Industry compensation by 

region .......................................3

Industry compensation by 

industry.....................................5

Tables........................................7

Hourly compensation costs, or the hourly cost to the manufacturer of 

employing labor, is one of the most important indicators of international 

competitiveness in manufacturing. Average measures of compensation costs for the 

manufacturing sector as a whole, however, often mask important cost differences 

and competitiveness among sub-manufacturing industries. Under an international 

comparative lens, this report highlights the differences in compensation costs 

across both countries and industries.

 

 

Chart 1. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 2012 

 

Elimination of ILC

BLS has eliminated the 

International Labor 

Comparisons (ILC) program. 

This is the last BLS release of 

international comparisons of 

hourly compensation costs .

The BLS is aware of other 

organizations that have 

obtained the methodology 

and intend to produce ILC 

indicators similar to those 

done previously by BLS. Please 

see the announcement at 

www.bls.gov/ilc. 

Table of Contents

Related Info

Data tables 2008–2012:

By industry

www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccindustry.htm 

By country 

www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcccountry.htm

International Labor Comparisons August 9, 2013

International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation 

Costs in Manufacturing Industries, 2012

www.bls.gov/ilc 
Chart 1 Highlights

Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 2012

Within each country, industry compensation costs can vary greatly from average compensation in total 

manufacturing (see Chart 1). The overall spread of compensation costs across industries can be compared across 

countries by looking at the relative—and not the absolute—distance of costs between the highest and lowest 

compensated industries. In 2012, for example, the highest paid industry was more than double the lowest paid 

industry in 13 of 23 countries compared. The greatest variation in compensation across industries occurred primarily 

in Brazil and Mexico and countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. Historically, the highest and lowest compensated 

industries have tended to be similar across countries. In 2012, coke and petroleum products and pharmaceuticals 

were among the highly paid industries, while the lower paid industries included apparel and wood products 

manufacturing.

Chart 2 Highlights

Industry compensation costs as a percent of average costs in manufacturing, by region, 2012

In Chart 2, bold diamonds represent the average compensation cost in manufacturing for each country, and 

each notch along a country line represents average costs in a particular sub-manufacturing industry. The spread, or 

dispersion, of compensation within countries is shown against the horizontal axis (each country’s manufacturing 

average is set equal to 100), while a country’s position relative to the United States is shown against the vertical axis 

(average U.S. manufacturing compensation is set equal to 100).

The overall spread of manufacturing compensation is determined not only by the industries at the upper and 

lower ends of the compensation spectrum, but also by how closely together or far apart industries fall between the 

two extremes (see Chart 2). The dispersion of manufacturing compensation is high and driven largely by variations in 

the top (red) end of the compensation spectrum in Latin America, Asia, and eastern Europe. On the other hand, the 

dispersion of compensation costs is lower in northern Europe primarily because industry compensation is more tightly 

clustered around the manufacturing average in these countries.

www.bls.gov/ilc | 2 
Chart 2. Industry compensation costs as a percent of average costs in manufacturing, by region, 2012 

 

 

Less than

Country Mfg Avg

Greater than

Country Mfg Avg

Manufacturing Avg All Other Industries

www.bls.gov/ilc | 3 
Chart 3 Highlights

Industry compensation costs as a percent of average costs in manufacturing,

and as a percent of average U.S. industry costs, by industry, 2012

Because compensation costs can differ so much from one industry within manufacturing to another, Chart 3 

focuses the analysis at the industry level and provides a snapshot of U.S. competitiveness for the industries shown. In 

the charts, compensation costs for the industry in each country are compared to the country’s average manufacturing 

compensation along the horizontal axis and to U.S. compensation for that industry along the vertical axis. 

Industries for which most countries lie in the left (red) portion of the chart (apparel and fabricated metals) are 

industries that are generally lower compensated than the manufacturing average in each country, while industries for 

which most countries lie in the right (green) portion of the chart (pharmaceuticals, computers, motor vehicles, and 

other transport) are generally higher compensated industries. 

Similar to the pattern seen at the sector level, industry compensation costs in western and northern Europe are 

generally higher than in the United States, while costs in Asia, Latin America, and eastern Europe are generally lower. 

Based on 2012 compensation levels for the industries shown, the United States was relatively more competitive in the 

manufacture of fabricated metal and paper products and relatively less competitive in computer, electronic, and 

optical products and other transport equipment (also see Table 3). 

www.bls.gov/ilc | 4 
Chart 3. Industry compensation costs as a percent of average costs in manufacturing, 

and as a percent of average U.S. industry costs, by industry, 2012 

Less than

Country Mfg Avg

Greater than

Country Mfg Avg

U.S. Manufacturing

Avg = 100

All Countries Covered

www.bls.gov/ilc | 5 
Chart 3 (Continued). Industry compensation costs as a percent of average costs in manufacturing, 

and as a percent of average U.S. industry costs, by industry, 2012

Less than

Country Mfg Avg

Greater than

Country Mfg Avg

U.S. Manufacturing

Avg = 100

All Countries Covered

www.bls.gov/ilc | 6 
Table 1a. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries,

U.S. dollars, 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

United 

States Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada 

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 35.67 18.87 47.68 41.53 52.19 11.20 36.59

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 27.20 NA 41.21 32.46 46.24 8.81 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA 31.88 46.22 8.70 NA

Food products 10 26.25 NA 39.15 30.10 44.84 8.44 NA

Beverages 11 NA NA NA 42.84 55.14 11.47 NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA 46.41 16.23 NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 24.34 NA NA 31.98 41.20 5.32 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 24.19 NA NA 33.03 40.99 5.52 NA

Textiles 13 24.17 NA NA 34.64 41.89 7.60 NA

Wearing apparel 14 24.09 NA NA 30.82 37.51 4.61 NA

Leather and related products 15 26.34 NA NA 28.82 43.80 4.87 NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 30.78 NA 41.40 38.12 46.77 9.49 NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 24.67 NA 37.56 32.55 38.38 6.27 NA

Paper and paper products 17 36.99 NA 53.33 45.82 53.30 13.82 NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 30.15 NA 40.36 41.23 48.08 8.49 NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 55.85 NA NA NA NA 38.31 NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 42.52 NA NA 51.42 68.64 20.26 NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 39.48 NA NA 53.12 67.32 19.23 NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 48.20 NA NA 49.14 71.79 23.40 NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 30.24 NA 52.53 39.58 49.10 9.24 NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 29.60 NA 57.02 37.23 49.03 10.21 NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 31.37 NA 48.45 41.67 49.09 8.31 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 32.25 NA 50.05 41.52 49.62 12.42 NA

Basic metals 24 37.29 NA 62.15 47.91 58.47 18.58 NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 30.73 NA 43.55 38.20 43.69 9.56 NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 50.62 NA NA 49.16 55.33 16.01 NA

Electrical equipment 27 36.41 NA NA 45.85 49.87 14.00 NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 38.15 NA NA 45.09 48.45 14.58 NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 45.34 NA NA 46.81 57.63 18.78 NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 37.38 NA 54.34 46.05 58.52 18.80 NA

Other transport equipment 30 54.35 NA 47.28 50.45 53.42 NA NA

Furniture 31 26.57 NA NA 30.40 37.85 6.05 NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 7 
Table 1b. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries,

U.S. dollars, 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

Czech 

Republic

Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 11.95 48.47 10.41 42.60 39.81 45.79 19.41

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA 44.67 NA NA NA 31.52 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA 44.77 9.83 NA NA NA NA

Food products 10 NA 44.51 9.20 NA 30.55 29.56 NA

Beverages 11 NA 47.69 15.42 NA NA 43.20 NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA 62.28 NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 43.29 7.12 NA 31.54 35.09 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA 42.85 7.09 NA 31.54 34.37 NA

Textiles 13 NA 42.95 8.16 NA 30.73 33.82 NA

Wearing apparel 14 NA 42.55 6.44 NA 32.47 35.49 NA

Leather and related products 15 NA NA 7.38 NA 31.60 38.83 NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA 44.51 11.17 NA 34.51 37.94 NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 NA 40.00 10.92 NA 29.34 31.27 NA

Paper and paper products 17 NA 47.09 11.66 NA 37.46 41.12 NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 NA 48.79 12.10 NA 35.93 39.44 NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA NA NA NA NA 69.38 NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA 53.73 NA NA 54.28 58.18 NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 NA 53.63 13.71 NA 52.03 57.59 NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA 67.09 NA NA 58.33 60.06 NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 NA 47.41 12.32 NA 37.49 37.71 NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 48.50 10.84 NA 36.94 37.91 NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 46.16 13.84 NA 38.04 37.31 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 NA 43.93 NA NA 37.71 41.63 NA

Basic metals 24 NA 43.41 NA NA 44.49 48.14 NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 NA 44.02 13.05 NA 35.47 39.12 NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 NA 53.54 10.40 NA 52.15 50.11 NA

Electrical equipment 27 NA 48.73 11.85 NA 41.83 49.52 NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA 50.05 13.50 NA 42.19 49.11 NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 NA 45.61 NA NA 45.77 58.82 NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA 43.87 11.29 NA 42.36 59.04 NA

Other transport equipment 30 NA 47.42 NA NA 52.59 57.53 NA

Furniture 31 NA 42.14 9.11 NA 29.67 34.45 NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 8 
Table 1c. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries,

U.S. dollars, 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea, 

Republic of

Mexico

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 8.95 38.17 20.14 34.18 35.34 20.72 6.36

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 7.16 NA 13.65 33.99 25.37 15.58 5.52

Food products and beverages 10-11 7.07 NA NA 33.92 NA 15.39 5.49

Food products 10 6.58 NA 13.07 33.22 NA 14.95 5.50

Beverages 11 10.81 NA NA 39.12 NA 21.51 5.55

Tobacco products 12 12.13 NA NA 54.95 NA 31.79 11.71

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 5.21 NA 12.98 27.45 NA 14.54 3.30

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 5.18 NA 12.82 27.51 23.67 14.60 3.40

Textiles 13 6.12 NA 14.07 30.13 NA 13.41 3.87

Wearing apparel 14 4.69 NA 11.77 25.43 NA 15.95 2.92

Leather and related products 15 5.27 NA 12.28 27.25 NA 14.06 3.03

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 7.68 NA 14.03 31.42 29.64 16.41 4.89

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 5.67 NA 13.28 27.61 26.97 15.86 2.70

Paper and paper products 17 9.98 NA 15.89 33.08 31.24 18.08 5.34

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 7.64 NA 13.26 33.77 29.40 14.36 4.73

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 22.98 NA NA 51.21 NA 63.56 14.56

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 14.68 NA NA 46.44 NA 24.10 11.01

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 12.91 NA NA 42.20 NA 24.25 9.91

Pharmaceutical products 21 15.97 NA 26.70 53.05 NA 23.47 13.93

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 8.63 NA 16.29 33.44 32.35 16.31 5.52

Rubber and plastics products 22 8.13 NA 15.72 32.73 31.17 15.08 4.81

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 9.57 NA 17.62 34.12 34.57 19.22 6.29

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 8.06 NA 15.46 32.69 34.58 19.87 7.09

Basic metals 24 11.35 NA 15.09 37.37 40.98 26.94 8.39

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 7.07 NA 15.53 31.18 30.42 16.64 5.71

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 9.89 NA 30.47 39.95 NA 24.30 5.18

Electrical equipment 27 7.99 NA 18.77 35.75 NA 18.49 6.02

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 9.68 NA 23.36 36.70 NA 18.24 6.59

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 10.91 NA 25.95 37.26 41.65 25.74 7.80

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 10.87 NA 15.85 36.88 NA 25.87 7.79

Other transport equipment 30 11.58 NA 29.67 37.90 NA 25.50 7.86

Furniture 31 5.89 NA 12.13 27.57 27.75 18.73 3.79

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 9 
Table 1d. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries,

U.S. dollars, 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

NetherlandsNew 

Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Singapore

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 39.62 24.77 63.36 2.10 8.25 12.10 24.16

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA NA 56.32 NA NA 12.15 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA NA 7.38 NA NA

Food products 10 NA 23.49 NA NA 7.09 NA NA

Beverages 11 NA NA NA NA 11.64 NA NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 21.65 51.55 NA 5.28 8.81 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA NA NA NA 5.27 NA NA

Textiles 13 NA NA NA NA 6.07 NA NA

Wearing apparel 14 NA NA NA NA 4.88 NA NA

Leather and related products 15 NA NA NA NA 5.31 NA NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA NA NA NA 7.69 NA NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 NA 21.73 49.41 NA 6.29 NA NA

Paper and paper products 17 NA NA 56.60 NA 9.15 NA NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 NA 23.65 60.75 NA 9.45 NA NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA NA NA NA 17.19 NA NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA NA NA NA 11.31 NA NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 NA NA 71.94 NA 10.81 NA NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA NA 72.67 NA 12.99 NA NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 NA NA 58.81 NA 8.36 NA NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 25.55 NA NA 8.04 NA NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 24.19 NA NA 8.82 12.55 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 NA NA NA NA 8.65 12.48 NA

Basic metals 24 NA 29.81 69.90 NA 10.16 NA NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 NA 24.27 59.99 NA 8.27 NA NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 NA NA NA NA 7.94 NA NA

Electrical equipment 27 NA NA NA NA 9.05 NA NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA NA 71.54 NA 9.24 NA NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 NA 27.97 71.10 NA 9.53 NA NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA NA NA NA 9.49 NA NA

Other transport equipment 30 NA NA NA NA 9.68 NA NA

Furniture 31 NA NA NA NA 6.39 NA NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 10 
Table 1e. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries,

U.S. dollars, 2012

Industry ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan 

United 

Kingdom

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 11.30 26.83 49.80 57.79 9.46 31.23

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA 23.06 42.58 NA NA 26.96

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA 22.69 NA NA NA 26.67

Food products 10 NA 21.63 NA NA NA 25.40

Beverages 11 NA 30.07 NA NA NA 37.57

Tobacco products 12 NA 53.50 NA NA NA 49.70

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 19.14 42.05 NA NA 24.18

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA 20.05 NA NA NA 24.01

Textiles 13 NA 20.65 NA NA 7.29 24.83

Wearing apparel 14 NA 19.54 NA NA NA 22.05

Leather and related products 15 NA 15.94 NA NA NA 25.34

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA 24.17 44.29 NA NA 27.67

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture 16 NA 20.11 39.18 NA NA 22.74

Paper and paper products 17 NA 29.45 49.55 NA 7.43 31.47

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media 18 NA 23.93 41.62 NA 7.39 28.19

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA 51.59 66.31 NA 20.38 48.38

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA 35.73 67.91 NA NA 38.87

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals 20 NA 33.65 NA NA NA 36.38

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA 39.72 NA NA NA 42.52

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products 22-23 NA 27.28 43.82 NA 7.97 27.78

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 27.54 43.06 NA 7.99 26.53

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 27.10 45.01 NA 7.95 30.21

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment 24-25 NA 25.82 45.29 NA 8.31 28.26

Basic metals 24 NA 31.45 52.35 NA 10.88 33.49

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment 25 NA 24.14 41.70 NA 7.46 26.56

Computer, electronic and optical 

products 26 NA 31.63 NA NA 11.31 37.83

Electrical equipment 27 NA 30.68 NA NA NA 28.77

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA 28.92 NA NA NA 33.23

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment 29-30 NA 33.63 51.27 NA 9.98 38.28

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA 32.19 NA NA 10.20 35.00

Other transport equipment 30 NA 38.92 NA NA 9.72 41.37

Furniture 31 NA NA NA NA 6.84 24.75

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 11 
Table 2a. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of the manufacturing sector average (ISIC C = 100), 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

United 

States Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada 

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 76 NA 86 78 89 79 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA 77 89 78 NA

Food products 10 74 NA 82 72 86 75 NA

Beverages 11 NA NA NA 103 106 102 NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA 89 145 NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 68 NA NA 77 79 47 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 68 NA NA 80 79 49 NA

Textiles 13 68 NA NA 83 80 68 NA

Wearing apparel 14 68 NA NA 74 72 41 NA

Leather and related products 15 74 NA NA 69 84 44 NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 86 NA 87 92 90 85 NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 69 NA 79 78 74 56 NA

Paper and paper products 17 104 NA 112 110 102 123 NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 85 NA 85 99 92 76 NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 157 NA NA NA NA 342 NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 119 NA NA 124 132 181 NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 111 NA NA 128 129 172 NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 135 NA NA 118 138 209 NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic

mineral products

22-23 85 NA 110 95 94 82 NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 83 NA 120 90 94 91 NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 88 NA 102 100 94 74 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 90 NA 105 100 95 111 NA

Basic metals 24 105 NA 130 115 112 166 NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 86 NA 91 92 84 85 NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 142 NA NA 118 106 143 NA

Electrical equipment 27 102 NA NA 110 96 125 NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 107 NA NA 109 93 130 NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 127 NA NA 113 110 168 NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 105 NA 114 111 112 168 NA

Other transport equipment 30 152 NA 99 121 102 NA NA

Furniture 31 75 NA NA 73 73 54 NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 12 
Table 2b. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of the manufacturing sector average (ISIC C = 100), 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

Czech 

Republic

Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA 92 NA NA NA 69 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA 92 94 NA NA NA NA

Food products 10 NA 92 88 NA 77 65 NA

Beverages 11 NA 98 148 NA NA 94 NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA 136 NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 89 68 NA 79 77 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA 88 68 NA 79 75 NA

Textiles 13 NA 89 78 NA 77 74 NA

Wearing apparel 14 NA 88 62 NA 82 77 NA

Leather and related products 15 NA NA 71 NA 79 85 NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA 92 107 NA 87 83 NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 NA 83 105 NA 74 68 NA

Paper and paper products 17 NA 97 112 NA 94 90 NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 NA 101 116 NA 90 86 NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA NA NA NA NA 152 NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA 111 NA NA 136 127 NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 NA 111 132 NA 131 126 NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA 138 NA NA 147 131 NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 NA 98 118 NA 94 82 NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 100 104 NA 93 83 NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 95 133 NA 96 81 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 NA 91 NA NA 95 91 NA

Basic metals 24 NA 90 NA NA 112 105 NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 NA 91 125 NA 89 85 NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 NA 110 100 NA 131 109 NA

Electrical equipment 27 NA 101 114 NA 105 108 NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA 103 130 NA 106 107 NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 NA 94 NA NA 115 128 NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA 91 108 NA 106 129 NA

Other transport equipment 30 NA 98 NA NA 132 126 NA

Furniture 31 NA 87 88 NA 75 75 NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 13 
Table 2c. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries,

as a percent of the manufacturing sector average (ISIC C = 100), 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea, 

Republic of

Mexico

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 80 NA 68 99 72 75 87

Food products and beverages 10-11 79 NA NA 99 NA 74 86

Food products 10 74 NA 65 97 NA 72 86

Beverages 11 121 NA NA 114 NA 104 87

Tobacco products 12 136 NA NA 161 NA 153 184

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 58 NA 64 80 NA 70 52

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 58 NA 64 80 67 70 53

Textiles 13 68 NA 70 88 NA 65 61

Wearing apparel 14 52 NA 58 74 NA 77 46

Leather and related products 15 59 NA 61 80 NA 68 48

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 86 NA 70 92 84 79 77

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 63 NA 66 81 76 77 42

Paper and paper products 17 111 NA 79 97 88 87 84

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 85 NA 66 99 83 69 74

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 257 NA NA 150 NA 307 229

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 164 NA NA 136 NA 116 173

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 144 NA NA 123 NA 117 156

Pharmaceutical products 21 178 NA 133 155 NA 113 219

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 96 NA 81 98 92 79 87

Rubber and plastics products 22 91 NA 78 96 88 73 76

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 107 NA 87 100 98 93 99

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 90 NA 77 96 98 96 111

Basic metals 24 127 NA 75 109 116 130 132

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 79 NA 77 91 86 80 90

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 110 NA 151 117 NA 117 81

Electrical equipment 27 89 NA 93 105 NA 89 95

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 108 NA 116 107 NA 88 103

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 122 NA 129 109 118 124 123

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 121 NA 79 108 NA 125 122

Other transport equipment 30 129 NA 147 111 NA 123 123

Furniture 31 66 NA 60 81 79 90 60

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 14 
Table 2d. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of the manufacturing sector average (ISIC C = 100), 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

NetherlandsNew 

Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Singapore

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA NA 89 NA NA 100 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA NA 89 NA NA

Food products 10 NA 95 NA NA 86 NA NA

Beverages 11 NA NA NA NA 141 NA NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 87 81 NA 64 73 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA NA NA NA 64 NA NA

Textiles 13 NA NA NA NA 74 NA NA

Wearing apparel 14 NA NA NA NA 59 NA NA

Leather and related products 15 NA NA NA NA 64 NA NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA NA NA NA 93 NA NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 NA 88 78 NA 76 NA NA

Paper and paper products 17 NA NA 89 NA 111 NA NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 NA 95 96 NA 115 NA NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA NA NA NA 208 NA NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA NA NA NA 137 NA NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 NA NA 114 NA 131 NA NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA NA 115 NA 157 NA NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 NA NA 93 NA 101 NA NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 103 NA NA 97 NA NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 98 NA NA 107 104 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 NA NA NA NA 105 103 NA

Basic metals 24 NA 120 110 NA 123 NA NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 NA 98 95 NA 100 NA NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 NA NA NA NA 96 NA NA

Electrical equipment 27 NA NA NA NA 110 NA NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA NA 113 NA 112 NA NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 NA 113 112 NA 116 NA NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA NA NA NA 115 NA NA

Other transport equipment 30 NA NA NA NA 117 NA NA

Furniture 31 NA NA NA NA 77 NA NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 15 
Table 2e. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of the manufacturing sector average (ISIC C = 100), 2012

Industry ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan 

United 

Kingdom

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 100 100 100 100 100 100

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA 86 85 NA NA 86

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA 85 NA NA NA 85

Food products 10 NA 81 NA NA NA 81

Beverages 11 NA 112 NA NA NA 120

Tobacco products 12 NA 199 NA NA NA 159

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 71 84 NA NA 77

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA 75 NA NA NA 77

Textiles 13 NA 77 NA NA 77 80

Wearing apparel 14 NA 73 NA NA NA 71

Leather and related products 15 NA 59 NA NA NA 81

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA 90 89 NA NA 89

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture 16 NA 75 79 NA NA 73

Paper and paper products 17 NA 110 99 NA 79 101

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media 18 NA 89 84 NA 78 90

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA 192 133 NA 216 155

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA 133 136 NA NA 124

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals 20 NA 125 NA NA NA 116

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA 148 NA NA NA 136

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products 22-23 NA 102 88 NA 84 89

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 103 86 NA 84 85

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 101 90 NA 84 97

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment 24-25 NA 96 91 NA 88 90

Basic metals 24 NA 117 105 NA 115 107

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment 25 NA 90 84 NA 79 85

Computer, electronic and optical 

products 26 NA 118 NA NA 120 121

Electrical equipment 27 NA 114 NA NA NA 92

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA 108 NA NA NA 106

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment 29-30 NA 125 103 NA 106 123

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA 120 NA NA 108 112

Other transport equipment 30 NA 145 NA NA 103 132

Furniture 31 NA NA NA NA 72 79

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 16 
Table 3a. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of costs in the United States (U.S. = 100), 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

United 

States Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada 

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 100 53 134 116 146 31 103

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 100 NA 152 119 170 32 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Food products 10 100 NA 149 115 171 32 NA

Beverages 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 100 NA NA 131 169 22 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 100 NA NA 137 169 23 NA

Textiles 13 100 NA NA 143 173 31 NA

Wearing apparel 14 100 NA NA 128 156 19 NA

Leather and related products 15 100 NA NA 109 166 19 NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 100 NA 135 124 152 31 NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 100 NA 152 132 156 25 NA

Paper and paper products 17 100 NA 144 124 144 37 NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 100 NA 134 137 159 28 NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 100 NA NA NA NA 69 NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 100 NA NA 121 161 48 NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 100 NA NA 135 171 49 NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 100 NA NA 102 149 49 NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 100 NA 174 131 162 31 NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 100 NA 193 126 166 35 NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 100 NA 154 133 157 26 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 100 NA 155 129 154 39 NA

Basic metals 24 100 NA 167 128 157 50 NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 100 NA 142 124 142 31 NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 100 NA NA 97 109 32 NA

Electrical equipment 27 100 NA NA 126 137 38 NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 100 NA NA 118 127 38 NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 100 NA NA 103 127 41 NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 100 NA 145 123 157 50 NA

Other transport equipment 30 100 NA 87 93 98 NA NA

Furniture 31 100 NA NA 114 142 23 NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 17 
Table 3b. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of costs in the United States (U.S. = 100), 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

Czech 

Republic

Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 34 136 29 119 112 128 54

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA 164 NA NA NA 116 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Food products 10 NA 170 35 NA 116 113 NA

Beverages 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 178 29 NA 130 144 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA 177 29 NA 130 142 NA

Textiles 13 NA 178 34 NA 127 140 NA

Wearing apparel 14 NA 177 27 NA 135 147 NA

Leather and related products 15 NA NA 28 NA 120 147 NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA 145 36 NA 112 123 NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 NA 162 44 NA 119 127 NA

Paper and paper products 17 NA 127 32 NA 101 111 NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 NA 162 40 NA 119 131 NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA NA NA NA NA 124 NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA 126 NA NA 128 137 NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 NA 136 35 NA 132 146 NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA 139 NA NA 121 125 NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 NA 157 41 NA 124 125 NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 164 37 NA 125 128 NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 147 44 NA 121 119 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 NA 136 NA NA 117 129 NA

Basic metals 24 NA 116 NA NA 119 129 NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 NA 143 42 NA 115 127 NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 NA 106 21 NA 103 99 NA

Electrical equipment 27 NA 134 33 NA 115 136 NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA 131 35 NA 111 129 NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 NA 101 NA NA 101 130 NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA 117 30 NA 113 158 NA

Other transport equipment 30 NA 87 NA NA 97 106 NA

Furniture 31 NA 159 34 NA 112 130 NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 18 
Table 3c. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of costs in the United States (U.S. = 100), 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea, 

Republic of

Mexico

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 25 107 56 96 99 58 18

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 26 NA 50 125 93 57 20

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Food products 10 25 NA 50 127 NA 57 21

Beverages 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 21 NA 53 113 NA 60 14

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 21 NA 53 114 98 60 14

Textiles 13 25 NA 58 125 NA 55 16

Wearing apparel 14 19 NA 49 106 NA 66 12

Leather and related products 15 20 NA 47 103 NA 53 11

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 25 NA 46 102 96 53 16

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 23 NA 54 112 109 64 11

Paper and paper products 17 27 NA 43 89 84 49 14

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 25 NA 44 112 98 48 16

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 41 NA NA 92 NA 114 26

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 35 NA NA 109 NA 57 26

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 33 NA NA 107 NA 61 25

Pharmaceutical products 21 33 NA 55 110 NA 49 29

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 29 NA 54 111 107 54 18

Rubber and plastics products 22 27 NA 53 111 105 51 16

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 30 NA 56 109 110 61 20

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 25 NA 48 101 107 62 22

Basic metals 24 30 NA 40 100 110 72 22

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 23 NA 51 101 99 54 19

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 20 NA 60 79 NA 48 10

Electrical equipment 27 22 NA 52 98 NA 51 17

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 25 NA 61 96 NA 48 17

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 24 NA 57 82 92 57 17

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 29 NA 42 99 NA 69 21

Other transport equipment 30 21 NA 55 70 NA 47 14

Furniture 31 22 NA 46 104 104 70 14

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 19 
Table 3d. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of costs in the United States (U.S. = 100), 2012

Industry

ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

NetherlandsNew 

Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Singapore

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 111 69 178 6 23 34 68

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA NA 207 NA NA 45 NA

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Food products 10 NA 89 NA NA 27 NA NA

Beverages 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 89 212 NA 22 36 NA

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA NA NA NA 22 NA NA

Textiles 13 NA NA NA NA 25 NA NA

Wearing apparel 14 NA NA NA NA 20 NA NA

Leather and related products 15 NA NA NA NA 20 NA NA

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA NA NA NA 25 NA NA

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture

16 NA 88 200 NA 25 NA NA

Paper and paper products 17 NA NA 153 NA 25 NA NA

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media

18 NA 78 201 NA 31 NA NA

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA NA NA NA 31 NA NA

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA NA NA NA 27 NA NA

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals

20 NA NA 182 NA 27 NA NA

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA NA 151 NA 27 NA NA

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products

22-23 NA NA 195 NA 28 NA NA

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 86 NA NA 27 NA NA

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 77 NA NA 28 40 NA

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment

24-25 NA NA NA NA 27 39 NA

Basic metals 24 NA 80 187 NA 27 NA NA

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment

25 NA 79 195 NA 27 NA NA

Computer, electronic and optical 

products

26 NA NA NA NA 16 NA NA

Electrical equipment 27 NA NA NA NA 25 NA NA

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA NA 188 NA 24 NA NA

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment

29-30 NA 62 157 NA 21 NA NA

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA NA NA NA 25 NA NA

Other transport equipment 30 NA NA NA NA 18 NA NA

Furniture 31 NA NA NA NA 24 NA NA

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 20 
Table 3e. Average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing industries, 

as a percent of costs in the United States (U.S. = 100), 2012

Industry ISIC Rev. 

4 Code

Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan 

United 

Kingdom

Manufacturing (NAICS 31-33) C 32 75 140 162 27 88

Food products, beverages, and tobacco 10-12 NA 85 157 NA NA 99

Food products and beverages 10-11 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Food products 10 NA 82 NA NA NA 97

Beverages 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tobacco products 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA

Textiles, wearing apparel, and leather 13-15 NA 79 173 NA NA 99

Textiles and wearing apparel 13-14 NA 83 NA NA NA 99

Textiles 13 NA 85 NA NA 30 103

Wearing apparel 14 NA 81 NA NA NA 92

Leather and related products 15 NA 61 NA NA NA 96

Wood and paper products and printing 16-18 NA 79 144 NA NA 90

Wood and wood products, except 

furniture 16 NA 82 159 NA NA 92

Paper and paper products 17 NA 80 134 NA 20 85

Printing and reproduction of recorded 

media 18 NA 79 138 NA 25 93

Coke and refined petroleum products 19 NA 92 119 NA 36 87

Chemicals and pharmaceutical products 20-21 NA 84 160 NA NA 91

Chemicals and chemical products, except 

pharmaceuticals 20 NA 85 NA NA NA 92

Pharmaceutical products 21 NA 82 NA NA NA 88

Rubber, plastics, and other non-metallic 

mineral products 22-23 NA 90 145 NA 26 92

Rubber and plastics products 22 NA 93 145 NA 27 90

Other non-metallic mineral products 23 NA 86 144 NA 25 96

Primary and fabricated metal products, 

except machinery and equipment 24-25 NA 80 140 NA 26 88

Basic metals 24 NA 84 140 NA 29 90

Fabricated metal products, except 

machinery and equipment 25 NA 79 136 NA 24 86

Computer, electronic and optical 

products 26 NA 62 NA NA 22 75

Electrical equipment 27 NA 84 NA NA NA 79

Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 28 NA 76 NA NA NA 87

Motor vehicles and other transport 

equipment 29-30 NA 74 113 NA 22 84

Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 29 NA 86 NA NA 27 94

Other transport equipment 30 NA 72 NA NA 18 76

Furniture 31 NA NA NA NA 26 93

See notes at end of tables.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 21 
Notes:

Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes.

Data refer or are comparable to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All 

Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For Argentina, Japan, Philippines, and Taiwan, data are not strictly comparable to ISIC 

Revision 4, but are close approximations that do not materially affect comparability.

For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and data sources, see the technical notes at 

www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 

'NA' means data not available.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

www.bls.gov/ilc | 22