Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until USDL-23-0630 

8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, April 7, 2023

Technical information: 

Household data: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps

Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 • cesinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/ces 

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION — MARCH 2023 

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 236,000 in March, and the unemployment rate changed 

little at 3.5 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment continued to trend 

up in leisure and hospitality, government, professional and business services, and health care. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures labor 

force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment survey 

measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information about the 

concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.5 percent, and the number of unemployed persons, at 5.8 million, 

changed little in March. These measures have shown little net movement since early 2022. (See table 

A-1.) 

Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted, 

March 2021 – March 2023

Percent Thousands

Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, 

seasonally adjusted, March 2021 – March 2023

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

6.5

7.0

Mar-21 Jun-21 Sep-21 Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

Mar-21 Jun-21 Sep-21 Dec-21 Mar-22 Jun-22 Sep-22 Dec-22 Mar-23
 

-2-

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for Hispanics decreased to 4.6 percent in

March, essentially offsetting an increase in the prior month. The unemployment rates for adult men (3.4 

percent), adult women (3.1 percent), teenagers (9.8 percent), Whites (3.2 percent), Blacks (5.0 percent), 

and Asians (2.8 percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers increased by 172,000 to 1.6 million in 

March, and the number of reentrants to the labor force declined by 182,000 to 1.7 million. (Reentrants 

are persons who previously worked but were not in the labor force prior to beginning their job search.) 

(See table A-11.) 

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was little changed at 1.1

million in March. These individuals accounted for 18.9 percent of all unemployed persons. (See table 

A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate, at 62.6 percent, continued to trend up in March. The employmentpopulation ratio edged up over the month to 60.4 percent. These measures remain below their prepandemic February 2020 levels (63.3 percent and 61.1 percent, respectively). (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons was essentially unchanged at 4.1

million in March. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working 

part time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table 

A-8.) 

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was little changed at 4.9

million in March and has returned to its February 2020 level. These individuals were not counted as 

unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or 

were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally attached to

the labor force was little changed at 1.3 million in March. These individuals wanted and were available

for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 

weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached

who believed that no jobs were available for them, also was little changed over the month at 351,000. 

(See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 236,000 in March, compared with the average 

monthly gain of 334,000 over the prior 6 months. In March, employment continued to trend up in leisure 

and hospitality, government, professional and business services, and health care. (See table B-1.) 

Leisure and hospitality added 72,000 jobs in March, lower than the average monthly gain of 95,000 

over the prior 6 months. Most of the job growth occurred in food services and drinking places, where 

employment rose by 50,000 in March. Employment in leisure and hospitality is below its pre-pandemic 

February 2020 level by 368,000, or 2.2 percent. 

Government employment increased by 47,000 in March, the same as the average monthly gain over the 

prior 6 months. Overall, employment in government is below its February 2020 level by 314,000, or 1.4 

percent.
 

-3-

Employment in professional and business services continued to trend up in March (+39,000), in line 

with the average monthly growth over the prior 6 months (+34,000). Within the industry, employment in 

professional, scientific, and technical services continued its upward trend in March (+26,000). 

Over the month, health care added 34,000 jobs, lower than the average monthly gain of 54,000 over the 

prior 6 months. In March, job growth occurred in home health care services (+15,000) and hospitals 

(+11,000). Employment continued to trend up in nursing and residential care facilities (+8,000). 

Employment in social assistance continued to trend up in March (+17,000), in line with the average 

monthly growth over the prior 6 months (+22,000). 

In March, employment in transportation and warehousing changed little (+10,000). Couriers and 

messengers (+7,000) and air transportation (+6,000) added jobs, while warehousing and storage lost jobs 

(-12,000). Employment in transportation and warehousing has shown little net change in recent months. 

Employment in retail trade changed little in March (-15,000). Job losses in building material and 

garden equipment and supplies dealers (-9,000) and in furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and 

appliance retailers (-9,000) were partially offset by a job gain in department stores (+15,000). Retail 

trade employment is little changed on net over the year. 

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, including mining, 

quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; information; 

financial activities; and other services. 

In March, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 9 cents, or 

0.3 percent, to $33.18. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 4.2 percent. 

In March, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose 

by 9 cents, or 0.3 percent, to $28.50. (See tables B-3 and B-8.) 

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 34.4 

hours in March. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.3 hours, and overtime 

remained at 3.0 hours. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisory employees on 

private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 33.9 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for January was revised down by 32,000, from 

+504,000 to +472,000, and the change for February was revised up by 15,000, from +311,000 to 

+326,000. With these revisions, employment in January and February combined is 17,000 lower than 

previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and 

government agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) 

_____________ 

The Employment Situation for April is scheduled to be released on Friday, May 5, 2023, at 8:30 

a.m. (ET). 
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Change from:

Feb. 2023-

Mar. 2023

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population........................................... 263,444 265,962 266,112 266,272 160

Civilian labor force........................................................... 164,301 165,832 166,251 166,731 480

Participation rate.......................................................... 62.4 62.4 62.5 62.6 0.1

Employed................................................................... 158,328 160,138 160,315 160,892 577

Employment-population ratio.......................................... 60.1 60.2 60.2 60.4 0.2

Unemployed............................................................... 5,972 5,694 5,936 5,839 -97

Unemployment rate.................................................... 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Not in labor force............................................................ 99,144 100,130 99,861 99,541 -320

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over...................................................... 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.5 -0.1

Adult men (20 years and over)............................................ 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4 0.1

Adult women (20 years and over)......................................... 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.1 -0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years)................................................ 10.1 10.3 11.1 9.8 -1.3

White.......................................................................... 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.2 0.0

Black or African American.................................................. 6.2 5.4 5.7 5.0 -0.7

Asian.......................................................................... 2.8 2.8 3.4 2.8 -0.6

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity................................................. 4.2 4.5 5.3 4.6 -0.7

Total, 25 years and over...................................................... 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 0.0

Less than a high school diploma.......................................... 5.3 4.5 5.8 4.8 -1.0

High school graduates, no college........................................ 4.0 3.7 3.6 4.0 0.4

Some college or associate degree........................................ 3.1 2.9 3.2 3.0 -0.2

Bachelor’s degree and higher.............................................. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.................. 2,840 2,529 2,752 2,949 197

Job leavers...................................................................... 789 884 891 845 -46

Reentrants....................................................................... 1,992 1,817 1,847 1,665 -182

New entrants.................................................................... 472 531 515 492 -23

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks............................................................. 2,303 1,946 2,289 2,272 -17

5 to 14 weeks................................................................... 1,688 1,785 1,845 1,733 -112

15 to 26 weeks................................................................. 552 890 805 734 -71

27 weeks and over............................................................. 1,429 1,111 1,057 1,104 47

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons.............................................. 4,168 4,050 4,067 4,102 35

Slack work or business conditions........................................ 2,883 2,685 2,840 2,873 33

Could only find part-time work............................................. 1,045 999 859 882 23

Part time for noneconomic reasons.......................................... 20,890 22,083 21,856 21,433 -423

Persons not in the labor force

Marginally attached to the labor force....................................... 1,372 1,354 1,396 1,289 -107

Discouraged workers........................................................ 374 342 363 351 -12

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will

not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced

annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY

(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 472 326 236

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 353 266 189

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 41 11 -7

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 0 3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 26 12 -9

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 11 -1 -1

Durable goods1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 0 -2 1

Motor vehicles and parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.4 -4.6 1.3 3.7

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 11 1 -2

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 312 255 196

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.9 8.9 10.9 6.7

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -22.1 22.3 41.3 -14.6

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4 31.7 -20.5 10.4

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 -1.6 -1.2 1.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 -23 -10 6

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 -1 -1 -1

Professional and business services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 44 55 39

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.3 16.6 3.4 -10.7

Private education and health services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 111 85 65

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.0 77.3 73.0 50.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 99 90 72

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 21 5 11

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -9 119 60 47

(3-month average change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 334 346 345

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 271 284 269

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private women employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.3 48.4 48.3 48.4

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 81.3 81.3 81.3

HOURS AND EARNINGS

ALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.7 34.6 34.5 34.4

Average hourly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $31.83 $33.02 $33.09 $33.18

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,104.50 $1,142.49 $1,141.61 $1,141.39

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.7 115.1 115.0 114.9

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.8 -0.1 -0.1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.5 181.8 182.0 182.2

Over-the-month percent change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.2 0.1 0.1

DIFFUSION INDEX

(Over 1-month span)5

Total private (250 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79.0 64.6 57.4 60.2

Manufacturing (72 industries). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.5 52.8 47.9 56.3

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the

service-providing industries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate

hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average

aggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal

balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of 

employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series 

has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household 

survey because of its much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 

130,000 is statistically significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically 

significant change in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a 

more expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed workers 

whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural workers, and private 

household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household survey also 

provides estimates of employment for demographic groups. For more information on the differences 

between the two surveys, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the 

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, 

it is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does 

not collect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which 

identify the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the 

foreign born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of The 

Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions? 

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating 

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates. 

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit 

www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors 

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax 

records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more 

information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments 

with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the 

reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and 

industries are appropriately sampled to achieve that goal. 
5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net 

employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an 

econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based 

on the actual past values of the net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census 

of Employment and Wages. The establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this 

purpose because the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There 

is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and 

availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey twice a year.

6.Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment

insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons 

who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the 

unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There 

is no requirement or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey. 

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently 

looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, 

including those who are not currently looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged 

workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (some of which include 

discouraged workers and other groups not officially counted as unemployed) are published each 

month in table A-15 of The Employment Situation news release. For more information about these 

alternative measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes the 12th of the 

month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on average weekly hours than 

on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid time during the pay period, including 

pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off. The impact of severe weather on hours estimates 

typically, but not always, results in a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some 

employees may be off work for part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, 

while some workers, such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours. 

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on payroll 

employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce employment estimates, 

employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay period. Employees 

who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are counted in the payroll 

employment figures. For more information on how often employees are paid, please visit 

www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that includes the 12th 

of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-related events are counted as 

employed whether or not they are paid for the time off. The household survey collects data on the 

number of persons who had a job but were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure 

of the number of persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested statistics page, 

please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.
Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major 

surveys, the Current Population Survey (CPS; household 

survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (CES; 

establishment survey). The household survey provides 

information on the labor force, employment, and 

unemployment that appears in the "A" tables, marked 

HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 

eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 

The establishment survey provides information on 

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on nonfarm 

payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked 

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each 

month from the payroll records of a sample of 

nonagricultural business establishments. Each month the 

CES program surveys about 122,000 businesses and 

government agencies, representing approximately 666,000 

individual worksites, in order to provide detailed industry 

data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on 

nonfarm payrolls. The active sample includes approximately 

one-third of all nonfarm payroll jobs. 

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a 

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the 

reference period is generally the calendar week that contains 

the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the 

reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which 

may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect 

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on 

responses to a series of questions on work and job search 

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample 

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in 

the labor force.

People are classified as employed if they did any work 

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked 

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or 

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or 

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were 

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad 

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal 

reasons. 

People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of 

the following criteria: they had no employment during the 

reference week; they were available for work at that time; 

and they made specific active efforts to find employment 

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the 

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting 

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as 

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the 

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for 

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and 

unemployed persons. Those persons not classified as 

employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The 

unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent 

of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the 

labor force as a percent of the population, and

the employment-population ratio is the employed as a 

percent of the population. Additional information

about the household survey can be found at 

www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are 

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, 

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local 

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are 

those who worked or received pay for any part of the 

reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. 

Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and 

earnings data are produced for the private sector for all 

employees and for production and nonsupervisory 

employees. Production and nonsupervisory employees are 

defined as production and related employees in 

manufacturing and mining and logging, construction 

workers in construction, and non-supervisory employees in 

private service-providing industries. 

Industries are classified on the basis of an 

establishment's principal activity in accordance with the 

2022 version of the North American Industry Classification 

System. Additional information about the establishment 

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

Differences in employment estimates. The numerous 

conceptual and methodological differences between the 

household and establishment surveys result in important 

distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the 

surveys. Among these are:

• The household survey includes agricultural 

workers, self-employed workers whose businesses 

are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and 

private household workers among the employed. 

These groups are excluded from the establishment 

survey.

• The household survey includes people on unpaid 

leave among the employed. The establishment 

survey does not.

• The household survey is limited to workers 16 years 

of age and older. The establishment survey is not 

limited by age.

• The household survey has no duplication of 

individuals, because individuals are counted only 

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the 

establishment survey, employees working at more 

than one job and thus appearing on more than one 

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.
Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor 

force and the levels of employment and unemployment 

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may 

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and 

the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such 

seasonal variation can be very large. 

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less 

regular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a 

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal 

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal 

developments, such as declines in employment or increases 

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to 

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number 

of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to 

obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to 

May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic 

activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment 

survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 

20 percent at the end of the spring term and later rises with 

the start of the fall term, obscuring the underlying 

employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal 

employment changes at the end and beginning of the school 

year can be estimated, the statistics can be adjusted to make 

underlying employment patterns more discernable. The 

seasonally adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with 

which to analyze changes in month-to-month economic 

activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently 

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys. 

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such 

as total payroll employment, employment in most major 

sectors, total employment, and unemployment are computed 

by aggregating independently adjusted component series. 

For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the 

adjusted series for four major age-sex components; this 

differs from the unemployment estimate that would be 

obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the 

duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. 

Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and 

duration are derived from the sum of the independently 

seasonally adjusted component series and will not 

necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally 

adjusted total unemployment level. Additional information 

about seasonal adjustment in the household survey can be 

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a 

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in 

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using 

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current 

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are 

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the 

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are 

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly 

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to 

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated 

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year 

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment 

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. 

When a sample, rather than the entire population, is 

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may 

differ from the true population values they represent. The 

component of this difference that occurs because samples 

differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more 

than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value 

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally 

conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. 

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly 

change in total nonfarm employment from the establishment 

survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000. Suppose the 

estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from 

one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on 

the monthly change would range from -80,000 to +180,000 

(50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the 

sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that 

there is about a 90-percent chance that the true over-themonth change lies within this interval. Since this range 

includes values of less than zero, we could not say with 

confidence that nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased 

that month. If, however, the reported nonfarm employment 

rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent 

confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, 

it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm 

employment had, in fact, risen that month. At an 

unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent 

confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment 

as measured by the household survey is about +/- 300,000, 

and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is 

about +/- 0.2 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or 

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the 

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a 

small number of observations. The precision of estimates 

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time, such 

as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also 

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many 

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the 

population, inability to obtain information for all respondents 

in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to 

provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made 

by respondents, and errors made in the collection or 

processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for 

the most recent 2 months are based on incomplete returns; 

for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the 

tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly 

estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, 

that the estimate is considered final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the 

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely 
basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for 

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an 

estimation procedure with two components is used to 

account for business births. The first component excludes 

employment losses from business deaths from sample-based 

estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains 

from business births. This is incorporated into the samplebased estimation procedure by simply not reflecting sample 

units going out of business, but imputing to them the same 

employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This 

procedure accounts for most of the net birth/death 

employment.

The second component is an ARIMA time series model 

designed to estimate the residual net birth/death employment

not accounted for by the imputation. The historical time 

series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived 

from the unemployment insurance universe micro-level 

database, and reflects the actual residual net of births and 

deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to 

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from 

administrative records of the unemployment insurance 

program. The difference between the March sample-based 

employment estimates and the March universe counts is 

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy 

for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate 

changes in the classification of industries. Over the past 

decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm 

employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from

-0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech 

disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 

relay services.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

TOTAL

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,444 266,112 266,272 263,444 264,708 264,844 265,962 266,112 266,272

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,274 166,178 166,783 164,301 164,527 164,966 165,832 166,251 166,731

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.4 62.6 62.4 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 62.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,106 159,713 160,741 158,328 158,527 159,244 160,138 160,315 160,892

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.0 60.0 60.4 60.1 59.9 60.1 60.2 60.2 60.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,168 6,465 6,043 5,972 6,000 5,722 5,694 5,936 5,839

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,170 99,934 99,489 99,144 100,181 99,878 100,130 99,861 99,541

Persons who currently want a job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,502 4,987 4,646 5,752 5,528 5,176 5,314 5,103 4,925

Men, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,355 130,072 130,150 128,355 128,983 129,050 129,998 130,072 130,150

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,408 88,382 88,958 87,495 87,793 87,864 88,334 88,474 88,999

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 67.9 68.4 68.2 68.1 68.1 67.9 68.0 68.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,902 84,666 85,420 84,294 84,557 84,880 85,186 85,266 85,776

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.4 65.1 65.6 65.7 65.6 65.8 65.5 65.6 65.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,506 3,717 3,538 3,201 3,236 2,984 3,147 3,208 3,223

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,947 41,689 41,192 40,860 41,189 41,186 41,665 41,597 41,151

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,726 121,346 121,415 119,726 120,301 120,360 121,283 121,346 121,415

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,403 85,363 85,876 84,266 84,525 84,694 85,084 85,210 85,696

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.5 70.3 70.7 70.4 70.3 70.4 70.2 70.2 70.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,201 82,048 82,654 81,389 81,698 82,033 82,324 82,407 82,816

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.8 67.6 68.1 68.0 67.9 68.2 67.9 67.9 68.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,202 3,315 3,222 2,877 2,827 2,661 2,760 2,803 2,880

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,323 35,983 35,539 35,460 35,776 35,666 36,199 36,136 35,718

Women, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,089 136,040 136,122 135,089 135,725 135,795 135,963 136,040 136,122

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,866 77,796 77,825 76,806 76,734 77,102 77,498 77,777 77,732

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.9 57.2 57.2 56.9 56.5 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,203 75,047 75,320 74,035 73,970 74,364 74,952 75,049 75,115

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.9 55.2 55.3 54.8 54.5 54.8 55.1 55.2 55.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,663 2,749 2,505 2,771 2,764 2,738 2,546 2,728 2,617

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,223 58,245 58,297 58,284 58,991 58,692 58,465 58,264 58,390

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,691 127,613 127,684 126,691 127,283 127,345 127,546 127,613 127,684

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,946 74,823 74,860 73,736 73,532 73,930 74,379 74,606 74,612

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 58.6 58.6 58.2 57.8 58.1 58.3 58.5 58.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,555 72,354 72,606 71,275 71,088 71,531 72,104 72,189 72,284

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.5 56.7 56.9 56.3 55.9 56.2 56.5 56.6 56.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,391 2,470 2,253 2,462 2,444 2,398 2,275 2,417 2,328

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,745 52,790 52,825 52,955 53,750 53,416 53,167 53,007 53,072

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,027 17,153 17,173 17,027 17,124 17,139 17,133 17,153 17,173

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,926 5,992 6,048 6,298 6,469 6,343 6,368 6,435 6,423

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.8 34.9 35.2 37.0 37.8 37.0 37.2 37.5 37.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,350 5,311 5,480 5,665 5,740 5,680 5,710 5,719 5,792

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 31.0 31.9 33.3 33.5 33.1 33.3 33.3 33.7

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 680 568 634 729 662 658 716 631

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 11.4 9.4 10.1 11.3 10.4 10.3 11.1 9.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,102 11,161 11,125 10,729 10,655 10,796 10,765 10,718 10,750

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

WHITE

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,932 204,118 204,186 202,932 203,617 203,684 204,062 204,118 204,186

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,302 126,754 126,976 126,262 125,902 126,408 126,699 126,756 126,933

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 62.1 62.2 62.2 61.8 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,122 122,285 122,698 122,241 121,807 122,556 122,776 122,738 122,831

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.2 59.9 60.1 60.2 59.8 60.2 60.2 60.1 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,180 4,470 4,278 4,021 4,094 3,852 3,924 4,017 4,102

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,630 77,364 77,210 76,670 77,716 77,276 77,362 77,362 77,253

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,085 66,225 66,467 65,924 65,759 66,045 66,118 66,083 66,304

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70.6 70.1 70.3 70.4 70.0 70.3 70.0 69.9 70.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,808 63,842 64,180 63,901 63,767 64,189 64,210 64,125 64,287

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 67.6 67.9 68.2 67.9 68.3 68.0 67.9 68.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,278 2,383 2,288 2,023 1,992 1,856 1,908 1,958 2,018

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,556 55,932 55,812 55,398 55,174 55,461 55,637 55,733 55,656

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.4 57.6 57.4 57.2 56.8 57.1 57.3 57.4 57.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,041 54,309 54,203 53,825 53,562 53,918 54,093 54,142 53,994

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.8 55.9 55.8 55.6 55.1 55.5 55.7 55.7 55.6

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,515 1,623 1,609 1,573 1,611 1,543 1,544 1,591 1,661

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,660 4,597 4,696 4,940 4,969 4,902 4,944 4,940 4,973

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.4 36.8 37.6 39.6 39.7 39.2 39.6 39.6 39.8

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,273 4,133 4,316 4,515 4,478 4,449 4,472 4,471 4,550

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 33.1 34.5 36.2 35.8 35.5 35.8 35.8 36.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 463 381 424 491 453 472 469 423

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 10.1 8.1 8.6 9.9 9.2 9.5 9.5 8.5

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,030 34,519 34,550 34,030 34,272 34,301 34,487 34,519 34,550

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,026 21,770 22,062 21,125 21,365 21,418 21,697 21,893 22,152

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 63.1 63.9 62.1 62.3 62.4 62.9 63.4 64.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,695 20,488 20,938 19,821 20,139 20,189 20,535 20,654 21,037

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.9 59.4 60.6 58.2 58.8 58.9 59.5 59.8 60.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,331 1,282 1,124 1,304 1,226 1,229 1,162 1,239 1,114

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 5.9 5.1 6.2 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,003 12,749 12,488 12,905 12,907 12,883 12,790 12,626 12,399

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,754 10,153 10,353 9,815 9,947 9,956 10,115 10,218 10,400

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 68.9 70.2 67.9 68.3 68.3 68.7 69.3 70.5

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,163 9,593 9,776 9,261 9,408 9,446 9,579 9,700 9,860

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 65.1 66.3 64.0 64.6 64.8 65.0 65.8 66.8

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 560 577 554 539 510 535 518 539

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.4 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.2

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,572 10,876 10,991 10,567 10,633 10,679 10,804 10,877 10,986

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 63.0 63.6 61.8 61.8 62.0 62.6 63.0 63.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,986 10,301 10,541 9,981 10,077 10,093 10,301 10,319 10,522

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58.4 59.7 61.0 58.4 58.6 58.6 59.7 59.8 60.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 575 450 586 556 586 504 558 464

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.3 4.1 5.5 5.2 5.5 4.7 5.1 4.2

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 741 718 743 785 784 778 797 766

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.3 29.5 28.5 30.1 31.4 31.4 31.0 31.7 30.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 594 621 578 654 650 655 635 655

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 23.6 24.6 23.4 26.2 26.0 26.1 25.2 26.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 147 97 165 131 134 123 163 111

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 19.9 13.5 22.2 16.7 17.1 15.8 20.4 14.5

See footnotes at end of table.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,803 17,444 17,545 16,803 16,980 17,005 17,541 17,444 17,545

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,784 11,371 11,421 10,771 10,995 10,918 11,240 11,348 11,390

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.2 65.2 65.1 64.1 64.8 64.2 64.1 65.1 64.9

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,493 10,982 11,104 10,472 10,704 10,654 10,926 10,962 11,067

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 63.0 63.3 62.3 63.0 62.7 62.3 62.8 63.1

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 389 317 299 291 265 313 386 323

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 3.4 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.8 3.4 2.8

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,019 6,073 6,123 6,032 5,984 6,086 6,301 6,096 6,154

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are

introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninstitutional population................ 45,888 47,103 47,194 45,888 46,545 46,624 47,010 47,103 47,194

Civilian labor force................................ 30,498 31,507 31,551 30,487 30,600 30,893 31,153 31,444 31,517

Participation rate............................... 66.5 66.9 66.9 66.4 65.7 66.3 66.3 66.8 66.8

Employed....................................... 29,155 29,640 30,017 29,214 29,382 29,611 29,737 29,789 30,071

Employment-population ratio............... 63.5 62.9 63.6 63.7 63.1 63.5 63.3 63.2 63.7

Unemployed.................................... 1,343 1,866 1,534 1,274 1,218 1,281 1,416 1,655 1,446

Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 5.9 4.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.5 5.3 4.6

Not in labor force................................. 15,390 15,597 15,643 15,401 15,944 15,731 15,857 15,659 15,677

Men, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 16,672 16,951 17,035 16,626 16,526 16,725 16,795 16,882 16,969

Participation rate............................... 80.2 79.2 79.4 80.0 78.4 79.2 78.6 78.8 79.1

Employed....................................... 15,938 15,912 16,260 15,978 15,925 16,047 16,073 16,036 16,293

Employment-population ratio............... 76.6 74.3 75.8 76.8 75.5 76.0 75.2 74.9 76.0

Unemployed.................................... 734 1,038 775 648 601 677 722 846 676

Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 6.1 4.6 3.9 3.6 4.0 4.3 5.0 4.0

Women, 20 years and over

Civilian labor force................................ 12,465 13,120 13,064 12,476 12,637 12,785 13,024 13,085 13,069

Participation rate............................... 59.8 61.5 61.1 59.8 59.7 60.3 61.1 61.3 61.1

Employed....................................... 11,928 12,465 12,462 11,950 12,179 12,307 12,447 12,460 12,482

Employment-population ratio............... 57.2 58.4 58.3 57.3 57.6 58.1 58.4 58.4 58.4

Unemployed.................................... 537 655 602 526 458 478 577 626 587

Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.6 3.7 4.4 4.8 4.5

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian labor force................................ 1,361 1,436 1,452 1,385 1,438 1,383 1,334 1,477 1,479

Participation rate............................... 32.1 33.1 33.4 32.7 33.4 32.0 30.8 34.0 34.0

Employed....................................... 1,289 1,262 1,296 1,285 1,279 1,257 1,217 1,294 1,296

Employment-population ratio............... 30.4 29.1 29.8 30.3 29.7 29.1 28.1 29.8 29.8

Unemployed.................................... 72 173 157 100 159 126 116 183 183

Unemployment rate......................... 5.3 12.1 10.8 7.2 11.0 9.1 8.7 12.4 12.4

1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted

columns.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment

[Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force.................................. 9,030 8,850 9,138 9,099 8,901 8,885 8,814 9,165 9,203

Participation rate.................................. 45.3 46.7 46.2 45.6 45.6 45.6 46.0 48.3 46.6

Employed.......................................... 8,456 8,198 8,605 8,617 8,506 8,443 8,417 8,629 8,762

Employment-population ratio................. 42.4 43.2 43.5 43.2 43.5 43.4 43.9 45.5 44.3

Unemployed....................................... 574 652 532 482 395 442 397 536 441

Unemployment rate............................ 6.4 7.4 5.8 5.3 4.4 5.0 4.5 5.8 4.8

High school graduates, no college1

Civilian labor force.................................. 36,943 35,852 35,827 36,773 35,192 35,605 36,189 35,850 35,680

Participation rate.................................. 56.9 56.0 56.3 56.6 55.7 56.2 56.4 56.0 56.1

Employed.......................................... 35,365 34,441 34,275 35,303 33,816 34,339 34,836 34,574 34,246

Employment-population ratio................. 54.5 53.8 53.8 54.4 53.5 54.2 54.3 54.0 53.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,578 1,411 1,553 1,469 1,377 1,266 1,353 1,276 1,433

Unemployment rate............................ 4.3 3.9 4.3 4.0 3.9 3.6 3.7 3.6 4.0

Some college or associate degree

Civilian labor force.................................. 35,600 35,869 35,943 35,604 35,880 35,789 36,082 35,962 35,944

Participation rate.................................. 63.5 63.4 63.6 63.5 62.9 62.7 63.5 63.6 63.6

Employed.......................................... 34,468 34,594 34,852 34,499 34,748 34,735 35,046 34,796 34,877

Employment-population ratio................. 61.5 61.2 61.7 61.6 60.9 60.8 61.7 61.5 61.8

Unemployed....................................... 1,132 1,275 1,091 1,105 1,133 1,054 1,036 1,167 1,067

Unemployment rate............................ 3.2 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.0

Bachelor’s degree and higher2

Civilian labor force.................................. 62,027 63,848 64,036 61,657 63,041 63,150 62,854 63,140 63,632

Participation rate.................................. 73.3 73.1 73.5 72.9 72.5 72.7 72.7 72.3 73.1

Employed.......................................... 60,855 62,530 62,786 60,447 61,781 61,947 61,591 61,858 62,355

Employment-population ratio................. 71.9 71.6 72.1 71.4 71.1 71.3 71.2 70.9 71.6

Unemployed....................................... 1,172 1,318 1,250 1,210 1,260 1,203 1,263 1,282 1,278

Unemployment rate............................ 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0

1

Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2

Includes persons with bachelor’s, master’s, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,

and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,449 17,983 16,427 15,947 2,022 2,036

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,979 8,718 7,799 7,573 1,180 1,145

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.7 48.5 47.5 47.5 58.3 56.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,763 8,507 7,603 7,388 1,160 1,119

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.5 47.3 46.3 46.3 57.4 55.0

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 211 196 185 20 26

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.4 1.7 2.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,470 9,265 8,628 8,374 842 891

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,761 4,970 3,864 4,065 898 905

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,860 4,057 3,218 3,395 642 662

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.1 81.6 83.3 83.5 71.6 73.2

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,746 3,944 3,115 3,299 631 645

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78.7 79.4 80.6 81.1 70.3 71.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 113 103 96 12 17

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 2.8 3.2 2.8 1.8 2.6

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 912 645 670 255 242

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,332 2,980 2,870 2,527 461 453

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,493 2,131 2,158 1,826 335 305

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.8 71.5 75.2 72.3 72.6 67.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,460 2,085 2,127 1,780 332 305

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.8 70.0 74.1 70.4 72.0 67.3

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 46 31 46 3 0

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 2.2 1.4 2.5 0.8 0.0

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 849 712 701 126 148

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,322 6,055 6,070 5,798 252 257

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945 806 913 781 32 25

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 13.3 15.0 13.5 12.9 9.7

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 781 884 761 27 20

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 12.9 14.6 13.1 10.6 7.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 25 28 20 6 4

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 3.1 3.1 2.6 – –

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,377 5,249 5,157 5,017 220 232

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,034 3,978 3,623 3,557 411 421

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,680 1,723 1,510 1,571 170 152

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 43.3 41.7 44.2 41.4 36.1

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,646 1,697 1,476 1,548 170 148

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.8 42.6 40.7 43.5 41.4 35.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 27 35 23 0 4

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 1.5 2.3 1.5 0.0 2.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,354 2,255 2,113 1,986 241 269

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,932 239,167 107,359 109,561 128,573 129,606

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,017 155,858 78,515 80,266 74,501 75,592

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.9 65.2 73.1 73.3 57.9 58.3

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147,263 150,224 75,305 77,021 71,959 73,203

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 62.8 70.1 70.3 56.0 56.5

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,753 5,634 3,211 3,246 2,543 2,389

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 3.6 4.1 4.0 3.4 3.2

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,915 83,309 28,844 29,295 54,072 54,014

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the

U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August

1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service

periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the

selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not

shown where base is less than 75,000).
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally

adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age

Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 32,616 33,062 230,828 233,210

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 7,550 7,904 156,724 158,879

Participation rate..................................................................... 23.1 23.9 67.9 68.1

Employed............................................................................. 6,882 7,256 151,224 153,484

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 21.1 21.9 65.5 65.8

Unemployed.......................................................................... 668 648 5,501 5,395

Unemployment rate............................................................... 8.8 8.2 3.5 3.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 25,066 25,158 74,104 74,331

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,202 3,272 78,110 79,656

Participation rate..................................................................... 38.8 41.6 82.6 82.8

Employed............................................................................. 2,889 2,986 75,114 76,591

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 35.0 38.0 79.4 79.6

Unemployed.......................................................................... 313 286 2,996 3,065

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.8 8.7 3.8 3.8

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,050 4,588 16,444 16,531

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 3,107 3,315 69,120 69,455

Participation rate..................................................................... 36.7 38.9 71.9 72.3

Employed............................................................................. 2,804 3,011 66,884 67,364

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 33.2 35.3 69.6 70.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 303 304 2,236 2,091

Unemployment rate............................................................... 9.7 9.2 3.2 3.0

Not in labor force....................................................................... 5,351 5,217 26,947 26,549

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force..................................................................... 1,242 1,318 9,494 9,767

Participation rate..................................................................... 7.8 7.9 23.6 23.8

Employed............................................................................. 1,190 1,260 9,226 9,529

Employment-population ratio.................................................... 7.5 7.6 22.9 23.2

Unemployed.......................................................................... 52 58 268 238

Unemployment rate............................................................... 4.2 4.4 2.8 2.4

Not in labor force....................................................................... 14,665 15,353 30,713 31,251

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty

seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or

emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor’s office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with

the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 44,456 46,445 21,475 22,786 22,982 23,659

Civilian labor force.................................................. 29,159 30,845 16,553 17,678 12,606 13,167

Participation rate.................................................. 65.6 66.4 77.1 77.6 54.9 55.7

Employed.......................................................... 28,172 29,848 16,001 17,089 12,172 12,759

Employment-population ratio................................. 63.4 64.3 74.5 75.0 53.0 53.9

Unemployed....................................................... 986 997 552 589 435 408

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.1

Not in labor force.................................................... 15,297 15,600 4,922 5,108 10,376 10,492

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................... 218,988 219,827 106,880 107,364 112,108 112,463

Civilian labor force.................................................. 135,115 135,938 70,855 71,280 64,260 64,658

Participation rate.................................................. 61.7 61.8 66.3 66.4 57.3 57.5

Employed.......................................................... 129,933 130,893 67,901 68,331 62,032 62,562

Employment-population ratio................................. 59.3 59.5 63.5 63.6 55.3 55.6

Unemployed....................................................... 5,182 5,045 2,954 2,949 2,228 2,096

Unemployment rate............................................ 3.8 3.7 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.2

Not in labor force.................................................... 83,873 83,888 36,025 36,084 47,847 47,805

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States

or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born

in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries................. 2,256 2,251 2,106 2,363 2,228 2,311 2,245 2,346 2,226

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 1,490 1,456 1,439 1,562 1,492 1,496 1,485 1,521 1,509

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 737 755 639 757 715 791 720 781 666

Unpaid family workers........................... 29 40 28 – – – – – –

Nonagricultural industries.......................... 155,849 157,461 158,634 155,670 156,344 156,818 157,645 157,743 158,318

Wage and salary workers1

...................... 146,612 148,238 149,499 146,726 147,381 147,886 148,822 148,723 149,479

Government..................................... 21,687 21,951 21,919 21,231 21,084 21,683 21,548 21,501 21,467

Private industries............................... 124,924 126,287 127,580 125,240 126,468 126,169 126,981 126,967 127,750

Private households.......................... 575 592 561 – – – – – –

Other industries.............................. 124,349 125,696 127,019 124,559 125,819 125,538 126,248 126,261 127,055

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . .. 9,165 9,173 9,087 9,247 8,970 9,036 9,217 9,338 9,173

Unpaid family workers........................... 73 50 48 – – – – – –

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME2

All industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,266 4,285 4,205 4,168 3,688 3,878 4,050 4,067 4,102

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,921 3,079 2,929 2,883 2,546 2,648 2,685 2,840 2,873

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,116 868 942 1,045 826 911 999 859 882

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 21,356 22,494 21,822 20,890 21,226 21,628 22,083 21,856 21,433

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons3

.................. 4,211 4,146 4,115 4,140 3,623 3,810 3,959 3,964 4,037

Slack work or business conditions............. 2,879 2,975 2,873 2,846 2,497 2,611 2,646 2,750 2,822

Could only find part-time work.................. 1,114 850 935 1,040 819 892 988 842 872

Part time for noneconomic reasons4

.............. 20,997 22,074 21,472 20,519 20,844 21,211 21,674 21,453 21,069

1

Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for

the entire week.

3 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business

conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

4 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or

training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to

34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-9. Selected employment indicators

[Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,106 159,713 160,741 158,328 158,527 159,244 160,138 160,315 160,892

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,350 5,311 5,480 5,665 5,740 5,680 5,710 5,719 5,792

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,080 1,992 2,010 2,297 2,241 2,371 2,265 2,200 2,227

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,270 3,319 3,470 3,395 3,500 3,312 3,462 3,534 3,589

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,756 154,401 155,260 152,664 152,787 153,564 154,428 154,597 155,100

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,611 14,638 14,742 13,775 13,759 13,834 14,705 14,831 14,896

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139,145 139,763 140,518 139,055 138,845 139,477 139,834 139,939 140,372

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,788 102,681 103,200 101,784 101,400 101,848 102,366 102,838 103,121

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,358 35,751 35,798 35,370 35,073 35,066 35,594 35,799 35,780

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,672 35,179 35,519 34,687 34,777 34,983 35,010 35,243 35,492

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,758 31,751 31,883 31,727 31,550 31,799 31,762 31,796 31,849

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,357 37,082 37,318 37,271 37,446 37,630 37,468 37,100 37,250

Men, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,902 84,666 85,420 84,294 84,557 84,880 85,186 85,266 85,776

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,701 2,618 2,766 2,905 2,859 2,847 2,862 2,859 2,961

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 912 1,012 1,123 1,059 1,109 1,039 1,020 1,134

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,707 1,706 1,754 1,802 1,809 1,748 1,838 1,851 1,850

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,201 82,048 82,654 81,389 81,698 82,033 82,324 82,407 82,816

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,847 7,355 7,585 6,976 7,071 7,080 7,354 7,484 7,687

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,354 74,693 75,069 74,573 74,451 74,767 75,036 75,070 75,249

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,113 54,765 55,095 54,308 54,119 54,370 54,708 55,033 55,232

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,719 19,087 19,110 18,777 18,548 18,629 18,916 19,167 19,140

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,608 18,859 19,056 18,694 18,761 18,798 18,896 18,965 19,115

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,786 16,819 16,930 16,837 16,810 16,943 16,896 16,901 16,977

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,240 19,928 19,974 20,265 20,332 20,396 20,328 20,037 20,017

Women, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,203 75,047 75,320 74,035 73,970 74,364 74,952 75,049 75,115

16 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,649 2,693 2,714 2,760 2,881 2,833 2,848 2,860 2,831

16 to 17 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,085 1,080 998 1,174 1,182 1,262 1,226 1,179 1,093

18 to 19 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,564 1,614 1,716 1,593 1,691 1,564 1,624 1,683 1,738

20 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,555 72,354 72,606 71,275 71,088 71,531 72,104 72,189 72,284

20 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,764 7,283 7,158 6,799 6,688 6,755 7,351 7,347 7,209

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,791 65,070 65,448 64,482 64,394 64,711 64,798 64,868 65,123

25 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,675 47,916 48,105 47,476 47,281 47,477 47,658 47,805 47,889

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,639 16,664 16,688 16,593 16,525 16,436 16,678 16,633 16,640

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,064 16,320 16,463 15,993 16,016 16,185 16,114 16,278 16,377

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,972 14,932 14,953 14,890 14,740 14,857 14,866 14,895 14,872

55 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,116 17,154 17,344 17,006 17,113 17,233 17,140 17,063 17,234

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,412 46,414 46,462 45,303 45,988 46,209 46,119 46,387 46,341

Married women, spouse present1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,391 37,152 37,081 36,086 36,322 36,472 36,490 36,883 36,759

Women who maintain families2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,182 9,696 9,748 – – – – – –

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,663 132,173 133,453 132,587 132,300 132,299 132,577 133,184 134,339

Part-time workers4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,443 27,540 27,288 25,908 26,115 26,794 27,400 27,089 26,747

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,496 8,041 8,137 7,362 7,676 8,046 8,001 7,904 7,979

Percent of total employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 5.0 5.1 4.7 4.8 5.1 5.0 4.9 5.0

SELF-EMPLOYMENT

Self-employed workers, incorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,322 6,435 6,285 – – – – – –

Self-employed workers, unincorporated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,902 9,928 9,726 10,004 9,686 9,827 9,937 10,119 9,839

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex

married couples only.

2 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020,

referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse.

3 Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week.

4 Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

- Data not available.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series.

Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic

Number of

unemployed persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment rates

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

AGE AND SEX

Total, 16 years and over........................... 5,972 5,936 5,839 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5

16 to 19 years..................................... 634 716 631 10.1 11.3 10.4 10.3 11.1 9.8

16 to 17 years.................................. 225 216 224 8.9 11.5 8.4 10.9 9.0 9.1

18 to 19 years.................................. 417 488 411 10.9 11.3 12.2 10.0 12.1 10.3

20 years and over................................ 5,339 5,219 5,208 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2

20 to 24 years.................................. 1,107 1,103 1,034 7.4 6.8 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.5

25 years and over.............................. 4,163 4,235 4,126 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9

25 to 54 years............................... 3,160 3,242 3,109 3.0 3.2 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.9

25 to 34 years............................. 1,447 1,447 1,397 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8

35 to 44 years............................. 989 936 927 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.5

45 to 54 years............................. 723 858 785 2.2 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.4

55 years and over........................... 1,004 957 1,009 2.6 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.6

Men, 16 years and over............................ 3,201 3,208 3,223 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.6

16 to 19 years..................................... 325 405 342 10.1 12.5 10.2 11.9 12.4 10.4

16 to 17 years.................................. 109 131 119 8.8 15.6 9.3 15.0 11.4 9.5

18 to 19 years.................................. 216 275 220 10.7 10.9 11.3 10.1 12.9 10.6

20 years and over................................ 2,877 2,803 2,880 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

20 to 24 years.................................. 647 646 568 8.5 7.7 7.3 7.8 7.9 6.9

25 years and over.............................. 2,189 2,251 2,289 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0

25 to 54 years............................... 1,642 1,738 1,709 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.0

25 to 34 years............................. 775 773 807 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.3 3.9 4.0

35 to 44 years............................. 538 532 543 2.8 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8

45 to 54 years............................. 330 434 360 1.9 2.6 2.1 2.2 2.5 2.1

55 years and over........................... 546 512 580 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.8

Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,771 2,728 2,617 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.5 3.4

16 to 19 years..................................... 309 311 289 10.1 10.0 10.7 8.7 9.8 9.3

16 to 17 years.................................. 116 86 105 9.0 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.8 8.7

18 to 19 years.................................. 201 213 190 11.2 11.7 13.2 9.8 11.2 9.9

20 years and over................................ 2,462 2,417 2,328 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.1

20 to 24 years.................................. 460 457 466 6.3 5.9 7.3 6.3 5.9 6.1

25 years and over.............................. 1,974 1,984 1,836 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 3.0 2.7

25 to 54 years............................... 1,517 1,503 1,400 3.1 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.8

25 to 34 years............................. 673 674 591 3.9 4.1 3.7 3.5 3.9 3.4

35 to 44 years............................. 451 405 385 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.3

45 to 54 years............................. 394 425 425 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.8

55 years and over........................... 455 482 432 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.2 2.7 2.4

MARITAL STATUS

Married men, spouse present1

.................... 796 885 884 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9

Married women, spouse present1................. 785 766 735 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.0

Women who maintain families2.................... 514 514 471 4.8 4.9 3.6 3.8 5.0 4.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS

Full-time workers3................................... 4,790 4,863 4,725 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.4

Part-time workers4.................................. 1,141 1,117 1,083 4.2 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9

1 Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to

persons in opposite-sex married couples only.

2 Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members,

but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an

opposite-sex spouse.

3 Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time

jobs.

4 Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from

part-time jobs.

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment

of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Reason

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 2,999 3,249 3,159 2,840 2,761 2,629 2,529 2,752 2,949

On temporary layoff.............................. 891 1,117 961 784 806 814 734 816 833

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 2,108 2,132 2,198 2,057 1,956 1,815 1,795 1,935 2,117

Permanent job losers.......................... 1,425 1,482 1,602 1,405 1,351 1,339 1,257 1,380 1,552

Persons who completed temporary jobs. . .. 683 650 596 652 605 476 538 555 564

Job leavers........................................... 774 892 828 789 829 825 884 891 845

Reentrants............................................ 2,026 1,862 1,670 1,992 1,798 1,767 1,817 1,847 1,665

New entrants......................................... 370 462 385 472 558 497 531 515 492

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 48.6 50.3 52.3 46.6 46.4 46.0 43.9 45.8 49.6

On temporary layoff.............................. 14.4 17.3 15.9 12.9 13.5 14.2 12.7 13.6 14.0

Not on temporary layoff.......................... 34.2 33.0 36.4 33.8 32.9 31.7 31.2 32.2 35.6

Job leavers........................................... 12.5 13.8 13.7 12.9 13.9 14.4 15.3 14.8 14.2

Reentrants............................................ 32.8 28.8 27.6 32.7 30.2 30.9 31.5 30.8 28.0

New entrants......................................... 6.0 7.1 6.4 7.7 9.4 8.7 9.2 8.6 8.3

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE

Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs.................................... 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.8

Job leavers........................................... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

Reentrants............................................ 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0

New entrants......................................... 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment

[Numbers in thousands]

Duration

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 2,003 2,130 1,978 2,303 2,244 2,233 1,946 2,289 2,272

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 1,850 2,247 1,891 1,688 1,694 1,639 1,785 1,845 1,733

15 weeks and over.................................. 2,315 2,089 2,173 1,981 2,036 1,895 2,001 1,862 1,838

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 830 957 1,007 552 821 826 890 805 734

27 weeks and over............................... 1,486 1,131 1,167 1,429 1,215 1,069 1,111 1,057 1,104

Average (mean) duration, in weeks............... 24.9 19.1 20.1 24.1 21.4 19.5 20.4 19.3 19.5

Median duration, in weeks......................... 10.0 8.9 9.6 8.3 8.8 8.9 9.1 8.3 8.1

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION

Less than 5 weeks.................................. 32.5 32.9 32.7 38.6 37.6 38.7 33.9 38.2 38.9

5 to 14 weeks........................................ 30.0 34.7 31.3 28.3 28.4 28.4 31.1 30.8 29.7

15 weeks and over.................................. 37.5 32.3 36.0 33.2 34.1 32.9 34.9 31.1 31.5

15 to 26 weeks.................................... 13.4 14.8 16.7 9.2 13.7 14.3 15.5 13.4 12.6

27 weeks and over............................... 24.1 17.5 19.3 23.9 20.3 18.5 19.4 17.6 18.9

NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the

independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation

Employed Unemployed Unemployment

rates

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

............................................. 158,106 160,741 6,168 6,043 3.8 3.6

Management, professional, and related occupations........... 67,823 70,651 1,053 1,368 1.5 1.9

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations..................................................... 28,828 30,285 431 647 1.5 2.1

Professional and related occupations.......................... 38,995 40,366 622 721 1.6 1.8

Service occupations................................................ 25,376 25,600 1,422 1,242 5.3 4.6

Sales and office occupations...................................... 30,920 30,361 1,313 1,138 4.1 3.6

Sales and related occupations.................................. 14,489 14,447 656 552 4.3 3.7

Office and administrative support occupations............... 16,431 15,913 657 586 3.8 3.6

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations........................................................ 14,163 14,003 794 808 5.3 5.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................... 945 797 86 70 8.4 8.1

Construction and extraction occupations...................... 8,318 8,415 623 601 7.0 6.7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........... 4,900 4,792 84 137 1.7 2.8

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations........................................................ 19,824 20,125 1,196 1,101 5.7 5.2

Production occupations.......................................... 8,111 8,405 401 384 4.7 4.4

Transportation and material moving occupations............ 11,713 11,721 795 718 6.4 5.8

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect

the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification

system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly

comparable with earlier years.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker

Number of

unemployed

persons

(in thousands)

Unemployment

rates

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Total, 16 years and over1

................................................................ 6,168 6,043 3.8 3.6

Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers.................................. 5,035 4,842 3.9 3.7

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................... 14 36 2.6 6.5

Construction.......................................................................... 598 598 6.0 5.6

Manufacturing........................................................................ 485 459 3.1 2.9

Durable goods..................................................................... 343 257 3.5 2.5

Nondurable goods................................................................ 142 202 2.5 3.6

Wholesale and retail trade......................................................... 881 846 4.6 4.4

Transportation and utilities......................................................... 433 390 5.1 4.6

Information............................................................................ 58 84 2.3 3.1

Financial activities................................................................... 211 189 2.0 1.8

Professional and business services............................................... 756 744 4.0 3.9

Education and health services..................................................... 628 604 2.5 2.4

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 771 684 5.9 5.0

Other services........................................................................ 200 208 3.2 3.3

Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers......................... 107 108 7.0 7.4

Government workers................................................................... 324 372 1.5 1.7

Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers............ 331 334 3.2 3.3

1 Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the

introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from

the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization

[Percent]

Measure

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Nov.

2022

Dec.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023

Mar.

2023

U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer,

as a percent of the civilian labor force......... 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1

U-2 Job losers and persons who completed

temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian

labor force......................................... 1.8 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.8

U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the

civilian labor force (official unemployment

rate)................................................ 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5

U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged

workers, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus discouraged workers................. 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.7

U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged

workers, plus all other persons marginally

attached to the labor force, as a percent of

the civilian labor force plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force. . . . . . . .. 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.2

U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons

marginally attached to the labor force, plus

total employed part time for economic

reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor

force plus all persons marginally attached to

the labor force..................................... 7.1 7.3 6.8 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.7

NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and

are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have

given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are

available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of

January data.
HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

Category

Total Men Women

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

Mar.

2022

Mar.

2023

NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE

Total not in the labor force........................................... 99,170 99,489 40,947 41,192 58,223 58,297

Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,502 4,646 2,571 2,314 2,931 2,332

Marginally attached to the labor force1

........................ 1,281 1,190 649 638 632 552

Discouraged workers2

......................................... 330 303 176 202 154 100

Other persons marginally attached to the labor force3. .. 951 887 473 436 479 452

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS

Total multiple jobholders4

............................................. 7,496 8,137 3,686 4,031 3,810 4,106

Percent of total employed.......................................... 4.7 5.1 4.4 4.7 5.1 5.5

Primary job full time, secondary job part time................... 4,231 4,649 2,248 2,511 1,983 2,138

Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,818 1,976 639 717 1,179 1,259

Primary and secondary jobs both full time....................... 425 395 288 230 137 166

Hours vary on primary or secondary job......................... 968 1,034 485 527 483 507

1 Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference

week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.

2

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks

schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.

3

Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and

transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.

4

Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Change

from:

Feb.2023 -

Mar.2023p

Total nonfarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,411 152,839 153,997 154,517 151,424 155,007 155,333 155,569 236

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,085 130,515 131,256 131,686 129,351 132,557 132,823 133,012 189

Goods-producing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,719 21,061 21,153 21,221 20,997 21,502 21,513 21,506 -7

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 622 624 629 589 632 632 635 3

Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 46.6 46.6 46.7 45.8 46.4 46.2 46.6 0.4

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 537.5 575.2 577.1 582.1 543.4 585.4 586.2 588.0 1.8

Oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.1 116.7 116.6 116.8 112.6 117.5 117.4 117.5 0.1

Mining (except oil and gas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.5 180.9 182.4 183.3 180.7 186.7 187.7 187.5 -0.2

Coal mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.7 40.9 41.2 41.3 39.8 41.0 41.1 41.3 0.2

Metal ore mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.3 43.5 43.5 43.7 42.5 43.8 43.8 43.9 0.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and

quarrying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.5 96.5 97.7 98.3 98.4 101.9 102.7 102.3 -0.4

Support activities for mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248.9 277.6 278.1 282.0 250.1 281.2 281.1 283.0 1.9

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,463 7,550 7,603 7,656 7,692 7,885 7,897 7,888 -9

Construction of buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,702.1 1,751.1 1,754.5 1,757.8 1,739.2 1,796.6 1,796.4 1,794.4 -2.0

Residential building construction. . . . . . . . . . . . 893.5 910.2 911.3 913.2 913.6 935.8 933.4 934.2 0.8

Nonresidential building construction. . . . . . . . . 808.6 840.9 843.2 844.6 825.6 860.8 863.0 860.2 -2.8

Heavy and civil engineering construction. . . . . . 1,001.7 986.9 1,013.0 1,043.1 1,066.2 1,087.5 1,097.1 1,104.2 7.1

Specialty trade contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,758.7 4,812.2 4,835.2 4,854.8 4,886.9 5,001.1 5,003.0 4,989.1 -13.9

Residential specialty trade contractors. . . . . . 2,233.5 2,235.2 2,250.5 2,252.0 2,285.6 2,316.2 2,319.1 2,311.3 -7.8

Nonresidential specialty trade contractors. . . 2,525.2 2,577.0 2,584.7 2,602.8 2,601.3 2,684.9 2,683.9 2,677.8 -6.1

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,673 12,889 12,926 12,936 12,716 12,985 12,984 12,983 -1

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,888 8,053 8,072 8,078 7,902 8,096 8,094 8,095 1

Wood product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427.2 426.7 424.3 425.0 428.4 428.7 426.7 426.7 0.0

Nonmetallic mineral product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408.6 423.6 424.4 425.2 415.5 433.7 433.9 431.7 -2.2

Primary metal manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360.4 364.5 365.8 368.7 359.8 366.0 366.3 368.1 1.8

Fabricated metal product manufacturing. . . . 1,420.4 1,444.1 1,446.6 1,444.4 1,420.6 1,450.7 1,449.5 1,445.4 -4.1

Machinery manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,094.2 1,121.1 1,122.9 1,127.5 1,096.6 1,125.4 1,125.6 1,129.4 3.8

Computer and electronic product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,072.8 1,095.9 1,099.7 1,096.6 1,075.4 1,099.9 1,101.3 1,099.5 -1.8

Computer and peripheral equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.9 167.2 167.1 167.2 159.8 167.3 167.7 168.4 0.7

Communications equipment

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.8 83.7 84.0 85.3 85.4 84.1 84.4 84.8 0.4

Semiconductor and other electronic

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.7 391.7 392.2 388.5 379.3 393.5 392.7 389.5 -3.2

Navigational, measuring, electromedical,

and control instruments

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418.5 420.9 423.8 422.9 419.4 422.1 423.5 423.8 0.3

Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic

and optical media and audio and video

equipment manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.9 32.4 32.6 32.7 31.5 32.8 33.0 33.1 0.1

Electrical equipment, appliance, and

component manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401.5 405.2 404.2 403.8 402.0 406.5 406.5 404.7 -1.8

Transportation equipment manufacturing1

. . . 1,696.7 1,771.1 1,782.8 1,787.8 1,695.4 1,777.5 1,780.0 1,786.4 6.4

Motor vehicles and parts2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996.9 1,040.7 1,047.1 1,049.8 995.2 1,043.5 1,044.8 1,048.5 3.7

Furniture and related product

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.6 369.4 368.7 368.2 382.4 372.3 369.5 369.3 -0.2

Miscellaneous manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.8 631.3 632.2 630.9 626.3 635.6 634.8 633.9 -0.9

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,785 4,836 4,854 4,858 4,814 4,889 4,890 4,888 -2

Food manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,665.6 1,708.0 1,715.7 1,714.7 1,681.4 1,724.6 1,726.0 1,729.4 3.4

Textile mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.4 96.1 94.5 95.5 98.8 96.9 95.5 95.9 0.4

Textile product mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.1 103.3 103.4 102.2 106.3 103.6 103.6 102.3 -1.3

Apparel manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.9 92.1 92.9 93.6 93.6 94.0 93.0 93.9 0.9

Paper manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361.5 356.7 356.4 358.4 361.5 357.6 356.8 358.5 1.7

Printing and related support activities. . . . . . . 375.6 377.9 378.8 380.5 377.2 381.5 382.0 382.1 0.1

Petroleum and coal products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.6 100.2 101.4 103.8 105.6 104.4 105.5 106.4 0.9

Chemical manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894.9 909.9 917.2 912.4 894.8 914.3 917.4 913.4 -4.0

Plastics and rubber products

manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750.8 749.9 748.1 748.0 749.3 755.3 750.9 748.7 -2.2

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Change

from:

Feb.2023 -

Mar.2023p

Nondurable goods - Continued

Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied

product manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.8 342.3 345.8 348.5 345.1 357.1 358.8 357.8 -1.0

Private service-providing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,366 109,454 110,103 110,465 108,354 111,055 111,310 111,506 196

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,327 28,758 28,638 28,601 28,600 28,828 28,859 28,863 4

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,890.4 5,990.0 6,011.2 6,027.5 5,917.9 6,037.7 6,048.6 6,055.3 6.7

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods. . . . . . . 3,249.6 3,315.9 3,327.7 3,333.8 3,259.3 3,335.2 3,340.4 3,344.5 4.1

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods. . . 2,134.0 2,151.8 2,158.4 2,168.0 2,149.0 2,177.1 2,180.5 2,182.3 1.8

Wholesale trade agents and brokers. . . . . . . . 506.8 522.3 525.1 525.7 509.6 525.4 527.7 528.5 0.8

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,352.1 15,453.6 15,395.7 15,358.1 15,542.0 15,500.1 15,541.4 15,526.8 -14.6

Motor vehicle and parts dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,995.5 2,002.2 2,007.7 2,016.8 2,000.6 2,025.1 2,023.7 2,023.2 -0.5

Automobile dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,253.3 1,247.5 1,251.3 1,252.0 1,252.9 1,256.6 1,255.4 1,253.0 -2.4

Other motor vehicle dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.3 168.9 170.1 173.8 174.8 179.0 178.0 177.8 -0.2

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire

retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570.9 585.8 586.3 591.0 572.8 589.5 590.4 592.3 1.9

Building material and garden equipment

and supplies dealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,430.8 1,356.9 1,355.4 1,384.0 1,426.9 1,406.0 1,398.1 1,389.6 -8.5

Food and beverage retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,159.9 3,232.2 3,236.0 3,220.4 3,182.3 3,242.6 3,246.6 3,240.2 -6.4

Furniture, home furnishings, electronics,

and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915.6 884.2 877.1 867.3 917.7 876.8 878.7 870.0 -8.7

Furniture and home furnishings retailers.. . 466.3 450.1 446.4 443.6 467.7 445.9 445.6 444.9 -0.7

Electronics and appliance retailers. . . . . . . . 449.3 434.1 430.7 423.7 453.0 428.7 429.0 428.8 -0.2

General merchandise retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,150.4 3,115.2 3,128.3 3,106.1 3,212.5 3,082.2 3,125.1 3,138.6 13.5

Department stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942.1 953.1 932.7 931.6 983.6 928.5 948.3 963.1 14.8

Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and

other general merchandise retailers. . . . 2,208.3 2,162.1 2,195.6 2,174.5 2,228.9 2,153.6 2,176.8 2,175.6 -1.2

Health and personal care retailers. . . . . . . . . . . 1,101.1 1,118.1 1,106.7 1,099.3 1,106.3 1,106.7 1,106.7 1,104.4 -2.3

Gasoline stations and fuel dealers. . . . . . . . . . 1,013.6 1,053.2 1,050.1 1,045.6 1,025.1 1,061.8 1,060.0 1,057.7 -2.3

Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and

jewelry retailers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,097.4 1,169.3 1,123.8 1,122.9 1,142.8 1,158.7 1,162.3 1,165.2 2.9

Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument,

book, and miscellaneous retailers. . . . . . . . . 1,487.8 1,522.3 1,510.6 1,495.7 1,527.8 1,540.2 1,540.2 1,537.9 -2.3

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,533.9 6,762.6 6,681.4 6,662.3 6,588.7 6,736.6 6,716.1 6,726.5 10.4

Air transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.2 522.0 523.7 533.6 488.2 527.1 528.7 534.4 5.7

Rail transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.9 148.6 149.4 149.4 146.1 149.2 149.6 149.4 -0.2

Water transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60.3 63.0 63.0 63.9 62.2 65.8 66.1 66.2 0.1

Truck transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,537.8 1,588.6 1,581.0 1,584.6 1,561.8 1,611.4 1,606.3 1,612.0 5.7

Transit and ground passenger

transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.0 444.6 446.6 449.8 405.8 438.0 435.4 438.6 3.2

Pipeline transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.5 47.3 47.8 48.0 50.5 48.0 48.3 48.0 -0.3

Scenic and sightseeing transportation. . . . . . . 23.5 27.0 27.2 29.5 29.0 33.2 33.6 34.6 1.0

Support activities for transportation. . . . . . . . . . 776.8 813.2 809.7 807.3 779.2 815.6 811.1 811.4 0.3

Couriers and messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,097.3 1,166.5 1,094.2 1,081.9 1,131.0 1,115.1 1,114.6 1,121.3 6.7

Warehousing and storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,938.6 1,941.8 1,938.8 1,914.3 1,934.9 1,933.2 1,922.4 1,910.6 -11.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551.0 551.9 549.3 553.0 551.7 553.7 552.5 554.0 1.5

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,006 3,050 3,060 3,070 3,018 3,097 3,087 3,093 6

Motion picture and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438.1 418.9 433.1 448.2 450.0 452.8 453.5 462.4 8.9

Publishing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925.7 938.2 935.4 934.1 926.9 943.3 941.7 939.9 -1.8

Broadcasting and content providers. . . . . . . . . . . 355.2 354.8 357.4 355.3 355.0 357.6 357.4 355.7 -1.7

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660.3 652.2 654.8 650.6 658.5 655.0 653.2 650.1 -3.1

Computing infrastructure providers, data

processing, web hosting, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448.4 484.4 482.2 481.3 448.2 485.5 481.5 482.6 1.1

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and

other information services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178.2 201.5 197.4 200.2 178.9 202.8 200.0 202.1 2.1

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,949 9,046 9,047 9,041 8,997 9,100 9,099 9,098 -1

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,633.7 6,681.5 6,668.8 6,668.5 6,644.5 6,693.1 6,678.3 6,684.9 6.6

Monetary authorities-central bank. . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 21.7 21.9 21.8 21.2 21.8 22.0 21.9 -0.1

Credit intermediation and related

activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,701.9 2,678.3 2,673.1 2,665.4 2,703.9 2,678.9 2,670.8 2,669.8 -1.0

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Change

from:

Feb.2023 -

Mar.2023p

Credit intermediation and related -

Continued

Depository credit intermediation1. . . . . . . . . . 1,755.6 1,783.3 1,787.7 1,785.0 1,756.1 1,782.9 1,785.1 1,785.7 0.6

Commercial banking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,365.8 1,376.6 1,381.3 1,376.8 1,364.2 1,375.8 1,376.9 1,375.8 -1.1

Nondepository credit intermediation. . . . . . . 610.4 577.1 569.0 568.3 613.2 579.0 571.7 571.8 0.1

Activities related to credit intermediation.. . 335.9 317.9 316.4 312.1 334.7 317.0 314.0 312.3 -1.7

Securities, commodity contracts, funds,

trusts, and other financial vehicles,

investments, and related activities. . . . . . . . 1,024.5 1,065.0 1,063.7 1,064.8 1,031.8 1,070.7 1,070.3 1,073.7 3.4

Insurance carriers and related activities. . . . . 2,886.2 2,916.5 2,910.1 2,916.5 2,887.6 2,921.7 2,915.2 2,919.5 4.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,315.7 2,364.5 2,377.7 2,372.3 2,352.9 2,407.1 2,420.4 2,413.2 -7.2

Real estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,782.9 1,824.5 1,829.7 1,825.4 1,805.0 1,849.3 1,853.3 1,850.7 -2.6

Rental and leasing services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510.8 518.1 525.9 524.8 525.6 535.4 544.6 540.0 -4.6

Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets

(except copyrighted works). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 21.9 22.1 22.1 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.5 0.0

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,207 22,468 22,642 22,677 22,439 22,858 22,913 22,952 39

Professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,371.8 10,693.6 10,777.1 10,773.0 10,362.2 10,730.9 10,753.3 10,779.0 25.7

Legal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,164.6 1,175.2 1,174.4 1,172.8 1,171.0 1,180.8 1,181.5 1,180.9 -0.6

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping,

and payroll services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174.8 1,164.5 1,210.0 1,217.2 1,089.7 1,132.6 1,131.3 1,137.1 5.8

Architectural, engineering, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,560.2 1,628.9 1,634.2 1,640.1 1,583.0 1,650.8 1,657.6 1,664.3 6.7

Specialized design services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.0 155.5 156.7 156.5 148.6 157.9 158.6 158.9 0.3

Computer systems design and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,413.8 2,481.5 2,485.4 2,469.8 2,427.8 2,485.6 2,485.4 2,487.5 2.1

Management, scientific, and technical

consulting services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,743.2 1,829.4 1,843.7 1,841.7 1,758.1 1,841.4 1,850.9 1,858.5 7.6

Scientific research and development

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868.2 909.8 917.6 920.0 874.9 918.1 922.4 927.5 5.1

Advertising, public relations, and related

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.8 487.8 491.8 490.4 481.9 494.3 494.3 492.2 -2.1

Other professional, scientific, and technical

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820.2 861.0 863.3 864.5 827.2 869.5 871.4 872.2 0.8

Management of companies and enterprises. . . 2,472.7 2,507.5 2,507.0 2,509.2 2,481.3 2,515.9 2,518.3 2,518.7 0.4

Administrative and support and waste

management and remediation services. . . . . 9,362.5 9,266.8 9,358.3 9,395.2 9,595.8 9,611.1 9,641.3 9,654.3 13.0

Administrative and support services. . . . . . . . . 8,895.4 8,790.3 8,874.9 8,910.1 9,124.9 9,126.2 9,152.5 9,165.8 13.3

Office administrative services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 572.1 605.7 612.0 614.5 578.0 613.8 618.3 621.8 3.5

Facilities support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.8 159.2 161.5 163.7 154.7 159.9 161.8 162.9 1.1

Employment services1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,869.6 3,728.2 3,770.5 3,752.2 3,938.2 3,844.7 3,855.0 3,857.4 2.4

Temporary help services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,118.2 2,953.0 2,998.9 2,971.7 3,177.0 3,054.5 3,057.9 3,047.2 -10.7

Business support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.3 771.2 766.7 760.5 805.9 766.0 765.0 764.7 -0.3

Travel arrangement and reservation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.6 178.1 176.3 176.6 167.0 181.6 179.6 178.8 -0.8

Investigation and security services. . . . . . . . 941.1 969.7 969.4 968.9 944.5 980.2 976.5 972.2 -4.3

Services to buildings and dwellings. . . . . . . 2,069.9 2,047.2 2,085.1 2,136.0 2,210.5 2,239.4 2,253.8 2,264.6 10.8

Other support services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.0 331.0 333.4 337.7 326.0 340.7 342.6 343.4 0.8

Waste management and remediation

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467.1 476.5 483.4 485.1 470.9 484.9 488.8 488.5 -0.3

Private education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . 24,162 24,750 25,127 25,204 24,050 24,938 25,023 25,088 65

Private educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,884.0 3,779.8 4,037.3 4,062.9 3,742.8 3,890.4 3,902.5 3,917.1 14.6

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,277.5 20,970.1 21,089.5 21,140.7 20,307.5 21,047.5 21,120.5 21,171.3 50.8

Health care3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,082.7 16,584.9 16,671.4 16,698.8 16,118.3 16,645.3 16,700.2 16,734.1 33.9

Ambulatory health care services. . . . . . . . . . 8,021.9 8,258.8 8,298.4 8,312.8 8,035.8 8,298.5 8,312.4 8,327.4 15.0

Offices of physicians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,775.2 2,851.6 2,856.4 2,858.5 2,779.8 2,862.5 2,862.2 2,864.2 2.0

Offices of dentists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,001.4 1,027.5 1,026.7 1,024.0 1,004.2 1,028.7 1,029.7 1,027.2 -2.5

Offices of other health practitioners. . . . . 1,063.5 1,106.1 1,121.0 1,118.8 1,067.7 1,113.6 1,121.9 1,123.8 1.9

Outpatient care centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,025.0 1,059.8 1,062.4 1,061.1 1,024.1 1,061.4 1,061.3 1,060.6 -0.7

Medical and diagnostic laboratories. . . . 322.1 321.8 324.3 321.0 322.8 321.7 323.6 321.9 -1.7

Home health care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,513.5 1,556.9 1,573.1 1,593.3 1,517.0 1,574.9 1,579.4 1,594.6 15.2

Other ambulatory health care

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321.2 335.1 334.5 336.1 320.2 335.7 334.2 335.2 1.0

Hospitals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,105.0 5,243.9 5,274.4 5,285.2 5,108.9 5,254.6 5,279.8 5,290.7 10.9

See footnotes at end of table.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail

— Continued

[In thousands]

Industry

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Change

from:

Feb.2023 -

Mar.2023p

Health care - Continued

Nursing and residential care facilities. . . . . 2,955.8 3,082.2 3,098.6 3,100.8 2,973.6 3,092.2 3,108.0 3,116.0 8.0

Skilled nursing care facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,331.5 1,380.4 1,385.1 1,384.2 1,342.6 1,382.9 1,389.3 1,392.7 3.4

Residential intellectual and

developmental disability, mental

health, and substance abuse

facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594.3 620.0 621.9 621.9 595.6 623.4 623.9 623.6 -0.3

Continuing care retirement

communities and assisted living

facilities for the elderly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879.2 927.4 936.1 939.3 884.2 930.6 939.7 944.0 4.3

Other residential care facilities. . . . . . . . . . 150.8 154.4 155.5 155.4 151.3 155.3 155.1 155.7 0.6

Social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,194.8 4,385.2 4,418.1 4,441.9 4,189.2 4,402.2 4,420.3 4,437.2 16.9

Individual and family services. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,776.6 2,918.4 2,939.9 2,952.0 2,776.8 2,927.8 2,941.9 2,951.9 10.0

Community food and housing, and

emergency and other relief services. . . . 201.4 210.8 211.9 214.2 200.2 210.6 210.3 212.5 2.2

Vocational rehabilitation services. . . . . . . . . 269.3 273.3 275.5 277.9 272.0 278.4 278.7 279.6 0.9

Child care services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947.5 982.7 990.8 997.8 940.2 985.4 989.4 993.3 3.9

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,103 15,639 15,823 16,084 15,590 16,415 16,505 16,577 72

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,083.0 2,143.1 2,187.8 2,257.8 2,266.5 2,407.3 2,426.1 2,442.3 16.2

Performing arts, spectator sports, and

related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455.2 446.0 471.1 492.1 484.3 513.4 518.7 521.7 3.0

Museums, historical sites, and similar

institutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.7 152.7 154.0 161.1 154.8 166.8 168.4 170.7 2.3

Amusement, gambling, and recreation

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,483.1 1,544.4 1,562.7 1,604.6 1,627.4 1,727.1 1,739.0 1,749.9 10.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . 13,019.6 13,496.1 13,635.3 13,826.2 13,323.6 14,008.0 14,079.3 14,134.8 55.5

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,652.0 1,752.7 1,772.8 1,791.9 1,727.0 1,854.6 1,865.7 1,870.9 5.2

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . 11,367.6 11,743.4 11,862.5 12,034.3 11,596.6 12,153.4 12,213.6 12,263.9 50.3

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,612 5,743 5,766 5,788 5,660 5,819 5,824 5,835 11

Repair and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,373.3 1,406.1 1,414.2 1,423.3 1,380.9 1,422.2 1,426.6 1,430.5 3.9

Personal and laundry services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,442.1 1,508.1 1,511.7 1,514.5 1,456.6 1,531.4 1,529.3 1,529.5 0.2

Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional,

and similar organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,796.3 2,828.9 2,839.8 2,850.2 2,822.8 2,864.9 2,868.2 2,874.7 6.5

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,326 22,324 22,741 22,831 22,073 22,450 22,510 22,557 47

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,853 2,873 2,886 2,889 2,873 2,886 2,895 2,903 8

Federal, except U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,246.3 2,273.4 2,281.7 2,284.9 2,265.4 2,287.5 2,293.5 2,299.9 6.4

U.S. Postal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606.8 599.2 604.1 604.5 607.6 598.4 601.5 603.3 1.8

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,187 5,057 5,283 5,313 5,063 5,156 5,171 5,184 13

State government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,554.5 2,403.1 2,620.9 2,637.8 2,422.4 2,484.9 2,494.9 2,502.0 7.1

State government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 2,632.3 2,654.0 2,662.3 2,675.6 2,640.4 2,670.7 2,676.1 2,681.5 5.4

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,286 14,394 14,572 14,629 14,137 14,408 14,444 14,470 26

Local government education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,012.9 8,002.3 8,159.2 8,185.6 7,759.5 7,891.4 7,913.8 7,925.8 12.0

Local government, excluding education. . . . . . . . . . 6,273.0 6,391.2 6,413.0 6,443.1 6,377.8 6,516.4 6,530.1 6,544.1 14.0

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2

Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts.

3

Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.7 34.6 34.5 34.4

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.1 40.2 40.0 39.9

Mining and logging................................................................ 46.0 46.3 45.9 46.1

Construction....................................................................... 38.7 39.2 39.0 38.9

Manufacturing..................................................................... 40.7 40.5 40.3 40.3

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.0 41.0 40.8 40.7

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 40.1 39.8 39.5 39.6

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.6 33.5 33.4 33.3

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 34.3 34.1 34.2

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.3 38.9 38.8 38.8

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.2 30.4 30.2 30.3

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.9 38.5 38.4 38.2

Utilities........................................................................... 42.3 42.0 42.2 42.5

Information......................................................................... 36.9 36.6 36.4 36.3

Financial activities................................................................ 37.6 37.4 37.4 37.4

Professional and business services............................................ 36.7 36.5 36.5 36.3

Private education and health services......................................... 33.5 33.5 33.4 33.4

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.3

Other services..................................................................... 32.3 32.3 32.2 32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0

Durable goods....................................................................... 3.5 3.1 3.1 3.1

Nondurable goods................................................................... 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Total private............................................... $31.83 $33.02 $33.09 $33.18 $1,104.50 $1,142.49 $1,141.61 $1,141.39

Goods-producing....................................... 32.04 33.28 33.34 33.50 1,284.80 1,337.86 1,333.60 1,336.65

Mining and logging.................................. 35.58 36.97 37.17 37.24 1,636.68 1,711.71 1,706.10 1,716.76

Construction.......................................... 34.14 35.69 35.83 35.98 1,321.22 1,399.05 1,397.37 1,399.62

Manufacturing........................................ 30.64 31.67 31.67 31.83 1,247.05 1,282.64 1,276.30 1,282.75

Durable goods.................................... 32.19 33.18 33.19 33.39 1,319.79 1,360.38 1,354.15 1,358.97

Nondurable goods................................ 28.03 29.09 29.06 29.17 1,124.00 1,157.78 1,147.87 1,155.13

Private service-providing.............................. 31.78 32.96 33.03 33.10 1,067.81 1,104.16 1,103.20 1,102.23

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 27.44 28.38 28.55 28.59 935.70 973.43 973.56 977.78

Wholesale trade.................................. 34.76 36.24 36.15 36.23 1,366.07 1,409.74 1,402.62 1,405.72

Retail trade........................................ 22.85 23.52 23.78 23.79 690.07 715.01 718.16 720.84

Transportation and warehousing............... 27.45 28.27 28.45 28.47 1,040.36 1,088.40 1,092.48 1,087.55

Utilities............................................. 46.88 48.82 49.02 49.48 1,983.02 2,050.44 2,068.64 2,102.90

Information........................................... 45.48 47.75 47.94 47.96 1,678.21 1,747.65 1,745.02 1,740.95

Financial activities................................... 41.06 42.51 42.54 42.67 1,543.86 1,589.87 1,591.00 1,595.86

Professional and business services.............. 38.25 39.68 39.76 39.95 1,403.78 1,448.32 1,451.24 1,450.19

Private education and health services............ 31.43 32.70 32.66 32.67 1,052.91 1,095.45 1,090.84 1,091.18

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 19.76 20.78 20.80 20.96 511.78 536.12 532.48 530.29

Other services....................................... 28.36 29.50 29.51 29.24 916.03 952.85 950.22 941.53

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by

industry sector, seasonally adjusted

[2007=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours1

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls2

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2023 -

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2023 -

Mar.

2023p

Total private..................................... 112.7 115.1 115.0 114.9 -0.1 171.5 181.8 182.0 182.2 0.1

Goods-producing............................. 95.9 98.5 98.0 97.8 -0.2 138.9 148.1 147.7 148.0 0.2

Mining and logging........................ 85.1 91.9 91.2 92.0 0.9 121.6 136.5 136.0 137.5 1.1

Construction................................ 102.6 106.5 106.2 105.8 -0.4 152.2 165.2 165.3 165.4 0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 93.1 94.6 94.1 94.1 0.0 132.7 139.3 138.6 139.3 0.5

Durable goods........................... 91.2 93.5 93.0 92.8 -0.2 130.4 137.7 137.0 137.6 0.4

Nondurable goods...................... 96.4 97.1 96.4 96.6 0.2 137.0 143.4 142.2 143.0 0.6

Private service-providing.................... 117.2 119.8 119.7 119.5 -0.2 181.1 191.9 192.2 192.3 0.1

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 106.6 108.0 107.5 107.9 0.4 157.7 165.3 165.5 166.3 0.5

Wholesale trade......................... 102.6 103.6 103.5 103.6 0.1 149.2 157.1 156.5 157.1 0.4

Retail trade.............................. 95.5 95.9 95.5 95.8 0.3 144.3 149.2 150.2 150.6 0.3

Transportation and warehousing...... 143.5 149.0 148.2 147.6 -0.4 200.4 214.3 214.5 213.8 -0.3

Utilities.................................... 101.0 100.6 100.9 101.9 1.0 156.4 162.3 163.4 166.5 1.9

Information................................. 101.7 103.5 102.6 102.6 0.0 164.7 176.0 175.2 175.1 -0.1

Financial activities......................... 110.8 111.5 111.5 111.5 0.0 177.5 184.9 185.0 185.5 0.3

Professional and business services..... 128.8 130.5 130.8 130.3 -0.4 199.6 209.8 210.7 210.9 0.1

Private education and health services... 131.6 136.4 136.5 136.8 0.2 198.9 214.6 214.4 215.0 0.3

Leisure and hospitality.................... 115.2 120.8 120.6 119.7 -0.7 183.7 202.6 202.3 202.4 0.0

Other services............................. 105.4 108.4 108.1 108.3 0.2 163.8 175.2 174.9 173.6 -0.7

1 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry

Women employees (in thousands) Percent of all employees

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Total nonfarm............................................. 75,232 77,186 77,338 77,480 49.7 49.8 49.8 49.8

Total private............................................ 62,415 64,104 64,215 64,320 48.3 48.4 48.3 48.4

Goods-producing.................................... 4,815 4,966 4,971 4,978 22.9 23.1 23.1 23.1

Mining and logging............................... 75 82 82 83 12.7 13.0 13.0 13.1

Construction....................................... 1,076 1,115 1,116 1,120 14.0 14.1 14.1 14.2

Manufacturing..................................... 3,664 3,769 3,773 3,775 28.8 29.0 29.1 29.1

Durable goods.................................. 1,951 2,014 2,016 2,016 24.7 24.9 24.9 24.9

Nondurable goods............................. 1,713 1,755 1,757 1,759 35.6 35.9 35.9 36.0

Private service-providing........................... 57,600 59,138 59,244 59,342 53.2 53.3 53.2 53.2

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............. 11,241 11,338 11,354 11,359 39.3 39.3 39.3 39.4

Wholesale trade................................ 1,797.0 1,850.7 1,859.3 1,866.2 30.4 30.7 30.7 30.8

Retail trade..................................... 7,533.8 7,512.9 7,514.9 7,508.9 48.5 48.5 48.4 48.4

Transportation and warehousing............. 1,771.9 1,829.9 1,835.6 1,837.5 26.9 27.2 27.3 27.3

Utilities........................................... 138.2 144.7 144.5 145.9 25.0 26.1 26.2 26.3

Information......................................... 1,198 1,262 1,254 1,256 39.7 40.7 40.6 40.6

Financial activities................................ 5,022 5,074 5,061 5,061 55.8 55.8 55.6 55.6

Professional and business services............ 10,376 10,538 10,572 10,587 46.2 46.1 46.1 46.1

Private education and health services......... 18,486 19,161 19,213 19,264 76.9 76.8 76.8 76.8

Leisure and hospitality........................... 8,245 8,645 8,665 8,687 52.9 52.7 52.5 52.4

Other services..................................... 3,032 3,120 3,125 3,128 53.6 53.6 53.7 53.6

Government............................................. 12,817 13,082 13,123 13,160 58.1 58.3 58.3 58.3

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry

sector, seasonally adjusted1

[In thousands]

Industry Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Total private............................................................................... 105,365 107,832 107,995 108,149

Goods-producing....................................................................... 15,032 15,435 15,419 15,422

Mining and logging.................................................................. 447 478 478 479

Construction.......................................................................... 5,670 5,820 5,808 5,810

Manufacturing........................................................................ 8,915 9,137 9,133 9,133

Durable goods..................................................................... 5,471 5,625 5,623 5,627

Nondurable goods................................................................ 3,444 3,512 3,510 3,506

Private service-providing.............................................................. 90,333 92,397 92,576 92,727

Trade, transportation, and utilities................................................. 24,179 24,276 24,351 24,348

Wholesale trade................................................................... 4,712.4 4,796.2 4,805.5 4,799.9

Retail trade........................................................................ 13,248.3 13,182.9 13,233.0 13,216.0

Transportation and warehousing................................................ 5,778.4 5,856.3 5,872.2 5,891.3

Utilities.............................................................................. 439.8 440.9 439.8 440.3

Information............................................................................ 2,403 2,465 2,457 2,470

Financial activities................................................................... 6,775 6,851 6,854 6,850

Professional and business services............................................... 17,920 18,138 18,142 18,129

Private education and health services............................................ 20,936 21,706 21,758 21,804

Leisure and hospitality.............................................................. 13,527 14,229 14,274 14,386

Other services........................................................................ 4,593 4,732 4,740 4,740

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS

Total private............................................................................. 34.1 34.1 33.9 33.9

Goods-producing.................................................................... 40.8 40.7 40.6 40.5

Mining and logging................................................................ 47.6 47.7 47.6 48.0

Construction....................................................................... 39.3 39.9 39.9 39.6

Manufacturing..................................................................... 41.5 40.9 40.7 40.7

Durable goods.................................................................. 41.7 41.1 41.0 40.9

Nondurable goods.............................................................. 41.0 40.5 40.2 40.4

Private service-providing............................................................ 33.0 33.0 32.8 32.8

Trade, transportation, and utilities.............................................. 34.1 34.4 34.1 34.1

Wholesale trade................................................................ 39.4 38.9 38.8 38.7

Retail trade...................................................................... 30.5 30.8 30.5 30.5

Transportation and warehousing............................................. 37.5 38.3 37.8 37.9

Utilities........................................................................... 42.0 42.7 42.9 42.7

Information......................................................................... 36.7 36.1 36.0 35.9

Financial activities................................................................ 37.5 37.1 37.2 37.2

Professional and business services............................................ 36.3 36.4 36.3 36.3

Private education and health services......................................... 32.7 32.7 32.6 32.7

Leisure and hospitality........................................................... 24.8 24.6 24.3 24.2

Other services..................................................................... 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS

Manufacturing........................................................................... 4.3 3.8 3.7 3.7

Durable goods....................................................................... 4.5 3.8 3.9 3.9

Nondurable goods................................................................... 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.5

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private

nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

Industry

Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Total private............................................... $27.12 $28.29 $28.41 $28.50 $924.79 $964.69 $963.10 $966.15

Goods-producing....................................... 27.54 28.91 28.96 29.10 1,123.63 1,176.64 1,175.78 1,178.55

Mining and logging.................................. 32.27 33.45 33.54 33.51 1,536.05 1,595.57 1,596.50 1,608.48

Construction.......................................... 31.72 33.44 33.61 33.82 1,246.60 1,334.26 1,341.04 1,339.27

Manufacturing........................................ 24.74 25.82 25.78 25.91 1,026.71 1,056.04 1,049.25 1,054.54

Durable goods.................................... 25.89 26.96 26.97 27.07 1,079.61 1,108.06 1,105.77 1,107.16

Nondurable goods................................ 22.90 23.96 23.84 24.03 938.90 970.38 958.37 970.81

Private service-providing.............................. 27.04 28.16 28.29 28.38 892.32 929.28 927.91 930.86

Trade, transportation, and utilities................. 23.63 24.67 24.85 24.91 805.78 848.65 847.39 849.43

Wholesale trade.................................. 28.77 29.99 30.15 30.08 1,133.54 1,166.61 1,169.82 1,164.10

Retail trade........................................ 19.42 20.22 20.34 20.40 592.31 622.78 620.37 622.20

Transportation and warehousing............... 25.57 26.72 27.01 27.14 958.88 1,023.38 1,020.98 1,028.61

Utilities............................................. 41.38 43.36 43.50 43.83 1,737.96 1,851.47 1,866.15 1,871.54

Information........................................... 37.21 38.82 38.85 38.81 1,365.61 1,401.40 1,398.60 1,393.28

Financial activities................................... 31.51 32.93 33.24 33.26 1,181.63 1,221.70 1,236.53 1,237.27

Professional and business services.............. 32.11 33.47 33.63 33.88 1,165.59 1,218.31 1,220.77 1,229.84

Private education and health services............ 28.54 29.74 29.76 29.79 933.26 972.50 970.18 974.13

Leisure and hospitality.............................. 17.51 18.31 18.33 18.51 434.25 450.43 445.42 447.94

Other services....................................... 24.56 25.33 25.40 25.15 768.73 792.83 795.02 784.68

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA

Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on

private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted1

[2002=100]

Industry

Index of aggregate weekly hours2

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls3

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2023 -

Mar.

2023p

Mar.

2022

Jan.

2023

Feb.

2023p

Mar.

2023p

Percent

change

from:

Feb.

2023 -

Mar.

2023p

Total private..................................... 119.7 122.5 122.0 122.2 0.2 217.0 231.7 231.7 232.7 0.4

Goods-producing............................. 93.7 96.0 95.7 95.4 -0.3 158.0 169.9 169.6 170.1 0.3

Mining and logging........................ 113.1 121.2 120.9 122.2 1.1 212.2 235.7 235.9 238.1 0.9

Construction................................ 111.6 116.3 116.0 115.2 -0.7 191.1 209.9 210.6 210.4 -0.1

Manufacturing.............................. 84.9 85.8 85.3 85.3 0.0 137.4 144.9 143.9 144.6 0.5

Durable goods........................... 85.7 86.9 86.6 86.5 -0.1 138.5 146.2 145.8 146.1 0.2

Nondurable goods...................... 83.2 83.8 83.1 83.5 0.5 134.6 141.9 140.1 141.7 1.1

Private service-providing.................... 127.0 129.9 129.4 129.6 0.2 235.6 250.9 251.0 252.3 0.5

Trade, transportation, and utilities....... 115.4 116.9 116.2 116.2 0.0 194.9 206.1 206.4 206.9 0.2

Wholesale trade......................... 110.2 110.7 110.7 110.2 -0.5 187.1 196.0 196.9 195.7 -0.6

Retail trade.............................. 102.5 102.9 102.3 102.2 -0.1 170.6 178.5 178.5 178.8 0.2

Transportation and warehousing...... 164.0 169.8 168.0 169.0 0.6 266.9 288.7 288.8 291.9 1.1

Utilities.................................... 94.5 96.3 96.5 96.1 -0.4 163.2 174.2 175.2 175.9 0.4

Information................................. 100.7 101.6 101.0 101.2 0.2 185.4 195.2 194.2 194.5 0.2

Financial activities......................... 119.6 119.6 120.0 119.9 -0.1 231.8 242.4 245.4 245.4 0.0

Professional and business services..... 145.2 147.4 147.0 146.9 -0.1 277.3 293.4 294.1 296.0 0.6

Private education and health services... 146.0 151.3 151.2 152.0 0.5 275.0 297.1 297.1 298.9 0.6

Leisure and hospitality.................... 122.9 128.2 127.1 127.5 0.3 244.3 266.6 264.5 268.1 1.4

Other services............................. 100.8 103.9 104.1 103.7 -0.4 180.4 191.7 192.6 190.1 -1.3

1 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory

employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm

payrolls.

2 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002

annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month’s estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the

corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly

earnings, average weekly hours, and employment.

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2022 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.