OS NR 12/16/1999 News Release:  Workplace injuries and illnesses in 1998

Technical information:  (202) 691-6179           USDL 99-358
Media information:  (202) 691-5902               For release:  10 A.M. EST
Internet address:                                Thursday, December 16, 1999
             http://stats.bls.gov/oshhome.htm


                    WORKPLACE INJURIES AND ILLNESSES IN 1998

A total of 5.9 million injuries and illnesses were reported in private industry 
workplaces during 1998, resulting in a rate of 6.7 cases per 100 equivalent 
full-time workers, according to a survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 
U.S. Department of Labor.  Employers reported a 4 percent drop in the number of 
cases and a 3 percent increase in the hours worked compared with 1997, reducing 
the case rate from 7.1 in 1997 to 6.7 in 1998.  The rate for 1998 was the 
lowest since the Bureau began reporting this information in the early 1970s.  
(See "Background of the Survey" section for a discussion of the factors that 
can influence rate changes from one survey to 
the next.)

The following tabulation on incidence rates for injuries and illnesses shows 
the decline in rates per 100 full-time workers since 1994:

      
                          1994     1995     1996     1997     1998      

  Private industry         8.4      8.1      7.4      7.1      6.7
    Goods-producing       11.9     11.2     10.2      9.9      9.3
    Service-producing      6.9      6.7      6.2      5.9      5.6

Among goods-producing industries, manufacturing had the highest incidence rate 
in 1998 (9.7 cases per 100 full-time workers).  (See chart 1 and table 1.)  
Within the service-producing sector, the highest incidence rate was reported 
for transportation and public utilities (7.3 cases per 100 full-time workers), 
followed by wholesale and retail trade (6.5 cases per 100 workers).  

This release is the second in a series of three releases covering 1998 from the 
BLS safety and health statistical series. The first release, in August 1999, 
covered work-related fatalities from the 1998 National Census of Fatal 
Occupational Injuries.  In April 2000, a third release will provide details on 
the more seriously injured and ill workers (occupation, age, gender, race, and 
length of service) and on the circumstances of their injuries and illnesses 
(nature of the disabling condition, part of body affected, event or exposure, 
and primary source producing the disability).  "More seriously" is defined in 
this survey as involving days away from work.

(Chart 1 appears here in the printed release.)
(Chart 2 appears here in the printed release.)

Lost workday cases

About 2.8 million injuries and illnesses in 1998 were lost workday cases, that 
is, they required recuperation away from work or restricted duties at work, or 
both.  (See table 2.)  The incidence rate for lost workday cases has declined 
steadily from 4.1 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1990 to 3.1 cases per 100 
workers in 1998.  (See chart 2.)  The rate for cases with days away from work 
has declined for eight years in a row and, at 2.0 cases per 100 full-time 
workers in 1998, was the lowest on record.  By contrast, the rate for cases 
involving only restricted work activity rose from 0.7 cases per 100 workers in 
1990 to 1.2 cases in 1997 and remained at that level in 1998.  (See chart 3.)  
The latter types of cases may involve shortened hours, a temporary job change, 
or temporary restrictions on certain duties (for example, no heavy lifting) of 
a worker’s regular job.  In 1998, the rate in manufacturing for days-away-from-
work cases was lower than the rate for restricted-activity-only cases, 2.3 for 
days-away-from-work cases and 2.5 for restricted-activity-only cases.  In all 
other divisions, the rate for days-away-from-work cases was higher than the 
rate for restricted-activity-only cases.  

(Chart 3 appears here in the printed release.)

Injuries and Illnesses

Injuries.  Of the 5.9 million nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in
1998, 5.5 million were injuries.  Injury rates generally are higher for mid-
size establishments (those employing 50 to 249 workers) than for smaller or 
larger establishments, although this pattern does not hold within certain 
industry divisions.  (See table 3.)  Eight industries, each having at least 
100,000 injuries, accounted for about 1.5 million injuries, or 28 percent of 
the 5.5 million total.  (See table 4.)  All but one of these industries were in 
the service-producing sector.

Illnesses.  There were about 392,000 newly reported cases of occupational 
illnesses in private industry in 1998.  Manufacturing accounted for three-
fifths of these cases.  (See table 5.) Disorders associated with repeated 
trauma, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and noise-induced hearing loss, 
accounted for 4 percent of the 5.9 million workplace injuries and illnesses.  
They were, however, the dominant type of illness reported, making up 65 percent 
of the 392,000 total illness cases.  (See "Background of the Survey" section 
for limitations on the kinds of illnesses reported.)  Seventy-one percent of 
the repeated trauma cases were in manufacturing industries.

Background of the Survey

The Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is a Federal/State program in 
which employer reports are collected from about 169,000 private industry 
establishments and processed by state agencies cooperating with the Bureau of 
Labor Statistics.  Occupational injury and illness data for coal, metal, and 
nonmetal mining and for railroad activities were provided by the Department of 
Labor’s Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Department of 
Transportation’s Federal Railroad Administration.  The survey measures nonfatal 
injuries and illnesses only.  The survey excludes the self-employed; farms with 
fewer than 11 employees; private households; federal government agencies; and, 
for national estimates, employees in State and local government agencies.

The annual survey provides estimates of the number and frequency (incidence 
rates) of workplace injuries and illnesses based on logs kept by private 
industry employers during the year.  These records reflect not only the year’s 
injury and illness experience, but also the employer’s understanding of which 
cases are work related under current recordkeeping guidelines of the U.S. 
Department of Labor.  The number of injuries and illnesses reported in any 
given year also can be influenced by the level of economic activity, working 
conditions and work practices, worker experience and training, and the number 
of hours worked.

The survey measures the number of new work-related illness cases which are 
recognized, diagnosed, and reported during the year.  Some conditions (for 
example, long-term latent illnesses caused by exposure to carcinogens) often 
are difficult to relate to the workplace and are not adequately recognized and 
reported.  These long-term latent illnesses are believed to be understated in 
the survey’s illness measures.  In contrast, the overwhelming majority of the 
reported new illnesses are those that are easier to directly relate to 
workplace activity (for example, contact dermatitis or carpal tunnel syndrome).

Establishments are classified in industry categories based on the 1987 Standard 
Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual, as defined by the Office of Management 
and Budget.  In the trucking and warehousing and transportation by air 
industries, SIC coding changes that were introduced with the 1996 BLS Covered 
Employment and Wages program were incorporated into the estimates for the 1996 
survey.  Because of these changes, 1996, 1997, and 1998 estimates for the 
following industries are not comparable to estimates for prior years: trucking 
and warehousing (SIC 42); trucking and courier services, excluding air (SIC 
421); public warehousing and storage (SIC 422); trucking terminal facilities 
(SIC 423); transportation by air (SIC 45); air transportation, scheduled (SIC 
451); air transportation, nonscheduled (SIC 452); transportation services (SIC 
47); freight transportation arrangement (SIC 473); and miscellaneous 
transportation services (SIC 478).  In addition, the 1996 and 1997 estimates 
for transportation and public utilities may have more variability than those 
for other years because the establishments for the affected industries were 
reclassified after the samples for these surveys were drawn.  

The survey estimates of occupational injuries and illnesses are based on a 
scientifically selected probability sample, rather than a census of the entire 
population.  Because the data are based on a sample survey, the injury and 
illness estimates probably differ from the figures that would be obtained from 
all units covered by the survey.  To determine the precision of each estimate, 
a standard error was calculated.  The standard error defines a range 
(confidence interval) around the estimate.  The approximate 95-percent 
confidence interval is the estimate plus or minus twice the standard error.  
The standard error also can be expressed as a percent of the estimate, or the 
relative standard error.  For example, the 95-percent confidence interval for 
an incidence rate of 6.5 per 100 full-time workers with a relative standard 
error of 1.0 percent would be 6.5 plus or minus 2 percent (2 times 1.0 percent) 
or 6.37 to 6.63.  One can be 95 percent confident that the "true" incidence 
rate falls within the confidence interval.  The 1998 incidence rate for all 
occupational injuries and illnesses of 6.7 per 100 full-time workers in private 
industry has an estimated relative standard error of about 0.9 percent.  A 
relative standard error was calculated for each estimate from the survey and 
will be published in a BLS bulletin that is scheduled to be available at a 
later date.

The data also are subject to nonsampling error.  The inability to obtain 
information about all cases in the sample, mistakes in recording or coding the 
data, and definition difficulties are examples of nonsampling error in the 
survey.  Nonsampling errors are not measured.  However, BLS has implemented 
quality assurance procedures to minimize nonsampling error in the survey.

The goods-producing sector consists of the following industry divisions:  
agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining; construction; and manufacturing.  
The service-producing sector includes the following industry divisions:  
transportation and public utilities; trade; finance, insurance, and real 
estate; and services.  BLS has generated estimates of injuries and illnesses 
combined and of injuries alone for nearly all 2-, 3-, and, for manufacturing, 
4-digit private sector industries as defined in the 1987 edition of the 
Standard Industrial Classification Manual.  Because of space limitations, a 
complete listing of these estimates is not possible in this release.  The 
information is available from BLS staff on 202-691-6179 and from the BLS 
Internet site at http://stats.bls.gov/oshhome.htm.

TABLE 1.  Incidence rates(1) of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by selected industries and case types, 1998
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                                  |        |        |                                   |                                   
                                                  |        |        |       Injuries and illnesses      |              Injuries             
                                                  |        |        |___________________________________|___________________________________
                                                  |        |        |        |                 |        |        |                 |        
                                                  |        |  1998  |        |   Lost workday  |        |        |   Lost workday  |        
                                                  |        | Annual |        |      cases      |        |        |      cases      |        
                   Industry(2)                    |   SIC  | average|        |_________________|  Cases |        |_________________|  Cases 
                                                  | code(3)| employ-|  Total |        |        | without|  Total |        |        | without
                                                  |        | ment(4)|  cases |        |  With  |  lost  |  cases |        |  With  |  lost  
                                                  |        | (000's)|        |        |  days  |  work- |        |        |  days  |  work- 
                                                  |        |        |        |Total(5)|  away  |  days  |        |Total(5)|  away  |  days  
                                                  |        |        |        |        |  from  |        |        |        |  from  |        
                                                  |        |        |        |        | work(6)|        |        |        | work(6)|        
__________________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Private industry(7).............................|        |104640.7|     6.7|     3.1|     2.0|     3.5|     6.2|     2.9|     1.9|     3.3
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Agriculture, forestry, and fishing(7).........|        | 1,815.1|     7.9|     3.9|     3.0|     4.0|     7.6|     3.8|     2.9|     3.8
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Agricultural production(7)...................|  01-02 |   772.6|     8.4|     4.1|     2.8|     4.3|     8.0|     4.0|     2.7|     4.0
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
      Agricultural production--crops(7)...........|    01  |   586.2|     7.7|     3.6|     2.4|     4.1|     7.3|     3.5|     2.4|     3.8
      Agricultural production--livestock(7).......|    02  |   186.4|    10.7|     5.6|     4.1|     5.0|    10.3|     5.4|     4.0|     4.9
      Agricultural services.......................|    07  | 1,004.9|     7.6|     3.9|     3.1|     3.8|     7.4|     3.8|     3.0|     3.6
      Forestry....................................|    08  |    26.4|     7.3|     2.6|     2.3|     4.7|     7.1|     2.4|     2.1|     4.7
      Fishing, hunting, and trapping..............|    09  |    11.3|     6.4|     3.2|     2.7|     3.2|     6.2|     3.1|     2.6|     3.1
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Mining(8).....................................|        |   588.6|     4.9|     2.9|     2.2|     2.0|     4.7|     2.7|     2.1|     1.9
      Metal mining(8).............................|    10  |    48.8|     5.2|     2.9|     1.8|     2.3|     4.8|     2.7|     1.6|     2.1
      Coal mining(8)..............................|    12  |    92.1|     8.2|     6.0|     5.6|     2.2|     7.6|     5.7|     5.3|     1.9
      Oil and gas extraction......................|    13  |   337.7|     4.1|     2.0|     1.4|     2.1|     4.0|     1.9|     1.3|     2.0
      Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels(8).......|    14  |   110.1|     4.6|     3.0|     2.2|     1.6|     4.5|     2.9|     2.1|     1.6
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Construction..................................|        | 5,949.5|     8.8|     4.0|     3.3|     4.8|     8.7|     4.0|     3.2|     4.7
      General building contractors................|    15  | 1,370.6|     8.4|     3.9|     3.1|     4.6|     8.3|     3.8|     3.1|     4.5
      Heavy construction, except building.........|    16  |   827.9|     8.2|     4.1|     3.2|     4.1|     8.1|     4.0|     3.2|     4.0
      Special trade contractors...................|    17  | 3,751.0|     9.1|     4.1|     3.3|     5.0|     8.9|     4.0|     3.3|     4.9
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Manufacturing.................................|        |18,807.1|     9.7|     4.7|     2.3|     5.0|     8.5|     4.2|     2.1|     4.3
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Durable goods................................|        |11,209.1|    10.7|     5.0|     2.5|     5.7|     9.4|     4.4|     2.3|     4.9
      Lumber and wood products....................|    24  |   816.0|    13.2|     6.8|     3.8|     6.4|    12.6|     6.5|     3.7|     6.1
      Furniture and fixtures......................|    25  |   532.2|    11.4|     5.7|     2.7|     5.7|    10.3|     5.1|     2.4|     5.2
      Stone, clay, and glass products.............|    32  |   562.1|    11.8|     6.0|     3.3|     5.8|    11.2|     5.7|     3.1|     5.5
      Primary metal industries....................|    33  |   714.2|    14.0|     7.0|     3.5|     7.0|    13.0|     6.6|     3.4|     6.4
      Fabricated metal products...................|    34  | 1,509.9|    13.9|     6.5|     3.4|     7.4|    12.9|     6.1|     3.2|     6.8
      Industrial machinery and equipment..........|    35  | 2,207.8|     9.5|     4.0|     2.2|     5.5|     8.7|     3.6|     2.0|     5.1
      Electronic and other electric equipment.....|    36  | 1,707.7|     5.9|     2.8|     1.3|     3.1|     4.8|     2.3|     1.1|     2.5
      Transportation equipment....................|    37  | 1,894.8|    14.6|     6.6|     2.7|     8.0|    11.2|     5.3|     2.3|     5.9
      Instruments and related products............|    38  |   869.6|     4.0|     1.9|      .8|     2.1|     3.0|     1.5|      .7|     1.5
      Miscellaneous manufacturing industries......|    39  |   394.9|     8.1|     3.9|     2.2|     4.2|     7.4|     3.5|     2.0|     3.9
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Nondurable goods.............................|        | 7,598.0|     8.2|     4.3|     2.0|     3.9|     7.1|     3.7|     1.8|     3.4
      Food and kindred products...................|    20  | 1,686.7|    13.6|     7.5|     2.9|     6.0|    11.0|     6.1|     2.7|     4.9
      Tobacco products............................|    21  |    40.2|     6.4|     3.1|     2.1|     3.3|     5.9|     2.9|     2.0|     3.0
      Textile mill products.......................|    22  |   596.5|     6.7|     3.4|     1.3|     3.3|     6.0|     3.1|     1.2|     2.9
      Apparel and other textile products..........|    23  |   762.5|     6.2|     2.6|     1.2|     3.6|     4.9|     2.1|     1.0|     2.9
      Paper and allied products...................|    26  |   678.6|     7.1|     3.7|     2.0|     3.3|     6.6|     3.5|     1.9|     3.1
      Printing and publishing.....................|    27  | 1,556.4|     5.4|     2.8|     1.7|     2.6|     4.9|     2.5|     1.6|     2.4
      Chemicals and allied products...............|    28  | 1,039.7|     4.2|     2.1|     1.0|     2.1|     3.7|     1.9|     1.0|     1.8
      Petroleum and coal products.................|    29  |   138.9|     3.9|     1.8|     1.1|     2.2|     3.8|     1.7|     1.1|     2.1
      Rubber and miscellaneous plastics           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
         products.................................|    30  | 1,013.9|    11.2|     5.8|     2.7|     5.4|    10.4|     5.3|     2.5|     5.1
      Leather and leather products................|    31  |    84.6|     9.8|     4.5|     2.2|     5.2|     7.0|     3.2|     1.6|     3.8
    Transportation and public utilities(8)........|        | 6,367.4|     7.3|     4.3|     3.2|     3.0|     7.0|     4.2|     3.1|     2.8
      Railroad transportation(8)..................|    40  |    -   |     3.4|     2.5|     2.1|      .9|     3.3|     2.5|     2.1|      .8
      Local and interurban passenger transit......|    41  |   448.5|     8.8|     4.4|     3.5|     4.4|     8.5|     4.3|     3.4|     4.1
      Trucking and warehousing....................|    42  | 1,739.0|     8.4|     4.6|     3.8|     3.7|     8.3|     4.6|     3.8|     3.7
      Water transportation........................|    44  |   184.4|     7.5|     3.9|     3.4|     3.6|     7.3|     3.9|     3.4|     3.4
      Transportation by air.......................|    45  | 1,196.0|    14.5|    10.0|     7.4|     4.5|    14.0|     9.8|     7.2|     4.3
      Pipelines, except natural gas...............|    46  |    13.6|     2.2|      .7|      .6|     1.5|     2.2|      .7|      .6|     1.5
      Transportation services.....................|    47  |   452.7|     3.4|     1.8|     1.1|     1.6|     3.2|     1.7|     1.0|     1.5
      Communications..............................|    48  | 1,475.2|     3.0|     1.6|     1.2|     1.4|     2.7|     1.4|     1.0|     1.3
      Electric, gas, and sanitary services........|    49  |   856.5|     6.3|     3.3|     1.8|     3.0|     5.9|     3.2|     1.7|     2.7
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Wholesale and retail trade....................|        |29,087.1|     6.5|     2.8|     1.8|     3.6|     6.3|     2.8|     1.8|     3.6
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Wholesale trade..............................|        | 6,816.1|     6.5|     3.3|     2.1|     3.2|     6.3|     3.2|     2.0|     3.1
      Wholesale trade--durable goods..............|    50  | 4,047.4|     5.9|     2.8|     1.7|     3.1|     5.7|     2.7|     1.7|     3.0
      Wholesale trade--nondurable goods...........|    51  | 2,768.7|     7.4|     4.1|     2.6|     3.3|     7.2|     4.0|     2.5|     3.2
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Retail trade.................................|        |22,271.0|     6.5|     2.7|     1.8|     3.8|     6.3|     2.6|     1.7|     3.7
      Building materials and garden supplies......|    52  |   945.2|     8.9|     4.4|     2.7|     4.6|     8.8|     4.3|     2.6|     4.5
      General merchandise stores..................|    53  | 2,723.6|     9.0|     4.7|     2.6|     4.4|     8.8|     4.6|     2.5|     4.2
      Food stores.................................|    54  | 3,470.6|     8.4|     3.6|     2.4|     4.8|     8.1|     3.5|     2.3|     4.6
      Automotive dealers and service stations.....|    55  | 2,325.5|     5.8|     2.2|     1.7|     3.6|     5.7|     2.2|     1.7|     3.6
      Apparel and accessory stores................|    56  | 1,160.1|     3.2|     1.3|      .8|     1.9|     3.1|     1.2|      .7|     1.8
      Furniture and homefurnishings stores........|    57  | 1,029.2|     4.7|     2.2|     1.4|     2.5|     4.7|     2.2|     1.4|     2.5
      Eating and drinking places..................|    58  | 7,763.5|     6.3|     2.1|     1.5|     4.3|     6.2|     2.0|     1.5|     4.2
      Miscellaneous retail........................|    59  | 2,853.3|     3.9|     1.7|     1.1|     2.2|     3.6|     1.6|     1.0|     2.1
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Finance, insurance, and real estate...........|        | 7,218.8|     1.9|      .7|      .5|     1.2|     1.7|      .6|      .5|     1.1
      Depository institutions.....................|    60  | 2,037.8|     1.5|      .4|      .3|     1.1|     1.4|      .4|      .3|     1.0
      Nondepository institutions..................|    61  |   660.9|     1.2|      .4|      .3|      .8|     1.0|      .3|      .2|      .8
      Security and commodity brokers..............|    62  |   644.1|     0.6|     0.2|     0.1|     0.4|     0.6|     0.2|     0.1|     0.4
      Insurance carriers..........................|    63  | 1,442.7|     1.9|      .6|      .4|     1.3|     1.4|      .4|      .3|     1.0
      Insurance agents, brokers, and service......|    64  |   744.9|     1.1|      .4|      .4|      .6|      .8|      .3|      .3|      .5
      Real estate.................................|    65  | 1,460.9|     4.0|     1.8|     1.4|     2.2|     3.9|     1.7|     1.4|     2.1
      Holding and other investment offices........|    67  |   227.5|     1.7|      .5|      .4|     1.1|     1.3|      .4|      .3|      .8
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Services......................................|        |34,624.4|     5.2|     2.4|     1.5|     2.9|     4.9|     2.3|     1.5|     2.7
      Hotels and other lodging places.............|    70  | 1,776.9|     7.3|     3.6|     2.0|     3.7|     7.1|     3.6|     2.0|     3.6
      Personal services...........................|    72  | 1,201.4|     3.1|     1.6|     1.1|     1.5|     2.9|     1.5|     1.0|     1.4
      Business services...........................|    73  | 8,590.9|     3.6|     1.6|     1.1|     1.9|     3.4|     1.6|     1.1|     1.9
      Auto repair, services, and parking..........|    75  | 1,144.1|     5.2|     2.2|     1.7|     3.0|     5.1|     2.2|     1.7|     2.9
      Miscellaneous repair services...............|    76  |   379.2|     6.4|     3.3|     2.5|     3.2|     6.3|     3.2|     2.5|     3.1
      Motion pictures.............................|    78  |   571.7|     3.5|      .9|      .6|     2.7|     3.4|      .8|      .6|     2.6
      Amusement and recreation services...........|    79  | 1,650.1|     8.2|     3.5|     1.8|     4.7|     7.8|     3.4|     1.7|     4.4
      Health services.............................|    80  | 9,816.5|     7.7|     3.6|     2.2|     4.2|     7.2|     3.4|     2.1|     3.8
      Legal services..............................|    81  |   973.7|      .8|      .4|      .3|      .4|      .6|      .3|      .2|      .4
      Educational services........................|    82  | 1,603.8|     3.1|     1.2|      .9|     1.9|     3.0|     1.2|      .9|     1.8
      Social services.............................|    83  | 2,571.2|     6.4|     2.9|     2.0|     3.5|     6.2|     2.8|     1.9|     3.4
      Museums, botanical, zoological gardens......|    84  |    93.0|     8.1|     4.5|     2.0|     3.6|     7.8|     4.4|     2.0|     3.4
      Membership organizations....................|    86  | 1,030.0|     2.9|     1.1|     0.9|     1.8|     2.8|     1.0|     0.8|     1.7
      Engineering and management services.........|    87  | 3,170.3|     2.1|      .8|      .5|     1.3|     1.9|      .7|      .5|     1.2
__________________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as:  (N/EH) x 200,000,
where

     N       = number of injuries and illnesses                
     EH      = total hours worked by all employees during              
               the calendar year                                            
     200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers           
               (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).
     
  2 Totals include data for industries not shown separately.
  3 Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition.
  4 Employment is expressed as an annual average and is derived primarily from the BLS-State Covered Employment and Wages program. 
Employment in private households (SIC 88) is excluded.
  5 Total lost workday cases involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both.
  6 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity.
  7 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  8 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in railroad
transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; and the Federal Railroad
Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining
industries.

  NOTE:  Because of rounding, components may not add to totals.
  - Indicates data not available.                                 

  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

TABLE 2.  Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by selected industries and case types, 1998

(In thousands)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                                  |        |        |                                   |                                   
                                                  |        |        |       Injuries and illnesses      |              Injuries             
                                                  |        |        |___________________________________|___________________________________
                                                  |        |        |        |                 |        |        |                 |        
                                                  |        |  1998  |        |   Lost workday  |        |        |   Lost workday  |        
                                                  |        | Annual |        |      cases      |        |        |      cases      |        
                   Industry(1)                    |   SIC  | average|        |_________________|  Cases |        |_________________|  Cases 
                                                  | code(2)| employ-|  Total |        |        | without|  Total |        |        | without
                                                  |        | ment(3)|  cases |        |  With  |  lost  |  cases |        |  With  |  lost  
                                                  |        |        |        |        |  days  |  work- |        |        |  days  |  work- 
                                                  |        |        |        |Total(4)|  away  |  days  |        |Total(4)|  away  |  days  
                                                  |        |        |        |        |  from  |        |        |        |  from  |        
                                                  |        |        |        |        | work(5)|        |        |        | work(5)|        
__________________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
  Private industry(6).............................|        |104640.7| 5,922.8| 2,780.7| 1,730.5| 3,142.1| 5,530.9| 2,612.0| 1,648.6| 2,918.9
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Agriculture, forestry, and fishing(6).........|        | 1,815.1|   111.5|    55.4|    41.7|    56.1|   107.1|    53.8|    40.5|    53.3
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Agricultural production(6)...................|  01-02 |   772.6|    45.8|    22.4|    15.5|    23.4|    43.7|    21.7|    15.0|    22.0
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
      Agricultural production--crops(6)...........|    01  |   586.2|    32.2|    15.2|    10.2|    17.0|    30.5|    14.8|     9.9|    15.8
      Agricultural production--livestock(6).......|    02  |   186.4|    13.6|     7.2|     5.3|     6.4|    13.2|     6.9|     5.1|     6.2
      Agricultural services.......................|    07  | 1,004.9|    63.4|    32.1|    25.5|    31.3|    61.3|    31.3|    24.8|    29.9
      Forestry....................................|    08  |    26.4|     1.6|      .6|      .5|     1.1|     1.6|      .5|      .5|     1.0
      Fishing, hunting, and trapping..............|    09  |    11.3|      .6|      .3|      .3|      .3|      .6|      .3|      .2|      .3
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Mining(7).....................................|        |   588.6|    30.1|    17.6|    13.7|    12.5|    28.9|    16.9|    13.1|    12.0
      Metal mining(7).............................|    10  |    48.8|     2.2|     1.2|      .8|     1.0|     2.0|     1.1|      .7|      .9
      Coal mining(7)..............................|    12  |    92.1|     7.6|     5.6|     5.2|     2.1|     7.0|     5.3|     4.9|     1.8
      Oil and gas extraction......................|    13  |   337.7|    14.4|     7.0|     4.9|     7.4|    14.1|     6.8|     4.8|     7.3
      Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels(7).......|    14  |   110.1|     5.9|     3.8|     2.8|     2.1|     5.7|     3.7|     2.7|     2.0
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Construction..................................|        | 5,949.5|   480.6|   220.0|   178.3|   260.6|   472.8|   217.0|   175.8|   255.8
      General building contractors................|    15  | 1,370.6|   103.2|    47.5|    38.5|    55.8|   101.5|    46.8|    38.0|    54.8
      Heavy construction, except building.........|    16  |   827.9|    65.2|    32.5|    25.6|    32.7|    63.8|    32.1|    25.3|    31.7
      Special trade contractors...................|    17  | 3,751.0|   312.2|   140.0|   114.2|   172.2|   307.5|   138.2|   112.6|   169.3
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Manufacturing.................................|        |18,807.1| 1,834.9|   891.2|   429.6|   943.7| 1,598.5|   782.6|   391.7|   815.9
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Durable goods................................|        |11,209.1| 1,218.2|   569.4|   282.3|   648.9| 1,065.7|   504.8|   257.0|   561.0
      Lumber and wood products....................|    24  |   816.0|   107.5|    55.2|    31.2|    52.3|   102.7|    53.1|    30.1|    49.6
      Furniture and fixtures......................|    25  |   532.2|    59.9|    30.1|    14.0|    29.8|    54.2|    26.9|    12.6|    27.3
      Stone, clay, and glass products.............|    32  |   562.1|    69.3|    35.2|    19.2|    34.2|    65.5|    33.5|    18.3|    32.0
      Primary metal industries....................|    33  |   714.2|   105.1|    52.5|    26.5|    52.6|    97.1|    49.5|    25.1|    47.6
      Fabricated metal products...................|    34  | 1,509.9|   213.5|    99.3|    51.6|   114.1|   197.8|    92.8|    48.5|   104.9
      Industrial machinery and equipment..........|    35  | 2,207.8|   214.5|    89.8|    49.2|   124.6|   196.8|    82.1|    45.8|   114.6
      Electronic and other electric equipment.....|    36  | 1,707.7|   100.5|    47.6|    22.4|    52.9|    81.4|    38.7|    19.0|    42.7
      Transportation equipment....................|    37  | 1,894.8|   282.1|   128.0|    52.6|   154.1|   215.7|   101.8|    44.3|   113.9
      Instruments and related products............|    38  |   869.6|    34.7|    16.8|     7.2|    18.0|    26.3|    12.8|     5.8|    13.4
      Miscellaneous manufacturing industries......|    39  |   394.9|    31.1|    14.9|     8.3|    16.2|    28.4|    13.5|     7.6|    14.8
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Nondurable goods.............................|        | 7,598.0|   616.6|   321.8|   147.3|   294.8|   532.8|   277.8|   134.6|   255.0
      Food and kindred products...................|    20  | 1,686.7|   231.5|   128.6|    50.0|   102.9|   187.3|   103.5|    45.6|    83.9
      Tobacco products............................|    21  |    40.2|     2.3|     1.1|      .8|     1.2|     2.2|     1.1|      .7|     1.1
      Textile mill products.......................|    22  |   596.5|    40.2|    20.4|     7.9|    19.8|    36.0|    18.8|     7.3|    17.2
      Apparel and other textile products..........|    23  |   762.5|    44.4|    18.8|     8.8|    25.5|    35.1|    14.8|     7.1|    20.4
      Paper and allied products...................|    26  |   678.6|    50.1|    26.4|    14.2|    23.7|    46.7|    24.9|    13.2|    21.8
      Printing and publishing.....................|    27  | 1,556.4|    76.5|    39.6|    23.9|    37.0|    70.5|    36.3|    22.3|    34.2
      Chemicals and allied products...............|    28  | 1,039.7|    44.6|    22.2|    11.0|    22.4|    38.9|    19.9|    10.1|    19.1
      Petroleum and coal products.................|    29  |   138.9|     5.7|     2.5|     1.6|     3.1|     5.5|     2.5|     1.6|     3.0
      Rubber and miscellaneous plastics           |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
         products.................................|    30  | 1,013.9|   113.5|    58.5|    27.3|    55.0|   105.0|    53.6|    25.3|    51.3
      Leather and leather products................|    31  |    84.6|     7.8|     3.6|     1.8|     4.2|     5.6|     2.6|     1.3|     3.0
    Transportation and public utilities(7)........|        | 6,367.4|   455.7|   268.8|   200.4|   186.8|   439.0|   261.3|   194.3|   177.7
      Railroad transportation(7)..................|    40  |    -   |     8.7|     6.5|     5.4|     2.2|     8.6|     6.4|     5.4|     2.2
      Local and interurban passenger transit......|    41  |   448.5|    31.1|    15.6|    12.4|    15.5|    30.0|    15.3|    12.1|    14.7
      Trucking and warehousing....................|    42  | 1,739.0|   145.7|    80.8|    66.0|    64.9|   144.2|    80.2|    65.4|    64.0
      Water transportation........................|    44  |   184.4|    12.5|     6.5|     5.7|     5.9|    12.2|     6.5|     5.7|     5.7
      Transportation by air.......................|    45  | 1,196.0|   145.9|   100.8|    74.1|    45.1|   141.0|    98.1|    71.9|    42.9
      Pipelines, except natural gas...............|    46  |    13.6|      .3|      .1|      .1|      .2|      .3|      .1|      .1|      .2
      Transportation services.....................|    47  |   452.7|    14.3|     7.7|     4.6|     6.6|    13.6|     7.3|     4.4|     6.3
      Communications..............................|    48  | 1,475.2|    43.5|    22.9|    16.6|    20.6|    38.9|    20.5|    14.6|    18.5
      Electric, gas, and sanitary services........|    49  |   856.5|    53.6|    28.0|    15.5|    25.7|    50.3|    27.0|    14.8|    23.3
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Wholesale and retail trade....................|        |29,087.1| 1,511.9|   662.7|   429.6|   849.2| 1,473.0|   645.8|   418.1|   827.2
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Wholesale trade..............................|        | 6,816.1|   426.6|   216.9|   135.2|   209.7|   414.9|   211.1|   131.6|   203.8
      Wholesale trade--durable goods..............|    50  | 4,047.4|   231.6|   108.8|    68.0|   122.8|   226.0|   106.2|    66.1|   119.8
      Wholesale trade--nondurable goods...........|    51  | 2,768.7|   194.9|   108.1|    67.2|    86.8|   188.9|   104.9|    65.5|    84.0
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
     Retail trade.................................|        |22,271.0| 1,085.3|   445.8|   294.4|   639.5| 1,058.2|   434.7|   286.4|   623.5
      Building materials and garden supplies......|    52  |   945.2|    75.8|    37.0|    22.7|    38.8|    75.0|    36.6|    22.3|    38.5
      General merchandise stores..................|    53  | 2,723.6|   182.7|    94.6|    52.8|    88.1|   178.3|    92.4|    51.3|    85.9
      Food stores.................................|    54  | 3,470.6|   214.6|    91.6|    60.6|   123.0|   207.3|    89.0|    58.7|   118.3
      Automotive dealers and service stations.....|    55  | 2,325.5|   125.1|    47.1|    36.4|    78.1|   123.0|    46.2|    35.6|    76.8
      Apparel and accessory stores................|    56  | 1,160.1|    25.8|    10.5|     6.3|    15.3|    25.0|    10.1|     6.1|    15.0
      Furniture and homefurnishings stores........|    57  | 1,029.2|    42.2|    19.8|    12.6|    22.4|    41.6|    19.5|    12.4|    22.1
      Eating and drinking places..................|    58  | 7,763.5|   334.7|   109.1|    79.1|   225.7|   328.6|   106.6|    77.3|   222.0
      Miscellaneous retail........................|    59  | 2,853.3|    84.4|    36.2|    23.9|    48.2|    79.3|    34.3|    22.7|    44.9
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Finance, insurance, and real estate...........|        | 7,218.8|   124.8|    45.3|    35.9|    79.5|   109.7|    39.6|    31.6|    70.0
      Depository institutions.....................|    60  | 2,037.8|    28.6|     8.1|     6.4|    20.5|    25.2|     6.7|     5.5|    18.5
      Nondepository institutions..................|    61  |   660.9|     7.6|     2.3|     1.7|     5.3|     6.5|     1.7|     1.2|     4.7
      Security and commodity brokers..............|    62  |   644.1|     3.9|     1.2|      .9|     2.7|     3.5|     1.1|      .8|     2.5
      Insurance carriers..........................|    63  | 1,442.7|    25.2|     7.8|     6.1|    17.4|    19.0|     5.7|     4.7|    13.2
      Insurance agents, brokers, and service......|    64  |   744.9|     7.2|     2.9|     2.4|     4.3|     5.6|     2.2|     1.8|     3.4
      Real estate.................................|    65  | 1,460.9|    48.9|    21.9|    17.6|    27.0|    47.3|    21.3|    17.1|    26.0
      Holding and other investment offices........|    67  |   227.5|     3.4|     1.1|      .8|     2.3|     2.6|      .9|      .6|     1.7
                                                  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Services......................................|        |34,624.4| 1,373.4|   619.8|   401.1|   753.7| 1,301.8|   594.9|   383.5|   706.9
      Hotels and other lodging places.............|    70  | 1,776.9|   104.8|    52.0|    28.7|    52.8|   102.3|    51.1|    28.1|    51.2
      Personal services...........................|    72  | 1,201.4|    28.9|    14.8|     9.8|    14.1|    27.1|    13.9|     9.1|    13.2
      Business services...........................|    73  | 8,590.9|   191.2|    87.5|    59.9|   103.7|   182.5|    83.3|    57.3|    99.1
      Auto repair, services, and parking..........|    75  | 1,144.1|    54.2|    23.1|    18.1|    31.1|    53.5|    22.7|    17.9|    30.8
      Miscellaneous repair services...............|    76  |   379.2|    23.0|    11.6|     9.0|    11.4|    22.5|    11.3|     8.8|    11.2
      Motion pictures.............................|    78  |   571.7|    13.4|     3.2|     2.4|    10.1|    12.8|     3.1|     2.3|     9.7
      Amusement and recreation services...........|    79  | 1,650.1|    88.7|    38.2|    19.2|    50.6|    84.4|    36.5|    18.7|    48.0
      Health services.............................|    80  | 9,816.5|   606.6|   279.7|   176.1|   326.9|   566.2|   268.4|   167.9|   297.8
      Legal services..............................|    81  |   973.7|     6.9|     3.2|     2.6|     3.7|     5.5|     2.3|     1.9|     3.2
      Educational services........................|    82  | 1,603.8|    37.4|    14.4|    11.2|    22.9|    35.6|    13.9|    10.8|    21.7
      Social services.............................|    83  | 2,571.2|   130.8|    58.8|    40.6|    72.0|   127.7|    57.2|    39.1|    70.6
      Museums, botanical, zoological gardens......|    84  |    93.0|     5.6|     3.1|     1.4|     2.5|     5.4|     3.0|     1.4|     2.3
      Membership organizations....................|    86  | 1,030.0|    20.3|     7.7|     6.0|    12.7|    19.3|     7.1|     5.5|    12.2
      Engineering and management services.........|    87  | 3,170.3|    61.0|    22.4|    15.8|    38.6|    56.3|    20.9|    14.9|    35.3
__________________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

  1 Totals include data for industries not shown separately.
  2 Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition.
  3 Employment is expressed as an annual average and is derived primarily from the BLS-State Covered Employment and Wages program. 
Employment in private households (SIC 88) is excluded.
  4 Total lost workday cases involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both.
  5 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity.
  6 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  7 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in railroad
transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; and the Federal Railroad
Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining
industries.

  NOTE:  Because of rounding, components may not add to totals.
  - Indicates data not available.                                 
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

TABLE 3.  Incidence rates(1) of nonfatal occupational injuries by industry division and employment size, 1998
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                                  |            |                                                                
                                                  |            |             Establishment employment size (workers)            
                                                  |     All    |________________________________________________________________
                Industry division                 | establish- |            |            |            |            |            
                                                  |    ments   |   1 to 10  |  11 to 49  |  50 to 249 | 250 to 999 |  1,000 or  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |    more    
__________________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
  Private industry(2).............................|       6.2  |       2.2  |       5.4  |       8.1  |       7.1  |       6.4  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
    Agriculture, forestry, and fishing(2).........|       7.6  |       5.1  |       7.6  |       9.3  |       7.3  |       6.6  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
    Mining(3).....................................|       4.7  |       3.3  |       5.4  |       5.9  |       3.7  |       2.9  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
    Construction..................................|       8.7  |       5.1  |      10.1  |       9.8  |       8.5  |       4.4  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
    Manufacturing.................................|       8.5  |       3.7  |       8.6  |      10.3  |       7.9  |       7.3  
     Durable goods................................|       9.4  |       4.6  |      10.3  |      11.7  |       8.5  |       7.8  
     Nondurable goods.............................|       7.1  |       2.4  |       5.8  |       8.4  |       7.1  |       6.2  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
    Transportation and public utilities(3)........|       7.0  |       2.3  |       6.4  |       8.3  |       6.4  |       8.3  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
    Wholesale and retail trade....................|       6.3  |       2.2  |       5.4  |       8.5  |       9.1  |       7.7  
     Wholesale trade..............................|       6.3  |       2.2  |       6.0  |       8.5  |       8.2  |       5.9  
     Retail trade.................................|       6.3  |       2.2  |       5.2  |       8.5  |       9.5  |       8.1  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
    Finance, insurance, and real estate...........|       1.7  |       1.0  |       1.9  |       2.1  |       1.9  |       1.2  
                                                  |            |            |            |            |            |            
    Services......................................|       4.9  |       1.3  |       3.1  |       6.9  |       6.3  |       6.4  
__________________________________________________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________|____________

  1 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as:  (N/EH) x 200,000,
where

     N       = number of injuries                              
     EH      = total hours worked by all employees during              
               the calendar year                                            
     200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers           
               (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).
     
  2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  3 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in railroad
transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; and the Federal
Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal,
and nonmetal mining industries.
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor       


TABLE 4.  Number of cases and incidence rates(1) of nonfatal occupational injuries for private industries with
100,000 or more cases, 1998
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                           |                      |                      |                      
                Industry(2)                |      SIC code(3)     |      Total cases     |       Incidence      
                                           |                      |    (In thousands)    |         rate         
___________________________________________|______________________|______________________|______________________
                                           |                      |                      |                      
Eating and drinking places.................|          581         |          328.6       |            6.2       
Hospitals..................................|          806         |          261.2       |            8.4       
Nursing and personal care facilities.......|          805         |          197.9       |           13.8       
Grocery stores.............................|          541         |          196.2       |            8.7       
Department stores..........................|          531         |          160.7       |            9.0       
Motor vehicles and equipment...............|          371         |          133.5       |           13.1       
Trucking and courier services, except air..|          421         |          130.1       |            8.3       
Air transportation, scheduled..............|          451         |          128.5       |           15.3       
___________________________________________|______________________|______________________|______________________

  1 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as: 
(N/EH) x 200,000, where

     N       = number of injuries                              
     EH      = total hours worked by all employees during                
               the calendar year                                              
     200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers           
               (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).
     
  2 Industries with 100,000 or more cases were determined by analysis of the number of cases at the 3-digit SIC
code level.
  3 Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition.
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor       


TABLE 5.  Number of nonfatal occupational illnesses by industry division and selected case types, 1998

(In thousands)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                             |              |                             |              |              
                                             |              |      Lost workday cases     |              |  Total cases 
                                             |              |_____________________________|     Cases    |  of disorders
              Industry division              |     Total    |              |              |    without   |  associated  
                                             |     cases    |              |   With days  |     lost     |     with     
                                             |              |   Total(1)   |   away from  |   workdays   |   repeated   
                                             |              |              |    work(2)   |              |    trauma    
_____________________________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
  Private industry(3)........................|      391.9   |      168.7   |       81.9   |      223.2   |      253.3   
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
    Agriculture, forestry, and fishing(3)....|        4.3   |        1.5   |        1.2   |        2.8   |         .6   
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
    Mining(4)................................|        1.3   |         .7   |         .6   |         .6   |         .8   
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
    Construction.............................|        7.7   |        3.0   |        2.5   |        4.8   |        2.0   
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
    Manufacturing............................|      236.3   |      108.5   |       38.0   |      127.8   |      180.9   
     Durable goods...........................|      152.5   |       64.6   |       25.3   |       87.9   |      113.1   
     Nondurable goods........................|       83.8   |       44.0   |       12.7   |       39.8   |       67.7   
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
    Transportation and public utilities(4)...|       16.6   |        7.5   |        6.1   |        9.1   |        9.2   
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
    Wholesale and retail trade...............|       38.8   |       16.9   |       11.5   |       21.9   |       20.9   
     Wholesale trade.........................|       11.7   |        5.8   |        3.6   |        5.9   |        7.6   
     Retail trade............................|       27.1   |       11.1   |        8.0   |       16.0   |       13.3   
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
    Finance, insurance, and real estate......|       15.2   |        5.6   |        4.3   |        9.5   |       12.0   
                                             |              |              |              |              |              
    Services.................................|       71.7   |       24.9   |       17.6   |       46.8   |       27.0   
_____________________________________________|______________|______________|______________|______________|______________

  1 Total lost workday cases involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both.
  2 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.
  3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
  4 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in
railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; and
the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded
from the coal, metal, and nonmetal mining industries.

  NOTE:  Because of rounding, components may not add to totals.
  SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

TABLE 6.  Incidence rates(1) of occupational injuries and illnesses for private industry by selected case types,
1973-98
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                  |                                               |                                               
                  |             Injuries and illnesses            |                    Injuries                   
                  |_______________________________________________|_______________________________________________
                  |           |                       |           |           |                       |           
                  |           |   Lost workday cases  |           |           |   Lost workday cases  |           
     Year(2)      |           |_______________________|   Cases   |           |_______________________|   Cases   
                  |   Total   |           |           |  without  |   Total   |           |           |  without  
                  |   cases   |           |    With   |    lost   |   cases   |           |    With   |    lost   
                  |           |  Total(3) | days away |  workdays |           |  Total(3) | days away |  workdays 
                  |           |           |    from   |           |           |           |    from   |           
                  |           |           |  work(4)  |           |           |           |  work(4)  |           
__________________|___________|___________|___________|___________|___________|___________|___________|___________
                  |           |           |           |           |           |           |           |           
1973..............|     11.0  |      3.4  |     -     |      7.5  |     10.6  |      3.3  |     -     |      7.3  
1974..............|     10.4  |      3.5  |     -     |      6.9  |     10.0  |      3.4  |     -     |      6.6  
1975..............|      9.1  |      3.3  |      3.2  |      5.8  |      8.8  |      3.2  |      3.1  |      5.6  
1976..............|      9.2  |      3.5  |      3.3  |      5.7  |      8.9  |      3.4  |      3.2  |      5.5  
1977..............|      9.3  |      3.8  |      3.6  |      5.5  |      9.0  |      3.7  |      3.5  |      5.3  
1978(5)...........|      9.4  |      4.1  |      3.8  |      5.3  |      9.2  |      4.0  |      3.7  |      5.2  
1979(5)...........|      9.5  |      4.3  |      4.0  |      5.2  |      9.2  |      4.2  |      3.9  |      5.0  
1980..............|      8.7  |      4.0  |      3.7  |      4.7  |      8.5  |      3.9  |      3.6  |      4.6  
1981..............|      8.3  |      3.8  |      3.5  |      4.5  |      8.1  |      3.7  |      3.4  |      4.4  
1982..............|      7.7  |      3.5  |      3.2  |      4.2  |      7.6  |      3.4  |      3.2  |      4.1  
1983(5)...........|      7.6  |      3.4  |      3.2  |      4.2  |      7.5  |      3.4  |      3.1  |      4.1  
1984(5)...........|      8.0  |      3.7  |      3.4  |      4.3  |      7.8  |      3.6  |      3.3  |      4.2  
1985..............|      7.9  |      3.6  |      3.3  |      4.3  |      7.7  |      3.6  |      3.3  |      4.2  
1986..............|      7.9  |      3.6  |      3.3  |      4.3  |      7.7  |      3.6  |      3.3  |      4.2  
1987..............|      8.3  |      3.8  |      3.4  |      4.4  |      8.0  |      3.7  |      3.3  |      4.3  
1988..............|      8.6  |      4.0  |      3.5  |      4.6  |      8.3  |      3.8  |      3.4  |      4.4  
1989..............|      8.6  |      4.0  |      3.4  |      4.6  |      8.2  |      3.9  |      3.3  |      4.4  
1990..............|      8.8  |      4.1  |      3.4  |      4.7  |      8.3  |      3.9  |      3.3  |      4.5  
1991..............|      8.4  |      3.9  |      3.2  |      4.5  |      7.9  |      3.7  |      3.1  |      4.2  
1992(6)...........|      8.9  |      3.9  |      3.0  |      5.0  |      8.3  |      3.6  |      2.9  |      4.7  
1993(6)...........|      8.5  |      3.8  |      2.9  |      4.8  |      7.9  |      3.5  |      2.7  |      4.4  
1994(6)...........|      8.4  |      3.8  |      2.8  |      4.6  |      7.7  |      3.5  |      2.6  |      4.2  
1995(6)...........|      8.1  |      3.6  |      2.5  |      4.4  |      7.5  |      3.4  |      2.4  |      4.1  
1996(6)...........|      7.4  |      3.4  |      2.2  |      4.1  |      6.9  |      3.1  |      2.1  |      3.8  
1997(6)...........|      7.1  |      3.3  |      2.1  |      3.8  |      6.6  |      3.1  |      2.0  |      3.5  
1998(6)...........|      6.7  |      3.1  |      2.0  |      3.5  |      6.2  |      2.9  |      1.9  |      3.3  
__________________|___________|___________|___________|___________|___________|___________|___________|___________

  1 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers and were
calculated as:  (N/EH) x 200,000, where

     N       = number of injuries and illnesses                   
     EH      = total hours worked by all employees during              
               the calendar year                                            
     200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers           
               (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).
     
  2 Data for 1973-75 are based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1967 Edition; data for 1976-87
are based on the Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1972 Edition; and data for 1988-98 are based on the
Standard Industrial Classification Manual, 1987 Edition.  The recordkeeping guidelines for occupational injuries
and illnesses were revised in 1986, and the Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses was redesigned in 1992.
  3 Total lost workday cases involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both.
  4 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work
activity.
  5 To maintain historical comparability with the rest of the series, data for small nonfarm employers in low-risk
industries who were not surveyed were imputed and included in the survey estimates.
  6 Data exclude fatal work-related injuries and illnesses.

  NOTE:  Because of rounding, components may not add to the totals.  Data for 1976-98 exclude farms with fewer
than 11 employees. 
  - Indicates data not available.                                 
  SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

    TABLE 7.  Incidence rates(1) of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by industry division and selected case types, 1995-98
    _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
                                                             |                                   |                                                                       |                                   
                                                             |                                   |                           Lost workday cases                          |                                   
                                                             |                                   |_______________________________________________________________________|                                   
                                                             |            Total cases            |                                   |                                   |    Cases without lost workdays    
                                                             |                                   |                                   |                                   |                                   
                        Industry division                    |                                   |              Total(2)             |    With days away from work(3)    |                                   
                                                             |___________________________________|                                   |                                   |___________________________________
                                                             |        |        |        |        |___________________________________|___________________________________|        |        |        |        
                                                             |  1995  |  1996  |  1997  |  1998  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |  1995  |  1996  |  1997  |  1998  
                                                             |        |        |        |        |  1995  |  1996  |  1997  |  1998  |  1995  |  1996  |  1997  |  1998  |        |        |        |        
    _________________________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________
                                                             |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
    Private industry(4)......................................|     8.1|     7.4|     7.1|     6.7|     3.6|     3.4|     3.3|     3.1|     2.5|     2.2|     2.1|     2.0|     4.4|     4.1|     3.8|     3.5
                                                             |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |        
      Agriculture, forestry, and fishing(4)..................|     9.7|     8.7|     8.4|     7.9|     4.3|     3.9|     4.1|     3.9|     3.4|     3.0|     3.0|     3.0|     5.4|     4.8|     4.2|     4.0
      Mining(5)..............................................|     6.2|     5.4|     5.9|     4.9|     3.9|     3.2|     3.7|     2.9|     3.3|     2.5|     2.9|     2.2|     2.4|     2.2|     2.1|     2.0
      Construction...........................................|    10.6|     9.9|     9.5|     8.8|     4.9|     4.5|     4.4|     4.0|     4.2|     3.7|     3.6|     3.3|     5.8|     5.4|     5.0|     4.8
      Manufacturing..........................................|    11.6|    10.6|    10.3|     9.7|     5.3|     4.9|     4.8|     4.7|     2.9|     2.5|     2.4|     2.3|     6.3|     5.7|     5.4|     5.0
        Durable goods........................................|    12.8|    11.6|    11.3|    10.7|     5.6|     5.1|     5.1|     5.0|     3.1|     2.7|     2.6|     2.5|     7.2|     6.5|     6.2|     5.7
        Nondurable goods.....................................|     9.9|     9.2|     8.8|     8.2|     4.9|     4.6|     4.4|     4.3|     2.5|     2.3|     2.0|     2.0|     4.9|     4.6|     4.3|     3.9
      Transportation and public utilities(5)(6)..............|     9.1|     8.7|     8.2|     7.3|     5.2|     5.1|     4.8|     4.3|     3.9|     3.8|     3.7|     3.2|     3.9|     3.6|     3.4|     3.0
      Wholesale and retail trade.............................|     7.5|     6.8|     6.7|     6.5|     3.2|     2.9|     3.0|     2.8|     2.4|     2.1|     2.0|     1.8|     4.3|     3.9|     3.7|     3.6
        Wholesale trade......................................|     7.5|     6.6|     6.5|     6.5|     3.6|     3.4|     3.2|     3.3|     2.6|     2.3|     2.1|     2.1|     3.9|     3.3|     3.3|     3.2
        Retail trade.........................................|     7.5|     6.9|     6.8|     6.5|     3.0|     2.8|     2.9|     2.7|     2.3|     2.0|     1.9|     1.8|     4.5|     4.1|     3.9|     3.8
      Finance, insurance, and real estate....................|     2.6|     2.4|     2.2|     1.9|     1.0|      .9|      .9|      .7|      .8|      .7|      .7|      .5|     1.6|     1.4|     1.4|     1.2
      Services...............................................|     6.4|     6.0|     5.6|     5.2|     2.8|     2.6|     2.5|     2.4|     2.0|     1.8|     1.7|     1.5|     3.6|     3.4|     3.1|     2.9
    _________________________________________________________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________|________

      1 The incidence rates represent the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time workers and were calculated as:  (N/EH) x 200,000, where                                              
         
         N       = number of injuries and illnesses                             
         EH      = total hours worked by all employees during the calendar year           
         200,000 = base for 100 equivalent full-time workers (working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year).
         
      2 Total lost workday cases involve days away from work, or days of restricted work activity, or both.
      3 Days-away-from-work cases include those which result in days away from work with or without restricted work activity.
      4 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
      5 Data conforming to OSHA definitions for mining operators in coal, metal, and nonmetal mining and for employers in railroad transportation are provided to BLS by the Mine Safety and Health
    Administration, U.S. Department of Labor; and the Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.  Independent mining contractors are excluded from the coal, metal, and nonmetal
    mining industries.
      6 In 1996, air courier operations previously classified in Industry Groups 421, 422, 423, 452, 473, and 478 were reclassified to Industry Group 451.  As a result, the 1996, 1997, and 1998 estimates
    for these SIC's and Major Industry Groups 42, 45, and 47 are not comparable to those for prior years.  In addition, the 1996 and 1997 estimates for transportation and public utilities may have more
    variability than those for other years.
    
      NOTE:  Because of rounding, components may not add to totals.
      SOURCE:  Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor