27 

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

.

U.S. Department of Labor

Elaine L. Chao, Secretary

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Philip L. Rones, Deputy Commissioner

September 2007

Report 1002
iii

Contents

Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ........................................................................................................................ 1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1

Highlights .................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Statistical Tables

1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2006 annual averages........... 4

2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

 1970-2006 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 7

3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages....................... 10

4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2006 annual averages ............................................................... 12

5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

 March 2006 ...................................................................................................................................................... 13

6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

 or Latino ethnicity, March 2006 ....................................................................................................................... 15

7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2006 .............................. 18

8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational

 attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages ...................................................................................................... 21

9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex,

 1970-2006 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 22

10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2005-06 annual averages..................................................... 26

11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages...................................................... 28

12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

 2006 annual averages....................................................................................................................................... 35

13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2005-06 annual averages................................................................... 36

14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages .......................................................... 39

15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

 2006 annual averages....................................................................................................................................... 45

16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2006 annual averages.................................................................. 46

17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over

 by educational attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages.............................................................................. 48

18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

 2006 annual averages....................................................................................................................................... 50

19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex,

 2006 annual averages....................................................................................................................................... 58

20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages ..................................... 59

21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex,

 1976-2006 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 63

22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2005 .............. 64

23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2005 ..................................................... 65

24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970-2005 ........................................................................... 67

25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2005 ..................................................................................... 68

26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum

 wage by selected characteristics, 2006 annual averages ................................................................................ 69

27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 .................................................................................................................. 71

28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status,

 February 2005 ................................................................................................................................................. 73

29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements,

 February 2005 .................................................................................................................................................. 74

 Page
iv

Contents—Continued

Statistical Tables— Continued

30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 ...................... 75

31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children,

 sex, and pay status, May 2004 ....................................................................................................................... 76

32. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in

 January 2006 ................................................................................................................................................... 77

33. Labor force status of 2006 high school graduates and 2005-06 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old

 by school enrollment and sex, October 2006 .................................................................................................. 78

34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment,

 October 2006................................................................................................................................................... 79

35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2006,

 not seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................. 80

36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2006 annual averages .... 81

37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age

 and sex, 2006 annual averages ....................................................................................................................... 82

38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2006 ......................... 84

Technical Note ................................................................................................................................................................ 86

Page


Women in the Labor Force: 

A Databook

Introduction

Highlights

The past several decades have been marked by notable changes in women’s labor force activities compared to men’s, including increased labor force participation, employment growth in higher paying occupations, 

and gains in real earnings. In 1970, about 43 percent of

women aged 16 and older were in the labor force; by the late

1990s, the labor force participation rate of women had risen

to 60 percent. Though still well above the rates that prevailed 

throughout the 1970s, the 1980s, and much of the 1990s, t

participation rate for women has receded slightly since 1999,

to 59.4 percent in 2006. As women’s labor force participation has increased, so has their employment in higher paying 

occupations. In 2006, half of all workers in management, 

professional, and related occupations were women. Women’s 

earnings relative to men’s also were substantially higher in 

2006 than in previous decades. In 1979, among full-time

workers, women’s earnings were approximately 62 percent 

of men’s; by 2006, the ratio had grown to about 81 percent.

The increased movement of women into the labor force and 

into higher paying occupations has gone hand in hand with 

their pursuit of higher education. For example, in 1970, just

over one-tenth of 25- to 64-year-old women in the labor 

force had completed 4 or more years of college; by 2006, 

one-third held at least a bachelor’s degree. 

This report presents historical and current labor force 

and earnings data for women and men from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly 

survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the 

U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the 

CPS. Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in 

this report are on a broad level and do not control for many 

factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of the source of the data 

and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the 

Technical Note at the end of this report. 

• In 2006, approximately 59 percent of women were in the 

labor force. The unemployment rate for women declined 

to 4.6 percent in 2006, down half a percentage point from 

a year earlier. Although higher than its most recent low 

of 4.1 percent in 2000, the unemployment rate in 2006

was low by historical standards. Unemployment rates for 

women varied among the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups in 2006. Asian women had the lowest rate (3.

percent), followed by white (4.0 percent), Hispanic (5.9 

percent), and black women (8.4 percent). (See tables 1,

2, and 3.) 

• Since the early 1980s, women’s and men’s unemployment

rates have been roughly similar. In 2000, the jobless rates 

for women and men were at 30-year lows—4.1 and 3.9

percent, respectively. The rates rose from 2000 to 2003 

but have declined each year since. The unemployment 

rates for women and men were the same in 2006 (4.6 

percent). (See table 2.) 

• From 1975 to 2000, the labor force participation rate

of mothers with children under age 18 rose from 47 to

73 percent. By 2004, the rate had receded to about 7

percent, where it remained through 2006. In general, 

mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of age, none

younger) are more likely to participate in the labor force 

than mothers with younger children (under 6 years of age). 

Unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than 

married mothers, 76.4 versus 68.4 percent, respectively. 

(See tables 6 and 7.) (Data are from the Annual Social 

and Economic Supplement to the CPS.) 

• The educational attainment of women in the labor force 

aged 25 to 64 rose substantially from 1970 to 2006.

One-third of these women held college degrees in 2006, 

compared with about one-tenth in 1970. Only about 8

percent of women were high school dropouts in 2006, 

down from 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.)

• In 2006, women accounted for 50.6 percent of all persons employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations, somewhat more than their share of all employed workers (46.3 percent). The share of women in 

specific occupations within this broad category varied. 

For example, 7 percent of engineering managers and 33 

percent of lawyers were women. In contrast, 91 percent

of registered nurses and 83 percent of social workers were 

women. (See table 11
• Employed Asian women were more likely to work in the 

higher paying (on average) management, professional, 

and related occupations than employed white, black, or 

Hispanic women (about 46 percent compared with 39, 31,

and 22 percent, respectively). Hispanic and black women 

were more likely than white and Asian women to work 

in service occupations (31 and 27 percent for Hispanic

and black women, respectively, compared to 19 percent

for both Asian and white women). (See table 12.)

• By industry, women accounted for more than half of all 

workers within financial activities, education and health 

services, and leisure and hospitality in 2006. However, 

women were substantially underrepresented (relative to 

their share of total employment) in mining, construction, 

manufacturing, and transportation and utilities. (See table 

14.)

• Women who worked full time in 2006 had median 

weekly earnings of $600. This was 80.8 percent of the 

$743 median weekly earnings of men. Earnings of Asian 

and white women ($699 and $609, respectively) were 

higher than the earnings of their black and Hispanic 

counterparts ($519 and $440, respectively). Within race

groups, women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher 

among black and Hispanic women (87.8 and 87.1 percent,

respectively) than among white and Asian women (80.0 

and 79.3 percent, respectively). (See table 16.)

• In 2006, female college graduates aged 25 and older 

who worked full time earned about 81 percent more than

women with only a high school diploma. This difference 

in earnings by education has increased sharply since 1979,

when female college graduates earned 43 percent more 

than female high school graduates. (See table 17.)

• In 2006, approximately one-fourth of employed women 

usually worked part time—fewer than 35 hours a week. 

Comparatively, only about one-tenth of employed men 

usually worked part time. For the past 10 years, the proportions of both employed women and men who usually

work part time has been relatively stable. (See table 

20.) 

• Women in nonagricultural industries worked an average 

of 36.2 hours per week in 2006. The average workweek 

for women has increased by about 2 hours since 1976.

Men’s average workweek (41.7 hours) remained relatively

unchanged over the same period. (See table 21.

• Of all women who worked at some point during calendar year 2005, 6 in 10 worked full time and year round,

compared with about 4 in 10 in 1970. During the sam

35-year period, the proportion of men who worked full 

time and year round grew from 66 to 74 percent. (See 

table 22.) (These data were collected in the Annual Social 

and Economic Supplement to the CPS and refer to work 

experience during the prior calendar year.) 

• Both the wife and husband had earnings from work in 

57 percent of married-couple families in 2005, up from 

44 percent in 1967. Couples in which only the husband

worked represented 18 percent of married-couple families

in 2005, compared with 36 percent in 1967. (See table

23.) (These data were collected in the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings 

and work experience of the prior calendar year.) 

• In 2005, working wives’ contributions to family income 

accounted for 35 percent (median) of their families’ 

incomes, up by about 8 percentage points from 1970,

when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their 

families’ total incomes. The proportion of wives earning 

more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987, 1

percent of working wives whose husbands also worked 

earned more than their spouses; in 2005, the proportion 

was 26 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) (These data were 

collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement 

to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of 

the prior calendar year.) 

• In 2006, about 1.1 million women workers paid at a

hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing Federal 

minimum wage of $5.15 an hour. This was about 3 percent

of all women paid at an hourly rate. About half of these 

women were aged 16 to 24. Among workers aged 25

years and older who were paid hourly rates, 1.8 percent

of women had earnings at or below the minimum wage, 

twice the rate for men. (See table 26.) 

• Among workers who were in the labor force for at least 

27 weeks in 2005, women were slightly more likely than 

men to live in poverty—6.1 percent versus 4.8 percent,

respectively. Of these women, blacks and Hispanics were 

more than twice as likely as whites and Asians to live 

below the poverty level. Poverty rates for women in the 

labor force 27 weeks or more generally decline with age: 

roughly  in 10 such women aged 16 to 24 lived bel

the poverty level in 2005, compared with about  in 30

such women aged 45 and older. (See table 27.) (Data are 

from the 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement 

to the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of 

the prior calendar year.) 

• About 15 percent of both women and men reported working at home at least once per week as part of their main

job in May 2004. Working at home was more common for 

parents than for nonparents. Women were slightly more 

likely than men to have a formal arrangement with their 

employer to be paid for the work they did at home than 

were men. While self-employment was fairly common 

among those who worked at home, women who worked at 
home were less likely to be self-employed than were their 

male counterparts; about 29 percent of women working at 

home were self-employed versus 38 percent of men. (See 

table 31.) (Data are from the May 2004 Work Schedules

supplement to the CPS.) 

• About 1.7 million women and 2.1 million men were displaced from a job between January 2003 and Decembe

2005. Women who were displaced were roughly twice as 

likely as men to have been out of the labor force at the 

time of the survey in January 2006 (21 percent versus 1

percent). (See table 32.) (Data are from the January 2006 

Displaced Worker supplement to the CPS.) 

• Among 2006 high school graduates, young women and 

young men were about equally likely to be enrolled in 

college in October (66.0 and 65.5 percent, respectively). 

(See table 33.) (Data are from the October 2006 School 

Enrollment supplement to the CPS.)

• About 45 percent of women aged 16 to 24 who were

enrolled in either high school or college in October 2006 

were in the labor force. Men enrolled in school had a 

slightly lower labor force participation rate (41.1 percent)

Among those not enrolled in school, women were less 

likely to be in the labor force than men (75.1 versus 87.9

percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the October 2005 

School Enrollment supplement to the CPS.)

• Among 16-to-24-year-old women who were not enrolled

in school, those who did not have a high school diploma 

were significantly less likely to participate in the labor 

force than those who had a high school diploma only 

(52.9 versus 72.9 percent). The high school dropouts also 

were twice as likely to be unemployed (25.9 versus 12.5

percent). (See table 34.) (Data are from the October 2005 

School Enrollment supplement to the CPS.)

• During the last 5 years, the multiple jobholding rate for 

women has hovered around 5.5 percent. The multiple 

jobholding rate for men has been slightly lower, holding 

at roughly 5.0 percent. (See table 35.) (Data were collected in the May CPS.) 

• Over the past 30 years, the percentage of working women 

who were self-employed has increased slightly (from 

4.4 percent in 1976 to 5.5 percent in 2006), while the

percentage of employed men who were self-employed 

has edged down (from 8.4 percent in 1976 to 7.9 percent

in 2006). In 2006, about 38 percent of all self-employed 

persons were women compared with only 27 percent in 

1976. (See table 36.)

• In 2006, foreign-born women were less likely to be in 

the labor force than native-born women (55.3 versus 60.0 

percent, respectively). Of those in the labor force, foreignborn and native-born women were about equally likely 

to be unemployed (4.7 and 4.6 percent, respectively). 

Among men, foreign-born men were more likely to be 

in the labor force than native-born men (81.7 percent

versus 72.0 percent, respectively) and less likely to be 

unemployed (3.5 percent versus 4.8 percent). (See table 

37.) 

• About 12 percent of female wage and salary workers

were represented by unions in 2006, compared with about 

14 percent of men. Union attachment for both sexes has

fallen since 1983, when unions represented 18 percent o

female wage and salary workers and nearly 28 percent of 

men. (See table 38.) 
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2006

annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387 

16 to 19 years ............. 16,678 7,281 43.7 6,162 36.9 1,119 15.4 9,397 

16 to 17 years......... 9,089 2,952 32.5 2,444 26.9 509 17.2 6,136 

18 to 19 years......... 7,589 4,329 57.0 3,719 49.0 610 14.1 3,260 

20 to 24 years............. 20,265 15,113 74.6 13,878 68.5 1,234 8.2 5,152 

25 to 54 years............. 124,884 103,566 82.9 99,672 79.8 3,894 3.8 21,318 

25 to 34 years......... 39,230 32,573 83.0 31,051 79.2 1,521 4.7 6,658 

25 to 29 years......... 20,068 16,637 82.9 15,782 78.6 855 5.1 3,431 

30 to 34 years......... 19,162 15,936 83.2 15,269 79.7 666 4.2 3,227 

35 to 44 years......... 42,753 35,848 83.8 34,569 80.9 1,279 3.6 6,905 

35 to 39 years......... 20,654 17,274 83.6 16,647 80.6 628 3.6 3,380 

40 to 44 years......... 22,099 18,573 84.0 17,923 81.1 651 3.5 3,525 

45 to 54 years......... 42,901 35,146 81.9 34,052 79.4 1,094 3.1 7,755 

45 to 49 years....... 22,547 18,805 83.4 18,190 80.7 615 3.3 3,742 

50 to 54 years......... 20,354 16,340 80.3 15,862 77.9 478 2.9 4,014 

55 to 64 years............ 31,375 19,984 63.7 19,389 61.8 595 3.0 11,391 

55 to 59 years......... 17,974 12,945 72.0 12,551 69.8 395 3.0 5,029 

60 to 64 years......... 13,401 7,039 52.5 6,839 51.0 200 2.8 6,362 

65 years and over....... 35,613 5,484 15.4 5,325 15.0 159 2.9 30,130 

65 to 69 years......... 10,293 2,981 29.0 2,891 28.1 89 3.0 7,312 

70 to 74 years......... 8,392 1,423 17.0 1,381 16.5 43 3.0 6,969 

75 years and over...... 16,928 1,080 6.4 1,053 6.2 27 2.5 15,848 

Age

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Total, both sexes

4
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2006 

annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037 

16 to 19 years ............. 8,218 3,588 43.7 3,091 37.6 496 13.8 4,631 

16 to 17 years......... 4,476 1,499 33.5 1,261 28.2 238 15.9 2,977 

18 to 19 years......... 3,742 2,089 55.8 1,830 48.9 258 12.4 1,654 

20 to 24 years............. 10,074 6,997 69.5 6,467 64.2 530 7.6 3,077 

25 to 54 years............. 63,243 47,726 75.5 45,853 72.5 1,872 3.9 15,518 

25 to 34 years......... 19,662 14,628 74.4 13,917 70.8 711 4.9 5,034 

25 to 29 years......... 10,015 7,532 75.2 7,134 71.2 398 5.3 2,483 

30 to 34 years......... 9,647 7,096 73.6 6,783 70.3 313 4.4 2,551 

35 to 44 years......... 21,671 16,441 75.9 15,804 72.9 637 3.9 5,230 

35 to 39 years......... 10,450 7,791 74.6 7,481 71.6 310 4.0 2,660 

40 to 44 years......... 11,221 8,651 77.1 8,324 74.2 327 3.8 2,570 

45 to 54 years......... 21,910 16,656 76.0 16,132 73.6 524 3.1 5,254 

45 to 49 years....... 11,482 8,864 77.2 8,566 74.6 298 3.4 2,618 

50 to 54 years......... 10,428 7,792 74.7 7,566 72.5 226 2.9 2,637 

55 to 64 years............ 16,280 9,475 58.2 9,198 56.5 277 2.9 6,805 

55 to 59 years......... 9,267 6,182 66.7 6,001 64.8 181 2.9 3,085 

60 to 64 years......... 7,013 3,293 47.0 3,196 45.6 97 2.9 3,720 

65 years and over....... 20,394 2,388 11.7 2,316 11.4 71 3.0 18,006 

65 to 69 years......... 5,501 1,332 24.2 1,295 23.5 37 2.8 4,169 

70 to 74 years......... 4,610 605 13.1 583 12.7 22 3.6 4,005 

75 years and over...... 10,283 451 4.4 438 4.3 13 2.8 9,833 

Age

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Women

5
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2006 

annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350 

16 to 19 years ............. 8,459 3,693 43.7 3,071 36.3 622 16.9 4,766 

16 to 17 years......... 4,613 1,453 31.5 1,182 25.6 271 18.6 3,159 

18 to 19 years......... 3,846 2,240 58.2 1,888 49.1 352 15.7 1,606 

20 to 24 years............. 10,191 8,116 79.6 7,412 72.7 705 8.7 2,075 

25 to 54 years............. 61,640 55,840 90.6 53,819 87.3 2,021 3.6 5,800 

25 to 34 years......... 19,568 17,944 91.7 17,134 87.6 810 4.5 1,624 

25 to 29 years......... 10,052 9,105 90.6 8,648 86.0 457 5.0 948 

30 to 34 years......... 9,516 8,840 92.9 8,486 89.2 354 4.0 676 

35 to 44 years......... 21,082 19,407 92.1 18,765 89.0 642 3.3 1,675 

35 to 39 years......... 10,204 9,484 92.9 9,166 89.8 318 3.3 720 

40 to 44 years......... 10,878 9,923 91.2 9,599 88.2 324 3.3 955 

45 to 54 years......... 20,991 18,489 88.1 17,920 85.4 569 3.1 2,501 

45 to 49 years....... 11,065 9,941 89.8 9,624 87.0 317 3.2 1,124 

50 to 54 years......... 9,926 8,548 86.1 8,296 83.6 252 3.0 1,377 

55 to 64 years............ 15,095 10,509 69.6 10,191 67.5 318 3.0 4,586 

55 to 59 years......... 8,707 6,763 77.7 6,549 75.2 214 3.2 1,944 

60 to 64 years......... 6,388 3,746 58.6 3,642 57.0 104 2.8 2,642 

65 years and over....... 15,219 3,096 20.3 3,008 19.8 88 2.8 12,123 

65 to 69 years......... 4,792 1,648 34.4 1,596 33.3 52 3.2 3,144 

70 to 74 years......... 3,782 818 21.6 797 21.1 21 2.5 2,964 

75 years and over...... 6,645 630 9.5 615 9.3 14 2.3 6,015 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Age

Civilian

noninstitutional

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Men

6
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970-2006 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971............. 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 1

......... 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 1

......... 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974............. 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975............. 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

1976............. 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977............. 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 1

.......... 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979............ 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980............ 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981............ 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982............ 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983............ 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984............ 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985............ 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 1

.......... 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987............ 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988............ 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989............ 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 1

.......... 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991............ 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992............ 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993............ 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 1

.......... 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995............ 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996............ 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 1

.......... 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 1

.......... 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 1

.......... 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 1

.......... 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 ............ 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 ............ 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 1

.......... 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 1

.......... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005............ 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

20061

......... 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

 See footnotes at end of table.

Total Percent of 

labor force

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

7
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970-2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971............. 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 1

......... 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 1

......... 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974............. 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975............. 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976............. 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977............. 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 1

.......... 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979............ 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980............ 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981............ 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982............ 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983............ 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984............ 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985............ 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 1

.......... 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987............ 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988............ 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989............ 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 1

.......... 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991............ 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992............ 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993............ 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 1

.......... 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995............ 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996............ 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 1

.......... 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 1

.......... 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 1

.......... 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 1

.......... 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 ............ 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 ............ 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 1

.......... 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 1

.......... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005............ 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

20061

......... 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

 See footnotes at end of table.

Women

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed

8
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

1970-2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971............. 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 1

......... 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 1

......... 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974............. 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975............. 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976............. 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977............. 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 1

.......... 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979............ 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980............ 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981............ 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982............ 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983............ 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984............ 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985............ 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 1

.......... 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987............ 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988............ 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989............ 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 1

.......... 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991............ 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992............ 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993............ 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 1

.......... 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995............ 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996............ 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 1

.......... 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 1

.......... 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 1

.......... 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 1

.......... 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 ............ 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 ............ 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 1

.......... 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 1

.......... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005............ 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

20061

......... 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Men

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has

been affected at various times by methodological and

conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey

(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory

Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment 

and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

9
10

Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force

White

Total, 16 years and over............. 186,264 123,834 66.5 118,833 63.8 5,002 4.0 62,429 

 16 to 19 years.......................... 12,856 6,009 46.7 5,215 40.6 794 13.2 6,847 

 20 to 24 years.......................... 15,848 12,128 76.5 11,296 71.3 832 6.9 3,720 

 25 to 54 years.......................... 100,105 83,761 83.7 81,000 80.9 2,761 3.3 16,344 

 55 to 64 years.......................... 26,486 17,132 64.7 16,652 62.9 480 2.8 9,355 

 65 years and over.................... 30,968 4,805 15.5 4,670 15.1 135 2.8 26,163 

Women, 16 years and over......... 95,242 56,221 59.0 53,950 56.6 2,271 4.0 39,021 

 16 to 19 years.......................... 6,301 2,935 46.6 2,590 41.1 345 11.7 3,365 

 20 to 24 years.......................... 7,796 5,530 70.9 5,182 66.5 349 6.3 2,265 

 25 to 54 years.......................... 49,928 37,723 75.6 36,428 73.0 1,295 3.4 12,204 

 55 to 64 years.......................... 13,596 7,980 58.7 7,758 57.1 222 2.8 5,616 

 65 years and over................... 17,623 2,052 11.6 1,991 11.3 62 3.0 15,570 

 Men, 16 years and over............. 91,021 67,613 74.3 64,883 71.3 2,730 4.0 23,408 

 16 to 19 years......................... 6,555 3,074 46.9 2,625 40.0 449 14.6 3,481 

 20 to 24 years.......................... 8,052 6,597 81.9 6,114 75.9 483 7.3 1,455 

 25 to 54 years.......................... 50,178 46,038 91.7 44,572 88.8 1,466 3.2 4,140 

 55 to 64 years.......................... 12,891 9,152 71.0 8,893 69.0 259 2.8 3,739 

 65 years and over................... 13,346 2,753 20.6 2,680 20.1 73 2.7 10,593 

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and over............. 27,007 17,314 64.1 15,765 58.4 1,549 8.9 9,693 

 16 to 19 years........................ 2,565 871 34.0 618 24.1 253 29.1 1,694 

 20 to 24 years........................ 2,851 1,960 68.8 1,643 57.6 318 16.2 890 

 25 to 54 years........................ 15,428 12,330 79.9 11,451 74.2 878 7.1 3,098 

 55 to 64 years........................ 3,137 1,739 55.4 1,659 52.9 81 4.6 1,398 

 65 years and over.................. 3,027 414 13.7 394 13.0 19 4.7 2,613 

Women, 16 years and over......... 14,877 9,186 61.7 8,410 56.5 775 8.4 5,691 

 16 to 19 years........................ 1,299 462 35.6 343 26.4 120 25.9 837 

 20 to 24 years........................ 1,495 989 66.2 839 56.1 150 15.2 506 

 25 to 54 years........................ 8,479 6,553 77.3 6,094 71.9 459 7.0 1,926 

 55 to 64 years.......................... 1,747 963 55.1 925 52.9 38 3.9 784 

 65 years and over.................. 1,857 218 11.8 210 11.3 8 3.7 1,639 

 Men, 16 years and over............... 12,130 8,128 67.0 7,354 60.6 774 9.5 4,002 

 16 to 19 years........................ 1,266 409 32.3 275 21.7 134 32.7 857 

 20 to 24 years........................ 1,355 971 71.6 804 59.3 167 17.2 384 

 25 to 54 years........................ 6,949 5,777 83.1 5,358 77.1 419 7.3 1,172 

 55 to 64 years........................ 1,390 777 55.9 734 52.8 43 5.5 614 

 65 years and over.................. 1,170 195 16.7 184 15.7 11 5.8 975 

 See footnotes at end of table.

Race, age, sex, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in 

labor

force Total 

 Percent 

of

population

10
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual

averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force

Asian

Total, 16 years and over............. 10,155 6,727 66.2 6,522 64.2 205 3.0 3,427 

 16 to 19 years......................... 613 154 25.1 132 21.6 22 14.0 459 

 20 to 24 years........................ 863 508 58.9 480 55.6 28 5.6 355 

 25 to 54 years........................ 6,319 5,069 80.2 4,939 78.2 130 2.6 1,250 

 55 to 64 years........................ 1,207 807 66.9 784 65.0 23 2.8 400 

 65 years and over................... 1,154 190 16.4 187 16.2 2 1.2 965 

Women, 16 years and over......... 5,328 3,106 58.3 3,011 56.5 95 3.1 2,222 

 16 to 19 years........................ 301 68 22.7 58 19.3 10 14.6 233 

 20 to 24 years........................ 429 241 56.1 231 53.8 10 4.0 189 

 25 to 54 years........................ 3,293 2,334 70.9 2,271 69.0 63 2.7 959 

 55 to 64 years........................ 646 378 58.5 365 56.6 12 3.3 268 

 65 years and over.................... 659 86 13.1 86 13.0 1 .6 572 

 Men, 16 years and over............. 4,827 3,621 75.0 3,511 72.7 110 3.0 1,206 

 16 to 19 years........................ 311 86 27.5 74 23.7 12 13.6 226 

 20 to 24 years........................ 433 267 61.7 249 57.4 19 7.0 166 

 25 to 54 years........................ 3,026 2,735 90.4 2,668 88.2 67 2.5 290 

 55 to 64 years........................ 561 429 76.6 419 74.7 10 2.4 131 

 65 years and over.................. 495 103 20.8 101 20.5 2 1.7 392 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over............. 30,103 20,694 68.7 19,613 65.2 1,081 5.2 9,409 

 16 to 19 years......................... 2,796 1,071 38.3 900 32.2 170 15.9 1,725 

 20 to 24 years........................ 3,603 2,681 74.4 2,487 69.0 194 7.2 922 

 25 to 54 years........................ 18,840 15,083 80.1 14,430 76.6 653 4.3 3,757 

 55 to 64 years........................ 2,516 1,490 59.2 1,441 57.3 49 3.3 1,026 

 65 years and over.................. 2,347 369 15.7 354 15.1 14 3.9 1,978 

Women, 16 years and over......... 14,630 8,206 56.1 7,725 52.8 480 5.9 6,424 

 16 to 19 years........................ 1,368 471 34.4 404 29.5 67 14.1 897 

 20 to 24 years......................... 1,688 1,035 61.3 951 56.4 84 8.1 652 

 25 to 54 years......................... 8,910 5,907 66.3 5,603 62.9 304 5.1 3,004 

 55 to 64 years........................ 1,313 652 49.7 632 48.2 20 3.1 660 

 65 years and over..................... 1,351 141 10.4 135 10.0 6 4.2 1,210 

 Men, 16 years and over............. 15,473 12,488 80.7 11,887 76.8 601 4.8 2,985 

 16 to 19 years........................ 1,428 600 42.0 496 34.8 104 17.3 828 

 20 to 24 years........................ 1,916 1,646 85.9 1,535 80.1 110 6.7 270 

 25 to 54 years........................ 9,930 9,177 92.4 8,828 88.9 349 3.8 754 

 55 to 64 years........................ 1,204 838 69.6 809 67.2 29 3.5 366 

 65 years and over.................... 996 228 22.9 220 22.0 8 3.7 768 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Race, age, sex, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in 

labor

force Total 

 Percent 

of

population


1

Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2006 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force

Total

Total, 16 years and over......... 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387 

 Married, spouse present...... 120,327 83,156 69.1 80,972 67.3 2,183 2.6 37,172 

 Unmarried, total................. 108,487 68,272 62.9 63,455 58.5 4,817 7.1 40,216 

 Never married.................. 63,554 43,447 68.4 39,884 62.8 3,563 8.2 20,107 

 Other marital status............ 44,933 24,825 55.2 23,570 52.5 1,254 5.1 20,108 

 Divorced........................ 22,675 16,235 71.6 15,464 68.2 771 4.7 6,440 

 Separated..................... 8,413 5,849 69.5 5,480 65.1 369 6.3 2,564 

 Widowed...................... 13,845 2,741 19.8 2,626 19.0 115 4.2 11,105 

Women

Total, 16 years and over......... 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037 

 Married, spouse present...... 59,576 36,314 61.0 35,272 59.2 1,042 2.9 23,262 

 Unmarried, total................... 58,634 33,858 57.7 31,653 54.0 2,205 6.5 24,775 

 Never married.................. 29,624 19,474 65.7 17,978 60.7 1,496 7.7 10,150 

 Other marital status............ 29,010 14,385 49.6 13,675 47.1 709 4.9 14,626 

 Divorced........................ 13,221 9,323 70.5 8,915 67.4 408 4.4 3,898 

 Separated..................... 4,635 2,965 64.0 2,750 59.3 215 7.2 1,670 

 Widowed...................... 11,154 2,097 18.8 2,010 18.0 87 4.1 9,058 

Men

Total, 16 years and over......... 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350 

 Married, spouse present...... 60,751 46,842 77.1 45,700 75.2 1,142 2.4 13,910 

 Unmarried, total.................. 49,854 34,413 69.0 31,802 63.8 2,612 7.6 15,440 

 Never married.................. 33,931 23,974 70.7 21,907 64.6 2,067 8.6 9,957 

 Other marital status.......... 15,923 10,440 65.6 9,895 62.1 545 5.2 5,483 

 Divorced........................ 9,454 6,912 73.1 6,549 69.3 363 5.3 2,542 

 Separated...................... 3,778 2,884 76.3 2,730 72.3 154 5.3 894 

 Widowed...................... 2,691 644 23.9 616 22.9 28 4.3 2,047 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Marital status and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in

labor

force Total 

Percent

of

population

2
1

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2006

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

Total

Women, 16 years and over................. 117,814 69,401 58.9 66,168 56.2 3,233 4.7 48,413 

 With children under 18 years old......... 36,823 26,009 70.6 24,728 67.2 1,281 4.9 10,814 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 20,271 15,579 76.9 14,949 73.7 630 4.0 4,693 

 With children under 6 years old......... 16,552 10,430 63.0 9,779 59.1 651 6.2 6,122 

 Under 3 years old......................... 9,753 5,842 59.9 5,458 56.0 384 6.6 3,911 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 80,991 43,392 53.6 41,440 51.2 1,952 4.5 37,599 

Men, 16 years and over..................... 110,161 80,267 72.9 75,979 69.0 4,287 5.3 29,894 

 With children under 18 years old......... 28,473 26,816 94.2 25,959 91.2 857 3.2 1,657 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 15,603 14,543 93.2 14,094 90.3 449 3.1 1,060 

 With children under 6 years old......... 12,869 12,273 95.4 11,865 92.2 408 3.3 597 

 Under 3 years old........................ 7,690 7,333 95.4 7,098 92.3 235 3.2 357 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 81,688 53,451 65.4 50,021 61.2 3,431 6.4 28,237 

White

Women, 16 years and over.................. 94,986 55,586 58.5 53,396 56.2 2,190 3.9 39,400 

 With children under 18 years old......... 28,972 20,311 70.1 19,488 67.3 823 4.1 8,661 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 15,941 12,231 76.7 11,826 74.2 405 3.3 3,710 

 With children under 6 years old.......... 13,031 8,080 62.0 7,662 58.8 418 5.2 4,951 

 Under 3 years old........................ 7,764 4,605 59.3 4,360 56.2 245 5.3 3,159 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 66,014 35,275 53.4 33,908 51.4 1,367 3.9 30,739 

Men, 16 years and over..................... 90,642 66,854 73.8 63,770 70.4 3,084 4.6 23,788 

 With children under 18 years old......... 23,907 22,722 95.0 22,059 92.3 663 2.9 1,185 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 13,077 12,323 94.2 11,974 91.6 349 2.8 755 

 With children under 6 years old......... 10,830 10,399 96.0 10,085 93.1 314 3.0 430 

 Under 3 years old........................ 6,494 6,255 96.3 6,070 93.5 185 3.0 239 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 66,735 44,132 66.1 41,711 62.5 2,421 5.5 22,603 

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and over................. 14,807 9,122 61.6 8,280 55.9 841 9.2 5,685 

 With children under 18 years old......... 5,118 3,895 76.1 3,508 68.5 387 9.9 1,223 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 2,897 2,318 80.0 2,125 73.4 194 8.3 578 

 With children under 6 years old......... 2,221 1,577 71.0 1,383 62.3 194 12.3 644 

 Under 3 years old........................ 1,220 808 66.2 692 56.7 116 14.4 412 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 9,689 5,227 53.9 4,773 49.3 454 8.7 4,463 

Men, 16 years and over..................... 12,059 7,942 65.9 7,053 58.5 889 11.2 4,117 

 With children under 18 years old......... 2,466 2,166 87.8 2,043 82.8 123 5.7 300 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 1,423 1,219 85.7 1,161 81.5 59 4.8 204 

 With children under 6 years old......... 1,043 946 90.8 882 84.6 64 6.8 96 

 Under 3 years old.......................... 615 546 88.8 513 83.3 34 6.2 69 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 9,593 5,776 60.2 5,010 52.2 766 13.3 3,817 

 See note at end of table.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

Not

in

labor

force

 Total 

Percent

of

population

3
1

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2006—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

Asian

Women, 16 years and over.................. 5,261 3,091 58.8 2,986 56.8 105 3.4 2,169

 With children under 18 years old......... 1,765 1,175 66.6 1,135 64.3 40 3.4 590 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 956 688 72.0 671 70.2 17 2.5 268 

 With children under 6 years old......... 809 487 60.2 464 57.4 23 4.7 322 

 Under 3 years old........................ 476 271 56.8 257 53.9 14 5.1 206 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 3,496 1,916 54.8 1,851 53.0 65 3.4 1,579 

Men, 16 years and over..................... 4,742 3,528 74.4 3,382 71.3 146 4.1 1,214 

 With children under 18 years old......... 1,438 1,326 92.2 1,287 89.5 40 3.0 112 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 770 701 91.1 671 87.2 30 4.3 69 

 With children under 6 years old......... 668 625 93.6 615 92.2 10 1.5 43 

 Under 3 years old........................ 384 351 91.4 348 90.6 3 .8 33 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 3,304 2,202 66.6 2,096 63.4 107 4.8 1,102 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and over.................. 14,484 8,028 55.4 7,522 51.9 505 6.3 6,456 

 With children under 18 years old......... 6,515 3,941 60.5 3,669 56.3 273 6.9 2,574 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 3,200 2,218 69.3 2,080 65.0 138 6.2 982 

 With children under 6 years old......... 3,315 1,723 52.0 1,589 47.9 134 7.8 1,592 

 Under 3 years old........................ 1,954 940 48.1 861 44.1 79 8.4 1,014 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 7,969 4,086 51.3 3,853 48.4 233 5.7 3,882 

Men, 16 years and over..................... 15,309 12,235 79.9 11,569 75.6 666 5.4 3,074 

 With children under 18 years old......... 4,950 4,658 94.1 4,483 90.6 174 3.7 292 

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 2,275 2,117 93.1 2,052 90.2 65 3.1 157 

 With children under 6 years old......... 2,675 2,540 95.0 2,431 90.9 109 4.3 135 

 Under 3 years old........................ 1,581 1,506 95.3 1,455 92.1 50 3.3 75 

 With no children under 18 years old...... 10,359 7,577 73.1 7,085 68.4 492 6.5 2,782 

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

Not

in

labor

force

 Total 

Percent

of

population

NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters,

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are

not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and,

therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.

SOURCE: 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,

Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

4
1

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, March 2006

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 117,814 69,401 58.9 66,168 56.2 3,233 4.7 48,413

 With children under 18 years old..................... 36,823 26,009 70.6 24,728 67.2 1,281 4.9 10,814

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 20,271 15,579 76.9 14,949 73.7 630 4.0 4,693

 With children under 6 years old..................... 16,552 10,430 63.0 9,779 59.1 651 6.2 6,122

 With children under 3 years old..................... 9,753 5,842 59.9 5,458 56.0 384 6.6 3,911

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 80,991 43,392 53.6 41,440 51.2 1,952 4.5 37,599

Total, 16 years and over................................. 59,476 36,192 60.9 35,185 59.2 1,007 2.8 23,284

 With children under 18 years old..................... 26,432 18,067 68.4 17,494 66.2 574 3.2 8,365

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 14,221 10,702 75.3 10,402 73.1 300 2.8 3,520

 With children under 6 years old..................... 12,211 7,366 60.3 7,092 58.1 274 3.7 4,845

 With children under 3 years old..................... 7,295 4,209 57.7 4,050 55.5 159 3.8 3,085

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 33,044 18,124 54.8 17,691 53.5 434 2.4 14,920

Total, 16 years and over................................. 58,338 33,209 56.9 30,983 53.1 2,226 6.7 25,128

 With children under 18 years old..................... 10,391 7,942 76.4 7,234 69.6 708 8.9 2,450

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 6,050 4,877 80.6 4,547 75.2 331 6.8 1,173

 With children under 6 years old..................... 4,341 3,064 70.6 2,687 61.9 377 12.3 1,277

 With children under 3 years old..................... 2,459 1,633 66.4 1,407 57.2 226 13.8 826

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 47,947 25,268 52.7 23,749 49.5 1,519 6.0 22,679

Total, 16 years and over................................. 94,986 55,586 58.5 53,396 56.2 2,190 3.9 39,400

 With children under 18 years old..................... 28,972 20,311 70.1 19,488 67.3 823 4.1 8,661

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 15,941 12,231 76.7 11,826 74.2 405 3.3 3,710

 With children under 6 years old..................... 13,031 8,080 62.0 7,662 58.8 418 5.2 4,951

 With children under 3 years old..................... 7,764 4,605 59.3 4,360 56.2 245 5.3 3,159

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 66,014 35,275 53.4 33,908 51.4 1,367 3.9 30,739

Total, 16 years and over................................. 51,184 30,867 60.3 30,067 58.7 800 2.6 20,317

 With children under 18 years old..................... 22,348 15,179 67.9 14,722 65.9 456 3.0 7,170

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 11,991 8,992 75.0 8,763 73.1 229 2.5 2,999

 With children under 6 years old..................... 10,358 6,187 59.7 5,959 57.5 227 3.7 4,171

 With children under 3 years old..................... 6,217 3,567 57.4 3,442 55.4 125 3.5 2,650

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 28,836 15,689 54.4 15,345 53.2 344 2.2 13,147

Total, 16 years and over................................. 43,802 24,718 56.4 23,328 53.3 1,390 5.6 19,084

 With children under 18 years old..................... 6,624 5,132 77.5 4,766 71.9 367 7.1 1,492

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 3,950 3,239 82.0 3,063 77.5 176 5.4 712

 With children under 6 years old..................... 2,674 1,894 70.8 1,703 63.7 191 10.1 780

 With children under 3 years old..................... 1,547 1,038 67.1 918 59.3 120 11.6 509

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 37,178 19,586 52.7 18,563 49.9 1,023 5.2 17,592

 See footnote at end of table.

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

Not

in

labor

force

 Total 

Percent

of

population Total

Percent

of

population

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

White, all marital statuses

White, married, spouse present

White, other marital statuses1

5

51,184

37,178
1

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, March 2006—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 14,807 9,122 61.6 8,280 55.9 841 9.2 5,685 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 5,118 3,895 76.1 3,508 68.5 387 9.9 1,223 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 2,897 2,318 80.0 2,125 73.4 194 8.3 578 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 2,221 1,577 71.0 1,383 62.3 194 12.3 644 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 1,220 808 66.2 692 56.7 116 14.4 412 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 9,689 5,227 53.9 4,773 49.3 454 8.7 4,463 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 4,101 2,785 67.9 2,654 64.7 131 4.7 1,317 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 1,983 1,527 77.0 1,451 73.2 76 5.0 456 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 1,149 939 81.8 888 77.3 51 5.5 209 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 835 588 70.4 563 67.5 25 4.2 247 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 485 318 65.6 298 61.4 20 6.4 167 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 2,118 1,257 59.4 1,202 56.8 55 4.4 861 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 10,706 6,337 59.2 5,627 52.6 710 11.2 4,369 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 3,134 2,368 75.5 2,057 65.6 311 13.1 766 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 1,748 1,379 78.9 1,237 70.8 142 10.3 369 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 1,386 989 71.3 820 59.1 169 17.1 398 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 734 490 66.7 394 53.6 96 19.6 245 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 7,571 3,969 52.4 3,570 47.2 399 10.1 3,602 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 5,261 3,091 58.8 2,986 56.8 105 3.4 2,169 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 1,765 1,175 66.6 1,135 64.3 40 3.4 590 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 956 688 72.0 671 70.2 17 2.5 268 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 809 487 60.2 464 57.4 23 4.7 322 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 476 271 56.8 257 53.9 14 5.1 206 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 3,496 1,916 54.8 1,851 53.0 65 3.4 1,579 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 3,097 1,884 60.8 1,820 58.8 64 3.4 1,213 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 1,546 1,015 65.6 979 63.3 36 3.5 532 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 814 581 71.4 565 69.4 16 2.8 233 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 732 434 59.2 414 56.6 20 4.5 299 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 425 235 55.3 224 52.7 11 4.8 190 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 1,551 869 56.0 841 54.2 28 3.2 682 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 2,164 1,207 55.8 1,166 53.9 41 3.4 956 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 219 160 73.3 156 71.5 4 2.5 58 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 142 107 75.5 106 74.9 1 .8 35 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 77 53 69.3 50 65.2 3 5.8 24 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 51 35 69.2 33 63.9 3 7.7 16 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 1,945 1,047 53.8 1,010 51.9 37 3.5 898 

 See footnote at end of table.

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

Not

in

labor

force

 Total 

 Percent

of

population Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force

Black or African American, all marital statuses

Black or African American, married, spouse present

Black or African American, other marital statuses1

Asian, all marital statuses

Asian, married, spouse present

Asian, other marital statuses1

6
1

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, March 2006—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 14,484 8,028 55.4 7,522 51.9 505 6.3 6,456 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 6,515 3,941 60.5 3,669 56.3 273 6.9 2,574 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 3,200 2,218 69.3 2,080 65.0 138 6.2 982 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 3,315 1,723 52.0 1,589 47.9 134 7.8 1,592 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 1,954 940 48.1 861 44.1 79 8.4 1,014 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 7,969 4,086 51.3 3,853 48.4 233 5.7 3,882 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 7,216 3,912 54.2 3,704 51.3 208 5.3 3,304 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 4,559 2,537 55.7 2,387 52.3 150 5.9 2,022 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 2,129 1,397 65.6 1,322 62.1 75 5.4 732 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 2,430 1,140 46.9 1,065 43.8 75 6.6 1,289 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 1,422 613 43.1 569 40.0 45 7.3 809 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 2,657 1,375 51.8 1,318 49.6 57 4.2 1,282 

Total, 16 years and over................................. 7,268 4,116 56.6 3,818 52.5 298 7.2 3,153 

 With children under 18 years old..................... 1,957 1,404 71.8 1,282 65.5 122 8.7 552 

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger... 1,071 821 76.7 758 70.8 63 7.7 250 

 With children under 6 years old..................... 885 583 65.8 524 59.2 59 10.1 303 

 With children under 3 years old..................... 531 327 61.5 292 55.0 34 10.5 205 

 With no children under 18 years old.................. 5,311 2,711 51.0 2,536 47.7 176 6.5 2,600 

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

Not

in

labor

force

 Total 

Percent

of

population Total 

Percent

of

population

Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses1

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force

Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses

Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present

1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed

persons.

NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters,

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Detail for the above race groups (white, black or African American,

and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all 

races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are

classified by ethnicity as well as by race.

SOURCE: 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,

Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics

7

1

 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.

NOTE: Children are “own children” and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, 

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. 

Details for the above race groups (white, black or African American, 

and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented 

for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified 

by ethnicity as well as by race.

SOURCE: 2006 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics.
1

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975-2006

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 

1976......... 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 

1977......... 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 

1978......... 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 

1979......... 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 

1980......... 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 

1981......... 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 

1982......... 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 

1983......... 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 

1984......... 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 

1985......... 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 

1986......... 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 

1987......... 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 

1988......... 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 

1989......... 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 

1990......... 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 

1991......... 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 

1992......... 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 

1993......... 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 

1994......... 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 

1995......... 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 

1996......... 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 

1997......... 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 

1998......... 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 

1999......... 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 

2000......... 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 

2001......... 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 

2002......... 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 

2003......... 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 

2004......... 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 

2005......... 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3 

2006......... 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0 

 See note at end of table.

Year

With own children under age 18 With own children ages 6 to 17

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percent

of

population

Total

Percent

of labor 

force

Total

Percent

of

population

Total

Percent

of labor 

force

8
1

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 

March 1975-2006—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 

1976......... 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 

1977......... 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 

1978......... 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 

1979......... 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 

1980......... 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 

1981......... 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 

1982......... 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 

1983......... 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 

1984......... 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 

1985......... 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 

1986......... 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 

1987......... 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 

1988......... 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 

1989......... 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 

1990......... 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 

1991......... 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 

1992......... 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 

1993......... 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2 

1994......... 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 

1995......... 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 

1996......... 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 

1997......... 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 

1998......... 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 

1999......... 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 

2000......... 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 

2001......... 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 

2002......... 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 

2003......... 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 

2004......... 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 

2005......... 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1 

2006......... 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6 

 See note at end of table.

Year

With own children under age 6 With own children under age 3

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percent

of

population

Total

Percent

of labor 

force

Total

Percent

of

population

Total

Percent

of labor 

force

9
20

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and

age of youngest child, March 1975-2006—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 

1976......... 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 

1977......... 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 

1978......... 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 

1979......... 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 

1980......... 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 

1981......... 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 

1982......... 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 

1983......... 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 

1984......... 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 

1985......... 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 

1986......... 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 

1987......... 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 

1988......... 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 

1989......... 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 

1990......... 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 

1991......... 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 

1992......... 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 

1993......... 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 

1994......... 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 

1995......... 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 

1996......... 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 

1997......... 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 

1998......... 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 

1999......... 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 

2000......... 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3 

2001......... 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0 

2002......... 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 

2003......... 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 

2004......... 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 

2005......... 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9 

2006......... 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5 

Year

With no own children under age 18

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percent

of

population

Total

Percent

of labor 

force

NOTE: "Own children" include sons, daughters, stepchildren,

and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews,

grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data

for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly comparable with

data for 1993 and earlier years because of the introduction of a

major redesign of the Current Population Survey. Data for 2005

were revised to reflect corrections to survey sample weights.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1975-

2006, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

20
2

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational

attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent

of

population

 Total

 Percent 

of labor 

force

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 156,259 123,550 79.1 119,062 76.2 4,489 3.6 32,708 

 Less than a high school diploma......... 18,802 11,999 63.8 11,165 59.4 835 7.0 6,803 

 High school graduates, no college1...... 47,730 36,511 76.5 34,908 73.1 1,603 4.4 11,220 

 Some college or associate degree...... 42,182 34,216 81.1 32,991 78.2 1,225 3.6 7,966 

 College graduates, total................... 47,544 40,825 85.9 39,999 84.1 826 2.0 6,719 

 Bachelor's degree........................... 31,367 26,712 85.2 26,105 83.2 607 2.3 4,654 

 Master's degree............................ 11,556 9,927 85.9 9,759 84.4 168 1.7 1,629 

 Professional degree........................ 2,567 2,315 90.2 2,288 89.1 27 1.1 252 

 Doctoral degree.............................. 2,054 1,870 91.0 1,846 89.9 24 1.3 184 

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years......................... 79,523 57,201 71.9 55,051 69.2 2,150 3.8 22,323 

 Less than a high school diploma......... 8,840 4,337 49.1 3,980 45.0 356 8.2 4,503 

 High school graduates, no college1...... 23,689 16,190 68.3 15,473 65.3 716 4.4 7,499 

 Some college or associate degree...... 22,830 17,301 75.8 16,631 72.8 670 3.9 5,529 

 College graduates, total..................... 24,165 19,373 80.2 18,966 78.5 407 2.1 4,792 

 Bachelor's degree......................... 16,195 12,791 79.0 12,487 77.1 304 2.4 3,405 

 Master's degree............................ 6,214 5,080 81.7 4,996 80.4 84 1.7 1,134 

 Professional degree........................ 1,025 873 85.1 860 83.8 14 1.5 152 

 Doctoral degree.............................. 730 629 86.2 624 85.5 6 .9 101 

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 76,735 66,350 86.5 64,011 83.4 2,339 3.5 10,386 

 Less than a high school diploma......... 9,962 7,662 76.9 7,184 72.1 478 6.2 2,300 

 High school graduates, no college1...... 24,042 20,321 84.5 19,434 80.8 887 4.4 3,720 

 Some college or associate degree...... 19,353 16,915 87.4 16,360 84.5 555 3.3 2,438 

 College graduates, total..................... 23,379 21,451 91.8 21,033 90.0 419 2.0 1,928 

 Bachelor's degree......................... 15,171 13,922 91.8 13,619 89.8 303 2.2 1,250 

 Master's degree.............................. 5,342 4,847 90.7 4,763 89.2 84 1.7 495 

 Professional degree...................... 1,542 1,442 93.5 1,429 92.7 13 .9 100 

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,324 1,241 93.7 1,222 92.3 18 1.5 83 

1

 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Educational attainment and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in 

labor

 Total force

Percent

of

population

2
22

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or 

more

1970 ............... 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1 

1971............... 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8 

1972............... 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5 

1973............... 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4 

1974............... 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5 

1975............... 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3 

1976............... 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4 

1977............... 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2 

1978............... 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6 

1979............... 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3 

1980............... 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0 

1981............... 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0 

1982............... 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1 

1983................ 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2 

1984................ 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7 

1985............... 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9 

1986............... 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8 

1987............... 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3 

1988................ 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7 

1989............... 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4 

1990................ 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4 

1991............... 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5 

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates,

no college 2

Some

college, no 

degree, or 

associate

degree

College

graduates 3

1992............... 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6 

1993............... 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0 

1994............... 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6 

1995................ 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3 

1996............... 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7 

1997................ 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0 

1998................ 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8 

1999............... 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5 

2000............... 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7 

2001............... 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0 

2002............... 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6 

2003................ 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1 

2004............... 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4 

2005............... 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5 

2006............... 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0 

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian labor 

force

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total, both sexes

1

4

22
23

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or 

more

1970 ............... 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2 

1971............... 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8 

1972............... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4 

1973............... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3 

1974............... 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6 

1975............... 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1 

1976............... 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2 

1977............... 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9 

1978............... 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0 

1979............... 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8 

1980............... 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7 

1981............... 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6 

1982............... 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5 

1983................ 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9 

1984................ 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7 

1985............... 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0 

1986............... 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2 

1987............... 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8 

1988................ 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1 

1989............... 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3 

1990................ 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5 

1991............... 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2 

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college2

Some

college, no 

degree, or 

associate

degree

College

graduates3

1992............... 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0 

1993............... 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7 

1994............... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2 

1995................ 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9 

1996............... 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8 

1997................ 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4 

1998................ 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2 

1999............... 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9 

2000............... 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1 

2001............... 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4 

2002............... 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3 

2003................ 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2 

2004............... 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6 

2005............... 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3 

2006............... 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9 

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Women

Year

Civilian labor 

force

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Women

1

4

23
24

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or 

more

1970 ............... 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7 

1971............... 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5 

1972............... 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3 

1973............... 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2 

1974............... 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3 

1975............... 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2 

1976............... 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5 

1977............... 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3 

1978............... 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0 

1979............... 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8 

1980............... 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3 

1981............... 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6 

1982............... 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5 

1983................ 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6 

1984................ 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9 

1985............... 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1 

1986............... 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9 

1987............... 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2 

1988................ 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8 

1989............... 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2 

1990................ 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0 

1991............... 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6 

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college2

Some

college, no 

degree, or 

associate

degree

College

graduates3

1992............... 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8 

1993............... 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1 

1994............... 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8 

1995................ 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4 

1996............... 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4 

1997................ 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6 

1998................ 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3 

1999............... 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0 

2000............... 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2 

2001............... 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4 

2002............... 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8 

2003................ 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1 

2004............... 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3 

2005............... 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9 

2006............... 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3 

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Men

Men

Year

Civilian labor 

force

(thousands)

Percent distribution

1

4

24

See footnotes at end of table.
25

1 Data from 1970-1991 are based on the March

Current Population Survey. 2 Includes persons with a high school diploma

or equivalent. 3 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's,

professional, and doctoral degrees.

4 Beginning in 1992, data on educational

attainment are annual averages and are based

on the "highest diploma or degree received"

rather than the "number of years of school

completed."

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics

1985............... 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1 

1986............... 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9 

1987............... 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2 

1988................ 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8 

1989............... 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2 

1990................ 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0 

1991............... 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6 

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, no 

college2

Some

college, no 

degree, or 

associate

degree

College

graduates3

1992............... 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8 

1993............... 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1 

1994............... 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8 

1995................ 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4 

1996............... 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4 

1997................ 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6 

1998................ 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3 

1999............... 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0 

2000............... 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2 

2001............... 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4 

2002............... 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8 

2003................ 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1 

2004............... 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3 

2005............... 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9 

2006............... 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3 

 See footnotes at end of table.

Men

Year

Civilian labor 

force

(thousands)

Percent distribution

4

24

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages—Continued
26

Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2005-06 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 141,730 100.0 144,427 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ 49,245 34.7 50,420 34.9

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... 20,450 14.4 21,233 14.7

 Professional and related occupations ................................................ 28,795 20.3 29,187 20.2

Service occupations .............................................................................. 23,133 16.3 23,811 16.5

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 35,962 25.4 36,141 25.0

 Sales and related occupations ........................................................... 16,433 11.6 16,641 11.5

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 19,529 13.8 19,500 13.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... 15,348 10.8 15,830 11.0

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 976 .7 961 .7 

 Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... 9,145 6.5 9,507 6.6

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. 5,226 3.7 5,362 3.7

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 18,041 12.7 18,224 12.6

 Production occupations ...................................................................... 9,378 6.6 9,378 6.5

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 8,664 6.1 8,846 6.1

Women

 Total, 16 years and over....................................................... 65,757 100.0 66,925 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ 24,896 37.9 25,492 38.1

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... 8,689 13.2 8,886 13.3

 Professional and related occupations ................................................ 16,207 24.6 16,606 24.8

Service occupations .............................................................................. 13,251 20.2 13,653 20.4

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 22,772 34.6 22,866 34.2

 Sales and related occupations ........................................................... 8,072 12.3 8,163 12.2

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 14,700 22.4 14,703 22.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... 713 1.1 752 1.1

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 220 .3 212 .3 

 Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... 274 .4 292 .4 

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. 219 .3 248 .4 

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 4,124 6.3 4,163 6.2

 Production occupations ...................................................................... 2,838 4.3 2,850 4.3

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 1,286 2.0 1,313 2.0

Occupation and sex

Year

2005 2006

26
27

Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2005-06 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 75,973 100.0 77,502 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ 24,349 32.0 24,928 32.2

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... 11,761 15.5 12,347 15.9

 Professional and related occupations ................................................ 12,588 16.6 12,581 16.2

Service occupations .............................................................................. 9,882 13.0 10,159 13.1

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 13,190 17.4 13,275 17.1

 Sales and related occupations ........................................................... 8,362 11.0 8,478 10.9

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 4,829 6.4 4,797 6.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... 14,635 19.3 15,079 19.5

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 756 1.0 750 1.0

 Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... 8,871 11.7 9,216 11.9

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. 5,008 6.6 5,114 6.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 13,917 18.3 14,061 18.1

 Production occupations ...................................................................... 6,540 8.6 6,529 8.4

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 7,377 9.7 7,533 9.7

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Occupation

Year

2005 2006

27
28

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over................................................................................................ 144,427 46.3

Management, professional, and related occupations.......................................................................... 50,420 50.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations........................................................ 21,233 41.9

Management occupations............................................................................................................. 15,249 36.7

Chief executives......................................................................................................................... 1,689 23.4

General and operations managers............................................................................................ 998 29.1

Advertising and promotions managers...................................................................................... 75 52.5

Marketing and sales managers.................................................................................................. 888 40.2

Administrative services managers............................................................................................. 87 24.4

Computer and information systems managers.......................................................................... 401 27.2

Financial managers.................................................................................................................... 1,083 55.0

Human resources managers...................................................................................................... 280 65.8

Industrial production managers.................................................................................................. 298 16.4

Purchasing managers................................................................................................................ 165 40.7

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers.................................................................. 249 14.6

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers........................................................................... 242 21.8

Farmers and ranchers................................................................................................................ 784 25.0

Construction managers.............................................................................................................. 1,010 7.8

Education administrators........................................................................................................... 796 63.9

Engineering managers............................................................................................................... 103 7.3

Food service managers............................................................................................................. 900 43.2

Lodging managers..................................................................................................................... 174 51.0

Medical and health services managers...................................................................................... 511 68.3

Property, real estate, and community association managers.................................................... 618 51.3

Social and community service managers.................................................................................. 315 66.0

Business and financial operations occupations............................................................................ 5,983 55.0

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products................................................................... 222 55.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products............................................... 290 51.1

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators...................................................... 283 58.2

Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation... 149 54.0

Cost estimators.......................................................................................................................... 114 12.7

Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists........................................................ 765 71.5

Management analysts................................................................................................................ 572 42.2

Accountants and auditors.......................................................................................................... 1,779 60.2

Appraisers and assessors of real estate.................................................................................... 134 35.7

Budget analysts......................................................................................................................... 52 55.7

Financial analysts...................................................................................................................... 103 38.4

Personal financial advisors........................................................................................................ 389 34.4

Insurance underwriters.............................................................................................................. 92 69.2

Loan counselors and officers..................................................................................................... 468 52.7

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........................................................................ 67 56.7

Tax preparers............................................................................................................................. 98 59.6

Professional and related occupations............................................................................................... 29,187 56.9

Computer and mathematical occupations..................................................................................... 3,209 26.7

Computer scientists and systems analysts................................................................................ 715 31.9

Computer programmers............................................................................................................. 562 25.3

Computer software engineers.................................................................................................... 846 21.8

Computer support specialists..................................................................................................... 314 28.9

Database administrators............................................................................................................ 90 37.0

Network and computer systems administrators......................................................................... 180 16.6

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total

employed

Percent

women

28
29

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Network systems and data communications analysts............................................................... 356 25.5

Operations research analysts.................................................................................................... 85 40.3

Architecture and engineering occupations.................................................................................... 2,830 14.5

Architects, except naval............................................................................................................. 221 22.2

Aerospace engineers................................................................................................................. 110 13.1

Chemical engineers................................................................................................................... 70 17.1

Civil engineers........................................................................................................................... 304 11.9

Computer hardware engineers.................................................................................................. 80 16.2

Electrical and electronics engineers.......................................................................................... 382 7.7

Industrial engineers, including health and safety....................................................................... 174 22.6

Mechanical engineers................................................................................................................ 322 5.8

Drafters...................................................................................................................................... 181 21.8

Engineering technicians, except drafters................................................................................... 396 20.6

Surveying and mapping technicians.......................................................................................... 96 9.9

Life, physical, and social science occupations.............................................................................. 1,434 43.3

Biological scientists.................................................................................................................... 116 46.6

Medical scientists....................................................................................................................... 164 45.4

Chemists and materials scientists.............................................................................................. 116 34.1

Environmental scientists and geoscientists............................................................................... 101 22.0

Market and survey researchers................................................................................................. 129 61.3

Psychologists............................................................................................................................. 189 67.7

Chemical technicians................................................................................................................. 76 35.9

Community and social services occupations................................................................................. 2,156 61.6

Counselors................................................................................................................................. 614 66.8

Social workers............................................................................................................................ 698 82.6

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists........................................................... 293 70.5

Clergy......................................................................................................................................... 416 12.8

Legal occupations......................................................................................................................... 1,637 51.7

Lawyers...................................................................................................................................... 965 32.6

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers........................................................................ 66 35.5

Paralegals and legal assistants................................................................................................. 345 89.1

Miscellaneous legal support workers......................................................................................... 261 76.8

Education, training, and library occupations.................................................................................. 8,126 74.2

Postsecondary teachers............................................................................................................ 1,194 46.3

Preschool and kindergarten teachers........................................................................................ 690 97.7

Elementary and middle school teachers.................................................................................... 2,701 82.2

Secondary school teachers........................................................................................................ 1,098 56.0

Special education teachers........................................................................................................ 401 83.5

Other teachers and instructors................................................................................................... 705 64.9

Librarians................................................................................................................................... 229 84.2

Teacher assistants..................................................................................................................... 942 92.3

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................ 2,735 48.8

Artists and related workers........................................................................................................ 223 52.4

Designers................................................................................................................................... 821 55.5

Producers and directors............................................................................................................. 134 40.0

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers...................................................................... 270 36.9

Musicians, singers, and related workers.................................................................................... 203 33.5

Announcers................................................................................................................................ 62 30.8

News analysts, reporters and correspondents........................................................................... 78 53.4

Public relations specialists......................................................................................................... 141 64.6

Editors........................................................................................................................................ 157 53.7

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total

employed

Percent

women

29
30

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Technical writers........................................................................................................................ 60 49.5

Writers and authors.................................................................................................................... 174 58.5

Miscellaneous media and communication workers.................................................................... 67 69.3

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators.......................................... 89 15.6

Photographers........................................................................................................................... 127 43.3

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........................................................................ 7,060 73.4

Chiropractors............................................................................................................................. 69 23.1

Dentists...................................................................................................................................... 196 22.6

Dietitians and nutritionists.......................................................................................................... 96 91.0

Pharmacists............................................................................................................................... 245 48.9

Physicians and surgeons........................................................................................................... 863 32.2

Physician assistants................................................................................................................... 85 71.7

Registered nurses...................................................................................................................... 2,529 91.3

Occupational therapists............................................................................................................. 78 90.3

Physical therapists..................................................................................................................... 198 62.7

Respiratory therapists................................................................................................................ 85 66.0

Speech-language pathologists................................................................................................... 114 95.3

Veterinarians.............................................................................................................................. 67 50.4

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians...................................................................... 321 78.1

Dental hygienists........................................................................................................................ 144 98.6

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians...................................................................... 281 72.9

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics...................................................................... 156 31.9

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians............................................... 425 80.1

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses.................................................................... 556 94.2

Medical records and health information technicians.................................................................. 98 92.0

Service occupations............................................................................................................................. 23,811 57.3

Healthcare support occupations....................................................................................................... 3,132 89.4

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides............................................................................. 1,906 88.9

Physical therapist assistants and aides..................................................................................... 61 78.4

Massage therapists.................................................................................................................... 124 84.1

Dental assistants........................................................................................................................ 274 95.4

Protective service occupations......................................................................................................... 2,939 22.3

First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives.......................................................... 103 15.5

Fire fighters................................................................................................................................ 253 3.5

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers..................................................................................... 451 28.2

Detectives and criminal investigators......................................................................................... 144 26.0

Police and sheriff's patrol officers.............................................................................................. 655 12.8

Private detectives and investigators.......................................................................................... 85 38.2

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers...................................................................... 835 23.0

Food preparation and serving related occupations.......................................................................... 7,606 56.6

Chefs and head cooks............................................................................................................... 313 23.9

First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers................................ 652 58.7

Cooks......................................................................................................................................... 1,868 43.4

Food preparation workers.......................................................................................................... 698 59.2

Bartenders................................................................................................................................. 389 55.0

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food....................................... 344 67.6

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop............................................. 308 66.2

Waiters and waitresses.............................................................................................................. 1,960 71.5

Food servers, nonrestaurant...................................................................................................... 155 65.3

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers.................................................... 380 48.5

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total

employed

Percent

women

30
3

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Dishwashers.............................................................................................................................. 279 23.9

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop....................................................... 257 86.4

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations......................................................... 5,381 40.0

First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers.............................. 305 32.6

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers... 235 8.0

Janitors and building cleaners................................................................................................... 2,082 32.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners............................................................................................ 1,423 90.3

Pest control workers.................................................................................................................. 78 2.2

Grounds maintenance workers.................................................................................................. 1,259 6.2

Personal care and service occupations............................................................................................ 4,754 78.7

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers.................................................................. 124 43.7

First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers.................................................... 176 66.7

Nonfarm animal caretakers........................................................................................................ 137 72.1

Gaming services workers........................................................................................................... 106 48.1

Barbers...................................................................................................................................... 100 17.7

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists........................................................................... 767 93.4

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers............................................................................ 230 83.0

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges............................................................................... 78 20.6

Transportation attendants.......................................................................................................... 134 74.2

Child care workers..................................................................................................................... 1,401 94.2

Personal and home care aides.................................................................................................. 703 87.3

Recreation and fitness workers.................................................................................................. 322 68.7

Residential advisors................................................................................................................... 62 69.0

Sales and office occupations............................................................................................................... 36,141 63.3

Sales and related occupations......................................................................................................... 16,641 49.1

First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers............................................................. 3,435 41.8

First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers...................................................... 1,433 27.2

Cashiers..................................................................................................................................... 3,063 74.8

Counter and rental clerks........................................................................................................... 146 51.7

Parts salespersons.................................................................................................................... 149 16.3

Retail salespersons.................................................................................................................... 3,386 51.4

Advertising sales agents............................................................................................................ 220 53.9

Insurance sales agents.............................................................................................................. 548 45.3

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents................................................... 398 29.3

Travel agents............................................................................................................................. 82 77.3

Sales representatives, services, all other.................................................................................. 563 32.8

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing................................................................ 1,422 27.2

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters........................................................................ 75 84.2

Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................................................................ 1,046 59.9

Telemarketers............................................................................................................................ 142 65.3

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers............................. 261 62.4

Office and administrative support occupations................................................................................. 19,500 75.4

First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative supportworkers........................... 1,543 72.2

Bill and account collectors......................................................................................................... 213 62.2

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators...................................................................... 422 88.1

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks........................................................................... 1,511 90.3

Payroll and timekeeping clerks.................................................................................................. 158 92.4

Tellers........................................................................................................................................ 432 84.8

Court, municipal, and license clerks.......................................................................................... 114 80.7

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.................................................................................... 56 77.3

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total

employed

Percent

women

3

First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers
32

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Customer service representatives............................................................................................. 1,916 70.4

Eligibility interviewers, government programs............................................................................ 61 86.3

File clerks................................................................................................................................... 363 79.2

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks........................................................................................... 117 63.7

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan...................................................................................... 141 82.1

Library assistants, clerical.......................................................................................................... 119 87.9

Loan interviewers and clerks..................................................................................................... 190 76.7

Order clerks............................................................................................................................... 128 69.4

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping.................................................. 56 91.9

Receptionists and information clerks......................................................................................... 1,403 92.7

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks................................................. 156 64.8

Couriers and messengers.......................................................................................................... 273 17.9

Dispatchers................................................................................................................................ 303 53.4

Postal service clerks.................................................................................................................. 153 49.5

Postal service mail carriers........................................................................................................ 329 35.7

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators............................ 98 47.5

Production, planning, and expediting clerks.............................................................................. 296 56.8

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................................................................................ 543 30.1

Stock clerks and order fillers...................................................................................................... 1,462 39.1

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping................................................ 81 50.4

Secretaries and administrative assistants.................................................................................. 3,455 96.9

Computer operators................................................................................................................... 185 49.6

Data entry keyers....................................................................................................................... 475 81.6

Word processors and typists...................................................................................................... 256 91.2

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks.......................................................................... 274 87.6

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service................................................. 123 54.2

Office clerks, general................................................................................................................. 1,035 81.9

Office machine operators, except computer.............................................................................. 52 57.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......................................................... 15,830 4.7

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations....................................................................................... 961 22.0

Graders and sorters, agricultural products................................................................................. 68 64.9

Logging workers......................................................................................................................... 78 .2

Construction and extraction occupations.......................................................................................... 9,507 3.1

First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers........................ 976 2.6

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons......................................................................... 244 1.6

Carpenters................................................................................................................................. 1,843 2.4

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers............................................................................. 279 2.4

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers....................................................... 107 .7

Construction laborers................................................................................................................. 1,693 3.7

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators............................................ 451 1.7

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers.................................................................... 295 2.9

Electricians................................................................................................................................. 882 1.9

Painters, construction and maintenance.................................................................................... 713 7.7

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.................................................................... 662 1.8

Roofers...................................................................................................................................... 242 1.1

Sheet metal workers.................................................................................................................. 125 3.1

Structural iron and steel workers............................................................................................... 59 2.2

Helpers, construction trades...................................................................................................... 132 6.2

Construction and building inspectors......................................................................................... 102 8.8

Highway maintenance workers.................................................................................................. 103 3.8

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total

employed

Percent

women

32
33

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................................................................... 5,362 4.6

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers................................... 357 8.5

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers........................................................ 371 9.7

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers........................................... 205 15.2

Security and fire alarm systems installers.................................................................................. 69 2.4

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians............................................................................... 141 5.3

Automotive body and related repairers...................................................................................... 162 .6

Automotive service technicians and mechanics........................................................................ 875 1.6

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................ 367 .9

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics................................ 237 1.4

Small engine mechanics............................................................................................................ 61 3.4

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers........................................ 405 2.7

Home appliance repairers.......................................................................................................... 56 1.5

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics......................................................................... 436 3.8

Maintenance and repair workers, general.................................................................................. 435 4.0

Millwrights.................................................................................................................................. 67 2.9

Electrical power-line installers and repairers............................................................................. 109 .9

Telecommunications line installers and repairers...................................................................... 210 8.6

Precision instrument and equipment repairers.......................................................................... 73 13.9

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers............................................. 62 14.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............................................................. 18,224 22.8

Production occupations.................................................................................................................... 9,378 30.4

First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers...................................... 868 19.4

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers........................................................ 213 51.7

Bakers........................................................................................................................................ 186 57.9

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers................................................ 292 29.9

Food batchmakers..................................................................................................................... 81 58.6

Computer control programmers and operators.......................................................................... 54 8.2

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........ 119 17.9

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal 

 and plastic................................................................................................................................ 62 5.6

Machinists.................................................................................................................................. 415 6.7

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................... 70 17.1

Tool and die makers.................................................................................................................. 105 .9

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers................................................................................... 546 5.9

Printing machine operators........................................................................................................ 208 22.2

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers............................................................................................. 190 62.4

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials....................................................................... 63 70.8

Sewing machine operators........................................................................................................ 292 77.9

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers............................................................................................. 111 74.7

Upholsterers............................................................................................................................... 54 14.0

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters....................................................................................... 113 4.4

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood............................................................ 58 10.5

Stationary engineers and boiler operators................................................................................. 94 2.3

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators.................................................. 95 4.0

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders................................................. 57 13.0

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers..................................................... 105 11.2

Cutting workers.......................................................................................................................... 78 24.8

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers................................................................. 702 38.8

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians............................................................ 95 50.8

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total

employed

Percent

women

33
34

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders............................................................... 275 55.5

Painting workers........................................................................................................................ 173 16.6

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators.......................................... 62 51.8

Helpers--production workers...................................................................................................... 53 25.2

Transportation and material moving occupations............................................................................. 8,846 14.8

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers......................................................... 228 16.7

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers.............................................................................................. 115 2.2

Bus drivers................................................................................................................................. 565 49.6

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers....................................................................................... 3,475 5.2

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs........................................................................................................ 282 16.0

Railroad conductors and yardmasters....................................................................................... 50 6.5

Parking lot attendants................................................................................................................ 65 19.5

Service station attendants.......................................................................................................... 96 9.8

Crane and tower operators........................................................................................................ 54 1.5

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................................................................. 63 1.5

Industrial truck and tractor operators......................................................................................... 574 7.2

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.......................................................................................... 401 15.0

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand............................................................ 1,899 16.9

Packers and packagers, hand................................................................................................... 432 57.5

Refuse and recyclable material collectors................................................................................. 91 6.1

Occupation Total

employed

Percent

women

NOTE: Generally, data for occupations with fewer than

50,000 employed as well as certain other occupations are not

published separately but are included in the totals

for the appropriate categories shown. Therefore, detailed 

occupations may not always sum to the broader categories.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department

of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

34
35

Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)................................... 53,950 8,410 3,011 7,725

 Percent.......................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ..................... 38.9 31.1 45.7 22.1

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ... 13.8 10.0 14.5 8.3

Professional and related occupations ......................................... 25.2 21.1 31.2 13.9

Service occupations ....................................................................... 19.3 27.3 18.5 30.6

Sales and office occupations .......................................................... 34.8 32.3 27.3 32.7

Sales and related occupations .................................................... 12.4 10.9 11.6 12.6

Office and administrative support occupations ........................... 22.4 21.4 15.7 20.2

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .... 1.1 1.0 .7 2.2

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ................................. .3 .2 .2 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations .................................... .5 .3 .3 .9

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...................... .4 .5 .3 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ........ 5.8 8.3 7.7 12.3

Production occupations ............................................................... 4.0 5.2 6.7 9.0

Transportation and material moving occupations ....................... 1.8 3.1 1.0 3.3

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Hispanic or 

Latino

ethnicity

Occupation White

Black or 

African

American

Asian

35

1.8
36

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2005-06 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, both sexes

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 141,730 100.0 144,427 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 2,197 1.6 2,206 1.5

Mining ........................................................................................ 624 .4 687 .5

Construction ............................................................................... 11,197 7.9 11,749 8.1

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 16,253 11.5 16,377 11.3

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 10,333 7.3 10,499 7.3

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 5,919 4.2 5,877 4.1

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 21,405 15.1 21,328 14.8

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 4,579 3.2 4,561 3.2

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 16,825 11.9 16,767 11.6

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 7,360 5.2 7,455 5.2

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 6,184 4.4 6,269 4.3

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 1,176 .8 1,186 .8

Information ................................................................................. 3,402 2.4 3,573 2.5

Financial activities ...................................................................... 10,203 7.2 10,490 7.3

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 7,035 5.0 7,254 5.0

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 3,168 2.2 3,237 2.2

Professional and business services ........................................... 14,294 10.1 14,868 10.3

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 8,584 6.1 8,776 6.1

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 5,709 4.0 6,092 4.2

Education and health services ................................................... 29,174 20.6 29,938 20.7

 Educational services ................................................................ 12,264 8.7 12,522 8.7

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 16,910 11.9 17,416 12.1

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 5,719 4.0 5,712 4.0

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 8,332 5.9 8,639 6.0

 Social assistance ................................................................... 2,860 2.0 3,065 2.1

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 12,071 8.5 12,145 8.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 2,765 2.0 2,671 1.8

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 9,306 6.6 9,474 6.6

Other services ............................................................................ 7,020 5.0 7,088 4.9

 Other services, except private households .............................. 6,208 4.4 6,285 4.4

 Private households .................................................................. 812 .6 803 .6

Public administration .................................................................. 6,530 4.6 6,524 4.5

Industry and sex

Year

2005 2006

36
37

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2005-06 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 65,757 100.0 66,925 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 544 .8 543 .8 

Mining ........................................................................................ 80 .1 89 .1 

Construction ............................................................................... 1,079 1.6 1,131 1.7

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 4,882 7.4 4,834 7.2

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 2,697 4.1 2,710 4.0

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 2,185 3.3 2,123 3.2

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 9,509 14.5 9,526 14.2

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 1,316 2.0 1,323 2.0

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 8,192 12.5 8,203 12.3

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 1,727 2.6 1,807 2.7

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 1,477 2.2 1,547 2.3

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 250 .4 259 .4 

Information ................................................................................. 1,502 2.3 1,588 2.4

Financial activities ...................................................................... 5,640 8.6 5,817 8.7

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 4,115 6.3 4,219 6.3

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 1,525 2.3 1,598 2.4

Professional and business services ........................................... 6,132 9.3 6,322 9.4

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 3,818 5.8 3,897 5.8

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 2,314 3.5 2,425 3.6

Education and health services ................................................... 21,869 33.3 22,414 33.5

 Educational services ................................................................ 8,459 12.9 8,630 12.9

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 13,410 20.4 13,784 20.6

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 4,372 6.6 4,376 6.5

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 6,582 10.0 6,790 10.1

 Social assistance ................................................................... 2,456 3.7 2,619 3.9

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 6,207 9.4 6,230 9.3

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 1,249 1.9 1,208 1.8

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 4,958 7.5 5,023 7.5

Other services ............................................................................ 3,614 5.5 3,663 5.5

 Other services, except private households .............................. 2,869 4.4 2,921 4.4

 Private households .................................................................. 745 1.1 742 1.1

Public administration .................................................................. 2,971 4.5 2,961 4.4

Industry and sex

Year

2005 2006

37
38

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2005-06 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 75,973 100.0 77,502 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 1,654 2.2 1,663 2.1

Mining ........................................................................................ 545 .7 598 .8 

Construction ............................................................................... 10,118 13.3 10,618 13.7

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 11,370 15.0 11,543 14.9

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 7,636 10.1 7,789 10.1

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 3,734 4.9 3,754 4.8

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 11,896 15.7 11,802 15.2

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 3,263 4.3 3,238 4.2

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 8,633 11.4 8,564 11.1

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 5,633 7.4 5,648 7.3

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 4,707 6.2 4,722 6.1

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 926 1.2 926 1.2

Information ................................................................................. 1,900 2.5 1,985 2.6

Financial activities ...................................................................... 4,563 6.0 4,673 6.0

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 2,920 3.8 3,035 3.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 1,643 2.2 1,638 2.1

Professional and business services ........................................... 8,161 10.7 8,546 11.0

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 4,766 6.3 4,878 6.3

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 3,395 4.5 3,668 4.7

Education and health services ................................................... 7,304 9.6 7,524 9.7

 Educational services ................................................................ 3,804 5.0 3,892 5.0

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 3,500 4.6 3,632 4.7

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 1,347 1.8 1,337 1.7

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 1,749 2.3 1,850 2.4

 Social assistance ................................................................... 404 .5 446 .6 

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 5,864 7.7 5,914 7.6

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 1,516 2.0 1,463 1.9

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 4,348 5.7 4,452 5.7

Other services ............................................................................ 3,407 4.5 3,425 4.4

 Other services, except private households .............................. 3,339 4.4 3,364 4.3

 Private households .................................................................. 67 .1 60 .1 

Public administration .................................................................. 3,558 4.7 3,563 4.6

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Industry and sex

Year

2005 2006

38
39

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over.............................................................................. 144,427 46.3

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting...................................................................... 2,206 24.6

Crop production...................................................................................................... 899 25.1

Animal production................................................................................................... 925 25.4

Forestry, except logging.......................................................................................... 58 26.9

Logging................................................................................................................... 111 7.1

Fishing, hunting, and trapping................................................................................. 52 14.4

Support activities for agriculture and forestry.......................................................... 161 32.1

Mining............................................................................................................................ 687 13.0

Oil and gas extraction............................................................................................. 107 15.2

Coal mining............................................................................................................. 95 2.8

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying.............................................................. 105 12.2

Support activities for mining.................................................................................... 341 14.7

Construction................................................................................................................... 11,749 9.6

Manufacturing................................................................................................................ 16,377 29.5

Durable goods............................................................................................................ 10,499 25.8

Nonmetallic mineral products.................................................................................. 514 19.5

Glass and glass products.................................................................................... 159 25.4

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products................................................... 213 10.0

Primary metals and fabricated metal products........................................................ 1,919 17.0

Iron and steel mills and steel products................................................................ 289 12.2

Aluminum production and processing................................................................. 80 23.4

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing........................ 54 15.6

Foundries............................................................................................................. 95 14.0

Metal forgings and stampings.............................................................................. 92 23.0

Cutlery and hand tools......................................................................................... 55 19.6

Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers.......................................... 423 14.7

Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts................................... 374 12.8

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities......................................... 100 19.5

Machinery manufacturing........................................................................................ 1,252 21.0

Agricultural implements....................................................................................... 88 18.0

Construction, mining, and oil field machinery...................................................... 121 16.4

Commercial and service industry machinery....................................................... 104 21.0

Metalworking machinery...................................................................................... 169 19.2

Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment....................................... 77 20.9

Computers and electronic products........................................................................ 1,481 33.1

Computer and peripheral equipment................................................................... 341 29.7

Communications, audio, and video equipment.................................................... 183 31.6

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments..................... 248 32.2

Electrical equipment and appliances...................................................................... 532 32.8

Household appliances......................................................................................... 92 43.3

Transportation equipment....................................................................................... 2,284 24.9

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment...................................................... 1,416 26.5

Aircraft and parts................................................................................................. 358 21.9

Aerospace products and parts............................................................................. 267 26.4

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

39
40

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Ship and boat building......................................................................................... 173 17.3

Wood products........................................................................................................ 536 20.9

Sawmills and wood preservation......................................................................... 136 11.6

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products.............................................. 70 22.2

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes................................................ 77 23.8

Miscellaneous wood products............................................................................. 254 24.6

Furniture and related product manufacturing...................................................... 730 26.0

Miscellaneous manufacturing................................................................................. 1,251 38.8

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing................................................. 520 42.1

Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing........................................ 124 45.5

Nondurable goods...................................................................................................... 5,877 36.1

Food manufacturing................................................................................................ 1,543 38.1

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling................................................................ 133 24.5

Sugar and confectionery products....................................................................... 82 44.2

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods............................................ 154 41.7

Dairy products..................................................................................................... 154 27.3

Animal slaughtering and processing.................................................................... 486 38.7

Retail bakeries..................................................................................................... 130 54.0

Bakeries, except retail......................................................................................... 193 36.8

Beverages and tobacco products........................................................................... 236 27.7

Beverages manufacturing.................................................................................... 203 25.9

Textiles, apparel, and leather.................................................................................. 833 53.8

Fabric mills, except knitting................................................................................. 121 40.6

Carpet and rug mills............................................................................................ 67 40.0

Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs.................................................... 131 52.2

Cut and sew apparel............................................................................................ 329 66.0

Paper and printing................................................................................................... 1,167 31.3

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................................................................... 211 20.3

Paperboard containers and boxes....................................................................... 152 24.5

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products.............................................................. 95 36.0

Printing and related support activities.................................................................. 708 35.4

Petroleum and coal products.................................................................................. 146 18.0

Petroleum refining............................................................................................... 126 17.1

Chemicals............................................................................................................... 1,237 33.4

Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments.............................................. 122 25.2

Pharmaceuticals and medicines.......................................................................... 417 44.8

Paints, coatings, and adhesives.......................................................................... 75 20.9

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics...................................................... 158 47.9

Plastics and rubber products.................................................................................. 715 30.3

Plastics product manufacturing........................................................................... 532 33.2

Tire manufacturing............................................................................................... 102 17.6

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing........................................................ 81 27.1

Wholesale and retail trade............................................................................................. 21,328 44.7

Wholesale trade......................................................................................................... 4,561 29.0

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies.......................................................................... 247 17.8

Furniture and home furnishings.............................................................................. 90 43.1

Lumber and other construction materials................................................................ 233 21.1

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

40

Tire manufacturing 102 17.6

Furniture and related products manufacturing
4

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies........................................... 445 30.8

Metals and minerals, except petroleum.................................................................. 86 21.1

Electrical goods....................................................................................................... 317 27.0

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies.................................... 188 25.3

Machinery, equipment, and supplies...................................................................... 566 23.5

Recyclable materials............................................................................................... 114 16.3

Miscellaneous durable goods................................................................................. 149 39.7

Paper and paper products...................................................................................... 96 40.1

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products................................................ 289 47.3

Apparel, fabrics, and notions.................................................................................. 130 55.1

Groceries and related products............................................................................... 862 25.4

Farm product raw materials.................................................................................... 56 33.5

Petroleum and petroleum products......................................................................... 120 26.4

Alcoholic beverages................................................................................................ 151 15.0

Farm supplies......................................................................................................... 63 24.2

Miscellaneous nondurable goods........................................................................... 216 35.7

Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers................................................ 103 42.6

Retail trade................................................................................................................. 16,767 48.9

Automobile dealers................................................................................................. 1,439 21.1

Other motor vehicle dealers.................................................................................... 193 28.0

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores.................................................................. 504 15.9

Furniture and home furnishings stores................................................................... 714 43.1

Household appliance stores.................................................................................... 83 33.3

Radio, TV, and computer stores............................................................................. 586 28.4

Building material and supplies dealers................................................................... 1,087 29.8

Hardware stores...................................................................................................... 197 37.9

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores.................................................. 261 34.1

Grocery stores........................................................................................................ 2,637 51.0

Specialty food stores............................................................................................... 213 47.8

Beer, wine, and liquor stores.................................................................................. 135 34.6

Pharmacies and drug stores................................................................................... 790 64.7

Health and personal care, except drug, stores....................................................... 290 66.3

Gasoline stations.................................................................................................... 535 48.1

Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores....................................................... 942 74.8

Shoe stores............................................................................................................. 146 54.9

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores........................................................... 229 66.0

Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores............................................... 444 42.8

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores......................................................... 69 82.8

Music stores............................................................................................................ 107 34.8

Book stores and news dealers................................................................................ 212 58.1

Department stores and discount stores.................................................................. 2,398 63.2

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............................................................ 465 61.7

Retail florists........................................................................................................... 171 68.5

Office supplies and stationery stores...................................................................... 189 42.2

Used merchandise stores....................................................................................... 232 59.6

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................ 235 77.7

Miscellaneous retail stores...................................................................................... 375 48.1

Electronic shopping................................................................................................. 97 51.5

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

4
42

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Mail order houses................................................................................................... 98 62.0

Vending machine operators.................................................................................... 86 22.3

Fuel dealers............................................................................................................ 92 32.6

Transportation and utilities............................................................................................. 7,455 24.2

Transportation and warehousing................................................................................ 6,269 24.7

Air transportation..................................................................................................... 536 40.5

Rail transportation................................................................................................... 266 9.5

Water transportation............................................................................................... 68 29.9

Truck transportation................................................................................................ 2,034 12.5

Bus service and urban transit................................................................................. 578 40.5

Taxi and limousine service...................................................................................... 223 13.4

Services incidental to transportation....................................................................... 673 27.1

Postal Service......................................................................................................... 799 40.8

Couriers and messengers....................................................................................... 680 21.4

Warehousing and storage....................................................................................... 349 28.6

Utilities........................................................................................................................ 1,186 21.9

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution....................................... 629 23.9

Natural gas distribution........................................................................................... 134 21.4

Electric and gas, and other combinations............................................................... 71 25.5

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems........................................... 214 20.2

Sewage treatment facilities..................................................................................... 116 10.9

Information..................................................................................................................... 3,573 44.4

Newspaper publishers............................................................................................ 459 47.7

Publishing, except newspapers and software......................................................... 324 57.4

Motion pictures and video industries....................................................................... 368 39.0

Radio and television broadcasting and cable......................................................... 563 41.2

Wired telecommunications carriers......................................................................... 857 36.6

Internet service providers........................................................................................ 74 26.4

Data processing, hosting, and related services...................................................... 105 54.3

Libraries and archives............................................................................................. 239 83.3

Financial activities.......................................................................................................... 10,490 55.5

Finance and insurance............................................................................................... 7,254 58.2

Banking and related activities................................................................................. 1,951 65.9

Savings institutions, including credit unions............................................................ 306 76.9

Non-depository credit and related activities............................................................ 1,225 53.7

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments................. 1,262 38.8

Insurance carriers and related activities................................................................. 2,510 61.8

Real estate and rental and leasing............................................................................. 3,237 49.4

Real estate.............................................................................................................. 2,713 52.4

Rental and leasing services.................................................................................... 524 33.8

Automotive equipment rental and leasing........................................................... 190 34.0

Video tape and disk rental................................................................................... 106 52.7

Other consumer goods rental.............................................................................. 108 28.8

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing............... 120 21.1

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

42

Videotape and disk rental
43

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Professional and business services.............................................................................. 14,868 42.5

Professional and technical services........................................................................... 8,776 44.4

Legal services......................................................................................................... 1,665 59.0

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services............................ 904 61.7

Architectural, engineering, and related services..................................................... 1,505 26.0

Specialized design services.................................................................................... 376 54.9

Computer systems design and related services..................................................... 1,680 28.1

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services..................................... 1,013 41.2

Scientific research and development services........................................................ 574 44.9

Advertising and related services............................................................................. 485 50.0

Veterinary services................................................................................................. 253 79.5

Other professional, scientific, and technical services............................................. 321 52.6

Management, administrative, and waste services...................................................... 6,092 39.8

Management of companies and enterprises........................................................... 157 51.3

Employment services.............................................................................................. 1,077 57.8

Business support services...................................................................................... 696 62.6

Travel arrangement and reservation services......................................................... 240 67.5

Investigation and security services......................................................................... 735 24.9

Services to buildings and dwellings........................................................................ 1,235 51.3

Landscaping services............................................................................................. 1,233 9.4

Other administrative and other support services.................................................... 294 45.1

Waste management and remediation services....................................................... 425 13.7

Education and health services....................................................................................... 29,938 74.9

Educational services.................................................................................................. 12,522 68.9

Elementary and secondary schools........................................................................ 8,454 75.6

Colleges and universities, including junior colleges................................................ 3,354 53.2

Business, technical, and trade schools and training............................................... 120 55.7

Other schools, instruction, and educational services.............................................. 594 65.0

Health care and social assistance.............................................................................. 17,416 79.1

Hospitals................................................................................................................. 5,712 76.6

Health services, except hospitals............................................................................ 8,639 78.6

Offices of physicians............................................................................................ 1,785 76.4

Offices of dentists................................................................................................ 852 79.7

Offices of chiropractors........................................................................................ 163 62.4

Offices of optometrists......................................................................................... 98 70.6

Offices of other health practitioners..................................................................... 292 72.8

Outpatient care centers....................................................................................... 919 78.4

Home health care services.................................................................................. 928 90.2

Other health care services................................................................................... 1,096 68.6

Nursing care facilities.......................................................................................... 1,807 85.5

Residential care facilities, without nursing........................................................... 700 73.0

Social assistance.................................................................................................... 3,065 85.4

Individual and family services.............................................................................. 1,138 77.3

Community food and housing, and emergency services..................................... 107 66.7

Vocational rehabilitation services........................................................................ 211 63.6

Child day care services....................................................................................... 1,608 95.3

 See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women

43
44

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Leisure and hospitality................................................................................................... 12,145 51.3

Arts, entertainment, and recreation............................................................................ 2,671 45.2

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries....... 745 40.4

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions.............................. 351 42.6

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries......................................... 1,525 48.4

Accommodation and food services............................................................................ 9,474 53.0

Accommodation...................................................................................................... 1,504 57.1

Traveler accommodation..................................................................................... 1,407 57.5

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses....... 98 52.1

Food services and drinking places.......................................................................... 7,970 52.2

Restaurants and other food services................................................................... 7,707 52.2

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages.................................................................. 263 52.7

Other services................................................................................................................ 7,088 51.7

Other services, except private households................................................................ 6,285 46.5

Repair and maintenance......................................................................................... 2,194 13.0

Automotive repair and maintenance.................................................................... 1,245 9.7

Car washes.......................................................................................................... 197 16.8

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance.............................. 183 15.3

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance.. 322 9.3

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance.................................... 239 30.0

Personal and laundry services................................................................................ 2,195 72.4

Barber shops....................................................................................................... 107 21.9

Beauty salons...................................................................................................... 967 91.2

Nail salons and other personal care services...................................................... 366 77.0

Drycleaning and laundry services........................................................................ 330 60.6

Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories..................................................... 128 30.0

Other personal services....................................................................................... 298 54.9

Membership associations and organizations.......................................................... 1,895 55.2

Religious organizations....................................................................................... 1,044 49.2

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services...... 588 65.5

Labor unions........................................................................................................ 82 37.7

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations................................. 182 64.7

Private households..................................................................................................... 803 92.5

Public administration...................................................................................................... 6,524 45.4

Executive offices and legislative bodies.................................................................. 821 54.7

Public finance activities........................................................................................... 359 63.4

Other general government and support.................................................................. 116 37.7

Justice, public order, and safety activities............................................................... 2,794 35.7

Administration of human resource programs.......................................................... 817 72.4

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs............................. 349 41.1

Administration of economic programs and space research.................................... 571 46.5

National security and international affairs............................................................... 698 35.0

Industry Total employed Percent women

NOTE: Generally, data for industries with fewer than

50,000 employed as well as certain other industries are

not published separately but are included in the totals for

the appropriate categories shown. Therefore, detailed 

industries may not always sum to the broader categories.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

44
45

Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2006 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)....................... 53,950 8,410 3,011 7,725

 Percent............................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries ....................................... 0.9 0.1 0.4 1.0

Mining ................................................................................. .2 - - .1

Construction ....................................................................... 1.9 .5 .9 1.7

Manufacturing ..................................................................... 7.2 6.7 10.1 10.3

 Durable goods .................................................................. 4.0 3.4 6.3 4.6

 Nondurable goods ............................................................ 3.1 3.3 3.8 5.7

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................. 18.6 11.6 12.9 14.7

 Wholesale trade ............................................................... 5.3 1.1 2.6 2.4

 Retail trade ....................................................................... 12.6 10.5 10.3 12.3

Transportation and utilities ................................................. 2.5 4.2 2.4 2.5

 Transportation and warehousing ...................................... 2.1 3.8 2.1 2.2

 Utilities .............................................................................. .4 .4 .3 .3

Information ......................................................................... 2.3 2.7 2.3 1.9

Financial activities .............................................................. 8.9 7.6 8.6 7.6

 Finance and insurance ..................................................... 6.4 5.9 6.7 5.0

 Real estate and rental and leasing ................................... 2.5 1.7 1.9 2.6

Professional and business services ................................... 9.6 8.0 11.0 9.3

 Professional and technical services ................................. 6.1 3.5 8.5 3.4

 Management, administrative, and waste services............ 3.5 4.5 2.4 5.9

Education and health services ........................................... 32.9 39.3 30.1 26.8

 Educational services ........................................................ 13.4 11.1 9.2 9.6

 Health care and social assistance .................................... 19.4 28.3 21.0 17.2

 Hospitals ......................................................................... 6.1 8.6 8.6 4.0

 Health services, except hospitals ................................... 9.7 13.2 9.9 8.8

 Social assistance ............................................................ 3.6 6.4 2.5 4.5

Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... 9.4 7.7 10.3 13.7

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation .................................. 1.9 1.1 1.6 1.6

 Accommodation and food services .................................. 7.5 6.6 8.8 12.1

Other services .................................................................... 5.6 4.3 7.0 7.2

 Other services, except private households ...................... 4.4 3.3 6.4 4.0

 Private households ........................................................... 1.2 1.0 .6 3.2

Public administration .......................................................... 4.0 7.1 4.0 3.2

Hispanic or 

Latino

ethnicity

Industry White

Black or 

African

American

Asian

 NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

45
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2006 annual averages

1979....... $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980....... 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172

1981....... 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190

1982....... 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203

1983....... 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215

1984....... 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223

1985......... 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230

1986....... 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241

1987....... 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251

1988......... 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260

1989....... 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269

1990....... 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278

1991....... 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292

1992....... 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302

1993....... 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313

1994....... 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305

1995....... 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305

1996....... 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316

1997....... 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318

1998....... 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337

1999....... 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348

2000 1

...... 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366

2001....... 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388

2002....... 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397

2003....... 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410

2004....... 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419

2005...... 651 672 520 753 471 585 596 499 665 429

2006....... 671 690 554 784 c 486 600 609 519 699 440

 See footnote at end of table.

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Year 

Total, both sexes Women

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

46
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2006 annual averages—Continued

1979....... $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 

1980....... 313 320 244 - 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 

1981....... 340 350 268 - 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 

1982....... 364 375 278 - 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 

1983....... 379 387 294 - 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 

1984....... 392 401 303 - 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 

1985......... 407 418 305 - 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 

1986....... 419 433 319 - 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 

1987....... 434 450 327 - 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 

1988......... 449 465 348 - 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 

1989....... 468 482 348 - 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 

1990....... 481 494 361 - 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 

1991....... 493 506 375 - 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 

1992....... 501 514 380 - 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 

1993....... 510 524 392 - 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 

1994....... 522 547 400 - 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 

1995....... 538 566 411 - 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 

1996....... 557 580 412 - 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 

1997....... 579 595 432 - 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 

1998....... 598 615 468 - 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 

1999....... 618 638 488 - 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 

2000 1

...... 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 

2001....... 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002....... 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 

2003....... 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 

2004....... 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 

2005...... 722 743 559 825 489 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 

2006....... 743 761 591 882 505 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1 

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Year 

Men Women's earnings as a percent of men's

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been

affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an

explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error

section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

c = corrected.

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups

(white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons

who selected this race group only; persons who selected more

than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who

reported more than one race were included in the group they

identified as the main race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category

Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a

separate category. For more information, see the Explanatory

Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and

Earnings. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

47
48

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time 

wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational 

attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages

Total, both sexes

Total................................................. 94,744 $718

 Less than a high school diploma............ 9,029 419

 Less than 1 year of high school............ 3,425 398

 1-3 years of high school...................... 4,496 434

 4 years of high school, no diploma......... 1,108 476

 High school graduate or more............... 85,715 755

 High school graduates, no college......... 28,023 595

 Some college, or associate degree...... 26,027 692

 Some college, no degree................... 16,318 674

 Associate degree............................ 9,709 721

 Occupational program..................... 5,103 699

 Academic program......................... 4,606 744

 College graduates............................. 31,665 1,039

 Bachelor's degree............................ 20,563 962

 Master's degree.............................. 8,026 1,140

 Professional degree......................... 1,582 1,474

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,494 1,441

Women

Total.................................................. 41,556 627

 Less than a high school diploma............ 2,945 358

 Less than 1 year of high school............ 972 333

 1-3 years of high school..................... 1,574 360

 4 years of high school, no diploma......... 400 411

 High school graduate or more................ 38,611 654

 High school graduates, no college......... 11,711 500

 Some college, or associate degree...... 12,439 602

 Some college, no degree................... 7,571 584

 Associate degree............................ 4,868 632

 Occupational program..................... 2,391 606

 Academic program......................... 2,478 663

 College graduates............................. 14,461 905

 Bachelor's degree........................... 9,435 839

 Master's degree.............................. 3,945 987

 Professional degree......................... 618 1,203

 Doctoral degree................................ 464 1,174

 Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

48
49

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time 

wage and salary workers 25 years and over by educational 

attainment and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

Men

Total................................................. 53,188 $797

 Less than a high school diploma............ 6,084 469

 Less than 1 year of high school............ 2,454 419

 1-3 years of high school..................... 2,922 493

 4 years of high school, no diploma......... 708 505

 High school graduate or more................. 47,104 860

 High school graduates, no college......... 16,313 678

 Some college, or associate degree...... 13,588 796

 Some college, no degree................... 8,747 781

 Associate degree............................ 4,840 824

 Occupational program..................... 2,712 796

 Academic program......................... 2,128 863

 College graduates............................. 17,204 1,205

 Bachelor's degree............................ 11,128 1,118

 Master's degree.............................. 4,081 1,360

 Professional degree........................... 964 1,741

 Doctoral degree............................... 1,030 1,566

Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics

49
50

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2006 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over..................................................... 106,106 $671 46,358 $600 59,747 $743 80.8

Management, professional, and related occupations............. 37,824 967 19,138 840 18,686 1,154 72.8

Management, business, and financial operations 

 occupations....................................................................... 15,447 1,045 6,910 881 8,536 1,231 71.6

Management occupations................................................ 10,661 1,127 4,178 926 6,483 1,264 73.2

Chief executives........................................................... 1,040 1,875 258 1,422 782 1,907 74.6

General and operations managers............................... 911 1,165 255 957 655 1,256 76.2

Advertising and promotions managers......................... 63 889 34 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Marketing and sales managers..................................... 805 1,316 302 985 503 1,482 66.5

Administrative services managers................................ 79 1,009 21 ( 1 ) 58 1,001 ( 1 )

Computer and information systems managers............. 380 1,435 106 1,300 274 1,492 87.1

Financial managers...................................................... 971 1,087 529 894 442 1,421 62.9

Human resources managers........................................ 266 1,052 168 967 97 1,391 69.5

Industrial production managers.................................... 292 1,131 45 ( 1 ) 247 1,149 ( 1 )

Purchasing managers................................................... 159 1,045 63 903 96 1,158 78.0

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers..... 232 843 34 ( 1 ) 198 841 ( 1 )

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers.............. 97 640 16 ( 1 ) 81 663 ( 1 )

Construction managers................................................. 475 1,135 36 ( 1 ) 439 1,145 ( 1 )

Education administrators.............................................. 673 1,125 409 1,017 265 1,275 79.7

Engineering managers.................................................. 90 1,830 8 ( 1 ) 83 1,877 ( 1 )

Food service managers................................................ 535 622 237 534 298 715 74.7

Lodging managers........................................................ 108 654 54 603 54 675 89.4

Medical and health services managers........................ 448 1,148 306 1,064 143 1,428 74.6

Property, real estate, and community 

 association managers................................................. 346 753 201 692 144 919 75.3

Social and community service managers..................... 271 862 174 792 97 1,010 78.4

Business and financial operations occupations............... 4,786 930 2,732 828 2,053 1,134 73.1

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products...... 170 769 96 770 74 768 100.2

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and 

 farm products.............................................................. 276 915 138 772 138 1,088 70.9

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and

 investigators................................................................ 255 848 159 792 96 982 80.6

Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction,

 health, safety, and transportation............................... 145 891 76 855 69 941 90.8

Cost estimators............................................................. 97 1,008 13 ( 1 ) 84 1,039 ( 1 )

Human resources, training, and labor relations

 specialists................................................................... 652 859 470 804 182 990 81.3

Management analysts................................................... 337 1,253 151 1,069 186 1,417 75.4

Accountants and auditors............................................. 1,448 940 886 844 562 1,160 72.8

Appraisers and assessors of real estate....................... 71 932 31 ( 1 ) 40 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Budget analysts............................................................ 52 1,055 29 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Financial analysts......................................................... 69 1,132 32 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Personal financial advisors........................................... 262 1,217 95 823 168 1,532 53.7

Insurance underwriters................................................. 89 864 64 787 25 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Loan counselors and officers........................................ 418 919 224 776 194 1,155 67.2

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........... 60 784 35 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Professional and related occupations................................. 22,378 928 12,228 816 10,149 1,109 73.6

Computer and mathematical occupations........................ 2,935 1,166 756 1,043 2,178 1,231 84.7

Computer scientists and systems analysts................... 631 1,156 190 1,039 441 1,223 85.0

Computer programmers................................................ 540 1,147 139 1,034 401 1,229 84.1

See footnote at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's

earnings

as

percent of 

men's

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

50
5

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Computer software engineers....................................... 799 $1,371 176 $1,272 623 $1,410 90.2

Computer support specialists....................................... 291 834 85 755 206 878 86.0

Database administrators............................................... 80 1,152 27 ( 1 ) 53 1,238 ( 1 )

Network and computer systems administrators............ 172 1,122 30 ( 1 ) 142 1,159 ( 1 )

Network systems and data communications analysts.. 284 1,099 62 957 222 1,129 84.8

Operations research analysts....................................... 84 1,258 30 ( 1 ) 54 1,413 ( 1 )

Architecture and engineering occupations....................... 2,568 1,155 364 972 2,204 1,181 82.3

Architects, except naval................................................ 161 1,112 38 ( 1 ) 123 1,240 ( 1 )

Aerospace engineers.................................................... 97 1,508 12 ( 1 ) 85 1,582 ( 1 )

Chemical engineers...................................................... 65 1,342 10 ( 1 ) 55 1,359 ( 1 )

Civil engineers.............................................................. 276 1,251 28 ( 1 ) 248 1,266 ( 1 )

Computer hardware engineers..................................... 76 1,292 15 ( 1 ) 61 1,331 ( 1 )

Electrical and electronics engineers............................. 362 1,386 28 ( 1 ) 333 1,409 ( 1 )

Industrial engineers, including health and safety.......... 162 1,175 38 ( 1 ) 125 1,171 ( 1 )

Mechanical engineers................................................... 316 1,253 16 ( 1 ) 300 1,254 ( 1 )

Drafters......................................................................... 154 823 35 ( 1 ) 119 876 ( 1 )

Engineering technicians, except drafters...................... 391 860 72 754 319 892 84.6

Surveying and mapping technicians............................. 80 699 8 ( 1 ) 72 704 ( 1 )

Life, physical, and social science occupations................. 1,220 984 494 872 725 1,121 77.8

Biological scientists....................................................... 117 941 51 928 66 973 95.3

Medical scientists.......................................................... 149 953 61 825 88 1,162 71.0

Chemists and materials scientists................................ 121 1,131 39 ( 1 ) 82 1,132 ( 1 )

Environmental scientists and geoscientists.................. 90 1,107 21 ( 1 ) 69 1,145 ( 1 )

Market and survey researchers.................................... 98 961 66 824 32 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Psychologists................................................................ 100 1,021 67 961 33 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Chemical technicians.................................................... 71 861 23 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Community and social services occupations................... 1,816 740 1,068 703 748 792 88.7

Counselors.................................................................... 486 733 320 716 167 761 94.2

Social workers.............................................................. 620 732 500 728 120 749 97.2

Miscellaneous community and social service

 specialists................................................................... 256 708 175 641 81 929 69.0

Clergy........................................................................... 367 782 31 ( 1 ) 336 801 ( 1 )

Legal occupations............................................................ 1,156 1,144 663 901 493 1,734 52.0

Lawyers........................................................................ 603 1,728 221 1,333 382 1,891 70.5

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers........... 61 1,549 21 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Paralegals and legal assistants.................................... 301 740 267 726 34 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Miscellaneous legal support workers............................ 190 791 154 750 36 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Education, training, and library occupations.................... 6,158 819 4,492 763 1,666 969 78.7

Postsecondary teachers............................................... 808 1,058 336 915 472 1,228 74.5

Preschool and kindergarten teachers........................... 497 567 483 554 14 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Elementary and middle school teachers....................... 2,334 838 1,916 824 417 920 89.6

Secondary school teachers.......................................... 988 919 535 890 452 950 93.7

Special education teachers........................................... 356 842 297 823 60 930 88.5

Other teachers and instructors..................................... 334 805 197 703 136 956 73.6

Librarians...................................................................... 173 820 142 787 31 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Teacher assistants........................................................ 563 409 517 405 46 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media

 occupations.................................................................... 1,476 841 657 733 819 942 77.8

Artists and related workers........................................... 80 977 34 ( 1 ) 46 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Designers...................................................................... 529 778 258 714 270 868 82.3

See footnote at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's

earnings

as

percent of 

men's

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

5
52

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Producers and directors................................................ 80 $1,149 25 ( 1 ) 55 $1,192 ( 1 )

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers......... 119 756 23 ( 1 ) 95 882 ( 1 )

News analysts, reporters and correspondents............. 57 864 27 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Public relations specialists............................................ 105 947 68 $871 37 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Editors........................................................................... 122 938 63 837 59 975 85.9

Technical writers........................................................... 51 1,192 22 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Writers and authors...................................................... 73 886 44 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians 

 and radio operators..................................................... 63 778 9 ( 1 ) 54 813 ( 1 )

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations........... 5,048 905 3,732 860 1,316 1,098 78.3

Dietitians and nutritionists............................................. 64 708 57 699 6 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Pharmacists.................................................................. 189 1,640 80 1,564 110 1,725 90.6

Physicians and surgeons.............................................. 558 1,602 188 1,329 370 1,847 72.0

Physician assistants..................................................... 65 1,098 46 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Registered nurses......................................................... 1,898 978 1,713 971 185 1,074 90.3

Physical therapists........................................................ 135 1,103 72 1,086 63 1,116 97.3

Respiratory therapists................................................... 72 928 46 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Speech-language pathologists..................................... 84 952 78 950 6 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians......... 267 793 201 792 66 797 99.4

Dental hygienists.......................................................... 62 925 60 920 2 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians......... 233 843 157 829 75 892 92.8

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics......... 139 730 39 ( 1 ) 99 760 ( 1 )

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support 

 technicians.................................................................. 329 542 255 522 74 612 85.3

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses....... 424 664 392 659 33 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Medical records and health information technicians..... 98 524 87 510 11 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Service occupations................................................................ 14,749 422 7,473 390 7,275 494 79.0

Healthcare support occupations.......................................... 2,231 423 1,981 417 251 502 83.1

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides................ 1,405 400 1,238 395 167 471 83.9

Dental assistants.......................................................... 176 489 168 488 8 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Protective service occupations............................................ 2,633 693 547 557 2,086 737 75.6

First-line supervisors/managers of correctional

 officers........................................................................ 51 891 15 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

First-line supervisors/managers of police and

 detectives.................................................................... 100 1,131 16 ( 1 ) 84 1,162 ( 1 )

Fire fighters................................................................... 251 912 10 ( 1 ) 241 918 ( 1 )

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers........................ 435 613 123 545 312 655 83.2

Detectives and criminal investigators........................... 147 1,013 38 ( 1 ) 110 1,109 ( 1 )

Police and sheriff's patrol officers................................. 647 866 79 758 568 884 85.7

Private detectives and investigators............................. 62 713 27 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers........ 697 487 166 416 531 498 83.6

Lifeguards and other protective service workers.......... 56 445 26 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Food preparation and serving related occupations............. 4,212 371 2,115 355 2,096 389 91.3

Chefs and head cooks.................................................. 280 504 58 443 222 517 85.6

First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation 

 and serving workers.................................................... 501 447 286 412 215 507 81.2

Cooks............................................................................ 1,222 363 483 340 738 377 90.1

Food preparation workers............................................. 348 330 186 326 162 336 97.0

Bartenders.................................................................... 219 445 113 407 106 510 79.8

See footnote at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's

earnings

as

percent of 

men's

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

52
53

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Combined food preparation and serving workers, 

 including fast food....................................................... 179 $340 128 $343 51 $331 103.9

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and 

 coffee shop................................................................. 84 295 51 302 34 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Waiters and waitresses................................................. 874 363 590 348 284 401 86.7

Food servers, nonrestaurant......................................... 100 395 66 390 33 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender

 helpers........................................................................ 169 318 62 328 107 314 104.3

Dishwashers................................................................. 162 315 30 ( 1 ) 132 316 ( 1 )

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and

 coffee shop................................................................. 73 379 63 375 11 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance

 occupations....................................................................... 3,594 406 1,289 363 2,305 445 81.6

First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping 

 and janitorial work....................................................... 177 609 54 498 123 657 75.8

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, 

 lawn service, and groundskeeping workers................ 106 612 4 ( 1 ) 102 620 ( 1 )

Janitors and building cleaners...................................... 1,492 415 415 375 1,076 447 83.9

Maids and housekeeping cleaners............................... 885 355 773 348 112 404 86.1

Pest control workers..................................................... 61 578 - - 61 578 - Grounds maintenance workers..................................... 874 402 42 ( 1 ) 832 403 ( 1 )

Personal care and service occupations............................... 2,079 407 1,541 388 537 506 76.7

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers..... 80 677 28 ( 1 ) 52 757 ( 1 )

First-line supervisors/managers of personal

 service workers........................................................... 55 584 33 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Gaming services workers............................................. 76 531 35 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists.............. 307 397 281 391 26 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges................. 69 493 9 ( 1 ) 60 498 ( 1 )

Transportation attendants............................................. 84 521 60 488 24 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Child care workers........................................................ 446 349 425 345 21 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Personal and home care aides..................................... 398 368 344 361 54 407 88.7

Recreation and fitness workers.................................... 179 458 113 448 66 490 91.3

Sales and office occupations.................................................. 25,688 589 15,935 538 9,753 696 77.3

Sales and related occupations............................................ 10,336 628 4,560 487 5,777 761 64.0

First-line supervisors/managers of retail

 sales workers.............................................................. 2,296 639 972 536 1,324 732 73.3

First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail

 sales workers.............................................................. 962 899 299 742 663 972 76.3

Cashiers........................................................................ 1,419 344 1,044 327 375 387 84.7

Counter and rental clerks.............................................. 84 476 37 ( 1 ) 46 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Parts salespersons....................................................... 135 525 18 ( 1 ) 117 553 ( 1 )

Retail salespersons...................................................... 2,022 494 867 405 1,154 597 67.8

Advertising sales agents............................................... 176 830 93 717 83 944 75.9

Insurance sales agents................................................. 385 752 191 653 195 890 73.4

Securities, commodities, and financial services

 sales agents................................................................ 308 966 91 757 216 1,139 66.5

Travel agents................................................................ 50 534 39 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Sales representatives, services, all other..................... 471 843 151 654 319 966 67.7

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing.. 1,205 938 299 739 905 997 74.1

Real estate brokers and sales agents.......................... 497 766 291 646 205 965 66.9

See footnote at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's

earnings

as

percent of 

men's

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

53
54

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Telemarketers............................................................... 65 $395 40 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street 

 vendors, and related workers..................................... 54 470 16 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Office and administrative support occupations.................... 15,351 572 11,375 $557 3,976 $619 90.0

First-line supervisors/managers of office and 

 administrative support................................................. 1,391 698 980 658 411 812 81.1

Bill and account collectors............................................ 195 578 126 548 70 612 89.5

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators........ 363 548 325 541 38 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.............. 1,013 584 898 582 114 607 95.8

Payroll and timekeeping clerks..................................... 131 654 121 641 9 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Tellers........................................................................... 308 429 268 421 41 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Court, municipal, and license clerks............................. 105 615 87 588 18 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks....................... 51 532 35 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Customer service representatives................................ 1,585 554 1,110 533 475 615 86.7

Eligibility interviewers, government programs.............. 66 643 57 645 9 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

File clerks...................................................................... 251 514 196 524 55 484 108.3

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks............................. 83 374 52 368 31 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan........................ 105 548 88 543 17 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Loan interviewers and clerks........................................ 184 638 137 636 47 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Order clerks.................................................................. 98 516 72 507 25 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Human resources assistants, except payroll and 

 timekeeping................................................................ 51 616 46 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Receptionists and information clerks............................ 949 472 882 467 67 562 83.0

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and 

 travel clerks................................................................. 128 596 79 574 49 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Couriers and messengers............................................. 186 663 25 ( 1 ) 161 684 ( 1 )

Dispatchers................................................................... 262 596 142 546 120 661 82.5

Postal service clerks..................................................... 140 835 63 835 77 835 100.1

Postal service mail carriers........................................... 306 858 97 780 208 896 87.0

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and 

 processing machine operators.................................... 95 832 44 ( 1 ) 50 854 ( 1 )

Production, planning, and expediting clerks................. 259 678 144 616 115 816 75.6

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks........................... 502 513 143 480 359 531 90.5

Stock clerks and order fillers......................................... 1,055 443 414 425 642 457 92.9

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, 

 recordkeeping............................................................. 67 517 34 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Secretaries and administrative assistants.................... 2,683 583 2,595 584 89 559 104.4

Computer operators...................................................... 169 622 74 573 96 654 87.7

Data entry keyers.......................................................... 389 524 321 524 68 526 99.6

Word processors and typists........................................ 183 550 170 546 13 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks............. 244 560 214 552 30 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Mail clerks and mail machine operators except 

 postal service.............................................................. 100 523 52 529 48 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Office clerks, general.................................................... 711 537 583 534 127 564 94.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance

 occupations........................................................................... 12,512 653 524 518 11,989 660 78.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.......................... 716 387 147 342 569 401 85.3

Graders and sorters, agricultural products................... 69 407 45 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Logging workers........................................................... 56 541 - - 56 541 - Construction and extraction occupations............................ 7,166 619 172 533 6,995 621 85.8

See footnote at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's

earnings

as

percent of 

men's

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

54
55

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

First-line supervisors/managers of construction 

 trades and extraction workers..................................... 644 $860 9 ( 1 ) 634 $866 ( 1 )

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons............ 180 583 2 ( 1 ) 178 583 ( 1 )

Carpenters.................................................................... 1,193 595 24 ( 1 ) 1,169 598 ( 1 )

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers................ 159 557 3 ( 1 ) 156 559 ( 1 )

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and

 terrazzo workers......................................................... 94 540 1 ( 1 ) 93 549 ( 1 )

Construction laborers.................................................... 1,339 511 47 ( 1 ) 1,292 513 ( 1 )

Operating engineers and other construction 

 equipment operators................................................... 403 743 5 ( 1 ) 398 739 ( 1 )

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers....... 228 522 9 ( 1 ) 219 524 ( 1 )

Electricians................................................................... 778 751 9 ( 1 ) 769 754 ( 1 )

Insulation workers......................................................... 57 530 2 ( 1 ) 55 546 ( 1 )

Painters, construction and maintenance....................... 430 494 19 ( 1 ) 411 495 ( 1 )

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters....... 564 704 9 ( 1 ) 554 702 ( 1 )

Plasterers and stucco masons...................................... 64 499 1 ( 1 ) 62 502 ( 1 )

Roofers......................................................................... 177 500 2 ( 1 ) 175 501 ( 1 )

Sheet metal workers..................................................... 121 707 2 ( 1 ) 118 703 ( 1 )

Structural iron and steel workers.................................. 51 773 2 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Helpers, construction trades......................................... 107 425 5 ( 1 ) 102 425 ( 1 )

Construction and building inspectors............................ 78 849 8 ( 1 ) 69 834 ( 1 )

Highway maintenance workers..................................... 108 565 4 ( 1 ) 104 566 ( 1 )

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.............. 4,630 742 205 $697 4,425 744 93.7

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, 

 installers, and repairers.............................................. 343 866 26 ( 1 ) 318 877 ( 1 )

Computer, automated teller, and office machine

 repairers...................................................................... 295 754 27 ( 1 ) 268 760 ( 1 )

Radio and telecommunications equipment 

 installers and repairers............................................... 186 860 27 ( 1 ) 158 869 ( 1 )

Security and fire alarm systems installers.................... 62 836 1 ( 1 ) 61 833 ( 1 )

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians.................. 136 907 7 ( 1 ) 129 900 ( 1 )

Automotive body and related repairers......................... 127 667 1 ( 1 ) 126 670 ( 1 )

Automotive service technicians and mechanics........... 696 634 9 ( 1 ) 687 635 ( 1 )

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine

 specialists................................................................... 331 737 2 ( 1 ) 328 737 ( 1 )

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service 

 technicians and mechanics......................................... 217 763 4 ( 1 ) 213 770 ( 1 )

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration 

 mechanics and installers............................................ 335 760 9 ( 1 ) 326 765 ( 1 )

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics............ 417 756 14 ( 1 ) 403 757 ( 1 )

Maintenance and repair workers, general.................... 394 655 21 ( 1 ) 372 661 ( 1 )

Maintenance workers, machinery................................. 66 750 1 ( 1 ) 65 752 ( 1 )

Millwrights..................................................................... 62 903 3 ( 1 ) 59 900 ( 1 )

Electrical power-line installers and repairers................ 114 926 - - 114 926 - Telecommunications line installers and repairers......... 189 874 17 ( 1 ) 172 883 ( 1 )

Precision instrument and equipment repairers............. 55 882 7 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Production, transportation, and material moving

 occupations........................................................................... 15,332 557 3,288 426 12,045 601 70.9

Production occupations....................................................... 8,391 559 2,412 432 5,979 621 69.7

See footnote at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's

earnings

as

percent of 

men's

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

55
56

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

First-line supervisors/managers of production and 

 operating workers....................................................... 819 $774 169 $587 650 $832 70.5

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical

 assemblers................................................................. 207 487 106 417 101 553 75.5

Bakers........................................................................... 118 433 62 370 56 489 75.8

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish 

 processing workers..................................................... 255 461 73 398 182 502 79.2

Food batchmakers........................................................ 65 481 34 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders................................................ 110 514 20 ( 1 ) 90 524 ( 1 )

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine 

 tool setters, operators................................................. 60 570 3 ( 1 ) 57 575 ( 1 )

Machinists..................................................................... 403 714 24 ( 1 ) 378 727 ( 1 )

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, 

 and tenders, metal...................................................... 63 636 10 ( 1 ) 53 645 ( 1 )

Tool and die makers..................................................... 93 805 1 ( 1 ) 92 802 ( 1 )

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers...................... 491 649 34 ( 1 ) 457 674 ( 1 )

Printing machine operators........................................... 191 600 36 ( 1 ) 156 640 ( 1 )

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers................................ 117 348 74 324 43 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials......... 55 399 37 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Sewing machine operators........................................... 237 352 175 346 63 374 92.6

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers................................ 50 432 37 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.......................... 83 547 3 ( 1 ) 80 547 ( 1 )

Stationary engineers and boiler operators.................... 92 793 1 ( 1 ) 91 798 ( 1 )

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and 

 system operators........................................................ 97 706 4 ( 1 ) 92 719 ( 1 )

Chemical processing machine setters, operators,

 and tenders................................................................. 57 885 8 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and 

 blending workers......................................................... 94 580 11 ( 1 ) 83 600 ( 1 )

Cutting workers............................................................. 70 522 16 ( 1 ) 54 587 ( 1 )

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers... 671 581 260 479 411 696 68.9

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory

 technicians.................................................................. 71 566 36 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.. 256 415 139 389 117 456 85.4

Painting workers........................................................... 163 520 22 ( 1 ) 140 561 ( 1 )

Photographic process workers and processing 

 machine operators...................................................... 51 408 22 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Transportation and material moving occupations................ 6,942 556 876 414 6,066 581 71.1

Supervisors, transportation and material moving

 workers....................................................................... 193 767 32 ( 1 ) 161 806 ( 1 )

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers................................. 90 1,407 3 ( 1 ) 87 1,419 ( 1 )

Bus drivers.................................................................... 353 519 153 466 201 579 80.4

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers.......................... 2,821 642 113 436 2,708 651 66.9

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs.......................................... 152 538 23 ( 1 ) 129 574 ( 1 )

Railroad conductors and yardmasters.......................... 53 904 2 ( 1 ) 51 905 ( 1 )

Service station attendants............................................ 73 364 7 ( 1 ) 66 371 ( 1 )

Industrial truck and tractor operators............................ 549 513 32 ( 1 ) 517 514 ( 1 )

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment............................. 301 379 43 ( 1 ) 257 379 ( 1 )

See footnote at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's

earnings

as

percent of 

men's

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

56
57

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers,

 hand............................................................................ 1,407 $474 198 $412 1,210 $484 85.1

Packers and packagers, hand...................................... 371 391 209 367 163 416 88.2

Refuse and recyclable material collectors.................... 64 393 6 ( 1 ) 59 403 ( 1 )

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Women's

earnings

as

percent of 

men's

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

Total

employed

Median

weekly

earnings

 1 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

 NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

57
Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 

2006 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over............................ 106,106 $671 46,358 $600 59,747 $743 80.8

Agriculture and related industries ....................... 911 437 175 378 735 449 84.2

Mining ................................................................. 615 912 73 780 542 935 83.4

Construction ....................................................... 8,262 646 688 622 7,574 649 95.8

Manufacturing ..................................................... 15,063 703 4,297 564 10,765 767 73.5

Durable goods ................................................. 9,752 729 2,477 587 7,275 782 75.1

Nondurable goods ........................................... 5,310 649 1,820 520 3,490 735 70.7

Wholesale and retail trade .................................. 14,868 578 5,917 484 8,951 647 74.8

Wholesale trade .............................................. 3,821 724 1,072 612 2,749 775 79.0

Retail trade ...................................................... 11,047 520 4,845 460 6,202 599 76.8

Transportation and utilities ................................. 6,126 766 1,388 677 4,738 804 84.2

Transportation and warehousing ..................... 4,968 737 1,148 654 3,820 767 85.3

Utilities ............................................................. 1,158 933 240 761 918 978 77.8

Information .......................................................... 2,858 860 1,223 722 1,635 982 73.5

Financial activities .............................................. 8,087 758 4,548 659 3,539 974 67.7

Finance and insurance .................................... 6,099 795 3,612 668 2,487 1,138 58.7

Real estate and rental and leasing .................. 1,988 665 936 622 1,053 718 86.6

Professional and business services ................... 10,197 753 4,198 649 5,999 862 75.3

Professional and technical services ................ 6,032 997 2,652 769 3,380 1,229 62.6

Management, administrative, and waste

 services......................................................... 4,165 507 1,546 484 2,619 521 92.9

Education and health services ............................ 22,058 697 16,188 651 5,871 850 76.6

Educational services ....................................... 9,528 768 6,375 739 3,154 879 84.1

Health care and social assistance ................... 12,530 626 9,813 594 2,717 815 72.9

Leisure and hospitality ........................................ 6,837 421 3,140 391 3,697 472 82.8

Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................. 1,483 548 576 499 908 599 83.3

Acomodation and food services ...................... 5,353 400 2,564 372 2,789 430 86.5

Other services .................................................... 4,090 568 1,814 465 2,276 668 69.6

Other services, except private households ..... 3,692 597 1,453 501 2,239 673 74.4

Private households .......................................... 398 363 361 352 36 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) 

Public administration........................................... 6,134 811 2,710 707 3,424 913 77.4

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

Industry

Both Sexes Women Men

 1 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

58
59

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971.................. 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 3............... 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 3............... 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974.................. 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975.................. 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976.................. 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977.................. 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 3............... 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979................. 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980................. 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981................. 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982................. 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983................. 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984................. 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985.................. 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 3............... 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987................... 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988.................. 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989.................. 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 3............... 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991.................. 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992.................. 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993................ 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 3

............... 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995.................. 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996................ 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997 3

.............. 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 3

............... 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999 3............... 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 3............... 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001................. 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002.................. 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 3.............. 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 3

............... 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 3

............... 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006 3

............... 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Total, both sexes

59
60

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual 

averagesʊContinued

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1 

1971.................. 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 

1972 3............... 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 

1973 3............... 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 

1974.................. 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 

1975.................. 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 

1976.................. 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 

1977.................. 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 

1978 3............... 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 

1979................. 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 

1980................. 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 

1981................. 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 

1982................. 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 

1983................. 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 

1984................. 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 

1985.................. 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 

1986 3............... 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 

1987................... 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 

1988.................. 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 

1989.................. 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 

1990 3............... 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 

1991.................. 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 

1992.................. 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 

1993................ 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 

1994 3

............... 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 

1995.................. 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 

1996................ 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 

1997 3

.............. 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 

1998 3

............... 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 

1999 3

............... 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 

2000 3

............... 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 

2001................. 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 

2002.................. 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 

2003 3

.............. 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 

2004 3

............... 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 

2005 3

............... 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2 

2006 3

............... 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7 

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Women

60
6

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual 

averagesʊContinued

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971.................. 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 3............... 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 3

............... 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974.................. 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975.................. 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976.................. 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977.................. 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 3

............... 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979................. 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980................. 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981................. 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982................. 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983................. 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984................. 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985.................. 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 3............... 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987................... 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988.................. 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989.................. 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 3............... 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991.................. 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992.................. 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993................ 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 3

............... 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995.................. 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996................ 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 3

.............. 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 3

............... 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 3

............... 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000 3

............... 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001................. 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002.................. 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 3

.............. 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 3

............... 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 3

............... 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 3

............... 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Men

6

See footnotes at end of table.
62

1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually

work part time but who worked 35 or more hours

during the reference week; for 1994 and later years,

such persons were included in the part-time total. In

all years, the total includes those who usually work full

time but who worked less than 35 hours during the

reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as

illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the

entire reference week who usually work full time.

These groups are not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually

work less than 35 hours a week but who were

absent from work for the entire reference week and 

for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more

hours during the reference week. These groups are

not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has

been affected at various times by methodological and

conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey

(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes

and Estimates of Error section of Employment and

Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2006 annual 

averagesʊContinued

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971.................. 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 3............... 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 3

............... 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974.................. 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975.................. 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976.................. 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977.................. 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 3

............... 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979................. 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980................. 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981................. 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982................. 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983................. 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984................. 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985.................. 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 3............... 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987................... 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988.................. 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989.................. 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 3............... 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991.................. 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992.................. 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993................ 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 3

............... 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995.................. 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996................ 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 3

.............. 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 3

............... 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 3

............... 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000 3

............... 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001................. 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002.................. 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 3

.............. 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 3

............... 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 3

............... 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 3

............... 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Men

6

98

6,055,6 6,360 898 0

1988.................. 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989.................. 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

1990 3............... 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991.................. 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992.................. 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993................ 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 3

............... 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995.................. 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996................ 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 3

.............. 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 3

............... 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 3

............... 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

2000 3

............... 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001................. 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002.................. 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 3

.............. 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 3

............... 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 3

............... 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 3

............... 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

 See footnotes at end of table.

6
63

Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in 

nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2006 annual averages 

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976....... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977....... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978....... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979......... 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980....... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981....... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982......... 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983....... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984......... 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985......... 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986....... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987....... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988....... 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989......... 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990....... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991......... 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992....... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993......... 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 1...... 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995....... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996......... 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997....... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998....... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999......... 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 1

...... 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001......... 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002....... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003......... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004....... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005....... 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006......... 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

Year

1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by

methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey

(CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error

section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics

63
64

Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2005

(Percent distribution)

Year

Total

Total, both sexes 

1970...................... 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 

1975...................... 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 

1980...................... 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 

1985...................... 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 

1990...................... 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 

1995...................... 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 

2000 1

..................... 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 

2005........................227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7 

Women

1970...................... 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 

1975...................... 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 

1980...................... 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 

1985...................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 

1990...................... 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

1995...................... 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 

2000 1

..................... 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 

2005........................117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2 

Men

1970...................... 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 

1975...................... 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 

1980...................... 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 

1985...................... 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 

1990...................... 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 

1995...................... 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 

2000 1

..................... 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 

2005........................110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7 

50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks Total 50 to 52weeks

1 to 49

weeks

Population

(in

thousands)

With work experience With work experience

Total

(in

thousands)

Percent of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been

affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an

explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of

Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS

periodical.

NOTE: See Technical Note for an explanation of the

work experience concept.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,

1971-2006, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department

of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

64
65

Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2005

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband

only

Wife

only

Other

family

member

Total

Husband

and

wife

Husband

and other 

family

member

Wife and 

other

family

member

Husband

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967....... 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968....... 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969....... 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970......... 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971......... 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972....... 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973......... 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974......... 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975......... 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976....... 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977......... 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978......... 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979......... 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980....... 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981....... 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982....... 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983......... 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984....... 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985......... 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986....... 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987....... 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988....... 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148 

1989......... 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138 

1990....... 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164 

1991....... 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197 

1992....... 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199 

1993......... 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156 

1994......... 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151 

1995....... 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127 

1996....... 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123 

1997....... 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158 

1998......... 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141 

1999....... 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167 

2000......... 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139 

2001....... 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129 

2002....... 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121 

2003....... 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117 

2004......... 58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123 

2005......... 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121 

 See note at end of table.

Two earners or more

Year

Total No

earners

One earner

65
66

Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2005—Continued

(Percent distribution)

Married-couple families

Total Husband

only

Wife

only

Other

family

member

Total Husband

and wife

Husband

and other 

family

member

Wife and 

other

family

member

Husband

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967........ 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968......... 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969......... 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970......... 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971......... 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972......... 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973......... 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974......... 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975......... 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976......... 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977....... 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978....... 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979....... 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980....... 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981....... 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982....... 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983....... 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984....... 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985....... 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986....... 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987....... 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988....... 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3 

1989....... 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 .8 .3 

1990......... 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 .9 .3 

1991......... 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4 

1992......... 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4 

1993......... 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3 

1994....... 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3 

1995....... 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2 

1996....... 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2 

1997....... 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3 

1998....... 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3 

1999....... 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3 

2000......... 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2 

2001....... 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2 

2002......... 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2 

2003....... 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2 

2004......... 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 .9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.0 .2 

2005......... 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 .2 

Year

Total No

earners

One earner Two earners or more

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social

and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and

work experience of the entire year. Dash indicates data

not available. Data for 2004 were revised to reflect

corrections to survey sample weights.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements,

1968-2006, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department

of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

66
67

Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to 

family income, 1970-2005

1970............................... 26.6

1971............................... 27.5

1972................................. 26.7

1973............................... 26.0

1974............................... 25.4

1975............................... 26.3

1976............................... 26.4

1977............................... 26.1

1978................................. 26.1

1979................................. 26.0

1980............................... 26.7

1981................................. 27.3

1982................................. 28.4

1983............................... 28.8

1984............................... 28.4

1985............................... 28.3

1986................................. 29.0

1987................................. 29.5

1988................................. 29.6

1989............................... 29.9

1990............................... 30.7

1991............................... 31.3

1992............................... 32.4

1993............................... 32.2

1994............................... 31.9

1995............................... 31.9

1996............................... 32.6

1997............................... 32.7

1998............................... 32.8

1999............................... 32.8

2000............................... 33.5

2001............................... 34.4

2002............................... 34.8

2003............................... 35.2

2004................................. 34.9

2005................................. 35.1

Year

Contribution to

family income

(median percent)

NOTE: Data for 2004 were revised to reflect

corrections to survey sample weights. 

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic

Supplements, 1971-2006, Current Population Survey,

U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics

67
68

Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2005

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple

families in which 

wife (but not 

necessarily

husband) had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than

their

husbands 1

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than their 

husbands 1

Married-couple

families in which 

both wife and 

husband had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than

their

husbands 2

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than their 

husbands 2

1987.................. 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988.................. 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989.................. 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990.................. 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991.................. 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992.................. 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993.................. 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994.................. 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995.................. 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996.................. 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997.................. 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998.................. 35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999.................. 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000.................. 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001.................. 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002.................. 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003.................. 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004.................. 36,710 11,985 32.6 33,110 8,386 25.3

2005.................. 37,055 12,215 33.0 33,364 8,524 25.5

Year

Families in which wives have earnings

but husbands may not

Families in which both wives and husbands

have earnings

1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings

from work. 2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings

from work.

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social

and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work 

experience of the entire year. Data for 2004 were

revised to reflect corrections to survey sample weights. 

SOURCE: 1988-2006 Annual Social and Economic

Supplements, Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

68
69

Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal 

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2006 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

Total, 16 years and over................................ 76,514 1,692 2.2 409 1,283

 16 to 24 years............................................ 16,649 866 5.2 247 619

 25 years and over...................................... 59,865 826 1.4 162 664

Women, 16 years and over............................. 38,321 1,124 2.9 263 861

 16 to 24 years............................................ 8,065 570 7.1 149 421

 25 years and over...................................... 30,256 554 1.8 114 440

Men, 16 years and over................................ 38,193 568 1.5 146 422

 16 to 24 years............................................ 8,583 296 3.4 98 198

 25 years and over...................................... 29,609 273 .9 49 224

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White........................................................ 61,907 1,434 2.3 329 1,105

 Women...................................................... 30,504 966 3.2 215 751

 Men......................................................... 31,403 469 1.5 115 354

Black or African American.............................. 9,903 173 1.7 62 111

 Women...................................................... 5,419 106 2.0 34 72

 Men......................................................... 4,485 68 1.5 28 40

Asian........................................................ 2,654 38 1.4 8 30

 Women...................................................... 1,395 24 1.7 7 17

 Men......................................................... 1,259 14 1.1 1 13

Hispanic or Latino ....................................... 13,121 223 1.7 68 155

 Women...................................................... 5,341 128 2.4 40 88

 Men......................................................... 7,780 96 1.2 29 67

Full- and part-time status 1

Full-time workers......................................... 58,452 653 1.1 99 554

 Women.................................................... 25,975 405 1.6 64 341

 Men........................................................ 32,477 248 .8 35 213

Part-time workers......................................... 17,930 1,034 5.8 310 724

 Women...................................................... 12,278 717 5.8 198 519

 Men........................................................ 5,652 317 5.6 112 205

 See footnote at end of table.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

Federal

minimum

wage

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

69

See footnote at end of table.
70

1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is

based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to

totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is

not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was

$5.15 per hour in 2006. Data are for wage and salary

workers, excluding the incorporated self-employed. They

refer to a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal

job, and pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates.

Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not

included. Estimates for the above race groups (white,

black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals

because data are not presented for all races. In addition,

persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino

may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by

ethnicity as well as by race.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department

of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal 

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2006 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

Total, 16 years and over................................ 76,514 1,692 2.2 409 1,283

 16 to 24 years............................................ 16,649 866 5.2 247 619

 25 years and over...................................... 59,865 826 1.4 162 664

Women, 16 years and over............................. 38,321 1,124 2.9 263 861

 16 to 24 years............................................ 8,065 570 7.1 149 421

 25 years and over...................................... 30,256 554 1.8 114 440

Men, 16 years and over................................ 38,193 568 1.5 146 422

 16 to 24 years............................................ 8,583 296 3.4 98 198

 25 years and over...................................... 29,609 273 .9 49 224

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White........................................................ 61,907 1,434 2.3 329 1,105

 Women...................................................... 30,504 966 3.2 215 751

 Men......................................................... 31,403 469 1.5 115 354

Black or African American.............................. 9,903 173 1.7 62 111

 Women...................................................... 5,419 106 2.0 34 72

 Men......................................................... 4,485 68 1.5 28 40

Asian........................................................ 2,654 38 1.4 8 30

 Women...................................................... 1,395 24 1.7 7 17

 Men......................................................... 1,259 14 1.1 1 13

Hispanic or Latino ....................................... 13,121 223 1.7 68 155

 Women...................................................... 5,341 128 2.4 40 88

 Men......................................................... 7,780 96 1.2 29 67

Full- and part-time status 1

Full-time workers......................................... 58,452 653 1.1 99 554

 Women.................................................... 25,975 405 1.6 64 341

 Men........................................................ 32,477 248 .8 35 213

Part-time workers......................................... 17,930 1,034 5.8 310 724

 Women...................................................... 12,278 717 5.8 198 519

 Men........................................................ 5,652 317 5.6 112 205

 See footnote at end of table.

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

Federal

minimum

wage

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

69

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White........................................................ 61,907 1,434 2.3 329 1,105

 Women...................................................... 30,504 966 3.2 215 751

 Men......................................................... 31,403 469 1.5 115 354

Black or African American.............................. 9,903 173 1.7 62 111

 Women...................................................... 5,419 106 2.0 34 72

 Men......................................................... 4,485 68 1.5 28 40

Asian........................................................ 2,654 38 1.4 8 30

 Women...................................................... 1,395 24 1.7 7 17

 Men......................................................... 1,259 14 1.1 1 13

Hispanic or Latino ....................................... 13,121 223 1.7 68 155

 Women...................................................... 5,341 128 2.4 40 88

 Men......................................................... 7,780 96 1.2 29 67

Full- and part-time status 1

Full-time workers......................................... 58,452 653 1.1 99 554

 Women.................................................... 25,975 405 1.6 64 341

 Men........................................................ 32,477 248 .8 35 213

Part-time workers......................................... 17,930 1,034 5.8 310 724

 Women...................................................... 12,278 717 5.8 198 519

 Men........................................................ 5,652 317 5.6 112 205

 See footnote at end of table.

69

Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2006 annual averages—Continued
7

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, 

race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and older...... 142,824 117,078 16,122 6,290 18,905 7,744 5,477 1,694 298 1,983

16 to 19 years............... 4,192 3,483 511 78 602 438 313 100 8 105

20 to 24 years............... 13,370 10,767 1,704 447 2,347 1,610 1,144 353 50 328

25 to 34 years............... 31,022 24,581 3,914 1,621 5,873 2,138 1,472 516 76 681

35 to 44 years............... 34,779 27,978 4,223 1,782 4,974 1,752 1,268 352 70 557

45 to 54 years............... 34,422 28,688 3,701 1,371 3,311 1,166 804 246 73 196

55 to 64 years............... 19,649 16,851 1,701 787 1,445 532 399 105 13 93

65 years and older......... 5,390 4,730 368 205 353 108 77 22 8 22

Women, 16 years and older... 65,495 52,475 8,640 2,894 7,348 3,994 2,631 1,119 128 780

16 to 19 years............... 2,110 1,744 265 35 234 256 184 66 1 50

20 to 24 years............... 6,159 4,870 872 202 894 882 608 230 18 134

25 to 34 years............... 13,680 10,504 2,088 733 2,066 1,095 668 374 30 223

35 to 44 years............... 15,674 12,240 2,272 806 1,953 861 562 236 30 234

45 to 54 years............... 16,263 13,326 1,993 641 1,432 563 375 131 37 86

55 to 64 years............... 9,249 7,768 948 375 628 288 204 70 6 42

65 years and older......... 2,360 2,022 202 101 141 49 30 12 6 10

Men, 16 years and older......... 77,329 64,603 7,482 3,396 11,557 3,750 2,846 574 170 1,203

16 to 19 years............... 2,082 1,739 246 43 369 182 129 34 7 56

20 to 24 years............... 7,211 5,897 832 245 1,453 727 536 124 32 194

25 to 34 years............... 17,342 14,076 1,826 887 3,807 1,043 804 141 46 457

35 to 44 years............... 19,104 15,738 1,950 976 3,021 891 705 116 40 323

45 to 54 years............... 18,159 15,362 1,708 729 1,879 603 430 115 37 111

55 to 64 years............... 10,400 9,083 753 412 817 244 195 35 7 51

65 years and older......... 3,030 2,708 166 104 212 59 47 10 2 12

 See footnotes at end of table.

Age and sex

Total Below poverty level

Total White

Black or 

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino 

ethnicity

7
72

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor 

force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 2005—Continued

Total, 16 years and older...... 5.4 4.7 10.5 4.7 10.5

16 to 19 years............... 10.5 9.0 19.5 ( 2 ) 17.5

20 to 24 years............... 12.0 10.6 20.8 11.1 14.0

25 to 34 years............... 6.9 6.0 13.2 4.7 11.6

35 to 44 years............... 5.0 4.5 8.3 3.9 11.2

45 to 54 years............... 3.4 2.8 6.6 5.4 5.9

55 to 64 years............... 2.7 2.4 6.2 1.7 6.4

65 years and older......... 2.0 1.6 6.0 4.1 6.3

Women, 16 years and older... 6.1 5.0 13.0 4.4 10.6

16 to 19 years............... 12.1 10.6 24.9 ( 2 ) 21.3

20 to 24 years............... 14.3 12.5 26.4 9.0 15.0

25 to 34 years............... 8.0 6.4 17.9 4.1 10.8

35 to 44 years............... 5.5 4.6 10.4 3.7 12.0

45 to 54 years............... 3.5 2.8 6.6 5.7 6.0

55 to 64 years............... 3.1 2.6 7.4 1.7 6.7

65 years and older......... 2.1 1.5 6.1 5.9 7.4

Men, 16 years and older......... 4.8 4.4 7.7 5.0 10.4

16 to 19 years............... 8.8 7.4 13.8 ( 2 ) 15.1

20 to 24 years............... 10.1 9.1 14.9 12.8 13.4

25 to 34 years............... 6.0 5.7 7.7 5.2 12.0

35 to 44 years............... 4.7 4.5 6.0 4.1 10.7

45 to 54 years............... 3.3 2.8 6.7 5.0 5.9

55 to 64 years............... 2.3 2.1 4.6 1.6 6.2

65 years and older......... 2.0 1.7 5.9 2.2 5.6

Age and sex

Rate 1

Total White

Black or 

African

American

Asian

Hispanic

or Latino 

ethnicity

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force

for 27 weeks or more. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for

all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino

may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population

Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

72
73

Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and 

noncontingent status, February 2005

Total, 16 years and over......... 138,952 1.8 2.3 4.1 95.9

 16 to 19 years................... 5,510 5.6 6.1 8.6 91.4

 20 to 24 years................... 13,114 4.6 5.2 8.2 91.8

 25 to 34 years..................... 30,103 2.3 2.9 4.8 95.2

 35 to 44 years..................... 34,481 1.2 1.7 3.0 97.0

 45 to 54 years................... 32,947 .8 1.2 2.7 97.3

 55 to 64 years..................... 17,980 .8 1.1 3.0 97.0

 65 years and over............... 4,817 1.6 2.3 5.2 94.8

Women, 16 years and over... 65,006 1.8 2.4 4.3 95.7

 16 to 19 years..................... 2,931 5.6 6.2 8.4 91.6

 20 to 24 years..................... 6,186 4.0 4.8 7.8 92.2

 25 to 34 years..................... 13,480 2.2 2.7 4.6 95.4

 35 to 44 years..................... 15,958 1.1 1.7 3.2 96.8

 45 to 54 years................... 15,754 1.1 1.6 3.2 96.8

 55 to 64 years................... 8,495 .9 1.1 3.2 96.8

 65 years and over.............. 2,202 2.6 3.5 7.2 92.8

Men, 16 years and over......... 73,946 1.8 2.2 3.9 96.1

 16 to 19 years..................... 2,579 5.6 6.1 8.9 91.2

 20 to 24 years..................... 6,928 5.2 5.7 8.6 91.4

 25 to 34 years..................... 16,624 2.4 3.1 5.0 95.0

 35 to 44 years..................... 18,523 1.3 1.6 2.9 97.1

 45 to 54 years..................... 17,193 .6 .8 2.1 97.9

 55 to 64 years..................... 9,485 .7 1.1 2.8 97.2

 65 years and over............... 2,615 .7 1.3 3.5 96.5

Estimate 1 Estimate 2 Estimate 3

Age and sex

Total

employed

(in

thousands)

Contingent workers1

Noncontingent

workers1

1 Contingent workers are those who do not have

an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing

employment. Persons who do not expect to continue

in their jobs for personal reasons, such as retirement

or returning to school, are not considered contingent

workers, provided that they would have the option of

continuing in the job were it not for these personal

reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and salary

workers who expect their jobs will last for an

additional year or less and who had worked at their

jobs for 1 year or less. Estimate 2 includes wage

and salary workers, the self-employed, and

independent contractors who expect their

employment to last for an additional year or less and

who had worked at their jobs (or been selfemployed) for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 includes

all workers who do not expect their jobs to last.

This is the broadest definition of contingency and

estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in

estimate 3. Noncontingent workers are those

workers who do not fall into any of the three

definitions of contingency.

SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work

arrangements supplement to the Current

Population Survey, February 2005, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics

73
74

Table 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements, 

February 2005

Total, 16 years and over......... 138,952 100.0 7.4 1.8 0.9 0.6 89.1

 16 to 19 years.................... 5,510 100.0 1.6 2.4 .6 .1 94.3

 20 to 24 years..................... 13,114 100.0 2.7 2.7 1.5 .7 91.9

 25 to 34 years................... 30,103 100.0 5.0 1.8 1.2 .7 91.1

 35 to 44 years.................... 34,481 100.0 8.0 1.7 .7 .6 88.9

 45 to 54 years.................... 32,947 100.0 8.5 1.3 .6 .6 89.0

 55 to 64 years................... 17,980 100.0 10.8 1.5 .8 .6 86.2

 65 years and over................ 4,817 100.0 18.3 3.6 .7 .4 76.8

Women, 16 years and over... 65,006 100.0 5.6 1.9 1.0 .4 91.0

 16 to 19 years..................... 2,931 100.0 1.9 1.8 .3 - 95.7

 20 to 24 years.................... 6,186 100.0 2.6 2.5 1.5 .4 92.5

 25 to 34 years.................... 13,480 100.0 3.8 1.8 1.3 .5 92.6

 35 to 44 years..................... 15,958 100.0 5.8 2.0 .8 .4 91.0

 45 to 54 years................... 15,754 100.0 6.6 1.3 .8 .3 90.9

 55 to 64 years.................... 8,495 100.0 7.7 1.9 1.0 .5 88.8

 65 years and over............... 2,202 100.0 13.3 3.8 .8 .7 81.1

Men, 16 years and over......... 73,946 100.0 9.1 1.7 .8 .8 87.5

 16 to 19 years.................... 2,579 100.0 1.2 3.2 .9 .3 92.6

 20 to 24 years.................... 6,928 100.0 2.8 2.9 1.5 .9 91.4

 25 to 34 years.................... 16,624 100.0 6.1 1.8 1.1 .8 89.9

 35 to 44 years................... 18,523 100.0 9.8 1.4 .6 .8 87.1

 45 to 54 years................... 17,193 100.0 10.3 1.2 .4 .8 87.3

 55 to 64 years..................... 9,485 100.0 13.6 1.1 .5 .7 83.9

 65 years and over............... 2,615 100.0 22.5 3.5 .6 .1 73.3

Age and sex

Total

employed

(in

thousands)

Total

Percent of workers with alternative arrangements 1

Workers with 

traditional

arrangements Independent

contractors

On-call

workers

Temporary

help agency 

workers

Workers

provided by 

contract

firms

1 Independent contractors are workers who were

identified as independent contractors, independent

consultants, or freelance workers, whether they were selfemployed or wage and salary workers. On-call workers are

workers who are called to work only as needed, although

they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in

a row. Temporary help agency workers are workers who

were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or not their

job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms are

workers who are employed by a company that provides

them or their services to others under contract and who are

usually assigned to only one customer and usually work at

the customer's worksite.

NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are

those who do not fall into any of the "alternative

arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to totals

because the total employed includes day laborers (an

alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a

small number of workers who were both "on-call" and

"provided by contract firms." Dash represents zero.

SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work

arrangements supplement to the Current Population

Survey, February 2005, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics

74
75

Table 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 16 years and over.................. 99,778 27,411 27.5 43,366 11,558 26.7 56,412 15,853 28.1

16 to 19 years.......................... 1,427 336 23.6 524 151 28.9 903 185 20.5

20 years and over.................... 98,351 27,075 27.5 42,842 11,406 26.6 55,509 15,668 28.2

20 to 24 years.................. 9,004 2,058 22.9 3,856 993 25.8 5,147 1,065 20.7

25 to 34 years.................. 24,640 6,902 28.0 10,283 2,851 27.7 14,358 4,051 28.2

35 to 44 years.................... 26,766 7,807 29.2 11,342 3,202 28.2 15,424 4,605 29.9

45 to 54 years.................. 24,855 6,651 26.8 11,415 2,882 25.2 13,440 3,769 28.0

55 to 64 years.................. 11,745 3,181 27.1 5,361 1,316 24.5 6,383 1,865 29.2

65 years and over............... 1,341 475 35.4 585 161 27.6 757 314 41.4

16 to 24 years........................ 10,431 2,394 23.0 4,380 1,144 26.1 6,050 1,250 20.7

25 to 54 years.......................... 76,261 21,360 28.0 33,040 8,935 27.0 43,222 12,425 28.7

55 years and over.................. 13,086 3,656 27.9 5,946 1,477 24.8 7,140 2,179 30.5

White.................................... 80,498 23,121 28.7 34,276 9,539 27.8 46,222 13,582 29.4

Black or African American......... 12,578 2,476 19.7 6,131 1,283 20.9 6,447 1,193 18.5

Asian................................... 4,136 1,132 27.4 1,836 412 22.4 2,300 720 31.3

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.........14,110 2,596 18.4 5,489 1,166 21.2 8,621 1,430 16.6

Married, spouse present............ 57,630 16,270 28.2 22,704 5,888 25.9 34,926 10,382 29.7

Never married.......................... 25,144 6,693 26.6 10,676 3,088 28.9 14,469 3,605 24.9

Other marital status.................. 17,004 4,448 26.2 9,986 2,582 25.9 7,018 1,866 26.6

With no own children under 18... 61,761 16,759 27.1 27,081 7,349 27.1 34,680 9,410 27.1

With own children under 18........ 38,018 10,652 28.0 16,285 4,209 25.8 21,733 6,443 29.6

 With own children 6 to 17......... 21,739 5,960 27.4 10,262 2,619 25.5 11,477 3,341 29.1

 With own children under 6...... 16,279 4,692 28.8 6,023 1,590 26.4 10,256 3,102 30.2

Marital status

Presence and age of children

Number Percent

of total

Age

Race and Hispanic

Number Percent

of total Number Percentof total

Men

Total 1

With flexible 

schedules 2

Total 1

With flexible 

schedules 2

Total 1

With flexible 

schedules 2

or Latino ethnicity

Characteristic

Both sexes Women

1 Includes persons who did not provide information on

flexible schedules. 2 Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or

make changes in their beginning and ending hours of work,

whether or not they have a formal flexitime program on their

job.

NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time

wage and salary workers who were at work during the

survey reference week and exclude all self-employed

persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were

incorporated. Estimates for the above race groups (white, 

black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals

because data are not presented for all races. In addition,

persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino

may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity

as well as by race. Own children include sons, daughters,

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated

children.

SOURCE: May 2004 Flexible schedules and shift work

supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

75
76

Table 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and over.................. 136,602 20,673 15.1 16.2 49.3 33.7

Married, spouse present............ 77,243 14,623 18.9 16.4 48.1 34.6

Not married.............................. 59,359 6,050 10.2 15.7 52.2 31.5

Never married..................... 36,857 3,087 8.4 17.7 58.1 23.2

Other marital status............... 22,502 2,963 13.2 13.6 46.1 40.2

With own children under 18......... 50,011 8,584 17.2 17.4 47.5 34.0

 With own children under 6... 21,373 3,599 16.8 19.2 47.3 32.8

With no own children under 18...... 86,591 12,090 14.0 15.4 50.5 33.4

Total, 16 years and over.................. 64,185 9,893 15.4 17.8 51.4 29.4

Married, spouse present............ 33,750 6,509 19.3 18.2 48.8 31.4

Not married................................ 30,435 3,384 11.1 17.1 56.5 25.5

Never married..................... 16,754 1,522 9.1 19.2 66.2 12.7

Other marital status............... 13,681 1,862 13.6 15.3 48.6 35.9

With own children under 18......... 24,108 4,051 16.8 19.9 46.6 31.5

 With own children under 6... 9,331 1,614 17.3 23.4 42.6 32.6

With no own children under 18...... 40,077 5,842 14.6 16.3 54.8 27.9

Total, 16 years and over.................. 72,417 10,780 14.9 14.7 47.3 37.6

Married, spouse present............ 43,493 8,114 18.7 15.0 47.5 37.1

Not married................................ 28,924 2,666 9.2 13.9 46.8 39.1

Never married..................... 20,104 1,565 7.8 16.2 50.3 33.3

Other marital status............... 8,820 1,101 12.5 10.5 41.8 47.4

With own children under 18.......... 25,903 4,533 17.5 15.1 48.4 36.3

 With own children under 6... 12,042 1,986 16.5 15.8 51.0 33.0

With no own children under 18...... 46,514 6,247 13.4 14.5 46.5 38.6

Unpaid

Total

Women

Men

of children, sex, and pay status, May 2004

Characteristic Total

employed 3

Persons who usually worked at home 1

Total Rate

Percent distribution by class of worker 2

Wage and salary Selfemployed 4

Paid

1 Persons who usually work at home are defined as

those who work at home at least once per week as part

of their primary job. 2 Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers

who did not report pay status are included in total but not

shown separately. 3 Includes persons who did not provide information on

work at home. 

4 Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated

self-employed.

NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in

nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons,

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not

included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other

related and unrelated children.

SOURCE: May 2004 Work at Home supplement to

the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

76
77

Table 32. Displaced workers 1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and 

employment status in January 2006

Total

Total, 20 years and over.................. 3,815 100.0 69.9 13.4 16.7

 20 to 24 years.............................. 111 100.0 66.4 21.4 12.2

 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,841 100.0 74.5 13.4 12.0

 55 to 64 years.............................. 728 100.0 60.6 12.3 27.0

 65 years and over........................ 135 100.0 25.4 10.8 63.8

Women, 20 years and over............. 1,739 100.0 65.6 13.1 21.3

 20 to 24 years.............................. 44 100.0 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )

 25 to 54 years............................. 1,289 100.0 69.6 14.2 16.2

 55 to 64 years............................. 350 100.0 59.7 10.0 30.3

 65 years and over....................... 55 100.0 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )

Men, 20 years and over................. 2,076 100.0 73.5 13.6 12.9

 20 to 24 years............................. 67 100.0 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )

 25 to 54 years............................. 1,552 100.0 78.6 12.8 8.5

 55 to 64 years............................. 378 100.0 61.5 14.5 24.0

 65 years and over....................... 80 100.0 27.5 18.3 54.2

White

Total, 20 years and over................. 3,169 100.0 70.0 13.2 16.8

 Women....................................... 1,386 100.0 64.8 13.3 22.0

 Men........................................... 1,784 100.0 74.1 13.1 12.8

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and over.................. 452 100.0 71.2 13.4 15.4

 Women..................................... 271 100.0 70.7 11.5 17.9

 Men........................................... 181 100.0 72.1 16.3 11.6

Asian

Total, 20 years and over.................. 113 100.0 72.0 12.3 15.7

 Women..................................... 48 100.0 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )

 Men......................................... 65 100.0 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 )

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and over................ 416 100.0 60.2 22.9 16.9

 Women..................................... 187 100.0 56.2 20.3 23.5

 Men......................................... 230 100.0 63.5 25.0 11.5

Age, sex, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity

Total

(in

thousands)

Percent distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor 

force

1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years

of tenure on a job they had lost or left between

January 2003 and December 2005 because of plant

or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or

the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2

 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups

(white, black or African American, and Asian) do not

sum to totals because data are not presented for all

races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race

and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as

by race.

SOURCE: January 2006 Displaced Worker

supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

77
78

Table 33. Labor force status of 2006 high school graduates and 2005-06 high school dropouts 

16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2006

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 2006 high school graduates............. 2,495 1,372 55.0 1,148 46.0 224 16.4 1,123 

 Women................................................. 1,243 716 57.5 614 49.3 102 14.2 528 

 Men.................................................... 1,251 657 52.5 534 42.7 122 18.7 595 

 Enrolled in college.................................... 1,641 720 43.9 659 40.2 61 8.5 921 

 Women............................................... 820 404 49.2 372 45.4 31 7.8 416 

 Men.................................................... 820 316 38.5 287 34.9 30 9.3 504 

 Not enrolled in college............................. 854 652 76.4 489 57.2 163 25.0 202 

 Women............................................... 423 312 73.7 241 57.0 70 22.6 111 

 Men.................................................... 431 341 79.0 248 57.5 93 27.3 90 

Total, 2005-06 high school dropouts1......... 444 228 51.4 176 39.5 53 23.1 216 

 Women............................................... 187 85 45.1 59 31.4 26 30.4 103 

 Men.................................................... 257 144 56.0 117 45.5 27 18.9 113 

 Not in 

labor

 Total force

Percent of 

population

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total 

Percent

of labor 

force

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Civilian labor force 

 1 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2005 and October 2006.

 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

 SOURCE: October 2006 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

78
79

Table 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational 

attainment, October 2006

(Numbers in thousands)

Enrolled in school............................... 20,797 9,001 43.3 8,204 39.4 797 8.9 11,796 

 Enrolled in high school 1

........................ 10,315 3,235 31.4 2,767 26.8 468 14.5 7,080 

 Women........................................... 5,032 1,648 32.7 1,424 28.3 224 13.6 3,384 

 Men................................................. 5,283 1,587 30.0 1,343 25.4 244 15.4 3,696 

 Enrolled in college................................ 10,482 5,766 55.0 5,437 51.9 329 5.7 4,716 

 Women........................................... 5,623 3,179 56.5 3,013 53.6 166 5.2 2,444 

 Men................................................. 4,859 2,586 53.2 2,424 49.9 163 6.3 2,273 

Not enrolled in school......................... 16,250 13,299 81.8 11,811 72.7 1,488 11.2 2,950 

 Women.............................................. 7,686 5,769 75.1 5,119 66.6 650 11.3 1,916 

 Less than a high school diploma ........... 1,506 796 52.9 590 39.2 206 25.9 709 

 High school graduates, no college 2 ..... 3,147 2,295 72.9 2,008 63.8 287 12.5 852 

 Some college or associate degree ........ 1,903 1,626 85.5 1,522 80.0 105 6.4 276 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 1,130 1,052 93.0 999 88.4 53 5.0 79 

 Men................................................... 8,564 7,530 87.9 6,692 78.1 838 11.1 1,034 

 Less than a high school diploma ........... 1,925 1,528 79.4 1,335 69.4 193 12.6 397 

 High school graduates, no college 2 ..... 4,008 3,531 88.1 3,079 76.8 452 12.8 477 

 Some college or associate degree ........ 1,674 1,567 93.7 1,444 86.3 124 7.9 106 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 958 903 94.3 834 87.1 69 7.6 55 

 Not in 

labor

 Total force

 Percent of 

population

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total 

Percent

of labor 

force

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Civilian labor force 

 1 Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below high school.

2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.

 NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

 SOURCE: October 2006 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

79
80

Table 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 

1970-2006, not seasonally adjusted

(Numbers in thousands)

Multiple jobholders

Number

Percent of 

all multiple 

jobholders

1970........ 78,358 4,048 636 15.7 3,412 5.2 2.2 7.0 5.3 4.4 

1971......... 78,708 4,035 765 19.0 3,270 5.1 2.6 6.7 5.3 3.8 

1972......... 81,224 3,770 735 19.5 3,035 4.6 2.4 6.0 4.8 3.7 

1973....... 83,758 4,262 869 20.4 3,393 5.1 2.7 6.6 5.1 4.7 

1974......... 85,786 3,889 867 22.3 3,022 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.6 3.8 

1975......... 84,146 3,918 956 24.4 2,962 4.7 2.9 5.8 4.8 3.7 

1976....... 87,278 3,948 911 23.1 3,037 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.7 2.8 

1977......... 90,482 4,558 1,241 27.2 3,317 5.0 3.4 6.2 5.3 2.6 

1978......... 93,904 4,493 1,281 28.5 3,212 4.8 3.3 5.8 5.0 3.1 

1979....... 96,327 4,724 1,407 29.8 3,317 4.9 3.5 5.9 5.1 3.0 

1980......... 96,809 4,759 1,549 32.5 3,210 4.9 3.8 5.8 5.1 3.2 

1985......... 106,878 5,730 2,192 38.3 3,537 5.4 4.7 5.9 5.7 3.2 

1989......... 117,084 7,225 3,109 43.0 4,115 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.5 4.3 

1991........ 116,626 7,183 3,129 43.6 4,054 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.4 4.9 

1994........ 122,946 7,316 3,343 45.7 3,973 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 4.9 

1995....... 124,554 7,952 3,727 46.9 4,225 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.2 

1996........ 126,391 7,846 3,494 44.5 4,352 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.1 

1997........ 129,565 8,197 3,800 46.4 4,398 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.5 5.7 

1998........ 131,476 8,126 3,688 45.4 4,438 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.5 

1999........ 133,411 7,895 3,778 47.9 4,117 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.5 

2000........ 136,685 7,751 3,667 47.3 4,084 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.9 4.9 

2001........ 137,121 7,540 3,626 48.1 3,914 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.3 

2002........ 136,559 7,247 3,511 48.4 3,736 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.7 

2003........ 137,567 7,338 3,498 47.7 3,841 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.3 

2004........ 138,867 7,258 3,605 49.7 3,653 5.2 5.6 4.9 5.3 5.1 

2005.........141,730 6,895 3,402 49.3 3,493 4.9 5.2 4.6 5.4 4.4 

2006.........144,041 7,641 3,778 49.4 3,863 5.3 5.7 5.0 5.3 5.4 

Year Total

employed

Multiple jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men White

Black or 

African

American 2

1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed

persons in specified group.

2 Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-andother population group.

NOTE: Data from 1994-2006 are not strictly

comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation,

see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data 

section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error

in Employment and Earnings. Comprehensive surveys of

multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981-84, 1986-

88, 1990, and 1992-93.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

80
8

Table 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2006 

annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed

as a 

percent of 

total

Total

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed

as a 

percent of 

total

Total

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed

as a 

percent of 

total

1976...... 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8 

1977..... 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7 

1978..... 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2 

1979..... 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2 

1980..... 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0 

1981..... 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9 

1982..... 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8 

1983..... 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2 

1984...... 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0 

1985..... 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3 

1986..... 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1 

1987..... 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9 

1988...... 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7 

1989..... 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4 

1990...... 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8 

1991..... 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6 

1992..... 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5 

1993..... 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2 

1994..... 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2 

1995..... 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6 

1996..... 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1 

1997..... 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2 

1998..... 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9 

1999..... 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0 

2000..... 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4 

2001..... 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4 

2002...... 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2 

2003..... 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6 

2004...... 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1 

2005..... 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5 

2006...... 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0 

Selfemployed

women as 

percent of 

total selfemployed

Year

Total Women Men

NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census industry classification system derived from the

2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS).

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

8
82

Table 37. Employment status of the native-born1 and foreign-born 2 civilian noninstitutional population 

by age and sex, 2006 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Both sexes

Native born1

 16 years and over........ 195,082 128,280 65.8 122,202 62.6 6,078 4.7 66,803

 16 to 24 years.............. 32,787 19,893 60.7 17,723 54.1 2,170 10.9 12,894

 25 to 34 years............ 31,233 26,305 84.2 25,024 80.1 1,282 4.9 4,928

 35 to 44 years............ 34,731 29,296 84.3 28,244 81.3 1,051 3.6 5,436

 45 to 54 years............ 37,005 30,405 82.2 29,477 79.7 928 3.1 6,600

 55 to 64 years............ 27,668 17,557 63.5 17,049 61.6 508 2.9 10,111

 65 years and over....... 31,658 4,824 15.2 4,685 14.8 139 2.9 26,834

Foreign born 2

 16 years and over........ 33,733 23,148 68.6 22,225 65.9 923 4.0 10,585

 16 to 24 years............. 4,156 2,501 60.2 2,318 55.8 183 7.3 1,655

 25 to 34 years.............. 7,997 6,267 78.4 6,027 75.4 240 3.8 1,730

 35 to 44 years.............. 8,022 6,552 81.7 6,325 78.9 227 3.5 1,469

 45 to 54 years............ 5,896 4,740 80.4 4,575 77.6 165 3.5 1,155

 55 to 64 years............. 3,707 2,428 65.5 2,340 63.1 87 3.6 1,279

 65 years and over...... 3,955 660 16.7 640 16.2 20 3.1 3,295

Women

Native born1

 16 years and over........ 101,467 60,910 60.0 58,095 57.3 2,815 4.6 40,557

 16 to 24 years............ 16,379 9,680 59.1 8,730 53.3 950 9.8 6,700

 25 to 34 years............ 15,936 12,364 77.6 11,767 73.8 597 4.8 3,572

 35 to 44 years............ 17,782 13,795 77.6 13,279 74.7 516 3.7 3,987

 45 to 54 years............. 18,955 14,571 76.9 14,119 74.5 452 3.1 4,385

 55 to 64 years.............. 14,328 8,388 58.5 8,152 56.9 236 2.8 5,940

 65 years and over....... 18,086 2,112 11.7 2,049 11.3 63 3.0 15,974

Foreign born 2

 16 years and over........ 16,743 9,263 55.3 8,831 52.7 432 4.7 7,480

 16 to 24 years.............. 1,913 904 47.3 828 43.3 76 8.4 1,009

 25 to 34 years............ 3,725 2,264 60.8 2,150 57.7 113 5.0 1,462

 35 to 44 years............ 3,890 2,646 68.0 2,525 64.9 121 4.6 1,243

 45 to 54 years............. 2,955 2,085 70.6 2,013 68.1 72 3.5 870

 55 to 64 years............ 1,952 1,087 55.7 1,046 53.6 41 3.8 865

 65 years and over...... 2,308 276 12.0 268 11.6 8 3.0 2,032

 See footnotes at end of table.

Country of birth,

age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

82
83

Table 37. Employment status of the native-born1 and foreign-born 2 civilian noninstitutional population 

by age and sex, 2006 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Men

Native born1

 16 years and over......... 93,615 67,370 72.0 64,107 68.5 3,263 4.8 26,246

 16 to 24 years............ 16,407 10,213 62.2 8,994 54.8 1,219 11.9 6,194

 25 to 34 years............ 15,297 13,941 91.1 13,257 86.7 684 4.9 1,356

 35 to 44 years............ 16,949 15,501 91.5 14,965 88.3 536 3.5 1,449

 45 to 54 years............. 18,050 15,834 87.7 15,358 85.1 476 3.0 2,215

 55 to 64 years............. 13,340 9,169 68.7 8,897 66.7 272 3.0 4,171

 65 years and over....... 13,572 2,712 20.0 2,637 19.4 76 2.8 10,860

Foreign born 2

 16 years and over......... 16,989 13,885 81.7 13,395 78.8 491 3.5 3,104

 16 to 24 years............. 2,243 1,597 71.2 1,489 66.4 108 6.7 647

 25 to 34 years............ 4,272 4,003 93.7 3,877 90.8 126 3.1 268

 35 to 44 years............ 4,132 3,906 94.5 3,800 92.0 106 2.7 226

 45 to 54 years............ 2,941 2,655 90.3 2,562 87.1 93 3.5 286

 55 to 64 years............. 1,755 1,340 76.4 1,294 73.8 46 3.4 415

 65 years and over....... 1,647 384 23.3 372 22.6 12 3.1 1,263

Country of birth,

age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional

population

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

1 Native-born persons are those who were born in the United

States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born

abroad of a U.S.-citizen parent.

2 Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States

who were born outside the United States or one of its outlying

areas, such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of

whom was a U.S. citizen. This group primarily includes

legally admitted immigrants, but also includes refugees,

students, temporary workers, and undocumented aliens.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department

of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 

83
84

Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2006

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, both sexes Women

Members of unions 1 Represented by 

unions 2 Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed Total Percent of 

employed

1983......... 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984......... 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985....... 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

1986 3...... 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987......... 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988....... 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989......... 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

1990 3

...... 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991......... 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992....... 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993....... 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

1994 3

...... 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995....... 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996......... 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

1997 3

...... 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

1998 3

...... 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

1999 3

...... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

2000 3

...... 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001....... 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

2002......... 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003....... 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004......... 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005...... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

2006......... 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year Total

employed

Total

employed

84
85

Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary 

workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2006—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Men

Members of unions 1 Represented by 

unions 2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed

1983......... 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984......... 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985....... 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986 3...... 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987......... 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988....... 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989......... 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990 3

...... 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991......... 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992....... 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993....... 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994 3

...... 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995....... 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996......... 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997 3

...... 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998 3

...... 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

1999 3

...... 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000 3

...... 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001....... 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002......... 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003....... 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004......... 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005...... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006......... 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

Year Total

employed

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee

association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee

association similar to a union, as well as workers who are not

members but whose jobs are covered by a union or employee

association contract. 3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an

explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household

Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error in

Employment and Earnings.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and parttime workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless

of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

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86

Technical Note

The estimates in this report were obtained from the 

Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly 

sample survey of approximately 60,000 households, 

which provides a wide range of information on the labor 

force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings and 

union affiliation data are collected from one-fourth of the 

CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau, using 

a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 

50 States and the District of Columbia. 

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with 

appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. 

This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals 

upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message

referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339

Reliability of the Estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 

1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because

of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence. 

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, 

inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 

information, and errors made in the collection or processing 

of data. CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. 

The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but special 

studies have been conducted to quantify some sources of such 

error in the CPS. For further discussion of the reliability of 

data from the CPS and information on estimating standard 

errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” 

section of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment and 

Earnings publication.

Concepts and Definitions

Concepts used in this report are defined below.

Civilian noninstitutional population. Included are persons 

16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the

District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions (for 

example, penal and mental facilities, homes for the aged), 

and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed.

Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during 

the survey week: (a) did any work at all as paid civilians; (b) 

worked in their own business or profession or on their own 

farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a

family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their 

jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another 

reason.

Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who 

had no employment during the survey week, were available 

for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off 

from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be 

looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional 

population.

Employment-population ratio. This ratio represents the 

proportion of the population that is employed.

Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number of unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Race. White, black or African American, and Asian are terms 

used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data for the 

remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons 

who selected more than one race category—are included in 

totals but are not shown separately because the number of 

survey respondents was too small to develop estimates of 

sufficient quality for publication. In the enumeration process, 

race is determined by the household respondent.
87

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons 

who identified themselves in the CPS enumeration process as 

being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity 

is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. 

Families are classified either as married-couple families or as 

families maintained by women or men without spouses.

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those 

who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated self-employed 

are included in the self-employed category. Self-employed 

persons whose businesses are incorporated are included in 

wage and salary employment because, technically, they are 

paid employees of a corporation.

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive 

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece 

rates. The group includes employees in both the private 

and public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, 

excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether 

their businesses are incorporated.

Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly 

wage are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing 

approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. 

Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included in the fulland part-time worker tables in this report, along with salaried 

workers and other workers not paid by the hour. (Data for 

workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately.) 

Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and 

salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any 

overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the 

principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of 

self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether 

their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents

were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since 

January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the

easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, 

biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how 

much they usually earn in the reported period. Earnings 

reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a 

weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the 

respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, 

interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than 

half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Medians of weekly earnings. The median is the amount that 

divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, 

one having earnings above the median, and the other having 

earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure 

for determining the median of an earnings distribution 

places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value 

into a $50-wide interval that is centered on a multiple of 

$50. The value of the median is estimated through a linear 

interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Overthe-year changes in the medians for specific groups may not 

necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for 

the overall group boundary. The most common reasons for 

this possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change

in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the 

medians of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years

and over may rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age

group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, 

the overall median could actually fall. (2) There could be 

a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported 

earnings. This could be caused by survey observations that 

are clustered at rounded values, for example, $250, $300, 

or $400. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval 

containing such a cluster, or “spike,” tends to change more 

slowly than one in other intervals. Medians, for example, 

measure the central tendency of a multipeaked distribution 

that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median 

does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, 

the median takes relatively more time to move through a 

frequently reported interval but, once above the upper limit 

of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the 

next frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures 

for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements 

of the measures; however, users should be cautious of these 

effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians, 

as well as in ratios of the medians. 

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked during 

the reference week. For example, persons who normally 

work 40 hours a week but were off during the Columbus 

Day holiday would be reported as working 32 hours, even 

though they were paid for the holiday.

Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily absent 

from a job and, therefore, classified in the zero-hours worked 

category, “with a job but not at work.” These are persons who 

were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons 

such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a 

labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule 

from his or her activity during the reference week, persons 

also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time 

status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This 

group includes some individuals who worked less than 35 

hours in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily absent from 

work. Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually 

work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless 

of the number of hours worked in the reference week. This 

may include some individuals who actually worked more 
88

than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as those who 

are temporarily absent from work.

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job 

held during the reference week. Persons with two or more 

jobs are classified in the occupation and industry at which 

they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational 

and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2002 

Census Bureau occupational and industrial classification systems which are derived from the 2000 Standard Occupation 

Classification (SOC) and the 2002 North American Industry 

Classification System (NAICS). 

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the 

calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population 

Survey. Persons who worked were those who answered “yes” 

to the following questions from the ASEC: “Did you work 

at a job or business at any time during [the survey reference 

year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during [the survey reference 

year]?” Since the reference period is a full year, the number 

of persons with some employment or unemployment greatly 

exceeds the average levels for any given month, which are 

based on a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding

annual averages of monthly estimates.

Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this 

report are based on definitions developed by the Social 

Security Administration in 1964 and revised by the Federal interagency committees in 1969 and 191.  Th

definitions originally were based on the U.S. Department 

of Agriculture’s Economy Food Plan and reflected the 

different consumption requirements of families, based 

on factors such as family size and the number of children 

under 18 years of age. The actual poverty thresholds vary

in accordance with the makeup of the family. Poverty 

thresholds are updated each year to reflect changes in the 

Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). 

The thresholds do not vary geographically. For more information on poverty data and thresholds, see http://www.

census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html.