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is 

the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. 

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows: 

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior 

quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. 

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third 

month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in 

employment over this period. 

Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in 

the previous quarter and either not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter. 

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third 

month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease 

in employment over this period. 

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for 

the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, 

or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter 

and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. 

Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal 

businesses. 

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment 

reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the 

last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings 

not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that 

closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to 

determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown. 

Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of 

death statistics. 

All employment changes are measured from the third month of the 

previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no 

change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, 

but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and 

previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates 

are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job 

losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates 

can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the 

difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses 

rate is the net growth rate. 

Establishment Births and Deaths 

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with 

positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four 

consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed 

by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month. 

Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of 

the longitudinal database or establishments that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are 

not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in 

a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment 

defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings 

include seasonal and other re-openings, and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and 

deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, 

because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary 

shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently 

seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater 

than the latter. 

Linkage methodology 

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, 

QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process 

matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWAID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are 

linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and 

successor information, identified by the states, which relates records 

with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor 

relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change 

in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a 

match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is 

used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons 

such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst 

examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible 

match. 

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify 

with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and 

ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. 

Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting 

also are introduced in the first quarter. 

 

Sizing methodology 

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED 

size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in 

which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size class, 5 to the 

size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49. 

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory 

and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred. 

Annual Data 

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net 

change in employment at the establishment level from the third month 

of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter 

in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on 
March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year changes for 

other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions 

and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job 

losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due 

to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire 

year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and 

job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the 

sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not 

equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change 

in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four 

quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. 

Seasonal adjustment 

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events 

as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, 

major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of 

such seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern 

each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. 

For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely 

to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to 

March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current 

year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted 

figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in 

economic activity. 

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and 

contracting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes 

are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and 

gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts 

data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated 

based on the difference between the number of opening and closing 

establishments. Additionally, establishment and employment levels 

are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-13 

ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are 

the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published. 

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED 

component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series 

from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show 

the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment 

change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net 

employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this 

change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment 

changes. 

Reliability of the data 

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based 

on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related 

to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. 

Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout 

the dataset. 

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for 

the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate 

the effects of these complications. 

 The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based 

on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. 

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the 

first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not 

seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data. 

Additional statistics and other information 

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News 

releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual 

bulletin also are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), phone number: (202) 691-6567; 

(www.bls.gov/cew/); (e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov). 

The Current Employment Statistics program produces monthly estimates of employment, its net change, hours, and earnings by detailed 

industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report 

put out monthly by BLS. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey program provides 

monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. 

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please 

dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications relay services.
Table 1. Private-sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182

June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207

September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143

December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202

2014 March 419 6,953 5,687 1,266 6,534 5,380 1,154

June 895 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,559 5,342 1,217

September 577 7,247 5,918 1,329 6,670 5,487 1,183

December 1,038 7,617 6,248 1,369 6,579 5,346 1,233

2015 March 216 7,046 5,733 1,313 6,830 5,626 1,204

June 849 7,580 6,235 1,345 6,731 5,540 1,191

September 475 7,344 5,983 1,361 6,869 5,657 1,212

December 944 7,817 6,360 1,457 6,873 5,607 1,266

2016 March 249 7,163 5,875 1,288 6,914 5,706 1,208

June 318 7,443 6,070 1,373 7,125 5,820 1,305

September 748 7,710 6,250 1,460 6,962 5,718 1,244

December 308 7,413 6,007 1,406 7,105 5,806 1,299

2017 March 651 7,434 6,090 1,344 6,783 5,599 1,184

June 526 7,639 6,265 1,374 7,113 5,844 1,269

September -39 7,321 5,975 1,346 7,360 6,065 1,295

December 883 7,772 6,344 1,428 6,889 5,593 1,296

2018 March 683 7,494 6,135 1,359 6,811 5,616 1,195

June 498 7,688 6,286 1,402 7,190 5,907 1,283

September 86 7,485 6,113 1,372 7,399 6,083 1,316

December 723 7,719 6,283 1,436 6,996 5,665 1,331

2019 March 494 7,460 6,095 1,365 6,966 5,713 1,253

June 262 7,667 6,280 1,387 7,405 6,049 1,356

September 60 7,383 6,010 1,373 7,323 6,053 1,270

December 738 7,821 6,332 1,489 7,083 5,754 1,329

2020 March -836 7,031 5,711 1,320 7,867 6,394 1,473

June -14,538 5,733 4,441 1,292 20,271 17,349 2,922

September 4,003 10,846 8,800 2,046 6,843 5,471 1,372

December 2,016 8,786 7,095 1,691 6,770 5,417 1,353

2021 March 1,791 8,324 6,778 1,546 6,533 5,386 1,147

June 985 8,211 6,657 1,554 7,226 5,966 1,260

September 1,463 8,862 7,179 1,683 7,399 5,944 1,455

December 2,874 9,565 7,704 1,861 6,691 5,349 1,342

2022 March 1,575 8,553 6,974 1,579 6,978 5,560 1,418

June 382 8,352 6,624 1,728 7,970 6,450 1,520

September 1,341 8,841 7,183 1,658 7,500 5,995 1,505

December 478 8,108 6,447 1,661 7,630 6,113 1,517

2023 March 976 8,041 6,515 1,526 7,065 5,646 1,419

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Year 3 months ended Net change 1

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses
Table 2. Private-sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1

 seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1

June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

June 0.8 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

September 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1

September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0

June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1

December 0.7 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

2018 March 0.6 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

September 0.0 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1

December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1

2019 March 0.5 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.2 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.9 4.8 1.1

September 0.1 5.9 4.8 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1

2020 March -0.7 5.5 4.5 1.0 6.2 5.0 1.2

June -12.1 4.8 3.7 1.1 16.9 14.5 2.4

September 3.4 9.4 7.6 1.8 6.0 4.8 1.2

December 1.7 7.4 6.0 1.4 5.7 4.6 1.1

2021 March 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 5.5 4.5 1.0

June 0.9 6.8 5.5 1.3 5.9 4.9 1.0

September 1.2 7.3 5.9 1.4 6.1 4.9 1.2

December 2.3 7.7 6.2 1.5 5.4 4.3 1.1

2022 March 1.2 6.7 5.5 1.2 5.5 4.4 1.1

June 0.4 6.6 5.2 1.4 6.2 5.0 1.2

September 1.0 6.9 5.6 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2

December 0.4 6.3 5.0 1.3 5.9 4.7 1.2

2023 March 0.8 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.4 4.3 1.1

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. 

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Year 3 months ended Net change 2

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

Total private 1

Gross job gains ........................... 8,553 8,352 8,841 8,108 8,041 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.3 6.2

At expanding establishments ......... 6,974 6,624 7,183 6,447 6,515 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.0

At opening establishments ............ 1,579 1,728 1,658 1,661 1,526 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2

Gross job losses ........................... 6,978 7,970 7,500 7,630 7,065 5.5 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.4

At contracting establishments ......... 5,560 6,450 5,995 6,113 5,646 4.4 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.3

At closing establishments ............ 1,418 1,520 1,505 1,517 1,419 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Net employment change .............. 1,575 382 1,341 478 976 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.8

Goods-producing

Gross job gains ........................... 1,451 1,348 1,383 1,341 1,343 6.6 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.9

At expanding establishments ......... 1,231 1,135 1,172 1,124 1,139 5.6 5.1 5.3 5.0 5.0

At opening establishments ............ 220 213 211 217 204 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

Gross job losses ........................... 1,153 1,291 1,234 1,288 1,211 5.2 5.8 5.5 5.8 5.3

At contracting establishments ......... 948 1,072 1,024 1,073 1,007 4.3 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.4

At closing establishments ............ 205 219 210 215 204 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9

Net employment change .............. 298 57 149 53 132 1.4 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.6

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains ........................... 243 226 234 204 218 13.4 12.6 13.0 11.1 11.9

At expanding establishments ......... 212 197 205 176 192 11.7 11.0 11.4 9.6 10.5

At opening establishments ............ 31 29 29 28 26 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4

Gross job losses ........................... 223 223 180 240 229 12.3 12.4 10.0 13.2 12.5

At contracting establishments ......... 191 194 156 215 198 10.5 10.8 8.7 11.8 10.8

At closing establishments ............ 32 29 24 25 31 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.7

Net employment change .............. 20 3 54 -36 -11 1.1 0.2 3.0 -2.1 -0.6

Construction

Gross job gains ........................... 723 653 655 667 706 9.4 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.9

At expanding establishments ......... 578 521 525 529 571 7.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 7.2

At opening establishments ............ 145 132 130 138 135 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7

Gross job losses ........................... 579 642 626 630 580 7.5 8.3 8.1 8.1 7.4

At contracting establishments ......... 456 509 495 495 457 5.9 6.6 6.4 6.4 5.8

At closing establishments ............ 123 133 131 135 123 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6

Net employment change .............. 144 11 29 37 126 1.9 0.1 0.4 0.5 1.5

Manufacturing

Gross job gains ........................... 485 469 494 470 419 3.8 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.2

At expanding establishments ......... 441 417 442 419 376 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.9

At opening establishments ............ 44 52 52 51 43 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

Gross job losses ........................... 351 426 428 418 402 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1

At contracting establishments ......... 301 369 373 363 352 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7

At closing establishments ............ 50 57 55 55 50 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

Net employment change .............. 134 43 66 52 17 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.1

Service-providing 1

Gross job gains ........................... 7,102 7,004 7,458 6,767 6,698 6.8 6.6 7.1 6.3 6.2

At expanding establishments ......... 5,743 5,489 6,011 5,323 5,376 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.0 5.0

At opening establishments ............ 1,359 1,515 1,447 1,444 1,322 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2

Gross job losses ........................... 5,825 6,679 6,266 6,342 5,854 5.6 6.3 5.9 5.9 5.4

At contracting establishments ......... 4,612 5,378 4,971 5,040 4,639 4.4 5.1 4.7 4.7 4.3

At closing establishments ............ 1,213 1,301 1,295 1,302 1,215 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Net employment change .............. 1,277 325 1,192 425 844 1.2 0.3 1.2 0.4 0.8

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains ........................... 314 314 333 293 280 5.3 5.2 5.6 4.9 4.7

At expanding establishments ......... 261 252 273 239 234 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.0 3.9

At opening establishments ............ 53 62 60 54 46 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8

Gross job losses ........................... 238 275 258 253 250 4.0 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.1

At contracting establishments ......... 178 210 200 195 191 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.1

At closing establishments ............ 60 65 58 58 59 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

Net employment change .............. 76 39 75 40 30 1.3 0.6 1.3 0.7 0.6

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

Retail trade

Gross job gains ........................... 1,021 853 954 804 880 6.6 5.4 6.1 5.3 5.7

At expanding establishments ......... 904 724 828 687 771 5.8 4.6 5.3 4.5 5.0

At opening establishments ............ 117 129 126 117 109 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

Gross job losses ........................... 737 1,019 920 903 729 4.8 6.5 5.9 5.8 4.8

At contracting establishments ......... 634 905 808 789 628 4.1 5.8 5.2 5.1 4.1

At closing establishments ............ 103 114 112 114 101 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Net employment change .............. 284 -166 34 -99 151 1.8 -1.1 0.2 -0.5 0.9

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains ........................... 414 332 385 473 307 6.4 5.2 6.0 7.3 4.7

At expanding establishments ......... 366 279 334 409 261 5.7 4.4 5.2 6.3 4.0

At opening establishments ............ 48 53 51 64 46 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.7

Gross job losses ........................... 398 454 328 332 440 6.2 7.1 5.1 5.1 6.7

At contracting establishments ......... 356 405 277 277 393 5.5 6.3 4.3 4.3 6.0

At closing establishments ............ 42 49 51 55 47 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

Net employment change .............. 16 -122 57 141 -133 0.2 -1.9 0.9 2.2 -2.0

Utilities

Gross job gains ........................... 14 16 19 18 16 2.6 2.9 3.5 3.3 2.9

At expanding establishments ......... 12 13 17 16 14 2.2 2.4 3.1 2.9 2.5

At opening establishments ............ 2 3 2 2 2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

Gross job losses ........................... 13 15 12 14 11 2.4 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.0

At contracting establishments ......... 11 13 10 11 9 2.0 2.4 1.8 2.0 1.6

At closing establishments ............ 2 2 2 3 2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4

Net employment change .............. 1 1 7 4 5 0.2 0.1 1.3 0.8 0.9

 Information

Gross job gains ........................... 220 211 203 166 139 7.4 7.0 6.6 5.4 4.6

At expanding establishments ......... 185 170 162 127 112 6.2 5.6 5.3 4.1 3.7

At opening establishments ............ 35 41 41 39 27 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 0.9

Gross job losses ........................... 153 183 176 190 179 5.2 6.1 5.8 6.2 5.8

At contracting establishments ......... 115 148 137 151 147 3.9 4.9 4.5 4.9 4.8

At closing establishments ............ 38 35 39 39 32 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0

Net employment change .............. 67 28 27 -24 -40 2.2 0.9 0.8 -0.8 -1.2

Financial activities

Gross job gains ........................... 479 487 497 451 410 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.2 4.8

At expanding establishments ......... 383 372 392 341 325 4.5 4.3 4.6 3.9 3.8

At opening establishments ............ 96 115 105 110 85 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.0

Gross job losses ........................... 431 460 438 473 401 5.0 5.3 5.1 5.5 4.6

At contracting establishments ......... 318 354 332 363 297 3.7 4.1 3.9 4.2 3.4

At closing establishments ............ 113 106 106 110 104 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2

Net employment change .............. 48 27 59 -22 9 0.6 0.3 0.7 -0.3 0.2

Professional and business services

Gross job gains ........................... 1,650 1,695 1,776 1,520 1,475 7.4 7.5 7.8 6.7 6.5

At expanding establishments ......... 1,311 1,308 1,403 1,173 1,184 5.9 5.8 6.2 5.2 5.2

At opening establishments ............ 339 387 373 347 291 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.3

Gross job losses ........................... 1,384 1,592 1,501 1,601 1,422 6.2 7.1 6.6 7.0 6.3

At contracting establishments ......... 1,069 1,273 1,163 1,252 1,112 4.8 5.7 5.1 5.5 4.9

At closing establishments ............ 315 319 338 349 310 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4

Net employment change .............. 266 103 275 -81 53 1.2 0.4 1.2 -0.3 0.2

Education and health services

Gross job gains ........................... 1,130 1,188 1,313 1,162 1,225 4.9 5.2 5.7 4.9 5.1

At expanding establishments ......... 900 939 1,089 920 1,013 3.9 4.1 4.7 3.9 4.2

At opening establishments ............ 230 249 224 242 212 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9

Gross job losses ........................... 947 1,081 959 1,012 908 4.1 4.7 4.1 4.3 3.8

At contracting establishments ......... 740 814 727 770 690 3.2 3.5 3.1 3.3 2.9

At closing establishments ............ 207 267 232 242 218 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

Net employment change .............. 183 107 354 150 317 0.8 0.5 1.6 0.6 1.3

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

 Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains ........................... 1,439 1,461 1,529 1,459 1,464 9.4 9.3 9.7 9.1 9.0

At expanding establishments ......... 1,152 1,158 1,224 1,149 1,178 7.5 7.4 7.8 7.2 7.2

At opening establishments ............ 287 303 305 310 286 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8

Gross job losses ........................... 1,201 1,264 1,347 1,224 1,182 7.8 8.1 8.5 7.6 7.2

At contracting establishments ......... 967 1,024 1,092 996 948 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.2 5.8

At closing establishments ............ 234 240 255 228 234 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4

Net employment change .............. 238 197 182 235 282 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.8

 Other services

Gross job gains ........................... 332 342 350 322 327 8.1 8.2 8.3 7.6 7.6

At expanding establishments ......... 255 257 271 246 258 6.2 6.2 6.4 5.8 6.0

At opening establishments ............ 77 85 79 76 69 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6

Gross job losses ........................... 291 302 289 298 284 7.0 7.3 6.9 7.0 6.6

At contracting establishments ......... 215 221 213 223 209 5.2 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.9

At closing establishments ............ 76 81 76 75 75 1.8 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7

Net employment change .............. 41 40 61 24 43 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.6 1.0

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 4. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

gains losses gains losses gains losses gains losses

2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429

June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461

September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501

December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427

2014 March 442 5,665 5,223 231 3,070 2,839 149 1,035 886 62 1,560 1,498

June 893 6,134 5,241 302 3,178 2,876 214 1,119 905 377 1,837 1,460

September 560 5,865 5,305 197 3,064 2,867 117 1,066 949 246 1,735 1,489

December 951 6,155 5,204 212 3,105 2,893 150 1,085 935 589 1,965 1,376

2015 March 226 5,677 5,451 168 3,098 2,930 75 1,025 950 -17 1,554 1,571

June 846 6,243 5,397 323 3,196 2,873 187 1,128 941 336 1,919 1,583

September 456 5,914 5,458 148 3,057 2,909 79 1,047 968 229 1,810 1,581

December 830 6,245 5,415 227 3,172 2,945 90 1,074 984 513 1,999 1,486

2016 March 254 5,754 5,500 191 3,114 2,923 59 1,022 963 4 1,618 1,614

June 331 6,048 5,717 74 3,123 3,049 114 1,101 987 143 1,824 1,681

September 752 6,266 5,514 192 3,160 2,968 102 1,089 987 458 2,017 1,559

December 245 5,886 5,641 71 3,065 2,994 37 1,026 989 137 1,795 1,658

2017 March 662 6,007 5,345 346 3,236 2,890 191 1,085 894 125 1,686 1,561

June 570 6,216 5,646 145 3,161 3,016 151 1,127 976 274 1,928 1,654

September -90 5,826 5,916 -100 2,999 3,099 -44 1,013 1,057 54 1,814 1,760

December 804 6,185 5,381 235 3,184 2,949 142 1,082 940 427 1,919 1,492

2018 March 729 6,072 5,343 297 3,210 2,913 164 1,071 907 268 1,791 1,523

June 515 6,214 5,699 134 3,194 3,060 162 1,135 973 219 1,885 1,666

September 24 5,967 5,943 -83 3,027 3,110 -34 1,025 1,059 141 1,915 1,774

December 663 6,087 5,424 198 3,171 2,973 138 1,076 938 327 1,840 1,513

2019 March 572 6,016 5,444 260 3,191 2,931 155 1,066 911 157 1,759 1,602

June 269 6,170 5,901 58 3,161 3,103 106 1,124 1,018 105 1,885 1,780

September -10 5,856 5,866 -6 3,044 3,050 -36 1,014 1,050 32 1,798 1,766

December 647 6,192 5,545 205 3,186 2,981 93 1,062 969 349 1,944 1,595

2020 March -653 5,612 6,265 -367 3,026 3,393 -100 969 1,069 -186 1,617 1,803

June -15,093 4,515 19,608 -4,705 2,557 7,262 -2,796 582 3,378 -7,592 1,376 8,968

September 4,020 9,428 5,408 1,515 4,482 2,967 532 1,417 885 1,973 3,529 1,556

December 1,852 7,065 5,213 506 3,488 2,982 348 1,189 841 998 2,388 1,390

2021 March 1,840 6,896 5,056 973 3,641 2,668 224 1,101 877 643 2,154 1,511

June 1,016 6,664 5,648 724 3,523 2,799 220 1,146 926 72 1,995 1,923

September 1,418 7,143 5,725 396 3,526 3,130 247 1,192 945 775 2,425 1,650

December 2,734 7,641 4,907 913 3,769 2,856 468 1,303 835 1,353 2,569 1,216

2022 March 1,671 6,994 5,323 312 3,388 3,076 274 1,163 889 1,085 2,443 1,358

June 329 6,604 6,275 174 3,353 3,179 144 1,157 1,013 11 2,094 2,083

September 1,369 7,105 5,736 71 3,321 3,250 248 1,230 982 1,050 2,554 1,504

December 460 6,291 5,831 206 3,305 3,099 157 1,128 971 97 1,858 1,761

2023 March 1,104 6,556 5,452 317 3,333 3,016 275 1,184 909 512 2,039 1,527

establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See

www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Net 

change

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the

Year 3 months ended

Total private by firm1 Firm size 1 - 49 employees

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains 

and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more

Net 

change

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job
Table 5. Components of private-sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

Total private by firm 1

Gross job gains ........................ 6,994 6,604 7,105 6,291 6,556 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.8 5.1

At expanding firms .................. 5,993 5,558 6,108 5,229 5,556 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.0 4.3

At opening firms ..................... 1,001 1,046 997 1,062 1,000 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Gross job losses ........................ 5,323 6,275 5,736 5,831 5,452 4.2 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.2

At contracting firms ............... 4,332 5,340 4,722 4,880 4,473 3.4 4.2 3.7 3.8 3.4

At closing firms ................... 991 935 1,014 951 979 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8

Net employment change ............ 1,671 329 1,369 460 1,104 1.3 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.9

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains ........................ 3,388 3,353 3,321 3,305 3,333 9.6 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.4

At expanding firms .................. 2,424 2,348 2,363 2,278 2,366 6.9 6.7 6.7 6.4 6.7

At opening firms ..................... 964 1,005 958 1,027 967 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.7

Gross job losses ........................ 3,076 3,179 3,250 3,099 3,016 8.7 9.0 9.2 8.8 8.5

At contracting firms ............... 2,117 2,277 2,272 2,181 2,066 6.0 6.4 6.4 6.2 5.8

At closing firms ................... 959 902 978 918 950 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.7

Net employment change ............ 312 174 71 206 317 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.9

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains ........................ 1,163 1,157 1,230 1,128 1,184 5.2 5.2 5.6 5.0 5.2

At expanding firms .................. 1,132 1,120 1,195 1,095 1,153 5.1 5.0 5.4 4.9 5.1

At opening firms ..................... 31 37 35 33 31 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Gross job losses ........................ 889 1,013 982 971 909 4.0 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.0

At contracting firms ............... 861 984 949 941 884 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.2 3.9

At closing firms ................... 28 29 33 30 25 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Net employment change ............ 274 144 248 157 275 1.2 0.7 1.2 0.7 1.2

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains ........................ 2,443 2,094 2,554 1,858 2,039 3.5 3.0 3.6 2.6 2.8

At expanding firms .................. 2,437 2,090 2,550 1,856 2,037 3.5 3.0 3.6 2.6 2.8

At opening firms ..................... 6 4 4 2 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Gross job losses ........................ 1,358 2,083 1,504 1,761 1,527 1.9 3.0 2.1 2.5 2.1

At contracting firms ............... 1,354 2,079 1,501 1,758 1,523 1.9 3.0 2.1 2.5 2.1

At closing firms ................... 4 4 3 3 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Net employment change ............ 1,085 11 1,050 97 512 1.6 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.7

NOTE: Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the

establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment. The unit of analysis section in the technical note provides additional detail. See

www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment gains and 

losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 
Table 6. Private-sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

United States 1 ............ 8,553,000 8,352,000 8,841,000 8,108,000 8,041,000 6,978,000 7,970,000 7,500,000 7,630,000 7,065,000

Alabama .................. 105,936 108,815 114,951 111,392 107,346 97,260 102,132 97,672 101,269 92,757

Alaska ..................... 24,436 24,471 20,345 26,395 25,502 22,719 21,870 24,798 22,355 19,548

Arizona .................. 178,730 171,965 189,864 179,255 162,184 148,331 165,627 147,844 162,816 147,769

Arkansas .................. 65,839 63,722 67,914 66,289 61,533 58,403 58,012 55,294 55,695 54,248

California .................. 1,115,971 1,049,173 1,047,601 1,023,199 950,611 869,629 1,027,729 955,420 1,014,015 998,801

Colorado .................. 175,916 174,078 167,165 179,968 174,762 146,964 156,631 169,449 164,325 157,244

Connecticut ............... 90,078 89,906 89,510 84,396 87,749 75,266 88,645 87,391 84,879 75,054

Delaware .................. 28,086 24,887 33,739 27,950 26,861 21,495 26,716 24,076 29,640 20,741

District of Columbia ... 30,625 30,564 36,573 28,958 30,796 25,594 31,882 25,579 28,671 24,750

Florida ..................... 533,170 617,609 653,384 526,584 536,274 463,419 511,120 462,890 506,776 474,307

Georgia .................. 309,905 274,215 291,045 272,908 257,840 234,237 250,342 241,090 243,103 240,875

Hawaii ..................... 30,795 29,669 32,013 30,578 28,383 24,933 27,403 24,742 24,784 25,797

Idaho ..................... 59,257 50,221 54,532 58,731 56,541 43,167 58,646 52,224 48,159 53,049

Illinois ..................... 321,339 302,381 302,420 277,741 302,001 263,012 285,133 273,485 265,645 252,853

Indiana ..................... 161,836 154,684 174,452 156,490 152,428 132,044 160,196 150,254 142,752 137,357

Iowa ........................ 83,985 76,943 76,260 83,521 79,072 68,826 79,731 77,324 80,755 69,866

Kansas ..................... 72,042 74,060 84,737 73,945 71,362 61,856 81,398 63,428 65,323 63,683

Kentucky .................. 108,348 102,628 108,606 98,218 102,867 91,963 106,356 87,882 87,574 82,015

Louisiana .................. 103,705 104,268 109,117 96,340 100,274 97,386 99,312 89,239 98,066 89,594

Maine ..................... 44,354 37,916 40,046 39,221 41,777 33,056 41,809 38,150 36,063 32,865

Maryland .................. 144,308 138,830 158,967 143,112 147,510 147,631 147,161 128,265 148,916 121,490

Massachusetts ............ 210,028 194,586 196,202 172,267 185,080 160,283 172,496 191,141 182,910 150,369

Michigan .................. 234,664 226,318 213,654 222,363 214,563 185,350 219,884 217,371 195,166 187,424

Minnesota ............... 150,770 158,220 161,515 145,971 142,357 131,747 158,206 146,246 144,366 121,788

Mississippi ............... 57,590 59,851 66,259 63,543 56,698 56,627 61,088 58,091 57,383 53,845

Missouri .................. 154,575 151,296 164,580 146,620 159,576 130,685 142,646 153,783 141,455 126,409

Montana .................. 38,119 33,843 35,364 38,144 36,820 31,202 37,391 31,761 32,645 30,286

Nebraska .................. 55,784 52,559 57,920 50,331 52,700 48,850 52,970 50,197 47,031 43,272

Nevada ..................... 87,840 90,241 97,965 86,046 81,960 70,099 74,337 76,982 80,560 76,372

New Hampshire ......... 45,073 39,464 40,895 39,582 41,836 32,634 39,411 39,303 35,447 35,077

New Jersey ............... 251,371 234,444 246,368 245,269 225,314 200,146 222,442 230,364 216,117 206,205

New Mexico ............ 49,046 43,642 52,835 44,263 45,462 40,092 46,319 38,637 40,933 39,692

New York ............... 528,777 562,358 527,154 475,568 519,705 414,810 480,144 471,684 477,112 415,967

North Carolina ............ 259,370 255,446 266,108 268,628 263,089 213,348 240,891 234,300 230,657 214,252

North Dakota ............ 25,190 23,133 25,773 21,763 26,282 21,693 21,993 21,499 22,691 19,560

Ohio ........................ 296,668 275,432 274,284 278,516 276,221 230,184 277,298 260,595 270,059 229,257

Oklahoma ............... 82,274 86,041 96,273 88,157 83,640 77,077 78,698 73,231 78,069 70,808

Oregon ..................... 125,838 100,087 110,795 109,234 122,824 93,444 116,249 98,428 104,861 104,113

Pennsylvania ............ 326,268 284,181 316,316 289,349 291,327 248,822 291,047 267,537 269,933 246,312

Rhode Island ............ 32,952 29,905 28,042 29,058 31,968 24,792 28,260 30,831 27,302 25,190

South Carolina ............ 128,049 118,590 133,853 128,661 127,086 110,679 111,896 103,467 115,506 108,926

South Dakota ............ 28,133 24,319 26,561 23,909 27,136 22,377 24,142 23,680 23,831 21,836

Tennessee ............... 178,940 168,944 193,098 160,803 162,157 128,381 168,607 150,300 155,186 137,669

Texas ..................... 707,271 733,828 817,302 710,535 693,258 588,007 646,999 599,159 614,067 583,324

Utah ........................ 109,373 97,708 106,005 97,694 100,736 82,249 92,051 95,500 93,248 87,902

Vermont .................. 21,658 18,846 17,902 19,530 20,856 15,768 18,963 19,529 17,641 14,980

Virginia .................. 212,051 209,495 242,676 205,926 202,603 186,166 216,108 196,198 190,156 172,074

Washington ............... 212,327 207,139 212,159 178,131 192,039 155,745 211,698 185,305 159,252 164,600

West Virginia ............ 39,579 35,640 43,424 35,765 38,724 32,597 43,029 37,362 34,246 29,218

Wisconsin ............... 161,961 148,035 150,455 152,533 150,237 118,138 150,902 144,718 138,269 121,931

Wyoming .................. 19,099 17,481 19,090 19,402 18,858 17,412 19,028 17,420 16,682 16,565

Puerto Rico ............... 53,233 48,698 46,016 48,915 37,998 36,482 44,886 38,949 45,298 42,503

Virgin Islands ............ 1,782 1,892 2,042 1,432 1,838 2,111 2,189 1,326 1,153 1,613

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains 

(3 months ended)

Gross job losses

(3 months ended)
Table 7. Private-sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2022 2022 2022 2022 2023 2022 2022 2022 2022 2023

United States .......................... 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.3 6.2 5.5 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.4

Alabama ............................. 6.4 6.6 6.9 6.6 6.4 5.9 6.2 5.9 6.1 5.5

Alaska ................................. 10.2 10.2 8.5 10.9 10.4 9.5 9.0 10.4 9.2 8.0

Arizona ............................... 6.7 6.5 7.1 6.6 5.9 5.7 6.3 5.5 6.0 5.4

Arkansas .............................. 6.3 6.1 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.0

California ........................... 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.1 5.7 6.7 6.2 6.6 6.4

Colorado .............................. 7.5 7.3 7.0 7.6 7.2 6.3 6.6 7.1 6.9 6.5

Connecticut ......................... 6.3 6.4 6.3 5.9 6.1 5.3 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.3

Delaware .............................. 7.3 6.5 8.6 7.0 6.7 5.5 6.9 6.2 7.5 5.2

District of Columbia ............... 6.1 6.1 7.2 5.6 5.9 5.1 6.3 5.0 5.5 4.8

Florida ................................. 6.5 7.5 7.8 6.2 6.3 5.7 6.3 5.6 6.0 5.6

Georgia .............................. 7.7 6.8 7.1 6.7 6.2 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.9 5.8

Hawaii ............................... 6.3 6.0 6.4 6.0 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.9 4.9 5.0

Idaho .................................... 8.6 7.1 7.8 8.4 7.9 6.2 8.4 7.5 6.9 7.5

Illinois ................................ 6.3 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.8 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.8

Indiana ............................... 5.9 5.7 6.4 5.7 5.5 4.9 5.9 5.5 5.2 5.0

Iowa .................................... 6.5 5.9 5.9 6.4 6.0 5.4 6.2 5.9 6.2 5.4

Kansas ................................. 6.4 6.5 7.4 6.3 6.1 5.5 7.1 5.5 5.6 5.4

Kentucky .............................. 6.7 6.3 6.6 6.0 6.1 5.7 6.5 5.4 5.3 4.9

Louisiana .............................. 6.7 6.7 6.9 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.4 5.7 6.2 5.6

Maine ................................ 8.5 7.2 7.6 7.4 7.7 6.3 8.0 7.3 6.8 6.2

Maryland ............................ 6.7 6.5 7.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.0 6.9 5.6

Massachusetts ....................... 6.8 6.1 6.2 5.5 5.8 5.1 5.5 6.1 5.8 4.7

Michigan ............................. 6.3 6.0 5.7 5.9 5.7 4.9 5.9 5.8 5.2 4.9

Minnesota ........................... 6.2 6.4 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.4 6.4 5.9 5.8 4.9

Mississippi ........................... 6.3 6.6 7.2 6.8 6.1 6.2 6.7 6.3 6.2 5.7

Missouri .............................. 6.5 6.2 6.8 6.1 6.5 5.4 5.9 6.3 5.8 5.1

Montana ............................... 9.3 8.2 8.7 9.2 8.7 7.6 9.1 7.8 7.8 7.1

Nebraska .............................. 6.8 6.4 7.1 6.0 6.3 5.9 6.5 6.1 5.7 5.1

Nevada ............................... 6.8 6.9 7.4 6.4 6.2 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.1 5.7

New Hampshire ..................... 7.7 6.7 6.9 6.7 7.0 5.6 6.7 6.7 6.0 5.9

New Jersey ........................... 7.1 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.1 5.7 6.2 6.4 5.9 5.7

New Mexico ........................ 7.6 6.7 8.0 6.7 6.8 6.2 7.1 5.9 6.2 5.9

New York ........................... 6.8 7.1 6.6 5.9 6.5 5.4 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.1

North Carolina ........................ 6.6 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.4 5.4 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.3

North Dakota ........................ 7.5 6.9 7.6 6.4 7.6 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.7 5.6

Ohio .................................... 6.4 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 4.9 5.9 5.5 5.7 4.9

Oklahoma ........................... 6.4 6.7 7.4 6.6 6.3 6.0 6.1 5.6 5.9 5.3

Oregon ................................. 7.6 6.0 6.7 6.5 7.3 5.6 7.0 6.0 6.2 6.1

Pennsylvania ........................ 6.3 5.5 6.1 5.5 5.5 4.8 5.6 5.1 5.2 4.6

Rhode Island ........................ 7.9 7.1 6.7 6.9 7.5 6.0 6.7 7.3 6.4 5.9

South Carolina ........................ 7.1 6.6 7.3 6.9 6.8 6.1 6.2 5.6 6.2 5.8

South Dakota ........................ 7.7 6.6 7.3 6.5 7.2 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.5 5.9

Tennessee ........................... 6.6 6.2 7.0 5.8 5.9 4.8 6.2 5.5 5.6 5.0

Texas ................................. 6.3 6.6 7.2 6.2 5.9 5.3 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.0

Utah .................................... 7.9 7.0 7.5 6.9 7.0 5.9 6.6 6.8 6.6 6.2

Vermont .............................. 8.8 7.5 7.2 7.8 8.2 6.4 7.6 7.8 7.0 6.0

Virginia .............................. 6.6 6.5 7.5 6.2 6.2 5.8 6.7 6.1 5.8 5.2

Washington ........................... 7.3 7.0 7.2 5.9 6.4 5.4 7.2 6.3 5.3 5.5

West Virginia ........................ 7.4 6.7 8.1 6.6 7.1 6.1 8.0 6.9 6.4 5.3

Wisconsin ........................... 6.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.8 6.0 5.8 5.5 4.9

Wyoming .............................. 9.2 8.4 9.2 9.2 8.9 8.3 9.2 8.4 7.9 7.8

Puerto Rico ........................... 7.4 6.7 6.2 6.6 5.1 5.0 6.1 5.3 6.1 5.7

Virgin Islands ........................ 7.4 8.0 8.5 5.9 7.5 8.8 9.2 5.5 4.7 6.5

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 8. Private-sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

(Levels in thousands)

Level Rate 2 Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate

2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6

June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6

September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6

December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6

2014 March 220 2.9 190 2.5 784 0.7 635 0.6

June 221 2.9 204 2.7 806 0.7 711 0.6

September 225 3.0 199 2.6 825 0.7 703 0.6

December 224 2.9 198 2.6 836 0.7 705 0.6

2015 March 233 3.0 207 2.7 818 0.7 696 0.6

June 234 3.1 211 2.8 838 0.7 728 0.6

September 243 3.2 207 2.7 881 0.7 699 0.6

December 247 3.2 209 2.7 892 0.7 733 0.6

2016 March 236 3.0 204 2.6 789 0.7 671 0.6

June 241 3.1 213 2.7 838 0.7 719 0.6

September 238 3.0 214 2.7 872 0.7 745 0.6

December 238 3.0 217 2.8 865 0.7 729 0.6

2017 March 242 3.0 203 2.6 806 0.7 668 0.5

June 240 3.0 223 2.8 848 0.7 752 0.6

September 244 3.1 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6

December 246 3.1 216 2.7 849 0.7 731 0.6

2018 March 248 3.1 215 2.7 816 0.7 668 0.5

June 263 3.3 228 2.8 879 0.7 769 0.6

September 250 3.1 231 2.8 863 0.7 785 0.6

December 249 3.1 222 2.7 855 0.7 758 0.6

2019 March 260 3.2 220 2.7 812 0.6 698 0.6

June 257 3.1 240 2.9 847 0.7 801 0.6

September 251 3.0 231 2.8 847 0.7 767 0.6

December 269 3.2 234 2.8 903 0.7 784 0.6

2020 March 279 3.3 240 2.9 811 0.6 735 0.6

June 227 2.8 327 4.0 658 0.5 1,152 1.0

September 278 3.4 233 2.9 821 0.7 691 0.6

December 287 3.5 218 2.6 916 0.8 688 0.6

2021 March 308 3.6 210 2.5 833 0.7 604 0.5

June 351 4.1 226 2.6 981 0.8 664 0.5

September 359 4.1 245 2.8 1,026 0.8 736 0.6

December 378 4.3 254 2.9 1,117 0.9 779 0.6

2022 March 349 3.9 255 2.9 960 0.8 744 0.6

June 365 4.1 322 3.6 1,062 0.8 925 0.7

September 349 3.9 N/A N/A 1,031 0.8 N/A N/A

December 344 3.8 N/A N/A 1,045 0.8 N/A N/A

2023 March 331 3.6 N/A N/A 944 0.7 N/A N/A

1 Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note for more information.

2 The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments

Year 3 months ended

Number of Establishments Employment

Births Deaths 1 Births Deaths