i

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

U.S. Department of Labor 

Hilda L. Solis, Secretary

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Keith Hall, Commissioner

December 2011

Report 1034

BLS

Notice: Errors were found in table 11 of this report. The table was reissued on February 9, 2012, 

to correct the data. 
ii

Contents

Page

Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ............................................................................................................................. 1

Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Highlights ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Statistical Tables

1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2010 annual averages.................. 4

2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

1970–2010 annual averages..................................................................................................................................... 7 

3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ............................ 10 

4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2010 annual averages ..................................................................... 12 

5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2010 ............................................................................................................................................................. 13 

6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

 or Latino ethnicity, March 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 15 

7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2010 ................................... 18 

8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational 

attainment and sex, 2010 annual averages .............................................................................................................. 21

9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 

 1970–2010 ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 

10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2009 and 2010 annual averages  26

11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages............................................................. 28

12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages ......................... 39

13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2009 and 2010 annual averages. 4

14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2010 annual averages.................................................................. 43

15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages............................... 50

16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2010 annual averages ....................................................................... 51

17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years of age and over 

 by educational attainment and sex, 2010 annual averages ..................................................................................... 53 

18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 

 2010 annual averages .............................................................................................................................................. 55

19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 

 2010 annual averages ............................................................................................................................................. 68 

20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2010 annual averages .......................................... 69

21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 

 1976–2010 annual averages .................................................................................................................................... 73

22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2009 .................. 74

23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2009 ........................................................ 75

24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2009 ............................................................................. 77
iii

Contents–Continued

Page

25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2009 ......................................................................................... 78

26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum 

wage by selected characteristics, 2010 annual averages ......................................................................................... 79 

27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 .......................................................................................................................... 81 

28. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in 

January 2010 ........................................................................................................................................................... 83

29. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary workers by age and sex,

selected years, 1996–2010 ...................................................................................................................................... 84 

30. Labor force status of 2010 high school graduates and 2009–10 high school dropouts 16 to 24 

years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2010 .......................................................................................... 85

31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational 

attainment, October 2010 ........................................................................................................................................ 86 

32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, 1994–2010 annual averages ......................... 87 

33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2010 

annual averages........................................................................................................................................................ 88

34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age 

and sex, 2010 annual averages ................................................................................................................................ 89 

35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2010 ............................. 91

36. Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and older by sex and period of service, 2010 annual averages ... 93

37. Employment status of persons with disabilities by sex and age, 2010 annual averages ......................................... 95

Technical Note .................................................................................................................................................................... 96 
1

Introduction

The past several decades have been marked by notable 

changes in women’s labor force activities. Women’s labor 

force participation is significantly higher today than it was in 

the 1970s, particularly among women with children under 18 

years of age. A larger share of women work full time and year 

round than in the past. In addition, women have increasingly 

attained higher levels of education: Among women aged 25 

to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a college 

degree roughly tripled from 1970 to 2010. Women’s earnings 

as a proportion of men’s earnings also have grown over time. 

In 1979, women working full time earned 62 percent of what 

men did; in 2010, women’s earnings were 81 percent of 

men’s.

This report presents historical and current labor force 

and earnings data for women and men from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly 

survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the 

U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the 

CPS. For a detailed description of the source of the data 

and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the 

technical note at the end of this report.

Highlights

•	 In 2010, 58.6 percent of women were in the 

labor force, down from 2009. Women’s labor 

force participation rate peaked at 60.0 percent in 

1999, following several decades in which women 

increasingly entered the labor market. (See tables 1 

and 2.)

•	 The overall unemployment rate for women in 2010 

was 8.6 percent, compared with 10.5 percent for 

men. Women’s jobless rates varied by race and 

Hispanic ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest 

unemployment rate (7.1 percent), followed by 

White (7.7 percent), Hispanic (12.3 percent), and 

Black (13.8 percent) women. (See tables 1, 2, and 

3.)

•	 The labor force participation rate of mothers with 

children under 18 years of age was 71.3 percent in 

March 2010. This rate has held at or near this level 

for the past several years. (See tables 6 and 7.) 

(Data were collected in the 2010 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement to the CPS.) 

•	 In general, mothers with children 6 to 17 years of age 

are more likely to participate in the labor force (77.2 

percent in March 2010) than mothers with children 

under 6 years of age (64.2 percent). Also, unmarried 

mothers (never married, divorced, separated, or 

widowed) tend to have higher participation rates 

than married mothers. In March 2010, 74.9 percent 

of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, 

compared with 69.7 percent of married mothers. 

(See tables 6 and 7.)

•	 The educational attainment of women aged 25 to 

64 in the labor force has risen substantially over the 

past 40 years. In 2010, 36 percent of these women 

held college degrees, compared with 11 percent in 

1970. Only 7 percent of women were high school 

dropouts in 2010, down from 34 percent in 1970. 

(See table 9.)

•	 In 2010, women accounted for 52 percent of all 

persons employed in management, professional, and 

related occupations, somewhat more than their share 

of total employment (47 percent). The share of women 

in specific occupations within this broad category 

varied. For example, 13 percent of architects and 

engineers and 32 percent of physicians and surgeons 

were women, whereas 60 percent of accountants and 

auditors and 82 percent of elementary and middle 

school teachers were women. (See table 11.)

•	 Employed Asian women were more likely to work 

in the higher paying management, professional, and 

related occupations in 2010 (46 percent of employed 

Asian women worked in this field) than were 

employed White (42 percent), Black (34 percent), or 

Hispanic (24 percent) women. Meanwhile, Hispanic 

and Black women were more likely than White and 

Asian women to work in service occupations. (See 

table 12.)

•	 In 2010, women accounted for the majority of all 

workers in the financial activities industry and in 

education and health services. However, women 

were substantially underrepresented (relative to their 

share of total employment) in agriculture, mining, 

construction, manufacturing, and transportation and 

utilities. (See table 14.)

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook
2

•	 Women who worked full time in wage and salary 

jobs had median usual weekly earnings of $669 in 

2010. This represented 81 percent of men’s median 

weekly earnings ($824). Earnings of Asian ($773) 

and White ($684) women were substantially higher 

than the earnings of their Black ($592) and Hispanic 

($508) counterparts. Women’s-to-men’s earnings 

ratios were higher among Blacks (94 percent) and 

Hispanics (91 percent) than among Asians (83 

percent) and Whites (81 percent). Users should note 

that the comparisons of earnings in this report are 

on a broad level and do not control for many factors 

that may be significant in explaining earnings 

differences. (See table 16.)

•	 In 2010, female full-time wage and salary workers 

aged 25 and older with only a high school diploma 

had median usual weekly earnings of $543. This 

represented 80 percent of the earnings for women 

with an associate’s degree ($677), and 55 percent of 

those for women with a bachelor’s degree or higher 

($986). (See table 17.)

•	 In 2010, 27 percent of employed women usually 

worked part time—fewer than 35 hours per week. 

In comparison, 13 percent of employed men usually 

worked part time. (See table 20.)

•	 Women in nonagricultural industries worked fewer 

hours per week than men in 2010. On average, 

women worked 35.6 hours per week, compared with 

40.4 hours for men. (See table 21.)

•	 Of all women who worked at some point during 

calendar year 2009, 59 percent worked full time 

and year round, compared with 41 percent in 1970. 

During the same period, the proportion of men 

who worked full time and year round rose slightly, 

from 66 to 68 percent. (See table 22.) (Data were 

collected in the 1971 and 2010 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplements to the CPS and refer to 

work experience during the prior calendar year.)

•	 Both the husband and wife were earners in 55 percent 

of married-couple families in 2009, up from 44 

percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband 

worked represented 18 percent of married-couple 

families in 2009, compared with 36 percent in 1967. 

(See table 23.) (Data were collected in the 1968 and 

2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplements to 

the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of 

the prior calendar year.)

•	 In 2009, working wives contributed 37 percent 

of their families’ incomes, up by 10 percentage 

points from 1970, when wives’ earnings accounted 

for 27 percent of their families’ total income. 

The proportion of wives earning more than their 

husbands also has grown. In 1987, 18 percent of 

working wives whose husbands also worked earned 

more than their spouses; in 2009, the proportion 

was 29 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) (Data were 

collected in the 1971, 1988, and 2010 Annual Social 

and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect 

earnings and work experience of the prior calendar 

year.)

•	 In 2010, approximately 2.7 million women paid at an 

hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing 

federal minimum wage. This represented 7 percent 

of all women paid at an hourly rate. Among women 

25 years and older who were paid hourly rates, 5 

percent had earnings at or below the minimum 

wage, compared with 18 percent of women aged 16 

to 24. (See table 26.)

•	 Among workers who were in the labor force for at 

least 27 weeks in 2009, nearly the same number 

of women and men lived in poverty (5.2 million 

each). The working-poor rate, however, continued 

to be higher for women than for men—7.5 percent, 

compared with 6.6 percent. Black and Hispanic 

women were significantly more likely than their 

White or Asian counterparts to be among the working 

poor. Poverty rates for Black and Hispanic working 

women were 14.2 and 13.6 percent, respectively, 

compared with 6.4 and 5.5 percent, respectively, 

for White and Asian women. (See table 27.) (Data 

are from the 2010 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and 

work experience of the prior calendar year.)

•	 From January 2007 through December 2009, 6.9 

million workers age 20 and over were displaced 

from jobs they had held for at least 3 years; women 

accounted for about two-fifths of those displaced. 

Women were equally likely as men to have found a 

new job at the time of the survey in January 2010; 

the reemployment rate for both men and women 

was 49 percent. Women who had been displaced 

were less likely to be unemployed than men, at 31 

and 39 percent, respectively. Women were almost 

twice as likely as men to have left the labor force, 

20 versus 12 percent. (See table 28.) (Data are from 

the January 2010 Displaced Worker Supplement to 

the CPS.)

•	 In January 2010, the median number of years that 

female wage and salary workers had been with their 

employer was 4.2, compared with 4.6 years for their 

male counterparts. Among both women and men, 

tenure at a job was greater for workers age 45 and 

older. (See table 29.) (Data are from the January 

2010 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.)
3

•	 Among 2010 high school graduates, young women 

were more likely than young men to be enrolled in 

college in October 2010 (74 percent and 63 percent, 

respectively). (See table 30.) (Data are from the 

October 2010 School Enrollment Supplement to the 

CPS.)

•	 In October 2010, 41.4 percent of women age 16 to 

24 who were enrolled in either high school or college 

were in the labor force. Young men of the same age 

group who were enrolled in school had a lower labor 

force participation rate (35.5 percent). Among those 

not enrolled in school, women were less likely to be 

in the labor force than men (74.8 percent, compared 

with 83.7 percent). (See table 31.) (Data are from 

the October 2010 School Enrollment Supplement to 

the CPS.)

•	 Young women 16 to 24 years old who were not 

enrolled in school and who did not have a high school 

diploma were significantly less likely to participate 

in the labor force (54.8 percent) than those who had 

a high school diploma but no additional education 

(69.6 percent). Among those in the labor force, high 

school dropouts were more likely to be unemployed 

(31.4 percent) than were high school graduates (23.3 

percent). (See table 31.) (Data are from the October 

2010 School Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

•	 In 2010, 5.4 percent of employed women held more 

than one job, slightly less than in the previous year. 

Multiple jobholding rates for women have been 

relatively stable in recent years and remain below 

the rates recorded in the mid-1990s. The rate for 

men declined in 2010 to 4.5 percent. (See table 32.)

•	 The percentage of working women who were 

self-employed in nonagricultural industries was 

5.2 percent in 2010, compared with 7.6 percent 

for men. In 2010, 38 percent of all self-employed 

persons were women, compared with 27 percent in 

1976. (See table 33.) (Data refer to workers whose 

businesses are unincorporated.)

•	 In 2010, foreign-born women were somewhat less 

likely than were native-born women to be in the labor 

force (55.7 percent, compared with 59.1 percent). 

Of those in the labor force, native-born women were 

less likely to be unemployed than were their foreignborn counterparts (8.5 versus 9.6 percent). Among 

men, the opposite was true. Foreign-born men were 

more likely to be in the labor force (80.1 percent) 

than were native-born men (69.5 percent) and were 

somewhat less likely to be unemployed (9.9 percent, 

compared with 10.6 percent). (See table 34.)

•	 Twelve percent of female wage and salary workers 

were represented by unions in 2010, less than men 

(14 percent). Union representation for both sexes 

had been on a long-term downward trend through 

2006, but unionization rates then increased for 2 

years. Since 2008, the union representation rate has 

declined. (See table 35.)

•	 In 2010, there were 11.8 million veterans of the U.S. 

Armed Forces in the labor force. Nine percent of 

these veterans were women.Among female veterans 

in the labor force, more than half (55 percent) served 

in the Gulf War-era I and II service periods (August 

1990 to present). (See table 36.)

•	 Of the 14.4 million women in the civilian 

nonistitutional population with disabilities in 2010, 

2.7 million, or 18.4 percent, were in the labor force. 

Almost half of women with disabilities were age 

65 and older; the labor force participation rate for 

this age group was 4.8 percent, compared with 31.2 

percent for those ages 16 to 64. (See table 37.)
4

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2010 

annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

16 to 19 years ...................16,901 5,906 34.9 4,378 25.9 1,528 25.9 10,995

16 to 17 years.................8,943 2,000 22.4 1,418 15.9 582 29.1 6,943

18 to 19 years........................... 7,957 3,905 49.1 2,960 37.2 945 24.2 4,052

20 to 24 years................ 21,047 15,028 71.4 12,699 60.3 2,329 15.5 6,019

25 to 54 years...................125,290 102,940 82.2 94,082 75.1 8,858 8.6 22,350

25 to 34 years................... 40,903 33,614 82.2 30,229 73.9 3,386 10.1 7,289

25 to 29 years..............21,100 17,301 82.0 15,417 73.1 1,884 10.9 3,800

30 to 34 years..............19,803 16,314 82.4 14,812 74.8 1,502 9.2 3,489

35 to 44 years.................... 40,090 33,366 83.2 30,663 76.5 2,703 8.1 6,724

35 to 39 years.............19,583 16,271 83.1 14,950 76.3 1,320 8.1 3,312

40 to 44 years.............20,507 17,095 83.4 15,712 76.6 1,383 8.1 3,412

45 to 54 years....................44,297 35,960 81.2 33,191 74.9 2,769 7.7 8,337

45 to 49 years..............22,354 18,460 82.6 17,019 76.1 1,441 7.8 3,894

50 to 54 years.............21,943 17,500 79.8 16,172 73.7 1,328 7.6 4,443

55 to 64 years............... 35,885 23,297 64.9 21,636 60.3 1,660 7.1 12,589

55 to 59 years..............19,300 14,145 73.3 13,151 68.1 994 7.0 5,155

60 to 64 years..............16,585 9,151 55.2 8,485 51.2 666 7.3 7,434

65 years and over.......... 38,706 6,718 17.4 6,268 16.2 449 6.7 31,988

65 to 69 years..............12,070 3,796 31.5 3,509 29.1 287 7.6 8,273

70 to 74 years.............. 9,052 1,628 18.0 1,538 17.0 90 5.6 7,424

75 years and over........ 17,585 1,293 7.4 1,221 6.9 72 5.6 16,291

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Total Percent of 

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

labor force

Not in 

labor 

force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

Total, both sexes

4
5

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2010 

annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

16 to 19 years ...................8,323 2,914 35.0 2,249 27.0 665 22.8 5,408

16 to 17 years.................4,403 1,011 23.0 743 16.9 268 26.5 3,393

18 to 19 years........................... 3,919 1,904 48.6 1,506 38.4 397 20.9 2,016

20 to 24 years................ 10,497 7,164 68.3 6,233 59.4 931 13.0 3,333

25 to 54 years...................63,305 47,614 75.2 43,897 69.3 3,718 7.8 15,690

25 to 34 years................... 20,438 15,263 74.7 13,870 67.9 1,392 9.1 5,175

25 to 29 years..............10,496 7,930 75.6 7,151 68.1 780 9.8 2,566

30 to 34 years..............9,942 7,332 73.8 6,720 67.6 613 8.4 2,609

35 to 44 years.................... 20,283 15,247 75.2 14,078 69.4 1,169 7.7 5,036

35 to 39 years.............9,903 7,342 74.1 6,781 68.5 561 7.6 2,561

40 to 44 years.............10,380 7,905 76.2 7,297 70.3 608 7.7 2,474

45 to 54 years....................22,584 17,104 75.7 15,949 70.6 1,156 6.8 5,480

45 to 49 years..............11,373 8,740 76.8 8,132 71.5 608 7.0 2,633

50 to 54 years.............11,211 8,365 74.6 7,817 69.7 548 6.6 2,847

55 to 64 years............... 18,594 11,194 60.2 10,496 56.4 698 6.2 7,400

55 to 59 years.............. 9,957 6,813 68.4 6,391 64.2 422 6.2 3,144

60 to 64 years.............. 8,637 4,381 50.7 4,104 47.5 276 6.3 4,257

65 years and over.......... 21,937 3,017 13.8 2,830 12.9 187 6.2 18,920

65 to 69 years.............. 6,396 1,725 27.0 1,609 25.2 116 6.7 4,671

70 to 74 years.............. 4,967 728 14.7 688 13.8 41 5.6 4,239

75 years and over........ 10,574 564 5.3 533 5.0 31 5.5 10,010

Total

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Percent of 

population

Employed

Percent of 

population

Unemployed

Percent of 

labor force

Women

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

Total force Total

5
6

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2010

annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

16 to 19 years ...................8,578 2,991 34.9 2,129 24.8 863 28.8 5,586

16 to 17 years.................4,540 990 21.8 675 14.9 315 31.8 3,550

18 to 19 years........................... 4,038 2,002 49.6 1,454 36.0 548 27.4 2,036

20 to 24 years................ 10,550 7,864 74.5 6,466 61.3 1,398 17.8 2,686

25 to 54 years...................61,986 55,326 89.3 50,186 81.0 5,141 9.3 6,660

25 to 34 years................... 20,465 18,352 89.7 16,358 79.9 1,993 10.9 2,114

25 to 29 years..............10,604 9,370 88.4 8,266 78.0 1,104 11.8 1,234

30 to 34 years..............9,861 8,981 91.1 8,092 82.1 889 9.9 880

35 to 44 years.................... 19,807 18,119 91.5 16,585 83.7 1,534 8.5 1,688

35 to 39 years.............9,680 8,929 92.2 8,170 84.4 759 8.5 751

40 to 44 years.............10,128 9,190 90.7 8,415 83.1 774 8.4 938

45 to 54 years....................21,713 18,856 86.8 17,242 79.4 1,614 8.6 2,857

45 to 49 years..............10,982 9,720 88.5 8,887 80.9 834 8.6 1,261

50 to 54 years.............10,732 9,135 85.1 8,355 77.9 780 8.5 1,596

55 to 64 years............... 17,291 12,103 70.0 11,140 64.4 962 8.0 5,189

55 to 59 years.............. 9,343 7,332 78.5 6,759 72.3 573 7.8 2,011

60 to 64 years.............. 7,948 4,771 60.0 4,381 55.1 390 8.2 3,177

65 years and over.......... 16,769 3,701 22.1 3,439 20.5 262 7.1 13,068

65 to 69 years.............. 5,674 2,071 36.5 1,901 33.5 171 8.2 3,603

70 to 74 years.............. 4,084 900 22.0 850 20.8 50 5.6 3,184

75 years and over........ 7,011 729 10.4 688 9.8 41 5.7 6,281

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Men

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Total Percent of 

population

Civilian labor force

 Percent of 

labor force

Not in 

labor 

force

6
7

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970–2010 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

1970........................ 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971............................. 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 1

.................... 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 1

....................... 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974..................... 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975......................... 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

1976..................... 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977..................... 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 1

..................... 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979....................... 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980...................... 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981....................... 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982........................ 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983...................... 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984.....................176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985........................... 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 1

...................... 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987......................... 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988........................ 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989........................ 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 1

.......................... 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991.....................190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992......................... 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993....................... 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 1

..................... 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995.....................198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996........................ 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 1

....................... 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 1

.......................... 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 1

............................ 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 1

........................ 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 ..................... 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 ....................... 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 1

...................... 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 ................... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005.......................... 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006...................... 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007...................... 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008 1

................... 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

2009...................... 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

2010...................... 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

 See footnote at end of table.

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Total, both sexes

7
8

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970–2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970........................ 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971............................. 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 1.................... 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 1....................... 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974..................... 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975......................... 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976..................... 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977..................... 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 1..................... 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979....................... 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980...................... 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981....................... 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982........................ 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983...................... 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984.....................92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985........................... 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 1...................... 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987......................... 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988........................ 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989........................ 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 1

.......................... 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991.....................99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992......................... 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993....................... 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 1..................... 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995.....................103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996........................ 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 1....................... 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 1.......................... 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 1............................ 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 1

........................ 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 ..................... 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 ....................... 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 1...................... 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 ................... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005.......................... 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006...................... 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007...................... 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008 1................... 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009...................... 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

2010...................... 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

 See footnote at end of table.

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Women

8
9

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

1970–2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970........................ 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971............................. 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 1.................... 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 1....................... 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974..................... 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975......................... 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976..................... 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977..................... 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 1..................... 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979....................... 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980...................... 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981....................... 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982........................ 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983...................... 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984.....................83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985........................... 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 1...................... 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987......................... 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988........................ 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989........................ 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 1

.......................... 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991.....................91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992......................... 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993....................... 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 1..................... 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995.....................95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996........................ 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 1....................... 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 1.......................... 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 1............................ 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 1

........................ 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 ..................... 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 ....................... 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 1...................... 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 ................... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005.......................... 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006...................... 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007...................... 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008 1................... 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009...................... 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

2010........................ 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Men

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability section of the

household data technical documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

9
10

Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

White

Total, 16 years and over............... 192,075 125,084 65.1 114,168 59.4 10,916 8.7 66,991

 16 to 19 years..........................12,891 4,861 37.7 3,733 29.0 1,128 23.2 8,030

 20 to 24 years..........................16,280 11,948 73.4 10,334 63.5 1,614 13.5 4,332

 25 to 54 years..........................99,525 82,597 83.0 76,140 76.5 6,457 7.8 16,928

 55 to 64 years..........................29,983 19,808 66.1 18,464 61.6 1,344 6.8 10,175

 65 years and over....................33,396 5,869 17.6 5,496 16.5 373 6.4 27,527

 Women, 16 years and over........... 97,993 57,356 58.5 52,916 54.0 4,440 7.7 40,638

 16 to 19 years..........................6,311 2,398 38.0 1,918 30.4 480 20.0 3,912

 20 to 24 years..........................8,040 5,607 69.7 4,988 62.0 619 11.0 2,433

 25 to 54 years..........................49,512 37,358 75.5 34,733 70.1 2,626 7.0 12,154

 55 to 64 years..........................15,349 9,386 61.1 8,827 57.5 559 6.0 5,963

 65 years and over..................... 18,781 2,607 13.9 2,450 13.0 157 6.0 16,175

 Men, 16 years and over............... 94,082 67,728 72.0 61,252 65.1 6,476 9.6 26,353

 16 to 19 years.........................6,580 2,463 37.4 1,815 27.6 648 26.3 4,117

 20 to 24 years..........................8,240 6,342 77.0 5,347 64.9 995 15.7 1,899

 25 to 54 years..........................50,013 45,239 90.5 41,407 82.8 3,831 8.5 4,774

 55 to 64 years..........................14,634 10,422 71.2 9,637 65.9 785 7.5 4,211

 65 years and over..................... 14,615 3,263 22.3 3,047 20.8 216 6.6 11,352

Black or 

African American

Total, 16 years and over................. 28,708 17,862 62.2 15,010 52.3 2,852 16.0 10,846

 16 to 19 years...........................2,657 677 25.5 386 14.5 291 43.0 1,980

 20 to 24 years...........................3,097 2,072 66.9 1,532 49.5 539 26.0 1,025

 25 to 54 years...........................15,844 12,505 78.9 10,733 67.7 1,771 14.2 3,339

 55 to 64 years...........................3,773 2,104 55.7 1,899 50.3 204 9.7 1,670

 65 years and over......................3,337 506 15.2 460 13.8 47 9.2 2,831

 Women, 16 years and over.............15,769 9,447 59.9 8,145 51.7 1,302 13.8 6,322

 16 to 19 years...........................1,344 337 25.1 201 14.9 137 40.5 1,007

 20 to 24 years...........................1,623 1,086 66.9 841 51.8 245 22.6 537

 25 to 54 years...........................8,664 6,600 76.2 5,790 66.8 810 12.3 2,064

 55 to 64 years..........................2,101 1,153 54.9 1,065 50.7 88 7.6 947

 65 years and over......................2,038 270 13.3 248 12.2 22 8.2 1,768

 Men, 16 years and over................. 12,939 8,415 65.0 6,865 53.1 1,550 18.4 4,524

 16 to 19 years...........................1,313 339 25.8 185 14.1 154 45.4 974

 20 to 24 years...........................1,474 986 66.9 692 46.9 294 29.8 489

 25 to 54 years...........................7,180 5,904 82.2 4,943 68.8 962 16.3 1,275

 55 to 64 years...........................1,673 950 56.8 834 49.9 116 12.2 722

 65 years and over......................1,299 236 18.1 211 16.3 24 10.4 1,064

Race, age, sex, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

10
11

Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual 

averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

Asian

Total, 16 years and over................. 11,199 7,248 64.7 6,705 59.9 543 7.5 3,951

 16 to 19 years........................... 649 143 22.0 108 16.6 35 24.8 506

 20 to 24 years........................... 940 504 53.6 442 47.0 62 12.3 436

 25 to 54 years...........................6,719 5,369 79.9 5,018 74.7 350 6.5 1,350

 55 to 64 years...........................1,472 990 67.2 916 62.2 74 7.5 482

 65 years and over......................1,419 243 17.1 221 15.6 22 8.9 1,177

 Women, 16 years and over............. 5,884 3,355 57.0 3,117 53.0 238 7.1 2,529

 16 to 19 years........................... 318 70 22.0 53 16.8 17 23.7 248

 20 to 24 years........................... 468 238 50.9 214 45.7 24 10.2 230

 25 to 54 years...........................3,496 2,491 71.3 2,333 66.7 159 6.4 1,005

 55 to 64 years........................... 796 461 57.9 429 53.9 33 7.1 335

 65 years and over...................... 806 94 11.7 88 10.9 6 6.4 712

 Men, 16 years and over................. 5,315 3,893 73.2 3,588 67.5 305 7.8 1,422

 16 to 19 years........................... 331 73 22.1 54 16.4 19 25.8 258

 20 to 24 years........................... 472 265 56.3 228 48.3 38 14.2 206

 25 to 54 years...........................3,222 2,877 89.3 2,686 83.3 192 6.7 345

 55 to 64 years........................... 676 529 78.2 487 72.0 42 7.9 148

 65 years and over.......................614 149 24.2 133 21.7 15 10.4 465

Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over................. 33,713 22,748 67.5 19,906 59.0 2,843 12.5 10,964

 16 to 19 years...........................3,243 1,002 30.9 680 21.0 322 32.2 2,242

 20 to 24 years...........................3,880 2,760 71.1 2,281 58.8 479 17.4 1,120

 25 to 54 years.............................. 20,558 16,538 80.4 14,744 71.7 1,794 10.8 4,021

 55 to 64 years...........................3,167 1,936 61.1 1,737 54.9 199 10.3 1,231

 65 years and over.......................2,864 513 17.9 464 16.2 49 9.5 2,351

 Women, 16 years and over............. 16,353 9,238 56.5 8,106 49.6 1,132 12.3 7,116

 16 to 19 years............................1,578 449 28.5 318 20.2 131 29.1 1,129

 20 to 24 years............................1,864 1,147 61.6 962 51.6 186 16.2 717

 25 to 54 years............................9,653 6,555 67.9 5,847 60.6 708 10.8 3,098

 55 to 64 years...........................1,628 875 53.7 788 48.4 87 9.9 754

 65 years and over....................... 1,630 211 13.0 191 11.7 20 9.6 1,419

 Men, 16 years and over................. 17,359 13,511 77.8 11,800 68.0 1,711 12.7 3,849

 16 to 19 years...........................1,666 553 33.2 361 21.7 191 34.6 1,113

 20 to 24 years...........................2,016 1,612 80.0 1,319 65.4 294 18.2 403

 25 to 54 years...........................10,905 9,982 91.5 8,897 81.6 1,085 10.9 923

 55 to 64 years...........................1,538 1,061 69.0 949 61.7 112 10.6 477

 65 years and over......................1,234 302 24.5 273 22.2 28 9.4 932

 NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Race, age, sex, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

11
12

Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 16 years of age and over............. 237,830 153,889 64.7 139,064 58.5 14,825 9.6 83,941

 Married, spouse present........... 121,511 83,172 68.4 77,873 64.1 5,298 6.4 38,340

 Unmarried, total....................... 116,318 70,717 60.8 61,191 52.6 9,526 13.5 45,601

 Never married....................... 69,685 45,577 65.4 38,800 55.7 6,777 14.9 24,108

 Other marital status................. 46,633 25,140 53.9 22,391 48.0 2,749 10.9 21,493

 Divorced............................. 23,737 16,260 68.5 14,508 61.1 1,752 10.8 7,477

 Separated.......................... 8,589 5,886 68.5 5,145 59.9 741 12.6 2,703

 Widowed........................... 14,308 2,994 20.9 2,738 19.1 257 8.6 11,313

Women

Total, 16 years of age and over............. 122,656 71,904 58.6 65,705 53.6 6,199 8.6 50,752

 Married, spouse present........... 60,257 36,742 61.0 34,582 57.4 2,160 5.9 23,515

 Unmarried, total...................... 62,399 35,162 56.4 31,123 49.9 4,039 11.5 27,236

 Never married...................... 32,548 20,592 63.3 17,950 55.1 2,642 12.8 11,956

 Other marital status............... 29,851 14,570 48.8 13,173 44.1 1,397 9.6 15,280

 Divorced............................ 13,736 9,246 67.3 8,399 61.1 847 9.2 4,491

 Separated.......................... 4,730 3,045 64.4 2,671 56.5 374 12.3 1,685

 Widowed........................... 11,385 2,280 20.0 2,104 18.5 177 7.7 9,104

Men

Total, 16 years of age and over............. 115,174 81,985 71.2 73,359 63.7 8,626 10.5 33,189

 Married, spouse present........... 61,254 46,430 75.8 43,292 70.7 3,138 6.8 14,824

 Unmarried, total...................... 53,920 35,555 65.9 30,067 55.8 5,487 15.4 18,365

 Never married...................... 37,137 24,985 67.3 20,850 56.1 4,135 16.5 12,152

 Other marital status............... 16,783 10,570 63.0 9,217 54.9 1,352 12.8 6,213

 Divorced........................... 10,000 7,014 70.1 6,109 61.1 905 12.9 2,986

 Separated.......................... 3,859 2,842 73.6 2,475 64.1 367 12.9 1,018

 Widowed............................ 2,923 714 24.4 634 21.7 80 11.2 2,209

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Marital status and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

12
13

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2010 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Women, 16 years and over.......................... 122,337 71,881 58.8 65,766 53.8 6,116 8.5 50,456

 With children under 18 years old................. 36,172 25,783 71.3 23,510 65.0 2,273 8.8 10,389

 With children 6 to 17, none younger.......... 19,750 15,247 77.2 14,058 71.2 1,189 7.8 4,503

 With children under 6 years old................. 16,422 10,536 64.2 9,452 57.6 1,085 10.3 5,886

 With children under 3 years old................................. 9,621 5,878 61.1 5,240 54.5 638 10.9 3,742

 With no children under 18 years old.............86,165 46,098 53.5 42,256 49.0 3,842 8.3 40,067

Men, 16 years and over.............................. 114,820 81,636 71.1 71,988 62.7 9,649 11.8 33,183

 With children under 18 years old................. 27,407 25,701 93.8 23,630 86.2 2,071 8.1 1,707

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 15,042 13,937 92.7 12,902 85.8 1,036 7.4 1,105

 With children under 6 years old................. 12,365 11,763 95.1 10,728 86.8 1,035 8.8 602

 With children under 3 years old................................. 7,279 6,911 94.9 6,329 86.9 582 8.4 368

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 87,412 55,936 64.0 48,358 55.3 7,578 13.5 31,477

White

Women, 16 years and over.......................... 97,798 57,316 58.6 52,880 54.1 4,437 7.7 40,482

 With children under 18 years old................. 28,252 20,039 70.9 18,461 65.3 1,578 7.9 8,213

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 15,508 11,951 77.1 11,092 71.5 859 7.2 3,557

 With children under 6 years old................. 12,744 8,088 63.5 7,368 57.8 720 8.9 4,656

 With children under 3 years old................................. 7,514 4,543 60.5 4,114 54.8 429 9.4 2,970

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 69,547 37,278 53.6 34,419 49.5 2,858 7.7 32,269

Men, 16 years and over............................... 93,927 67,504 71.9 60,247 64.1 7,257 10.8 26,423

 With children under 18 years old.................. 22,575 21,309 94.4 19,740 87.4 1,569 7.4 1,266

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 12,470 11,642 93.4 10,856 87.1 787 6.8 828

 With children under 6 years old..................10,105 9,666 95.7 8,884 87.9 782 8.1 438

 With children under 3 years old................................. 5,988 5,716 95.5 5,265 87.9 451 7.9 272

 With no children under 18 years old...............71,352 46,195 64.7 40,507 56.8 5,688 12.3 25,157

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and over.......................... 15,711 9,398 59.8 8,197 52.2 1,201 12.8 6,313

 With children under 18 years old.................4,993 3,738 74.9 3,206 64.2 532 14.2 1,254

 With children 6 to 17, none younger...........2,729 2,148 78.7 1,897 69.5 251 11.7 581

 With children under 6 years old.................2,263 1,590 70.3 1,309 57.9 281 17.6 673

 With children under 3 years old................................. 1,303 879 67.5 713 54.7 166 18.9 424

 With no children under 18 years old...........10,718 5,660 52.8 4,991 46.6 669 11.8 5,059

Men, 16 years and over.............................. 12,879 8,340 64.8 6,574 51.0 1,766 21.2 4,538

 With children under 18 years old.................2,457 2,204 89.7 1,863 75.8 340 15.4 253

 With children 6 to 17, none younger...........1,346 1,177 87.4 1,016 75.5 161 13.7 170

 With children under 6 years old.................. 1,110 1,027 92.5 847 76.3 179 17.5 84

 With children under 3 years old................................. 619 577 93.3 482 77.8 96 16.6 42

 With no children under 18 years old.............. 10,422 6,137 58.9 4,711 45.2 1,426 23.2 4,285

 See note at end of table.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

13
14

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2010—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Asian

Women, 16 years and over..........................5,841 3,368 57.7 3,116 53.3 252 7.5 2,473

 With children under 18 years old.................2,007 1,370 68.2 1,274 63.5 95 7.0 637

 With children 6 to 17, none younger...........1,058 795 75.1 746 70.5 49 6.1 263

 With children under 6 years old................. 949 575 60.6 528 55.7 47 8.1 374

 With children under 3 years old................................. 529 292 55.3 272 51.5 20 6.9 236

 With no children under 18 years old............. 3,834 1,998 52.1 1,841 48.0 157 7.8 1,836

Men, 16 years and over..............................5,192 3,859 74.3 3,563 68.6 296 7.7 1,334

 With children under 18 years old.................1,699 1,595 93.9 1,504 88.5 91 5.7 103

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........... 854 800 93.7 738 86.3 63 7.8 54

 With children under 6 years old................. 844 795 94.1 766 90.7 29 3.6 49

 With children under 3 years old................................. 489 455 93.0 441 90.1 14 3.1 34

 With no children under 18 years old.............3,494 2,264 64.8 2,059 58.9 205 9.1 1,230

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and over.......................... 16,212 9,168 56.6 8,056 49.7 1,112 12.1 7,044

 With children under 18 years old.................6,873 4,258 61.9 3,742 54.5 515 12.1 2,615

 With children 6 to 17, none younger...........3,347 2,357 70.4 2,113 63.1 244 10.3 991

 With children under 6 years old.................3,526 1,901 53.9 1,630 46.2 271 14.3 1,625

 With children under 3 years old................................. 2,018 1,019 50.5 857 42.5 162 15.9 1,000

 With no children under 18 years old............. 9,339 4,910 52.6 4,313 46.2 597 12.2 4,429

Men, 16 years and over.............................. 17,200 13,198 76.7 11,367 66.1 1,831 13.9 4,002

 With children under 18 years old.................4,914 4,581 93.2 4,097 83.4 483 10.6 333

 With children 6 to 17, none younger...........2,384 2,175 91.2 1,985 83.3 190 8.7 209

 With children under 6 years old.................2,529 2,406 95.1 2,112 83.5 293 12.2 124

 With children under 3 years old................................. 1,486 1,411 94.9 1,252 84.3 158 11.2 75

 With no children under 18 years old.............12,286 8,618 70.1 7,270 59.2 1,348 15.6 3,669

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

 SOURCE: 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

14
15

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, March 2010

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over.................................................. 122,337 71,881 58.8 65,766 53.8 6,116 8.5 50,456

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 36,172 25,783 71.3 23,510 65.0 2,273 8.8 10,389

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 19,750 15,247 77.2 14,058 71.2 1,189 7.8 4,503

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 16,422 10,536 64.2 9,452 57.6 1,085 10.3 5,886

 With children under 3 years old.................................... 9,621 5,878 61.1 5,240 54.5 638 10.9 3,742

 With no children under 18 years old................................. 86,165 46,098 53.5 42,256 49.0 3,842 8.3 40,067

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 60,337 37,201 61.7 34,964 57.9 2,237 6.0 23,137

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 25,270 17,622 69.7 16,510 65.3 1,112 6.3 7,647

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 13,700 10,395 75.9 9,769 71.3 626 6.0 3,305

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 11,569 7,227 62.5 6,741 58.3 486 6.7 4,342

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 6,832 4,035 59.1 3,763 55.1 272 6.7 2,796

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 35,068 19,579 55.8 18,454 52.6 1,125 5.7 15,489

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 62,000 34,680 55.9 30,802 49.7 3,879 11.2 27,320

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 10,903 8,161 74.9 6,999 64.2 1,161 14.2 2,742

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 6,050 4,852 80.2 4,288 70.9 563 11.6 1,198

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 4,853 3,309 68.2 2,711 55.9 598 18.1 1,544

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 2,789 1,843 66.1 1,477 53.0 366 19.8 946

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 51,097 26,520 51.9 23,803 46.6 2,717 10.2 24,578

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 97,798 57,316 58.6 52,880 54.1 4,437 7.7 40,482

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 28,252 20,039 70.9 18,461 65.3 1,578 7.9 8,213

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 15,508 11,951 77.1 11,092 71.5 859 7.2 3,557

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 12,744 8,088 63.5 7,368 57.8 720 8.9 4,656

 With children under 3 years old.................................... 7,514 4,543 60.5 4,114 54.8 429 9.4 2,970

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 69,547 37,278 53.6 34,419 49.5 2,858 7.7 32,269

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 51,480 31,543 61.3 29,728 57.7 1,816 5.8 19,937

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 21,079 14,652 69.5 13,769 65.3 883 6.0 6,427

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 11,498 8,696 75.6 8,185 71.2 511 5.9 2,802

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 9,581 5,956 62.2 5,584 58.3 372 6.2 3,625

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 5,704 3,366 59.0 3,148 55.2 219 6.5 2,338

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 30,401 16,892 55.6 15,959 52.5 933 5.5 13,510

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 46,318 25,773 55.6 23,152 50.0 2,621 10.2 20,545

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 7,173 5,387 75.1 4,692 65.4 695 12.9 1,786

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 4,009 3,255 81.2 2,907 72.5 348 10.7 754

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 3,163 2,132 67.4 1,785 56.4 348 16.3 1,031

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,809 1,177 65.0 967 53.4 210 17.9 632

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 39,145 20,386 52.1 18,460 47.2 1,926 9.4 18,759

 See footnote at end of table.

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

White, married, spouse present

White, other marital statuses1

White, all marital statuses

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population Total

 Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

15
16

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2010—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 15,711 9,398 59.8 8,197 52.2 1,201 12.8 6,313

 With children under 18 years old...................................... 4,993 3,738 74.9 3,206 64.2 532 14.2 1,254

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 2,729 2,148 78.7 1,897 69.5 251 11.7 581

 With children under 6 years old...................................... 2,263 1,590 70.3 1,309 57.9 281 17.6 673

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,303 879 67.5 713 54.7 166 18.9 424

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 10,718 5,660 52.8 4,991 46.6 669 11.8 5,059

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 4,252 2,819 66.3 2,603 61.2 216 7.7 1,433

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 1,870 1,428 76.4 1,310 70.1 118 8.3 442

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,035 834 80.6 775 74.9 59 7.1 200

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 835 594 71.1 535 64.1 59 9.9 241

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 468 308 65.8 278 59.5 30 9.6 160

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 2,383 1,391 58.4 1,292 54.2 98 7.1 992

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 11,459 6,579 57.4 5,594 48.8 985 15.0 4,880

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 3,123 2,310 74.0 1,896 60.7 414 17.9 813

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,695 1,314 77.5 1,122 66.2 192 14.6 381

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 1,428 996 69.7 774 54.2 222 22.3 432

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 835 571 68.4 435 52.1 136 23.9 264

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 8,336 4,269 51.2 3,698 44.4 571 13.4 4,067

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 5,841 3,368 57.7 3,116 53.3 252 7.5 2,473

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 2,007 1,370 68.2 1,274 63.5 95 7.0 637

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,058 795 75.1 746 70.5 49 6.1 263

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 949 575 60.6 528 55.7 47 8.1 374

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 529 292 55.3 272 51.5 20 6.9 236

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 3,834 1,998 52.1 1,841 48.0 157 7.8 1,836

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 3,459 2,122 61.3 1,973 57.0 149 7.0 1,337

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 1,755 1,166 66.4 1,086 61.9 81 6.9 589

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 875 642 73.4 604 69.1 38 6.0 232

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 880 524 59.5 482 54.7 42 8.1 357

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 493 270 54.8 251 51.0 19 7.0 222

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 1,704 956 56.1 887 52.1 68 7.1 748

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 2,382 1,246 52.3 1,143 48.0 103 8.3 1,136

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 252 203 80.8 189 74.9 15 7.3 48

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 183 152 83.2 142 77.6 10 6.7 31

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 69 51 74.4 47 67.9 5 8.8 18

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 36 22 61.9 21 58.3 1 5.8 14

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 2,130 1,042 48.9 954 44.8 88 8.5 1,088

 See footnote at end of table.

Black or African American, all marital statuses

Black or African American, married, spouse present

Asian, married, spouse present

Asian, other marital statuses1

Asian, all marital statuses

Black or African American, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

16
17

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2010—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 16,212 9,168 56.6 8,056 49.7 1,112 12.1 7,044

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 6,873 4,258 61.9 3,742 54.5 515 12.1 2,615

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 3,347 2,357 70.4 2,113 63.1 244 10.3 991

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 3,526 1,901 53.9 1,630 46.2 271 14.3 1,625

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 2,018 1,019 50.5 857 42.5 162 15.9 1,000

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 9,339 4,910 52.6 4,313 46.2 597 12.2 4,429

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 7,370 4,085 55.4 3,660 49.7 425 10.4 3,285

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 4,376 2,500 57.1 2,242 51.2 259 10.4 1,875

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 2,101 1,376 65.5 1,251 59.5 125 9.1 725

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 2,274 1,124 49.4 990 43.5 134 11.9 1,150

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 1,319 608 46.1 539 40.9 69 11.3 711

 With no children under 18 years old................................... 2,994 1,585 52.9 1,419 47.4 166 10.5 1,410

Total women, 16 years and over................................................... 8,842 5,083 57.5 4,395 49.7 687 13.5 3,759

 With children under 18 years old....................................... 2,497 1,757 70.4 1,501 60.1 256 14.6 740

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger....................................................... 1,246 980 78.7 861 69.1 119 12.1 266

 With children under 6 years old....................................... 1,251 777 62.1 639 51.1 137 17.7 474

 With children under 3 years old..................................... 700 411 58.7 318 45.5 93 22.6 289

 With no children under 18 years old.................................. 6,344 3,325 52.4 2,894 45.6 431 13.0 3,019

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses1

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.

 NOTE:Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail for the above race groups (White, Black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

 SOURCE: 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

17
18

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2010

(Numbers in thousands)

1975................. 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 

1976.................... 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 

1977.................. 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 

1978.................... 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 

1979.................... 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 

1980...................... 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 

1981.......................... 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 

1982................. 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 

1983..................... 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 

1984....................... 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 

1985...................... 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 

1986................. 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 

1987....................... 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 

1988..................... 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 

1989....................... 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 

1990..................... 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 

1991..................... 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 

1992..................... 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 

1993................... 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 

1994................. 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 

1995.................... 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 

1996.......................... 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 

1997........................ 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 

1998........................ 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 

1999...................... 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 

2000...................... 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 

2001................... 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 

2002.................... 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 

2003...................... 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 

2004................... 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 

2005.............................. 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3 

2006............. 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0 

2007............. 26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8 

2008............. 25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1 

2009............. 26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8 

2010............. 25,783 71.3 23,510 2,273 8.8 15,247 77.2 14,058 1,189 7.8 

 See note at end of table.

Year

With children under age 18 With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Percent 

of 

population

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Total

18
19

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 

March 1975–2010—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975................. 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 

1976.................... 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 

1977..................5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 

1978.................... 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 

1979.................... 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 

1980...................... 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 

1981.......................... 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 

1982................. 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 

1983..................... 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 

1984....................... 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 

1985...................... 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 

1986................. 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 

1987....................... 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 

1988..................... 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 

1989....................... 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 

1990..................... 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 

1991..................... 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 

1992..................... 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 

1993................... 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2 

1994................. 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 

1995.................... 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 

1996.......................... 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 

1997........................ 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 

1998........................ 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 

1999...................... 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 

2000...................... 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 

2001................... 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 

2002.................... 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 

2003...................... 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 

2004................... 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 

2005.............................. 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1 

2006............. 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6 

2007............. 10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5 

2008............. 10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5 

2009............. 10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4 

2010............. 10,536 64.2 9,452 1,085 10.3 5,878 61.1 5,240 638 10.9 

 See note at end of table.

Percent 

of 

population

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Percent of 

population Total

Year

With children under age 6 With children under age 3

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

19
20

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and

age of youngest child, March 1975–2010—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975................. 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 

1976.................... 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 

1977.................. 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 

1978.................... 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 

1979.................... 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 

1980...................... 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 

1981.......................... 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 

1982................. 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 

1983..................... 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 

1984....................... 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 

1985...................... 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 

1986................. 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 

1987....................... 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 

1988..................... 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 

1989....................... 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 

1990..................... 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 

1991..................... 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 

1992..................... 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 

1993................... 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 

1994................. 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 

1995.................... 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 

1996.......................... 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 

1997........................ 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 

1998........................ 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 

1999...................... 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 

2000...................... 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3 

2001................... 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0 

2002.................... 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 

2003...................... 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 

2004................... 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 

2005.............................. 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9 

2006............. 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5 

2007............. 44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0 

2008............. 45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8 

2009............. 45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2 

2010............. 46,098 53.5 42,256 3,842 8.3 

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Year

With no children under age 18

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

 NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters,

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable

with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of

a major redesign of the Current Population Survey. 

 SOURCE: 1975-2010 Annual Social and Economic

Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics

20
21

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational 

attainment and sex, 2010 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 161,176 126,237 78.3 115,718 71.8 10,519 8.3 34,939

 Less than a high school diploma...............17,767 11,187 63.0 9,483 53.4 1,704 15.2 6,581

 High school graduates, no college............. 48,031 36,157 75.3 32,361 67.4 3,796 10.5 11,874

 Some college or associate's degree............44,235 35,259 79.7 32,285 73.0 2,974 8.4 8,976

 College graduates, total...........................51,143 43,634 85.3 41,589 81.3 2,045 4.7 7,509

 Bachelor's degree................................33,605 28,385 84.5 26,858 79.9 1,527 5.4 5,220

 Master's degree................................... 12,907 11,051 85.6 10,620 82.3 431 3.9 1,855

 Professional degree.............................2,428 2,168 89.3 2,118 87.2 49 2.3 261

 Doctoral degree...................................2,203 2,030 92.2 1,992 90.5 38 1.9 172

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 81,899 58,808 71.8 54,393 66.4 4,416 7.5 23,091

 Less than a high school diploma...............8,261 4,026 48.7 3,418 41.4 608 15.1 4,235

 High school graduates, no college............. 23,052 15,544 67.4 14,123 61.3 1,421 9.1 7,508

 Some college or associate's degree............23,841 17,834 74.8 16,444 69.0 1,390 7.8 6,007

 College graduates, total..........................26,745 21,405 80.0 20,407 76.3 997 4.7 5,340

 Bachelor's degree.................................17,627 13,891 78.8 13,172 74.7 720 5.2 3,735

 Master's degree...................................7,261 5,930 81.7 5,702 78.5 228 3.8 1,332

 Professional degree.............................. 989 815 82.4 787 79.6 28 3.4 174

 Doctoral degree................................... 868 768 88.6 747 86.1 21 2.8 99

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years................................ 79,277 67,429 85.1 61,326 77.4 6,103 9.1 11,848

 Less than a high school diploma...............9,507 7,161 75.3 6,065 63.8 1,096 15.3 2,346

 High school graduates, no college............. 24,979 20,613 82.5 18,238 73.0 2,375 11.5 4,366

 Some college or associate's degree............20,394 17,425 85.4 15,841 77.7 1,584 9.1 2,969

 College graduates, total..........................24,398 22,230 91.1 21,182 86.8 1,048 4.7 2,168

 Bachelor's degree................................15,978 14,494 90.7 13,687 85.7 807 5.6 1,484

 Master's degree...................................5,645 5,122 90.7 4,919 87.1 203 4.0 524

 Professional degree.............................1,439 1,353 94.0 1,331 92.5 21 1.6 87

 Doctoral degree...................................1,335 1,262 94.5 1,245 93.3 17 1.3 73

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Educational attainment and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population 

21
22

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2010

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 .................. 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971......................... 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972......................63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973................... 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974.......................66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975.......................... 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976.......................... 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977............................ 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978......................... 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979......................... 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980......................... 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981.......................80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982........................81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983............................ 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984.......................... 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985......................... 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986............................ 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987.....................92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988.......................... 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989.....................97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990............................ 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991......................... 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922........................... 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993.....................104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994....................... 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995......................107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996........................108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997............................. 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998............................. 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999.............................. 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000............................ 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001........................... 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002........................... 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003.............................. 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004............................. 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005.......................... 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006......................... 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007......................... 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008......................... 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009......................... 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

2010......................... 126,237 100.0 8.9 28.6 27.9 34.6

 See footnotes at end of table.

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

1

22
23

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2010—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

19701 ..................

1970 .................. 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971......................... 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972......................23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973................... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974.......................25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975.......................... 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976.......................... 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977............................ 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978......................... 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979......................... 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980......................... 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981.......................33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982........................34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983............................ 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984.......................... 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985......................... 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986............................ 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987.....................41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988.......................... 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989.....................43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990............................ 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991......................... 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922........................... 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993.....................47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994.......................48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995...................... 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996........................50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997............................. 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998............................. 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999.............................. 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000............................ 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001...........................54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002...........................54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003.............................. 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004............................. 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005.......................... 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006......................... 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007......................... 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008......................... 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009......................... 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

2010.......................... 58,808 100.0 6.8 26.4 30.3 36.4

 See footnotes at end of table.

Women

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Women

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

1

23
24

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2010—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 .................. 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971......................... 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972......................40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973................... 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974.......................41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975.......................... 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976.......................... 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977............................ 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978......................... 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979......................... 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980......................... 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981.......................46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982........................47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

1983............................ 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984.......................... 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985......................... 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986............................ 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987.....................51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988.......................... 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989.....................53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990............................ 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991......................... 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Men

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

1

24
25

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2010—Continued

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922........................... 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993.....................56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994.......................57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995...................... 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996........................58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997............................. 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998............................. 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999.............................. 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000............................ 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001...........................62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002...........................63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003.............................. 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004............................. 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005.......................... 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006......................... 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007......................... 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008......................... 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009......................... 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

2010......................... 67,429 100.0 10.6 30.6 25.8 33.0

Men

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

 1 Data from 1970-1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment

categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed.

 2 Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on

the highest diploma or degree received. 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

25
26

Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2009 and 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 139,877 100.0 139,064 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................................... 52,219 37.3 51,743 37.2

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............................. 21,529 15.4 20,938 15.1

 Professional and related occupations .................................................................... 30,690 21.9 30,805 22.2

Service occupations ................................................................................................. 24,598 17.6 24,634 17.7

Sales and office occupations .................................................................................... 33,787 24.2 33,433 24.0

 Sales and related occupations .............................................................................. 15,641 11.2 15,386 11.1

 Office and administrative support occupations ...................................................... 18,146 13.0 18,047 13.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .............................. 13,323 9.5 13,073 9.4

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................ 926 .7 987 .7

 Construction and extraction occupations ............................................................... 7,439 5.3 7,175 5.2

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................ 4,957 3.5 4,911 3.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................................. 15,951 11.4 16,180 11.6

 Production occupations ......................................................................................... 7,654 5.5 7,998 5.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................. 8,297 5.9 8,182 5.9

Women

 Total, 16 years and over....................................................... 66,208 100.0 65,705 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................................... 26,833 40.5 26,673 40.6

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............................. 9,199 13.9 8,993 13.7

 Professional and related occupations .................................................................... 17,634 26.6 17,680 26.9

Service occupations ................................................................................................. 14,077 21.3 13,982 21.3

Sales and office occupations .................................................................................... 21,289 32.2 21,015 32.0

 Sales and related occupations .............................................................................. 7,761 11.7 7,683 11.7

 Office and administrative support occupations ...................................................... 13,527 20.4 13,331 20.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .............................. 587 .9 606 .9 

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................ 190 .3 231 .4 

 Construction and extraction occupations ............................................................... 191 .3 185 .3 

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................ 206 .3 190 .3 

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................................. 3,421 5.2 3,429 5.2

 Production occupations ......................................................................................... 2,152 3.3 2,206 3.4

 Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................. 1,269 1.9 1,224 1.9

Occupation and sex

Year

2009 2010

26
27

Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2009 and 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 73,670 100.0 73,359 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................................... 25,385 34.5 25,070 34.2

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............................. 12,330 16.7 11,945 16.3

 Professional and related occupations .................................................................... 13,056 17.7 13,125 17.9

Service occupations ................................................................................................. 10,521 14.3 10,652 14.5

Sales and office occupations .................................................................................... 12,498 17.0 12,419 16.9

 Sales and related occupations .............................................................................. 7,880 10.7 7,703 10.5

 Office and administrative support occupations ...................................................... 4,618 6.3 4,716 6.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .............................. 12,735 17.3 12,467 17.0

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................ 736 1.0 755 1.0

 Construction and extraction occupations ............................................................... 7,248 9.8 6,990 9.5

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................ 4,751 6.4 4,721 6.4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................................. 12,530 17.0 12,751 17.4

 Production occupations ......................................................................................... 5,502 7.5 5,792 7.9

 Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................. 7,028 9.5 6,959 9.5

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Occupation

Year

2009 2010

27
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over............................................................................................................ 139,064 47.2

Management, professional, and related occupations........................................................................................ 51,743 51.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations...................................................................... 20,938 43.0

Management occupations.......................................................................................................................... 15,001 38.2

Chief executives..................................................................................................................................... 1,505 25.5

General and operations managers......................................................................................................... 1,007 29.9

Legislators.......................................................................................................................... 13 - 

Advertising and promotions managers................................................................................................... 78 61.1

Marketing and sales managers.............................................................................................................. 959 45.2

Public relations managers...................................................................................................................... 85 60.0

Administrative services managers.......................................................................................................... 104 34.4

Computer and information systems managers....................................................................................... 537 29.9

Financial managers................................................................................................................................ 1,141 53.2

Human resources managers.................................................................................................................. 268 69.3

Industrial production managers.............................................................................................................. 254 17.9

Purchasing managers............................................................................................................................ 203 46.1

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers................................................................................ 278 17.4

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers........................................................................................ 237 18.1

Farmers and ranchers............................................................................................................................ 713 24.6

Construction managers.......................................................................................................................... 1,083 6.8

Education administrators........................................................................................................................ 830 63.0

Engineering managers........................................................................................................................... 113 7.7

Food service managers.......................................................................................................................... 960 47.4

Funeral directors..................................................................................................................... 41 - 

Gaming managers 19

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Gaming managers.............................................................................................................. 19 - 

Lodging managers.................................................................................................................................. 143 48.4

Medical and health services managers.................................................................................................. 549 72.5

Natural sciences managers....................................................................................................... 22 - 

Postmasters and mail superintendents................................................................................................... 31 - 

Property, real estate, and community association managers.................................................................. 604 49.2

Social and community service managers............................................................................................... 326 70.2

Managers, all other............................................................................................................... 2,898 35.0

Business and financial operations occupations......................................................................................... 5,937 54.9

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes............................................. 47 - 

Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products................................................................................ 15 - 

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products................................................................................ 180 52.1

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products............................................................ 235 54.9

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators................................................................... 282 57.4

Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation................. 188 47.0

Cost estimators...................................................................................................................................... 115 11.6

Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists..................................................................... 824 70.3

Logisticians............................................................................................................................................ 68 42.8

Management analysts............................................................................................................................ 658 43.7

Meeting and convention planners............................................................................................... 63 78.8

Other business operations specialists......................................................................................... 243 63.0

Accountants and auditors....................................................................................................................... 1,646 60.1

Appraisers and assessors of real estate................................................................................................ 79 34.0

Budget analysts...................................................................................................................................... 48 - 

Credit analysts....................................................................................................................... 24 - 

Financial analysts................................................................................................................................... 97 35.7

 See note at end of table.

28
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Personal financial advisors..................................................................................................................... 369 30.8

Insurance underwriters........................................................................................................................... 125 59.3

Financial examiners................................................................................................................. 8 -

Loan counselors and officers.................................................................................................................. 363 51.8

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents...................................................................................... 71 66.1

Tax preparers......................................................................................................................................... 106 71.1

Financial specialists, all other..................................................................................................... 84 64.1

Professional and related occupations........................................................................................................... 30,805 57.4

Computer and mathematical occupations.................................................................................................. 3,531 25.8

Computer scientists and systems analysts............................................................................................. 784 30.5

Computer programmers......................................................................................................................... 470 22.0

Computer software engineers................................................................................................................ 1,026 20.9

Computer support specialists................................................................................................................. 388 27.6

Database administrators........................................................................................................................ 101 36.4

Network and computer systems administrators...................................................................................... 229 16.5

Network systems and data communications analysts............................................................................ 366 26.2

Actuaries................................................................................................................................ 25 - 

Mathematicians....................................................................................................................... 5 -

Operations research analysts................................................................................................................. 107 46.2

Statisticians.......................................................................................................................... 28 - 

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations.................................................................... 3 - 

Architecture and engineering occupations................................................................................................. 2,619 12.9

Architects, except naval......................................................................................................................... 184 24.4

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists..................................................................... 43 - 

Aerospace engineers............................................................................................................................. 126 10.8

A i lt l i 1

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Agricultural engineers.............................................................................................................. 1 - 

Biomedical engineers.............................................................................................................. 17 - 

Chemical engineers................................................................................................................................ 63 17.4

Civil engineers........................................................................................................................................ 318 9.7

Computer hardware engineers............................................................................................................... 70 10.3

Electrical and electronics engineers....................................................................................................... 307 7.2

Environmental engineers........................................................................................................... 35 - 

Industrial engineers, including health and safety.................................................................................... 159 20.0

Marine engineers and naval architects......................................................................................... 11 - 

Materials engineers................................................................................................................. 36 - 

Mechanical engineers............................................................................................................................ 293 6.7

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers.................................................. 14 - 

Nuclear engineers.................................................................................................................... 12 - 

Petroleum engineers................................................................................................................. 20 - 

Engineers, all other................................................................................................................. 334 12.9

Drafters.................................................................................................................................................. 143 21.4

Engineering technicians, except drafters................................................................................................ 374 13.2

Surveying and mapping technicians....................................................................................................... 61 10.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations........................................................................................... 1,409 46.5

Agricultural and food scientists.................................................................................................. 35 - 

Biological scientists................................................................................................................................ 113 45.8

Conservation scientists and foresters......................................................................................... 25 - 

Medical scientists................................................................................................................................... 143 53.7

Astronomers and physicists........................................................................................................ 12 - 

Atmospheric and space scientists............................................................................................... 7 -

Chemists and materials scientists.......................................................................................................... 103 33.5

 See note at end of table.

29
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Environmental scientists and geoscientists............................................................................................ 108 26.2

Physical scientists, all other..................................................................................................... 144 39.5

Economists............................................................................................................................. 28 - 

Market and survey researchers.............................................................................................................. 150 55.7

Psychologists......................................................................................................................................... 179 66.7

Sociologists.......................................................................................................................... 5 - 

Urban and regional planners..................................................................................................... 26 - 

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers................................................................. 48 - 

Agricultural and food science technicians...................................................................................... 20 - 

Biological technicians.............................................................................................................. 16 - 

Chemical technicians............................................................................................................................. 62 32.4

Geological and petroleum technicians......................................................................................... 21 - 

Nuclear technicians................................................................................................................. 3 -

Other life, physical, and social science technicians.......................................................................... 162 54.6

Community and social services occupations............................................................................................. 2,337 64.2

Counselors............................................................................................................................................. 702 71.2

Social workers........................................................................................................................................ 771 80.8

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists........................................................................ 297 68.0

Clergy..................................................................................................................................................... 429 17.5

Directors, religious activities and education............................................................................................ 53 79.2

Religious workers, all other........................................................................................................ 84 69.3

Legal occupations...................................................................................................................................... 1,716 48.8

Lawyers.................................................................................................................................................. 1,040 31.5

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers..................................................................................... 71 36.4

Paralegals and legal assistants.............................................................................................................. 345 85.8

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

Miscellaneous legal support workers...................................................................................................... 259 72.6

Education, training, and library occupations.............................................................................................. 8,628 73.8

Postsecondary teachers......................................................................................................................... 1,300 45.9

Preschool and kindergarten teachers..................................................................................................... 712 97.0

Elementary and middle school teachers................................................................................................. 2,813 81.8

Secondary school teachers.................................................................................................................... 1,221 57.0

Special education teachers.................................................................................................................... 387 85.1

Other teachers and instructors............................................................................................................... 806 66.5

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians................................................................................ 50 56.4

Librarians............................................................................................................................................... 216 82.8

Library technicians................................................................................................................................. 43 - 

Teacher assistants................................................................................................................................. 966 92.4

Other education, training, and library workers........................................................................................ 114 75.9

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations...................................................................... 2,759 46.2

Artists and related workers..................................................................................................................... 195 47.1

Designers............................................................................................................................................... 793 53.7

Actors................................................................................................................................... 25 - 

Producers and directors......................................................................................................................... 152 37.7

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers................................................................................... 260 34.6

Dancers and choreographers..................................................................................................... 15 - 

Musicians, singers, and related workers................................................................................................ 182 31.9

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other..................................................... 40 - 

Announcers............................................................................................................................................ 52 18.0

News analysts, reporters and correspondents........................................................................................ 81 46.9

Public relations specialists..................................................................................................................... 148 58.8

Editors.................................................................................................................................................... 162 53.2

 See note at end of table.

30
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Technical writers.................................................................................................................................... 56 54.3

Writers and authors................................................................................................................................ 199 63.5

Miscellaneous media and communication workers................................................................................. 83 67.9

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators........................................................ 102 9.9

Photographers........................................................................................................................................ 161 39.4

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors................................................ 54 7.2

Media and communication equipment workers, all other........................................................................ 2 - 

Health care practitioner and technical occupations.................................................................................... 7,805 74.3

Chiropractors.......................................................................................................................................... 57 20.2

Dentists.................................................................................................................................................. 175 25.5

Dietitians and nutritionists...................................................................................................................... 105 92.3

Optometrists.......................................................................................................................... 38 - 

Pharmacists........................................................................................................................................... 255 53.0

Physicians and surgeons....................................................................................................................... 872 32.3

Physician assistants............................................................................................................................... 99 68.7

Podiatrists...................................................................................................................... 12 - 

Registered nurses.................................................................................................................................. 2,843 91.1

Audiologists.......................................................................................................................... 18 - 

Occupational therapists.......................................................................................................................... 109 87.8

Physical therapists................................................................................................................................. 187 68.5

Radiation therapists............................................................................................................ 18 - 

Recreational therapists......................................................................................................... 14 - 

Respiratory therapists............................................................................................................................ 131 63.6

Speech-language pathologists............................................................................................................... 132 96.3

Therapists, all other............................................................................................................ 138 76.9

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

Veterinarians.......................................................................................................................................... 73 56.0

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other.................................................................... 27 - 

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians................................................................................... 342 76.8

Dental hygienists.................................................................................................................................... 141 95.1

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians................................................................................... 349 73.3

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics................................................................................... 179 34.1

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians............................................................. 505 75.9

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................................................................................. 573 91.7

Medical records and health information technicians............................................................................... 118 87.6

Opticians, dispensing............................................................................................................................. 55 66.5

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians....................................................................... 167 71.1

Other health care practitioners and technical occupations................................................................. 70 43.1

Service occupations......................................................................................................................................... 24,634 56.8

Health care support occupations................................................................................................................... 3,332 88.9

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.......................................................................................... 1,928 88.2

Occupational therapist assistants and aides................................................................................ 10 - 

Physical therapist assistants and aides.................................................................................................. 86 71.5

Massage therapists................................................................................................................................ 162 87.1

Dental assistants.................................................................................................................................... 296 97.5

Medical assistants and other health care support occupations..................................................... 850 89.7

Protective service occupations...................................................................................................................... 3,289 21.4

First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers.................................................................... 44 - 

First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives....................................................................... 103 15.4

First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers................................................. 41 - 

Supervisors, protective service workers, all other.......................................................................... 105 30.7

Fire fighters............................................................................................................................................ 301 3.6

 See note at end of table.

31
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Fire inspectors................................................................................................................... 18 - 

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers................................................................................................. 465 26.1

Detectives and criminal investigators..................................................................................................... 159 22.8

Fish and game wardens........................................................................................................... 6 -

Parking enforcement workers..................................................................................................... 12 - 

Police and sheriff's patrol officers........................................................................................................... 714 13.0

Transit and railroad police........................................................................................................ 5 - 

Animal control workers.............................................................................................................. 9 -

Private detectives and investigators....................................................................................................... 89 37.6

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers................................................................................... 993 20.8

Crossing guards.................................................................................................................... 59 66.4

Lifeguards and other protective service workers............................................................................. 166 54.4

Food preparation and serving related occupations........................................................................................ 7,660 55.1

Chefs and head cooks............................................................................................................................ 337 19.0

First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers.............................................. 551 56.6

Cooks..................................................................................................................................................... 1,951 40.5

Food preparation workers....................................................................................................................... 717 59.2

Bartenders.............................................................................................................................................. 393 55.2

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food..................................................... 294 61.3

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop.......................................................... 269 65.7

Waiters and waitresses.......................................................................................................................... 2,067 71.1

Food servers, nonrestaurant.................................................................................................................. 174 64.9

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers................................................................. 371 47.9

Dishwashers........................................................................................................................................... 246 21.1

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop.................................................................... 284 84.7

F d ti d i l t d k ll th 5

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other............................................................... 5 - 

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations...................................................................... 5,328 40.6

First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers.......................................... 234 41.7

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers................. 229 7.3

Janitors and building cleaners................................................................................................................ 2,186 33.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners......................................................................................................... 1,407 89.0

Pest control workers............................................................................................................................... 76 3.3

Grounds maintenance workers............................................................................................................... 1,195 5.8

Personal care and service occupations......................................................................................................... 5,024 78.3

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers............................................................................... 136 52.2

First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers................................................................. 185 71.6

Animal trainers....................................................................................................................... 44 - 

Nonfarm animal caretakers.................................................................................................................... 169 71.7

Gaming services workers....................................................................................................................... 121 38.1

Motion picture projectionists..................................................................................................... 13 - 

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers............................................................................................ 51 42.7

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers........................................................... 173 42.8

Funeral service workers........................................................................................................... 18 - 

Barbers.................................................................................................................................................. 96 17.9

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists........................................................................................ 770 91.9

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers......................................................................................... 273 86.6

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges............................................................................................ 77 17.9

Tour and travel guides.............................................................................................................. 35 - 

Transportation attendants....................................................................................................................... 110 71.6

Child care workers................................................................................................................................. 1,247 94.7

Personal and home care aides............................................................................................................... 973 86.1

 See note at end of table.

32
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Recreation and fitness workers.............................................................................................................. 379 67.2

Residential advisors............................................................................................................................... 60 64.1

Personal care and service workers, all other................................................................................ 91 48.9

Sales and office occupations............................................................................................................................ 33,433 62.9

Sales and related occupations...................................................................................................................... 15,386 49.9

First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers.......................................................................... 3,132 43.9

First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers.................................................................... 1,131 28.0

Cashiers................................................................................................................................................. 3,109 73.7

Counter and rental clerks....................................................................................................................... 150 49.0

Parts salespersons................................................................................................................................. 129 12.5

Retail salespersons................................................................................................................................ 3,286 51.9

Advertising sales agents........................................................................................................................ 214 47.6

Insurance sales agents.......................................................................................................................... 513 49.4

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents................................................................. 308 30.8

Travel agents......................................................................................................................................... 76 84.0

Sales representatives, services, all other............................................................................................... 524 34.4

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing............................................................................. 1,284 25.0

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters..................................................................................... 61 87.7

Real estate brokers and sales agents.................................................................................................... 854 54.0

Sales engineers................................................................................................................ 24 - 

Telemarketers........................................................................................................................................ 118 68.3

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers.......................................... 203 64.3

Sales and related workers, all other............................................................................................ 268 59.4

Office and administrative support occupations.............................................................................................. 18,047 73.9

First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers........................................ 1,507 68.7

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

p g pp ,

Switchboard operators, including answering service....................................................................... 37 - 

Telephone operators................................................................................................................. 36 - 

Communications equipment operators, all other............................................................................. 6 -

Bill and account collectors...................................................................................................................... 216 65.4

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators................................................................................... 472 92.2

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks........................................................................................ 1,297 90.9

Gaming cage workers.............................................................................................................. 6 -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks............................................................................................................... 167 90.8

Procurement clerks................................................................................................................. 30 - 

Tellers.................................................................................................................................................... 453 88.0

Brokerage clerks.................................................................................................................... 9 -

Correspondence clerks........................................................................................................... 11 - 

Court, municipal, and license clerks....................................................................................................... 95 75.9

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks...................................................................................... 45 - 

Customer service representatives.......................................................................................................... 1,896 66.6

Eligibility interviewers, government programs......................................................................................... 89 83.8

File clerks............................................................................................................................................... 334 82.0

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks....................................................................................................... 129 69.1

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan.................................................................................................. 210 76.0

Library assistants, clerical...................................................................................................................... 115 77.1

Loan interviewers and clerks.................................................................................................................. 127 78.3

New accounts clerks............................................................................................................ 32 - 

Order clerks........................................................................................................................................... 117 68.0

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping...................................................... 44 - 

Receptionists and information clerks...................................................................................................... 1,281 92.7

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks............................................................... 100 58.2

 See note at end of table.

33
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Information and record clerks, all other.................................................................................... 116 86.8

Cargo and freight agents..................................................................................................... 21 - 

Couriers and messengers...................................................................................................................... 270 15.4

Dispatchers............................................................................................................................................ 293 60.9

Meter readers, utilities.............................................................................................................. 36 - 

Postal service clerks.............................................................................................................................. 124 45.3

Postal service mail carriers.................................................................................................................... 321 37.7

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators.......................................... 76 48.8

Production, planning, and expediting clerks........................................................................................... 259 54.9

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks..................................................................................................... 558 27.5

Stock clerks and order fillers.................................................................................................................. 1,456 36.0

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping............................................................. 70 38.3

Secretaries and administrative assistants.............................................................................................. 3,082 96.1

Computer operators............................................................................................................................... 122 48.5

Data entry keyers................................................................................................................................... 338 80.5

Word processors and typists.................................................................................................................. 144 92.5

Desktop publishers............................................................................................................. 5 - 

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks....................................................................................... 231 82.6

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service.............................................................. 94 51.3

Office clerks, general............................................................................................................................. 994 84.2

Office machine operators, except computer........................................................................................... 45 - 

Proofreaders and copy markers.................................................................................................. 10 - 

Statistical assistants............................................................................................................ 19 - 

Office and administrative support workers, all other..................................................................... 501 79.0

Natural resources construction and maintenance occupations 13 073 4 6

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations....................................................................... 13,073 4.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................................................................................................... 987 23.5

First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers....................................... 44 - 

Agricultural inspectors.............................................................................................................. 28 - 

Animal breeders.................................................................................................................... 11 - 

Graders and sorters, agricultural products............................................................................................. 103 67.8

Miscellaneous agricultural workers............................................................................................ 691 18.8

Fishers and related fishing workers............................................................................................ 32 - 

Hunters and trappers.............................................................................................................. 1 - 

Forest and conservation workers............................................................................................... 14 - 

Logging workers..................................................................................................................................... 63 1.1

Construction and extraction occupations...................................................................................................... 7,175 2.6

First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers...................................... 659 3.9

Boilermakers.................................................................................................................... 22 - 

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons...................................................................................... 162 .1

Carpenters............................................................................................................................................. 1,242 1.4

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.......................................................................................... 209 .5

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers.................................................................... 88 .3

Construction laborers............................................................................................................................. 1,267 2.7

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators....................................................................... 19 - 

Pile-driver operators................................................................................................................... 2 - 

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators......................................................... 363 1.5

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers................................................................................. 171 2.5

Electricians............................................................................................................................................. 691 1.5

Glaziers.................................................................................................................................................. 42 - 

Insulation workers.................................................................................................................................. 40 - 

Painters, construction and maintenance................................................................................................. 578 7.2

 See note at end of table.

34
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Paperhangers..................................................................................................................... 7 -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters................................................................................. 526 1.5

Plasterers and stucco masons............................................................................................................... 39 - 

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers............................................................................................ 3 - 

Roofers.................................................................................................................................................. 214 1.0

Sheet metal workers............................................................................................................................... 108 4.0

Structural iron and steel workers............................................................................................................ 59 .6

Helpers, construction trades................................................................................................................... 60 3.3

Construction and building inspectors...................................................................................................... 104 8.7

Elevator installers and repairers........................................................................................... 34 - 

Fence erectors................................................................................................................ 44 - 

Hazardous materials removal workers......................................................................................... 38 - 

Highway maintenance workers............................................................................................................... 110 2.5

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators........................................................... 11 - 

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners............................................................................. 16 - 

Miscellaneous construction and related workers............................................................................. 38 - 

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining.................................................. 38 - 

Earth drillers, except oil and gas.................................................................................................. 21 - 

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters...................................................... 11 - 

Mining machine operators........................................................................................................ 60 3.0

Roof bolters, mining................................................................................................................. 5 -

Roustabouts, oil and gas........................................................................................................... 9 -

Helpers—extraction workers............................................................................................... 7 - 

Other extraction workers...................................................................................................... 55 1.4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................................................................................ 4,911 3.9

Fi t li i / f h i i t ll d i 381 6 3

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers................................................. 381 6.3

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers..................................................................... 305 11.0

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers........................................................ 166 9.1

Avionics technicians............................................................................................................ 13 - 

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers....................................................................... 29 - 

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment.................................... 3 -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility............................................................... 19 - 

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles..................................................... 12 - 

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers........................................................ 52 6.0

Security and fire alarm systems installers.............................................................................................. 60 4.4

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians............................................................................................ 136 2.3

Automotive body and related repairers................................................................................................... 168 1.2

Automotive glass installers and repairers...................................................................................... 24 - 

Automotive service technicians and mechanics..................................................................................... 802 1.6

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists......................................................................... 339 .7

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics............................................. 235 1.2

Small engine mechanics........................................................................................................................ 57 2.0

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers........................... 99 .8

Control and valve installers and repairers...................................................................................... 23 - 

Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... 392 .6

Home appliance repairers...................................................................................................................... 53 8.1

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics...................................................................................... 447 3.5

Maintenance and repair workers, general............................................................................................... 347 3.8

Maintenance workers, machinery........................................................................................................... 31 - 

Millwrights.............................................................................................................................................. 45 - 

Electrical power-line installers and repairers.......................................................................................... 124 .4

 See note at end of table.

35
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Telecommunications line installers and repairers................................................................................... 163 7.5

Precision instrument and equipment repairers....................................................................................... 73 13.8

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers........................................................... 35 -

Locksmiths and safe repairers.................................................................................................. 26 -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers.......................................................................... 11 -

Riggers................................................................................................................................ 9 -

Signal and track switch repairers............................................................................................. 7 -

Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers............................................................... 30 -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers.................................................................. 197 6.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations.......................................................................... 16,180 21.2

Production occupations................................................................................................................................. 7,998 27.6

First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers.................................................... 702 18.1

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers...................................................... 23 -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers..................................................................... 151 54.9

Engine and other machine assemblers......................................................................................... 36 -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters......................................................................................... 27 -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators.............................................................................. 805 36.5

Bakers.................................................................................................................................................... 206 57.0

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers............................................................. 331 21.2

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders................................... 14 -

Food batchmakers.................................................................................................................................. 107 55.5

Food cooking machine operators and tenders........................................................................ 16 -

Computer control programmers and operators....................................................................................... 56 3.9

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.............................. 9 -

Forging machine setters operators and tenders metal and plastic 10 -

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.............................................. 10 -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................................ 10 -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic...................... 78 21.1

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.............................. 1 -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic................................................................................................................................. 54 9.0

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........................... 20 -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................. 4 -

Machinists.............................................................................................................................................. 408 3.9

Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders........................................................................... 25 -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic....................................................................... 7 -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................................. 55 17.6

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............................................ 6 -

Tool and die makers............................................................................................................................... 68 .9

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers................................................................................................ 479 5.4

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic....................................... 7 -

Lay-out workers, metal and plastic............................................................................................... 7 -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................. 17 -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners............................................................................................ 6 -

Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other................................................................................... 337 18.1

Bookbinders and bindery workers............................................................................................... 20 -

Job printers............................................................................................................................. 50 17.3

Prepress technicians and workers.......................................................................................................... 46 -

Printing machine operators..................................................................................................................... 162 21.5

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers.......................................................................................................... 195 55.8

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials.................................................................................... 59 66.4

 See note at end of table.

36
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Sewing machine operators..................................................................................................................... 170 78.5

Shoe and leather workers and repairers...................................................................................... 9 -

Shoe machine operators and tenders......................................................................................... 5 -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers.......................................................................................................... 76 70.0

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders........................................................... 5 -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders.................................................................... 10 -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders.................................................. 9 -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders........................... 16 -

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers.................. 2 -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers............................................................................................... 3 -

Upholsterers........................................................................................................................................... 41 -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other.......................................................................... 23 -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.................................................................................................... 62 2.8

Furniture finishers............................................................................................................. 16 -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood......................................................................... 36 -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing............................................... 18 -

Woodworkers, all other........................................................................................................... 22 -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers....................................................................... 40 -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators.............................................................................................. 91 1.7

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators............................................................... 77 5.9

Miscellaneous plant and system operators.............................................................................. 40 -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders.................................................... 58 17.7

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers.................................................................. 90 15.7

Cutting workers...................................................................................................................................... 67 23.2

Extruding, forming, pressing and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders..................... 43 -

1

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders.............................................................. 17 -

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................................................. 669 34.3

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers............................................................................. 33 -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians.......................................................................... 92 49.0

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders............................................................................ 255 47.6

Painting workers..................................................................................................................................... 139 7.9

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators........................................................ 48 -

Semiconductor processors........................................................................................................ 3 -

Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders.............................................................. 10 -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders............................................ 12 -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders............................................................... 5 -

Etchers and engravers......................................................................................................... 10 -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic............................................................ 37 -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders.................................................................... 41 -

Tire builders........................................................................................................................ 24 -

Helpers—production workers................................................................................................ 41 -

Production workers, all other................................................................................................ 921 28.8

Transportation and material moving occupations.......................................................................................... 8,182 15.0

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers...................................................................... 263 23.4

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers.......................................................................................................... 110 5.2

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists.................................................................... 46 -

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians......................................... 13 -

Bus drivers............................................................................................................................................. 600 47.0

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers................................................................................................... 3,028 4.6

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs.................................................................................................................... 390 14.4

Motor vehicle operators, all other............................................................................................... 54 15.8

 See note at end of table.

37
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Locomotive engineers and operators..................................................................................................... 57 2.6

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators................................................................................ 6 -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters.................................................................................................... 58 6.5

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers............................................................... 9 -

Sailors and marine oilers...................................................................................................... 23 -

Ship and boat captains and operators....................................................................................... 48 -

Ship engineers.................................................................................................................. 6 -

Bridge and lock tenders....................................................................................................... 4 -

Parking lot attendants............................................................................................................................. 75 6.3

Service station attendants...................................................................................................................... 77 13.5

Transportation inspectors..................................................................................................... 46 -

Other transportation workers................................................................................................ 16 -

Conveyor operators and tenders............................................................................................................ 5 -

Crane and tower operators..................................................................................................................... 50 -

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators.............................................................................. 51 3.2

Hoist and winch operators...................................................................................................... 6 -

Industrial truck and tractor operators...................................................................................................... 499 6.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment....................................................................................................... 333 15.0

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand......................................................................... 1,700 17.4

Machine feeders and offbearers............................................................................................. 32 -

Packers and packagers, hand................................................................................................................ 403 56.5

Pumping station operators................................................................................................... 25 -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors.............................................................................................. 88 7.9

Shuttle car operators............................................................................................................ 2 -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders........................................................................................... 2 -

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Material moving workers, all other.......................................................................................... 59 8.7

NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for occupations where employment base is less than 50,000.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

38
39

Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands).................................................. 52,916 8,145 3,117 8,106

 Percent......................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................................... 41.5 33.8 46.1 24.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............................. 14.2 10.7 14.4 8.7

Professional and related occupations .................................................................... 27.3 23.1 31.7 15.4

Service occupations ................................................................................................. 20.1 28.3 21.3 33.2

Sales and office occupations .................................................................................... 32.6 30.7 25.2 31.7

Sales and related occupations .............................................................................. 11.7 11.4 11.7 11.8

Office and administrative support occupations ...................................................... 20.8 19.4 13.6 19.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .............................. 1.0 .7 .6 1.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................ .4 .2 .2 1.2

Construction and extraction occupations ............................................................... .3 .2 .1 .3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................ .3 .3 .3 .2

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................................. 4.9 6.5 6.7 9.3

Production occupations ......................................................................................... 3.2 3.8 5.7 6.2

Transportation and material moving occupations .................................................. 1.8 2.7 1.1 3.1

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Occupation White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

39
40

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2009 and 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, both sexes

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................................................. 139,877 100.0 139,064 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................................. 2,103 1.5 2,206 1.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ................................................................................................... 707 .5 731 .5

Construction .........................................................................................9,702 6.9 9,077 6.5

Manufacturing ....................................................................................... 14,202 10.2 14,081 10.1

 Durable goods ....................................................................................8,927 6.4 8,789 6.3

 Nondurable goods ..............................................................................5,275 3.8 5,293 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade .................................................................... 19,684 14.1 19,739 14.2

 Wholesale trade .................................................................................. 3,808 2.7 3,805 2.7

 Retail trade ......................................................................................... 15,877 11.4 15,934 11.5

Transportation and utilities ...................................................................7,245 5.2 7,134 5.1

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................6,012 4.3 5,880 4.2

 Utilities ................................................................................................1,233 .9 1,253 .9

Information ...................................................................................................................... 3,239 2.3 3,149 2.3

Financial activities ................................................................................9,622 6.9 9,350 6.7

 Finance and insurance .......................................................................6,826 4.9 6,605 4.7

 Real estate and rental and leasing .....................................................2,796 2.0 2,745 2.0

Professional and business services ..................................................... 15,008 10.7 15,253 11.0

 Professional and technical services ...................................................9,159 6.5 9,115 6.6

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................................ 5,849 4.2 6,138 4.4

Education and health services .............................................................. 31,819 22.7 32,062 23.1

 Educational services .......................................................................... 13,188 9.4 13,155 9.5

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 18,632 13.3 18,907 13.6

 Hospitals ..........................................................................................6,265 4.5 6,249 4.5

 Health services, except hospitals ....................................................9,213 6.6 9,406 6.8

 Social assistance .............................................................................3,154 2.3 3,252 2.3

Leisure and hospitality .......................................................................... 12,736 9.1 12,530 9.0

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ...................................................3,018 2.2 2,966 2.1

 Accommodation and food services ....................................................... 9,717 6.9 9,564 6.9

Other services ......................................................................................6,935 5.0 6,769 4.9

 Other services, except private households ........................................6,152 4.4 6,102 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 783 .6 667 .5

Public administration .......................................................................................... 6,875 4.9 6,983 5.0

Industry and sex

Year

2009 2010

40
41

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2009 and 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

 Total, 16 years and over............................................................................ 66,208 100.0 65,705 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................................................................. 496 .7 541 .8

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ................................................................................................... 94 .1 101 .1

Construction ......................................................................................... 919 1.4 807 1.4

Manufacturing .......................................................................................4,069 6.1 3,949 6.2

 Durable goods ....................................................................................2,204 3.3 2,144 3.4

 Nondurable goods ..............................................................................1,865 2.8 1,806 2.8

Wholesale and retail trade ....................................................................8,918 13.5 8,957 13.6

 Wholesale trade .................................................................................. 1,109 1.7 1,089 1.7

 Retail trade .........................................................................................7,809 11.8 7,868 11.9

Transportation and utilities ...................................................................1,662 2.5 1,630 2.5

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................1,424 2.2 1,358 2.2

 Utilities ................................................................................................ 238 .4 273 .4

Information ......................................................................................... 1,360 2.1 1,289 2.1

Financial activities ................................................................................5,196 7.8 5,081 7.9

 Finance and insurance .......................................................................3,924 5.9 3,787 6.0

 Real estate and rental and leasing .....................................................1,272 1.9 1,294 1.9

Professional and business services .....................................................6,264 9.5 6,304 9.5

 Professional and technical services ...................................................4,009 6.1 3,937 6.1

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 2,256 3.4 2,366 3.4

Education and health services .............................................................. 23,925 36.1 23,962 36.4

 Educational services ..........................................................................9,147 13.8 9,025 13.9

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 14,778 22.3 14,937 22.5

 Hospitals ..........................................................................................4,827 7.3 4,783 7.3

 Health services, except hospitals ....................................................7,268 11.0 7,402 11.1

 Social assistance .............................................................................2,682 4.1 2,752 4.1

Leisure and hospitality ..........................................................................6,562 9.9 6,444 10.0

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ...................................................1,398 2.1 1,381 2.1

 Accommodation and food services ....................................................... 5,165 7.8 5,063 7.9

Other services ......................................................................................3,613 5.5 3,496 5.5

 Other services, except private households ........................................2,904 4.4 2,889 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 709 1.1 607 1.1

Public administration .......................................................................................... 3,129 4.7 3,145 4.8

Industry and sex

Year

2009 2010

41
42

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2009 and 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over................................................................................................. 73,670 100.0 73,359 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................................................................. 1,607 2.2 1,665 2.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ................................................................................................... 613 .8 630 .9

Construction .........................................................................................8,782 11.9 8,270 11.3

Manufacturing ....................................................................................... 10,133 13.8 10,132 13.8

 Durable goods ....................................................................................6,724 9.1 6,645 9.1

 Nondurable goods ..............................................................................3,409 4.6 3,487 4.8

Wholesale and retail trade .................................................................... 10,766 14.6 10,782 14.7

 Wholesale trade .................................................................................. 2,698 3.7 2,716 3.7

 Retail trade .........................................................................................8,068 11.0 8,066 11.0

Transportation and utilities ...................................................................5,583 7.6 5,503 7.5

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................4,588 6.2 4,523 6.2

 Utilities ................................................................................................ 995 1.4 981 1.3

Information ......................................................................................... 1,879 2.6 1,861 2.5

Financial activities ................................................................................4,426 6.0 4,269 5.8

 Finance and insurance .......................................................................2,902 3.9 2,818 3.8

 Real estate and rental and leasing .....................................................1,524 2.1 1,451 2.0

Professional and business services .....................................................8,744 11.9 8,949 12.2

 Professional and technical services ...................................................5,151 7.0 5,178 7.1

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 3,593 4.9 3,772 5.1

Education and health services ..............................................................7,895 10.7 8,100 11.0

 Educational services ..........................................................................4,041 5.5 4,130 5.6

 Health care and social assistance .....................................................3,854 5.2 3,970 5.4

 Hospitals ..........................................................................................1,438 2.0 1,466 2.0

 Health services, except hospitals ....................................................1,944 2.6 2,004 2.7

 Social assistance ............................................................................. 472 .6 500 0.7

Leisure and hospitality ..........................................................................6,173 8.4 6,086 8.3

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ...................................................1,620 2.2 1,585 2.2

 Accommodation and food services ....................................................... 4,553 6.2 4,501 6.1

Other services ......................................................................................3,322 4.5 3,273 4.5

 Other services, except private households ........................................3,248 4.4 3,213 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 74 .1 60 .1

Public administration .......................................................................................... 3,746 5.1 3,838 5.2

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Industry and sex

Year

2009 2010

42
43

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over...................................................................................................... 139,064 47.2

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.......................................................................................................... 2,206 24.5

Crop production.......................................................................................................... 984 23.9

Animal production........................................................................................................................................................................... 839 25.7

Forestry, except logging................................................................................................................................................................... 46 - 

Logging........................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 4.8

Fishing, hunting, and trapping.......................................................................................... 49 - 

Support activities for agriculture and forestry................................................................................................................................... 193 32.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction...................................................................................................................................................................731 13.8

Oil and gas extraction....................................................................................................................................................................... 75 18.0

Coal mining...................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 6.0

Metal ore mining......................................................................................................................35 - 

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying........................................................................................................................................... 75 7.9

Not specified type of mining.............................................................................................. 11 - 

Support activities for mining............................................................................................................................................................... 440 16.3

Construction................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9,077 8.9

Manufacturing.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 14,081 28.0

Durable goods.................................................................................................................................................................................... 8,789 24.4

Nonmetallic mineral products............................................................................................................................................................. 428 17.3

Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing................................................. 33 - 

Structural clay product manufacturing............................................................................. 20 - 

Glass and glass products............................................................................................................................................................. 132 22.8

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products............................................................................................................................. 157 11.5

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing............................................... 86 12.4

Primary metals and fabricated metal products.................................................................................................................................. 1,526 15.9

Iron and steel mills and steel products......................................................................................................................................... 256 10.7

Aluminum production and processing........................................................................................................................................... 51 9.9

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing.................................................................................................. 55 15.2

Foundries.................................................................................................................................................................................... 81 16.3

Metal forgings and stampings...................................................................................................................................................... 43 - 

Cutlery and hand tools............................................................................................................................................................... 38 - 

Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers................................................................................................................... 321 14.8

Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts........................................................................................................... 285 11.2

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities................................................................................................................... 76 19.0

Ordnance.................................................................................................................................... 48 - 

Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing.....................................................244 24.3

Not specified metal industries......................................................................................... 27 - 

Machinery manufacturing................................................................................................................................................................. 1,145 22.5

Agricultural implements.................................................................................................................................................................. 100 22.4

Construction, mining, and oil field machinery.................................................................................................................................. 134 16.2

Commercial and service industry machinery............................................................................................................................... 122 30.4

Metalworking machinery............................................................................................................................................................... 138 15.4

Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment................................................................................................................. 54 17.7

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c....................................................................................... 590 24.5

Not specified machinery manufacturing..................................................................... 7 - 

Computers and electronic products............................................................................................................................................... 1,256 31.3

Computer and peripheral equipment........................................................................................................................................... 264 31.1

Communications, audio, and video equipment.............................................................................................................................. 158 32.3

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments................................................................................................. 210 30.3

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c.............................................. 624 31.5

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

43
44

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Electrical equipment and appliances................................................................................................................................................. 393 30.1

Household appliances................................................................................................................................................................... 72 34.8

Electrical lighting, equipment, and supplies manufacturing, n.e.c............................... 321 29.0

Transportation equipment................................................................................................................................................................. 1,955 22.7

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment................................................................................................................................ 962 22.6

Aircraft and parts.......................................................................................................................................................................... 383 20.3

Aerospace products and parts..................................................................................................................................................... 403 26.3

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing................................................................................. 21 - 

Ship and boat building.................................................................................................................................................................. 153 19.4

Other transportation equipment manufacturing............................................................... 33 - 

Wood products................................................................................................................................................................................. 389 13.5

Sawmills and wood preservation.................................................................................................................................................. 112 8.8

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products...................................................................................................................... 28 - 

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes........................................................................................................................... 32 - 

Miscellaneous wood products...................................................................................................................................................... 218 14.7

Furniture and related products manufacturing..................................................................................................................................... 472 23.8

Miscellaneous manufacturing............................................................................................................................................................ 1,225 36.8

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing........................................................................................................................... 536 42.3

Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing................................................................................................................. 123 29.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c............................................................................... 383 34.4

Not specified manufacturing industries..............................................................................182 31.1

Nondurable goods.................................................................................................................................................................................. 5,293 34.1

Food manufacturing......................................................................................................................................................................... 1,679 35.8

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling......................................................................................................................................... 152 25.1

Sugar and confectionery products............................................................................................................................................... 83 41.3

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods..................................................................................................................... 166 39.1

Dairy products............................................................................................................................................................................. 153 29.8

Animal slaughtering and processing.............................................................................................................................................. 472 30.5

Retail bakeries.............................................................................................................................................................................. 200 52.9

Bakeries, except retail................................................................................................................................................................ 208 34.9

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c..................................................................178 38.4

Not specified food industries........................................................................................ 68 40.3

Beverages and tobacco products.................................................................................................................................................... 282 22.6

Beverages manufacturing............................................................................................................................................................. 250 23.1

Tobacco manufacturing.......................................................................................................... 32 - 

Textiles, apparel, and leather........................................................................................................................................................ 592 53.7

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills.............................................................................................. 10 - 

Fabric mills, except knitting.......................................................................................................................................................... 98 44.5

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills................................................................... 24 - 

Carpet and rug mills..................................................................................................................................................................... 59 41.5

Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs.................................................................................................................................. 72 59.3

Knitting mills.........................................................................................................................31 - 

Cut and sew apparel....................................................................................................................................................................... 229 60.3

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing................................................. 9 - 

Footwear manufacturing........................................................................................................ 36 - 

Leather tanning and products, except footwear manufacturing........................................ 23 - 

Paper and printing............................................................................................................................................................................. 927 27.6

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.................................................................................................................................................. 179 18.1

Paperboard containers and boxes................................................................................................................................................ 92 16.7

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products........................................................................................................................................ 89 33.7

Printing and related support activities.......................................................................................................................................... 567 31.3

Petroleum and coal products............................................................................................................................................................................ 190 19.2

Petroleum refining................................................................................................................................................................................. 170 19.9

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

44
45

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products............................................................... 19 - 

Chemicals.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1,175 34.7

Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments................................................................................................................................................162 25.4

Agricultural chemical manufacturing........................................................................... 26 - 

Pharmaceuticals and medicines...................................................................................................................................................................... 423 46.9

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.................................................................................................................................................................... 53 31.9

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics.........................................................................................................................................................120 53.1

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals........................................................................ 391 20.8

Plastics and rubber products........................................................................................................................................................................... 447 27.5

Plastics product manufacturing..................................................................................................................................................................... 302 29.7

Tire manufacturing................................................................................................................................................................................. 80 14.5

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing......................................................................................................................................................... 65 33.7

Wholesale and retail trade..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19,739 45.4

Wholesale trade............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3,805 28.6

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies, merchant wholesalers.......................................................................................................................................187 24.0

Furniture and home furnishings, merchant wholesalers............................................................................................................................................84 34.9

Lumber and other construction materials, merchant wholesalers.............................................................................................................................185 19.3

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers.............................................................................. 392 34.9

Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers........................................................................................... 46 - 

Electrical goods, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................................ 191 27.2

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.......................................................................... 141 23.3

Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.............................................................................................. 359 21.9

Recyclable materials, merchant wholesalers............................................................................................................ 106 15.5

Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers..................................................................................................... 112 35.0

Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers........................................................................................................ 78 36.6

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers............................................................................... 242 46.2

Apparel, fabrics, and notions, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................... 134 50.9

Groceries and related products, merchant wholesalers.................................................................................................. 839 25.2

Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers...................................................................................................... 59 28.3

Petroleum and petroleum products, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................ 170 29.8

Alcoholic beverages, merchant wholesalers............................................................................................................. 133 15.4

Farm supplies, merchant wholesalers................................................................................................................... 42 - 

Miscellaneous nondurable goods, merchant wholesalers.................................................................................................. 183 29.9

Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers................................................................................ 78 34.7

Not specified wholesale trade........................................................................................... 43 - 

Retail trade........................................................................................................................ 15,934 49.4

Automobile dealers..............................................................................................................1,117 19.1

Other motor vehicle dealers..................................................................................................... 129 25.5

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores........................................................................................ 522 17.3

Furniture and home furnishings stores........................................................................................... 520 44.6

Household appliance stores...................................................................................................... 80 29.6

Radio, TV, and computer stores.................................................................................................. 523 33.5

Building material and supplies dealers.......................................................................................... 892 29.0

Hardware stores................................................................................................................. 246 31.3

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores................................................................................... 278 32.2

Grocery stores.................................................................................................................. 2,776 49.8

Specialty food stores........................................................................................................... 267 47.6

Beer, wine, and liquor stores................................................................................................... 118 36.9

Pharmacies and drug stores...................................................................................................... 797 65.6

Health and personal care, except drug, stores................................................................................... 333 64.7

Gasoline stations............................................................................................................... 457 50.9

Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores................................................................................... 979 74.4

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

45
46

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Shoe stores..................................................................................................................... 150 61.9

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores...................................................................................... 188 64.0

Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores................................................................................ 427 43.3

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores...................................................................................... 62 80.9

Music stores.................................................................................................................... 89 34.1

Book stores and news dealers.................................................................................................... 145 54.2

Department stores and discount stores........................................................................................... 2,407 60.2

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores........................................................................................ 495 59.5

Retail florists........................................................................................................................................................................................ 115 70.8

Office supplies and stationery stores........................................................................................... 162 45.1

Used merchandise stores......................................................................................................... 226 64.0

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................................... 178 73.5

Miscellaneous retail stores.....................................................................................................447 56.6

Electronic shopping............................................................................................................. 98 45.3

Electronic auctions.............................................................................................................. 19 - 

Mail order houses............................................................................................................... 64 61.8

Vending machine operators....................................................................................................... 47 - 

Fuel dealers.................................................................................................................... 110 34.2

Other direct selling establishments.................................................................................... 211 72.5

Not specified retail trade...................................................................................................... 257 56.6

Transportation and utilities............................................................................................................ 7,134 22.9

Transportation and warehousing...................................................................................................... 5,880 23.1

Air transportation.............................................................................................................. 512 35.9

Rail transportation............................................................................................................. 271 5.3

Water transportation............................................................................................................ 61 26.5

Truck transportation............................................................................................................1,676 11.6

Bus service and urban transit................................................................................................... 513 38.5

Taxi and limousine service...................................................................................................... 267 13.1

Pipeline transportation.......................................................................................................... 56 16.9

Scenic and sightseeing transportation................................................................................. 38 - 

Services incidental to transportation........................................................................................... 789 24.3

Postal Service.................................................................................................................. 674 40.3

Couriers and messengers......................................................................................................... 638 20.2

Warehousing and storage......................................................................................................... 385 26.5

Utilities.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1,253 21.7

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution....................................................................... 670 21.4

Natural gas distribution........................................................................................................ 97 28.4

Electric and gas, and other combinations........................................................................................ 91 20.4

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems.......................................................................... 259 21.9

Sewage treatment facilities..................................................................................................... 110 15.3

Not specified utilities............................................................................................................ 26 - 

Information............................................................................................................................. 3,149 40.9

Newspaper publishers............................................................................................................. 286 49.8

Periodical, book, and directory publishers...................................................................................... 288 51.5

Software publishers.................................................................................................... 41 - 

Motion pictures and video industries............................................................................................ 415 33.8

Sound recording industries......................................................................................................... 44 - 

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming..................................................................................... 570 34.4

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals....................................................................................... 54 37.7

Wired telecommunications carriers............................................................................................... 581 33.9

Other telecommunications services.......................................................................................... 522 37.4

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

46
47

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Data processing, hosting, and related services.................................................................................. 86 44.4

Libraries and archives..........................................................................................................228 74.2

Other information services.............................................................................................................. 36 - 

Financial activities....................................................................................................................9,350 54.3

Finance and insurance............................................................................................................... 6,605 57.3

Banking and related activities.................................................................................................. 2,087 63.9

Savings institutions, including credit unions................................................................................... 253 78.6

Nondepository credit and related activities.................................................................................... 742 48.0

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments............................................................ 1,109 39.4

Insurance carriers and related activities................................................................................................................ 2,414 60.5

Real estate and rental and leasing........................................................................................................................... 2,745 47.1

Real estate.............................................................................................................................................. 2,336 49.8

Rental and leasing services.............................................................................................................................. 409 32.0

Automotive equipment rental and leasing.............................................................................................................. 148 27.8

Videotape and disk rental........................................................................................................................... 58 60.6

Other consumer goods rental.......................................................................................................................... 101 35.1

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing............................................................ 101 18.8

Professional and business services............................................................................................................................... 15,253 41.3

Professional and technical services.......................................................................................................................... 9,115 43.2

Legal services........................................................................................................................................... 1,592 54.8

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services........................................................................................... 961 62.9

Architectural, engineering, and related services......................................................................................................... 1,474 24.7

Specialized design services.............................................................................................................................. 356 58.5

Computer systems design and related services............................................................................................................. 1,905 26.4

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services................................................................................................ 1,177 42.6

Scientific research and development services............................................................................................................. 536 43.5

Advertising and related services......................................................................................................................... 498 48.3

Veterinary services...................................................................................................................................... 287 78.3

Other professional, scientific, and technical services................................................................................................... 330 56.3

Management, administrative, and waste services............................................................................................................... 6,138 38.6

Management of companies and enterprises.................................................................................................................. 74 48.7

Employment services...................................................................................................................................... 913 52.2

Business support services................................................................................................................................ 736 61.8

Travel arrangement and reservation services.............................................................................................................. 263 63.3

Investigation and security services...................................................................................................................... 814 23.5

Services to buildings and dwellings...................................................................................................................... 1,383 52.8

Landscaping services..................................................................................................................................... 1,180 9.0

Other administrative and other support services.......................................................................................................... 295 43.7

Waste management and remediation services................................................................................................................ 478 15.6

Education and health services.................................................................................................................................... 32,062 74.7

Educational services......................................................................................................................................... 13,155 68.6

Elementary and secondary schools......................................................................................................................... 8,770 75.1

Colleges and universities, including junior colleges..................................................................................................... 3,581 53.9

Business, technical, and trade schools and training...................................................................................................... 118 54.4

Other schools, instruction, and educational services..................................................................................................... 687 65.0

Health care and social assistance............................................................................................................................ 18,907 79.0

Hospitals................................................................................................................................................ 6,249 76.5

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

47
48

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Health services, except hospitals........................................................................................................................ 9,406 78.7

Offices of physicians................................................................................................................................ 1,543 74.6

Offices of dentists.................................................................................................................................. 881 81.4

Offices of chiropractors............................................................................................................................. 136 62.9

Offices of optometrists.............................................................................................................................. 126 75.3

Offices of other health practitioners................................................................................................................ 266 77.2

Outpatient care centers.............................................................................................................................. 1,175 79.2

Home health care services............................................................................................................................ 1,032 90.1

Other health care services........................................................................................................................... 1,713 72.4

Nursing care facilities.............................................................................................................................. 1,845 84.6

Residential care facilities, without nursing......................................................................................................... 690 70.7

Social assistance........................................................................................................................................ 3,252 84.6

Individual and family services....................................................................................................................... 1,471 78.1

Community food and housing, and emergency services................................................................................................... 114 68.5

Vocational rehabilitation services................................................................................................................... 164 58.0

Child day care services.............................................................................................................................. 1,503 95.1

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................................................................................... 12,530 51.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation.......................................................................................................................... 2,966 46.6

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries............................................................. 793 41.3

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions....................................................................................... 364 47.3

Bowling centers............................................................................................................................. 60 33.4

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries..................................................................................................... 1,749 49.2

Accommodation and food services.............................................................................................................................. 9,564 52.9

Accommodation............................................................................................................................................ 1,419 56.2

Traveler accommodation............................................................................................................................... 1,309 56.9

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.................................................................... 110 48.5

Food services and drinking places........................................................................................................................ 8,146 52.4

Restaurants and other food services.................................................................................................................. 7,897 52.4

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages................................................................................................................. 249 51.6

Other services................................................................................................................................................... 6,769 51.6

Other services, except private households.................................................................................................................... 6,102 47.3

Repair and maintenance................................................................................................................................... 1,985 11.6

Automotive repair and maintenance.................................................................................................................... 1,180 8.7

Car washes........................................................................................................................................... 159 14.9

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance............................................................................................ 167 16.7

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance........................................................ 275 7.2

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance.................................................................................................. 199 27.6

Footwear and leather goods repair.........................................................................................4 - 

Personal and laundry services............................................................................................................................ 2,278 72.5

Barber shops......................................................................................................................................... 107 25.2

Beauty salons........................................................................................................................................ 957 90.5

Nail salons and other personal care services......................................................................................................... 412 77.9

Dry-cleaning and laundry services..................................................................................................................... 347 56.3

Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories........................................................................................................... 134 37.4

Other personal services.............................................................................................................................. 322 60.0

Membership associations and organizations................................................................................................................ 1,839 54.7

Religious organizations.............................................................................................................................. 1,034 48.3

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services................................................ 583 64.8

Labor unions......................................................................................................................................... 61 37.8

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations......................................................................................... 160 65.7

Private households........................................................................................................................................... 667 90.9

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

48
49

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Public administration............................................................................................................................................ 6,983 45.0

Executive offices and legislative bodies................................................................................................................. 862 54.7

Public finance activities................................................................................................................................ 353 68.3

Other general government and support..................................................................................................................... 119 31.8

Justice, public order, and safety activities............................................................................................................. 2,954 33.4

Administration of human resource programs................................................................................................................ 934 73.7

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs............................................................................................. 277 42.4

Administration of economic programs and space research................................................................................................... 706 46.9

National security and international affairs.............................................................................................................. 778 34.8

Industry Total employed Percent women

 n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

 

 NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for industries where employment base is less than 50,000.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

49
50

Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2010 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands).................................................. 52,916 8,145 3,117 8,106

 Percent......................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries ................................................................................................... 1.0 0.1 0.4 1.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ................................................................................................... .2 .1 .1 .1

Construction ......................................................................................... 14 .4 .6 1.0

Manufacturing ....................................................................................... 6.1 4.7 9.0 7.6

 Durable goods .................................................................................... 33 2.3 5.3 3.2

 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 28 2.4 3.7 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade .................................................................... 13.9 12.1 13.2 14.4

 Wholesale trade .................................................................................. 17 .9 2.3 1.9

 Retail trade ......................................................................................... 121 11.2 10.8 12.5

Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 23 3.7 2.1 2.6

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 19 3.2 2.0 2.3

 Utilities ................................................................................................ .4 .6 .1 .3

Information ......................................................................................... 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.4

Financial activities ................................................................................ 80 6.6 7.6 6.4

 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 58 5.3 6.3 4.6

 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.8

Professional and business services ..................................................... 100 7.1 9.8 10.1

 Professional and technical services ................................................... 64 3.1 7.9 3.5

 Management, administrative, and waste services...........................3.6 4.1 1.8 6.5

Education and health services .............................................................. 35.8 43.2 32.2 30.5

 Educational services .......................................................................... 144 11.5 8.9 10.3

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 21.3 31.7 23.3 20.2

 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 6.7 9.8 10.1 4.6

 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 107 15.7 10.1 10.5

 Social assistance ............................................................................. 3.9 6.2 3.1 5.1

Leisure and hospitality .......................................................................... 9.8 8.6 11.7 13.3

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 22 1.4 2.2 1.8

 Accommodation and food services ....................................................... 7.6 7.2 9.5 11.6

Other services ...................................................................................... 54 3.7 8.0 6.9

 Other services, except private households ........................................ 4.4 3.1 7.3 3.9

 Private households ............................................................................ 1.0 .6 .7 3.0

Public administration ...................................................................................... 4.3 7.6 3.6 4.2

 

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Industry White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

 NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

50
51

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2010 annual averages

1979........ $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980........ 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172

1981........ 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190

1982........ 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203

1983........ 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215

1984........ 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223

1985......... 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230

1986 1

....... 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241

1987........ 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251

1988......... 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260

1989........ 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269

1990 1

....... 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278

1991........ 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292

1992........ 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302

1993........ 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313

1994 1

....... 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305

1995........ 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305

1996........ 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316

1997 1

....... 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318

1998 1

....... 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337

1999 1

....... 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348

2000 1

....... 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366

2001........ 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388

2002....... 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397

2003 1

....... 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410

2004........ 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419

2005...... 651 672 520 753 471 585 596 499 665 429

2006........ 671 690 554 784 486 600 609 519 699 440

2007........ 695 716 569 830 503 614 626 533 731 473

2008 1

....... 722 742 589 861 529 638 654 554 753 501

2009 ....... 739 757 601 880 541 657 669 582 779 509

2010 ....... 747 765 611 855 535 669 684 592 773 508

 See footnote at end of table.

Year 

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Total, both sexes Women

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

51
52

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2010 annual averages—Continued

1979........ $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 

1980........ 313 320 244 - 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 

1981........ 340 350 268 - 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 

1982........ 364 375 278 - 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 

1983........ 379 387 294 - 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 

1984........ 392 401 303 - 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 

1985......... 407 418 305 - 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 

1986 1

....... 419 433 319 - 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 

1987........ 434 450 327 - 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 

1988......... 449 465 348 - 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 

1989........ 468 482 348 - 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 

1990 1

....... 481 494 361 - 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 

1991........ 493 506 375 - 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 

1992........ 501 514 380 - 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 

1993........ 510 524 392 - 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 

1994 1

....... 522 547 400 - 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 

1995........ 538 566 411 - 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 

1996........ 557 580 412 - 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 

1997 1

....... 579 595 432 - 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 

1998 1

....... 598 615 468 - 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 

1999 1

....... 618 638 488 - 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 

2000 1

....... 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 

2001........ 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002....... 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 

2003 1

....... 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 

2004........ 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 

2005...... 722 743 559 825 489 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 

2006........ 743 761 591 882 505 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1 

2007........ 766 788 600 936 520 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0 

2008 1

....... 798 825 620 966 559 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6 

2009 ....... 819 845 621 952 569 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5 

2010 ....... 824 850 633 936 560 81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7 

Year 

Men Women's earnings as a percent of men's

Total

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

White Asian

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf. 

 NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people

who selected this race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who

reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000–02 are for the category

Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For more information, see the historical

comparability documentation. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic

or Latino may be of any race.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

52
53

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment 

and sex, 2010 annual averages

Total, both sexes

Total....................................................... 90,979 $782

 Less than a high school diploma .................. 7,153 444

 High school graduate or more............. 83,826 827

 High school graduates, no college............. 25,200 626

 Some college or associate's degree..................... 24,896 734

 Some college, no degree......................... 15,186 712

 Associate's degree.................................. 9,709 767

 Occupational program............................ 4,508 752

 Academic program............................... 5,202 780

 College graduates, total...................................33,731 1,144

 Bachelor's degree................................ 21,593 1,038

 Master's degree.................................. 8,924 1,272

 Professional degree.............................. 1,575 1,610

 Doctoral degree.................................. 1,639 1,550

Women

Total........................................................ 40,691 704

 Less than a high school diploma.................. 2,321 388

 High school graduate or more............. 38,369 730

 High school graduates, no college............. 10,449 543

 Some college or associate's degree..................... 12,018 638

 Some college, no degree......................... 7,005 616

 Associate's degree.................................. 5,013 677

 Occupational program............................ 2,218 653

 Academic program............................... 2,795 697

 College graduates, total...................................15,903 986

 Bachelor's degree............................... 10,164 909

 Master's degree.................................. 4,572 1,127

 Professional degree.............................. 580 1,362

 Doctoral degree.................................... 587 1,352

 Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

53
54

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and

salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment

and sex, 2010 annual averages—Continued

Men

Total....................................................... 50,289 $874

 Less than a high school diploma................. 4,832 486

 High school graduate or more............. 45,457 929

 High school graduates, no college............. 14,751 710

 Some college or associate's degree..................... 12,878 845

 Some college, no degree......................... 8,181 820

 Associate's degree.................................. 4,697 886

 Occupational program............................ 2,290 865

 Academic program............................... 2,407 909

 College graduates, total...................................17,828 1,330

 Bachelor's degree................................ 11,428 1,188

 Master's degree.................................. 4,352 1,488

 Professional degree............................. 996 1,881

 Doctoral degree................................... 1,052 1,686

Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

54
55

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages

Total, 16 years and older.......................................................99,531 $747 44,472 $669 55,059 $824 81.2

Management, professional, and related occupations................................................................ 39,145 1,063 20,136 923 19,009 1,256 73.5

Management, business, and financial 

 operations occupations................................................... 15,648 1,155 7,096 971 8,552 1,363 71.2

Management occupations........................................... 10,743 1,230 4,368 1,018 6,376 1,414 72.0

Chief executives...........................................................1,034 1,949 265 1,598 769 2,217 72.1

General and operations managers................................................... 884 1,237 258 972 626 1,354 71.8

Legislators......................................................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Advertising and promotions managers............................................ 71 1,021 47 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Marketing and sales managers......................................................... 854 1,335 368 1,010 485 1,534 65.8

Public relations managers.......................................... 76 1,163 43 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Administrative services managers............................... 96 1,241 29 ( 1 ) 68 1,350 ( 2 )

Computer and information systems managers............................................ 505 1,600 152 1,415 353 1,729 81.8

Financial managers.................................................. 1,046 1,227 552 1,022 494 1,546 66.1

Human resources managers..................................... 245 1,308 174 1,170 71 1,458 80.2

Industrial production managers.......................................................... 241 1,301 40 ( 1 ) 201 1,331 ( 2 )

Purchasing managers................................................. 195 1,272 85 1,050 110 1,394 75.3

Transportation, storage, and 

 distribution managers.................................................................. 248 919 40 ( 1 ) 208 920 ( 2 )

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers............................................ 96 789 8 ( 1 ) 88 780 ( 2 )

Construction managers............................................ 477 1,170 29 ( 1 ) 448 1,189 ( 2 )

Education administrators.............................................. 724 1,202 446 1,137 278 1,396 81.4

Engineering managers.....................................................106 1,885 8 ( 1 ) 98 1,888 ( 2 )

Food service managers.............................................. 598 709 290 626 308 796 78.6

Funeral directors........................................................ 27 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming managers........................................................... 19 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lodging managers................................................... 101 790 47 ( 1 ) 54 952 ( 2 )

Medical and health services managers............................................ 494 1,251 356 1,163 138 1,510 77.0

Natural sciences managers............................................................. 21 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postmasters and mail superintendents............................................................. 27 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Property, real estate, and

 community association managers.............................. 336 869 180 726 156 1,111 65.3

Social and community service managers................................... 289 968 202 915 87 1,163 78.7

Managers, all other..................................................... 1,922 1,242 703 1,045 1,219 1,395 74.9

Business and financial operations occupations....................................... 4,905 1,036 2,728 914 2,177 1,227 74.5

Agents and business managers of

 artists, performers, and athletes.............................................21 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products............................................. 11 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Wholesale and retail buyers,

 except farm products.........................................................130 798 63 756 67 895 84.5

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and 

 farm products................................................................. 210 990 110 907 101 1,127 80.5

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners,

 and investigators................................................... 253 904 144 810 108 1,055 76.8

Compliance officers, except agriculture, 

 construction, health and safety, and 

 transportation........................................................ 183 1,162 84 1,013 99 1,295 78.2

Cost estimators........................................................... 102 1,064 10 ( 1 ) 93 1,083 ( 2 )

Human resources, training, and labor relations 

 specialists.......................................................................... 743 941 531 874 212 1,101 79.4

Logisticians............................................................. 57 907 26 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Management analysts.................................................... 398 1,335 186 1,164 212 1,554 74.9

Meeting and convention planners.............................................. 49 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

55
56

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Other business operations specialists................................................. 210 $973 125 $846 85 $1,126 75.1

Accountants and auditors............................................ 1,372 1,065 811 953 561 1,273 74.9

Appraisers and assessors of real estate.......................................... 53 870 21 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Budget analysts.....................................................................47 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit analysts.....................................................................24 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial analysts..................................................................... 88 1,421 39 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal financial advisors........................................ 293 1,381 96 962 197 1,647 58.4

Insurance underwriters.................................................................... 120 1,102 72 970 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial examiners...............................................................9 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Loan counselors and officers..................................... 334 948 176 823 158 1,154 71.3

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents...........................72 829 48 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tax preparers....................................................................................... 54 1,061 37 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial specialists, all other...................................................71 830 47 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Professional and related occupations................................ 23,497 1,008 13,040 900 10,457 1,179 76.3

Computer and mathematical occupations............................................ 3,202 1,289 807 1,135 2,395 1,349 84.1

Computer scientists and systems analysts............................................... 681 1,220 207 1,013 474 1,295 78.2

Computer programmers....................................................429 1,218 96 1,177 333 1,243 94.7

Computer software engineers.................................... 973 1,549 200 1,445 773 1,590 90.9

Computer support specialists............................................................ 350 949 95 835 256 979 85.3

Database administrators........................................... 90 1,249 29 ( 1 ) 61 1,411 ( 2 )

Network and computer systems administrators......................... 215 1,207 37 ( 1 ) 178 1,224 ( 2 )

Network systems and data communications

 analysts.............................................................. 298 1,171 69 1,010 229 1,242 81.3

Actuaries................................................................. 21 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mathematicians............................................................................... 5 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operations research analysts............................................... 105 1,339 47 ( 1 ) 58 1,444 ( 2 )

Statisticians............................................................. 31 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous mathematical 

 science occupations................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Architecture and engineering occupations......................................... 2,366 1,255 293 1,040 2,073 1,293 80.4

Architects, except naval.............................................. 122 1,209 36 ( 1 ) 85 1,329 ( 2 )

Surveyors, cartographers, and

 photogrammetrists....................................................... 29 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Aerospace engineers.................................................. 121 1,593 10 ( 1 ) 111 1,662 ( 2 )

Agricultural engineers....................................................................... 1 ( 1 ) – – 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biomedical engineers...................................................... 11 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical engineers................................................... 68 1,505 11 ( 1 ) 57 1,516 ( 2 )

Civil engineers....................................................... 276 1,332 26 ( 1 ) 250 1,363 ( 2 )

Computer hardware engineers.................................... 63 1,519 6 ( 1 ) 57 1,525 ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics engineers.............................. 298 1,459 21 ( 1 ) 277 1,500 ( 2 )

Environmental engineers........................................... 32 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial engineers, including health and safety................................... 157 1,239 30 ( 1 ) 127 1,300 ( 2 )

Marine engineers and naval architects..................................... 13 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Materials engineers................................................. 38 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mechanical engineers................................................ 282 1,337 17 ( 1 ) 265 1,337 ( 2 )

Mining and geological engineers, including

 mining safety engineers............................................ 13 ( 1 ) – – 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear engineers.................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Petroleum engineers.................................................... 20 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Engineers, all other.................................................. 294 1,318 41 ( 1 ) 254 1,335 ( 2 )

Drafters............................................................................. 118 860 25 ( 1 ) 93 876 ( 2 )

Engineering technicians, except drafters............................................... 348 918 43 ( 1 ) 305 941 ( 2 )

Surveying and mapping technicians................................ 53 821 6 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

56
57

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Life, physical, and social science occupations............................................... 1,127 $1,062 506 $977 622 $1,158 84.4

Agricultural and food scientists..................................... 22 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological scientists...........................................................96 928 46 ( 1 ) 50 898 ( 2 )

Conservation scientists and foresters....................................21 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical scientists.......................................................... 125 999 67 952 58 1,227 77.6

Astronomers and physicists............................................... 9 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Atmospheric and space scientists......................................... 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemists and materials scientists.......................................99 1,423 33 ( 1 ) 66 1,424 ( 2 )

Environmental scientists and geoscientists.................................. 94 1,209 25 ( 1 ) 69 1,269 ( 2 )

Physical scientists, all other...................................... 122 1,077 46 ( 1 ) 76 1,238 ( 2 )

Economists.............................................................. 27 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Market and survey researchers...................................... 118 1,162 68 1,009 50 1,414 71.4

Psychologists....................................................................92 1,122 59 1,041 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sociologists............................................................. 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) – – ( 2 )

Urban and regional planners....................................... 18 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous social scientists and related

 workers....................................................................... 37 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural and food science technicians................................... 22 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological technicians.............................................. 18 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical technicians.........................................................57 890 20 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Geological and petroleum technicians........................................... 23 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear technicians...................................................... 1 ( 1 ) – – 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other life, physical, and social science

 technicians........................................................... 119 786 67 721 53 857 84.1

Community and social services occupations..................................... 1,909 802 1,208 774 702 864 89.6

Counselors..................................................................................... 517 808 363 818 154 780 104.9

Social workers................................................................... 701 799 557 788 144 865 91.1

Miscellaneous community and social service 

 specialists................................................................ 249 740 174 727 75 826 88.0

Clergy.................................................................... 356 905 52 757 304 920 82.3

Directors, religious activities and education................................ 37 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Religious workers, all other............................................ 50 688 30 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Legal occupations...................................................... 1,248 1,213 667 974 581 1,674 58.2

Lawyers.................................................................. 668 1,757 234 1,461 435 1,895 77.1

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers.................................. 66 1,444 22 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paralegals and legal assistants...........................................307 836 261 815 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous legal support workers.............................................. 207 762 151 715 55 935 76.5

Education, training, and library occupations............................................ 6,535 913 4,708 862 1,826 1,065 80.9

Postsecondary teachers.................................................. 901 1,166 383 1,011 518 1,308 77.3

Preschool and kindergarten teachers.......................................540 621 524 621 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Elementary and middle school teachers............................................. 2,408 946 1,947 931 461 1,024 90.9

Secondary school teachers............................................... 1,116 987 612 962 504 1,035 92.9

Special education teachers............................................. 327 965 274 960 54 993 96.7

Other teachers and instructors....................................... 350 789 196 714 154 927 77.0

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians.................................. 42 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Librarians................................................................... 157 863 125 841 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library technicians....................................................... 15 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Teacher assistants..................................................... 597 489 550 485 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other education, training, and library workers..................................... 81 956 64 943 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media 

 occupations.............................................................. 1,431 920 610 834 822 977 85.4

Artists and related workers.................................................66 1,064 19 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Designers................................................................. 462 890 222 757 240 1,001 75.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

57
58

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Actors................................................................... 8 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Producers and directors........................................................ 89 $1,120 37 ( 1 ) 52 $1,121 ( 2 )

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers................................ 109 812 26 ( 1 ) 83 929 ( 2 )

Dancers and choreographers.................................................... 6 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Musicians, singers, and related workers......................................... 31 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Entertainers and performers, sports and related

 workers, all other..................................................... 8 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Announcers....................................................................32 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

News analysts, reporters and correspondents................................ 67 840 26 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Public relations specialists............................................ 125 1,126 73 $1,034 52 1,253 82.5

Editors...................................................................... 115 945 57 855 58 968 88.3

Technical writers......................................................... 45 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Writers and authors................................................. 77 987 43 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous media and communication workers.............................. 51 679 35 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians 

 and radio operators..................................................... 64 848 6 ( 1 ) 58 842 ( 2 )

Photographers................................................................ 45 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Television, video, and motion picture camera

 operators and editors................................................... 28 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Media and communication equipment 

 workers, all others................................................................ 2 ( 1 ) – – 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Health care practitioner and technical occupations.......................................... 5,678 986 4,241 933 1,437 1,233 75.7

Chiropractors................................................................. 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dentists.................................................................. 41 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dietitians and nutritionists.............................................. 81 885 75 876 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Optometrists............................................................ 17 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pharmacists....................................................................185 1,880 88 1,605 97 1,930 83.2

Physicians and surgeons...................................................605 1,975 189 1,618 416 2,278 71.0

Physician assistants..................................................... 88 1,312 59 1,129 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Podiatrists.................................................................................... 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Registered nurses...................................................... 2,177 1,055 1,970 1,039 207 1,201 86.5

Audiologists.............................................................. 17 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupational therapists.....................................................65 1,059 57 1,094 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapists.................................................. 113 1,304 70 1,208 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Radiation therapists........................................................ 15 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Recreational therapists..................................................... 7 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Respiratory therapists............................................... 111 1,000 70 996 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Speech-language pathologists.................................. 91 1,207 88 1,184 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Therapists, all other..................................................... 96 878 72 846 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Veterinarians.............................................................. 46 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners,

 all other............................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians................................. 280 880 211 836 69 997 83.9

Dental hygienists..................................................... 53 897 50 898 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians................................... 278 980 192 956 87 1,038 92.1

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics................................... 159 732 53 597 106 825 72.4

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner 

 support technicians........................................................360 613 271 606 89 639 94.8

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses.................................. 453 718 413 716 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical records and health information

 technicians............................................................... 97 590 85 572 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Opticians, dispensing................................................. 48 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous health technologists and

 technicians............................................................ 128 645 92 627 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

58
59

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Other health care practitioners and technical

 occupations.......................................................... 57 $1,078 26 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Service occupations................................................................ 14,424 479 7,129 $423 7,294 $543 77.9

Health care support occupations.............................................. 2,219 471 1,949 465 270 515 90.3

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.......................................... 1,329 434 1,156 427 173 488 87.5

Occupational therapist assistants and aides................. 8 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapist assistants and aides.......................................61 622 39 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Massage therapists.................................................. 31 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dental assistants....................................................... 181 580 178 577 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical assistants and other health care support

 occupations........................................................... 609 502 548 500 61 518 96.5

Protective service occupations......................................... 2,872 747 568 606 2,304 800 75.8

First-line supervisors/managers of correctional 

 officers................................................................. 44 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors/managers of police and 

 detectives............................................................. 103 1,116 17 ( 1 ) 86 1,137 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and

 prevention workers.................................................. 43 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Supervisors, protective service workers, all other...................... 95 782 26 ( 1 ) 69 828 ( 2 )

Fire fighters............................................................ 280 1,044 12 ( 1 ) 268 1,055 ( 2 )

Fire inspectors......................................................... 16 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers.............................................. 445 685 113 625 333 724 86.3

Detectives and criminal investigators....................................155 1,161 38 ( 1 ) 116 1,261 ( 2 )

Fish and game wardens................................................... 4 ( 1 ) – – 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking enforcement workers................................................11 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Police and sheriff's patrol officers................................... 704 961 96 772 608 992 77.8

Transit and railroad police................................................................. 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal control workers................................................. 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Private detectives and investigators............................... 65 791 23 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers............................... 835 507 187 463 648 519 89.2

Crossing guards.......................................................... 17 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lifeguards and other protective service workers................................. 45 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related occupations............................................ 3,823 406 1,825 387 1,998 423 91.5

Chefs and head cooks............................................. 275 602 38 ( 1 ) 237 618 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors/managers of food 

 preparation and serving workers............................................ 446 473 248 436 198 512 85.2

Cooks....................................................................... 1,173 393 442 381 731 401 95.0

Food preparation workers........................................ 296 381 143 367 153 390 94.1

Bartenders............................................................ 199 484 101 405 98 533 76.0

Combined food preparation and serving workers, 

 including fast food............................................... 141 369 85 388 56 346 112.1

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, 

 and coffee shop........................................................ 80 306 57 309 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Waiters and waitresses.............................................. 824 401 538 381 287 450 84.7

Food servers, nonrestaurant...................................... 85 405 48 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and 

 bartender helpers...............................................................148 362 68 343 80 396 86.6

Dishwashers............................................................. 106 339 22 ( 1 ) 84 327 ( 2 )

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and 

 coffee shop......................................................... 47 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related workers,

 all other................................................................. 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

59
60

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 

 occupations...............................................................3,310 $446 1,163 $391 2,146 $493 79.3

First-line supervisors/managers of 

 housekeeping and janitorial workers........................................ 164 621 62 478 103 700 68.3

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, 

 lawn service, and groundskeeping workers................... 104 732 8 ( 1 ) 97 743 ( 2 )

Janitors and building cleaners...................................... 1,536 463 437 400 1,099 494 81.0

Maids and housekeeping cleaners.................................. 745 387 627 376 119 455 82.6

Pest control workers.................................................... 58 655 1 ( 1 ) 57 647 ( 2 )

Grounds maintenance workers...................................... 701 433 30 ( 1 ) 671 433 ( 2 )

Personal care and service occupations........................... 2,199 455 1,624 432 576 519 83.2

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming

 workers..................................................................... 87 697 45 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors/managers of personal 

 service workers...............................................................58 510 37 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal trainers...................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nonfarm animal caretakers............................................... 78 455 50 458 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming services workers........................................... 86 679 37 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Motion picture projectionists...................................................7 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers.................................... 16 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and

 related workers...................................................... 83 369 38 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Funeral service workers............................................ 8 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Barbers................................................................ 31 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists............................ 291 468 260 462 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers...................................... 146 430 124 420 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges.................................62 538 10 ( 1 ) 52 564 ( 2 )

Tour and travel guides................................................ 10 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation attendants............................................. 71 729 50 613 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Child care workers...................................................... 388 400 361 398 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal and home care aides................................... 499 406 420 405 79 414 97.8

Recreation and fitness workers........................................ 192 492 121 470 71 541 86.9

Residential advisors........................................................ 47 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal care and service workers, all other............................. 32 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and office occupations...............................................23,060 631 14,220 597 8,840 736 81.1

Sales and related occupations.............................................9,121 666 4,063 516 5,058 805 64.1

First-line supervisors/managers of retail 

 sales workers......................................................... 2,142 676 975 578 1,168 782 73.9

First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail 

 sales workers................... ..................................... 740 960 228 801 512 1,035 77.4

Cashiers....................................................................1,298 376 928 366 370 400 91.5

Counter and rental clerks......................................... 87 524 41 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parts salespersons................................................. 108 623 15 ( 1 ) 93 676 ( 2 )

Retail salespersons..................................................... 1,745 527 734 421 1,011 651 64.7

Advertising sales agents............................................. 192 861 87 838 105 897 93.4

Insurance sales agents............................................. 342 741 184 649 158 973 66.7

Securities, commodities, and financial services 

 sales agents............................................................. 263 1,185 89 892 174 1,423 62.7

Travel agents.................................................................................. 50 612 39 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales representatives, services, all other....................................... 403 899 130 748 272 1,009 74.1

Sales representatives, wholesale and 

 manufacturing.......................................................... 1,063 958 255 842 808 983 85.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

60
61

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters................... 16 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................... 361 $820 187 $683 174 $978 69.8

Sales engineers......................................................... 22 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telemarketers........................................................ 63 481 40 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Door-to-door salesworkers, news and street 

 vendors, and related workers...................................... 32 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and related workers, all other............................... 193 837 107 808 86 892 90.6

Office and administrative support occupations................................................. 13,939 619 10,158 612 3,782 656 93.3

First-line supervisors/managers of office and 

 administrative support workers..................................... 1,329 761 889 726 440 890 81.6

Switchboard operators, including answering

 service................................................................... 25 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telephone operators.............................................. 24 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Communications equipment operators, all other................................ 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bill and account collectors......................................... 201 612 122 634 79 579 109.5

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators........................381 606 348 607 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks............................ 842 630 752 628 89 677 92.8

Gaming cage workers................................................. 5 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Payroll and timekeeping clerks.................................... 152 663 133 672 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Procurement clerks...................................................... 21 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tellers...................................................................... 332 487 297 490 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brokerage clerks....................................................... 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Correspondence clerks................................................. 11 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Court, municipal, and license clerks.............................. 82 674 66 661 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks........................................ 41 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Customer service representatives................................ 1,526 596 1,010 586 515 614 95.4

Eligibility interviewers, government programs..................................... 85 725 72 722 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

File clerks......................................................................240 577 194 583 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks.................................... 82 437 59 415 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan..................................... 121 590 95 587 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library assistants, clerical......................................................... 38 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Loan interviewers and clerks............................................ 126 674 97 650 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

New accounts clerks........................................................... 31 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Order clerks.......................................................... 89 612 53 613 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Human resources assistants, except payroll and

 timekeeping.............................................................. 38 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Receptionists and information clerks.......................................881 530 815 529 66 547 96.7

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and

 travel clerks............................................................ 85 661 52 644 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Information and record clerks, all other....................................... 106 601 95 596 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cargo and freight agents................................................. 16 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Couriers and messengers............................................... 180 715 26 ( 1 ) 153 755 ( 2 )

Dispatchers................................................................ 257 664 159 624 99 721 86.5

Meter readers, utilities........................................................... 34 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postal service clerks.................................................... 115 915 50 882 66 933 94.5

Postal service mail carriers......................................... 283 936 94 897 189 952 94.2

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and

 processing machine operators...................................... 65 957 27 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production, planning, and expediting clerks..........................249 754 136 695 113 855 81.3

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks.......................................... 480 542 130 518 350 553 93.7

Stock clerks and order fillers......................................... 943 482 327 495 615 471 105.1

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,

 recordkeeping....................................................... 59 607 24 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Secretaries and administrative assistants.................................. 2,399 659 2,297 657 102 725 90.6

Computer operators................................................... 104 751 54 654 50 866 75.5

Data entry keyers...................................................... 293 $591 232 585 60 610 95.9

Word processors and typists............................................ 114 634 103 627 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

61
62

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Desktop publishers.................................................. 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) – – ( 2 )

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks......................... 208 $629 173 $626 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, 

 except postal service.............................................. 72 507 36 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office clerks, general............................................... 705 600 595 597 110 $632 94.5

Office machine operators, except computer........................................... 33 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Proofreaders and copy markers................................................. 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Statistical assistants................................................... 15 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office and administrative support workers, all

 other........................................................................ 399 659 309 632 90 750 84.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 

 occupations..................................................................9,869 719 406 537 9,464 726 74.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations................................................... 729 416 151 369 577 438 84.2

First-line supervisors/managers of farming,

 fishing, and forestry workers............................................ 31 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural inspectors.................................................. 25 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal breeders.......................................................... 2 ( 1 ) – – 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Graders and sorters, agricultural products...................................... 84 399 54 381 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous agricultural workers................................................. 528 400 81 349 447 415 84.1

Fishers and related fishing workers................................................. 11 ( 1 ) – – 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hunters and trappers.............................................................. 2 ( 1 ) – – 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forest and conservation workers.................................................. 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Logging workers..................................................... 40 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and extraction occupations....................................... 5,020 709 102 646 4,918 710 91.0

First-line supervisors/managers of

 construction trades and extraction workers..................................... 494 955 18 ( 1 ) 477 960 ( 2 )

Boilermakers.............................................................. 25 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons........................................ 106 701 – – 106 701 ( 2 )

Carpenters............................................................... 669 623 10 ( 1 ) 659 624 ( 2 )

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.............................................. 115 536 – – 115 536 ( 2 )

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and 

 terrazzo workers....................................................... 63 556 – – 63 556 ( 2 )

Construction laborers.............................................. 877 568 19 ( 1 ) 858 569 ( 2 )

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment 

 operators...........................................................................16 ( 1 ) – – 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pile-driver operators.................................................. 2 ( 1 ) – – 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operating engineers and other construction 

 equipment operators............................................... 328 859 4 ( 1 ) 325 864 ( 2 )

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers................... 118 507 1 ( 1 ) 117 509 ( 2 )

Electricians...................................................................560 888 8 ( 1 ) 552 890 ( 2 )

Glaziers.................................................................. 35 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insulation workers............................................................28 ( 1 ) – – 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Painters, construction and maintenance.......................................... 299 521 13 ( 1 ) 286 520 ( 2 )

Paperhangers.....................................................................1 ( 1 ) – – 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................... 396 796 6 ( 1 ) 389 793 ( 2 )

Plasterers and stucco masons.................................... 29 ( 1 ) – – 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers............................................... 2 ( 1 ) – – 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roofers...................................................................... 146 521 – – 146 521 ( 2 )

Sheet metal workers.................................................. 89 751 4 ( 1 ) 85 733 ( 2 )

Structural iron and steel workers......................................... 51 767 – – 51 767 ( 2 )

Helpers, construction trades.......................................... 42 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and building inspectors................................... 85 949 6 ( 1 ) 79 949 ( 2 )

Elevator installers and repairers.............................................32 ( 1 ) – – 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fence erectors............................................................... 30 ( 1 ) – – 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hazardous materials removal workers.......................................... 35 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Highway maintenance workers............................................102 715 3 ( 1 ) 99 729 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

62
63

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment

 operators..................................................................................... 12 ( 1 ) – – 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners......................................... 12 ( 1 ) – – 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous construction and related workers............................................ 30 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators,

 oil, gas, and mining................................................ 38 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Earth drillers, except oil and gas..................................... 18 ( 1 ) – – 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts,

 and blasters........................................................... 9 ( 1 ) – – 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mining machine operators................................................................. 60 $996 2 ( 1 ) 58 $995 ( 2 )

Roof bolters, mining................................................ 4 ( 1 ) – – 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roustabouts, oil and gas............................................ 10 ( 1 ) – – 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—extraction workers....................................... 6 ( 1 ) – – 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other extraction workers............................................ 48 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................................... 4,120 794 152 $683 3,968 799 85.5

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics,

 installers, and repairers........................................... 365 964 26 ( 1 ) 339 979 ( 2 )

Computer, automated teller, and office machine 

 repairers.....................................................................231 804 23 ( 1 ) 208 814 ( 2 )

Radio and telecommunications equipment 

 installers and repairers...................................................155 916 16 ( 1 ) 139 942 ( 2 )

Avionics technicians................................................... 18 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers.................................................... 25 ( 1 ) – – 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics installers and

 repairers, transportation equipment.................................... 4 ( 1 ) – – 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial

 and utility.............................................................. 18 ( 1 ) – – 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic equipment installers and repairers,

 motor vehicles............................................................................... 10 ( 1 ) – – 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic home entertainment equipment

 installers and repairers.............................................. 39 ( 1 ) – – 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Security and fire alarm systems installers....................................50 904 1 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians................................. 129 980 4 ( 1 ) 126 986 ( 2 )

Automotive body and related repairers................................... 126 682 1 ( 1 ) 126 683 ( 2 )

Automotive glass installers and repairers....................................17 ( 1 ) – – 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Automotive service technicians and mechanics.......................................... 595 675 11 ( 1 ) 585 680 ( 2 )

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine 

 specialists............................................................ 300 767 1 ( 1 ) 298 768 ( 2 )

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service 

 technicians and mechanics................................................216 879 3 ( 1 ) 213 879 ( 2 )

Small engine mechanics............................................... 41 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment

 mechanics, installers, and repairers................................ 78 521 – – 78 521 ( 2 )

Control and valve installers and repairers..................................... 22 ( 1 ) – – 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration 

 mechanics and installers............................................ 311 824 3 ( 1 ) 308 826 ( 2 )

Home appliance repairers........................................... 33 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics................................ 417 858 14 ( 1 ) 403 866 ( 2 )

Maintenance and repair workers, general..................................... 300 693 9 ( 1 ) 291 692 ( 2 )

Maintenance workers, machinery............................... 28 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Millwrights.................................................................... 43 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical power-line installers and repairers................................................ 118 1,087 1 ( 1 ) 117 1,085 ( 2 )

Telecommunications line installers and repairers.............................. 150 863 12 ( 1 ) 137 873 ( 2 )

Precision instrument and equipment repairers................................. 53 914 8 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Women Men

63
64

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Coin, vending, and amusement machine 

 servicers and repairers.............................................. 28 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locksmiths and safe repairers................................................15 ( 1 ) – – 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Manufactured building and mobile home installers........................7 ( 1 ) – – 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Riggers.................................................................. 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Signal and track switch repairers.............................................6 ( 1 ) – – 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair

 workers................................................................... 22 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other installation, maintenance, and repair

 workers.................................................................. 142 $664 6 ( 1 ) 136 $671 ( 2 )

Production, transportation, and material moving 

 occupations........................................................................ 13,034 599 2,581 $473 10,453 640 73.9

Production occupations................................................ 6,861 599 1,776 481 5,085 664 72.4

First-line supervisors/managers of production 

 and operating workers............................................. 657 800 104 602 552 846 71.2

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems

 assemblers............................................................. 27 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical 

 assemblers............................................................ 130 507 72 481 58 622 77.3

Engine and other machine assemblers................................................. 30 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Structural metal fabricators and fitters...................................23 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators..................................... 713 519 264 475 449 581 81.8

Bakers.................................................................... 147 416 72 406 74 435 93.3

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish

 processing workers..................................................... 281 498 64 478 217 508 94.1

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying

 machine operators and tenders................................. 10 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food batchmakers.................................................... 78 510 35 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food cooking machine operators and tenders..............................7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Computer control programmers and operators...................................... 57 824 3 ( 1 ) 54 834 ( 2 )

Extruding and drawing machine setters,

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic..................... 8 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic..................................................... 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic...................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic..................... 74 574 15 ( 1 ) 58 637 ( 2 )

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic....................... 1 ( 1 ) – – 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine 

 tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

 plastic...........................................................................49 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic................................. 18 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Milling and planing machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic....................................................... 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Machinists............................................................... 355 794 10 ( 1 ) 345 802 ( 2 )

Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders....................................... 20 ( 1 ) – – 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and

 plastic..................................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders and molding machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........................... 45 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic........................................... 7 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women Men

Occupation

Both sexes

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

64
65

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Tool and die makers.........................................................62 $921 – – 62 $922 ( 2 )

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers....................................... 416 648 24 ( 1 ) 391 661 ( 2 )

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic........................................................ 5 ( 1 ) – – 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lay-out workers, metal and plastic..................................... 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Plating and coating machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic.................................. 16 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners.............................................. 7 ( 1 ) – – 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other...................................... 302 599 64 $496 237 629 78.9

Bookbinders and bindery workers............................................... 15 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Job printers............................................................... 48 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Prepress technicians and workers........................................36 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Printing machine operators........................................ 137 625 29 ( 1 ) 108 657 ( 2 )

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers............................... 115 371 68 361 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials.................. 37 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sewing machine operators.......................................... 125 429 92 410 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe and leather workers and repairers............................................. 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe machine operators and tenders..........................................6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers.............................. 33 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators

 and tenders.....................................................................5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and

 tenders............................................................... 5 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,

 operators, and tenders................................................ 9 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out 

 machine setters, operators, and tenders....................................... 12 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Extruding and forming machine setters, 

 operators and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers.................................. 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) – – ( 2 )

Fabric and apparel patternmakers..................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Upholsterers.............................................................. 14 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other......................................... 19 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters...................................... 45 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furniture finishers........................................................ 10 ( 1 ) – – 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sawing machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, wood.......................................................... 30 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and

 tenders, except sawing................................................................... 17 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworkers, all other..................................................................... 15 ( 1 ) – – 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Power plant operators, distributors, and

 dispatchers.......................................................... 40 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Stationary engineers and boiler operators..................................... 93 900 2 ( 1 ) 91 899 ( 2 )

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and 

 system operators........................................................ 72 857 4 ( 1 ) 68 859 ( 2 )

Miscellaneous plant and system operators.................................... 35 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical processing machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders.................................................... 50 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and 

 blending workers....................................................... 76 696 10 ( 1 ) 66 671 ( 2 )

Cutting workers........................................................ 58 524 11 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting

 machine setters, operators, and tenders..................................... 41 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators

 and tenders......................................................... 13 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and

 weighers................................................................. 602 716 195 549 407 792 69.3

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers......................... 12 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Women

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Occupation

Both sexes

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

65
66

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory 

 technicians................................................................ 69 $624 37 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packaging and filling machine operators and 

 tenders.......................................................................233 472 114 $438 120 $493 88.8

Painting workers...................................................... 121 647 12 ( 1 ) 109 662 ( 2 )

Photographic process workers and processing 

 machine operators............................................................. 30 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Semiconductor processors........................................... 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cementing and gluing machine operators and

 tenders....................................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling

 equipment operators and tenders.............................. 9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and

 tenders............................................................... 3 ( 1 ) – – 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Etchers and engravers................................................. 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal

 and plastic................................................................... 22 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and

 tenders............................................................... 35 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tire builders.................................................................. 24 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—production workers......................................... 37 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production workers, all other..................................... 839 543 238 486 602 583 83.4

Transportation and material moving occupations...................................... 6,172 599 805 447 5,368 618 72.3

Supervisors, transportation and material moving 

 workers.................................................................... 230 743 57 615 172 758 81.1

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers............................... 82 1,365 3 ( 1 ) 79 1,360 ( 2 )

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations

 specialists............................................................. 46 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except

 emergency medical technicians................................ 11 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bus drivers................................................................... 332 574 148 502 184 660 76.1

Driver/salesworkers and truck drivers........................................ 2,386 686 79 492 2,307 691 71.2

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs......................................... 251 537 35 ( 1 ) 216 570 ( 2 )

Motor vehicle operators, all other....................................... 23 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locomotive engineers and operators................................... 58 1,268 1 ( 1 ) 57 1,268 ( 2 )

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators............................... 7 ( 1 ) – – 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Railroad conductors and yardmasters................................ 56 1,198 3 ( 1 ) 53 1,230 ( 2 )

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation

 workers.................................................................. 10 ( 1 ) – – 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sailors and marine oilers.............................................................. 25 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship and boat captains and operators......................................... 30 ( 1 ) – – 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship engineers.............................................................. 7 ( 1 ) – – 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bridge and lock tenders............................................ 2 ( 1 ) – – 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking lot attendants................................................... 41 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

66
67

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2010 annual averages—Continued

Service station attendants............................................... 57 $393 7 ( 1 ) 50 $406 ( 2 )

Transportation inspectors........................................................... 40 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other transportation workers............................................. 12 ( 1 ) - - 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Conveyor operators and tenders....................................... 7 ( 1 ) - - 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Crane and tower operators.................................................... 48 ( 1 ) - - 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine

 operators.............................................................. 35 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hoist and winch operators............................................... 3 ( 1 ) - - 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial truck and tractor operators...................................... 459 559 29 ( 1 ) 430 556 ( 2 )

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment....................................235 448 31 ( 1 ) 204 452 ( 2 )

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, 

 hand................................................................... 1,155 497 183 $419 973 508 82.4

Machine feeders and offbearers................................ 27 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packers and packagers, hand.......................................... 346 400 187 389 159 413 94.2

Pumping station operators.......................................... 21 ( 1 ) - - 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Refuse and recyclable material collectors.................................... 77 481 4 ( 1 ) 74 491 ( 2 )

Shuttle car operators................................................ 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Material moving workers, all other.................................................... 51 742 4 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Number of 

Workers 

(in 

thousands)

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

 1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

 2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000.

 NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

67
68

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 

2010 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 99,531 $747 44,472 $669 55,059 $824 81.2

Agriculture and related industries ............................................................................ 984 477 178 398 806 490 81.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ................................................................................................... 678 1,035 83 924 594 1,086 85.1

Construction ......................................................................................... 5,844 746 461 729 5,383 748 97.5

Manufacturing ....................................................................................... 12,592 768 3,398 629 9,194 828 76.0

Durable goods .................................................................................... 7,936 808 1,894 661 6,042 875 75.5

Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 4,655 701 1,503 595 3,152 759 78.4

Wholesale and retail trade .................................................................... 12,880 612 5,182 519 7,697 684 75.9

Wholesale trade .................................................................................. 3,062 776 865 689 2,196 826 83.4

Retail trade ......................................................................................... 9,818 575 4,317 498 5,501 633 78.7

Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 5,833 850 1,268 730 4,565 884 82.6

Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 4,619 805 1,014 702 3,605 838 83.8

Utilities ................................................................................................ 1,214 1,019 254 841 960 1,090 77.2

Information ......................................................................................... 2,501 907 970 779 1,531 1,007 77.4

Financial activities ................................................................................ 7,429 849 4,056 734 3,373 1,075 68.3

Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 5,750 901 3,325 748 2,426 1,233 60.7

Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 1,679 711 731 656 947 754 87.0

Professional and business services ..................................................... 10,455 857 4,137 739 6,318 976 75.7

Professional and technical services ................................................... 6,423 1,126 2,699 877 3,724 1,348 65.1

Management, administrative, and waste

 services................................................................. 4,032 548 1,438 517 2,594 573 90.2

Education and health services .............................................................. 23,513 776 17,226 738 6,287 938 78.7

Educational services .......................................................................... 9,930 876 6,659 843 3,271 958 88.0

Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 13,583 706 10,567 665 3,016 909 73.2

Leisure and hospitality .......................................................................... 6,543 475 3,028 430 3,514 508 84.6

Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 1,571 618 679 570 892 682 83.6

Accomodation and food services ....................................................... 4,972 431 2,349 405 2,623 471 84.5

Other services ...................................................................................... 3,808 615 1,660 533 2,148 695 76.7

Other services, except private households ........................................ 3,486 637 1,383 571 2,104 700 81.6

Private households ............................................................................ 322 410 277 408 ( 1

 ) 422 ( 1 )

Public administration...................................................................................... 6,473 897 2,824 770 3,649 1,006 76.5

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Industry

Total, both sexes Women Men

 1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

68
69

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2010 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.......................... 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971....................................... 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 3..............................82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 3

..........................85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974......................... 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975.......................... 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976.......................... 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977......................... 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 3

.........................96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979................................... 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980....................... 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981...........................100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982....................... 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983............................ 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984.........................105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985................... 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 3.................. 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987.................... 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988...........................114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989................................ 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 3.................. 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991...........................117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992................... 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993............................. 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 3.................. 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995................... 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996..........................126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997 3.................. 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 3

.................. 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999 3................... 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 3............................ 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001...........................136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002....................... 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 3

.......................137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 ....................... 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 ................ 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006 ....................................... 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007 ....................................... 146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008 3

.......................145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009 ....................... 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

2010 ....................... 139,064 111,714 27,350 80.3 19.7

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Total, both sexes

69
70

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2010 annual 

averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.......................... 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1 

1971....................................... 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 

1972 3..............................31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 

1973 3..........................32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 

1974......................... 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 

1975.......................... 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 

1976.......................... 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 

1977......................... 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 

1978 3

.........................39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 

1979................................... 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 

1980....................... 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 

1981...........................43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 

1982....................... 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 

1983............................44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 

1984......................... 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 

1985................... 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 

1986 3.................. 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 

1987.................... 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 

1988...........................51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 

1989................................ 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 

1990 3

.................. 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 

1991...........................53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 

1992................... 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 

1993............................. 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 

1994 3.................. 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 

1995................... 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 

1996.......................... 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 

1997 3.................. 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 

1998 3.................. 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 

1999 3................... 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 

2000 3

............................ 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 

2001...........................63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 

2002....................... 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 

2003 3....................... 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 

2004 ....................... 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 

2005 ................ 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2 

2006 ....................................... 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7 

2007 ....................................... 67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7 

2008 3....................... 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6 

2009 ....................... 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5 

2010 ....................... 65,705 48,214 17,491 73.4 26.6 

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Women

70
71

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2010 annual 

averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.......................... 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971....................................... 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 3

..............................50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 3

..........................52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974......................... 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975.......................... 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976.......................... 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977......................... 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 3

.........................56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979................................... 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980....................... 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981...........................57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982....................... 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983............................56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984......................... 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985................... 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 3

.................. 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987.................... 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988...........................63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989................................ 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 3

.................. 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991...........................64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992................... 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993............................. 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 3.................. 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995................... 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996.......................... 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 3

.................. 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 3

.................. 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 3................... 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Men

71
72

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2010 annual 

averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

2000 3

............................ 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001...........................73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002....................... 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 3

....................... 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 ....................... 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 ................ 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 ....................................... 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007 ....................................... 78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008 3

....................... 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009 ....................... 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

2010 ....................... 73,359 63,501 9,858 86.6 13.4

Year

Men

 1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part time but who worked 35 or more hours during the

reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total

includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for

noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who

usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work

for the entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference

week. These groups are not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and

conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the historical comparability

documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

72
73

Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in 

nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2010 annual averages 

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976........... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977........... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 1

.......... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979........... 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980........... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981........... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982........... 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983........... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984.......... 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985........... 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 1

.......... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987........... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988............ 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989........... 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 1

.......... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991........... 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992........... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993.......... 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 1

.......... 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995.......... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996.......... 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 1.......... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 1

.......... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 1.......... 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 1

........... 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001........... 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002........... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 1

........... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004........... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005........ 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006............................... 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

2007............................... 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 1

........... 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 ........... 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

2010 ........... 38.2 35.5 40.5 38.1 35.6 40.4

 

Year

 1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by

methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). 

For an explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

73
74

Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2009

(Percent distribution)

Year

Total

Total, both sexes 

1970....................... 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 

1975....................... 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 

1980....................... 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 

1985....................... 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 

1990 ...........................189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 

1995....................... 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 

2000 ...........................214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 

2005.................................................. 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7 

2006.................................................. 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4 

2007.................................................. 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3 

2008.................................................. 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0 

2009.................................................. 237,158 153,929 64.9 100.0 78.3 64.0 14.3 21.7 11.3 10.4 

Women

1970....................... 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 

1975....................... 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 

1980....................... 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 

1985....................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 

1990 ...........................98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

1995....................... 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 

2000 ............................111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 

2005...................................................... 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2 

2006.................................................. 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9 

2007.................................................. 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2 

2008.................................................. 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.8 

2009.................................................. 122,339 72,855 59.6 100.0 71.5 59.3 12.2 28.5 15.8 12.7 

Men

1970....................... 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 

1975....................... 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 

1980....................... 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 

1985....................... 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 

1990 ...........................90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 

1995....................... 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 

2000 ..............................102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 

2005.................................... 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7 

2006.................................................. 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5 

2007.................................................. 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7 

2008.................................................. 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5 

2009.................................................. 114,820 81,073 70.6 100.0 84.4 68.3 16.1 15.6 7.3 8.3 

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks

Population 

(in 

thousands)

With work experience Percent distribution by work experience

Total 

(in 

thousands)

Percent of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

 NOTE: These data reflect the work experience of the entire year. 

 SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2010, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics

74
75

Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2009

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total

Husband 

and 

wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967............43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968............43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969............44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - - - -

1970............44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971............45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972............46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973............47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974............47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975............47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976............48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977............48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978............48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979............49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - - - -

1980............49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981............49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982............49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983............50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984............50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985............50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986............. 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987............51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988............52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148 

1989............52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138 

1990............52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164 

1991............52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197 

1992............53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199 

1993............53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156 

1994............53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151 

1995............53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127 

1996............53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123 

1997............54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158 

1998............54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141 

1999............55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167 

2000............56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139 

2001............56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129 

2002............57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121 

2003............57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117 

2004...............58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123 

2005.......................... 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121 

2006.......................... 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142 

2007.......................... 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149 

2008.......................... 59,137 8,078 14,606 10,552 3,434 620 36,452 33,905 1,739 650 158 

2009.......................... 58,423 8,454 15,001 10,542 3,838 621 34,968 32,280 1,789 739 160 

 See note at end of table.

Two earners or more

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner

75
76

Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2009—Continued

(Percent distribution)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967............100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968............100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969............100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - - - -

1970............100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971............100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972............100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973........... 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974............100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975............100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976............100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977............100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978............100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979............100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - - - -

1980............100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981............100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982............100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983............100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984............100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985............100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986............100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987............100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988............100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3 

1989............100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 .8 .3 

1990............100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 .9 .3 

1991............100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4 

1992............100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4 

1993............100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3 

1994............100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3 

1995............100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2 

1996............100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2 

1997............100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3 

1998............100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3 

1999............100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3 

2000............100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2 

2001............100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2 

2002............100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2 

2003............100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2 

2004..................... 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 .9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.0 .2 

2005..................... 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 .2 

2006..................... 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 .2 

2007.......................... 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 .3 

2008.......................... 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.8 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 .3 

2009.......................... 100.0 14.5 25.7 18.0 6.6 1.1 59.9 55.3 3.1 1.3 .3 

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two earners or more

 NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Dash indicates data not available. 

 SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2010, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics 

76
77

Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to 

family income, 1970–2009

1970....................................... 26.6

1971....................................... 27.5

1972......................................... 26.7

1973.......................................... 26.0

1974....................................... 25.4

1975....................................... 26.3

1976....................................... 26.4

1977....................................... 26.1

1978...................................... 26.1

1979...................................... 26.0

1980....................................... 26.7

1981....................................... 27.3

1982...................................... 28.4

1983....................................... 28.8

1984....................................... 28.4

1985....................................... 28.3

1986...................................... 29.0

1987...................................... 29.5

1988...................................... 29.6

1989....................................... 29.9

1990....................................... 30.7

1991....................................... 31.3

1992....................................... 32.4

1993....................................... 32.2

1994....................................... 31.9

1995....................................... 31.9

1996....................................... 32.6

1997....................................... 32.7

1998....................................... 32.8

1999....................................... 32.8

2000....................................... 33.5

2001....................................... 34.4

2002....................................... 34.8

2003....................................... 35.2

2004......................................................34.9

2005................................................................ 35.1

2006................................................................ 35.6

2007................................................................ 36.0

2008................................................................ 36.0

2009................................................................ 37.1

Year

Contribution to 

family income 

(median percent)

 NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work

experience of the entire year. 

 SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic

Supplements, 1971–2010, Current Population Survey, 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

77
78

Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2009

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple 

families in which 

wife (but not 

necessarily 

husband) had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than 

their 

husbands 

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than their 

husbands 

Married-couple 

families in which 

both wife and 

husband had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than 

their

husbands 

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than their 

husbands 

1987..........................32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988............................ 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989..........................33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990...........................33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991............................. 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992..............................33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993............................ 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994...........................35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995............................. 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996......................... 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997........................... 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998..............................35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999................................ 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000...............................37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001............................ 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002............................ 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003........................... 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004........................ 36,710 11,985 32.6 33,110 8,386 25.3

2005................... 37,055 12,215 33.0 33,364 8,524 25.5

2006................... 37,733 12,601 33.4 33,838 8,707 25.7

2007................... 37,536 12,570 33.5 33,678 8,712 25.9

2008................... 37,988 13,104 34.5 33,905 9,020 26.6

2009................... 36,858 13,903 37.7 32,280 9,326 28.9

Year

Families in which wives have earnings 

but husbands may not 1

Families in which both wives and husbands 

have earnings 2

 1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

 2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

 NOTE: Data reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. 

 SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2010, Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics

78
79

Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal 

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2010 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

Total, 16 years and over........................................72,902 4,361 6.0 1,820 2,541

 16 to 24 years...................................................14,061 2,135 15.2 955 1,180

 25 years and over..............................................58,842 2,225 3.8 865 1,360

Women, 16 years and over....................................37,404 2,749 7.3 1,151 1,598

 16 to 24 years................................................... 7,148 1,286 18.0 543 743

 25 years and over..............................................30,256 1,463 4.8 608 855

Men, 16 years and over.........................................35,498 1,612 4.5 669 943

 16 to 24 years................................................... 6,913 851 12.3 413 438

 25 years and over..............................................28,585 762 2.7 257 505

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White........................................................................................................................... 58,529 3,429 5.9 1,414 2,015

 Women......................................................................................... 29,580 2,174 7.3 875 1,299

 Men........................................................................................ 28,949 1,254 4.3 538 716

Black or African American.................................... 9,436 650 6.9 301 349

 Women......................................................................................... 5,299 406 7.7 209 197

 Men........................................................................................ 4,137 244 5.9 92 152

Asian.......................................................................................................................................................... 2,920 140 4.8 36 104

 Women......................................................................................... 1,513 81 5.4 24 57

 Men........................................................................................ 1,406 59 4.2 12 47

Hispanic or Latino ............................................................................................................................................... 12,977 822 6.3 360 462

 Women...................................................... 5,503 468 8.5 207 261

 Men............................................................ 7,474 355 4.7 154 201

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage

Below 

prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage

79
80

Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal 

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2010 annual averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Full- and part-time status 1

Full-time workers.................................................52,803 1,634 3.1 595 1,039

 Women.............................................................24,229 935 3.9 340 595

 Men................................................................28,574 699 2.4 255 444

Part-time workers................................................19,994 2,716 13.6 1,220 1,496

 Women............................................................13,123 1,805 13.8 807 998

 Men................................................................ 6,871 911 13.3 413 498

 

 

 

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage

Below 

prevailing 

federal 

minimum 

wage

 1 Full time refers to persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week; part time refers to persons who usually work

fewer than 35 hours per week. Data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not

identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

 NOTE: The prevailing federal minimum wage was $7.25 an hour in 2010. Data are for wage and salary workers,

excluding the incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain

only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for

the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented

for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

80
81

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, 

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and older......................................... 147,902 120,560 16,864 6,948 21,175 10,391 7,553 2,073 390 2,948

16 to 19 years.......................................... 3,749 3,127 423 85 642 476 346 98 17 101

20 to 24 years.......................................... 13,233 10,530 1,801 434 2,449 1,961 1,394 414 83 424

25 to 34 years.......................................... 32,465 25,625 4,185 1,701 6,146 3,004 2,127 647 79 967

35 to 44 years.......................................... 32,819 26,169 3,975 1,885 5,508 2,286 1,694 449 84 820

45 to 54 years.......................................... 35,671 29,403 3,927 1,633 4,040 1,680 1,215 329 77 447

55 to 64 years.......................................... 23,223 19,770 2,074 975 1,918 832 656 118 38 157

65 years and older..................................... 6,742 5,936 479 235 471 152 120 17 11 32

 Women, 16 years and older........................................... 68,883 54,937 9,022 3,217 8,610 5,176 3,522 1,277 176 1,170

16 to 19 years.......................................... 1,858 1,554 211 32 286 293 211 65 7 47

20 to 24 years.......................................... 6,316 4,923 970 204 1,021 1,082 739 263 43 183

25 to 34 years.......................................... 14,653 11,243 2,190 775 2,307 1,479 943 414 41 354

35 to 44 years.......................................... 14,895 11,517 2,142 869 2,145 1,045 706 276 37 292

45 to 54 years.......................................... 16,982 13,729 2,116 788 1,779 795 557 175 30 210

55 to 64 years.......................................... 11,136 9,341 1,131 456 872 410 309 74 17 69

65 years and older..................................... 3,042 2,630 261 94 200 71 56 9 – 16

 Men, 16 years and older.................................... 79,019 65,623 7,842 3,731 12,565 5,216 4,031 796 214 1,778

16 to 19 years........................................... 1,891 1,573 212 53 357 182 135 33 10 54

20 to 24 years.......................................... 6,917 5,607 830 231 1,428 879 654 151 40 242

25 to 34 years.......................................... 17,812 14,383 1,995 926 3,840 1,526 1,185 233 39 614

35 to 44 years.......................................... 17,924 14,652 1,834 1,016 3,363 1,241 988 173 47 528

45 to 54 years.......................................... 18,689 15,673 1,811 845 2,260 885 658 154 47 237

55 to 64 years.......................................... 12,087 10,429 943 519 1,046 421 347 44 21 87

65 years and older..................................... 3,700 3,306 218 141 271 81 64 7 9 17

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Age and sex

Total Below poverty level

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

81
82

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor 

force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 2009—Continued

Total, 16 years and older......................................... 7.0 6.3 12.3 5.6 13.9

16 to 19 years.......................................... 12.7 11.1 23.2 19.8 15.8

20 to 24 years.......................................... 14.8 13.2 23.0 19.1 17.3

25 to 34 years.......................................... 9.3 8.3 15.5 4.7 15.7

35 to 44 years.......................................... 7.0 6.5 11.3 4.5 14.9

45 to 54 years.......................................... 4.7 4.1 8.4 4.7 11.1

55 to 64 years.......................................... 3.6 3.3 5.7 3.9 8.2

65 years and older..................................... 2.3 2.0 3.5 4.7 6.9

 Women, 16 years and older........................................... 7.5 6.4 14.2 5.5 13.6

16 to 19 years.......................................... 15.8 13.6 30.9 ( 2 ) 16.4

20 to 24 years.......................................... 17.1 15.0 27.1 21.0 17.9

25 to 34 years.......................................... 10.1 8.4 18.9 5.2 15.3

35 to 44 years.......................................... 7.0 6.1 12.9 4.3 13.6

45 to 54 years.......................................... 4.7 4.1 8.3 3.8 11.8

55 to 64 years.......................................... 3.7 3.3 6.5 3.8 8.0

65 years and older..................................... 2.3 2.1 3.5 1.7 7.8

 Men, 16 years and older.................................... 6.6 6.1 10.1 5.7 14.2

16 to 19 years........................................... 9.7 8.6 15.6 ( 2 ) 15.2

20 to 24 years.......................................... 12.7 11.7 18.2 17.4 16.9

25 to 34 years.......................................... 8.6 8.2 11.7 4.2 16.0

35 to 44 years.......................................... 6.9 6.7 9.4 4.6 15.7

45 to 54 years.......................................... 4.7 4.2 8.5 5.6 10.5

55 to 64 years.......................................... 3.5 3.3 4.7 4.0 8.3

65 years and older..................................... 2.2 1.9 3.4 6.7 6.2

Age and sex

Rate 1 

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

 1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27

weeks or more.

 2 Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000.

 

 NOTE: These data, collected in the 2010 Annual Social and Economic

Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Estimates

for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum

to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. 

 SOURCE: 2010 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population

Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

82
83

Table 28. Displaced workers1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and 

employment status in January 2010

Total

Total, 20 years and over..........................6,938 100.0 48.8 36.1 15.2

 20 to 24 years..................................... 227 100.0 54.8 29.8 15.4

 25 to 54 years.....................................4,923 100.0 53.4 35.6 11.0

 55 to 64 years.....................................1,395 100.0 38.7 39.9 21.4

 65 years and over................................ 392 100.0 22.5 32.4 45.1

Women, 20 years and over...................... 2,754 100.0 48.5 31.4 20.1

 20 to 24 years..................................... 84 100.0 55.8 14.6 29.7

 25 to 54 years....................................1,892 100.0 53.9 31.0 15.1

 55 to 64 years.................................... 585 100.0 39.2 37.8 23.0

 65 years and over............................... 194 100.0 20.7 23.3 56.0

Men, 20 years and over..........................4,183 100.0 49.0 39.1 11.9

 20 to 24 years.................................... 144 100.0 54.2 38.7 7.1

 25 to 54 years....................................3,031 100.0 53.1 38.4 8.4

 55 to 64 years.................................... 810 100.0 38.4 41.4 20.2

 65 years and over............................... 198 100.0 24.3 41.2 34.5

White

Total, 20 years and over.........................5,716 100.0 50.3 35.0 14.8

 Women................................................... 2,198 100.0 49.5 30.4 20.2

 Men.............................................. 3,518 100.0 50.8 37.8 11.4

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and over...........................761 100.0 42.9 41.2 15.9

 Women................................................... 351 100.0 46.7 32.8 20.4

 Men...................................................410 100.0 39.7 48.4 12.0

Asian

Total, 20 years and over...........................294 100.0 37.8 47.8 14.3

 Women................................................... 135 100.0 41.5 43.4 15.1

 Men............................................... 160 100.0 34.8 51.5 13.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and over...........................993 100.0 48.7 38.0 13.4

 Women...............................................297 100.0 40.1 35.8 24.1

 Men............................................... 696 100.0 52.3 38.9 8.8

Age, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Total 

(in 

thousands)

Percent distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor 

force

 1 Data refer to people who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January

2007 and December 2009 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the

abolishment of their positions or shifts.

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not 

sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic

or Latino may be of any race. 

 SOURCE: January 2010 Displaced Worker Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics

83
84

Table 29. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary workers by age and sex,

selected years, 1996–2010

Total, 16 years and over..........................3.8 3.6 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4

 16 to 17 years..................................... .7 .6 .6 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0

 20 to 24 years.....................................1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5

 25 years and over..................................... 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2

 25 to 34 years.....................................2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1

 35 to 44 years.....................................5.3 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1

 45 to 54 years.....................................8.3 8.1 8.2 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8

 55 to 64 years..................................... 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0

 65 years and over..................................... 8.4 7.8 9.4 8.6 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9

Women, 16 years and over...................... 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2

 16 to 17 years..................................... .7 .6 .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0

 20 to 24 years.....................................1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5

 25 years and over..................................... 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1

 25 to 34 years.....................................2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0

 35 to 44 years.....................................4.8 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9

 45 to 54 years.....................................7.0 7.2 7.3 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1

 55 to 64 years..................................... 10.0 9.6 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7

 65 years and over..................................... 8.4 8.7 9.7 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1

Men, 16 years and over..........................4.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6

 16 to 17 years..................................... .6 .6 .6 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years..................................... .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0

 20 to 24 years.....................................1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6

 25 years and over..................................... 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3

 25 to 34 years.....................................3.0 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2

 35 to 44 years.....................................6.1 5.5 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3

 45 to 54 years..................................... 10.1 9.4 9.5 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5

 55 to 64 years..................................... 10.5 11.2 10.2 10.2 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4

 65 years and over..................................... 8.3 7.1 9.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7

Age and sex February 

1996

February 

1998

January 

2008

January 

2010

February 

2000

January 

2002

January 

2004

January 

2006

 SOURCE: 1996–2010 Displaced Worker supplements to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

84
85

Table 30. Labor force status of 2010 high school graduates and 2009–10 high school dropouts 

16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2010

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 2010 high school graduates1.............3,160 1,633 51.7 1,179 37.3 454 27.8 1,528

 Women.................................................. 1,482 706 47.7 520 35.1 187 26.4 775

 Men.......................................................1,679 926 55.2 659 39.3 267 28.9 752

 Enrolled in college..................................... 2,152 860 40.0 664 30.9 196 22.8 1,292

Percent of total 2010 graduates..................................... 68.1 52.7 - 56.3 - 43.2 - 84.6

Women................................................. 1,097 427 38.9 347 31.6 80 18.7 670

Percent of female 2010 graduates..................................... 74.0 60.5 - 66.7 - 42.8 - 86.5

Men.....................................................1,055 433 41.1 317 30.1 116 26.8 621

Percent of male 2010 graduates..................................... 62.8 46.8 - 48.1 - 43.4 - 82.6

 Not enrolled in college................................1,009 773 76.6 515 51.0 258 33.4 236

Percent of total 2010 graduates..................................... 31.9 47.3 - 43.7 - 56.8 - 15.4

 Women.................................................385 280 72.7 173 45.0 107 38.2 105

Percent of female 2010 graduates..................................... 26.0 39.7 - 33.3 - 57.2 - 13.5

 Men.....................................................624 493 79.0 342 54.8 151 30.7 131

Percent of male 2010 graduates..................................... 37.2 53.2 - 51.9 - 56.6 - 17.4

Total, 2009–10 high school dropouts2................ 340 183 53.9 105 30.9 78 42.7 157

 Women.................................................161 106 66.0 59 36.4 48 44.8 55

 Men.....................................................179 77 43.1 47 25.9 31 39.8 102

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

Total force 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

 1 Data refer to persons who graduated from high school in January through October 2010. 2 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2009 and October 2010. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 

 

 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

 SOURCE: October 2010 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

85
86

Table 31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational 

attainment, October 2010

(Numbers in thousands)

Enrolled in school............................... 22,021 8,491 38.6 7,065 32.1 1,426 16.8 13,530 

 Women.............................................11,258 4,666 41.4 3,942 35.0 723 15.5 6,592 

 Men................................................. 10,764 3,826 35.5 3,123 29.0 703 18.4 6,938 

 Enrolled in high school 1

...........................9,598 2,120 22.1 1,509 15.7 611 28.8 7,478 

 Women............................................. 4,622 1,117 24.2 822 17.8 296 26.5 3,505 

 Men................................................. 4,976 1,003 20.1 687 13.8 315 31.4 3,973 

 Enrolled in college.................................12,423 6,372 51.3 5,556 44.7 815 12.8 6,052 

 Women............................................. 6,635 3,548 53.5 3,121 47.0 428 12.1 3,087 

 Men................................................. 5,788 2,823 48.8 2,436 42.1 388 13.7 2,965 

Not enrolled in school......................... 15,928 12,653 79.4 10,281 64.5 2,371 18.7 3,275 

 Women................................................7,565 5,657 74.8 4,670 61.7 987 17.5 1,908 

 Less than a high school diploma ............ 1,192 653 54.8 448 37.6 205 31.4 538 

 High school graduates, no college 2

 ....... 3,036 2,114 69.6 1,622 53.4 492 23.3 922 

 Some college or associate's degree .........2,005 1,633 81.4 1,461 72.8 172 10.6 372 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ................. 1,333 1,256 94.3 1,139 85.5 117 9.3 76 

 Men.................................................... 8,362 6,996 83.7 5,612 67.1 1,384 19.8 1,367 

 Less than a high school diploma ............ 1,625 1,164 71.6 842 51.8 322 27.7 461 

 High school graduates, no college 2 ....... 3,963 3,293 83.1 2,579 65.1 714 21.7 670 

 Some college or associate's degree .........1,926 1,745 90.6 1,475 76.6 269 15.4 181 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ................. 849 794 93.6 715 84.3 79 9.9 55 

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

Total force 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total

Percent 

of 

population 

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

 1 Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school. 

 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.

 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

 SOURCE: October 2010 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

86
87

Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, 1994–2010 

annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Multiple jobholders

Number

Percent of 

all multiple 

jobholders

1994......... 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995..........124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996......... 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997......... 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998......... 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999......... 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000......... 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001......... 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002......... 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003......... 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004......... 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005.........141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006..................... 144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007..................... 146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008..................... 145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009..................... 139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

2010..................... 139,064 6,878 3,552 51.6 3,326 4.9 5.4 4.5

Year Total 

employed

Multiple jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men

 1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

87
88

Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2010

annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

1976......... 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8 

1977......... 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7 

1978......... 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2 

1979......... 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2 

1980......... 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0 

1981......... 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9 

1982..........96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8 

1983......... 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2 

1984..........101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0 

1985.........103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3 

1986.........106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1 

1987.........109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9 

1988.........111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7 

1989.........114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4 

1990.........115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8 

1991.........114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6 

1992.........115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5 

1993.........117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2 

1994.........119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2 

1995.........121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6 

1996.........123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1 

1997.........126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2 

1998.........128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9 

1999.........130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0 

2000.........134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4 

2001.........134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4 

2002.........134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2 

2003.........135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6 

2004.........137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1 

2005..... 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5 

2006.............. 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0 

2007.............. 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1 

2008.............. 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8 

2009.............. 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6 

2010.............. 136,858 8,860 6.5 65,164 3,388 5.2 71,694 5,472 7.6 38.2 

Selfemployed 

women as 

percent of 

total selfemployed

Year

Total Women Men

 NOTE: Since 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census Industry Classification System derived from the 2002

North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS). 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

88
89

Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population 

by age and sex, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Both sexes

Native born1

 16 years and over............201,960 129,533 64.1 117,095 58.0 12,438 9.6 72,427

 16 to 24 years...............34,415 18,960 55.1 15,417 44.8 3,543 18.7 15,455

 25 to 34 years................33,189 27,678 83.4 24,842 74.9 2,836 10.2 5,511

 35 to 44 years..................31,620 26,482 83.8 24,398 77.2 2,084 7.9 5,138

 45 to 54 years................37,348 30,242 81.0 28,019 75.0 2,223 7.4 7,106

 55 to 64 years..................31,357 20,286 64.7 18,909 60.3 1,377 6.8 11,072

 65 years and over............34,032 5,886 17.3 5,511 16.2 375 6.4 28,145

Foreign born2

 16 years and over............35,869 24,356 67.9 21,969 61.2 2,387 9.8 11,514

 16 to 24 years................ 3,533 1,975 55.9 1,661 47.0 314 15.9 1,559

 25 to 34 years............... 7,714 5,936 77.0 5,387 69.8 550 9.3 1,778

 35 to 44 years............... 8,470 6,884 81.3 6,265 74.0 619 9.0 1,586

 45 to 54 years................ 6,949 5,719 82.3 5,172 74.4 547 9.6 1,231

 55 to 64 years................ 4,528 3,011 66.5 2,727 60.2 284 9.4 1,517

 65 years and over.............4,674 831 17.8 757 16.2 74 8.9 3,843

Women

Native born1

 16 years and over............104,722 61,923 59.1 56,682 54.1 5,242 8.5 42,799

 16 to 24 years.................17,153 9,312 54.3 7,839 45.7 1,473 15.8 7,841

 25 to 34 years................16,793 13,062 77.8 11,886 70.8 1,175 9.0 3,731

 35 to 44 years................16,188 12,465 77.0 11,545 71.3 919 7.4 3,723

 45 to 54 years................19,127 14,573 76.2 13,647 71.3 926 6.4 4,554

 55 to 64 years.................16,235 9,834 60.6 9,244 56.9 590 6.0 6,402

 65 years and over...........19,226 2,679 13.9 2,521 13.1 158 5.9 16,548

Foreign born2

 16 years and over............17,934 9,981 55.7 9,023 50.3 958 9.6 7,953

 16 to 24 years.................1,667 767 46.0 644 38.6 123 16.0 900

 25 to 34 years................ 3,645 2,201 60.4 1,984 54.4 217 9.9 1,444

 35 to 44 years................ 4,095 2,782 67.9 2,532 61.8 250 9.0 1,313

 45 to 54 years................ 3,457 2,531 73.2 2,302 66.6 230 9.1 926

 55 to 64 years................ 2,359 1,360 57.7 1,252 53.1 109 8.0 998

 65 years and over............2,711 338 12.5 309 11.4 30 8.7 2,372

 See footnotes at end of table.

Native- or foreign-born 

status, age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

89
90

Table 34. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population 

by age and sex, 2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Men

Native born1

 16 years and over............97,238 67,610 69.5 60,414 62.1 7,196 10.6 29,628

 16 to 24 years................17,262 9,648 55.9 7,578 43.9 2,070 21.5 7,614

 25 to 34 years................16,396 14,616 89.1 12,956 79.0 1,661 11.4 1,780

 35 to 44 years................15,432 14,017 90.8 12,852 83.3 1,165 8.3 1,415

 45 to 54 years................18,221 15,669 86.0 14,372 78.9 1,297 8.3 2,553

 55 to 64 years................15,122 10,452 69.1 9,665 63.9 787 7.5 4,670

 65 years and over...........14,805 3,208 21.7 2,990 20.2 217 6.8 11,598

Foreign born2

 16 years and over.............17,936 14,375 80.1 12,946 72.2 1,429 9.9 3,561

 16 to 24 years................ 1,866 1,207 64.7 1,016 54.5 191 15.8 659

 25 to 34 years................ 4,069 3,735 91.8 3,403 83.6 333 8.9 334

 35 to 44 years................ 4,375 4,101 93.7 3,733 85.3 369 9.0 274

 45 to 54 years................ 3,492 3,187 91.3 2,870 82.2 317 9.9 305

 55 to 64 years................ 2,169 1,651 76.1 1,475 68.0 175 10.6 519

 65 years and over........... 1,964 493 25.1 448 22.8 45 9.1 1,470

Native- or foreign-born 

status, age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

 1 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam or

who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

 2 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside

the United States or one of its outlying areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group

includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data,

however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

90
91

Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2010

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, both sexes Women

Members of unions 1 Represented by 

unions 2 Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed

1983........... 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984........... 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985............94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

1986 3

..........96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987............99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988............101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989............103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

1990 3........... 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991............103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992............104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993............106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

1994 3

........... 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995............110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996............111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

1997 3

...........114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

1998 3

........... 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

1999 3........... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

2000 3

........... 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001............122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

2002...........121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003 3

........... 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004...........123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005...... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

2006...........128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

2007...........129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4

2008 3

........... 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9

2009 ...........124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7

2010 ...........124,073 14,715 11.9 16,290 13.1 60,542 6,722 11.1 7,528 12.4

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year Total 

employed

Total 

employed

91
92

Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary 

workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2010—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Men

Members of unions 1 Represented by 

unions 2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed

1983...........47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984...........50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985............51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986 3

..........51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987............52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988............53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989............54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990 3

...........55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991............54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992............54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993............55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994 3

...........56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995............57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996............58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997 3

...........59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998 3

...........60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999 3

...........61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000 3

...........63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001............63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002...........63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003 3

...........63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004...........64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005...... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006...........66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007...........67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

2008 3

...........66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

2009 ...........63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

2010 ...........63,531 7,994 12.6 8,761 13.8

Year Total 

employed

 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee

association similar to a union.

 2 Data refer to workers who are not members of unions but

whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association

contract, as well as to members of a labor union or an employee

association similar to a union.

 3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an

explanation, see the historical comparability documentation provided

at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

 NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time

workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of

whether their businesses are incorporated. 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics 

92
93

Table 36. Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and over by sex and period of service, 

2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total veterans, 18 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 22,011 1,786 20,225 8.1

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 11,758 1,108 10,650 9.4

 Participation rate........................................................................ 53.4 62.1 52.7

 Employed......................................................................... 10,738 1,021 9,717 9.5

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 48.8 57.2 48.0

 Unemployed......................................................................... 1,020 87 933 8.5

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 8.7 7.9 8.8

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 10,253 678 9,575 6.6

Period of Service

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 2,169 369 1,800 17.0

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 1,783 260 1,523 14.6

 Participation rate........................................................................ 82.2 70.6 84.6

 Employed......................................................................... 1,577 229 1,348 14.5

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 72.7 62.2 74.9

 Unemployed......................................................................... 205 31 174 15.1

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 11.5 12.0 11.4

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 386 108 278 28.0

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 2,922 450 2,472 15.4

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 2,528 347 2,181 13.7

 Participation rate........................................................................ 86.5 77.1 88.2

 Employed......................................................................... 2,334 325 2,009 13.9

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 79.9 72.1 81.3

 Unemployed......................................................................... 194 23 171 11.9

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 7.7 6.5 7.8

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 394 103 291 26.1

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 11,006 368 10,638 3.3

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 3,993 113 3,880 2.8

 Participation rate........................................................................ 36.3 30.7 36.5

 Employed......................................................................... 3,662 107 3,555 2.9

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 33.3 29.0 33.4

 Unemployed......................................................................... 331 6 324 1.8

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 8.3 5.5 8.4

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 7,013 255 6,758 3.6

 See note at end of table.

Employment status and period of service Total Women Men Women as a 

percent of total

93
94

Table 36. Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and over by sex and period of service, 

2010 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population...................................................... 5,914 599 5,315 10.1

 Civilian labor force...................................................................... 3,455 388 3,067 11.2

 Participation rate........................................................................ 58.4 64.8 57.7

 Employed......................................................................... 3,165 361 2,804 11.4

 Employment-population ratio....................................................... 53.5 60.2 52.8

 Unemployed......................................................................... 290 27 263 9.3

 Unemployment rate............................................................. 8.4 7.0 8.6

 Not in labor force.......................................................................... 2,459 211 2,248 8.6

Employment status and period of service Total Women Men Women as a 

percent of total

 NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the

survey. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September

2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July

1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods).

Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served

during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

94
95

Table 37. Employment status of persons with disabilities by sex and age, 

2010 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 26,592 14,445 12,147

 Civilian labor force................................................................. 5,795 2,653 3,142

 Participation rate..................................................................... 21.8 18.4 25.9

 Employed................................................................................ 4,939 2,274 2,665

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 18.6 15.7 21.9

 Unemployed........................................................................... 857 379 477

 Unemployment rate.......................................................... 14.8 14.3 15.2

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 20,797 11,792 9,005

16 to 64 years of age

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 14,730 7,446 7,284

 Civilian labor force................................................................. 4,995 2,320 2,675

 Participation rate..................................................................... 33.9 31.2 36.7

 Employed................................................................................ 4,209 1,972 2,238

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 28.6 26.5 30.7

 Unemployed........................................................................... 786 348 438

 Unemployment rate.......................................................... 15.7 15.0 16.4

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 9,735 5,126 4,609

65 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population............................................... 11,862 6,998 4,864

 Civilian labor force................................................................. 800 333 467

 Participation rate.....................................................................6.7 4.8 9.6

 Employed................................................................................ 729 302 428

 Employment-population ratio...................................................... 6.1 4.3 8.8

 Unemployed........................................................................... 71 31 40

 Unemployment rate..........................................................8.9 9.4 8.5

 Not in labor force........................................................................ 11,062 6,666 4,396

Employment status and age Total Women Men

 NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: deaf or serious difficulty

hearing; blind or serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; serious difficulty concentrating,

remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; serious

difficulty walking or climbing stairs; difficulty dressing or bathing; or difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

95
96

Technical Note

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey 

of approximately 60,000 households, which provides a 

wide range of information on the labor force, employment, 

and unemployment. Earnings and union affiliation data are 

collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The 

survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically-selected 

national sample with coverage in all 50 States and the District 

of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be 

reproduced without permission. This information is available 

to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the Estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the “true” population values 

they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, 

varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this 

variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 

1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of 

sampling error. BLS analyses generally are conducted at the 

90-percent level of confidence.

CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including 

the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability 

to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 

information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, 

but special studies have been conducted to quantify some 

sources of such error in the CPS. For further discussion 

of the reliability of data from the CPS and information 

on estimating standard errors, see the Household Data 

technical documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/

documentation.htm#reliability.

Concepts and Definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 

16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the 

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions (for 

example, correctional facilities and residential nursing and 

mental health care facilities) and who are not on active duty 

in the Armed Forces.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons 

classified as employed or unemployed.

Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during 

the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid civilians; (b) 

worked in their own business or profession or on their own 

farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a 

family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their 

jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another 

reason.

Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who 

had no employment during the survey week, were available 

for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find 

employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off 

from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be 

looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the 

civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional 

population.

Employment-population ratio. This ratio represents the 

proportion of the population that is employed.

Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number of 

unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Race. White, Black or African American, and Asian are 

terms used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these 

categories are those who selected that race group only. Data 

for the remaining race categories—American Indian or 

Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 

and persons who selected more than one race category—

are included in totals but are not shown separately because 

the number of survey respondents was too small to develop 

estimates of sufficient quality for publication. In the survey 

process, race is determined by the household respondent.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons 

who identified themselves in the survey as being Spanish, 

Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing 

together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. 

Families are classified either as married-couple families or 

as families maintained by women or men without spouses. 

Families include those with children under 18 in the home 

and those without children under 18.

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those 

who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, 

trade, or farm. Unincorporated self-employed are included 

in the self-employed category. Self-employed persons whose 

businesses are incorporated are included with wage and 

salary workers.
97

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive 

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece 

rates. The group includes employees in both the private 

and public sectors. Union membership and earnings data of 

wage and salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, 

both those with incorporated businesses and those with 

unincorporated businesses.

Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage 

are a subset of wage and salary workers. Historically, workers 

paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths 

of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of median usual 

weekly earnings in this report are based on the earnings of all 

workers—those paid by the hour and those paid a salary or 

on some other basis.

Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and 

salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any 

overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the 

principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of 

self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether 

their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents 

were asked to report earnings per week. Since January 1994, 

respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for 

them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice 

monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they 

usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a 

basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. 

The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the 

respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are 

instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks 

worked during the past 4 or 5 months.”

Median weekly earnings. The median is the amount that 

divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups: 

one having earnings above the median and the other having 

earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure 

for determining the median of an earnings distribution places 

each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-

wide interval that is centered on a multiple of $50. The value 

of the median is estimated through a linear interpolation of 

the interval in which the median lies. Over-the-year changes 

in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be 

consistent with the movements estimated for the overall 

group boundary. The most common reasons for this possible 

anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change in the relative 

weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians of both 

16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may rise, but 

if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly 

increased share of the total, the overall median could actually 

fall. (2) There could be a large change in the shape of the 

distribution of reported earnings. This could be caused by 

survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, for 

example, $300, $400, or $500. An estimate lying in a $50-

wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or “spike,” 

tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. 

Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for 

a multipeaked distribution that shifts over time. As such a 

distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at 

the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more 

time to move through a frequently reported interval but, 

once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move 

relatively quickly to the next frequently reported earnings 

interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate 

such irregular movements of the measures; however, users 

should be cautious of these effects when evaluating shortterm changes in the medians, and in ratios of the medians.

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all jobs) 

during the survey reference week. For example, persons 

who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during 

the Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 

hours, even if they were paid for the holiday.

Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on 

persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily 

absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hours 

worked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are 

persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire 

week for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or 

involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s 

normal schedule from his or her activity during the reference 

week, persons also are classified according to their usual 

full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers 

are those who usually work 35 hours or more (at all jobs 

combined) per week. This group includes some individuals 

who worked less than 35 hours in the reference week for 

either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were 

temporarily absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers 

are those who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at 

all jobs), regardless of the number of hours worked in the 

reference week. This may include some individuals who 

actually worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as 

well as those who were temporarily absent from work.

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job 

held during the reference week. Persons with two or more 

jobs are classified in the occupation and industry at which 

they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational 

and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 

Census occupational classification and the 2007 Census 

industrial classification systems, which are derived from the 

2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2007 

North American Industry Classification (NAICS). Additional 

information about these classifications is available online at 

http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during 

the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social 

and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS. Estimates of 

persons who worked were based on “yes” responses to the 

following questions in the ASEC: “Did you work at a job or 

business at any time during [the survey reference year]?” or 

“Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even 
98

for a few days during [the survey reference year]?” Since 

the reference period is a full year, the number of persons 

with some employment or unemployment greatly exceeds 

the average levels for any given month, which are based on 

a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual 

averages of monthly estimates.

Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this 

report are based on definitions developed by the Social 

Security Administration in 1964 and revised by the Federal 

interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions 

originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s 

Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption 

requirements of families, based on factors such as family 

size and the number of children under 18 years of age. 

The actual poverty thresholds vary in accordance with the 

makeup of the family. Poverty thresholds are updated each 

year to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index for 

All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The thresholds do not vary 

geographically. For more information on poverty data and 

thresholds, see http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/

poverty.html.