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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JUAN MORALES 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1111 EDA 2019

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 21, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0004004-2017

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COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JUAN MORALES 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1112 EDA 2019

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 21, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0004444-2017

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED MARCH 10, 2021

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Juan Morales appeals1from the judgment of sentence, entered in the Court 

of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, after he was convicted by a jury of two 

counts of endangering the welfare of children (EWOC),

2 a third-degree felony.

After careful review, we remand for resentencing.

3

 

Morales was arrested in North Carolina in May 2017 on a Pennsylvania 

warrant issued in connection with the alleged sexual assault of two minor female 

twins (Child 1 and Child 2— collectively, Children). Children, who were seven 

years old at the time of the alleged assaults, are the daughters of Morales’ longtime paramour, N.S.4

 

Morales was charged with two counts each5 of rape of a child, involuntary 

deviate sexual intercourse (IDSI), unlawful contact with a minor, aggravated 

indecent assault of a child, sexual assault, EWOC, corruption of minors, indecent 

____________________________________________

1 On January 2, 2020, our Court sua sponte consolidated the two appeals, 1111 

EDA 2019 and 1112 EDA 2019. See Pa.R.A.P. 513. 

2 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a)(1).

3 On October 29, 2020, our Court denied counsel’s motion to withdraw, filed in 

conjunction with an Anders/McClendon/Santiago brief, and remanded the 

case for counsel to file an advocate’s brief, having found that there were several 

non-frivolous issues in the matter. See Commonwealth v. Morales, 111 EDA 

2019 (Pa. Super. filed Oct. 29, 2020) (unpublished memorandum decision). 

Counsel complied with our directive and filed an advocate’s brief on December 

7, 2020. The Commonwealth filed a responsive Appellee’s brief on February 2, 

2021.

4 N.S. and Morales are the parents of a younger daughter who was an infant at 

the time of the alleged assaults on Children.

5 Morales was charged under two separate docket numbers for each minor 

victim, CP-51-CR-0004444-2017 and CP-51-CR-0004004-2017.
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exposure, indecent assault of a child less than 13 years of age, simple assault, 

recklessly endangering another person (REAP), and dissemination of explicit 

sexual materials to a minor.

The trial court set forth the relevant factual history underlying the charges 

as follows:

[N.S.] testified that she was in a relationship with [Morales] and he 

lived in the apartment with her and her children. [N.S.] testified 

that she sometimes left [] Children home with [Morales] while she 

went to work. [N.S.] testified that on June 29, 2014[,] around 2:30 

a.m., she realized that [Morales] was not in the bed next to her and 

walked to the living room, where she observed [Morales] on the sofa 

with his “penis out” and “touching himself” while [Child 1] was balled 

up with her arms around her knees at her chest on the other end of 

the couch. [N.S.] explained that she then attacked [Morales] using 

clenched fists, [] which [Morales] did not resist, until he pinned her 

down on their mattress, only allowing her to use the bathroom.

[N.S.] explained that she did not call the police due to fear that 

[Morales] would wake up and hear her on the phone. [N.S.] testified 

that she was able to leave the house with [C]hildren[] after she told 

[Morales] she was [] going to take the[m] to the flea market. 

Instead of going to the flea market, [N.S.] said that she went to her 

mother’s house[,] where she first called police and then continued 

on to St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children[,] where she was 

interviewed by a police officer. On the following day, she and 

[Children] went to an appointment at [the] Special Victims Unit 

(SVU) and [] she did not talk to [Children] about what happened 

with [Morales] or what they were allowed to talk about. [N.S.] 

stated that she did not communicate or see [Morales] again at that 

time. 

[N.S.] also described moving with [C]hildren to North Carolina in 

March of 2015, explaining that she lived near and remained in 

contact with [Morales’] older sister[,] but claimed that she did not 

know whether [Morales] was living in North Carolina or Philadelphia. 

[N.S.] described the first time she saw [Morales] in 2016 at his 

mother’s North Carolina home and how she was scared of him during 

this encounter. 
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On cross-examination, [N.S.] explained that during their

relationship[,] she and [Morales] would have arguments[] around 

[Children], sometimes caused by [Morales’] “w[a]ndering eye for 

women.” [N.S.] testified that before [Children] were interviewed at 

St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children[,] she did not speak to them 

about what occurred with [Morales]. [N.S.] stated that the 

Department of Human Services (DHS) spoke to [Children] at the 

hospital and also visited their house.

Next, Officer Robert Caban testified that he met with [N.S.] and 

[Children] at St. Christopher[’s] Hospital for Children in response to 

a reported rape in June 2014. Officer Caban recalled that [N.S.] told 

him about what she saw the night before regarding [Morales’] 

“private area out” in front of [Child 1]. Officer Caban could not recall 

if he spoke with [Children] directly. On cross-examination, Officer 

Caban stated several times that he could not recall specific details 

regarding his interview with [N.S.] and [Children].

[Child 1] testified that she first met [Morales] when her mom started 

dating him when she was six or seven. [Child 1 stated] that 

[Morales] started living with them when she was seven and 

sometimes he watched her and [Child 2] while their mother was at 

work. [Child 1] also testified that [Morales] touched her more than 

once, describing how [Morales] showed her his phone with “people 

having sex” on it. [She] described how [Morales] exposed his 

private parts to her, touched her private parts, made her put his 

private part in her mouth, and how he licked her private part over 

her underwear over the course of [a] few days. [She also] testified 

that [Morales] put his private part on her front private part once 

while she was laying down while he moved in a back and forth 

motion. [She further described] an incident where [Morales] put his 

private part in her mouth while she was alone with him in the living 

room. [She also] stated that she did not tell [N.S.] when these 

things were going on because she was scared and thought 

something bad might happen if she told.

[Child 1] testified that [N.S.] found out when she came downstairs 

while [Morales’] private part was exposed and she was on the couch 

with him. [She] recalled talking with a lady in a room with a camera 

where she told her everything that happened to her. [She] also 

recalled talking with a detective. On cross-examination, [Child 1]

testified that when she moved to Candor, North Carolina[,] she lived 

with just [N.S.] and [her] sisters. [She] explained that she never 

told anyone at school or in her family what [Morales] was doing to 

her. 
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[Child 2] testified that she recognized [Morales] as her [baby] 

sister’[s] dad who lived with her when she was about seven years 

old and sometimes watched her when her mom was not home. 

[Child 2] described one day when she was home alone with

[Morales], waking up in [N.S.]’s bed with [Morales’] hand inside her 

shorts but over her underwear, rubbing on her front private part 

while he forced her hand on to his exposed private part[,] moving it 

in a rubbing motion. [She] stated that on the same day and other 

days [Morales] showed her videos of men and women in various 

stages of undress doing “inappropriate things.” She could not 

remember if [Morales] said anything to her while showing her the 

videos. [She] further testified that [Morales] placed his private part 

on her back private part and that she saw “slimy stuff” come out of 

[Morales’] private part when they were alone in the bedroom. [She] 

recalled speaking with police officers and telling them what 

happened to her. [She] testified that she never told anyone else 

about what [Morales] was doing because he asked her not to and 

that he never threatened to hurt her or her family. 

On cross-examination, [Child 2] recalled after going to the 

hospital[,] speaking to a lady in a room with a table and chair. [She] 

explained that she never told any teacher, principal, crossing guard, 

student, police officer at school, or family member about [Morales] 

touching her private part. [She] recalled moving to Candor, North

Carolina[,] with [N.S.] and [her] sisters and being babysat by 

[Morales’] sister.

Denise Wilson, Manager of Forensic Services at Philadelphia 

Children’s Alliance (PCA), testified regarding the forensic interview 

process, [the interview] room, and how parents are not in the room 

during the interview. Portions of the PCA interviews were 

intermittently shown to the jury throughout Ms. Wilson’s testimony.

Ms. Wilson described both [Children] as being reluctant to discuss 

what happened for fear of making [N.S.] mad because they “told 

their business.” On cross-examination, Ms. Wilson detailed her 

interactions with [Children] and how it was her opinion that the[y]

wanted to give her more information instead of assuming that they 

were being untruthful. 

Next, Detective Brian Meissler testified that he was the assigned 

investigator on this case and that he met [N.S.] and [Children] at 

St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, where he spoke to [Children] 

quickly and took a formal statement from [N.S.] While reviewing his 

handwritten statement, Detective Meissler admitted that he made a

mistake on the form substituting the name Jose for [Morales’] name 
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Juan and that there was no mention during the interview with [N.S.]

of another individual.

Detective Meissler explained that he typically writes while conducting 

interviews and when the interview is finished[,] he “ask[s] them to 

read it . . . over and sign it, and sign and date the last page.” 

Detective Meissler explained that when he completed this interview 

with [N.S.] he followed this procedure with her[,] and since there 

were no initials where changes were made[,] he believed “she did 

not make any corrections.” Detective Meissler recalled [Child 1’s] 

second interview with him at the police station, noting how at the 

end of the interview she wrote “she sail [sic] him red hand did [sic]” 

above her signature. Detective Meissler stated his belief that [Child 

1] was withholding information during the interview. 

On cross-examination, Detective Meissler described what a rape kit 

is, the procedures [for] obtaining any evidence to be placed in a rape 

kit, and how no biological evidence of the offender was found in 

[Children’s] rape kits. Detective Meissler explained why he

continued questioning [Child 2] after she answered “no” to the 

question “Did [Morales] ever touch you with his penis?” testifying 

that it was his belief based on his 15 years of experience that she 

“was withholding information that she didn't want to talk about[.]” 

The Commonwealth [entered] two stipulations [into the record]

before resting their case-in-chief[:] the first stipulation concerned 

the date and time [Children] were seen at St. Christopher’s Hospital 

for Children and the second stipulation [confirmed Morales’] date of 

birth as October 13, 1986.

For the defense, [Morales’] current girlfriend, Samantha Rivera, 

testified that when she met [Morales] he was living in North Carolina 

with his mother and [N.S.]. Ms. Rivera stated that [N.S.] told her 

that the allegations against [Morales] were not true. On crossexamination, Ms. Rivera again explained that when she asked [N.S.] 

if the allegations against [Morales] were true, [N.S.] responded “no”

and that “she could not talk about it.” 

Lastly, [Morales] testified that, on June 28, 2014, he attended a 

family party with his then-girlfriend, [N.S.], and [C]hildren. During 

the party, he and [N.S.] got into an altercation. [Morales] claimed 

that after arriving home[, N.S.] wanted to continue to argue[. 

I]nstead[, Morales] ignored her until he thought she was asleep 

while he smoked, played [X]box, and texted on his phone. After 

leaving the bedroom to get something to drink[,] [Morales] 

explained that [N.S.] confronted him with his cell phone[,] asking 
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him to explain text message[. W]hen she did not like his response, 

[Morales alleged N.S.] swung on him and threw the phone at him, 

hitting him in the nose. [Morales] continued describing how he 

pushed and held [N.S.] down until she calmed down and then they 

both went to sleep. The next morning[, N.S.] suggested they go to 

[a] flea market and they all got dress[ed] to go, but [N.S.] drove off 

without [Morales] after he went to retrieve the baby’s sippy cup. 

[Morales] stated that he called [N.S.] a few times[,] but she did not 

answer and later he received a threatening phone call from [N.S.]’s

brother[,] calling him a pedophile and threatening to kill him. 

[Morales] said that he was scared so he contacted his mother to tell 

her what was going on and then traveled with his mother to 

Charlotte, North Carolina[,] where he stayed until he was arrested 

in 2016. [Morales] also detailed [N.S.]’s move with [C]hildren to 

Candor, North Carolina[,] about five or six months after he moved 

to Charlotte. During this time, he claimed that [N.S.] would visit 

him in his mother’s home and was given a key to his mother’s house. 

Lastly, [Morales] stated that he never sexually assaulted [Children].

On cross-examination, [Morales] explained that[,] through family 

members[,] he heard that authorities were looking for him and 

learned about the nature of the allegations against him. [Morales] 

explained that once [N.S.] and [C]hildren moved to North Carolina[,]

he resumed his romantic relationship with [N.S.] and would . . . 

keep[] his distance from [Children].

Trial Court Opinion, 10/25/19, 2-9 (citations to notes of testimony omitted).

After a four-day jury trial held in August 2018, Morales was acquitted of 

all charges except two counts of EWOC; the jury specifically found that there 

was a “course of conduct” with regard to the EWOC charges. See Verdict, 

8/24/18; see also infra at n.17. On November 21, 2018, the court sentenced 

Morales to two consecutive terms of 21⁄2 to 5 years’ imprisonment. Morales filed 

post-sentence motions; they were deemed denied by operation of law.6 Morales 

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6 Although the trial court entered an order on April 2, 2019, deeming Morales’ 

post-sentence motions denied by operation of law in case number 4444-2017, it 
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filed timely notices of appeal for each docket number below7 and complied with 

the trial court’s order to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors 

complained of on appeal.8 

On appeal, Morales raises the following issues for our consideration:

(1) Did the [c]ourt err when it permitted the jury to view the 

videos of [C]hildren’s

[] [PCA] forensic interviews without 

holding the required in camera review of the evidence for 

reliability and where the [videos] were neither admissible as 

an exception to the rule against hearsay under the Tender 

Years [E]xception or as a recollection recorded where 

[C]hildren did not specifically testify that the videos accurately 

reflected their knowledge at the time they were made or that 

they were formally adopting them?

(2) Whether the [c]ourt erred in grading the EWOC charges as 

felonies of the third degree where it did not instruct the jury 

as to the “course of conduct” factual finding that was 

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did not enter an order denying his post-sentence motions in case number 4004-

2017 until February 18, 2020, in response to our Court’s rule to show cause. 

See Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3)(c). In any event, the appeal is properly before us. 

See Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5) (stating that premature notice of appeal shall be treated 

as filed on date appealable order entered). We direct the trial court to enter an 

order on the docket specifically denying, by operation of law, counsel’s postsentence motion in case number 4444-2017.

7 Morales has complied with the dictates of Commonwealth v. Walker, 185 

A.3d 969 (Pa. 2018), which requires the filing of “separate appeals from an order 

that resolves issues arising on more than one docket.” Id. at 977. See also 

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 236 A.3d 1141 (Pa. Super. 2020) (en banc) 

(revisiting Walker holding) and Commonwealth v. Larkin, 235 A.3d 350 (Pa. 

Super. 2020) (en banc) (same).

8 The trial court opinion inaccurately states that Morales filed a Post-Conviction 

Relief Act (PCRA) petition in December 2018, when, in fact, he never filed such 

a petition. Rather, this is a direct appeal from Morales’ judgment of sentence 

following the denial of post-sentence motions.
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necessary for grading EWOC as a [third] degree felony, thus 

resulting in the imposition of an illegal sentence.

(3) Whether there was sufficient evidence to prove that [Morales] 

was guilty of EWOC for having violated a duty of care, 

protection, and support, either as a misdemeanor of the first 

degree or as a felony of the third degree, where there was no 

evidence that [Morales] had endangered the [C]hildren 

through any non-sexual acts, where he was acquitted of the 

underlying sexual assault charges and where there was no 

reference in the [b]ills of [i]nformation that any non-sexual 

events formed the basis of the EWOC charges.

(4) Whether [Morales’] convictions for EWOC, either as a 

misdemeanor of the first degree or as a felony of the third 

degree, for having violated a duty of care, protection and 

support[,] were against the weight of the evidence where 

there was no evidence that any non-sexual acts endangered 

the children, where [Morales] was acquitted and where there

was no reference in the [b]ills of [i]nformation that any nonsexual events formed the basis of the EWOC charges.

Appellant’s Brief, at 6-7 (renumbered for ease of disposition).

In his first issue, Morales argues that the trial court impermissibly allowed 

the jury to view inadmissible forensic interviews of the Children where the trial 

court did not first hold a required hearing to determine whether the Children’s 

out-of-court-statements were relevant and “provide[d a] sufficient indicia of 

reliability” under the Tender Years Exception. Appellant’s Brief, at 32. Morales 

also asserts that the court erred in admitting the interviews as a prior recorded 

recollection, under Pa.R.E. 803.1, where neither the court nor the 

Commonwealth inquired as to whether either of the Children “adopt[ed]” the 

substance of the forensic interviews. Id.

[A] trial court’s ruling on evidentiary questions is within the sound 

discretion of that court and will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of 
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discretion. Commonwealth v. Delbridge, 771 A.2d 1, 10 (Pa. Super. 2001) 

(citation omitted). “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, 

but is rather the overriding or misapplication of the law.” Commonwealth v. 

Mickel, 142 A.3d 870, 874 (Pa. Super. 2016).

Instantly, the Commonwealth introduced portions of the videos of the 

Children’s PCA interviews to the jury during its direct examination of the 

Children’s forensic interviewer, Ms. Wilson. N.T. Jury Trial, 8/22/18, at 111-26. 

Prior to introducing the two video DVDs of the Children’s interviews, defense 

counsel objected to them being played with regard to Child 2, who had not yet 

been impeached. Counsel specifically objected on the basis that playing the 

video interview of Child 2 “would be improper bolstering of her credibility.” 

Id. at 62 (emphasis added). Counsel for the Commonwealth then told the court 

she did not intend to admit the videos as prior consistent statements, but, rather, 

as statements made pursuant to the Tender Years Exception (TYE). Id. at 63. 

Immediately prior to the court admitting the evidence, defense counsel stated 

that his “position is that these videos have lost their relevance, because I didn’t 

impeach the credibility of the witness.” Id. at 66. 

The Commonwealth asserts in its brief that Morales waived any objection 

to the admission of the evidence based on the TYE or recorded recollection. 

Appellee’s Brief, at 10. We are constrained to agree. Any objection counsel 

raised at trial regarding the lack of relevancy of the evidence, see id. at 66, did 

not apply to the admission of the evidence under the TYE or as a recorded 
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recollection.

9

 See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). Moreover, counsel failed to raise any issue 

regarding admission of the evidence under the TYE10 or recorded recollection in 

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9 We similarly find no merit to the objection made by Morales’s counsel at trial 

on the issue of admissibility of the Children’s forensic interviews (the same one

he raised in his Rule 1925(b) statement)—that the videos improperly bolstered 

the credibility of the child-victims. Counsel was permitted to cross-examine one 

of the Children regarding her credibility before the videotape evidence was 

admitted at trial, the tape did not antedate either Child’s alleged motive to lie, 

and the jury was able to view the videotaped interviews during deliberations—

after both Children had been cross-examined. See Commonwealth v. Bond, 

190 A.3d 664 (Pa. Super. 2018).

10 Even though we find that Morales has waived this issue on appeal, we 

admonish the Commonwealth for its failure to comply with the stringent notice 

requirement of section 5985.1, which states:

(b) Notice required.--A statement otherwise admissible under 

subsection (a) shall not be received into evidence unless the 

proponent of the statement notifies the adverse party of the 

proponent’s intention to offer the statement and the particulars of 

the statement sufficiently in advance of the proceeding at which the 

proponent intends to offer the statement into evidence to provide 

the adverse party with a fair opportunity to prepare to meet the 

statement.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1(b). “Relative to the notice requirement under this 

hearsay exception, the Commonwealth has the burden of providing actual notice 

of an intention to offer the hearsay statement.” Commonwealth v. O'Drain, 

829 A.2d 316, 320 (Pa. Super. 2003). The section 5985.1(b) “notice provisions 

are strict and must be strictly observed.” Commonwealth v. Crossley, 711 

A.2d 1025, 1028 (Pa. Super. 1988). Here, the Commonwealth notified Morales 

on the second day of trial, at the conclusion of Child 1’s testimony, that it 

intended to offer the videos under the TYE. This hardly fulfills the requirement 

that the “adverse party . . . [receive notice] in advance of the proceeding at 

which the proponent intends to offer [it].” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5985.1(b) (emphasis 

added). See Commonwealth v. Luster, 234 A.3d 836 (Pa. Super. 2020) 

(forensic interview of minor victim improperly admitted, resulting in defendant’s 

convictions and judgment of sentence being vacated and case remanded for new 

trial, where Commonwealth did not give formal written notice to defendant until 
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his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii). Thus, we deem 

the issue waived.11

In his next issue on appeal, Morales contends that his sentence is illegal—

where the trial court sentenced him to EWOC as a third-degree felony, when the 

trial court did not instruct the jury on course of conduct, and where there was 

no factual basis presented in the bills of information to support course of conduct 

under section 4304.12 

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day of trial that it intended to offer evidence under TYE and despite fact that 

Commonwealth provided oral notice of intention to present video one week 

before trial during plea negotiations and again during jury selection). 

Fortunately for the Commonwealth, Morales did not object to the lack of section 

5985.1 notice, thus he has waived any alleged error. See Commonwealth v. 

Cousar, 928 A.2d 1025, 1041 (Pa. 2007) (“A party complaining, on appeal, of 

the admission of evidence in the court below will be confined to the specific 

objection there made.”).

11 The court also replayed the videos to the jury during deliberations, with no 

objection from counsel. See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/27/18, at 3, 5 (during 

deliberations, jury asked trial judge to view victims’ recorded PCA interviews; 

judge complied and replayed videos). The interviews were conducted just one 

day after the June 29, 2014 alleged sexual assault on Child 1. The trial judge, 

relying on Commonwealth v. Shelton, 170 A.3d 549 (Pa. Super. 2017), states 

in his Rule 1925(a) opinion that “[a]though the victim[s were] able to testify at 

trial about many details of the abuse, from [its] review of the transcribed 

portions of the video recording, [it] discern[ed] that the victim[s] reported the 

event of abuse more fully, with a greater level of detail, at [their] forensic 

interview[s].” Trial Court Opinion, 10/25/19, at 18, citing Shelton, 170 A.3d at 

552. 

12 In its information on bill #CP-51-CR-0004004-2017, the Commonwealth 

charged Morales with EWOC as Count 3, alleging that:

On or about 04/01/2014

On diverse dates between 2012 through 2014 the defendant[:]
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A jury charge will be found adequate unless the issues are not made clear, 

the jury was misled by the instructions, or there was an omission from the charge 

amounting to a fundamental error. Von der Heide v. Com., Dep't of Transp., 

718 A.2d 286, 288 (Pa. 1998). The proper grading of a defendant’s convicted 

offense is an issue of statutory interpretation by which an appellate court 

determines the lawfulness of the sentence imposed. Commonwealth v. Reed, 

9 A.3d 1138, 1142 (Pa. 2010); Commonwealth v. Felder, 75 A.3d 513, 515 

(Pa. Super. 2013) (proper grading of criminal offense is issue of statutory 

interpretation and implicates legality of sentence imposed). As it is purely a 

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Being a parent, guardian, or other person supervising the welfare of 

a child under 18 years of age, or a person that employs or supervises 

such a person, the actor knowingly endangered the welfare of the 

complainant child by violating a duty of care, protection or support[.]

Course of Conduct: Notice is hereby given that the 

Commonwealth grades the offense as a felony of the third 

degree under 18 [Pa.C.S.A.] § 4304(b)[,] where there was a 

course of conduct of endangering the welfare of the 

complainant child.

Commonwealth’s Criminal Information on #4004-2017, 5/16/17, at 1 (emphasis 

added). 

However, on bill #CP-51-CR-0004444-2017, noticeably missing from the 

information is any course of conduct language giving notice that the 

Commonwealth is grading the offense as a third-degree felony under section 

4304(b). Rather, on that bill the Commonwealth lists EWOC as a third-degree 

felony under section 4304(a)(1) and notes that it occurred “On or about 

01/01/2012 thorough 12/31/2014.” Commonwealth’s Criminal Information on 

#4444-2017, 5/16/17, at 1. 
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question of law, the appellate court’s scope of review is plenary, and its standard 

is de novo. Id.

Under our Commonwealth’s EWOC statute, 18 Pa.C.S. § 4304, an offense 

is graded as a first-degree misdemeanor, id. at § 4304(b)(1)(i), unless “the 

actor engages in a course of conduct of endangering the welfare of child” or 

creates a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury, in which cases the 

offense is graded as a third-degree felony. Id. at § 4304(b)(1)(ii) (emphasis 

added); Id. at §§(b)(1)(iii). The EWOC statute does not define the term “course 

of conduct.” Cf. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709.1(f) (defining “[c]ourse of conduct” as 

used in harassment statute); id. (defining “course of conduct” as used in stalking 

statute). See Commonwealth v. Kelly, 102 A.3d 1025, 1031 (Pa. Super. 

2014) (noting that “course of conduct” language in EWOC statute used in grading 

of offense, as opposed to element of offense, and pointing out that EWOC statute 

does not define term but that “the phrase is clearly used in that context to 

differentiate the penalties for single and multiple endangering acts”); see also 

18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(b)(3)(ii) (indecent assault statute graded as third-degree 

felony where “[t]here has been a course of conduct of indecent assault by the 

person”). 

To support his claim, Morales cites to Commonwealth v. Popow, 844 

A.2d 13 (Pa. Super. 2004), where the defendant was acquitted of aggravated 

assault charges, but convicted of simple assault, defiant trespass, REAP, 

stalking, and EWOC. On appeal, Popow argued that he was improperly 

sentenced on EWOC as a third-degree felony where “neither the information nor 
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the evidence made out a course of conduct that would raise this charge from a 

misdemeanor of the first degree to a felony of the third degree and where the 

jury was not instructed on a course of conduct[.]” Id. at 15-16. In analyzing 

the grading issue, our Court recognized that “‘course of conduct’ is not an 

element of the offense of endangering the welfare of a child, but it is an 

additional fact, a jury question, that impacts the grading of the offense.” Id. at 

18. Because EWOC was erroneously graded in the information as a third-degree 

felony where there were no facts alleged or proven in the case to support the 

grading, and because the court did not mention “course of conduct” in its EWOC 

instruction, our Court “conclude[d] that the trial court improperly graded this 

offense as a felony of the third-degree.” Id. We remanded the case to the trial 

court “for imposition of a sentence within the legal sentencing range and 

consideration of the sentencing guidelines of this crime as a misdemeanor of the 

first degree, rather than as a felony of the third degree.” Id.

The Commonwealth claims in its brief that Morales was put on notice that 

there would be evidence of course of conduct presented at trial where “[t]he bills 

of information under both docket numbers . . . charged [Morales] with thirddegree felony endangerment for actions committed between 2012 and 2014.” 

Appellee’s Brief, at 17. The Commonwealth also asserts—in any event—that 

Morales has waived the grading claim because it does not implicate the legality 

of Morales’ sentence and he did not object at sentencing to the improper grading. 

Id. at 20 n.3.
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To support its position on waiver, the Commonwealth cites to 

Commonwealth v. Spruill, 80 A.3d 453 (Pa. 2013), where our Supreme Court 

stated “to the extent that the Superior Court’s decisions in [Commonwealth v.

] Kisner, [736 A.2d 672 (Pa. Super. 1999),] [Commonwealth v.] Passarelli,

[789 A.2d 708 (Pa. Super. 2001),] and [Commonwealth v.] Coto, [932 A.2d 

933 (Pa. Super. 2007),13] may be read to be inconsistent with our decision today, 

they must stand down.” Id. at 463 n.13. Because the Popow Court relied, in 

____________________________________________

13 In Kisner, the Superior Court vacated the defendant’s judgment of sentence 

for rape as a first-degree felony and remanded for resentencing where he had 

not been sentenced in accordance with the grade specified in both the 

information and the waiver colloquy. The defendant framed his claim on appeal 

as an illegal sentence—one where the trial court imposed a sentence higher than 

that charged in the information and set forth in the waiver colloquy. 

In Passarelli, the defendant-father claimed that there was insufficient evidence 

to support his EWOC conviction where defense expert witnesses testified that 

injuries to his three-month-old baby could have occurred prior to the mother’s 

departure and that the injuries could not have resulted from the defendantfather shaking the baby. On appeal, our Court concluded there was sufficient 

evidence to support the defendant’s EWOC conviction. The defendant framed 

his claim on appeal as an illegal sentence—one where the sentence imposed on 

the charge of EWOC graded as an M-1, but where the trial court imposed a 

sentence on an offense lower than the offense charged in the information.

In Coto, the defendant argued that there was insufficient evidence to prove he 

was ineligible to obtain a license to carry a concealed weapon, so the offense 

was improperly graded as a felony. On appeal, our Court affirmed the 

defendant’s conviction, finding that the statutory provisions to lessen the grade 

of the offense were intended to be sentencing factors, not a new element of the 

offense and, thus, were not an affirmative defense to be proven by the 

prosecution. Therefore, the defendant had the burden to prove at sentencing, 

by a preponderance of the evidence, that the exception to lessen the grading 

applied. 
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part, on those cases, the Commonwealth contends that Popow is also no longer 

good law and, thus, Morales’ claim is not a non-waivable issue. 

In Spruill, the defendant was charged, inter alia, with three counts of 

aggravated assault. In the bills of information, the Commonwealth denoted the 

aggravated assault charges as “F[-]1’s” (first-degree felonies); however, the 

description of the elements of the offense encompassed both first-degree and 

second-degree felony aggravated assault. Following a bench trial, the defendant 

was found guilty of F-2 aggravated assault on two of the three counts. The 

defendant did not object to the verdict based upon the grading of the convictions

as an F-2. On direct appeal, the defendant challenged the sufficiency of the 

evidence to support her aggravated assault convictions as second-degree 

felonies; specifically, she argued that the Commonwealth abandoned the F-2 

charge. Id. at 456. The Commonwealth countered by claiming that the 

defendant waived the issue by failing to object before the trial court. Id. at 456-

57. 

On appeal, our Court found that the defendant’s claim was a non-waivable 

legality of sentence claim, examined the merits of the issue, and focused its 

attention on two pages of the trial transcript where the assistant district attorney 

said that the case involved the intent to cause serious bodily injury (F-1 

language) and where the trial court and the Commonwealth agreed that they 

“we[]re only going on an F-1.” Id. at 458. Our Court determined that these 

comments in the record established that the Commonwealth had, in fact, 

abandoned the F-2 charge and pursued aggravated assault only as an F-1 at 
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trial. Id. Accordingly, the panel vacated the defendant’s F-2 convictions and 

did not address the remaining sufficiency of the evidence claim. Id.

After being denied reargument, the Commonwealth sought and was 

granted discretionary review by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. On appeal, 

the Supreme Court found it necessary to clarify the “complexities” that “arise 

from disagreement among the members of the Court concerning whether a 

particular claim implicates the legality of a sentence.” Id. at 461. First, it noted

the classic and easily decipherable legality of sentence claim—where a term 

imposed exceeds the statutory maximum. Then, the Court proceeded to 

acknowledge that “the more difficult case may generate multiple expressions 

and even a failure to achieve a consensus.” Id. Turning to the case at hand, 

the Court noted that it was faced with “the more elemental question of whether 

the claim posed is a sentencing claim at all.” Id. The Court clarified that the 

defendant’s claim involved her underlying conviction, not the actual sentence 

the court later imposed, finding force to the Commonwealth’s argument that

nothing on the face of the record suggest[s] a fatal problem with the 

sentence: the trial court delivered a guilty verdict of F[-]2 

aggravated assault, and the sentence imposed was within the 

statutory range for such an offense. To succeed, the [defendant] 

needs to prove an error respecting the verdict, not the sentence.

Id. at 462 (emphasis in original). The Court stated: “Even if the challenge could 

be construed as implicating the sentence, this is not the sort of instance 

suggesting non-waivable ‘illegality.’” Id. at 463. Accordingly, the Spruill Court 

reversed our Court’s order and remanded the matter, holding that because the 

defendant’s challenge involved her underlying conviction at trial and not the 
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sentence, the claim did not implicate the legality of her sentence and, thus the 

claim was subject to waiver. Id. at 463-64.

The Supreme Court also determined that when the issue involves “factdriven matters,” such as where the inquiry centers around a sufficiency 

argument, then it typically is not a non-waivable legality of sentence claim. Id. 

In Spruill, the defendant’s claim specifically hinged upon “what offenses were 

charged and pursued, and specifically whether the Commonwealth in fact 

affirmatively withdrew the F2 aggravated assault charge.” Id. We find the facts 

in Spruill are inapposite to the claim presented by Morales in the instant case.

First, while the language in one of the two bills of information did include 

the “course of conduct” language putting Morales on notice of the 

Commonwealth’s intent to prosecute the EWOC charge as a third-degree felony, 

the record similarly evinces that the other bill did not contain the same “course 

of conduct” language. Second, and just as concerning, is the fact that the trial 

judge did not instruct the jury, before its deliberations, that Morales was being 

charged under a course of conduct theory in order to prove either EWOC charge 

as a third-degree felony—a fact that the jury is required to specifically find in 

order to have the offense graded as a felony. See Popow, supra at 18 (“'We 

cannot merely assume the jury found th[e] additional fact of [course of conduct] 

when no evidence of it was presented at trial and no mention of it was made

in the jury’s charge.”); see also Commonwealth v. Shamberger, 788 A.2d 

408 (Pa. Super. 2001) (en banc) (whether property taken from person is not 

element of theft statute, but is factor for grading purposes; “factor” is question 
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for jury). Compare N.T. Jury Trial, 8/24/18, at 34, 43 (during jury instructions 

in instant case, judge only defined course of conduct with regard to indecent 

assault and corruption of minors charges)14 with Commonwealth v. Smith, 

206 A.3d 551 (Pa. Super. 2019) (where trial court instructed jury “to find that 

Appellant committed acts on ‘numerous occasions’ that corrupted or tended 

to corrupt victim’s morals,” instruction was consistent with “course of conduct”) 

(emphasis added and in original). 

Instantly, the relevant inquiry on this issue is not what offenses were 

pursued by the Commonwealth at trial and whether the evidence was sufficient 

to prove EWOC as a third-degree felony; in fact, the issue does not bear at all 

on the guilt or innocence of Morales with regard to the offense. Rather, the issue 

____________________________________________

14 Specifically, the trial judge told the jury that in order for the Commonwealth 

to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Morales committed indecent contact 

with the Children, the jury first had to find that Morales committed the two 

elements of the offense and if, and only if, it made that determination of guilt, 

the should jury “indicate on the verdict form whether you also find the follow[ing] 

elements proven beyond a reasonable doubt: ‘A, there has been a course of 

conduct of indecent assault’ and/or, ‘B, the indecent assault was committed 

by touching the complainant’s sexual or intimate part with sexual or intimate 

parts of the person.’” N.T. Jury Trial, 8/24/18, at 34-35 (emphasis added). The 

court then defined course of conduct as follows:

A course of conduct means a pattern of actions composed of one or 

more act over a period of time, however short, evidencing a 

continuity of conduct[.]

Id. Notably, the jury found that Morales was not guilty of indecent conduct and 

did not answer the question as to whether there was a course of conduct. Verdict 

Report, 8/23/18.
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concerns the determination of the appropriate punishment for Morales—a fact 

the jury must determine beyond a reasonable doubt after the jury has already 

determined that he is guilty of EWOC. Thus, the error concerns Morales’ 

sentence, not the underlying conviction,

15 and, therefore, implicates the legality 

of his sentence. Spruill, supra. Cf. In the Interest of D.P., 233 A.3d 847 

(Pa. Super. 2020) (juvenile contested adjudication of delinquency for indecent 

assault (F-3), not non-waivable legality of sentence, where he argued that he 

had not been put on notice that Commonwealth was proceeding with such 

grading and that evidence was insufficient to demonstrate “course of conduct’ 

necessary to justify F-3 grading); Commonwealth v. Hoffman, 198 A.3d 1112, 

1123 (Pa. Super. 2018) (“[A] claim that the court improperly graded an offense 

for sentencing purposes implicates the legality of a sentence.”) (citations and 

quotation marks omitted). 

Undoubtedly, under the EWOC statute, in order to grade the offense as a 

third-degree felony, a specific determination must be made that “the actor 

____________________________________________

15 As noted earlier, the verdict sheet reflects that the jury made a specific finding 

that the EWOC charge was based on a “course of conduct,” see supra at 7-8, 

and the jury foreperson stated same in rendering the verdict. See N.T. Jury 

Trial, 8/27/18, at 7. However, the judge never instructed the jury on “course of 

conduct” as it related to EWOC—an additional fact that impacts the grading of 

the offense. Popow, supra. Again, we find this flaw in the court’s instruction 

led to a fundamental error necessitating remand for the proper grading of the 

offense as an M-3. See Commonwealth v. Johnson, 630 Pa. 493, 552, 107 

A.3d 52, 87-88 (2014) (citation omitted) (in reviewing challenge to jury 

instruction, entire charge is considered, not merely discrete portions thereof; 

trial court free to use its own expressions as long as the concepts at issue 

are clearly and accurately presented to the jury) (emphasis added).
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engaged in a course of conduct” of endangering the welfare of a child. Compare

Reed, supra at 642 (noting that unlawful contact with minor statute requires 

no factual determination of crime “for which the defendant contacted the minor” 

in order to determine proper grading) with Felder, supra at 517 (noting that 

witness/victim intimidation statute “provides merely that the crime will be 

graded as a first-degree felony if a first-degree felony ‘was charged in the 

case’”) (emphasis added). Here, where the trial court did not instruct the jury 

on “course of conduct,” it was not able to determine facts to support the grading 

of EWOC as a third-degree felony. This amounted to a fundamental error. Von 

der Heide, supra. See Commonwealth v. Hartman, 638 A.2d 968, 971 (Pa. 

1994) (when court instructs jury, objective is to explain to jury how to approach 

its task and factors it should consider in reaching verdict). Because we cannot 

conclude that the jury understood that it was making a finding on course of 

conduct on the EWOC charge, without any instruction, the court’s sentence on 

that offense as an F-3 is illegal. Thus, Morales is entitled to resentencing on the 

EWOC offenses as M-1’s.

In his final two issues on appeal, Morales contends that his EWOC 

convictions are against the sufficiency and weight of the evidence where “he was 

acquitted of all sexual assault charges” and where “the jury apparently reached 

some type of compromise verdict [on EWOC]. . . and clear[ly] . . . did not believe 

that the weight of the evidence established that [Morales] engaged in any sexual 

behaviors toward the [C]hildren.” Appellant’s Brief, at 39-41. He is entitled to 

no relief.
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A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presents a question of law 

and is subject to plenary review. Commonwealth v. Hitcho, 123 A.3d 731, 

746 (Pa. 2015). The test is whether the evidence admitted at trial supports the 

jury’s finding of all the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

“The entire trial record must be evaluated and all evidence received must be 

considered.” Commonwealth v. Woods, 638 A.3d 1013, 1015 (Pa. Super. 

1994) (citation omitted). “In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, all 

reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of the Commonwealth as the 

verdict winner.” Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 902 A.2d 430, 444 (Pa. 2006).

The crime of endangering the welfare of children is defined, in relevant 

part, as follows:

(a) Offense defined. 

(1) A parent, guardian or other person supervising the welfare 

of a child under 18 years of age, or a person that employs or 

supervises such a person,[16] commits an offense if he 

knowingly[17] endangers the welfare of the child by violating 

a duty of care, protection or support.

____________________________________________

16 The term “person supervising the welfare of a child” means “a person other 

than a parent or guardian that provides care, education, training or control of a 

child.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a)(3). Thus, it is undisputed that Morales, who 

often babysat Children while N.S. was at work during the day, fits within this 

definition. Again, Morales does not challenge this element of the EWOC statute.

17 Under the Crimes Code, a person acts knowingly with respect to a material 

element of an offense:
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18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a)(1) (emphasis added). Pennsylvania courts have 

established a three-part test that must be satisfied to prove EWOC:

(1) [T]he accused [was] aware of his/her duty to protect the child;

(2) [T]he accused [was] aware that the child [was] in circumstances 

that could threaten the child’s physical or psychological welfare; and

(3) [T]he accused has either failed to act or has taken action so lame 

or meager that such actions cannot reasonably be expected to 

protect the child’s welfare.

Commonwealth v. Pahel, 689 A.2d 963, 964 (Pa. Super. 1997) (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Cardwell, 515 A.2d 311, 315 (Pa. Super. 1986)). 

In Commonwealth v. Taylor, 471 A.2d 1228 (Pa. Super. 1984), our 

Court discussed the legislature’s intent in enacting section 4304 and its broad 

statutory purpose:

The Supreme Court has said that [s]ection 4304 was drawn 

broadly to cover a wide range of conduct in order to 

safeguard the welfare and security of children. It is to be 

given meaning by reference to the common sense of the 

community and the broad protective purposes for which it 

was enacted. Commonwealth v. Mack, [] 359 A.2d 770, 772 

([Pa.] 1976). Thus, the “common sense of the community, as well 

as the sense of decency, propriety and the morality which most 

people entertain is sufficient to apply the statute to each particular 

case, and to individuate what particular conduct is rendered criminal 

by it.” Id., quoting Commonwealth v. Marlin, [] 305 A.2d 14, 18 

____________________________________________

(i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct or the attendant 

circumstances, he is aware that his conduct is of that nature or that 

such circumstances exist; and

(ii) if the element involves a result of his conduct, he is aware that 

it is practically certain that his conduct will cause such a result.

18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 302(b)(2)(i) and (ii).
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([Pa.] 1973) and Commonwealth v. Randall, [] 133 A.2d 276, 280 

([Pa. Super.] 1957).

Id. at 1231 (emphasis added). Compare Commonwealth v. Morrison, 401 

A.2d 1348 (Pa. Super. 1979) (EWOC conviction upheld on sufficiency grounds 

where it was based on failure of parents to take child to doctor for two months, 

burns on child’s penis had not healed, and penis began to swell, became infected, 

and lack of treatment rendered loss of organ possible) with Commonwealth 

v. A.R.C., 150 A.3d 53 (Pa. Super. 2016) (evidence insufficient to support EWOC 

conviction where evidence showed defendant had no idea child had sustained 

injuries prior to hospital visit and both defendant’s boyfriend and defendant’s 

mother testified they never saw defendant mistreat child).

Like the sufficiency argument advanced by Morales on appeal, the 

defendant in Taylor, supra, claimed that because a jury acquitted him of 

charges of assault and sexual offenses, his conviction for EWOC should be set 

aside. In Taylor, the defendant drove his thirteen-year-old daughter and her 

twelve-year-old friend to Ocean City, New Jersey, where the three visited the 

boardwalk until they returned home at approximately 10:15 P.M. Id. at 1229. 

During the car ride home, the defendant drank several beers, became tired, lost 

his way, and narrowly avoided two accidents. Id. When he became too tired to 

continue driving, defendant stopped at a motel room to spend the night. Id. 

According to the Commonwealth, the defendant made sexual advances to the 

young girls, allegedly choked them, threw them on the bed, grabbed at their 

private parts, and wrapped his legs around them. Id. The Commonwealth also 

presented evidence that defendant pushed his daughter’s friend to the bed, 
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causing her to fall, strike her head, and sustain a swollen lip. Id. Defendant 

then allegedly exposed his genitalia, removed a packet of condoms from his 

pocket, and told his daughter that he could prevent her pregnancy by using one. 

Id. The defendant ultimately fell asleep and took the girls home the following 

morning, threatening to kill them if they told anyone what had happened in the 

motel room. Id.

On appeal, one of the arguments advanced by the defendant was that the 

jury’s acquittal of the sexual offenses “was a rejection of the [victims’] testimony 

regarding events that allegedly occur[red] in the motel room.” Id. at 1231. Our 

Court found defendant’s argument meritless, noting that “a fact finder may 

render inconsistent verdicts,” and “[a] jury’s verdict in a criminal case will not 

be set aside merely because it appears to be inconsistent with another verdict 

of the jurors[, s]o long as the challenged verdict is supported by the evidence.” 

Id. See also Commonwealth v. Miller, 35 A.3d 1206, 1209 (Pa. 2012) 

(“[T]he fact that the inconsistency [in the verdict] may be the result of lenity, 

coupled with the Government’s inability to invoke review, suggests that 

inconsistent verdicts should not be reviewable.”) (citation omitted). 

Like the facts in Taylor, the affidavit of probable cause attached to the 

criminal complaint here alleges that the sexual encounters and viewing of explicit 

sexual materials formed “the facts tending to establish the grounds for the 

issuance of the warrant of arrest” for Morales. See Criminal Complaint/Affidavit 

of Probable Cause, 3/18/17, at 1; see also N.T. Jury Trial, 8/24/18, at 27 (in 

instruction to jury, trial court states, “If, after considering all the evidence, you 
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find that the Commonwealth has established beyond a reasonable doubt all of 

the elements [of EWOC], you must find the defendant guilty.”) (emphasis 

added). Moreover, the criminal complaint, itself, predicated all charges upon a 

course of continuing sexual conduct—specifically, testimony from Children and 

N.S. that Morales exposed himself to Children, touched their private parts, had 

them perform oral sex on him, and showed them inappropriate videos of sexually 

explicit material. See N.T. Jury Trial, 8/24/18, at 21 (trial judge instructing jury 

that “information alleges that the crime was committed on diverse dates 

between January 2012 and June 2014”). Unlike Taylor, here the 

Commonwealth’s case did focus on the sexual conduct alleged in the bills of 

information. 

While sexual conduct formed the factual basis for all charges, including 

EWOC, and the jury acquitted Morales of all sexual offenses, Morales, himself, 

admits that this appears to be a compromise verdict situation. In such cases, 

we are mindful of the following:

[T]he United States Supreme Court has recognized that a court’s 

review of the evidentiary sufficiency of a particular conviction is 

separate from its review of inconsistent verdicts, as sufficiency 

review entails an assessment of whether the evidence was sufficient 

for the jury to convict a defendant of a particular offense and is 

“independent of the jury’s determination that evidence on another 

count was insufficient.” United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 67 

[] (1984). Thus, the Supreme Court has explicitly cautioned 

that sufficiency review “should not be confused with the 

problems caused by inconsistent verdicts.” Id. Accordingly, in 

line with the high Court, we emphasize that such challenges are 

more appropriately characterized as challenges to the inconsistency 

of the jury’s verdict, rather than to the sufficiency of the evidence to 

sustain a particular conviction.
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Commonwealth v. Moore, 103 A.3d 1240, 1242 n.3 (Pa. 2014) (emphasis 

added). 

We conclude that the jury’s acquittal of sexual offenses filed against 

Morales is not equivalent to a factual finding, and, therefore does not render 

inconsistent verdicts improper so long as there is sufficient evidence presented 

by the Commonwealth at trial to support the EWOC guilty verdicts. Miller, 

supra at 1208; United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 58 (1984) 

(“[I]nconsistent verdicts, [] under longstanding federal and state law, are 

allowed to stand so long as the evidence is sufficient to support the conviction.”). 

Inconsistent verdicts are permissible, and “factual findings may not be inferred 

from a jury’s acquittal.” Moore, 103 A.3d at 1248. After a review of the record,

we are convinced that the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence which, 

if believed, would support the jury’s EWOC verdict.

18

 Commonwealth v. 

Ketterer, 725 A.2d 801, 804 (Pa. Super. 1999) (“Any question of doubt is for 

the fact-finder, unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter 

of law no probability of fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.”). 

Mindful of the fact that “even where two verdicts are logically inconsistent, such 

inconsistency alone cannot be grounds for a new trial or reversal,” Miller, supra

at 1213, we find no merit to Morales’ sufficiency claim.

____________________________________________

18 Morales was charged with twenty-four counts of assault and sexual offenses; 

the jury acquitted him of all but two counts of EWOC. Morales only contests the 

sufficiency of the evidence as it applies to the portion of the EWOC statute that 

requires the perpetrator “violat[e] a duty of care, protection or support.” 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a)(1). 
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In his final issue, Morales contends that the verdict was against the weight 

of the evidence where: the jury acquitted him of all sexual assault charges, 

Children’s mother had both a motive to fabricate and a motive to coach the 

[C]hildren to fabricate, there was a lack of prompt complaints, and, subsequent 

to the alleged incidents, the mother and Children renewed their relationship with 

Morales in North Carolina.19

 “An allegation that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence is 

addressed to the discretion of the trial court.” Commonwealth v. Sullivan, 

820 A.2d 795, 805-06 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted). 

An appellate court’s standard of review when presented with a 

weight of the evidence claim is distinct from the standard of review 

applied by the trial court. Appellate review of a weight claim is a 

review of the exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question 

of whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Mucci, 143 A.3d 399, 410 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation 

omitted). Moreover, “[i]n order for an appellant to prevail on a challenge to the 

weight of the evidence, the evidence must be so tenuous, vague and uncertain 

that the verdict shocks the conscience of the court.” Id. (citation omitted).

Here, the Children testified that Morales exposed his private part, touched 

their private parts, and showed them explicit videos of a sexual nature. The fact 

that Children’s mother may have had a motive to fabricate the events and/or

coach the Children to lie about Morales’ actions does not equate to an abuse of 

____________________________________________

19 Morales preserved his weight of the evidence claim by including it in his postsentence motions. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 607.
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the trial court’s discretion where it concluded that the verdict was not against 

the weight of the evidence. Notably, the jury as the fact finder “is free to believe 

all, part or none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of [the] 

witnesses.” Commonwealth v. Small, 741 A.2d 666, 672 (Pa. 1999). The 

jury credited the Children’s testimony as truthful and did not believe the 

defense’s claim that the allegations against Morales were fabricated. Under such 

circumstances, we cannot conclude that the court abused its discretion. See 

Commonwealth v. Cramer, 195 A.3d 594, 601 (Pa. Super. 2018) (when trial 

court finds verdict not against weight of evidence, appellate court must give 

gravest consideration to trial court’s conclusion because it had opportunity to 

hear and see evidence presented). Thus, this claim is meritless. 

Judgment of sentence vacated; convictions affirmed. Case remanded for 

resentencing with consideration of Sentencing Guidelines for EWOC charges 

graded as misdemeanors of the first degree. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 3/10/2021