Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-20-2033 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 6, 2020

Technical information: 

Household data: cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — OCTOBER 2020

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 638,000 in October, and the unemployment rate declined 

to 6.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. These improvements in the labor 

market reflect the continued resumption of economic activity that had been curtailed due to the 

coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. In October, notable job gains occurred in 

leisure and hospitality, professional and business services, retail trade, and construction. Employment in 

government declined. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

In October, the unemployment rate declined by 1.0 percentage point to 6.9 percent, and the number of 

unemployed persons fell by 1.5 million to 11.1 million. Both measures have declined for 6 consecutive 

months but are nearly twice their February levels (3.5 percent and 5.8 million, respectively). (See table 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

October 2018 – October 2020

Percent

-25,000

-20,000

-15,000

-10,000

-5,000

0

5,000

10,000

Oct-18 Jan-19 Apr-19 Jul-19 Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 Oct-20

Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, October 2018 – October 2020

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

Oct-18 Jan-19 Apr-19 Jul-19 Oct-19 Jan-20 Apr-20 Jul-20 Oct-20
 

-2-

A-1. For more information about how the household survey and its measures were affected by the 

coronavirus pandemic, see the box note on page 5.) 

Unemployment rates declined among all major worker groups in October. The rate was 6.7 percent for 

adult men, 6.5 percent for adult women, 13.9 percent for teenagers, 6.0 percent for Whites, 10.8 percent 

for Blacks, 7.6 percent for Asians, and 8.8 percent for Hispanics. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of persons on temporary layoff fell by 1.4 million to 3.2 million. 

This measure is down considerably from the high of 18.1 million in April but is 2.4 million higher than 

in February. The number of permanent job losers, at 3.7 million in October, changed little over the 

month but is 2.4 million higher than in February. (See table A-11.) 

In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) increased by 1.2 

million to 3.6 million, accounting for 32.5 percent of the total unemployed. By contrast, the number of 

unemployed persons jobless 15 to 26 weeks decreased by 2.3 million to 2.6 million, and the number of 

persons jobless 5 to 14 weeks decreased by 457,000 to 2.3 million. The number of persons who were

jobless less than 5 weeks was about unchanged at 2.5 million. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate increased by 0.3 percentage point to 61.7 percent in October; this is 

1.7 percentage points below the February level. The employment-population ratio increased by 0.8 

percentage point to 57.4 percent in October but is 3.7 percentage points lower than in February. (See 

table A-1.)

In October, the number of persons who usually work full time rose by 1.2 million to 123.6 million, and 

the number who usually work part time increased by 1.0 million to 26.2 million. (See table A-9.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons increased by 383,000 to 6.7 million

in October, after declines totaling 4.6 million over the prior 5 months. These individuals, who would 

have preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or 

they were unable to find full-time jobs. This group includes persons who usually work full time and 

persons who usually work part time. (See table A-8.) 

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job decreased by 539,000 to 6.7 

million in October; this measure is 1.7 million higher than in February. These individuals were not 

counted as unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks or were 

unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who currently want a job, the number of persons marginally 

attached to the labor force, at 2.0 million, was about unchanged in October. These individuals were 

not in the labor force, wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the 

prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of 

discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for 

them, was 588,000 in October, essentially unchanged from the previous month. (See Summary table A.) 
 

-3-

Household Survey Supplemental Data 

In October, 21.2 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic, 

down from 22.7 percent in September. These data refer to employed persons who teleworked or worked 

at home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically because of the pandemic. 

In October, 15.1 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their employer 

closed or lost business due to the pandemic—that is, they did not work at all or worked fewer hours at 

some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. This measure is down from 19.4 million in 

September. Among those who reported in October that they were unable to work because of pandemicrelated closures or lost business, 11.7 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the 

hours not worked, up from 10.3 percent in September. 

 

About 3.6 million persons not in the labor force in October were prevented from looking for work due 

to the pandemic. This is down from 4.5 million in September. (To be counted as unemployed, by 

definition, individuals must either be actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.) 

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in May to help 

gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Tables with 

estimates from the supplemental questions for all months are available online at 

www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm . 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 638,000 in October and has increased for 6 consecutive 

months. In October, nonfarm employment was below its February level by 10.1 million, or 6.6 percent. 

Notable job gains occurred over the month in leisure and hospitality, professional and business services, 

retail trade, and construction. Employment in government declined. (See table B-1. For more 

information about how the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus 

pandemic, see the box note on page 5.) 

Employment in leisure and hospitality increased by 271,000 in October, with gains in food services 

and drinking places (+192,000); arts, entertainment, and recreation (+44,000); and accommodation 

(+34,000). Leisure and hospitality has added 4.8 million jobs since April, but employment in the 

industry is down by 3.5 million since February. 

Professional and business services added 208,000 jobs in October, with temporary help services 

(+109,000) accounting for about half of the gain. Employment also increased in services to buildings 

and dwellings (+19,000), computer systems design and related services (+16,000), and management and 

technical consulting services (+15,000). Employment in professional and business services is 1.1 million 

below its February level. 

In October, retail trade added 104,000 jobs, with almost one-third of the gain in electronics and 

appliance stores (+31,000). Employment also rose in motor vehicle and parts dealers (+23,000), 

furniture and home furnishings stores (+14,000), clothing and clothing accessories stores (+13,000), 

general merchandise stores (+10,000), and nonstore retailers (+9,000). Employment in retail trade has 

risen by 1.9 million since April but is 499,000 below its February level. 
 

-4-

Construction added 84,000 jobs in October. Specialty trade contractors added jobs, both in the 

nonresidential (+28,000) and residential (+18,000) components. Employment also rose in heavy and 

civil engineering construction and in construction of buildings (+19,000 each). Construction has added 

789,000 jobs in the last 6 months, but employment is down by 294,000 since February. 

Employment in health care and social assistance rose by 79,000 in October but is down by 950,000 

since February. In October, health care employment increased by 58,000, with the largest gains 

occurring in hospitals (+16,000), offices of physicians (+14,000), offices of dentists (+11,000), and 

outpatient care centers (+10,000). These increases were partially offset by a decline of 9,000 in nursing 

and residential care facilities. Social assistance added 21,000 jobs over the month. 

Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 63,000 in October, with gains occurring 

in warehousing and storage (+28,000), transit and ground passenger transportation (+25,000), and truck 

transportation (+10,000). By contrast, air transportation shed 18,000 jobs. Employment in transportation 

and warehousing is 271,000 below its February level. 

The other services industry added 47,000 jobs in October, with gains occurring in personal and laundry 

services (+27,000) and in repair and maintenance (+18,000). Employment in other services is 436,000 

below its February level. 

Manufacturing employment rose by 38,000 in October but is 621,000 lower than in February. Gains 

occurred in fabricated metal products (+7,000), primary metals (+6,000), and wood products (+4,000). 

Employment continued to trend up in food manufacturing (+6,000) and in plastics and rubber products 

(+4,000). 

Employment in financial activities rose by 31,000 in October but is 129,000 lower than in February. 

Over-the-month job gains occurred in finance and insurance (+17,000) and real estate (+10,000). 

In October, government employment fell by 268,000. A decrease of 138,000 in federal government was 

driven by a loss of 147,000 temporary 2020 Census workers. Job losses also occurred in local 

government education and state government education (-98,000 and -61,000, respectively). 

Employment in other major industries, including mining, wholesale trade, and information, changed 

little in October. 

In October, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 4 

cents to $29.50. Average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees

rose by 5 cents to $24.82. The large employment fluctuations over the past several months—especially 

in industries with lower-paid workers—complicate the analysis of recent trends in average hourly 

earnings. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.8 hours in 

October. In manufacturing, the workweek increased by 0.3 hour to 40.5 hours, and overtime rose by 0.2 

hour to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees increased by 

0.1 hour to 34.2 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised up by 4,000 from +1,489,000 

to +1,493,000, and the change for September was revised up by 11,000 from +661,000 to +672,000. 

With these revisions, employment in August and September combined was 15,000 higher than 
 

-5-

previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 

government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 4, 

2020, at 8:30 a.m. (ET). 

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on October 2020 Establishment and Household Survey Data 

 

Data collection for both surveys was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In the 

establishment survey, approximately one-fifth of the establishments are assigned to four regional data 

collection centers for collection. Although these centers were closed, interviewers at these centers 

worked remotely to collect data by telephone. Additionally, BLS encouraged businesses to report 

electronically. The collection rate for the establishment survey was 79 percent in October, higher than 

the average for the 12 months ending in February 2020. The household survey is generally conducted 

through in-person and telephone interviews. However, for the safety of both interviewers and 

respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone interviews could not be done. 

The household survey response rate was 80 percent in October, considerably higher than the low of 65 

percent in June but below the average of 83 percent for the 12 months ending in February 2020. 

In the establishment survey, workers who are paid by their employer for all or any part of the pay period 

including the 12th of the month are counted as employed, even if they were not actually at their jobs. 

Workers who are temporarily or permanently absent from their jobs and are not being paid are not 

counted as employed, even if they continue to receive benefits. 

In the household survey, individuals are classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force 

based on their answers to a series of questions about their activities during the survey reference week 

(October 11th through October 17th). Workers who indicate they were not working during the entire 

survey reference week and expect to be recalled to their jobs should be classified as unemployed on 

temporary layoff. As in recent months, a large number of persons were classified as unemployed on 

temporary layoff in October. 

 

Since March, household survey interviewers have been instructed to classify employed persons absent 

from work due to temporary, coronavirus-related business closures or cutbacks as unemployed on 

temporary layoff. BLS and Census Bureau analyses of the underlying data suggest there still may be 

some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as unemployed on temporary 

layoff. However, the share of responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early 

months of the pandemic and has been considerably lower in recent months. 

 

For March through September, BLS published an estimate of what the unemployment rate would have 

been had misclassified workers been included among the unemployed. Repeating this same approach, 

the overall October unemployment rate would have been 0.3 percentage point higher than reported. 

However, this represents the upper bound of our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates 

the size of the misclassification error. 

 
 

-6-

According to usual practice, the data from the household survey are accepted as recorded. To maintain 

data integrity, no ad hoc actions are taken to reclassify survey responses. 

 

More information is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-october2020.htm . 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Change from:

Sept. 2020-

Oct. 2020

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 259,845 260,558 260,742 260,925 183

Civilian labor force........................................................... 164,401 160,838 160,143 160,867 724

Participation rate.......................................................... 63.3 61.7 61.4 61.7 0.3

Employed................................................................... 158,544 147,288 147,563 149,806 2,243

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 61.0 56.5 56.6 57.4 0.8

Unemployed............................................................... 5,857 13,550 12,580 11,061 -1,519

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.6 8.4 7.9 6.9 -1.0

Not in labor force............................................................ 95,444 99,720 100,599 100,058 -541

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.6 8.4 7.9 6.9 -1.0

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.2 8.0 7.4 6.7 -0.7

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.2 8.4 7.7 6.5 -1.2

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 12.3 16.1 15.9 13.9 -2.0

White.......................................................................... 3.2 7.3 7.0 6.0 -1.0

Black or African American.................................................. 5.5 13.0 12.1 10.8 -1.3

Asian.......................................................................... 2.8 10.7 8.9 7.6 -1.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.1 10.5 10.3 8.8 -1.5

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.9 7.6 7.1 6.1 -1.0

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.5 12.6 10.6 9.8 -0.8

High school graduates, no college........................................ 3.7 9.8 9.0 8.1 -0.9

Some college or associate degree........................................ 2.8 8.0 8.1 6.5 -1.6

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.1 5.3 4.8 4.2 -0.6

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,691 10,307 9,135 7,712 -1,423

Job leavers...................................................................... 846 589 801 769 -32

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,698 2,095 2,146 2,009 -137

New entrants.................................................................... 622 554 537 528 -9

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 1,978 2,281 2,552 2,500 -52

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,747 3,134 2,732 2,275 -457

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 884 6,517 4,918 2,617 -2,301

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,259 1,624 2,405 3,556 1,151

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,397 7,572 6,300 6,683 383

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,747 6,214 4,936 5,312 376

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,278 1,139 1,122 1,133 11

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 21,544 18,630 18,918 19,421 503

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,254 2,080 1,922 1,956 34

Discouraged workers........................................................ 326 535 581 588 7

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 1,493 672 638

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 1,028 892 906

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -20 53 97 123

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 -1 2 1

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 24 35 84

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -41 30 60 38

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -47 -2 44 21

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -42.3 -4.8 7.7 1.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 32 16 17

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 975 795 783

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 12.4 18.9 6.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 261.0 23.4 103.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 85.5 40.2 63.2

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1.3 -0.1 2.2 -1.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 23 47 -3

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 28 37 31

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 184 122 208

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6.2 101.5 21.8 108.7

Education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 175 49 57

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 103.3 118.0 79.0

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 138 406 271

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 69 49 47

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -5 465 -220 -268

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 2,678 1,309 934

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2,428 1,149 942

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.0 49.8 49.7 49.7

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.6 48.3 48.3 48.3

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 81.3 81.4 81.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 34.7 34.8 34.8

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $28.24 $29.45 $29.46 $29.50

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $971.46 $1,021.92 $1,025.21 $1,026.60

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.3 103.7 104.8 105.6

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 1.2 1.1 0.8

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150.3 146.0 147.6 148.9

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 1.5 1.1 0.9

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (258 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.8 70.2 70.9 68.6

Manufacturing (76 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 61.2 64.5 59.9

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about

100,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically

significant change in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore,

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal.
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment 

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures. 

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-businesses-pay-workers.htm. 

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln. 
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 145,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 697,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment’s principal activity in accordance with the 

2017 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series, and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -60,000 to +160,000 

(50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from

-0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to 

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,845 260,742 260,925 259,845 260,204 260,373 260,558 260,742 260,925

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,576 160,073 161,053 164,401 159,932 159,870 160,838 160,143 160,867

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.3 61.4 61.7 63.3 61.5 61.4 61.7 61.4 61.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,067 147,796 150,433 158,544 142,182 143,532 147,288 147,563 149,806

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 56.7 57.7 61.0 54.6 55.1 56.5 56.6 57.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,510 12,277 10,620 5,857 17,750 16,338 13,550 12,580 11,061

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 7.7 6.6 3.6 11.1 10.2 8.4 7.9 6.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,269 100,670 99,872 95,444 100,273 100,503 99,720 100,599 100,058

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,412 6,984 6,317 4,756 8,195 7,732 6,985 7,227 6,688

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,687 126,127 126,218 125,687 125,860 125,944 126,036 126,127 126,218

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,824 85,068 85,464 86,901 84,596 84,533 85,315 85,237 85,569

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.1 67.4 67.7 69.1 67.2 67.1 67.7 67.6 67.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,918 78,817 79,794 83,776 75,629 76,212 78,255 78,674 79,587

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.8 62.5 63.2 66.7 60.1 60.5 62.1 62.4 63.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,906 6,251 5,670 3,126 8,967 8,321 7,061 6,563 5,982

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 7.3 6.6 3.6 10.6 9.8 8.3 7.7 7.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,863 41,059 40,754 38,786 41,264 41,411 40,720 40,890 40,649

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,242 117,763 117,854 117,242 117,492 117,580 117,672 117,763 117,854

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,967 82,248 82,575 83,911 81,995 81,904 82,512 82,296 82,562

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 69.8 70.1 71.6 69.8 69.7 70.1 69.9 70.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,433 76,468 77,330 81,196 73,641 74,184 75,945 76,231 77,049

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.5 64.9 65.6 69.3 62.7 63.1 64.5 64.7 65.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,534 5,781 5,245 2,715 8,354 7,720 6,567 6,065 5,513

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 7.0 6.4 3.2 10.2 9.4 8.0 7.4 6.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,275 35,515 35,279 33,330 35,497 35,676 35,160 35,467 35,291

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134,158 134,615 134,707 134,158 134,344 134,429 134,523 134,615 134,707

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,752 75,005 75,589 77,500 75,336 75,337 75,523 74,906 75,298

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.0 55.7 56.1 57.8 56.1 56.0 56.1 55.6 55.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,149 68,979 70,639 74,769 66,552 67,320 69,033 68,890 70,220

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.0 51.2 52.4 55.7 49.5 50.1 51.3 51.2 52.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,603 6,026 4,950 2,731 8,783 8,017 6,489 6,016 5,079

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 8.0 6.5 3.5 11.7 10.6 8.6 8.0 6.7

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,406 59,610 59,118 56,658 59,009 59,092 59,000 59,709 59,409

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125,907 126,429 126,520 125,907 126,155 126,243 126,336 126,429 126,520

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,891 72,129 72,728 74,542 72,580 72,720 72,715 71,850 72,330

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.5 57.1 57.5 59.2 57.5 57.6 57.6 56.8 57.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,584 66,547 68,109 72,130 64,426 65,113 66,637 66,289 67,615

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.6 52.6 53.8 57.3 51.1 51.6 52.7 52.4 53.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,307 5,582 4,619 2,411 8,154 7,607 6,078 5,561 4,715

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 7.7 6.4 3.2 11.2 10.5 8.4 7.7 6.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,016 54,299 53,792 51,365 53,575 53,523 53,622 54,578 54,190

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,696 16,551 16,551 16,696 16,557 16,550 16,550 16,551 16,551

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,718 5,695 5,750 5,948 5,356 5,245 5,611 5,997 5,974

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 34.4 34.7 35.6 32.3 31.7 33.9 36.2 36.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,050 4,781 4,994 5,218 4,114 4,235 4,706 5,043 5,142

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.2 28.9 30.2 31.3 24.8 25.6 28.4 30.5 31.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668 914 756 730 1,242 1,011 905 954 832

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 16.0 13.1 12.3 23.2 19.3 16.1 15.9 13.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,978 10,856 10,801 10,748 11,201 11,304 10,939 10,554 10,577

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201,172 201,515 201,610 201,172 201,233 201,319 201,417 201,515 201,610

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,165 124,095 124,735 127,122 124,009 123,618 124,471 124,213 124,694

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 61.6 61.9 63.2 61.6 61.4 61.8 61.6 61.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,402 115,603 117,599 123,028 111,538 112,226 115,354 115,496 117,181

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 57.4 58.3 61.2 55.4 55.7 57.3 57.3 58.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,763 8,492 7,135 4,094 12,470 11,392 9,118 8,717 7,513

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 6.8 5.7 3.2 10.1 9.2 7.3 7.0 6.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,007 77,420 76,876 74,050 77,224 77,701 76,946 77,302 76,916

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,081 64,919 65,076 66,115 64,688 64,420 64,911 64,976 65,145

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 70.3 70.4 71.7 70.1 69.8 70.3 70.3 70.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,316 60,904 61,491 64,173 58,898 59,054 60,425 60,738 61,335

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69.8 65.9 66.5 69.6 63.8 64.0 65.4 65.7 66.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,765 4,014 3,585 1,941 5,790 5,367 4,485 4,238 3,810

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 6.2 5.5 2.9 9.0 8.3 6.9 6.5 5.8

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,682 54,696 55,151 56,399 55,147 55,124 55,124 54,568 54,836

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.6 56.4 56.8 58.3 56.9 56.9 56.9 56.3 56.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,143 50,917 52,153 54,755 49,440 49,822 51,124 50,794 51,742

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.0 52.5 53.7 56.6 51.1 51.4 52.7 52.4 53.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,539 3,779 2,998 1,644 5,707 5,302 4,000 3,774 3,094

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 6.9 5.4 2.9 10.3 9.6 7.3 6.9 5.6

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,402 4,481 4,507 4,608 4,174 4,074 4,437 4,669 4,714

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.0 36.9 37.1 37.6 34.4 33.6 36.6 38.5 38.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,943 3,782 3,955 4,099 3,201 3,350 3,805 3,965 4,105

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 31.2 32.6 33.5 26.4 27.6 31.4 32.7 33.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 699 552 509 973 724 632 704 609

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4 15.6 12.3 11.0 23.3 17.8 14.2 15.1 12.9

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,152 33,420 33,453 33,152 33,323 33,353 33,386 33,420 33,453

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,834 19,907 20,249 20,704 20,010 20,094 20,150 19,956 20,136

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.8 59.6 60.5 62.5 60.0 60.2 60.4 59.7 60.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,695 17,609 18,109 19,571 16,927 17,161 17,528 17,537 17,970

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.4 52.7 54.1 59.0 50.8 51.5 52.5 52.5 53.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,139 2,298 2,140 1,133 3,083 2,933 2,621 2,420 2,166

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 11.5 10.6 5.5 15.4 14.6 13.0 12.1 10.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,317 13,513 13,204 12,448 13,313 13,258 13,237 13,464 13,318

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,552 9,133 9,285 9,485 9,161 9,229 9,277 9,117 9,227

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.5 64.8 65.8 68.0 65.2 65.6 65.9 64.7 65.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,068 8,031 8,249 9,003 7,670 7,827 8,051 7,967 8,169

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.0 57.0 58.5 64.6 54.6 55.7 57.2 56.5 57.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 1,102 1,036 482 1,492 1,402 1,225 1,150 1,057

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 12.1 11.2 5.1 16.3 15.2 13.2 12.6 11.5

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,567 10,102 10,245 10,494 10,113 10,156 10,174 10,116 10,180

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.1 59.7 60.5 62.6 60.0 60.2 60.2 59.8 60.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,039 9,026 9,296 9,984 8,693 8,785 8,949 8,997 9,244

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.9 53.4 54.9 59.6 51.6 52.0 53.0 53.2 54.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 1,076 949 511 1,420 1,371 1,224 1,120 936

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 10.7 9.3 4.9 14.0 13.5 12.0 11.1 9.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 672 718 724 735 709 699 723 729

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.1 27.9 29.8 29.5 30.4 29.4 29.0 30.0 30.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 552 563 584 564 549 527 573 557

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 22.9 23.4 23.8 23.3 22.7 21.9 23.8 23.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 120 155 141 171 160 172 150 172

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8 17.8 21.6 19.4 23.2 22.5 24.6 20.7 23.6

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,399 16,668 16,542 16,399 16,471 16,420 16,597 16,668 16,542

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,669 10,507 10,365 10,713 10,108 10,408 10,595 10,501 10,398

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 63.0 62.7 65.3 61.4 63.4 63.8 63.0 62.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,371 9,581 9,588 10,409 8,717 9,163 9,462 9,568 9,611

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.2 57.5 58.0 63.5 52.9 55.8 57.0 57.4 58.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 926 777 305 1,392 1,245 1,133 933 787

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 8.8 7.5 2.8 13.8 12.0 10.7 8.9 7.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,730 6,162 6,177 5,686 6,362 6,012 6,001 6,167 6,145

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 43,814 44,388 44,475 43,814 44,132 44,212 44,300 44,388 44,475

Civilian labor force................................ 29,542 28,771 29,235 29,482 28,907 28,560 28,925 28,798 29,186

Participation rate............................... 67.4 64.8 65.7 67.3 65.5 64.6 65.3 64.9 65.6

Employed....................................... 28,419 25,897 26,754 28,279 24,711 24,885 25,886 25,834 26,619

Employment-population ratio............... 64.9 58.3 60.2 64.5 56.0 56.3 58.4 58.2 59.9

Unemployed.................................... 1,123 2,874 2,481 1,203 4,195 3,675 3,040 2,964 2,567

Unemployment rate......................... 3.8 10.0 8.5 4.1 14.5 12.9 10.5 10.3 8.8

Not in labor force................................. 14,272 15,617 15,240 14,332 15,225 15,652 15,375 15,590 15,289

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 15,858 15,833 16,103 15,841 15,588 15,488 15,761 15,848 16,095

Participation rate............................... 80.2 79.0 80.2 80.1 78.2 77.6 78.8 79.1 80.1

Employed....................................... 15,377 14,529 14,845 15,310 13,590 13,728 14,213 14,463 14,785

Employment-population ratio............... 77.7 72.5 73.9 77.4 68.2 68.8 71.0 72.1 73.6

Unemployed.................................... 481 1,303 1,258 531 1,999 1,761 1,549 1,386 1,310

Unemployment rate......................... 3.0 8.2 7.8 3.4 12.8 11.4 9.8 8.7 8.1

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,376 11,602 11,816 12,318 11,999 11,881 11,904 11,580 11,765

Participation rate............................... 61.8 57.1 58.0 61.5 59.4 58.7 58.7 57.0 57.8

Employed....................................... 11,922 10,326 10,793 11,834 10,158 10,217 10,649 10,307 10,711

Employment-population ratio............... 59.5 50.8 53.0 59.1 50.3 50.5 52.5 50.7 52.6

Unemployed.................................... 455 1,276 1,023 485 1,841 1,664 1,255 1,272 1,054

Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 11.0 8.7 3.9 15.3 14.0 10.5 11.0 9.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,307 1,336 1,316 1,323 1,319 1,191 1,260 1,370 1,326

Participation rate............................... 32.6 33.2 32.6 33.0 32.9 29.7 31.3 34.0 32.9

Employed....................................... 1,121 1,042 1,117 1,135 964 940 1,024 1,063 1,123

Employment-population ratio............... 27.9 25.9 27.7 28.3 24.0 23.4 25.5 26.4 27.8

Unemployed.................................... 187 295 199 188 355 251 236 306 203

Unemployment rate......................... 14.3 22.1 15.1 14.2 26.9 21.0 18.7 22.4 15.3

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,588 8,946 9,052 9,783 8,342 8,255 8,500 8,835 9,234

Participation rate.................................. 46.3 44.2 45.4 47.2 42.9 44.9 44.9 43.7 46.4

Employed.......................................... 9,137 8,093 8,243 9,240 6,958 6,981 7,427 7,898 8,327

Employment-population ratio................. 44.1 40.0 41.4 44.6 35.7 38.0 39.2 39.0 41.8

Unemployed....................................... 452 853 809 543 1,385 1,274 1,073 937 907

Unemployment rate............................ 4.7 9.5 8.9 5.5 16.6 15.4 12.6 10.6 9.8

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,439 35,328 35,692 36,263 33,598 33,942 34,129 34,953 35,534

Participation rate.................................. 58.0 55.6 56.1 57.8 55.3 55.4 54.9 55.0 55.9

Employed.......................................... 35,160 32,284 32,910 34,928 29,519 30,266 30,768 31,803 32,668

Employment-population ratio................. 56.0 50.8 51.7 55.6 48.6 49.4 49.5 50.0 51.4

Unemployed....................................... 1,279 3,044 2,782 1,335 4,079 3,677 3,361 3,150 2,866

Unemployment rate............................ 3.5 8.6 7.8 3.7 12.1 10.8 9.8 9.0 8.1

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 37,881 35,921 36,145 37,585 36,661 36,455 36,427 35,970 35,814

Participation rate.................................. 65.3 63.5 63.1 64.8 63.8 63.4 64.0 63.6 62.5

Employed.......................................... 36,862 33,055 33,863 36,515 32,662 32,816 33,504 33,060 33,472

Employment-population ratio................. 63.6 58.4 59.1 63.0 56.9 57.1 58.9 58.5 58.4

Unemployed....................................... 1,018 2,866 2,282 1,069 3,999 3,639 2,922 2,910 2,341

Unemployment rate............................ 2.7 8.0 6.3 2.8 10.9 10.0 8.0 8.1 6.5

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 59,700 59,840 59,639 59,555 61,861 61,847 61,930 59,954 59,469

Participation rate.................................. 74.0 72.2 72.1 73.9 72.7 72.1 72.8 72.3 71.9

Employed.......................................... 58,520 57,021 57,199 58,319 57,614 57,710 58,654 57,098 56,980

Employment-population ratio................. 72.6 68.8 69.2 72.3 67.7 67.3 68.9 68.9 68.9

Unemployed....................................... 1,180 2,818 2,440 1,235 4,247 4,137 3,276 2,857 2,488

Unemployment rate............................ 2.0 4.7 4.1 2.1 6.9 6.7 5.3 4.8 4.2

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,710 18,359 16,821 16,449 1,889 1,910

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,169 8,706 8,105 7,607 1,064 1,099

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.0 47.4 48.2 46.2 56.3 57.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,895 8,224 7,891 7,180 1,004 1,044

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 44.8 46.9 43.6 53.1 54.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 483 214 428 60 55

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 5.5 2.6 5.6 5.7 5.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,541 9,653 8,716 8,842 825 811

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,370 4,503 3,597 3,727 772 776

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,441 3,497 2,943 2,963 498 534

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.7 77.7 81.8 79.5 64.5 68.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,320 3,281 2,869 2,765 451 516

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.0 72.9 79.8 74.2 58.4 66.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 216 74 198 47 18

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 6.2 2.5 6.7 9.5 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 1,006 654 764 274 242

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,074 3,101 2,609 2,604 466 497

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,297 2,256 1,965 1,934 332 323

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.7 72.8 75.3 74.3 71.3 65.0

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,216 2,136 1,889 1,832 328 303

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 68.9 72.4 70.4 70.3 61.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 121 77 101 4 19

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 5.3 3.9 5.2 1.3 6.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 844 643 670 134 174

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,094 6,711 6,848 6,475 246 236

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,443 1,155 1,396 1,117 47 38

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.3 17.2 20.4 17.2 19.0 16.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,409 1,116 1,363 1,081 47 35

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 16.6 19.9 16.7 18.9 14.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 39 34 35 0 4

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 3.4 2.4 3.2 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,651 5,556 5,452 5,358 199 198

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,172 4,044 3,767 3,643 405 401

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,987 1,797 1,800 1,593 187 204

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.6 44.4 47.8 43.7 46.3 50.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,949 1,691 1,770 1,501 179 190

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.7 41.8 47.0 41.2 44.1 47.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 107 30 93 9 14

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 5.9 1.7 5.8 4.6 6.9

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,185 2,247 1,967 2,050 218 197

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,012 233,874 104,279 105,419 127,733 128,455

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,292 150,260 77,718 76,842 75,575 73,417

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 64.2 74.5 72.9 59.2 57.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148,318 140,364 75,158 71,745 73,160 68,619

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 60.0 72.1 68.1 57.3 53.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,974 9,895 2,559 5,097 2,415 4,798

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 6.6 3.3 6.6 3.2 6.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,719 83,614 26,561 28,577 52,158 55,038

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2020 data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 29,797 29,583 230,048 231,342

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 6,125 6,093 158,451 154,960

Participation rate..................................................................... 20.6 20.6 68.9 67.0

Employed............................................................................. 5,705 5,417 153,362 145,016

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 19.1 18.3 66.7 62.7

Unemployed.......................................................................... 420 676 5,090 9,944

Unemployment rate............................................................... 6.9 11.1 3.2 6.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 23,672 23,489 71,596 76,382

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,665 2,611 78,118 76,968

Participation rate..................................................................... 35.9 35.3 82.9 81.9

Employed............................................................................. 2,460 2,340 75,558 71,822

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 33.2 31.6 80.1 76.4

Unemployed.......................................................................... 205 270 2,560 5,145

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.7 10.4 3.3 6.7

Not in labor force....................................................................... 4,749 4,792 16,170 17,013

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 2,255 2,335 70,619 68,494

Participation rate..................................................................... 30.6 31.3 72.6 70.7

Employed............................................................................. 2,088 2,004 68,317 64,174

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 28.3 26.9 70.2 66.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 167 331 2,303 4,320

Unemployment rate............................................................... 7.4 14.2 3.3 6.3

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,122 5,119 26,646 28,375

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,204 1,147 9,714 9,498

Participation rate..................................................................... 8.0 7.8 25.2 23.5

Employed............................................................................. 1,157 1,073 9,487 9,020

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.7 7.3 24.6 22.3

Unemployed.......................................................................... 47 74 227 478

Unemployment rate............................................................... 3.9 6.5 2.3 5.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 13,802 13,578 28,780 30,995

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 42,326 41,891 20,385 20,120 21,940 21,770

Civilian labor force.................................................. 28,067 26,919 15,931 15,452 12,137 11,468

Participation rate.................................................. 66.3 64.3 78.1 76.8 55.3 52.7

Employed.......................................................... 27,346 24,865 15,565 14,442 11,780 10,423

Employment-population ratio................................. 64.6 59.4 76.4 71.8 53.7 47.9

Unemployed....................................................... 722 2,055 365 1,010 356 1,045

Unemployment rate............................................ 2.6 7.6 2.3 6.5 2.9 9.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 14,258 14,971 4,455 4,669 9,803 10,303

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 217,519 219,034 105,301 106,098 112,218 112,937

Civilian labor force.................................................. 136,509 134,134 70,893 70,013 65,615 64,121

Participation rate.................................................. 62.8 61.2 67.3 66.0 58.5 56.8

Employed.......................................................... 131,721 125,569 68,352 65,352 63,369 60,216

Employment-population ratio................................. 60.6 57.3 64.9 61.6 56.5 53.3

Unemployed....................................................... 4,788 8,565 2,541 4,660 2,247 3,905

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.5 6.4 3.6 6.7 3.4 6.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 81,010 84,901 34,408 36,085 46,603 48,816

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,553 2,309 2,620 2,473 2,297 2,128 2,159 2,257 2,529

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,738 1,480 1,670 1,651 1,530 1,446 1,422 1,454 1,579

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 786 816 892 793 716 677 736 792 881

Unpaid family workers........................... 30 12 58 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 156,513 145,487 147,813 155,970 139,944 141,487 145,156 145,235 147,222

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 147,522 136,709 138,954 147,118 131,444 132,888 136,258 136,509 138,501

Government..................................... 21,598 20,361 20,799 21,513 20,895 20,597 21,132 20,483 20,605

Private industries............................... 125,924 116,348 118,155 125,812 110,584 112,361 115,172 116,088 117,993

Private households.......................... 784 683 636 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 125,140 115,665 117,520 124,979 110,045 111,663 114,478 115,385 117,320

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 8,926 8,723 8,789 8,811 8,376 8,559 8,808 8,680 8,677

Unpaid family workers........................... 66 54 70 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,046 5,955 6,338 4,397 9,062 8,443 7,572 6,300 6,683

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,533 4,669 5,065 2,747 7,939 7,281 6,214 4,936 5,312

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,268 1,124 1,115 1,278 942 1,048 1,139 1,122 1,133

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 22,088 19,012 19,921 21,544 17,137 17,792 18,630 18,918 19,421

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 3,961 5,901 6,237 4,306 8,961 8,382 7,468 6,224 6,565

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,469 4,623 5,002 2,684 7,860 7,234 6,148 4,881 5,241

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,258 1,120 1,092 1,267 941 1,047 1,124 1,116 1,113

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,679 18,612 19,465 21,137 16,793 17,404 18,264 18,519 18,978

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,067 147,796 150,433 158,544 142,182 143,532 147,288 147,563 149,806

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,050 4,781 4,994 5,218 4,114 4,235 4,706 5,043 5,142

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,854 1,845 1,845 1,851 1,501 1,727 1,845 1,787 1,822

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,197 2,936 3,148 3,411 2,649 2,581 2,838 3,202 3,323

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154,016 143,015 145,440 153,326 138,068 139,297 142,582 142,521 144,664

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,337 12,561 13,225 14,362 11,249 11,593 12,253 12,635 13,246

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,679 130,454 132,215 139,023 126,771 127,741 130,231 129,859 131,475

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,942 95,026 96,365 101,437 92,702 93,068 94,928 94,606 95,802

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,230 33,405 34,018 36,070 32,028 32,105 32,889 33,253 33,838

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,594 31,844 32,100 33,390 30,991 31,398 31,972 31,656 31,886

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,118 29,777 30,247 31,978 29,683 29,565 30,067 29,697 30,079

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,738 35,428 35,850 37,585 34,069 34,673 35,304 35,253 35,672

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,918 78,817 79,794 83,776 75,629 76,212 78,255 78,674 79,587

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,485 2,349 2,464 2,580 1,988 2,028 2,310 2,442 2,537

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 873 869 899 714 753 860 839 872

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,617 1,476 1,594 1,694 1,302 1,297 1,435 1,577 1,670

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,433 76,468 77,330 81,196 73,641 74,184 75,945 76,231 77,049

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,157 6,477 6,720 7,208 5,726 5,949 6,345 6,521 6,770

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,276 69,991 70,610 73,986 67,865 68,243 69,503 69,688 70,285

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,139 50,918 51,369 53,952 49,471 49,683 50,763 50,721 51,148

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,353 17,882 18,150 19,312 16,987 17,019 17,566 17,808 18,082

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,954 17,232 17,292 17,875 16,582 16,867 17,210 17,151 17,213

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,832 15,804 15,927 16,765 15,903 15,796 15,987 15,762 15,852

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,137 19,073 19,241 20,034 18,394 18,560 18,740 18,966 19,137

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,149 68,979 70,639 74,769 66,552 67,320 69,033 68,890 70,220

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,565 2,432 2,530 2,639 2,126 2,207 2,396 2,600 2,605

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 972 976 952 788 974 984 948 950

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,580 1,460 1,554 1,717 1,347 1,284 1,402 1,626 1,653

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,584 66,547 68,109 72,130 64,426 65,113 66,637 66,289 67,615

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,180 6,085 6,505 7,154 5,523 5,644 5,908 6,114 6,476

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,403 60,462 61,605 65,037 58,906 59,498 60,728 60,171 61,190

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,803 44,108 44,995 47,486 43,231 43,385 44,164 43,885 44,655

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,877 15,523 15,867 16,758 15,041 15,086 15,323 15,444 15,756

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,640 14,612 14,808 15,514 14,409 14,531 14,762 14,505 14,672

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,286 13,972 14,321 15,214 13,781 13,769 14,079 13,936 14,227

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,601 16,355 16,609 17,551 15,675 16,113 16,564 16,286 16,535

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,113 43,845 43,951 45,971 43,702 43,768 44,391 43,605 43,789

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,933 34,350 35,001 36,657 34,440 34,794 35,275 34,326 34,713

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,791 9,109 9,275 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,990 122,998 124,165 131,518 118,941 119,532 122,369 122,423 123,593

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,077 24,798 26,269 26,992 23,179 23,982 24,973 25,161 26,163

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,351 6,482 6,866 8,132 6,279 6,602 6,784 6,445 6,649

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 4.4 4.6 5.1 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.4

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,358 6,275 6,315 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,712 9,540 9,681 9,604 9,092 9,236 9,544 9,473 9,558

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,857 12,580 11,061 3.6 11.1 10.2 8.4 7.9 6.9

16 to 19 years..................................... 730 954 832 12.3 23.2 19.3 16.1 15.9 13.9

16 to 17 years.................................. 301 367 289 14.0 23.8 17.6 13.9 17.0 13.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 436 582 547 11.3 22.5 19.8 17.6 15.4 14.1

20 years and over................................ 5,127 11,626 10,228 3.2 10.7 9.9 8.1 7.5 6.6

20 to 24 years.................................. 945 1,807 1,599 6.2 19.8 18.3 14.1 12.5 10.8

25 years and over.............................. 4,156 9,858 8,606 2.9 9.7 9.1 7.6 7.1 6.1

25 to 54 years............................... 3,157 7,322 6,562 3.0 9.8 9.2 7.5 7.2 6.4

25 to 34 years............................. 1,394 3,173 2,668 3.7 11.7 11.4 9.7 8.7 7.3

35 to 44 years............................. 905 2,105 1,975 2.6 9.1 8.1 6.5 6.2 5.8

45 to 54 years............................. 859 2,045 1,919 2.6 8.3 7.8 6.2 6.4 6.0

55 years and over........................... 1,000 2,524 2,052 2.6 9.7 8.8 7.7 6.7 5.4

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,126 6,563 5,982 3.6 10.6 9.8 8.3 7.7 7.0

16 to 19 years..................................... 410 499 469 13.7 23.6 22.8 17.6 17.0 15.6

16 to 17 years.................................. 151 196 168 14.4 19.0 24.2 14.7 19.0 16.2

18 to 19 years.................................. 257 303 296 13.2 25.6 21.5 20.3 16.1 15.1

20 years and over................................ 2,715 6,065 5,513 3.2 10.2 9.4 8.0 7.4 6.7

20 to 24 years.................................. 587 956 888 7.5 19.0 17.8 14.2 12.8 11.6

25 years and over.............................. 2,118 5,111 4,618 2.8 9.3 8.6 7.4 6.8 6.2

25 to 54 years............................... 1,623 3,830 3,578 2.9 9.5 8.9 7.4 7.0 6.5

25 to 34 years............................. 742 1,687 1,512 3.7 11.8 11.7 9.8 8.7 7.7

35 to 44 years............................. 440 1,119 1,039 2.4 8.9 7.9 6.4 6.1 5.7

45 to 54 years............................. 441 1,023 1,027 2.6 7.5 6.7 5.7 6.1 6.1

55 years and over........................... 496 1,281 1,039 2.4 8.9 8.0 7.3 6.3 5.2

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,731 6,016 5,079 3.5 11.7 10.6 8.6 8.0 6.7

16 to 19 years..................................... 320 456 364 10.8 22.8 15.7 14.7 14.9 12.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 150 171 121 13.6 27.8 11.6 13.3 15.3 11.3

18 to 19 years.................................. 179 279 250 9.4 19.4 18.0 14.8 14.7 13.2

20 years and over................................ 2,411 5,561 4,715 3.2 11.2 10.5 8.4 7.7 6.5

20 to 24 years.................................. 358 850 711 4.8 20.6 18.8 14.0 12.2 9.9

25 years and over.............................. 2,038 4,747 3,988 3.0 10.2 9.6 7.8 7.3 6.1

25 to 54 years............................... 1,534 3,493 2,984 3.1 10.1 9.5 7.7 7.4 6.3

25 to 34 years............................. 652 1,486 1,156 3.7 11.6 11.1 9.5 8.8 6.8

35 to 44 years............................. 465 986 936 2.9 9.4 8.4 6.6 6.4 6.0

45 to 54 years............................. 418 1,021 893 2.7 9.3 9.0 6.8 6.8 5.9

55 years and over........................... 489 1,265 1,003 2.7 10.5 9.6 8.0 7.2 5.7

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 819 2,217 1,877 1.7 6.9 6.2 5.0 4.8 4.1

Married women, spouse present1................. 844 2,172 1,745 2.3 8.9 8.6 6.4 6.0 4.8

Women who maintain families2.................... 558 1,012 871 5.4 13.1 12.4 10.4 10.0 8.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,789 10,311 9,176 3.5 10.4 9.8 8.3 7.8 6.9

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,054 2,299 1,864 3.8 14.7 12.6 9.0 8.4 6.7

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,340 8,738 7,313 2,691 14,272 12,924 10,307 9,135 7,712

On temporary layoff.............................. 468 4,280 2,870 772 10,565 9,225 6,160 4,637 3,205

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 1,872 4,457 4,443 1,919 3,707 3,699 4,147 4,498 4,507

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,216 3,704 3,608 1,260 2,883 2,877 3,411 3,756 3,684

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 656 754 835 659 824 823 736 742 823

Job leavers........................................... 859 869 787 846 565 571 589 801 769

Reentrants............................................ 1,719 2,139 2,009 1,698 2,356 2,358 2,095 2,146 2,009

New entrants......................................... 592 531 511 622 563 513 554 537 528

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 42.5 71.2 68.9 45.9 80.4 79.0 76.1 72.4 70.0

On temporary layoff.............................. 8.5 34.9 27.0 13.2 59.5 56.4 45.5 36.7 29.1

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 34.0 36.3 41.8 32.8 20.9 22.6 30.6 35.6 40.9

Job leavers........................................... 15.6 7.1 7.4 14.4 3.2 3.5 4.4 6.4 7.0

Reentrants............................................ 31.2 17.4 18.9 29.0 13.3 14.4 15.5 17.0 18.2

New entrants......................................... 10.7 4.3 4.8 10.6 3.2 3.1 4.1 4.3 4.8

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.4 5.5 4.5 1.6 8.9 8.1 6.4 5.7 4.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2

New entrants......................................... 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 1,755 2,518 2,300 1,978 2,838 3,202 2,281 2,552 2,500

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,651 2,518 2,198 1,747 11,496 5,169 3,134 2,732 2,275

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,104 7,241 6,122 2,144 3,294 7,986 8,140 7,323 6,173

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 856 4,806 2,570 884 1,903 6,484 6,517 4,918 2,617

27 weeks and over............................... 1,249 2,435 3,552 1,259 1,391 1,501 1,624 2,405 3,556

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 23.1 21.9 22.7 21.6 15.7 17.9 20.2 20.7 21.2

Median duration, in weeks......................... 9.8 18.2 19.9 9.2 13.6 15.0 16.7 17.8 19.3

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 31.9 20.5 21.7 33.7 16.1 19.6 16.8 20.2 22.8

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 30.0 20.5 20.7 29.8 65.2 31.6 23.1 21.7 20.8

15 weeks and over.................................. 38.2 59.0 57.6 36.5 18.7 48.8 60.1 58.1 56.4

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 15.5 39.1 24.2 15.1 10.8 39.6 48.1 39.0 23.9

27 weeks and over............................... 22.7 19.8 33.4 21.5 7.9 9.2 12.0 19.1 32.5

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 159,067 150,433 5,510 10,620 3.3 6.6

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 64,997 63,277 1,161 2,448 1.8 3.7

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 27,517 27,004 471 1,212 1.7 4.3

Professional and related occupations.......................... 37,480 36,274 690 1,237 1.8 3.3

Service occupations................................................ 27,132 24,137 1,257 2,796 4.4 10.4

Sales and office occupations...................................... 34,055 30,501 1,145 2,132 3.3 6.5

Sales and related occupations.................................. 16,050 14,531 572 1,087 3.4 7.0

Office and administrative support occupations............... 18,005 15,970 573 1,045 3.1 6.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,389 13,956 534 993 3.6 6.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 1,123 1,117 55 73 4.7 6.1

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,365 8,240 402 691 4.6 7.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,901 4,599 76 229 1.5 4.7

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 18,494 18,562 797 1,730 4.1 8.5

Production occupations.......................................... 8,412 7,753 386 525 4.4 6.3

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 10,083 10,809 411 1,205 3.9 10.0

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 5,510 10,620 3.3 6.6

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 4,233 8,681 3.3 6.8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 23 89 2.8 13.8

Construction.......................................................................... 398 674 4.0 6.8

Manufacturing........................................................................ 484 787 3.1 5.2

Durable goods..................................................................... 286 436 2.9 4.6

Nondurable goods................................................................ 198 351 3.5 6.3

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 732 1,333 3.6 6.5

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 197 588 2.6 7.9

Information............................................................................ 79 137 3.3 5.8

Financial activities................................................................... 198 383 2.0 3.8

Professional and business services............................................... 625 1,066 3.5 6.1

Education and health services..................................................... 552 1,007 2.2 4.2

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 747 2,102 5.3 16.3

Other services........................................................................ 197 514 2.9 8.3

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 62 110 3.6 6.3

Government workers................................................................... 414 685 1.9 3.2

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 209 632 2.1 6.1

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

June

2020

July

2020

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020

Oct.

2020

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.3 4.5 3.8 1.3 2.1 5.0 5.1 4.6 3.8

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.4 5.5 4.5 1.6 8.9 8.1 6.4 5.7 4.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.3 7.7 6.6 3.6 11.1 10.2 8.4 7.9 6.9

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.5 8.0 6.9 3.8 11.5 10.6 8.7 8.2 7.2

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.1 8.8 7.7 4.3 12.5 11.3 9.6 8.9 8.0

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 6.5 12.4 11.6 6.9 18.0 16.5 14.2 12.8 12.1

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

Oct.

2019

Oct.

2020

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 95,269 99,872 38,863 40,754 56,406 59,118

Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,412 6,317 2,093 2,996 2,318 3,321

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,229 1,923 668 1,049 561 874

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 341 594 227 367 114 228

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 888 1,328 441 682 447 646

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 8,351 6,866 4,065 3,363 4,286 3,503

Percent of total employed.......................................... 5.3 4.6 4.8 4.2 5.7 5.0

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,602 3,813 2,471 2,101 2,131 1,711

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 2,172 1,716 801 565 1,370 1,150

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 377 248 207 145 169 103

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 1,149 1,046 564 541 585 505

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Change

from:

Sept.2020

-

Oct.2020p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,570 140,700 141,854 143,459 151,553 141,063 141,735 142,373 638

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,547 119,717 120,063 121,524 128,908 119,046 119,938 120,844 906

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,283 20,291 20,259 20,386 21,086 19,978 20,075 20,198 123

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 626 627 629 735 619 621 622 1

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 52.1 51.9 52.7 54.0 50.6 50.8 50.9 0.1

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687.7 574.2 575.3 575.9 680.8 567.9 569.8 571.3 1.5

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.9 157.1 157.7 159.9 155.8 156.0 157.5 158.9 1.4

Mining, except oil and gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191.7 183.1 182.2 180.8 189.5 179.8 179.9 178.4 -1.5

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 45.4 44.6 43.5 52.0 45.2 44.3 43.2 -1.1

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 40.9 40.4 40.5 41.0 40.6 40.7 40.7 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.7 96.8 97.2 96.8 96.5 94.0 94.9 94.5 -0.4

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340.1 234.0 235.4 235.2 335.5 232.1 232.4 234.0 1.6

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,720 7,465 7,424 7,528 7,541 7,226 7,261 7,345 84

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,696.3 1,650.0 1,641.8 1,669.9 1,670.3 1,611.7 1,625.1 1,644.5 19.4

Residential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842.6 835.9 836.5 851.1 829.5 821.7 828.9 834.9 6.0

Nonresidential building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853.7 814.1 805.3 818.8 840.8 790.0 796.2 809.6 13.4

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,142.7 1,075.8 1,069.8 1,091.8 1,084.8 1,010.8 1,008.7 1,027.5 18.8

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,880.8 4,739.2 4,712.8 4,766.3 4,785.8 4,603.8 4,627.3 4,672.6 45.3

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,130.3 2,117.8 2,109.0 2,140.9 2,092.9 2,064.4 2,081.2 2,099.0 17.8

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,750.5 2,621.4 2,603.8 2,625.4 2,692.9 2,539.4 2,546.1 2,573.6 27.5

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,820 12,200 12,208 12,229 12,810 12,133 12,193 12,231 38

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,012 7,585 7,595 7,607 8,019 7,559 7,603 7,624 21

Wood products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.2 392.9 393.7 397.3 410.7 389.4 393.5 397.9 4.4

Nonmetallic mineral products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429.0 404.6 406.8 406.8 423.9 397.8 402.8 402.0 -0.8

Primary metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377.6 338.4 334.6 338.8 379.4 338.8 335.4 341.4 6.0

Fabricated metal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,488.1 1,390.5 1,389.0 1,394.7 1,490.5 1,387.5 1,392.5 1,399.7 7.2

Machinery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,115.6 1,040.4 1,044.8 1,049.1 1,121.2 1,037.9 1,050.5 1,054.4 3.9

Computer and electronic products. . . . . . . . . . . 1,087.8 1,090.7 1,085.1 1,089.4 1,089.2 1,086.5 1,088.1 1,091.6 3.5

Computer and peripheral equipment. . . . . . 165.6 170.6 168.8 170.6 165.7 170.0 169.1 170.5 1.4

Communications equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.3 82.9 83.0 82.5 83.3 82.7 83.3 82.7 -0.6

Semiconductors and electronic

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376.9 374.6 371.9 373.5 378.3 372.5 373.2 374.4 1.2

Electronic instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428.9 426.9 426.2 427.3 429.2 426.1 427.7 428.7 1.0

Miscellaneous computer and electronic

products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 35.7 35.2 35.5 32.8 35.2 34.8 35.3 0.5

Electrical equipment and appliances. . . . . . . . 404.6 378.7 380.1 378.7 405.1 377.1 379.8 378.9 -0.9

Transportation equipment1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,692.9 1,601.7 1,611.3 1,599.8 1,696.5 1,599.1 1,609.0 1,606.6 -2.4

Motor vehicles and parts2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952.6 904.9 912.5 906.0 955.4 904.2 911.9 913.3 1.4

Furniture and related products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.2 353.2 354.0 351.9 386.3 352.8 354.3 353.1 -1.2

Miscellaneous durable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617.5 593.8 595.5 600.2 616.6 592.1 596.6 598.7 2.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,808 4,615 4,613 4,622 4,791 4,574 4,590 4,607 17

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,667.0 1,636.0 1,631.0 1,630.4 1,653.6 1,612.1 1,613.9 1,620.1 6.2

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.6 94.1 95.7 96.9 107.6 93.8 95.6 97.4 1.8

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.8 102.4 104.4 103.8 112.7 102.0 104.1 103.1 -1.0

Apparel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.1 86.1 85.5 86.9 109.0 85.7 85.4 86.6 1.2

Paper and paper products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.2 354.5 355.4 353.4 365.3 353.5 356.5 355.0 -1.5

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 423.4 361.9 365.2 368.2 422.3 360.6 364.8 367.2 2.4

Petroleum and coal products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.7 106.5 106.2 106.8 112.5 103.7 103.5 105.5 2.0

Chemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849.0 839.4 834.2 834.1 851.7 838.5 836.5 836.4 -0.1

Plastics and rubber products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735.9 725.6 722.6 726.9 738.9 722.9 724.9 728.4 3.5

Miscellaneous nondurable goods

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323.9 308.4 312.4 314.2 317.7 301.0 304.5 307.1 2.6

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,264 99,426 99,804 101,138 107,822 99,068 99,863 100,646 783

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,793 26,397 26,442 26,810 27,750 26,494 26,579 26,751 172

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,931.0 5,625.7 5,621.8 5,639.1 5,923.3 5,605.3 5,624.2 5,630.6 6.4

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,219.3 3,059.1 3,056.8 3,061.8 3,222.1 3,045.8 3,057.3 3,057.7 0.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,177.3 2,063.7 2,063.1 2,073.7 2,167.8 2,057.6 2,064.2 2,070.8 6.6

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Change

from:

Sept.2020

-

Oct.2020p

Wholesale trade - Continued

Electronic markets and agents and

brokers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.4 502.9 501.9 503.6 533.4 501.9 502.7 502.1 -0.6

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,648.3 15,013.8 14,941.8 15,184.6 15,644.7 15,046.4 15,069.8 15,173.5 103.7

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,049.7 1,940.2 1,950.7 1,968.8 2,044.0 1,928.8 1,945.1 1,967.8 22.7

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,302.0 1,208.2 1,217.0 1,226.9 1,298.7 1,205.0 1,213.9 1,224.0 10.1

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.0 160.4 157.4 157.0 165.5 154.0 155.8 159.1 3.3

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores. . . 582.7 571.6 576.3 584.9 579.8 569.8 575.4 584.7 9.3

Furniture and home furnishings stores. . . . . . 469.4 401.8 408.8 428.9 468.2 408.5 415.7 429.3 13.6

Electronics and appliance stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 481.8 414.0 420.4 465.8 478.8 429.6 430.7 461.9 31.2

Building material and garden supply

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,284.9 1,403.6 1,388.6 1,383.6 1,308.3 1,391.2 1,401.3 1,402.9 1.6

Food and beverage stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,092.8 3,149.5 3,133.4 3,149.8 3,092.3 3,132.5 3,142.8 3,145.5 2.7

Health and personal care stores. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,058.0 961.6 973.9 982.8 1,058.9 969.1 984.4 982.9 -1.5

Gasoline stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953.8 931.2 926.6 927.9 952.2 917.7 924.4 927.2 2.8

Clothing and clothing accessories stores. . . . 1,261.5 922.4 925.2 955.3 1,277.6 923.5 954.3 966.9 12.6

Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music

stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549.1 440.4 448.6 459.5 550.4 453.0 460.5 462.6 2.1

General merchandise stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,047.5 3,174.9 3,084.1 3,146.9 3,029.1 3,221.9 3,124.6 3,134.6 10.0

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,080.5 1,019.7 1,010.8 1,053.0 1,075.0 1,054.3 1,042.0 1,043.8 1.8

General merchandise stores, including

warehouse clubs and supercenters. . . . . 1,967.0 2,155.2 2,073.3 2,093.9 1,954.1 2,167.6 2,082.6 2,090.8 8.2

Miscellaneous store retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.7 732.3 735.9 748.7 827.7 724.5 733.8 731.2 -2.6

Nonstore retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.1 541.9 545.6 566.6 557.2 546.1 552.2 560.7 8.5

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,667.9 5,218.0 5,339.6 5,447.8 5,635.4 5,304.0 5,344.2 5,407.4 63.2

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506.3 409.4 404.1 387.0 507.3 405.9 404.4 386.7 -17.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.6 146.0 146.3 146.3 167.4 145.9 146.1 145.8 -0.3

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 57.2 57.0 56.3 66.2 54.8 56.0 56.2 0.2

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,543.8 1,466.7 1,470.0 1,478.1 1,529.7 1,449.5 1,454.1 1,463.7 9.6

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519.3 282.4 366.3 396.7 500.9 346.1 353.4 378.6 25.2

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.3 49.8 49.4 49.3 51.2 49.7 49.4 49.3 -0.1

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 36.1 27.4 25.6 24.1 35.7 21.0 21.8 23.6 1.8

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 759.3 680.7 680.0 689.7 756.0 679.4 680.7 688.8 8.1

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810.8 882.9 904.1 939.8 829.4 927.5 938.3 946.6 8.3

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,206.7 1,215.5 1,236.8 1,280.5 1,191.6 1,224.2 1,240.0 1,268.1 28.1

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545.3 539.8 539.0 538.4 546.2 538.7 540.9 539.4 -1.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,875 2,600 2,625 2,637 2,865 2,588 2,635 2,632 -3

Publishing industries, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . 765.2 737.6 738.7 737.9 763.9 734.1 734.7 737.2 2.5

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.2 249.1 276.8 288.2 439.2 239.4 284.5 282.1 -2.4

Broadcasting, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.4 240.9 244.7 246.7 265.7 242.1 243.7 246.4 2.7

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706.4 677.6 675.5 673.9 707.5 679.6 678.4 672.6 -5.8

Data processing, hosting and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.1 336.3 335.6 338.3 343.0 338.1 338.1 338.9 0.8

Other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345.4 358.1 353.2 352.3 345.9 354.8 355.1 355.0 -0.1

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,804 8,704 8,682 8,722 8,792 8,648 8,685 8,716 31

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,455.6 6,483.8 6,472.3 6,496.9 6,452.6 6,467.2 6,483.3 6,500.1 16.8

Monetary authorities - central bank. . . . . . . . . . 19.6 20.0 19.9 19.9 19.7 19.8 19.9 19.9 0.0

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,656.9 2,664.2 2,654.2 2,663.4 2,657.9 2,657.9 2,662.0 2,670.7 8.7

Depository credit intermediation1

. . . . . . . . . . 1,771.4 1,769.1 1,752.9 1,748.0 1,776.5 1,763.1 1,760.6 1,757.3 -3.3

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,384.1 1,380.0 1,365.1 1,361.1 1,388.4 1,375.3 1,372.5 1,370.8 -1.7

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 580.4 585.8 589.2 597.1 576.5 583.2 587.3 594.8 7.5

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 305.1 309.3 312.1 318.3 304.9 311.6 314.1 318.6 4.5

Securities, commodity contracts,

investments, and funds and trusts. . . . . . . . 969.2 979.6 973.0 978.2 968.7 970.2 974.0 975.4 1.4

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,809.9 2,820.0 2,825.2 2,835.4 2,806.3 2,819.3 2,827.4 2,834.1 6.7

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,348.5 2,220.4 2,209.8 2,225.1 2,339.3 2,180.9 2,201.2 2,215.7 14.5

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,743.4 1,704.5 1,697.1 1,714.5 1,735.6 1,681.1 1,695.5 1,705.9 10.4

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Change

from:

Sept.2020

-

Oct.2020p

Real estate and rental and leasing -

Continued

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581.8 492.4 489.8 487.3 580.5 476.7 482.6 486.7 4.1

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets. . . . 23.3 23.5 22.9 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.1 23.1 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,676 20,215 20,266 20,627 21,444 20,071 20,193 20,401 208

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,624.0 9,336.8 9,296.6 9,435.8 9,624.0 9,338.0 9,390.0 9,445.8 55.8

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,157.3 1,112.9 1,107.1 1,119.6 1,153.7 1,110.9 1,112.6 1,117.4 4.8

Accounting and bookkeeping services. . . . . . 985.9 949.6 944.2 962.9 1,033.4 1,010.2 1,011.9 1,013.3 1.4

Architectural and engineering services. . . . . . 1,526.1 1,504.3 1,500.9 1,512.3 1,518.6 1,486.6 1,500.1 1,504.1 4.0

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.1 133.2 134.8 138.9 146.8 133.3 135.3 138.6 3.3

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,239.2 2,186.4 2,165.4 2,204.5 2,228.0 2,165.8 2,177.7 2,193.5 15.8

Management and technical consulting

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,570.2 1,504.3 1,501.4 1,532.8 1,553.0 1,496.3 1,502.2 1,516.7 14.5

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.2 753.4 750.5 759.3 737.8 747.5 755.1 762.2 7.1

Advertising and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 496.8 443.9 444.1 448.1 494.7 441.4 445.9 446.0 0.1

Other professional and technical services. . . 764.2 748.8 748.2 757.4 758.1 746.0 749.2 754.0 4.8

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,440.9 2,351.6 2,350.5 2,355.2 2,442.8 2,338.7 2,353.8 2,357.5 3.7

Administrative and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,611.3 8,526.9 8,619.0 8,836.4 9,377.5 8,394.0 8,449.4 8,598.1 148.7

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 9,148.0 8,067.4 8,159.9 8,377.3 8,916.1 7,941.4 7,992.7 8,140.0 147.3

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 530.3 507.8 508.1 511.5 529.6 505.7 508.7 508.9 0.2

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.2 156.2 154.5 155.1 166.5 156.3 154.0 153.9 -0.1

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,793.3 3,109.0 3,199.4 3,392.2 3,645.4 3,098.5 3,121.4 3,241.6 120.2

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,077.6 2,473.9 2,556.6 2,731.4 2,942.9 2,466.6 2,488.4 2,597.1 108.7

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880.8 766.2 779.9 789.2 867.5 773.2 780.7 778.1 -2.6

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219.8 157.3 154.9 153.9 219.3 155.7 154.2 153.9 -0.3

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 967.8 907.8 915.0 921.4 961.9 904.6 905.4 917.7 12.3

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,240.3 2,165.4 2,146.7 2,151.2 2,183.6 2,048.9 2,070.5 2,089.5 19.0

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.5 297.7 301.4 302.8 342.2 298.5 297.8 296.4 -1.4

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.3 459.5 459.1 459.1 461.4 452.6 456.7 458.1 1.4

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,561 22,839 23,138 23,472 24,363 23,154 23,203 23,260 57

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,950.7 3,234.7 3,446.3 3,617.9 3,791.1 3,543.5 3,474.4 3,452.9 -21.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,610.4 19,604.7 19,692.1 19,853.9 20,572.2 19,610.5 19,728.5 19,807.5 79.0

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,403.9 15,806.1 15,843.0 15,947.5 16,377.2 15,787.0 15,859.1 15,917.4 58.3

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 7,778.4 7,493.6 7,542.9 7,626.3 7,760.7 7,488.5 7,558.8 7,609.5 50.7

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,696.0 2,617.7 2,629.7 2,655.4 2,687.9 2,618.1 2,636.9 2,651.2 14.3

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970.3 939.5 937.6 950.6 969.9 935.9 940.3 951.1 10.8

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 981.2 899.3 911.5 926.1 980.5 897.1 915.3 923.6 8.3

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971.2 951.7 957.5 969.7 971.4 952.4 960.9 970.6 9.7

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 288.0 275.0 277.7 282.5 287.2 275.0 277.7 283.5 5.8

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,553.3 1,507.5 1,523.4 1,535.9 1,546.8 1,507.0 1,523.4 1,527.1 3.7

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318.4 302.9 305.5 306.1 317.1 303.0 304.3 302.4 -1.9

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,232.5 5,143.0 5,139.1 5,164.2 5,225.6 5,142.4 5,138.5 5,154.7 16.2

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 3,393.0 3,169.5 3,161.0 3,157.0 3,390.9 3,156.1 3,161.8 3,153.2 -8.6

Nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,597.5 1,471.2 1,465.3 1,461.1 1,596.6 1,465.9 1,464.0 1,459.1 -4.9

Residential mental health facilities. . . . . . 651.1 619.6 620.8 621.7 651.6 617.0 622.0 621.7 -0.3

Community care facilities for the

elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 978.0 919.6 916.6 915.6 976.6 915.2 917.6 913.8 -3.8

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 166.4 159.1 158.3 158.6 166.2 158.0 158.2 158.6 0.4

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,206.5 3,798.6 3,849.1 3,906.4 4,195.0 3,823.5 3,869.4 3,890.1 20.7

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,656.1 2,528.4 2,534.9 2,568.6 2,655.0 2,527.0 2,553.0 2,565.0 12.0

Emergency and other relief services. . . . . . 185.1 179.6 179.8 179.8 185.4 181.0 180.6 180.3 -0.3

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 325.4 283.1 281.8 283.6 325.3 280.2 283.1 284.1 1.0

Child day care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,039.9 807.5 852.6 874.4 1,029.3 835.3 852.7 860.7 8.0

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,648 13,226 13,207 13,365 16,701 12,704 13,110 13,381 271

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,410.8 1,799.0 1,722.9 1,721.4 2,451.3 1,610.5 1,696.4 1,740.4 44.0

Performing arts and spectator sports. . . . . . . . 523.2 286.8 285.8 306.6 516.4 273.3 275.7 299.6 23.9

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Change

from:

Sept.2020

-

Oct.2020p

Arts, entertainment, and recreation -

Continued

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.4 135.8 132.1 135.0 173.9 126.4 131.0 134.4 3.4

Amusements, gambling, and recreation. . . . . 1,713.2 1,376.4 1,305.0 1,279.8 1,761.0 1,210.8 1,289.7 1,306.4 16.7

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 14,237.0 11,426.6 11,484.2 11,643.9 14,249.9 11,093.4 11,413.7 11,640.1 226.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,076.6 1,455.0 1,439.7 1,421.5 2,088.5 1,313.3 1,401.1 1,435.3 34.2

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 12,160.4 9,971.6 10,044.5 10,222.4 12,161.4 9,780.1 10,012.6 10,204.8 192.2

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,907 5,445 5,444 5,505 5,907 5,409 5,458 5,505 47

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,366.6 1,308.9 1,312.4 1,332.7 1,364.0 1,305.7 1,312.1 1,330.0 17.9

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,527.4 1,260.2 1,261.0 1,290.1 1,524.8 1,256.8 1,261.4 1,288.5 27.1

Membership associations and organizations. . . 3,013.0 2,875.4 2,870.8 2,881.9 3,018.3 2,846.8 2,884.5 2,886.6 2.1

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,023 20,983 21,791 21,935 22,645 22,017 21,797 21,529 -268

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,845.0 3,172 3,136 2,996 2,844.0 3,164 3,131 2,993 -138

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,238.5 2,571.7 2,534.5 2,393.8 2,236.4 2,560.6 2,528.5 2,389.7 -138.8

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606.3 599.8 601.3 602.0 607.1 603.1 602.9 602.8 -0.1

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,347.0 4,712 4,968 5,024 5,184.0 4,988 4,909 4,844 -65

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,649.6 2,004.7 2,269.0 2,330.1 2,481.3 2,293.2 2,211.0 2,149.6 -61.4

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,697.3 2,707.3 2,699.3 2,693.5 2,702.5 2,694.6 2,697.8 2,694.1 -3.7

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,831.0 13,099 13,687 13,915 14,617.0 13,865 13,757 13,692 -65

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,287.4 6,741.3 7,416.8 7,640.3 8,027.9 7,680.0 7,473.6 7,375.8 -97.8

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,543.9 6,357.6 6,270.3 6,275.0 6,589.4 6,185.2 6,283.1 6,316.4 33.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.4 34.7 34.8 34.8

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.2 39.7 39.8 40.0

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.1 43.9 44.2 44.1

Construction....................................................................... 39.3 38.8 38.8 38.8

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.3 40.1 40.2 40.5

Durable goods.................................................................. 40.8 40.3 40.5 40.6

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 39.7 39.8 39.8 40.2

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.2 33.6 33.7 33.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.2 34.2 34.4 34.4

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.0 38.5 38.6 38.7

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.6 30.7 30.9 30.9

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 38.4 38.5 38.8 39.1

Utilities........................................................................... 42.2 43.3 42.8 42.9

Information......................................................................... 36.4 36.6 36.5 36.7

Financial activities................................................................ 37.7 37.5 37.6 37.8

Professional and business services............................................ 36.1 36.5 36.5 36.6

Education and health services.................................................. 33.0 33.4 33.5 33.5

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.8 25.8 26.1 26.0

Other services..................................................................... 31.9 32.2 32.3 32.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.2

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Total private............................................... $28.24 $29.45 $29.46 $29.50 $971.46 $1,021.92 $1,025.21 $1,026.60

Goods-producing....................................... 29.26 30.15 30.13 30.12 1,176.25 1,196.96 1,199.17 1,204.80

Mining and logging.................................. 34.72 35.25 35.26 35.66 1,600.59 1,547.48 1,558.49 1,572.61

Construction.......................................... 30.98 31.81 31.81 31.86 1,217.51 1,234.23 1,234.23 1,236.17

Manufacturing........................................ 27.91 28.91 28.88 28.81 1,124.77 1,159.29 1,160.98 1,166.81

Durable goods.................................... 29.38 30.38 30.27 30.30 1,198.70 1,224.31 1,225.94 1,230.18

Nondurable goods................................ 25.39 26.45 26.52 26.30 1,007.98 1,052.71 1,055.50 1,057.26

Private service-providing.............................. 28.00 29.29 29.30 29.36 929.60 984.14 987.41 992.37

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 24.44 25.45 25.55 25.50 835.85 870.39 878.92 877.20

Wholesale trade.................................. 31.66 32.57 32.58 32.71 1,234.74 1,253.95 1,257.59 1,265.88

Retail trade........................................ 19.89 21.17 21.36 21.20 608.63 649.92 660.02 655.08

Transportation and warehousing............... 24.95 25.50 25.54 25.54 958.08 981.75 990.95 998.61

Utilities............................................. 41.63 44.08 44.11 44.30 1,756.79 1,908.66 1,887.91 1,900.47

Information........................................... 42.30 43.90 43.70 44.79 1,539.72 1,606.74 1,595.05 1,643.79

Financial activities................................... 36.14 38.08 38.19 38.60 1,362.48 1,428.00 1,435.94 1,459.08

Professional and business services.............. 34.04 35.19 35.25 35.31 1,228.84 1,284.44 1,286.63 1,292.35

Education and health services..................... 27.85 28.55 28.60 28.57 919.05 953.57 958.10 957.10

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 16.70 17.00 17.06 17.10 430.86 438.60 445.27 444.60

Other services....................................... 25.39 26.43 26.38 26.31 809.94 851.05 852.07 852.44

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2020 -

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2020 -

Oct.

2020p

Total private..................................... 111.3 103.7 104.8 105.6 0.8 150.3 146.0 147.6 148.9 0.9

Goods-producing............................. 96.6 90.4 91.0 92.0 1.1 127.7 123.1 124.0 125.3 1.0

Mining and logging........................ 106.5 85.4 86.2 86.2 0.0 148.4 120.8 122.1 123.4 1.1

Construction................................ 102.2 96.6 97.1 98.2 1.1 137.5 133.6 134.2 136.0 1.3

Manufacturing.............................. 92.9 87.5 88.2 89.1 1.0 120.5 117.7 118.4 119.4 0.8

Durable goods........................... 92.1 85.8 86.7 87.1 0.5 120.2 115.7 116.5 117.3 0.7

Nondurable goods...................... 94.9 90.9 91.2 92.4 1.3 122.3 122.0 122.7 123.4 0.6

Private service-providing.................... 115.2 107.2 108.3 109.5 1.1 156.8 152.6 154.3 156.3 1.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 103.6 98.9 99.8 100.4 0.6 136.5 135.7 137.5 138.1 0.4

Wholesale trade......................... 101.9 95.2 95.8 96.1 0.3 134.9 129.7 130.5 131.5 0.8

Retail trade.............................. 97.2 93.8 94.6 95.2 0.6 127.8 131.2 133.5 133.4 -0.1

Transportation and warehousing...... 124.3 117.3 119.1 121.5 2.0 157.8 152.2 154.8 157.8 1.9

Utilities.................................... 99.7 100.9 100.2 100.1 -0.1 137.2 147.0 146.0 146.5 0.3

Information................................. 95.2 86.5 87.8 88.2 0.5 143.4 135.2 136.7 140.7 2.9

Financial activities......................... 108.6 106.3 107.0 108.0 0.9 153.1 157.8 159.4 162.5 1.9

Professional and business services..... 121.4 114.9 115.6 117.1 1.3 167.3 163.7 164.9 167.4 1.5

Education and health services........... 131.3 126.3 126.9 127.2 0.2 175.9 173.4 174.6 174.9 0.2

Leisure and hospitality.................... 122.9 93.5 97.6 99.3 1.7 165.6 128.3 134.4 136.9 1.9

Other services............................. 108.6 100.4 101.6 102.8 1.2 151.2 145.5 147.0 148.3 0.9

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Total nonfarm............................................. 75,731 70,202 70,508 70,788 50.0 49.8 49.7 49.7

Total private............................................ 62,650 57,512 57,968 58,405 48.6 48.3 48.3 48.3

Goods-producing.................................... 4,735 4,524 4,538 4,571 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.6

Mining and logging............................... 98 92 91 91 13.3 14.9 14.7 14.6

Construction....................................... 980 966 969 974 13.0 13.4 13.3 13.3

Manufacturing..................................... 3,657 3,466 3,478 3,506 28.5 28.6 28.5 28.7

Durable goods.................................. 1,937 1,846 1,854 1,865 24.2 24.4 24.4 24.5

Nondurable goods............................. 1,720 1,620 1,624 1,641 35.9 35.4 35.4 35.6

Private service-providing........................... 57,915 52,988 53,430 53,834 53.7 53.5 53.5 53.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,112 10,406 10,464 10,491 40.0 39.3 39.4 39.2

Wholesale trade................................ 1,781.8 1,685.2 1,687.6 1,685.8 30.1 30.1 30.0 29.9

Retail trade..................................... 7,750.7 7,299.6 7,329.5 7,341.3 49.5 48.5 48.6 48.4

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,448.4 1,289.3 1,312.0 1,330.6 25.7 24.3 24.5 24.6

Utilities........................................... 131.4 132.1 134.9 133.6 24.1 24.5 24.9 24.8

Information......................................... 1,140 1,036 1,054 1,057 39.8 40.0 40.0 40.2

Financial activities................................ 4,973 4,884 4,899 4,923 56.6 56.5 56.4 56.5

Professional and business services............ 9,797 9,205 9,265 9,364 45.7 45.9 45.9 45.9

Education and health services.................. 18,849 17,841 17,899 17,955 77.4 77.1 77.1 77.2

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,893 6,770 6,976 7,140 53.2 53.3 53.2 53.4

Other services..................................... 3,151 2,846 2,873 2,904 53.3 52.6 52.6 52.8

Government............................................. 13,081 12,690 12,540 12,383 57.8 57.6 57.5 57.5

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Total private............................................................................... 105,992 96,780 97,580 98,436

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,086 14,174 14,219 14,334

Mining and logging.................................................................. 535 439 437 435

Construction.......................................................................... 5,620 5,321 5,340 5,431

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,931 8,414 8,442 8,468

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,502 5,134 5,153 5,165

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,429 3,280 3,289 3,303

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,906 82,606 83,361 84,102

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 23,459 22,323 22,420 22,601

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,742.5 4,457.9 4,469.3 4,483.2

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,351.3 12,838.7 12,874.9 12,955.7

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 4,927.5 4,599.2 4,647.2 4,733.6

Utilities.............................................................................. 437.2 426.9 428.3 428.8

Information............................................................................ 2,301 2,047 2,080 2,084

Financial activities................................................................... 6,803 6,581 6,602 6,616

Professional and business services............................................... 17,408 16,068 16,202 16,400

Education and health services..................................................... 21,396 20,280 20,329 20,377

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 14,654 10,917 11,286 11,535

Other services........................................................................ 4,885 4,390 4,442 4,489

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 33.6 34.1 34.1 34.2

Goods-producing.................................................................... 41.0 40.5 40.5 40.5

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.2 44.5 44.8 44.7

Construction....................................................................... 39.7 39.2 39.3 39.2

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.4 41.1 41.1 41.2

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.7 41.3 41.3 41.4

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.9 40.7 40.7 40.9

Private service-providing............................................................ 32.3 33.0 33.1 33.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 33.8 34.1 34.2 34.4

Wholesale trade................................................................ 38.6 38.1 38.4 38.5

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.3 30.9 30.9 31.0

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.9 38.2 38.4 39.3

Utilities........................................................................... 42.8 42.9 42.9 42.6

Information......................................................................... 35.2 36.8 36.2 36.5

Financial activities................................................................ 36.9 36.9 37.2 37.2

Professional and business services............................................ 35.3 35.9 36.0 36.1

Education and health services.................................................. 32.2 32.7 32.8 32.8

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.6 24.4 24.7 24.6

Other services..................................................................... 30.8 31.3 31.4 31.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.1 3.7 3.7 3.9

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.1 3.7 3.7 3.9

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.9

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Total private............................................... $23.76 $24.78 $24.77 $24.82 $798.34 $845.00 $844.66 $848.84

Goods-producing....................................... 24.95 25.48 25.47 25.58 1,022.95 1,031.94 1,031.54 1,035.99

Mining and logging.................................. 30.85 30.61 30.40 30.46 1,456.12 1,362.15 1,361.92 1,361.56

Construction.......................................... 28.68 29.38 29.07 29.36 1,138.60 1,151.70 1,142.45 1,150.91

Manufacturing........................................ 22.30 22.83 23.01 23.00 923.22 938.31 945.71 947.60

Durable goods.................................... 23.23 23.80 23.99 24.09 968.69 982.94 990.79 997.33

Nondurable goods................................ 20.78 21.28 21.44 21.27 849.90 866.10 872.61 869.94

Private service-providing.............................. 23.52 24.63 24.63 24.66 759.70 812.79 815.25 816.25

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 20.80 21.61 21.51 21.62 703.04 736.90 735.64 743.73

Wholesale trade.................................. 26.28 26.99 27.00 27.03 1,014.41 1,028.32 1,036.80 1,040.66

Retail trade........................................ 16.77 17.75 17.79 17.89 508.13 548.48 549.71 554.59

Transportation and warehousing............... 22.52 23.29 22.73 22.94 853.51 889.68 872.83 901.54

Utilities............................................. 37.05 39.02 39.02 39.07 1,585.74 1,673.96 1,673.96 1,664.38

Information........................................... 34.53 36.16 36.11 36.49 1,215.46 1,330.69 1,307.18 1,331.89

Financial activities................................... 27.89 29.32 29.49 29.66 1,029.14 1,081.91 1,097.03 1,103.35

Professional and business services.............. 28.16 29.40 29.43 29.32 994.05 1,055.46 1,059.48 1,058.45

Education and health services..................... 24.67 25.39 25.52 25.54 794.37 830.25 837.06 837.71

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 14.67 14.67 14.77 14.82 360.88 357.95 364.82 364.57

Other services....................................... 21.55 22.37 22.39 22.43 663.74 700.18 703.05 704.30

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2020 -

Oct.

2020p

Oct.

2019

Aug.

2020

Sept.

2020p

Oct.

2020p

Percent

change

from:

Sept.

2020 -

Oct.

2020p

Total private..................................... 118.7 110.0 110.9 112.2 1.2 188.5 182.1 183.6 186.1 1.4

Goods-producing............................. 94.5 87.7 88.0 88.7 0.8 144.4 136.9 137.3 139.0 1.2

Mining and logging........................ 134.2 103.8 104.0 103.3 -0.7 240.8 184.8 183.9 183.1 -0.4

Construction................................ 111.7 104.4 105.1 106.6 1.4 173.0 165.7 164.9 169.0 2.5

Manufacturing.............................. 84.9 79.4 79.6 80.1 0.6 123.8 118.5 119.9 120.5 0.5

Durable goods........................... 86.2 79.7 80.0 80.3 0.4 125.0 118.4 119.8 120.8 0.8

Nondurable goods...................... 82.6 78.7 78.9 79.6 0.9 121.3 118.3 119.5 119.6 0.1

Private service-providing.................... 125.1 116.1 117.6 118.6 0.9 201.8 196.2 198.6 200.6 1.0

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 110.9 106.5 107.2 108.7 1.4 164.8 164.4 164.8 168.0 1.9

Wholesale trade......................... 108.6 100.8 101.9 102.4 0.5 168.5 160.6 162.3 163.4 0.7

Retail trade.............................. 102.4 100.4 100.7 101.6 0.9 147.1 152.7 153.5 155.8 1.5

Transportation and warehousing...... 141.3 133.0 135.1 140.8 4.2 202.6 197.1 195.4 205.6 5.2

Utilities.................................... 95.7 93.7 94.0 93.4 -0.6 148.0 152.5 153.0 152.3 -0.5

Information................................. 92.4 86.0 85.9 86.8 1.0 158.0 153.9 153.6 156.8 2.1

Financial activities......................... 118.1 114.3 115.6 115.8 0.2 202.7 206.2 209.7 211.4 0.8

Professional and business services..... 137.4 129.0 130.4 132.4 1.5 230.1 225.5 228.2 230.8 1.1

Education and health services........... 146.9 141.4 142.2 142.5 0.2 239.2 237.0 239.5 240.2 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 132.0 97.6 102.1 103.9 1.8 220.0 162.6 171.3 174.9 2.1

Other services............................. 105.5 96.4 97.8 98.9 1.1 165.7 157.1 159.6 161.6 1.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.