HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES

42. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2022 2023

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,673 14,285 10.1 16,002 11.3 144,541 14,424 10.0 16,193 11.2

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,979 6,268 10.5 7,202 12.0 62,381 6,440 10.3 7,355 11.8

Management, business, and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,013 933 3.9 1,168 4.9 25,434 1,034 4.1 1,247 4.9

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,693 603 3.8 747 4.8 16,626 680 4.1 816 4.9

Business and financial operations

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,319 329 4.0 421 5.1 8,808 353 4.0 431 4.9

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 35,966 5,335 14.8 6,034 16.8 36,947 5,406 14.6 6,109 16.5

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . 5,948 195 3.3 248 4.2 6,361 242 3.8 299 4.7

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . 3,335 200 6.0 231 6.9 3,510 208 5.9 256 7.3

Life, physical, and social science

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,679 152 9.1 180 10.7 1,770 188 10.6 212 12.0

Community and social service occupations. . . . 2,749 436 15.9 495 18.0 2,746 391 14.2 440 16.0

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,547 80 5.1 102 6.6 1,593 81 5.1 105 6.6

Education, training, and library occupations. . . 8,976 3,027 33.7 3,347 37.3 9,202 3,005 32.7 3,355 36.5

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,352 187 8.0 215 9.2 2,317 192 8.3 208 9.0

Healthcare practitioners and technical

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,381 1,058 11.3 1,216 13.0 9,448 1,100 11.6 1,234 13.1

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,968 2,293 10.0 2,502 10.9 23,587 2,162 9.2 2,410 10.2

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,777 395 8.3 442 9.3 4,834 369 7.6 429 8.9

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,071 1,062 34.6 1,126 36.7 3,083 985 31.9 1,057 34.3

Food preparation and serving related

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,749 279 3.6 316 4.1 8,048 259 3.2 286 3.6

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,595 438 9.5 484 10.5 4,635 420 9.1 488 10.5

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . 2,776 118 4.3 133 4.8 2,987 128 4.3 149 5.0

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,804 1,674 6.0 1,924 6.9 27,730 1,727 6.2 1,971 7.1

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,183 361 3.0 434 3.6 12,226 358 2.9 440 3.6

Office and administrative support occupations. . . 15,621 1,313 8.4 1,490 9.5 15,503 1,370 8.8 1,532 9.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,180 1,736 14.3 1,864 15.3 12,132 1,741 14.4 1,866 15.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . 910 39 4.3 43 4.7 877 40 4.5 42 4.8

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . 6,831 1,120 16.4 1,190 17.4 6,916 1,124 16.3 1,196 17.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,439 577 13.0 631 14.2 4,339 577 13.3 628 14.5

Production, transportation, and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,742 2,315 12.4 2,510 13.4 18,712 2,353 12.6 2,590 13.8

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,898 903 11.4 966 12.2 7,888 916 11.6 1,035 13.1

Transportation and material moving

occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,844 1,412 13.0 1,544 14.2 10,823 1,438 13.3 1,555 14.4

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,356 7,223 6.0 8,167 6.8 122,963 7,414 6.0 8,428 6.9

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,252 48 3.9 54 4.3 1,248 28 2.2 33 2.6

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,103 7,175 6.0 8,113 6.8 121,715 7,386 6.1 8,395 6.9

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.. . 556 36 6.5 43 7.7 577 25 4.3 28 4.9

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,671 1,019 11.7 1,076 12.4 8,920 954 10.7 1,017 11.4

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,577 1,139 7.8 1,254 8.6 14,922 1,181 7.9 1,353 9.1

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,305 741 8.0 825 8.9 9,599 772 8.0 878 9.1

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,272 398 7.5 429 8.1 5,323 409 7.7 475 8.9

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,868 742 4.2 861 4.8 18,012 700 3.9 827 4.6

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,879 94 3.3 112 3.9 2,927 137 4.7 150 5.1

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,988 648 4.3 749 5.0 15,085 563 3.7 677 4.5

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,564 1,148 15.2 1,220 16.1 7,624 1,256 16.5 1,337 17.5

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,596 958 14.5 1,020 15.5 6,495 1,031 15.9 1,103 17.0

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 190 19.6 200 20.7 1,129 224 19.9 234 20.8

Information3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,361 198 8.4 216 9.1 2,582 191 7.4 200 7.8

See footnotes at end of table.

1
HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES

42. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2022 2023

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

employed

Members

of

unions1

Represented

by unions2

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Total

Percent

of

employed

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 19 4.8 24 6.0 579 21 3.6 23 4.1

Motion pictures and sound recording

industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 74 17.3 76 17.8 391 47 12.1 49 12.5

Broadcasting (except internet). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 35 11.3 35 11.5 270 26 9.7 27 10.1

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 64 8.3 72 9.3 884 83 9.4 88 9.9

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,335 169 1.8 237 2.5 9,284 161 1.7 219 2.4

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,117 90 1.3 136 1.9 7,025 95 1.3 134 1.9

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,523 59 1.3 89 2.0 4,431 55 1.2 75 1.7

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,594 30 1.2 48 1.8 2,594 39 1.5 59 2.3

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . 2,219 80 3.6 100 4.5 2,259 67 3.0 85 3.8

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . 16,572 373 2.2 467 2.8 16,820 382 2.3 504 3.0

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . 11,182 143 1.3 202 1.8 11,361 152 1.3 228 2.0

Management, administrative, and waste

services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,390 230 4.3 265 4.9 5,459 230 4.2 276 5.1

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,643 1,841 7.8 2,140 9.0 24,344 1,982 8.1 2,263 9.3

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,897 606 12.4 704 14.4 5,156 666 12.9 766 14.8

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . 18,747 1,235 6.6 1,436 7.7 19,188 1,316 6.9 1,498 7.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,026 342 2.8 406 3.4 12,660 372 2.9 435 3.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . 2,281 144 6.3 173 7.6 2,537 156 6.2 190 7.5

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . 9,745 198 2.0 233 2.4 10,123 216 2.1 245 2.4

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174 81 6.9 85 7.3 1,284 95 7.4 101 7.9

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . 8,571 117 1.4 148 1.7 8,839 121 1.4 144 1.6

Other services3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,932 168 2.8 194 3.3 5,970 182 3.0 212 3.6

Other services, except private households.. . 5,267 165 3.1 186 3.5 5,314 172 3.2 202 3.8

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,318 7,062 33.1 7,835 36.8 21,577 7,010 32.5 7,765 36.0

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,989 972 24.4 1,124 28.2 4,106 1,032 25.1 1,192 29.0

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,157 2,142 29.9 2,372 33.1 7,417 2,122 28.6 2,377 32.0

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,171 3,948 38.8 4,339 42.7 10,053 3,856 38.4 4,195 41.7

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.

2 Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

3

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporated

businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

2