For release 10:00 a.m. (EST), Wednesday, November 7, 2018 USDL-18-1787 

Technical Information: (202) 691-6553 • BDMInfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/bdm 

Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov 

BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS – FIRST QUARTER 2018

From December 2017 to March 2018, gross job gains from opening and expanding private-sector 

establishments were 7.4 million, a decrease of 420,000 jobs from the previous quarter, the U.S. Bureau 

of Labor Statistics reported today. Over this period, gross job losses from closing and contracting 

private-sector establishments were 6.7 million, a decrease of 181,000 jobs from the previous quarter. 

The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net 

employment gain of 740,000 jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 2018. (See chart 1, and 

tables A and 1.) 

Revisions to Business Employment Dynamics (BED) Data

Data in this release incorporate annual revisions to the BED series. Annual revisions are published each 

year with the release of first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not seasonally 

adjusted data and five years of seasonally adjusted data.

Gross job gains

Gross job losses

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Chart 1. Total private sector gross job gains and gross job losses, seasonally adjusted

March 2008 - March 2018

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defined recession period.
- 2 - 

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment 

that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics 

track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter 

to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of 

gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.) The BED data series include 

gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by 

employer size class.

Gross Job Gains

In the first quarter of 2018, gross job gains represented 6.0 percent of private-sector employment. Gross 

job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the 

addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 6.1 

million in the first quarter of 2018, a decrease of 312,000 compared to the previous quarter. Opening

establishments accounted for 1.3 million of the jobs gained in the first quarter of 2018, a decrease of 

108,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A, 1, 2, and 3.) 

Gross Job Losses

In the first quarter of 2018, gross job losses represented 5.4 percent of private-sector employment. Gross 

job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at 

closing establishments. Contracting establishments lost 5.5 million jobs in the first quarter of 2018, a 

decrease of 21,000 jobs from the prior quarter. In the first quarter of 2018, closing establishments lost 

1.1 million jobs, a decrease of 160,000 jobs from the previous quarter. (See charts 2 and 3, and tables A,

1, 2, and 3.) 

Establishment Births and Deaths

In the first quarter of 2018, the number of establishment births (a subset of the openings data) 

increased by 4,000, to a total of 250,000 establishments. These new establishments accounted for 

817,000 jobs, a decrease of 36,000 jobs from the previous quarter. Data for establishment deaths (a 

subset of the closings data) are available through the second quarter of 2017, when 760,000 jobs were 

lost at 225,000 establishments, an increase of 101,000 jobs from the first quarter of 2017. (See Technical 

Note and table 8.) 

Expansions

Contractions

4,500

5,500

6,500

7,500

'08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18

Chart 2. Private sector gross job gains at expanding establishments 

and gross job losses at contracting establishments, seasonally 

adjusted: March 2008 - March 2018

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.

Openings

Closings

1,100

1,200

1,300

1,400

1,500

1,600

'08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18

Chart 3. Private sector gross job gains at opening establishments 

and gross job losses at closing establishments, seasonally 

adjusted: March 2008 - March 2018

Thousands

NOTE: Shaded area represents NBER defined recession period.
- 3 - 

Industries

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 11 of 13 industries in the first quarter of 2018. The serviceproviding industries experienced a net job increase of 524,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2018. Within 

service-providing industries, leisure and hospitality had the largest over-the-quarter net job increase, 

with a gain of 148,000 jobs. The net job increase in leisure and hospitality was the result of 1.3 million

gross job gains and 1.2 million gross job losses. The transportation and warehousing industry had the 

only decrease among service-providing industries, with a loss of 70,000 jobs. The goods-producing 

industries experienced a net job increase of 216,000 jobs in the first quarter of 2018. Of the goodsproducing industries, construction added 132,000, manufacturing added 66,000 jobs, and natural 

resources and mining experienced a net increase of 18,000 jobs. (See table 3.) 

Table A. Three-month private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

Category

3 months ended

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2017 2017 2017 2017 2018

Levels (in thousands)

Gross job gains................................... 7,423 7,624 7,311 7,826 7,406

 At expanding establishments...... 6,088 6,255 5,959 6,383 6,071

 At opening establishments.......... 1,335 1,369 1,352 1,443 1,335

Gross job losses................................. 6,765 7,161 7,404 6,847 6,666

 At contracting establishments.... 5,582 5,889 6,106 5,547 5,526

 At closing establishments........... 1,183 1,272 1,298 1,300 1,140

Net employment change1.................. 658 463 -93 979 740

Rates (percent)

Gross job gains................................... 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.0

 At expanding establishments...... 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.2 4.9

 At opening establishments.......... 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1

Gross job losses................................. 5.6 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.4

 At contracting establishments.... 4.6 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.5

 At closing establishments........... 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9

Net employment change1.................. 0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.8 0.6

1 The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for 

further information.

Firm Size

In the first quarter of 2018, firms with 1-49 employees had a net employment gain of 334,000. Firms 

with 50-249 employees had a net employment gain of 167,000. Firms with 250 or more employees had a 

net employment gain of 278,000. Of the 2.0 million net jobs created over the last four quarters, firms 

with 1-49 employees contributed 29.0 percent of net job growth, while firms with 50-249 employees 

contributed 20.4 percent, and firms with 250 or more employees contributed 50.6 percent. (See tables 4 

and 5.) 
- 4 - 

States

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 45 states and the District of Columbia in the first quarter of 

2018. Alaska had the highest rate of gross job gains as a percent of employment at 9.8 percent, above the 

U.S. rate of 6.0 percent. Hawaii and Tennessee had the lowest rate of gross job gains as a percent of 

employment at 5.0 percent each. Alaska had the highest rate of gross job losses as a percent of 

employment at 8.8 percent, above the national rate of 5.4 percent. Michigan had the lowest rate of gross 

job losses as a percent of employment at 4.6 percent. (See tables 6 and 7.) 

For More Information 

Additional information on gross job gains and gross job losses is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm. 

This information includes data on the levels and rates of gross job gains and gross job losses by firm

size, not seasonally adjusted data and other seasonally adjusted time series not presented in this release, 

charts of gross job gains and gross job losses by industry and firm size, and frequently asked questions 

on firm size data. Additional information about the Business Employment Dynamics data can be found 

in the Technical Note of this release or can be obtained by emailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. 

The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2018 are scheduled to be released on 

Wednesday, January 30, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. (EST).
Technical Note

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of 

a federal-state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by 

the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports 

on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment

insurance (UI) laws and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is 

based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to 

the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the 

QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe 

sampling frame.

These reports are used to produce the quarterly QCEW data on 

total employment and wages and the longitudinal BED data on gross 

job gains and losses. The QCEW is also the employment benchmark 

for the Current Employment Statistics (CES), Occupational Employment Statistics (OES), and Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey 

(JOLTS) programs and is a major input to the Bureau of Economic 

Analysis’s Personal Income Accounts.

In the BED program, the quarterly QCEW records are linked 

across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment 

changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at 

closing and contracting units.

Summary of Major Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES Employment Measures

QCEW BED CES 

Source • Count of UI administrative records 

submitted by 10.0 million establishments in first quarter of 2018 

• Count of longitudinally-linked UI administrative records submitted by 8.0

million private-sector establishments 

• Sample survey: 651,000 establishments

Coverage • UI and UCFE coverage, including 

all employers subject to state and 

federal UI laws

• UI coverage, excluding government, 

private households, and establishments with zero employment

Nonfarm wage and salary jobs:

• UI coverage, excluding agriculture, private 

households, and self-employed workers

• Other employment, including railroads, 

religious organizations, and other nonUI-covered jobs

Publication frequency 

• Quarterly

— 6 months after the end of each 

quarter 

• Quarterly

— 7 months after the end of each 

quarter 

• Monthly

— Usually the 3rd Friday after the end 

of the week including the 12th of the 

month

Use of UI file • Directly summarizes and publishes 

each new quarter of UI data

• Links each new UI quarter to longitudinal database and directly summarizes gross job gains and losses• Uses UI file as a sampling frame and to 

annually realign sample-based estimates 

to population counts (benchmarking)

Principal

products 

• Provides a quarterly and annual universe count of establishments, employment, and wages at the county, 

metropolitan statistical area (MSA), 

state, and national levels by detailed 

industry

• Provides quarterly employer dynamics data on establishment openings, 

closings, expansions, and contractions 

at the national level by NAICS supersectors, 3-digit NAICS, and by size of 

firm, and at the state private-sector total level 

• Future expansions will include data 

with greater industry detail and data 

at the county and MSA level 

• Provides current monthly estimates of 

employment, hours, and earnings at the 

MSA, state, and national level by industry

Principal uses • Major uses include:

— Detailed locality data

— Periodic universe counts for 

benchmarking sample survey estimates 

— Sample frame for BLS establishment surveys

• Major uses include:

— Business cycle analysis

— Analysis of employer dynamics 

underlying economic expansions 

and contractions 

— Analysis of employment expansion and contraction by size of 

firm

• Major uses include:

— Principal federal economic indicator

— Official time series for employment 

change measures

— Input into other major economic indicators 

Program Web 

sites 

• www.bls.gov/cew • www.bls.gov/bdm • www.bls.gov/ces
Differences between QCEW, BED, and CES employment 

measures

The Bureau publishes three different establishment-based employment measures for any given quarter. Each of these measures—Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), Business Employment Dynamics (BED), and Current Employment Statistics (CES)—

makes use of the quarterly UI employment reports in producing data; 

however, each measure has a somewhat different universe coverage,

estimation procedure, and publication product.

Differences in coverage and estimation methods can result in somewhat different measures of employment change over time. It is important to understand program differences and the intended uses of the 

program products. (See table.) Additional information on each program can be obtained from the program websites shown in the table.

Coverage

Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and 

Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws 

are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the 

SWAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, 

employers who operate multiple establishments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the “Multiple Worksite Report,” which 

provides detailed information on the location of their establishments.

These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of 

residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable 

from state to state. 

Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all 

members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most 

employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers 

at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations.

Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from 

longitudinal histories of 8.0 million private sector employer reports 

out of 10.0 million total reports of employment and wages submitted 

by states to BLS in the first quarter of 2018. Gross job gains and gross 

job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government 

employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and do not include 

establishments with zero employment in both previous and current 

quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are also excluded from the national data. The table below shows, in millions of 

establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the national gross job gains and gross job losses data in the first quarter 2018. 

Number of active establishments included in

Business Employment Dynamics data at the national level

 Millions

Total establishments QCEW program..........10.0

Excluded: Public sector.......................0.3

 Private households...............0.2

 Zero employment.................1.5 

 

Total establishments included in Business

Employment Dynamics data.....................8.0

Unit of analysis

Establishments are used in the tabulation of the BED statistics by 

industry and firms are used in the tabulation of the BED size class 

statistics. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that produces goods or services, usually at a single physical location, and engages in one or predominantly one activity. A firm is a legal business, 

either corporate or otherwise, and may consist of several establishments. Firm-level data are compiled based on an aggregation of establishments under common ownership by a corporate parent using employer tax identification numbers. The firm level aggregation which 

is consistent with the role of corporations as the economic decision 

makers are used for the measurement of the BED data elements by 

size class.

Because of the difference in the unit of analysis, total gross job 

gains and gross job losses by size class are lower than total gross job 

gains and gross job losses by industry, as some establishment gains 

and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process.

However, the total net changes in employment are the same for not 

seasonally adjusted data and are similar for seasonally adjusted data.

Concepts and methodology

The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change 

in employment at the establishment or firm level. These changes come 

about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come 

from either opening units or expanding units. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing units or contracting units.

Gross job gains include the sum of all jobs added at either opening or 

expanding units. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in 

either closing or contracting units. The net change in employment is 

the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. 

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior 

quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third 

month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in 

employment over this period.

Closings. These are either units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with no employment or zero employment reported in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third 

month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease 

in employment over this period.

Births. These are units with positive third month employment for 

the first time in the current quarter with no links to the prior quarter, 

or units with positive third month employment in the current quarter 

and zero employment in the third month of the previous four quarters. 

Births are a subset of openings not including re-openings of seasonal 

businesses.

Deaths. These are units with no employment or zero employment 

reported in the third month of four consecutive quarters following the 

last quarter with positive employment. Deaths are a subset of closings 

not including temporary shutdowns of seasonal businesses. A unit that 

closes during the quarter may be a death, but we wait three quarters to 

determine whether it is a permanent closing or a temporary shutdown.

Therefore, there is always a lag of three quarters for the publication of 

death statistics.
All employment changes are measured from the third month of the 

previous quarter to the third month of the current quarter. Not all establishments and firms change their employment levels. Units with no 

change in employment count towards estimates of total employment, 

but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. 

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and 

previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates 

are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job 

losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates 

can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the 

difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses 

rate is the net growth rate.

Establishment Births and Deaths

For the purpose of BED statistics, births are defined as establishments that appear in the longitudinal database for the first time with 

positive employment in the third month of a quarter, or showed four 

consecutive quarters of zero employment in the third month followed 

by a quarter in which it shows positive employment in the third month.

Similarly, deaths are defined as establishments that either drop out of 

the longitudinal database or an establishment that had positive employment in the third month of a given quarter followed by four consecutive quarters of showing zero employment in the third month. Although the data for establishment births and deaths are tabulated independently from the data for openings and closings, the concepts are 

not mutually exclusive. An establishment that is defined as a birth in 

a given quarter is necessarily an opening as well, and an establishment 

defined as a death in a quarter must also be a closing. Since openings 

include seasonal and other re-openings and closings include temporary shutdowns, the not seasonally adjusted values for births and 

deaths must be less than those for openings and closings. However, 

because some BED series do not have many re-openings or temporary 

shutdowns, as well as the fact that births and deaths are independently 

seasonally adjusted from openings and closings, there may be instances in which the seasonally adjusted value of the former is greater 

than the latter.

Linkage methodology

Prior to the measurement of gross job gains and gross job losses, 

QCEW records are linked across two quarters. The linkage process 

matches establishments' unique SWA identification numbers (SWAID). Between 95 and 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SWA-ID. The rest are 

linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and 

successor information, identified by the states, which relates records 

with different SWA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor 

relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change 

in ownership, a firm restructuring, or a UI account restructuring. If a 

match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is 

used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SWA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons 

such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst 

examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible 

match. 

In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SWAs verify 

with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and 

ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle.

Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the verification process are introduced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes resulting from improved employer reporting 

also are introduced in the first quarter. 

 

Sizing methodology

The method of dynamic sizing is used in calculations for the BED 

size class data series. Dynamic sizing allocates each firm’s employment gain or loss during a quarter to each respective size class in 

which the change occurred. For example, if a firm grew from 2 employees in quarter 1 to 38 employees in quarter 2, then, of the 36-employee increase, 2 would be allocated to the first size class, 5 to the 

size class 5 to 9, 10 to size class 10 to 19, and 19 to size class 20 to 49.

Dynamic sizing provides symmetrical firm-size estimates and eliminates any systematic effects which may be caused by the transitory 

and reverting changes in firms’ sizes over time. Additionally, it allocates each job gain or loss to the actual size class where it occurred.

Annual Data

The annual gross job gains and gross job losses measure the net 

change in employment at the establishment level from the third month 

of a quarter in the previous year to the third month of the same quarter 

in the current year. The BLS publishes annual BED data based on 

March-to-March changes once a year with the release of the first quarter BED data. The annual data based on over-the-year changes for 

other quarters of the year are available upon request. The definitions 

and methodology in measuring annual gross job gains and gross job 

losses are similar to the quarterly measures. The linkage method considers all predecessor and successor relations that may come about due 

to changes in ownership and corporate restructuring over the entire 

year. At the establishment level, some of the quarterly job gains and 

job losses are offset during the estimation over the year. Therefore, the 

sum of four quarters of gross job gains and gross job losses are not 

equal to annual gross job gains and gross job losses. The net change 

in employment over the year, however, is equal to the sum of four 

quarterly net changes on a not seasonally adjusted basis. 

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events 

as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, 

major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of 

such seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern 

each year, their influence can be eliminated by adjusting these statistics from quarter to quarter. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize.

For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely 

to obscure other changes that have taken place in June relative to 

March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current 

year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted 

figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in 

economic activity.

The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and 

contracting units are independently seasonally adjusted; net changes 

are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and 

gross job losses. Similarly, for industry data, the establishment counts 
data series for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated 

based on the difference between the number of opening and closing 

establishments. Additionally establishment and employment levels 

are independently seasonally adjusted to calculate the seasonally adjusted rates. Concurrent seasonal adjustment is run using X-13 

ARIMA-SEATS. Seasonally adjusted data series for total private are 

the sum of seasonally adjusted data of all sectors including the unclassified sector, which is not separately published.

The net over-the-quarter change derived by summing the BED 

component series will differ from the net employment change estimated from the seasonally adjusted total private employment series 

from the CES program. The intended use of BED statistics is to show 

the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment 

change statistic. As such, data users interested particularly in the net 

employment change and not in the gross job flows underlying this 

change should refer to CES data for over-the-quarter net employment 

changes.

Reliability of the data

Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based 

on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related 

to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting corrected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical errors made by businesses when providing information. 

Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout 

the dataset. 

Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for 

the linkage process. This can result in overstating openings and closings while understating expansions and contractions. The BLS continues to refine methods for improving the linkage process to alleviate 

the effects of these complications.

The BED data series are subject to periodic minor changes based 

on corrections in QCEW records, updates on predecessors and successors information, and seasonal adjustment revisions. 

Annual revisions are published each year with the release of the 

first quarter data. These revisions cover the last four quarters of not 

seasonally adjusted data and 5 years of seasonally adjusted data.

Additional statistics and other information

Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The QCEW program provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and detailed industry. News 

releases on quarterly county employment and wages and the annual 

bulletin also are available upon request from the Division of Administrative Statistics and Labor Turnover (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), telephone (202) 691-6567; (www.bls.gov/cew/); 

(e-mail: QCEWInfo@bls.gov).

The Current Employment Statistics (CES) program produces 

monthly estimates of employment, its net change, hours, and earnings 

by detailed industry. These estimates are part of the Employment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. 

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program 

provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires 

and separations. 

Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD 

message referral phone number: 1 (800) 877-8339.
Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2008 March -199 7,320 5,860 1,460 7,519 6,111 1,408

June -593 7,281 5,833 1,448 7,874 6,363 1,511

September -913 6,944 5,535 1,409 7,857 6,436 1,421

December -1,838 6,738 5,345 1,393 8,576 7,056 1,520

2009 March -2,680 5,918 4,675 1,243 8,598 7,142 1,456

June -1,667 6,425 5,080 1,345 8,092 6,674 1,418

September -849 6,399 5,139 1,260 7,248 5,854 1,394

December -264 6,665 5,308 1,357 6,929 5,605 1,324

2010 March -247 6,325 5,108 1,217 6,572 5,324 1,248

June 698 6,995 5,674 1,321 6,297 5,090 1,207

September 237 6,741 5,438 1,303 6,504 5,231 1,273

December 566 7,052 5,639 1,413 6,486 5,219 1,267

2011 March 334 6,540 5,322 1,218 6,206 5,025 1,181

June 582 6,966 5,625 1,341 6,384 5,115 1,269

September 841 7,205 5,810 1,395 6,364 5,172 1,192

December 335 6,865 5,503 1,362 6,530 5,273 1,257

2012 March 948 7,080 5,746 1,334 6,132 5,005 1,127

June 616 7,051 5,724 1,327 6,435 5,266 1,169

September 252 6,881 5,571 1,310 6,629 5,430 1,199

December 695 7,110 5,753 1,357 6,415 5,225 1,190

2013 March 558 6,941 5,705 1,236 6,383 5,201 1,182

June 674 7,152 5,830 1,322 6,478 5,271 1,207

September 507 7,058 5,719 1,339 6,551 5,408 1,143

December 700 7,255 5,926 1,329 6,555 5,353 1,202

2014 March 433 6,955 5,687 1,268 6,522 5,372 1,150

June 885 7,454 6,114 1,340 6,569 5,350 1,219

September 553 7,241 5,912 1,329 6,688 5,504 1,184

December 1,060 7,629 6,256 1,373 6,569 5,334 1,235

2015 March 221 7,039 5,729 1,310 6,818 5,614 1,204

June 832 7,584 6,239 1,345 6,752 5,558 1,194

September 445 7,335 5,975 1,360 6,890 5,680 1,210

December 987 7,834 6,372 1,462 6,847 5,582 1,265

2016 March 253 7,145 5,860 1,285 6,892 5,692 1,200

June 294 7,449 6,076 1,373 7,155 5,846 1,309

September 714 7,704 6,243 1,461 6,990 5,744 1,246

December 368 7,440 6,026 1,414 7,072 5,770 1,302

2017 March 658 7,423 6,088 1,335 6,765 5,582 1,183

June 463 7,624 6,255 1,369 7,161 5,889 1,272

September -93 7,311 5,959 1,352 7,404 6,106 1,298

December 979 7,826 6,383 1,443 6,847 5,547 1,300

2018 March 740 7,406 6,071 1,335 6,666 5,526 1,140

1 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change 1
Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, 1

 seasonally adjusted

(Percent)

Expanding Opening Contracting Closing

establishments establishments establishments establishments

2008 March -0.1 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.5 5.3 1.2

June -0.5 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.9 5.6 1.3

September -0.9 6.1 4.9 1.2 7.0 5.7 1.3

December -1.7 6.0 4.8 1.2 7.7 6.3 1.4

2009 March -2.4 5.4 4.3 1.1 7.8 6.5 1.3

June -1.5 6.0 4.7 1.3 7.5 6.2 1.3

September -0.8 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.8 5.5 1.3

December -0.3 6.3 5.0 1.3 6.6 5.3 1.3

2010 March -0.2 6.0 4.8 1.2 6.2 5.0 1.2

June 0.7 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

September 0.2 6.3 5.1 1.2 6.1 4.9 1.2

December 0.5 6.6 5.3 1.3 6.1 4.9 1.2

2011 March 0.3 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.8 4.7 1.1

June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.7 1.2

September 0.8 6.7 5.4 1.3 5.9 4.8 1.1

December 0.4 6.4 5.1 1.3 6.0 4.8 1.2

2012 March 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.6 1.0

June 0.5 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

September 0.2 6.2 5.0 1.2 6.0 4.9 1.1

December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2013 March 0.5 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.7 4.6 1.1

June 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2014 March 0.4 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

June 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

September 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.9 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.7 4.6 1.1

2015 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

June 0.7 6.4 5.3 1.1 5.7 4.7 1.0

September 0.5 6.3 5.1 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.8 6.6 5.4 1.2 5.8 4.7 1.1

2016 March 0.2 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

June 0.2 6.2 5.1 1.1 6.0 4.9 1.1

September 0.6 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.8 4.8 1.0

December 0.3 6.2 5.0 1.2 5.9 4.8 1.1

2017 March 0.5 6.1 5.0 1.1 5.6 4.6 1.0

June 0.4 6.2 5.1 1.1 5.8 4.8 1.0

September -0.1 6.0 4.9 1.1 6.1 5.0 1.1

December 0.8 6.4 5.2 1.2 5.6 4.5 1.1

2018 March 0.6 6.0 4.9 1.1 5.4 4.5 0.9

1 The rates measure gross job gains and gross job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. 

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Gross job gains

Total Total

Gross job losses

Year 3 months ended Net change 2
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2017 2017 2017 2017 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2018

Total private 1

Gross job gains ........................ 7,423 7,624 7,311 7,826 7,406 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.0

At expanding establishments ...... 6,088 6,255 5,959 6,383 6,071 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.2 4.9

At opening establishments ......... 1,335 1,369 1,352 1,443 1,335 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1

Gross job losses ........................ 6,765 7,161 7,404 6,847 6,666 5.6 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.4

At contracting establishments ... 5,582 5,889 6,106 5,547 5,526 4.6 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.5

At closing establishments ......... 1,183 1,272 1,298 1,300 1,140 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.9

Net employment change ............. 658 463 -93 979 740 0.5 0.4 -0.1 0.8 0.6

Goods-producing

Gross job gains ........................ 1,414 1,400 1,271 1,435 1,390 6.7 6.6 6.0 6.8 6.4

At expanding establishments ...... 1,214 1,205 1,083 1,226 1,200 5.8 5.7 5.1 5.8 5.5

At opening establishments ......... 200 195 188 209 190 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9

Gross job losses ........................ 1,209 1,295 1,331 1,233 1,174 5.7 6.0 6.3 5.8 5.4

At contracting establishments ... 1,020 1,094 1,129 1,039 997 4.8 5.1 5.3 4.9 4.6

At closing establishments ......... 189 201 202 194 177 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8

Net employment change ............. 205 105 -60 202 216 1.0 0.6 -0.3 1.0 1.0

Natural resources and mining

Gross job gains ........................ 290 270 253 256 254 15.5 14.4 13.6 13.5 13.2

At expanding establishments ...... 254 237 220 223 224 13.6 12.6 11.8 11.8 11.6

At opening establishments ......... 36 33 33 33 30 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6

Gross job losses ........................ 238 263 243 258 236 12.7 14.0 13.0 13.6 12.3

At contracting establishments ... 203 225 212 227 206 10.8 12.0 11.3 12.0 10.7

At closing establishments ......... 35 38 31 31 30 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.6

Net employment change ............. 52 7 10 -2 18 2.8 0.4 0.6 -0.1 0.9

Construction

Gross job gains ........................ 717 686 622 719 716 10.4 9.9 9.0 10.4 10.0

At expanding establishments ...... 587 563 504 582 590 8.5 8.1 7.3 8.4 8.2

At opening establishments ......... 130 123 118 137 126 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.8

Gross job losses ........................ 589 641 663 608 584 8.6 9.3 9.6 8.8 8.1

At contracting establishments ... 479 525 541 491 476 7.0 7.6 7.8 7.1 6.6

At closing establishments ......... 110 116 122 117 108 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.5

Net employment change ............. 128 45 -41 111 132 1.8 0.6 -0.6 1.6 1.9

Manufacturing

Gross job gains ........................ 407 444 396 460 420 3.3 3.6 3.2 3.7 3.4

At expanding establishments ...... 373 405 359 421 386 3.0 3.3 2.9 3.4 3.1

At opening establishments ......... 34 39 37 39 34 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

Gross job losses ........................ 382 391 425 367 354 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.0 2.8

At contracting establishments ... 338 344 376 321 315 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.5

At closing establishments ......... 44 47 49 46 39 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3

Net employment change ............. 25 53 -29 93 66 0.2 0.4 -0.2 0.7 0.6

Service-providing 1

Gross job gains ........................ 6,009 6,224 6,040 6,391 6,016 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.3 5.9

At expanding establishments ...... 4,874 5,050 4,876 5,157 4,871 4.9 5.0 4.8 5.1 4.8

At opening establishments ......... 1,135 1,174 1,164 1,234 1,145 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1

Gross job losses ........................ 5,556 5,866 6,073 5,614 5,492 5.5 5.9 6.0 5.5 5.3

At contracting establishments ... 4,562 4,795 4,977 4,508 4,529 4.5 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.4

At closing establishments ......... 994 1,071 1,096 1,106 963 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9

Net employment change ............. 453 358 -33 777 524 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.6

Wholesale trade

Gross job gains ........................ 268 284 270 280 263 4.6 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.5

At expanding establishments ...... 222 236 225 233 220 3.8 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.8

At opening establishments ......... 46 48 45 47 43 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

Gross job losses ........................ 250 248 267 249 243 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.2 4.2

At contracting establishments ... 197 195 213 193 192 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.3 3.3

At closing establishments ......... 53 53 54 56 51 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

Net employment change ............. 18 36 3 31 20 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.3

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2017 2017 2017 2017 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2018

Retail trade

Gross job gains ........................ 945 930 891 907 919 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.8

At expanding establishments ...... 817 802 764 793 811 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.1

At opening establishments ......... 128 128 127 114 108 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

Gross job losses ........................ 890 936 986 898 848 5.6 5.9 6.2 5.7 5.3

At contracting establishments ... 782 807 860 783 748 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.0 4.7

At closing establishments ......... 108 129 126 115 100 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6

Net employment change ............. 55 -6 -95 9 71 0.3 -0.1 -0.6 0.0 0.5

Transportation and warehousing

Gross job gains ........................ 252 271 307 390 257 5.1 5.6 6.2 7.6 4.9

At expanding establishments ...... 220 234 266 343 224 4.5 4.8 5.4 6.7 4.3

At opening establishments ......... 32 37 41 47 33 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.6

Gross job losses ........................ 321 254 232 231 327 6.5 5.2 4.6 4.5 6.3

At contracting establishments ... 287 216 195 190 296 5.8 4.4 3.9 3.7 5.7

At closing establishments ......... 34 38 37 41 31 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6

Net employment change ............. -69 17 75 159 -70 -1.4 0.4 1.6 3.1 -1.4

Utilities

Gross job gains ........................ 11 12 11 12 11 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0

At expanding establishments ...... 10 11 10 11 10 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.8

At opening establishments ......... 1 1 1 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Gross job losses ........................ 10 13 13 12 11 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.0

At contracting establishments ... 9 12 12 10 10 1.6 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.8

At closing establishments ......... 1 1 1 2 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2

Net employment change ............. 1 -1 -2 0 0 0.2 -0.2 -0.4 0.0 0.0

 Information

Gross job gains ........................ 144 158 157 147 154 5.1 5.6 5.6 5.3 5.5

At expanding establishments ...... 121 132 125 120 131 4.3 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.7

At opening establishments ......... 23 26 32 27 23 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.8

Gross job losses ........................ 152 175 155 148 143 5.5 6.2 5.6 5.3 5.1

At contracting establishments ... 128 149 130 121 120 4.6 5.3 4.7 4.3 4.3

At closing establishments ......... 24 26 25 27 23 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8

Net employment change ............. -8 -17 2 -1 11 -0.4 -0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4

Financial activities

Gross job gains ........................ 362 394 374 389 351 4.5 4.9 4.6 4.8 4.3

At expanding establishments ...... 295 317 298 301 281 3.7 3.9 3.7 3.7 3.4

At opening establishments ......... 67 77 76 88 70 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.1 0.9

Gross job losses ........................ 343 346 366 370 338 4.3 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.1

At contracting establishments ... 266 269 286 283 262 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.2

At closing establishments ......... 77 77 80 87 76 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9

Net employment change ............. 19 48 8 19 13 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2

Professional and business services

Gross job gains ........................ 1,317 1,451 1,387 1,499 1,324 6.5 7.2 6.8 7.3 6.4

At expanding establishments ...... 1,075 1,190 1,129 1,215 1,088 5.3 5.9 5.5 5.9 5.3

At opening establishments ......... 242 261 258 284 236 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.1

Gross job losses ........................ 1,286 1,338 1,384 1,315 1,255 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.4 6.1

At contracting establishments ... 1,036 1,075 1,114 1,029 1,016 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.0 4.9

At closing establishments ......... 250 263 270 286 239 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.2

Net employment change ............. 31 113 3 184 69 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.3

Education and health services

Gross job gains ........................ 972 994 985 987 971 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4

At expanding establishments ...... 802 815 813 805 799 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6

At opening establishments ......... 170 179 172 182 172 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

Gross job losses ........................ 824 902 908 863 830 3.7 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.7

At contracting establishments ... 667 730 731 681 668 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.0

At closing establishments ......... 157 172 177 182 162 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7

Net employment change ............. 148 92 77 124 141 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7

See footnote at end of table.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, seasonally adjusted—Continued

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2017 2017 2017 2017 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2018

 Leisure and hospitality

Gross job gains ........................ 1,348 1,346 1,302 1,391 1,331 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.8 8.2

At expanding establishments ...... 1,065 1,057 1,011 1,093 1,058 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.9 6.5

At opening establishments ......... 283 289 291 298 273 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.7

Gross job losses ........................ 1,165 1,334 1,423 1,221 1,183 7.4 8.4 9.0 7.6 7.3

At contracting establishments ... 966 1,110 1,187 997 991 6.1 7.0 7.5 6.2 6.1

At closing establishments ......... 199 224 236 224 192 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.2

Net employment change ............. 183 12 -121 170 148 1.1 0.0 -0.8 1.2 0.9

 Other services

Gross job gains ........................ 292 310 284 295 287 7.1 7.5 6.8 7.1 6.9

At expanding establishments ...... 230 243 222 232 228 5.6 5.9 5.3 5.6 5.5

At opening establishments ......... 62 67 62 63 59 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4

Gross job losses ........................ 277 284 305 275 275 6.7 6.8 7.4 6.6 6.6

At contracting establishments ... 215 222 240 212 215 5.2 5.3 5.8 5.1 5.2

At closing establishments ......... 62 62 65 63 60 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.4

Net employment change ............. 15 26 -21 20 12 0.4 0.7 -0.6 0.5 0.3

1 Includes unclassified sector, not shown separately.

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

(In thousands)

gains losses gains losses gains losses gains losses

2008 March -274 5,831 6,105 -152 3,235 3,387 -11 1,079 1,090 -111 1,517 1,628

June -548 5,850 6,398 -287 3,174 3,461 -44 1,090 1,134 -217 1,586 1,803

September -956 5,532 6,488 -343 3,051 3,394 -140 1,020 1,160 -473 1,461 1,934

December -1,886 5,338 7,224 -689 2,910 3,599 -375 947 1,322 -822 1,481 2,303

2009 March -2,638 4,617 7,255 -983 2,721 3,704 -616 810 1,426 -1,039 1,086 2,125

June -1,763 5,169 6,932 -474 2,946 3,420 -281 950 1,231 -1,008 1,273 2,281

September -906 5,164 6,070 -372 2,826 3,198 -110 932 1,042 -424 1,406 1,830

December -317 5,403 5,720 -159 2,940 3,099 -45 962 1,007 -113 1,501 1,614

2010 March -234 5,115 5,349 -195 2,863 3,058 -2 914 916 -37 1,338 1,375

June 664 5,805 5,141 235 3,093 2,858 204 1,071 867 225 1,641 1,416

September 226 5,525 5,299 26 2,946 2,920 87 998 911 113 1,581 1,468

December 502 5,781 5,279 92 3,051 2,959 92 1,034 942 318 1,696 1,378

2011 March 340 5,375 5,035 99 2,983 2,884 122 971 849 119 1,421 1,302

June 537 5,746 5,209 190 3,073 2,883 169 1,063 894 178 1,610 1,432

September 852 5,974 5,122 272 3,137 2,865 171 1,066 895 409 1,771 1,362

December 297 5,585 5,288 45 2,970 2,925 44 981 937 208 1,634 1,426

2012 March 972 5,904 4,932 388 3,173 2,785 220 1,054 834 364 1,677 1,313

June 612 5,828 5,216 174 3,039 2,865 158 1,074 916 280 1,715 1,435

September 226 5,581 5,355 55 2,963 2,908 54 1,006 952 117 1,612 1,495

December 637 5,779 5,142 180 3,025 2,845 94 1,014 920 363 1,740 1,377

2013 March 582 5,743 5,161 212 3,071 2,859 156 1,029 873 214 1,643 1,429

June 650 5,906 5,256 226 3,085 2,859 135 1,071 936 289 1,750 1,461

September 473 5,764 5,291 225 3,063 2,838 69 1,021 952 179 1,680 1,501

December 631 5,886 5,255 122 3,021 2,899 105 1,034 929 404 1,831 1,427

2014 March 455 5,666 5,211 240 3,073 2,833 152 1,035 883 63 1,558 1,495

June 887 6,136 5,249 300 3,179 2,879 215 1,121 906 372 1,836 1,464

September 536 5,860 5,324 185 3,060 2,875 110 1,063 953 241 1,737 1,496

December 967 6,158 5,191 217 3,107 2,890 154 1,086 932 596 1,965 1,369

2015 March 230 5,665 5,435 172 3,097 2,925 77 1,022 945 -19 1,546 1,565

June 833 6,252 5,419 318 3,199 2,881 189 1,133 944 326 1,920 1,594

September 417 5,899 5,482 133 3,048 2,915 65 1,041 976 219 1,810 1,591

December 879 6,267 5,388 242 3,179 2,937 98 1,077 979 539 2,011 1,472

2016 March 265 5,746 5,481 213 3,121 2,908 58 1,016 958 -6 1,609 1,615

June 302 6,046 5,744 66 3,126 3,060 115 1,106 991 121 1,814 1,693

September 701 6,245 5,544 164 3,143 2,979 88 1,084 996 449 2,018 1,569

December 302 5,912 5,610 76 3,070 2,994 50 1,033 983 176 1,809 1,633

2017 March 674 5,992 5,318 367 3,241 2,874 189 1,077 888 118 1,674 1,556

June 513 6,198 5,685 143 3,162 3,019 146 1,128 982 224 1,908 1,684

September -153 5,812 5,965 -136 2,985 3,121 -60 1,009 1,069 43 1,818 1,775

December 885 6,224 5,339 245 3,194 2,949 161 1,092 931 479 1,938 1,459

2018 March 779 6,021 5,242 334 3,182 2,848 167 1,061 894 278 1,778 1,500

NOTE: See http://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfirmsize.htm for more detailed firm size class data

Net 

change2,3

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job

3 Net change totals for the firm-level data differ from the establishment-level data due to independent seasonal adjustment.

Net 

change

Gross job Net 

change

Gross job

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment 

gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

2 Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.

Year 3 months ended

Total private by firm1 Firm size 1 - 49 employees Firm size 50 - 249 employees Firm size 250 or more
Table 5. Components of private sector gross job gains and losses by firm size, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2017 2017 2017 2017 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2018

Total private by firm 1

Gross job gains ..................... 5,992 6,198 5,812 6,224 6,021 4.9 5.0 4.7 5.1 4.9

At expanding firms ............ 5,042 5,291 4,929 5,264 5,078 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.1

At opening firms ............... 950 907 883 960 943 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8

Gross job losses ..................... 5,318 5,685 5,965 5,339 5,242 4.4 4.7 4.9 4.3 4.3

At contracting firms ............ 4,472 4,832 5,078 4,460 4,433 3.7 4.0 4.2 3.6 3.6

At closing firms .................. 846 853 887 879 809 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7

Net employment change ............ 674 513 -153 885 779 0.5 0.3 -0.2 0.8 0.6

Firm size 1 to 49 employees

Gross job gains ..................... 3,241 3,162 2,985 3,194 3,182 9.5 9.2 8.8 9.4 9.3

At expanding firms ............ 2,323 2,296 2,142 2,270 2,283 6.8 6.7 6.3 6.7 6.7

At opening firms ............... 918 866 843 924 899 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.6

Gross job losses ..................... 2,874 3,019 3,121 2,949 2,848 8.5 8.9 9.2 8.7 8.3

At contracting firms ............ 2,060 2,197 2,271 2,107 2,064 6.1 6.5 6.7 6.2 6.0

At closing firms .................. 814 822 850 842 784 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.3

Net employment change ............ 367 143 -136 245 334 1.0 0.3 -0.4 0.7 1.0

Firm size 50 to 249 employees

Gross job gains ..................... 1,077 1,128 1,009 1,092 1,061 4.9 5.1 4.5 4.9 4.7

At expanding firms ............ 1,047 1,091 976 1,060 1,032 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.8 4.6

At opening firms ............... 30 37 33 32 29 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

Gross job losses ..................... 888 982 1,069 931 894 4.0 4.4 4.8 4.2 4.0

At contracting firms ............ 860 955 1,038 898 871 3.9 4.3 4.7 4.1 3.9

At closing firms .................. 28 27 31 33 23 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Net employment change ............ 189 146 -60 161 167 0.9 0.7 -0.3 0.7 0.7

Firm size 250 or more employees

Gross job gains ..................... 1,674 1,908 1,818 1,938 1,778 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.6

At expanding firms ............ 1,672 1,904 1,811 1,934 1,763 2.5 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.6

At opening firms ............... 2 4 7 4 15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Gross job losses ..................... 1,556 1,684 1,775 1,459 1,500 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.2

At contracting firms ............ 1,552 1,680 1,769 1,455 1,498 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.2

At closing firms .................. 4 4 6 4 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Net employment change ............ 118 224 43 479 278 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.4

1 Total gross job gains and gross job losses by firm are lower than total gross job gains and gross job losses by establishment, as some establishment 

gains and losses within a firm are offset during the aggregation process. 

Category

Gross job gains and losses (in thousands) Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 6. Private sector gross job gains and losses by state, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2017 2017 2017 2017 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2018

United States 1 ............ 7,423,000 7,624,000 7,311,000 7,826,000 7,406,000 6,765,000 7,161,000 7,404,000 6,847,000 6,666,000

Alabama .................. 95,396 87,628 94,446 94,822 95,408 81,548 89,429 91,407 86,247 84,599

Alaska ..................... 23,446 26,852 21,397 23,753 24,212 24,956 24,550 26,684 25,045 21,672

Arizona .................. 139,743 145,184 155,502 149,164 143,329 128,188 133,759 123,614 126,322 127,123

Arkansas .................. 57,171 53,955 57,887 61,837 54,713 51,795 57,494 55,030 51,164 51,129

California .................. 978,752 1,011,827 944,355 1,006,720 943,168 897,392 946,159 912,206 879,820 873,921

Colorado .................. 148,598 155,332 147,249 151,305 152,077 131,149 138,368 141,723 135,072 133,458

Connecticut ............... 83,754 82,431 76,526 76,225 73,726 77,019 75,429 83,269 75,144 74,835

Delaware .................. 24,795 25,363 24,438 26,545 27,296 22,289 25,080 25,225 24,302 22,600

District of Columbia ... 30,043 29,471 28,320 30,487 31,638 24,747 27,883 26,722 25,823 25,107

Florida ..................... 450,422 487,933 423,467 610,728 461,699 413,230 453,918 556,886 396,998 415,301

Georgia .................. 232,653 230,899 229,356 256,202 243,572 214,385 225,148 226,960 206,907 211,926

Hawaii ..................... 28,595 27,783 29,071 27,322 26,880 25,342 28,038 27,155 25,437 26,108

Idaho ..................... 45,855 43,239 39,562 44,087 47,380 37,658 39,161 39,690 38,758 35,993

Illinois ..................... 303,386 296,909 291,827 306,642 297,390 278,250 285,523 309,933 273,761 263,419

Indiana ..................... 148,024 148,425 143,899 152,730 150,823 133,190 144,525 146,250 132,131 135,050

Iowa ........................ 79,118 73,924 70,270 77,044 72,763 72,462 75,216 74,090 69,393 68,476

Kansas ..................... 66,146 62,158 70,776 67,371 59,291 63,234 73,961 63,746 59,074 62,541

Kentucky .................. 92,657 95,753 94,074 96,637 97,348 88,853 94,600 93,321 88,557 93,418

Louisiana .................. 104,037 99,314 98,944 99,534 104,399 93,946 104,220 97,205 95,862 93,651

Maine ..................... 36,553 39,440 33,579 36,637 37,325 33,783 34,978 38,391 34,260 36,037

Maryland .................. 133,097 137,314 137,981 135,910 136,190 127,134 132,372 133,326 136,873 124,625

Massachusetts ............ 172,569 191,505 170,033 179,340 170,940 161,240 162,662 175,714 170,518 161,219

Michigan .................. 209,978 214,731 197,425 209,924 215,009 185,458 196,603 221,611 201,345 172,727

Minnesota ............... 144,230 140,365 131,527 142,622 133,031 121,219 130,303 141,017 137,459 124,520

Mississippi ............... 52,077 52,756 51,886 57,247 49,047 52,469 53,369 52,345 48,680 52,670

Missouri .................. 138,795 134,103 140,341 134,191 128,761 117,736 133,913 139,943 129,197 122,569

Montana .................. 30,342 29,677 26,820 31,819 29,814 27,206 29,181 29,704 27,823 26,996

Nebraska .................. 48,701 45,194 47,837 50,496 46,119 41,711 49,129 47,865 44,716 44,422

Nevada ..................... 76,362 72,388 73,746 77,583 77,239 59,916 68,792 68,376 61,853 64,015

New Hampshire ......... 32,928 37,680 31,569 38,049 34,737 32,092 34,282 37,293 33,715 33,948

New Jersey ............... 193,582 230,234 207,984 222,652 195,067 202,338 191,941 215,560 198,679 202,204

New Mexico ............ 40,909 42,742 41,437 40,895 40,492 39,306 40,518 40,213 38,285 35,382

New York ............... 487,109 509,041 494,576 486,419 487,774 446,228 457,553 486,906 458,703 446,548

North Carolina ............ 229,283 228,081 217,327 228,877 227,451 203,934 221,870 218,183 201,030 190,130

North Dakota ............ 26,055 23,247 23,228 23,364 24,123 23,084 23,818 23,107 23,093 21,767

Ohio ........................ 265,464 269,114 243,678 264,245 257,964 239,648 254,723 262,622 241,351 233,979

Oklahoma ............... 79,282 82,735 83,769 82,246 78,771 78,593 74,918 74,871 74,837 70,899

Oregon ..................... 109,493 105,170 103,655 108,362 126,218 91,556 96,792 100,748 95,674 91,805

Pennsylvania ............ 270,123 281,115 280,427 280,828 269,034 255,325 264,277 264,778 254,044 253,319

Rhode Island ............ 26,447 27,373 25,029 27,510 26,816 24,894 24,811 26,569 25,380 25,611

South Carolina ............ 103,729 102,603 96,088 117,366 101,452 94,832 102,112 104,581 88,279 80,164

South Dakota ............ 22,280 21,835 19,999 22,366 22,660 20,586 21,781 20,660 20,135 20,837

Tennessee ............... 130,766 136,862 135,735 148,658 128,609 125,921 130,049 131,055 124,382 122,183

Texas ..................... 585,792 590,669 600,634 647,693 594,270 523,798 543,780 583,688 543,784 524,628

Utah ........................ 91,980 81,928 83,405 85,107 91,524 72,807 75,631 76,415 70,867 73,492

Vermont .................. 16,912 20,125 16,838 18,850 16,527 17,343 17,580 20,048 16,838 18,162

Virginia .................. 190,197 197,726 184,675 196,457 184,748 175,344 185,613 193,851 171,383 167,145

Washington ............... 187,588 194,267 174,549 188,715 201,454 161,186 170,639 174,372 163,741 160,868

West Virginia ............ 34,668 34,901 36,996 34,506 37,645 34,265 35,528 34,633 33,250 32,156

Wisconsin ............... 145,194 140,042 123,582 137,630 138,695 117,887 136,344 140,499 121,738 116,842

Wyoming .................. 18,072 17,444 17,775 17,919 17,379 16,553 18,518 16,180 17,229 16,363

Puerto Rico ............... 34,388 35,972 29,774 46,357 55,031 38,377 36,503 45,400 76,992 43,925

Virgin Islands ............ 1,542 1,856 1,111 2,218 2,702 1,500 1,451 3,103 6,800 3,775

1 The sum of the states will not necessarily add to the U.S. total because of the independent seasonal adjustment of each state.

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains Gross job losses

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 7. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar. Mar. June Sept. Dec. Mar.

2017 2017 2017 2017 2018 2017 2017 2017 2017 2018

United States .......................... 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.8 6.1 5.6 5.4

Alabama ............................. 6.1 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.6 5.8 5.4 5.3

Alaska ................................. 9.4 10.9 8.7 9.7 9.8 10.1 9.9 10.8 10.2 8.8

Arizona ............................... 6.0 6.2 6.6 6.3 6.0 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.3 5.3

Arkansas .............................. 5.7 5.4 5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.7 5.5 5.1 5.0

California ........................... 6.8 6.9 6.5 6.9 6.4 6.2 6.5 6.3 6.0 5.9

Colorado .............................. 6.9 7.0 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.1 6.0

Connecticut ......................... 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.4 5.2 5.8 5.2 5.2

Delaware .............................. 6.6 6.7 6.4 7.0 7.1 5.9 6.6 6.6 6.4 5.9

District of Columbia ............... 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.8 6.0 4.8 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.7

Florida ................................. 6.1 6.6 5.8 8.2 6.1 5.6 6.1 7.5 5.3 5.5

Georgia .............................. 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.9 6.5 5.9 6.1 6.1 5.6 5.6

Hawaii ............................... 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.3 5.1 4.7 4.8

Idaho ................................. 7.8 7.3 6.7 7.4 7.9 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.6 5.9

Illinois ................................ 5.9 5.7 5.6 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.6 6.0 5.3 5.1

Indiana ............................... 5.7 5.7 5.4 5.7 5.6 5.1 5.5 5.6 5.0 5.1

Iowa .................................... 6.1 5.7 5.5 5.9 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.3 5.3

Kansas ................................. 5.9 5.5 6.3 5.9 5.2 5.6 6.5 5.7 5.2 5.5

Kentucky .............................. 5.9 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.2 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.9

Louisiana .............................. 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.5 5.9 6.6 6.1 6.0 5.8

Maine ................................ 7.2 7.7 6.5 7.2 7.2 6.6 6.8 7.5 6.6 7.0

Maryland ............................ 6.1 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.3 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.7

Massachusetts ....................... 5.6 6.1 5.4 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.4 5.2

Michigan ............................. 5.6 5.8 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.0 5.3 6.0 5.4 4.6

Minnesota ........................... 5.9 5.7 5.3 5.8 5.3 4.9 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.0

Mississippi ........................... 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.3 5.5 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.4 5.8

Missouri .............................. 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.0 5.6 5.9 5.5 5.2

Montana ............................... 8.1 7.9 7.2 8.5 7.8 7.2 7.7 7.9 7.4 7.1

Nebraska .............................. 6.0 5.5 5.9 6.2 5.6 5.1 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.5

Nevada .............................. 6.6 6.2 6.2 6.6 6.5 5.2 5.9 5.8 5.2 5.4

New Hampshire ..................... 5.8 6.6 5.5 6.7 6.1 5.7 6.0 6.6 5.9 5.9

New Jersey ........................... 5.6 6.7 6.0 6.4 5.6 5.9 5.6 6.3 5.8 5.8

New Mexico ........................ 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.5

New York ........................... 6.2 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.2 5.7 5.8 6.1 5.8 5.6

North Carolina ..................... 6.4 6.3 6.0 6.3 6.2 5.7 6.2 6.0 5.5 5.2

North Dakota ........................ 7.6 6.8 6.7 6.8 7.0 6.8 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.3

Ohio ................................. 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.7 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.7 5.2 5.0

Oklahoma ........................... 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.5

Oregon .............................. 7.0 6.7 6.6 6.8 7.8 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.0 5.6

Pennsylvania ........................ 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.9

Rhode Island ........................ 6.4 6.5 6.0 6.6 6.3 6.0 5.9 6.3 6.0 6.1

South Carolina ..................... 6.2 6.1 5.8 7.0 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.2 5.3 4.7

South Dakota ........................ 6.4 6.2 5.8 6.4 6.4 5.9 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.9

Tennessee ........................... 5.2 5.5 5.4 5.9 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.2 4.9 4.8

Texas ................................. 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.4 5.8 5.2 5.4 5.8 5.3 5.1

Utah .................................... 7.7 6.8 7.0 7.0 7.4 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.9 6.0

Vermont .............................. 6.6 7.9 6.5 7.4 6.4 6.8 6.8 7.8 6.5 7.0

Virginia .............................. 6.1 6.4 5.9 6.3 5.8 5.6 5.9 6.2 5.5 5.2

Washington ........................... 6.9 7.1 6.4 6.9 7.2 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.0 5.7

West Virginia ........................ 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.3 6.8 6.3 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.8

Wisconsin ........................... 5.9 5.6 5.0 5.6 5.6 4.8 5.5 5.7 5.0 4.7

Wyoming .............................. 8.9 8.6 8.7 8.7 8.4 8.1 9.1 7.9 8.4 8.0

Puerto Rico ........................... 5.1 5.4 4.5 7.1 8.4 5.7 5.4 6.8 11.8 6.8

Virgin Islands ........................ 5.6 6.7 4.2 9.2 12.0 5.5 5.3 11.6 28.2 16.8

NOTE: Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.

State

Gross job gains as a percent of employment Gross job losses as a percent of employment

(3 months ended) (3 months ended)
Table 8. Private sector establishment births and deaths, seasonally adjusted

(Levels in thousands)

Level Rate 2 Level Rate Level Rate Level Rate

2008 March 226 3.1 224 3.1 919 0.8 832 0.7

June 221 3.0 238 3.3 876 0.8 913 0.8

September 216 3.0 233 3.2 849 0.8 881 0.8

December 211 2.9 253 3.5 819 0.7 951 0.9

2009 March 197 2.7 247 3.4 738 0.7 869 0.8

June 201 2.8 238 3.3 767 0.7 837 0.8

September 192 2.7 227 3.2 725 0.7 793 0.7

December 202 2.8 218 3.1 728 0.7 749 0.7

2010 March 193 2.7 211 3.0 706 0.7 687 0.7

June 193 2.7 202 2.9 730 0.7 665 0.6

September 207 2.9 204 2.9 754 0.7 701 0.7

December 216 3.0 201 2.8 805 0.8 700 0.7

2011 March 204 2.9 200 2.8 715 0.7 632 0.6

June 210 2.9 205 2.9 767 0.7 689 0.6

September 206 2.9 196 2.7 794 0.7 675 0.6

December 214 3.0 198 2.8 800 0.7 700 0.6

2012 March 236 3.3 188 2.6 787 0.7 614 0.6

June 217 3.0 194 2.7 799 0.7 673 0.6

September 210 2.9 196 2.7 804 0.7 692 0.6

December 218 3.0 183 2.5 809 0.7 673 0.6

2013 March 205 2.8 193 2.6 748 0.7 648 0.6

June 222 3.0 215 2.9 789 0.7 695 0.6

September 219 2.9 195 2.6 818 0.7 678 0.6

December 215 2.9 187 2.5 803 0.7 670 0.6

2014 March 220 2.9 189 2.5 781 0.7 635 0.6

June 221 2.9 205 2.7 805 0.7 716 0.6

September 225 3.0 199 2.6 827 0.7 704 0.6

December 224 2.9 197 2.6 839 0.7 707 0.6

2015 March 234 3.1 206 2.7 814 0.7 694 0.6

June 234 3.1 212 2.8 839 0.7 732 0.6

September 242 3.1 207 2.7 880 0.7 704 0.6

December 247 3.2 208 2.7 893 0.8 733 0.6

2016 March 236 3.0 203 2.6 786 0.7 663 0.6

June 242 3.1 214 2.7 839 0.7 723 0.6

September 239 3.0 215 2.7 872 0.7 747 0.6

December 239 3.0 217 2.8 869 0.7 729 0.6

2017 March 241 3.0 203 2.6 800 0.7 659 0.5

June 240 3.0 225 2.8 851 0.7 760 0.6

September 241 3.0 N/A N/A 851 0.7 N/A N/A

December 246 3.1 N/A N/A 853 0.7 N/A N/A

2018 March 250 3.1 N/A N/A 817 0.7 N/A N/A

1 Values for deaths are not available for the most recent three quarters. See the Technical Note for more information.

2 The rates measure births and deaths as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels or total number of establishments.

Year 3 months ended

Number of Establishments Employment

Births Deaths 1 Births Deaths