U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1

Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012

Careers in Geothermal Energy

Drew Liming

I

n the search for new energy resources, scientists have 

discovered ways to use the Earth itself as a valuable 

source of power. Geothermal power plants use the 

Earth’s natural underground heat to provide clean, renewable energy. 

As far back as the 1800s, people extracted water from 

geothermal hot springs to use in homes or businesses. 

However, it wasn’t until 1960 that the first large-scale 

geothermal electricity generation plant began operating 

in the United States, at The Geysers in California. 

Today, the United States has approximately 3,187 

megawatts of installed geothermal generating capacity, 

more than any other country in the world.1

 Despite this 

capacity, geothermal power is only a small provider of energy. In 2010, geothermal energy accounted for 3 percent 

of renewable energy-based electricity consumption in the 

United States, less than that from biomass, hydroelectric, 

and wind sources.2 

Although still a small contributor to the power needs 

of the United States, geothermal is an attractive energy 

source. Geothermal power plants can provide baseload 

power, which means that the power they generate does 

not vary. This distinguishes geothermal from other renewable sources, such as solar and wind, which only produce 

power when sunlight or wind are sufficiently steady and 

strong. 

Despite its potential for providing clean and steady 

energy, however, geothermal power development faces challenges. Geothermal projects are expensive, and 

it takes years to build a working geothermal plant. The 

high cost can discourage investment by private industry. Another challenge limiting development of 

geothermal energy is the fact that geothermal plants are 

often located in remote areas. Roads must be built to the 

plant sites, and transmitting electricity from the plant to 

distant consumers requires the construction of transmission infrastructure such as high-voltage power lines. Location is therefore a consideration for those seeking employment in geothermal energy.

Despite these challenges, U.S. geothermal energy production is expected to grow. In 2012, the geothermal industry is developing 130 geothermal projects in 15 states, 

according to the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA).3 

As geothermal technologies become more cost-effective

Drew Liming was an economist formerly with the Office of 

Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections, BLS. 

Questions about Green Careers can be directed to James Hamilton 

at hamilton.james@bls.gov or (202) 691-7877.

U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

BLS

September 2012 — Report 9
Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2

in comparison to other power sources, more development 

might occur.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) released the first 

results of its Green Goods and Services (GGS) survey in 

2012. GGS jobs are those associated with producing environmentally beneficial green goods and services. The survey found that there were about 620 GGS private sector 

workers in geothermal energy production in the United 

States in 2010.4

 These data do not include government 

workers or workers employed in other industries, such as 

utility system construction, engineering services, or scientific research and development services, that work on 

geothermal projects. These industries have separate GGS 

employment estimates, which include those who work on 

both geothermal and other projects.

 The GEA estimated that there were about 5,200 jobs 

directly related to geothermal power production and management in 2010.5

 Unlike the GGS data, this GEA estimate includes workers in many different industries. The 

GEA estimates that developing a 50-megawatt geothermal plant requires between 697 and 862 workers.6

As seen in map 1, there is potential for geothermal 

energy development throughout the United States. The 

most accessible geothermal sites are concentrated in the 

Western United States, where most geothermal development has already taken place. Jobs in geothermal energy 

are usually located near these sites.

This article provides information on various career 

opportunities in geothermal energy. The first section is 

an overview of geothermal plant operation, and the second section discusses the different steps necessary to 

construct a geothermal plant. The other sections detail 

occupations that are critical to the geothermal industry. 

Each occupational profile includes information on job duties; the credentials needed to work in these occupations, 

such as education, training, certification, and licensure; 

and wage data. 

How geothermal power works

Geothermal power uses heat generated by the Earth’s core 

to provide energy. This heat can be captured and used on 

 Map 1. Geothermal Resources of the U.S.: Locations of hydrothermal sites and favorability of deep Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) 

 Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, www.nrel.gov/gis
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 3

Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012

both a residential and utility scale. Residential geothermal 

uses water running through underground pipes (called 

geothermal heat pumps) to regulate a building’s internal 

temperature. In winter, the water in these pipes carries 

heat from the Earth into the building. In summer, the geothermal system carries excess heat out of the building. Although geothermal heat pumps are growing in popularity, 

this article focuses on utility-scale geothermal projects, 

which use geothermal plants to generate electricity for the 

power grid.

Utility-scale geothermal projects get energy from 

groundwater found deep in underground cracks and reservoirs. In places where the Earth’s natural heat has brought 

these underground reservoirs to temperatures of 225 to 

600 degrees Fahrenheit (107 to 315 degrees Celsius), the 

groundwater can be used to power a geothermal plant.

There are three common types of geothermal power 

plants: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle. 

Dry steam plants are the simplest and most common.7 

They rely on steam released from underground sources to 

turn turbines and generate electricity. Although dry steam 

plants are simple to operate, they are restricted by the relatively few locations that produce sufficient steam for a 

utility-scale plant. 

Flash steam geothermal plants mine hot water through

long pipes that extend into deep underground reservoirs, 

where extreme pressure allows water to remain in a liquid 

state above its surface boiling point. The water, usually 

at temperatures of more than 360 degrees Fahrenheit, is 

piped up to holding tanks. When the high-pressure hot 

water enters these low-pressure tanks, it becomes steam. 

Then, in dry steam plants, this steam powers turbines to 

generate electricity. 

In a binary cycle plant, hot water is also piped from 

underground reservoirs, but then a different fluid, with a 

lower boiling temperature than water, captures the water’s 

heat through a heat exchanger. The vapor from this other 

fluid is used to turn the plant’s turbines and generate 

electricity. A binary cycle plant can operate in an area 

with geothermal fluid temperatures of 225 to 360 degrees 

Fahrenheit (107 to 182 degrees Celsius), lower than the 

temperature required of the other plants.

Geothermal plants release the cooled water back into 

the ground, where it seeps back into the underground 

reservoir, is reheated by the earth, and can be reused by 

the plant. 

Through this full cycle, geothermal power provides a 

renewable and inexhaustible source of energy. 
Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 4

Building and maintaining a 

geothermal plant

Geothermal energy plants must be located near sufficient 

hot groundwater. Scientists analyze charts, satellite imagery, and seismic studies to find appropriate underground 

reservoirs. After locating a promising area and analyzing the terrain, workers drill exploratory wells to verify 

a site’s suitability. 

For flash steam and binary cycle plants, geothermal 

drilling projects require machinery and workers similar to 

those used in drilling projects in the oil and gas industry. 

Drilling is extremely expensive, and poses a huge risk of 

financial loss if sites are unsuitable. For example, because 

geothermal wells are thousands of feet deep, unexpected 

layers of hard rock can add significant cost to a drilling 

project. 

After an underwater reservoir is found, groundwater 

is pumped up to the surface, where scientists analyze it 

to determine its suitability for a geothermal plant. This 

initial phase—locating and drilling exploratory wells—

usually takes several years to complete.

After determining the best location from which to tap 

the underground reservoir, workers drill the main well. 

Many geothermal companies hire specialized drilling 

firms to do this work. As drillers penetrate the underground reservoir, they install pipes in the well to carry the 

groundwater up to the surface. Drilling pipes may also 

carry byproducts, such as mud, up to the surface, where 

they are hauled offsite for disposal. 

 As the main well is completed, construction crews 

build the geothermal plant. They use heavy equipment 

to clear the land and lay the plant’s foundation. Electricians install a power plant’s electrical components, while 

pipefitters build the pipe infrastructure to carry the hot 

groundwater and steam through the geothermal plant. In 

addition to the plant itself, construction crews build roads 

and transmission lines. 

After a geothermal plant has been constructed and 

connected to the power grid, it is ready to become operational. A plant operator and technicians remain on-site to 

monitor the plant and resolve any problems. Because geothermal energy provides a stable source of power, plants 

operate more efficiently and is less labor intensive than 

other energy-generating plants.

Occupations in geothermal 

energy

It requires many workers to get a geothermal plant up and 

running. Different workers are needed for each phase of a 

geothermal plant’s development. 

The occupations detailed in this section are not specific to the geothermal industry. For many occupations, 

workers’ experiences in industries other than geothermal 

can be applied to geothermal projects.

Science occupations

Scientific research is an important component of geothermal development. Because drilling wells is extremely expensive, it’s important that scientists select drilling sites 

most likely to support geothermal power.

Scientists work in offices where they study charts and 

maps of geothermal resources. They might also travel to 

the field to examine proposed geothermal sites. Scientists 

work on teams with other scientists in various disciplines. 

Geothermal companies employ some scientists full-time, 

while others are hired as consultants. 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 5

Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012

Environmental scientists work with geothermal plant developers to help them comply with environmental regulations and policies and to ensure that sensitive parts of the 

ecosystem are protected. They use their knowledge of the 

natural sciences to minimize hazards to the health of the 

environment and the nearby population. These scientists 

produce environmental impact studies necessary for a 

geothermal project to earn its building permits.

Geologists spend a large part of their time in the field, 

identifying and examining the topography and geologic 

makeup of a geothermal site. Geologists also study maps 

and charts to ensure that a site will be able to supply adequate geothermal energy. Geologists use their knowledge of different kinds of rock to make recommendations 

on the most cost-effective areas to drill. Some specialized geologists might help to monitor a plant’s location 

for seismic activity and attempt to predict the threat of 

earthquakes.

Hydrologists study water and the water cycle. They study 

the movement, distribution, and other properties of water, 

and analyze how these properties influence the surrounding environment. Hydrologists use their expertise to solve 

problems concerning water quality and availability. On 

geothermal projects, hydrologists study the water below 

the earth’s surface. They help decide where to drill wells 

and analyze the groundwater that is pumped from the underground reservoirs to the surface. 

Wildlife biologists evaluate a geothermal plant’s effect 

on local animal life. Although geothermal plants are not 

inherently destructive, construction of the related infrastructure, such as plants, roads, and transmission towers, 

can be disruptive to the natural environment. Biologists 

ensure that the plant’s impact on local animal populations 

is minimal. They spend a great deal of their time outdoors 

at the site, cataloging the surrounding wildlife and making recommendations on how to avoid interfering with 

local ecosystems.

Credentials

Although a master’s degree is often preferred, a bachelor’s 

degree, depending on the specialty, is typically sufficient 

for an entry-level position for geologists, environmental 

scientists, and wildlife biologists. Hydrologists typically 

enter the occupation with a master’s degree. A Ph.D. is 

desirable for scientists who oversee environmental impact and site suitability studies.

Most scientists must have excellent computer skills 

because they use computers frequently for data analysis, 

digital mapping, remote sensing, and computer modeling. Scientists in certain specialties, such as geologists, 

are usually certified or licensed by a state licensing board.

Wages

BLS does not currently have wage data specific to the 

geothermal industry. However, BLS does have wage data 

for the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution industry group. The table that follows shows BLS 

data for the science occupations in this industry group for 

May 2011. The wages shown are median annual wages 

for the United States as a whole; wages vary by employer 

and location.

Engineering occupations

Designing geothermal plants or new drilling equipment 

requires the work of many engineers. Most work in offices, laboratories, or industrial plants, but some engineers 

work outdoors at construction sites, where they monitor 

or direct operations or solve onsite problems.

Civil engineers design geothermal plants and supervise 

the construction phase. Many geothermal plants are built 

in rocky, difficult terrain, which require special procedures. Civil engineers also have to consider potential hazards such as earthquakes, and build plants to withstand 

Selected science occupations Median annual 

wages, May 20111

Environmental scientists and 

specialists, including health $87,160

Geoscientists, except hydrologists 

and geographers 77,460

Hydrologists2 75,680

Zoologists and wildlife biologists2 57,420

1 Occupational Employment Statistics data are available at 

www.bls.gov/oes. The data do not include benefits.

2

 Wage data for hydrologists and zoologists and wildlife 

biologists are not available for the electric power generation, 

transmission, and distribution industry group. The data here 

represent wages for the occupation as a whole. 
Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 6

them. These engineers are also responsible for designing 

access roads that lead to the plants.

Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise 

the manufacture of geothermal plants’ electrical components, including machinery controls, lighting and wiring, generators, communications systems, and electricity 

transmission systems.

Electronics engineers are responsible for systems that 

control plant systems or signal processes. Electrical engineers work primarily with power generation and distribution; electronics engineers develop the complex electronic systems used to operate the geothermal plant. 

Environmental engineers deal with the potential environmental impacts of geothermal plants. Although geothermal energy is an environmentally friendly source of 

electricity, environmental engineers must consider a site’s 

potential impact on local plants and wildlife.

Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, and test 

tools and a variety of machines and mechanical devices. 

Many of these engineers supervise the manufacturing 

processes of drilling equipment or various generator or 

turbine components.

Credentials

Engineers typically have at least a bachelor’s degree in an 

engineering specialty. However, some jobs require more 

education, such as a master’s degree or doctoral degree. 

Additionally, an engineer typically must be licensed as a 

professional engineer (PE) and is expected to complete 

continuing education to keep current with new technologies.

Entry-level engineers may also be hired as interns or 

junior team members and work under the close supervision of more senior engineers. As they gain experience 

and knowledge, they are assigned more difficult tasks and 

given greater independence. 

Engineers are usually required to be certified as competent to carry out specific work, depending on the systems used by a particular geothermal power company. 

Wages

BLS does not currently have wage data specific to the 

geothermal industry. However, BLS does have wage data 

for the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution industry group. The table that follows shows 

BLS data for the engineering occupations in this industry 

group for May 2011. The wages shown are median annual 

wages for the United States as a whole; wages vary by 

employer and location.

Drilling occupations

To reach hot water far below the earth’s surface, geothermal plants use wells that descend thousands of feet 

into underground reservoirs. Drilling these wells requires

Selected engineering occupations Median annual 

wages, May 20111

Civil engineers $84,950

Electrical engineers 84,730

Electronics engineers, except 

computer 90,790

Environmental engineers 79,530

Mechanical engineers 82,230

1 Occupational Employment Statistics data are available at 

www.bls.gov/oes. The data do not include benefits.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 7

Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012

specialized machinery and workers. Drilling crews first 

drill exploratory wells to confirm the locations of underground reservoirs. After discovering the best locations, 

they drill the geothermal plant’s main well. 

Drilling crews typically use a derrick, a large, metalframed crane hanging over a well, to guide drilling equipment. Because drilling equipment is so heavy, derricks 

are necessary to control and maneuver drilling bits, pipes, 

and other equipment. Drilling fluids that help to break up 

the rock are pumped into the well through a pipe connected to the drill bit. The pipe also carries debris and 

mud out of the well and to the surface, where it can be 

disposed of. As the well gets deeper, new pipe sections 

are connected to those already in the ground, and the drill 

continues until it taps the underground reservoir. 

Depending on a project’s location and the type of rock 

that needs to be drilled through, drilling crews will use 

different drill bits and drill fluid mixtures. 

In addition to the workers who drill the wells, drilling crews might include some support personnel, such as 

workers who transport the drilling rigs and fuel to project 

sites.

Derrick operators control and inspect drilling derricks. 

These workers can raise or lower the drill bits and pipes

into or out of the well. Derrick operators are also responsible for maintaining their machinery and ensuring that it 

operates correctly. 

Rotary driller operators control the drill itself. They determine a drill’s pressure and speed as it penetrates rock. 

To keep drill sites safe, rotary driller operators use gauges 

that monitor drill pump pressure and other data, such as 

how much drill mud and debris are being pumped from 

the well. Rotary drill operators also keep records of where 

they’ve drilled and how many layers of rock they’ve penetrated. 

Roustabouts do much of the basic labor on drilling sites. 

They clean equipment and keep work areas free of the 

debris and drilling mud that the drill pipes carry up from 

the wells. Roustabouts also install new pipe sections that 

allow the drill to reach deeper underground. 

Credentials

There are few formal education requirements for drilling crew workers. Although drilling crew workers are 

not required to have a high school diploma, some employers might prefer to hire workers who do. While in 
Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 8

school, drilling crew workers can learn skills such as

basic mechanics, welding, and heavy equipment operations through vocational programs. 

Most drilling crew workers start as helpers to experienced workers and are trained on the job. However, formal training is becoming more common as new and more 

advanced machinery and methods are used. Drilling crew 

workers usually must be at least 18 years old, be in good 

physical condition, and pass a drug test.

Wages

BLS does not currently have wage data specific to the 

geothermal industry. However, BLS does have wage data 

for drilling crew workers across all industries. The table 

that follows shows BLS data for drilling occupations in 

May 2011. The wages shown are median annual wages 

for the United States as a whole; wages vary by employer 

and location.

Construction occupations

Construction workers build the geothermal power plant 

and necessary supporting infrastructure, such as roads 

and transmission lines. During the construction phase, 

crews have to build around the geothermal well and drilling operations. Depending on where a plant is located, 

construction crews might operate specialized equipment 

to build plants in rocky, difficult terrain. 

Carpenters build, install, and repair any fixtures made 

from wood or other materials, including plastic, fiberglass, and drywall, on geothermal construction sites. Following construction drawings, carpenters measure, mark, 

and arrange their materials. They use hand and power 

tools, such as planes, saws, and drills, to cut and shape the 

materials, which are frequently joined together with nails, 

screws, or other fasteners. After completing an installation, carpenters check the accuracy of their work with 

instruments, such as levels or rulers, before making any 

necessary adjustments. 

Construction equipment operators use machinery to clear 

earth, trees, and rocks at geothermal plant construction 

sites. They also use machines to grade the land and build 

roads prior to construction. Construction equipment operators use their machinery to hoist heavy construction 

materials for other workers to use. 

Construction laborers perform a wide range of tasks on 

geothermal plant construction sites. They use a variety of 

equipment, including jackhammers and small mechanical 

hoists. For some jobs, construction laborers use computers and other high-tech input devices to control robotic 

pipe cutters and cleaners. They often assist workers in the 

specialty trades, such as carpenters and electricians.

Construction managers plan, direct, coordinate, and budget geothermal projects. They may supervise an entire 

project or, depending on the size of a plant, just part of 

one. As coordinators of all design and construction processes, construction managers select, hire, and oversee 

specialty trade contractors, such as carpenters and electricians.

Construction managers are involved in a plant’s development from its original conceptual designs through 

its final construction. They help to ensure that geothermal 

plants are built on time and within budget. Construction 

managers often meet with engineers, architects, and any 

other workers building the plant.

Electricians do both installation and maintenance work 

on the energy systems of geothermal plants. When constructing plants, electricians check their construction 

drawings to determine where to place equipment such 

as circuits and outlets. After finding the proper locations, 

they install and connect wires to systems such as circuit 

breakers, transformers, and outlets. 

Electricians also install the electrical equipment and 

wiring that connects the geothermal plant to the electrical 

grid. They must be familiar with computer systems that 

regulate the flow of electricity and be experienced working with high-voltage systems.

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install, maintain, 

and repair the pipe systems in geothermal plants that carry hot, high-pressure fluids from the well and into lowSelected drilling occupations Median annual 

wages, May 20111

Derrick operators, oil and gas $45,220

Rotary drill operators, oil and gas 51,310

Roustabouts, oil and gas 32,980

1 Occupational Employment Statistics data are available at 

www.bls.gov/oes. The data do not include benefits.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 9

Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012

May 2011. The wages shown are median annual wages 

for the United States as a whole; wages vary by employer 

and location.

Plant operators

After a geothermal plant is completed and running, some 

staff are needed to operate and monitor the plant. They 

prevent or resolve any problems that would stop the plant 

from operating correctly. 

Power plant operators work in control rooms to monitor 

power generation and distribution at a geothermal plant. 

They monitor the geothermal plant’s pipes, generators, 

and instruments that regulate voltage and electricity flows. 

Power plant operators communicate with electrical distribution centers on the regional power grid to match production with system load. They go on inspection rounds 

to confirm that everything in the plant is operating correctly and keep records of switching operations as well as 

loads on generators, lines, and transformers. Power plant 

operators use computers to report unusual incidents, malfunctioning equipment, or maintenance performed during 

their shifts.

Credentials

Power plant operators typically need a high school diploma or equivalent and on-the-job training. Previous work 

experience, such as a line worker or a laborer in a power 

plant, can be helpful in getting a job. Strong mechanical, technical, and computer skills are needed to operate a 

power plant. Certification by the North American Energy 

Reliability Corporation (NERC) is necessary for positions 

that could affect the power grid. Companies also require 

individuals seeking highly technical jobs to have a strong 

math and science background.

pressure tanks. They also are responsible for a plant’s 

other pipes, including those that carry steam from the 

tanks to the turbines. 

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters must frequently lift heavy pipes, stand for long periods of time, and 

work in uncomfortable and cramped positions. In their 

work, they face a number of possible hazards, including 

falls from ladders, cuts from sharp objects, and burns 

from hot pipes or soldering equipment.

Credentials

Construction managers have typically completed an associate’s degree or higher in construction management, 

business management, or engineering. They also usually 

have previous experience working on construction projects. Because experience is so important for construction 

managers, in some cases, it may be substituted for educational requirements. However, large, complex projects 

such as a geothermal plant require specialized education. 

Workers with degrees in construction management or 

engineering, but without significant experience, may be 

hired as assistants to project managers.

Most construction laborers are trained on the job. Laborers typically work under a foreman, who gives them 

instructions. As they gain more experience and prove 

their abilities, laborers may become foremen themselves. 

Equipment operators typically enter the occupation 

with a high school diploma or equivalent. They may learn 

on the job, complete a formal training program, or a combination of both. Certain equipment requires operators to 

be certified, which involves some training and testing to 

ensure competence and safety.

Electricians, carpenters, plumbers, pipefitters, and 

steamfitters typically enter the occupation with a high 

school diploma or equivalent. They are usually trained 

through apprenticeship programs, which typically last 3 

or 4 years for electricians and carpenters and 4 or 5 years 

for plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. Electricians, 

carpenters, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters may 

also attend specialized training programs on the specific 

systems with which they work. 

Wages

BLS does not currently have wage data specific to the 

geothermal industry. However, BLS does have wage data 

for the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution industry. The table that follows shows BLS data 

for the construction occupations in this industry group for 

Selected construction occupations Median annual 

wages, May 20111

Carpenters $58,000

Operating engineers and other 

construction equipment operators 57,630

Construction laborers 43,480

Construction managers 95,630

Electricians 60,310

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 68,800

1 Occupational Employment Statistics data are available at 

www.bls.gov/oes. The data do not include benefits.
Green Jobs: Geothermal Energy

September 2012 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 10

Wages

BLS does not currently have wage data specific to the 

geothermal industry. However, BLS does have wage data 

for the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution industry group, which includes the operation of 

geothermal plants. Power plant operators in this industry 

group earned a median annual wage of $66,340 in May 

2011. The wages are for the United States as a whole; 

wages vary by employer and location.

Conclusion

Geothermal jobs of all kinds will be most prevalent in 

the western United States, where geothermal projects 

are most common. If the geothermal industry continues 

to grow, opportunities should arise for workers in a wide 

variety of occupations with different education and training requirements, from doctoral scientists to roustabouts. 

Some occupations, such as those in construction, typically require workers to have completed an apprenticeship, 

and others have less formal on-the-job training. As the 

demand for clean energy grows, jobs in geothermal energy will be a small but growing potential source of new 

employment opportunities.

Notes

1 Annual U.S. Geothermal Power Production and 

Development Report (Geothermal Energy Association, April 

2012), p. 6, http://www.geo-energy.org/reports/2012/

AnnualUSGeothermalPowerProductionandDevelopmentRep

ort_Final.pdf.

2

 Ibid, p. 6

3

 Ibid, p. 9

4

 Green Goods and Services (GGS) Survey (U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics, 2012), http://www.bls.gov/ggs.

5 Green Jobs Through Geothermal Energy (Geothermal Energy 

Association, October 2010), p. 6, http://www.geo-energy.

org/pdf/reports/GreenJobs_Through_Geothermal_Energy_

Final_Oct2010.pdf.

6

 Ibid, p. 10.

7 Annual Geothermal Power Production and Development 

Report, p. 7.