2 7

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

.

U.S. Department of Labor

Elaine L. Chao, Secretary

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Philip L. Rones, Acting Commissioner

September 2006

Report 996
iii

Contents

 Page

Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ........................................................................................................................ 1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1

Highlights .................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Statistical Tables

1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2005 annual averages ......... 4

2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970-2005 annual averages ............................................................................................................................ 7

3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages ..................... 10

4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2005 annual averages.............................................................. 12

5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 ....... 13

6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, 2005 ................................................................................................................................. 16

7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2005 ......................................... 19

8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational

attainment and sex, 2005 annual averages ..................................................................................................... 22

9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex,

1970- 2005 ....................................................................................................................................................... 23

10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2004-05 annual averages ................................................... 26

11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages .................................................... 28

12. Percent distribution of employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005

annual averages ............................................................................................................................................. 35

13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2004-05 annual averages.................................................................. 36

14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages ......................................................... 39

15. Percent distribution of employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2005 annual averages ..................................................................................................................................... 45

16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2005 annual averages ................................................................ 46

17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by

educational attainment and sex, 2005 annual averages ................................................................................. 48

18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2005 annual averages ..................................................................................................................................... 50

19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2005 annual

averages ......................................................................................................................................................... 57

20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages .................................... 58

21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex,

1976-2005 annual averages ............................................................................................................................ 61

22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2004 ............. 62

23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2004 .................................................... 63

24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970-2004 .......................................................................... 65

25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2004 .................................................................................... 66

26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum

wage by selected characteristics, 2005 annual averages............................................................................... 67

27. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status,

February 2005 ................................................................................................................................................. 68

28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangement, February 2005 .... 69

29. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004 ...................... 70
iv

Contents—Continued

Page

Statistical Tables— Continued

30. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, sex,

and pay status, May 2004 .............................................................................................................................. 71

31. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in

January 2006................................................................................................................................................... 72

32. Labor force status of 2005 high school graduates and 2004-05 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by

school enrollment and sex, October 2005 ...................................................................................................... 73

33. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment,

October 2005 .................................................................................................................................................. 74

34. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2005,

not seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................. 75

35. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2005 annual averages .... 76

36. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and

sex, 2004 annual averages ............................................................................................................................ 77

37. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2005 ......................... 79

Technical Note ................................................................................................................................................................ 81
1

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

Introduction

The past several decades have been marked by

several notable changes in women’s labor force

activities compared to men’s, including rising labor

force participation, employment growth in higher-paying

occupations, and earnings increases. In 1970, about 43

percent of women age 16 and older were in the labor force.

By the late 1990s, the labor force participation rate of women

had risen to 60 percent. Though it is still well above the

rates that prevailed throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and much

of the 1990s, the rate has receded slightly since 1999, to 59.3

percent in 2005. During the past several decades, women

were increasingly employed in higher-paying occupations.

In 2005, more than half of all the workers in management,

professional, and related occupations were women. Women’s

earnings relative to men’s also were substantially higher in

2005 than in previous decades. In 1979, among full-time

workers, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s; by

2005 the ratio had grown to 81 percent. The movement of

women into the labor force and into higher-paying

occupations has gone hand in hand with their pursuit of

higher education. For example, in 1970, about one-tenth of

women age 25 to 64 in the labor force had completed 4 or

more years of college; by 2005, one-third held at least a

bachelor’s degree.

This report presents historical and current labor

force and earnings data for women and men from the Current

Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly

survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by

the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the

CPS. For a detailed description of the source of the data and

an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the

Technical Note at the end of this report.

Highlights

• In 2005, just over 59 percent of women age 16 and

over were in the labor force. Their unemployment

rate declined to 5.1 percent in 2005 compared with

5.4 percent a year earlier. Although still a

percentage point higher than it was in 2000, the

unemployment rate for women remained low by

historical standards. The unemployment rates for

white and Asian women were much lower than

those of their black and Hispanic counterparts. (See

tables 1, 2, and 3.)

• Since the early 1980s, women’s and men’s

unemployment rates have been roughly similar. In

2000, the jobless rates for women and men were 4.1

and 3.9 percent, respectively, and were at 30-year

lows. The rates rose from 2000 to 2003, but then

declined in the next 2 years. The unemployment

rates for women and men were equal in 2005 at 5.1

percent. (See table 2.)

• From 1975 to 2000, the labor force participation rate

of mothers with children under age 18 rose from 47

to 73 percent. By 2005, the rate had receded slightly

to about 71 percent. In general, mothers with older

children (6 to 17 years of age) are more likely to

participate in the labor force than are mothers of

younger children (under 6 years of age). Unmarried

mothers have higher participation rates than married

mothers. (See tables 6 and 7.)

• The educational attainment level of working women

age 25 to 64 rose substantially from 1970 to 2005.

About 3 in 10 women in the labor force held college

degrees in 2005, compared with about 1 in 10 in

1970. About 8 percent of women in the labor force

in 2005 were high school dropouts, compared with

34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.)

• In 2005, half of all persons employed in

management, professional, and related occupations

were women. The share of women in specific

occupations within this broad category varied. For

example, 6 percent of mechanical engineers and 32

percent of physicians and surgeons were women.

In contrast, 95 percent of dietitians and 86 percent

of paralegals and legal assistants were women. (See

table 11.)

• Employed Asian women were more likely than

employed white, black, and Hispanic women to work

in management, professional, and related

occupations (about 45 percent compared with 39,
2

30, and 22 percent, respectively). Hispanic and

black women (31 and 27 percent, respectively) were

more likely than white and Asian women (19 and 18

percent, respectively) to work in service

occupations. (See table 12.)

• By industry, in 2005, women accounted for more

than half of all workers within financial activities,

education and health services, and leisure and

hospitality. However, women were substantially

underrepresented (relative to their share of total

employment) in mining, construction,

manufacturing, and transportation and utilities.

(See table 14.)

• Women who worked full time in 2005 had median

weekly earnings of $585. Asian and white women

earned more than their black and Hispanic

counterparts ($665 and $596 compared with $499

and $429, respectively). In 2005, women’s median

weekly earnings were 81 percent of men’s.

Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios were higher

among black and Hispanic women (89 and 88

percent, respectively) than among white and Asian

women (80 and 81 percent, respectively). (See table

16.) (Users should note that the comparisons of

earnings in the report are made on a broad level

and do not control for many factors that can be

significant in explaining earnings differences.)

• In 2005, female college graduates age 25 and over

earned about 79 percent more than women with

only a high school diploma. This difference in

earnings by education has increased sharply since

1979, when female college graduates earned 43

percent more than female high school graduates.

Female college graduates who were full-time wage

and salary workers had median weekly earnings

that were 76 percent of those of their male

counterparts in 2005, $883 versus $1,167. (See table

17.)

• In 2005, approximately 25 percent of employed

women usually worked part time—fewer than 35

hours a week. Comparatively, only about 11 percent

of employed men usually worked part time. Since

1994, the proportion of employed women and men

who usually work part time has remained little

changed. (See table 20.)

• From 1976 to 2005, the average workweek of women

in nonagricultural industries increased by about 2

hours to 36.1 hours. Men’s average workweek

remained relatively unchanged over the same

period and was 41.7 hours in 2005. (See table 21.)

• Of all women who worked at some point during

calendar year 2004, nearly 6 in 10 worked full time

and year round, compared with about 4 in 10 in

1970. During the same 35-year period, the

proportion of men who worked full time and year

round grew from 66 to 74 percent. (See table 22.)

These data were collected in the 2005 Annual Social

and Economic Supplement to the CPS and refer to

work experience during the prior calendar year.

• Both the wife and husband had earnings from work

in 57 percent of married-couple families in 2004, up

from 44 percent in 1967. (See table 23.) These data

also were collected in the 2005 Annual Social and

Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect

earnings and work experience of the prior calendar

year.

• In 2004, working wives’ contributions to family

income accounted for 35 percent (median) of their

families’ incomes, up by 8 percentage points from

1970, when wives’ earnings accounted for 27

percent of the family total. The proportion of wives

earning more than their husbands also has grown.

In 1987, the first year data became available for

wives’ earnings compared to their husbands’, 18

percent of working wives whose husbands also

worked earned more than their spouses; in 2004,

the proportion was 25 percent. (See tables 24 and

25.) These data, also collected in the Annual Social

and Economic Supplement to the CPS, reflect the

earnings and work experience of the prior calendar

year.

• In 2005, about 1.2 million women workers paid at an

hourly rate had earnings at or below the Federal

minimum wage of $5.15 an hour; about half of these

women were age 16 to 24. Among workers age 25

years and over who were paid hourly rates, 2

percent of women had earnings at or below the

minimum wage, twice the rate for men. (See table

26.)

• Women were slightly less likely than men to have

flexible schedules on their jobs in May 2004. White

women were more likely to have flexible schedules

than either their black or Hispanic counterparts.

Women without children under age 18 were more

likely to have flexible schedules than women with

children under age 18, although the reverse was

true for men. (See table 29.) Data are from the May

2004 Work Schedules supplement to the CPS.

• About 15 percent of both women and men reported

working at home at least once per week as part of
3

their main job in May 2004. Working at home was

more common for parents than for persons who

were not parents. Women were slightly more likely

than men to have a formal arrangement with their

employer to be paid for the work they did at home

than were men. While self-employment was fairly

common among those who worked at home, women

were less likely to be self-employed than were their

male counterparts; about 29 percent of women

working at home were self-employed versus 38

percent of men. (See table 30.) Data are from the

May 2004 Work Schedules supplement to the

CPS.

• About 1.7 million women and 2.1 million men

experienced job displacement between January

2003 and December 2005. Women who were

displaced were almost twice as likely as men to

have left the labor force by January 2006 (21 percent

versus 13 percent). (See table 31.) Data are from

the January 2006 Displaced Worker supplement to

the CPS.

• Among 2005 high school graduates, young women

were slightly more likely than young men to enter

college (70.4 versus 66.5 percent). (For information

on the labor force status of recent high school

graduates and dropouts by school enrollment and

sex, see table 32.) Data are from the October 2005

School Enrollment supplement to the CPS.

• About 48 percent of women age 16 to 24 who were

enrolled in either high school or college in October

2005 were in the labor force. Men enrolled in school

had a lower labor force participation rate (42.3

percent). Among those not enrolled in school,

women were less likely to be in the labor force than

men (74.6 versus 87.5 percent). Young women who

had not completed high school and were not

enrolled in school were significantly less likely to

participate in the labor force (53.5 versus 73.2

percent) and nearly twice as likely to be unemployed

(21.2 versus 11.5 percent) as were women 16 to 24

years of age who had a high school diploma only.

(See table 33.) Data are from the October 2005

School Enrollment supplement to the CPS.

• From 1970 to 1995, the rate of multiple jobholding

among women nearly tripled, from 2.2 percent of

employed women in 1970 to 6.5 percent in 1995.

Since 1995, however, the multiple jobholding rate

for women has trended downward, falling to 5.2

percent by 2005. The multiple jobholding rate for

men also has trended downward over the past

decade, from 6.3 percent in 1995 to 4.6 percent in

2005. (See table 34.) Data were collected in the

May 2005 CPS.

• Over the past 30 years, the percentage of employed

women who were self-employed has increased

slightly, from 4.4 percent in 1976 to 5.4 percent in

2005, while the percentage of employed men who

were self-employed has decreased slightly, to 7.8

percent in 2005 from 8.4 percent in 1976. In 2005,

about 37 percent of all self-employed persons were

women compared with 27 percent in 1976. (See

table 35.)

• Foreign-born women were less likely to be in the

labor force in 2005 than native-born women (53.8

versus 60.0 percent). Of those in the labor force,

foreign-born women were more likely to be

unemployed (6.3 percent) than their native-born

counterparts (5.3 percent). The reverse was true

for men for both labor force participation and the

unemployment rate. (See table 36.)

• In 2005, about 13 percent of female wage and salary

workers were represented by unions, compared with

about 15 percent of men. Union attachment for

both groups has fallen since 1983, when unions

represented 18 percent of female wage and

salary workers and nearly 28 percent for men. (See

table 37.)
4

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2005 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

16 to 19 years ............. 16,398 7,164 43.7 5,978 36.5 1,186 16.6 9,234

16 to 17 years......... 8,778 2,825 32.2 2,284 26.0 541 19.1 5,953

18 to 19 years......... 7,619 4,339 56.9 3,694 48.5 645 14.9 3,281

20 to 24 years............ 20,276 15,127 74.6 13,792 68.0 1,335 8.8 5,149

25 to 54 years............. 124,175 102,773 82.8 98,517 79.3 4,256 4.1 21,403

25 to 34 years......... 39,064 32,341 82.8 30,680 78.5 1,661 5.1 6,723

25 to 29 years...... 19,484 16,049 82.4 15,116 77.6 933 5.8 3,435

30 to 34 years...... 19,580 16,291 83.2 15,564 79.5 728 4.5 3,288

35 to 44 years......... 43,005 36,030 83.8 34,630 80.5 1,400 3.9 6,975

35 to 39 years...... 20,511 17,125 83.5 16,430 80.1 695 4.1 3,387

40 to 44 years...... 22,494 18,905 84.0 18,200 80.9 705 3.7 3,589

45 to 54 years......... 42,107 34,402 81.7 33,207 78.9 1,195 3.5 7,704

45 to 49 years...... 22,257 18,561 83.4 17,886 80.4 675 3.6 3,695

50 to 54 years...... 19,850 15,841 79.8 15,321 77.2 520 3.3 4,009

55 to 64 years............ 30,165 18,979 62.9 18,349 60.8 630 3.3 11,185

55 to 59 years......... 17,206 12,289 71.4 11,873 69.0 416 3.4 4,918

60 to 64 years......... 12,958 6,691 51.6 6,476 50.0 214 3.2 6,268

65 years and over....... 35,068 5,278 15.1 5,094 14.5 184 3.5 29,791

65 to 69 years......... 10,048 2,846 28.3 2,748 27.3 98 3.4 7,202

70 to 74 years......... 8,358 1,366 16.3 1,316 15.7 50 3.7 6,992

75 years and over...... 16,663 1,066 6.4 1,031 6.2 36 3.3 15,597

Total Percent of 

labor force

Total, both sexes

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population
5

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2005 annual averages 

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

16 to 19 years ............. 8,081 3,574 44.2 3,055 37.8 519 14.5 4,507

16 to 17 years......... 4,297 1,457 33.9 1,217 28.3 240 16.5 2,840

18 to 19 years......... 3,784 2,117 55.9 1,838 48.6 278 13.1 1,667

20 to 24 years............ 10,095 7,073 70.1 6,513 64.5 560 7.9 3,022

25 to 54 years............. 62,967 47,387 75.3 45,315 72.0 2,072 4.4 15,580

25 to 34 years......... 19,618 14,503 73.9 13,687 69.8 817 5.6 5,115

25 to 29 years...... 9,740 7,206 74.0 6,753 69.3 453 6.3 2,534

30 to 34 years...... 9,878 7,297 73.9 6,933 70.2 364 5.0 2,581

35 to 44 years......... 21,828 16,535 75.8 15,850 72.6 685 4.1 5,293

35 to 39 years...... 10,387 7,750 74.6 7,420 71.4 330 4.3 2,637

40 to 44 years...... 11,441 8,784 76.8 8,430 73.7 354 4.0 2,656

45 to 54 years......... 21,521 16,349 76.0 15,779 73.3 571 3.5 5,172

45 to 49 years...... 11,345 8,815 77.7 8,486 74.8 328 3.7 2,530

50 to 54 years...... 10,177 7,535 74.0 7,292 71.7 243 3.2 2,642

55 to 64 years............ 15,663 8,934 57.0 8,635 55.1 299 3.3 6,728

55 to 59 years......... 8,886 5,831 65.6 5,634 63.4 197 3.4 3,055

60 to 64 years......... 6,777 3,104 45.8 3,001 44.3 102 3.3 3,673

65 years and over....... 20,125 2,319 11.5 2,238 11.1 82 3.5 17,806

65 to 69 years......... 5,370 1,275 23.7 1,228 22.9 46 3.6 4,095

70 to 74 years......... 4,613 591 12.8 568 12.3 23 3.9 4,022

75 years and over...... 10,142 454 4.5 441 4.4 12 2.8 9,688

Women

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed
6

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2005 annual averages 

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

16 to 19 years ............. 8,317 3,590 43.2 2,923 35.1 667 18.6 4,727

16 to 17 years......... 4,481 1,368 30.5 1,067 23.8 300 22.0 3,113

18 to 19 years......... 3,836 2,222 57.9 1,855 48.4 367 16.5 1,614

20 to 24 years............ 10,181 8,054 79.1 7,279 71.5 775 9.6 2,127

25 to 54 years............. 61,208 55,385 90.5 53,201 86.9 2,184 3.9 5,823

25 to 34 years......... 19,446 17,837 91.7 16,993 87.4 844 4.7 1,608

25 to 29 years...... 9,744 8,843 90.8 8,363 85.8 480 5.4 901

30 to 34 years...... 9,701 8,994 92.7 8,630 89.0 364 4.0 707

35 to 44 years......... 21,177 19,495 92.1 18,780 88.7 715 3.7 1,682

35 to 39 years...... 10,124 9,374 92.6 9,010 89.0 364 3.9 750

40 to 44 years...... 11,053 10,121 91.6 9,770 88.4 351 3.5 933

45 to 54 years......... 20,585 18,053 87.7 17,429 84.7 624 3.5 2,532

45 to 49 years...... 10,912 9,747 89.3 9,399 86.1 347 3.6 1,165

50 to 54 years...... 9,673 8,306 85.9 8,029 83.0 277 3.3 1,367

55 to 64 years............ 14,502 10,045 69.3 9,714 67.0 331 3.3 4,457

55 to 59 years......... 8,321 6,458 77.6 6,239 75.0 219 3.4 1,863

60 to 64 years......... 6,181 3,587 58.0 3,475 56.2 112 3.1 2,594

65 years and over....... 14,944 2,959 19.8 2,857 19.1 102 3.4 11,985

65 to 69 years......... 4,678 1,571 33.6 1,519 32.5 52 3.3 3,107

70 to 74 years......... 3,745 775 20.7 748 20.0 27 3.5 2,970

75 years and over...... 6,521 612 9.4 589 9.0 23 3.8 5,908

Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Men

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Not in labor 

Total force

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 
7

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970-2005 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

1970.......... 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971.......... 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 1

....... 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 1

....... 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974.......... 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975.......... 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

1976.......... 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977.......... 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 1

....... 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979......... 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980......... 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981......... 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982......... 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983......... 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984......... 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985......... 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 1

....... 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987......... 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988......... 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989......... 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 1........ 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991......... 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992......... 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993......... 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 1

....... 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995......... 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996......... 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 1

....... 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 1........ 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 1........ 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 1

....... 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 ........ 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 ........ 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 1........ 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 1........ 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005......... 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

Total Percent of 

labor force

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

See footnotes at end of table.
8

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970-2005 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970.......... 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971.......... 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 1

....... 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 1

....... 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974.......... 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975.......... 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976.......... 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977.......... 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 1

....... 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979.......... 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980.......... 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981.......... 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982.......... 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983.......... 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984.......... 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985.......... 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 1

....... 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987.......... 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988.......... 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989......... 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 1........ 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991......... 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992......... 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993......... 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 1

....... 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995......... 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996......... 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 1

....... 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 1........ 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 1........ 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 1

....... 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 ......... 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 ........ 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 1........ 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 1........ 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005......... 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

Women

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population

Employed

See footnotes at end of table.
9

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

1970-2005 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970.......... 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971.......... 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 1

....... 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 1

....... 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974.......... 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975.......... 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976.......... 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977.......... 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 1

....... 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979.......... 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980.......... 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981.......... 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982.......... 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983.......... 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984.......... 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985.......... 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 1

....... 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987.......... 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988.......... 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989......... 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 1....... 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991.......... 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992.......... 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993.......... 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 1

....... 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995.......... 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996.......... 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 1

....... 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 1....... 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 1....... 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 1

....... 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001......... 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002.......... 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 1........ 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 1........ 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005......... 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Men

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been

affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section

of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
1 0

Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

White

Total, 16 years and over............... 184,446 122,299 66.3 116,949 63.4 5,350 4.4 62,148

 16 to 19 years.......................... 12,690 5,950 46.9 5,105 40.2 845 14.2 6,739

 20 to 24 years.......................... 15,871 12,109 76.3 11,231 70.8 878 7.2 3,763

 25 to 54 years.......................... 99,796 83,341 83.5 80,346 80.5 2,995 3.6 16,455

 55 to 64 years.......................... 25,534 16,275 63.7 15,788 61.8 488 3.0 9,258

 65 years and over.................... 30,556 4,624 15.1 4,480 14.7 144 3.1 25,932

Women, 16 years and over........... 94,419 55,605 58.9 53,186 56.3 2,419 4.4 38,814

 16 to 19 years.......................... 6,219 2,962 47.6 2,597 41.8 365 12.3 3,257

 20 to 24 years.......................... 7,814 5,546 71.0 5,190 66.4 356 6.4 2,268

 25 to 54 years.......................... 49,834 37,563 75.4 36,152 72.5 1,411 3.8 12,271

 55 to 64 years.......................... 13,119 7,542 57.5 7,317 55.8 225 3.0 5,578

 65 years and over..................... 17,433 1,993 11.4 1,930 11.1 63 3.2 15,440

 Men, 16 years and over............... 90,027 66,694 74.1 63,763 70.8 2,931 4.4 23,334

 16 to 19 years......................... 6,471 2,988 46.2 2,508 38.8 480 16.1 3,482

 20 to 24 years.......................... 8,057 6,562 81.4 6,041 75.0 522 7.9 1,495

 25 to 54 years.......................... 49,962 45,778 91.6 44,194 88.5 1,585 3.5 4,183

 55 to 64 years.......................... 12,415 8,734 70.4 8,471 68.2 263 3.0 3,681

 65 years and over..................... 13,123 2,631 20.0 2,550 19.4 81 3.1 10,492

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and over............... 26,517 17,013 64.2 15,313 57.7 1,700 10.0 9,504

 16 to 19 years........................... 2,481 803 32.4 536 21.6 267 33.3 1,677

 20 to 24 years........................... 2,835 1,957 69.0 1,599 56.4 358 18.3 878

 25 to 54 years........................... 15,254 12,202 80.0 11,247 73.7 955 7.8 3,052

 55 to 64 years........................... 2,980 1,647 55.3 1,555 52.2 92 5.6 1,333

 65 years and over...................... 2,967 403 13.6 375 12.7 28 6.9 2,564

Women, 16 years and over............. 14,635 9,014 61.6 8,158 55.7 856 9.5 5,621

 16 to 19 years........................... 1,258 405 32.2 282 22.4 123 30.3 853

 20 to 24 years........................... 1,494 1,017 68.1 852 57.0 166 16.3 477

 25 to 54 years........................... 8,403 6,494 77.3 5,986 71.2 507 7.8 1,909

 55 to 64 years.......................... 1,661 891 53.7 844 50.8 47 5.3 769

 65 years and over..................... 1,819 207 11.4 193 10.6 14 6.6 1,612

 Men, 16 years and over............... 11,882 7,998 67.3 7,155 60.2 844 10.5 3,884

 16 to 19 years........................... 1,223 399 32.6 254 20.8 145 36.3 824

 20 to 24 years........................... 1,341 940 70.1 748 55.8 192 20.5 401

 25 to 54 years........................... 6,851 5,708 83.3 5,260 76.8 448 7.8 1,143

 55 to 64 years........................... 1,319 756 57.3 711 53.9 45 5.9 564

 65 years and over..................... 1,148 196 17.1 182 15.9 14 7.1 952

Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 
11

Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005 annual averages Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Asian

Total, 16 years and over................ 9,842 6,503 66.1 6,244 63.4 259 4.0 3,339

 16 to 19 years.......................... 616 160 26.0 140 22.8 20 12.4 456

 20 to 24 years........................... 867 538 62.1 503 58.1 35 6.5 329

 25 to 54 years........................... 6,142 4,878 79.4 4,717 76.8 161 3.3 1,264

 55 to 64 years........................... 1,123 757 67.4 719 64.0 37 4.9 366

 65 years and over...................... 1,093 170 15.5 165 15.1 5 3.1 923

Women, 16 years and over............ 5,163 3,002 58.2 2,885 55.9 118 3.9 2,161

 16 to 19 years........................... 299 79 26.5 73 24.4 6 7.9 220

 20 to 24 years........................... 439 260 59.2 250 57.0 10 3.8 179

 25 to 54 years........................... 3,202 2,233 69.7 2,154 67.3 79 3.6 969

 55 to 64 years........................... 604 354 58.6 335 55.3 20 5.6 250

 65 years and over..................... 619 76 12.3 74 11.9 2 3.1 543

 Men, 16 years and over................ 4,679 3,500 74.8 3,359 71.8 141 4.0 1,178

 16 to 19 years........................... 317 81 25.6 67 21.3 14 16.8 236

 20 to 24 years........................... 428 279 65.0 254 59.2 25 9.0 150

 25 to 54 years........................... 2,940 2,645 90.0 2,563 87.2 82 3.1 295

 55 to 64 years........................... 519 402 77.5 385 74.2 17 4.3 117

 65 years and over..................... 474 94 19.8 91 19.2 3 3.1 380

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over................ 29,133 19,824 68.0 18,632 64.0 1,191 6.0 9,310

 16 to 19 years.......................... 2,689 1,038 38.6 847 31.5 191 18.4 1,651

 20 to 24 years........................... 3,647 2,651 72.7 2,423 66.4 227 8.6 997

 25 to 54 years........................... 18,194 14,446 79.4 13,749 75.6 697 4.8 3,749

 55 to 64 years........................... 2,361 1,378 58.4 1,317 55.8 61 4.4 983

 65 years and over....................... 2,242 311 13.9 296 13.2 15 4.9 1,930

Women, 16 years and over............ 14,172 7,839 55.3 7,295 51.5 544 6.9 6,333

 16 to 19 years............................ 1,313 462 35.2 382 29.1 80 17.2 851

 20 to 24 years............................ 1,692 1,005 59.4 912 53.9 93 9.2 686

 25 to 54 years............................ 8,640 5,654 65.4 5,318 61.5 336 5.9 2,987

 55 to 64 years........................... 1,237 599 48.4 569 46.0 30 5.0 639

 65 years and over..................... 1,289 119 9.3 113 8.8 6 5.1 1,170

 Men, 16 years and over................ 14,962 11,985 80.1 11,337 75.8 647 5.4 2,977

 16 to 19 years........................... 1,376 577 41.9 465 33.8 112 19.3 799

 20 to 24 years........................... 1,956 1,645 84.1 1,511 77.3 134 8.2 310

 25 to 54 years........................... 9,554 8,792 92.0 8,431 88.2 361 4.1 762

 55 to 64 years........................... 1,123 779 69.3 748 66.6 31 4.0 344

 65 years and over..................... 953 192 20.1 183 19.2 9 4.8 761

Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 
12

Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2005 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Total

Total, 16 years and over............ 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

 Married, spouse present.......... 119,750 82,712 69.1 80,256 67.0 2,456 3.0 37,038

 Unmarried, total....................... 106,332 66,608 62.6 61,473 57.8 5,135 7.7 39,724

 Never married...................... 62,172 42,397 68.2 38,593 62.1 3,804 9.0 19,774

 Other marital status............... 44,161 24,211 54.8 22,880 51.8 1,331 5.5 19,949

 Divorced............................. 22,140 15,851 71.6 15,030 67.9 821 5.2 6,289

 Separated......................... 8,175 5,622 68.8 5,237 64.1 384 6.8 2,553

 Widowed........................... 13,846 2,738 19.8 2,613 18.9 126 4.6 11,107

Women

Total, 16 years and over............ 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

 Married, spouse present.......... 59,205 35,941 60.7 34,773 58.7 1,168 3.3 23,263

 Unmarried, total...................... 57,726 33,346 57.8 30,983 53.7 2,363 7.1 24,380

 Never married...................... 29,046 19,183 66.0 17,588 60.6 1,595 8.3 9,864

 Other marital status............... 28,680 14,163 49.4 13,396 46.7 768 5.4 14,516

 Divorced............................ 12,990 9,157 70.5 8,711 67.1 446 4.9 3,833

 Separated......................... 4,553 2,906 63.8 2,680 58.9 226 7.8 1,647

 Widowed........................... 11,137 2,100 18.9 2,005 18.0 96 4.5 9,037

Men

Total, 16 years and over............ 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

 Married, spouse present.......... 60,545 46,771 77.2 45,483 75.1 1,287 2.8 13,775

 Unmarried, total...................... 48,606 33,262 68.4 30,490 62.7 2,772 8.3 15,344

 Never married...................... 33,125 23,214 70.1 21,006 63.4 2,209 9.5 9,911

 Other marital status............... 15,481 10,048 64.9 9,484 61.3 563 5.6 5,433

 Divorced........................... 9,151 6,694 73.2 6,319 69.0 375 5.6 2,457

 Separated......................... 3,622 2,715 75.0 2,558 70.6 158 5.8 906

 Widowed........................... 2,708 638 23.6 608 22.4 30 4.8 2,070

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

Marital status and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population 
13

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Total

Women, 16 years and over........................ 116,534 68,597 58.9 65,113 55.9 3,484 5.1 47,937

 With children under 18 years old............... 37,112 26,168 70.5 24,787 66.8 1,382 5.3 10,944

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 20,470 15,744 76.9 15,077 73.7 667 4.2 4,726

 With children under 6 years old................ 16,642 10,424 62.6 9,709 58.3 715 6.9 6,218

 Under 3 years old............................... 9,742 5,744 59.0 5,339 54.8 405 7.1 3,998

 With no children under 18 years old.......... 79,422 42,428 53.4 40,326 50.8 2,102 5.0 36,993

Men, 16 years and over............................. 108,702 78,854 72.5 74,164 68.2 4,690 5.9 29,849

 With children under 18 years old................ 28,770 27,114 94.2 26,114 90.8 1,000 3.7 1,657

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 15,776 14,686 93.1 14,169 89.8 516 3.5 1,090

 With children under 6 years old............... 12,994 12,428 95.6 11,944 91.9 484 3.9 566

 Under 3 years old............................... 7,783 7,463 95.9 7,192 92.4 272 3.6 320

 With no children under 18 years old............ 79,932 51,740 64.7 48,050 60.1 3,690 7.1 28,192

White

Women, 16 years and over........................ 94,166 55,102 58.5 52,758 56.0 2,344 4.3 39,064

 With children under 18 years old................ 29,330 20,532 70.0 19,691 67.1 841 4.1 8,799

 With children 6 to 17, none younger.......... 16,264 12,488 76.8 12,061 74.2 427 3.4 3,776

 With children under 6 years old................ 13,066 8,044 61.6 7,630 58.4 414 5.1 5,022

 Under 3 years old............................... 7,751 4,499 58.0 4,274 55.1 225 5.0 3,252

 With no children under 18 years old............ 64,836 34,571 53.3 33,067 51.0 1,504 4.4 30,265

Men, 16 years and over.............................. 89,572 65,691 73.3 62,233 69.5 3,457 5.3 23,881

 With children under 18 years old.............. 24,100 22,892 95.0 22,130 91.8 762 3.3 1,208

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 13,235 12,419 93.8 12,019 90.8 400 3.2 817

 With children under 6 years old............... 10,865 10,474 96.4 10,111 93.1 363 3.5 391

 Under 3 years old................................ 6,573 6,362 96.8 6,171 93.9 190 3.0 211

 With no children under 18 years old.......... 65,471 42,798 65.4 40,104 61.3 2,695 6.3 22,673

 See note at end of table.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 
14

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and over........................ 14,565 8,925 61.3 8,039 55.2 886 9.9 5,640

 With children under 18 years old................ 5,023 3,818 76.0 3,374 67.2 444 11.6 1,205

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 2,745 2,187 79.7 1,994 72.6 193 8.8 559

 With children under 6 years old................ 2,278 1,631 71.6 1,380 60.6 251 15.4 646

 Under 3 years old............................... 1,207 817 67.7 673 55.8 144 17.7 389

 With no children under 18 years old........... 9,542 5,107 53.5 4,664 48.9 442 8.7 4,435

Men, 16 years and over............................. 11,812 7,773 65.8 6,859 58.1 915 11.8 4,038

 With children under 18 years old................ 2,452 2,175 88.7 2,009 81.9 165 7.6 277

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........ 1,372 1,192 86.8 1,117 81.4 75 6.3 181

 With children under 6 years old............... 1,080 983 91.0 893 82.7 90 9.2 97

 Under 3 years old................................ 606 550 90.9 487 80.4 64 11.6 55

 With no children under 18 years old............ 9,360 5,598 59.8 4,849 51.8 749 13.4 3,761

Asian

Women, 16 years and over........................ 5,108 2,924 57.2 2,806 54.9 119 4.1 2,184

 With children under 18 years old................ 1,797 1,167 64.9 1,129 62.8 37 3.2 631

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 945 685 72.5 664 70.3 21 3.1 260

 With children under 6 years old............... 853 481 56.5 465 54.6 16 3.3 371

 Under 3 years old.............................. 511 268 52.5 262 51.2 6 2.4 243

 With no children under 18 years old............ 3,311 1,758 53.1 1,676 50.6 82 4.6 1,553

Men, 16 years and over............................. 4,629 3,454 74.6 3,305 71.4 149 4.3 1,175

 With children under 18 years old............... 1,486 1,387 93.4 1,346 90.6 41 2.9 99

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 785 728 92.8 699 89.1 29 4.0 56

 With children under 6 years old................ 701 659 93.9 647 92.3 12 1.8 42

 Under 3 years old............................... 405 376 92.9 368 91.0 8 2.1 29

 With no children under 18 years old.......... 3,144 2,067 65.8 1,959 62.3 108 5.2 1,077

 See note at end of table.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

 Total labor force Percent of 

population 
15

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2005

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and over........................ 14,023 7,726 55.1 7,208 51.4 518 6.7 6,297

 With children under 18 years old................ 6,341 3,726 58.8 3,490 55.0 236 6.3 2,616

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 3,068 2,088 68.1 1,975 64.4 113 5.4 980

 With children under 6 years old............... 3,273 1,638 50.0 1,515 46.3 123 7.5 1,636

 Under 3 years old.............................. 1,905 847 44.5 786 41.3 61 7.3 1,058

 With no children under 18 years old............ 7,682 4,000 52.1 3,718 48.4 282 7.1 3,682

Men, 16 years and over............................. 14,791 11,754 79.5 11,017 74.5 737 6.3 3,037

 With children under 18 years old............... 4,847 4,594 94.8 4,384 90.4 210 4.6 254

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 2,208 2,058 93.2 1,956 88.6 102 5.0 150

 With children under 6 years old................ 2,639 2,536 96.1 2,428 92.0 108 4.2 104

 Under 3 years old............................... 1,559 1,503 96.4 1,453 93.2 50 3.3 56

 With no children under 18 years old.......... 9,944 7,160 72.0 6,633 66.7 527 7.4 2,784

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

 Total labor force Percent of 

population 

NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters,

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American,

and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for

all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by

ethnicity as well as by race.

SOURCE: 2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor

Statistics
16

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2005

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 116,534 68,597 58.9 65,113 55.9 3,484 5.1 47,937

 With children under 18 years old........................... 37,112 26,168 70.5 24,787 66.8 1,382 5.3 10,944

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 20,470 15,744 76.9 15,077 73.7 667 4.2 4,726

 With children under 6 years old........................... 16,642 10,424 62.6 9,709 58.3 715 6.9 6,218

 With children under 3 years old........................ 9,742 5,744 59.0 5,339 54.8 405 7.1 3,998

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 79,422 42,428 53.4 40,326 50.8 2,102 5.0 36,993

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 59,449 35,809 60.2 34,738 58.4 1,071 3.0 23,641

 With children under 18 years old........................... 26,709 18,184 68.1 17,626 66.0 558 3.1 8,525

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 14,495 10,875 75.0 10,563 72.9 312 2.9 3,620

 With children under 6 years old........................... 12,214 7,309 59.8 7,063 57.8 246 3.4 4,905

 With children under 3 years old........................ 7,345 4,185 57.0 4,049 55.1 136 3.3 3,160

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 32,741 17,625 53.8 17,112 52.3 513 2.9 15,116

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 57,084 32,788 57.4 30,375 53.2 2,413 7.4 24,296

 With children under 18 years old........................... 10,403 7,985 76.8 7,161 68.8 824 10.3 2,419

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 5,975 4,869 81.5 4,515 75.6 355 7.3 1,106

 With children under 6 years old........................... 4,428 3,115 70.4 2,646 59.8 469 15.1 1,313

 With children under 3 years old........................ 2,397 1,559 65.0 1,290 53.8 269 17.2 838

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 46,681 24,803 53.1 23,214 49.7 1,589 6.4 21,878

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 94,166 55,102 58.5 52,758 56.0 2,344 4.3 39,064

 With children under 18 years old........................... 29,330 20,532 70.0 19,691 67.1 841 4.1 8,799

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 16,264 12,488 76.8 12,061 74.2 427 3.4 3,776

 With children under 6 years old........................... 13,066 8,044 61.6 7,630 58.4 414 5.1 5,022

 With children under 3 years old........................ 7,751 4,499 58.0 4,274 55.1 225 5.0 3,252

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 64,836 34,571 53.3 33,067 51.0 1,504 4.4 30,265

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 51,119 30,576 59.8 29,703 58.1 873 2.9 20,544

 With children under 18 years old........................... 22,535 15,279 67.8 14,842 65.9 438 2.9 7,256

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 12,236 9,173 75.0 8,929 73.0 245 2.7 3,063

 With children under 6 years old........................... 10,299 6,106 59.3 5,913 57.4 193 3.2 4,193

 With children under 3 years old........................ 6,243 3,541 56.7 3,431 54.9 111 3.1 2,702

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 28,584 15,296 53.5 14,861 52.0 435 2.8 13,287

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 43,047 24,527 57.0 23,055 53.6 1,471 6.0 18,520

 With children under 18 years old........................... 6,795 5,252 77.3 4,850 71.4 403 7.7 1,542

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 4,028 3,315 82.3 3,133 77.8 182 5.5 713

 With children under 6 years old........................... 2,767 1,938 70.0 1,717 62.1 221 11.4 829

 With children under 3 years old........................ 1,507 957 63.5 843 55.9 114 11.9 550

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 36,252 19,274 53.2 18,206 50.2 1,069 5.5 16,978

White, married, spouse present

White, other marital statuses1

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

White, all marital statuses

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

 See footnote at end of table
1 7

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2005—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 14,565 8,925 61.3 8,039 55.2 886 9.9 5,640

 With children under 18 years old........................... 5,023 3,818 76.0 3,374 67.2 444 11.6 1,205

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 2,745 2,187 79.7 1,994 72.6 193 8.8 559

 With children under 6 years old........................... 2,278 1,631 71.6 1,380 60.6 251 15.4 646

 With children under 3 years old........................ 1,207 817 67.7 673 55.8 144 17.7 389

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 9,542 5,107 53.5 4,664 48.9 442 8.7 4,435

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 4,168 2,765 66.3 2,661 63.8 104 3.8 1,403

 With children under 18 years old.......................... 1,997 1,526 76.4 1,461 73.2 65 4.3 470

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 1,130 895 79.2 858 76.0 37 4.1 235

 With children under 6 years old........................... 867 631 72.8 603 69.6 28 4.4 236

 With children under 3 years old........................... 468 322 68.7 310 66.1 12 3.8 147

 With no children under 18 years old...................... 2,171 1,238 57.0 1,200 55.2 39 3.1 933

Total, 16 years and over........................................ 10,397 6,160 59.2 5,378 51.7 782 12.7 4,237

 With children under 18 years old........................... 3,027 2,292 75.7 1,913 63.2 379 16.5 735

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 1,616 1,292 79.9 1,136 70.3 156 12.1 324

 With children under 6 years old........................... 1,411 1,000 70.9 777 55.1 223 22.3 411

 With children under 3 years old........................ 738 496 67.1 363 49.2 132 26.7 243

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 7,371 3,868 52.5 3,465 47.0 404 10.4 3,502

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 5,108 2,924 57.2 2,806 54.9 119 4.1 2,184

 With children under 18 years old........................... 1,797 1,167 64.9 1,129 62.8 37 3.2 631

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 945 685 72.5 664 70.3 21 3.1 260

 With children under 6 years old........................... 853 481 56.5 465 54.6 16 3.3 371

 With children under 3 years old........................ 511 268 52.5 262 51.2 6 2.4 243

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 3,311 1,758 53.1 1,676 50.6 82 4.6 1,553

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 3,054 1,790 58.6 1,741 57.0 49 2.8 1,264

 With children under 18 years old........................... 1,574 987 62.7 960 61.0 27 2.8 586

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 800 566 70.8 550 68.8 16 2.8 234

 With children under 6 years old........................... 774 421 54.4 409 52.9 12 2.7 353

 With children under 3 years old........................ 472 238 50.3 234 49.5 4 1.6 235

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 1,480 803 54.2 781 52.8 22 2.7 677

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 2,055 1,135 55.2 1,065 51.8 69 6.1 920

 With children under 18 years old........................... 224 180 80.2 170 75.9 10 5.4 44

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 145 119 82.1 114 78.4 5 4.5 26

 With children under 6 years old........................... 79 60 76.7 56 71.3 4 7.1 18

 With children under 3 years old........................ 39 31 78.6 28 71.7 3 8.8 8

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 1,831 955 52.2 895 48.9 60 6.3 876

Asian, all marital statuses

Asian, married, spouse present

Asian, other marital statuses1

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Black or African American, all marital statuses

Black or African American, married, spouse present

Black or African American, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total 
18

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2005—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 14,023 7,726 55.1 7,208 51.4 518 6.7 6,297

 With children under 18 years old........................... 6,341 3,726 58.8 3,490 55.0 236 6.3 2,616

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 3,068 2,088 68.1 1,975 64.4 113 5.4 980

 With children under 6 years old........................... 3,273 1,638 50.0 1,515 46.3 123 7.5 1,636

 With children under 3 years old........................ 1,905 847 44.5 786 41.3 61 7.3 1,058

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 7,682 4,000 52.1 3,718 48.4 282 7.1 3,682

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 6,888 3,628 52.7 3,463 50.3 165 4.5 3,260

 With children under 18 years old........................... 4,379 2,339 53.4 2,237 51.1 102 4.4 2,040

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 2,035 1,294 63.6 1,241 61.0 53 4.1 741

 With children under 6 years old........................... 2,344 1,045 44.6 996 42.5 49 4.7 1,299

 With children under 3 years old........................ 1,385 556 40.1 529 38.2 27 4.8 830

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 2,510 1,289 51.4 1,227 48.9 63 4.9 1,220

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 7,135 4,097 57.4 3,745 52.5 353 8.6 3,038

 With children under 18 years old........................... 1,963 1,387 70.7 1,253 63.9 133 9.6 576

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 1,033 794 76.9 734 71.1 60 7.5 239

 With children under 6 years old........................... 930 593 63.8 519 55.9 73 12.4 337

 With children under 3 years old........................ 520 292 56.1 257 49.5 35 11.8 228

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 5,172 2,711 52.4 2,491 48.2 220 8.1 2,461

Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses1

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses

Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population 

1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.

NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters,

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail

for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and

Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all

races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or

Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity

as well as by race.

SOURCE: 2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor

Statistics
19

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2005

(Numbers in thousands)

1975...... 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 

1976...... 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 

1977...... 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 

1978...... 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 

1979...... 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 

1980...... 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 

1981...... 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 

1982...... 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 

1983...... 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 

1984...... 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 

1985...... 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 

1986...... 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 

1987...... 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 

1988...... 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 

1989...... 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 

1990...... 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 

1991...... 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 

1992...... 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 

1993...... 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 

1994...... 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 

1995...... 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 

1996...... 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 

1997...... 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 

1998...... 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 

1999...... 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 

2000...... 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 

2001...... 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 

2002...... 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 

2003...... 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 

2004...... 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 

2005......... 26,168 70.5 24,787 1,382 5.3 15,744 76.9 15,077 667 4.2 

 See note at end of table.

Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force Total

Year

With own children under age 18 With own children ages 6 to 17

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total
20

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2005—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975...... 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 

1976...... 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 

1977...... 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 

1978...... 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 

1979...... 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 

1980...... 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 

1981...... 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 

1982...... 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 

1983...... 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 

1984...... 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 

1985...... 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 

1986...... 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 

1987...... 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 

1988...... 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 

1989...... 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 

1990...... 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 

1991...... 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 

1992...... 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 

1993...... 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2 

1994...... 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 

1995...... 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 

1996...... 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 

1997...... 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 

1998...... 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 

1999...... 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 

2000...... 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 

2001...... 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 

2002...... 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 

2003...... 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 

2004...... 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 

2005......... 10,424 62.6 9,709 715 6.9 5,744 59.0 5,339 405 7.1 

 See note at end of table.

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Year

With own children under age 6 With own children under age 3

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force
21

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of

youngest child,1975-2005—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975...... 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 

1976...... 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 

1977...... 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 

1978...... 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 

1979...... 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 

1980...... 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 

1981...... 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 

1982...... 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 

1983...... 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 

1984...... 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 

1985...... 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 

1986...... 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 

1987...... 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 

1988...... 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 

1989...... 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 

1990...... 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 

1991...... 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 

1992...... 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 

1993...... 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 

1994...... 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 

1995...... 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 

1996...... 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 

1997...... 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 

1998...... 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 

1999...... 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 

2000...... 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3 

2001...... 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0 

2002...... 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 

2003...... 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 

2004...... 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 

2005......... 42,428 53.4 40,326 2,102 5.0 

Year

With no own children under age 18

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

NOTE: "Own children" include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted

children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not

directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the

introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population Survey.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1975-2005,

Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
22

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational 

 attainment and sex, 2005 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 154,340 121,752 78.9 116,866 75.7 4,886 4.0 32,588

 Less than a high school diploma............ 18,883 11,893 63.0 10,965 58.1 928 7.8 6,990

 High school graduates, no college1

...... 47,669 36,432 76.4 34,688 72.8 1,744 4.8 11,236

 Some college or associate degree......... 41,581 33,808 81.3 32,507 78.2 1,300 3.8 7,773

 College graduates, total..................... 46,207 39,619 85.7 38,705 83.8 914 2.3 6,589

 Bachelor's degree........................... 30,500 25,880 84.9 25,219 82.7 661 2.6 4,619

 Master's degree.............................. 11,218 9,679 86.3 9,480 84.5 199 2.1 1,539

 Professional degree........................ 2,507 2,242 89.4 2,216 88.4 25 1.1 266

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,983 1,818 91.7 1,789 90.2 29 1.6 165

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 78,630 56,322 71.6 53,951 68.6 2,371 4.2 22,308

 Less than a high school diploma............ 8,956 4,364 48.7 3,926 43.8 438 10.0 4,592

 High school graduates, no college1

...... 23,768 16,191 68.1 15,392 64.8 799 4.9 7,577

 Some college or associate degree......... 22,444 17,018 75.8 16,331 72.8 687 4.0 5,426

 College graduates, total..................... 23,461 18,748 79.9 18,302 78.0 446 2.4 4,713

 Bachelor's degree........................... 15,769 12,360 78.4 12,048 76.4 312 2.5 3,408

 Master's degree.............................. 6,019 4,972 82.6 4,868 80.9 104 2.1 1,047

 Professional degree........................ 969 803 82.8 787 81.2 16 1.9 167

 Doctoral degree.............................. 705 613 87.0 599 85.0 14 2.3 91

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 75,710 65,430 86.4 62,915 83.1 2,515 3.8 10,280

 Less than a high school diploma.......... 9,927 7,529 75.8 7,039 70.9 490 6.5 2,398

 High school graduates, no college1

...... 23,900 20,241 84.7 19,296 80.7 945 4.7 3,659

 Some college or associate degree......... 19,137 16,790 87.7 16,176 84.5 613 3.7 2,347

 College graduates, total..................... 22,746 20,871 91.8 20,403 89.7 468 2.2 1,875

 Bachelor's degree............................. 14,731 13,520 91.8 13,171 89.4 349 2.6 1,211

 Master's degree.............................. 5,199 4,707 90.5 4,613 88.7 94 2.0 492

 Professional degree.......................... 1,538 1,439 93.6 1,430 92.9 10 0.7 99

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,278 1,205 94.2 1,190 93.1 15 1.2 74

Educational attainment and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

 Total labor force Percent of 

population 

 1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics
23

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

19701......... 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971......... 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972......... 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973......... 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974......... 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975......... 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976......... 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977......... 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978......... 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979......... 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980......... 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981......... 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982......... 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983......... 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984......... 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985......... 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986......... 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987......... 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988......... 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989......... 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990......... 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991......... 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college2

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate 

degree

College 

graduates3

19924....... 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993......... 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994......... 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995......... 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996......... 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997......... 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998......... 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999......... 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000......... 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001......... 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002......... 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003......... 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004......... 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005....... 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total, both sexes
24

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

19701......... 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971......... 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972......... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973......... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974......... 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975......... 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976......... 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977......... 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978......... 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979......... 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980......... 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981......... 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982......... 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983......... 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984......... 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985......... 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986......... 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987......... 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988......... 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989......... 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990......... 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991......... 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college2

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate 

degree

College 

graduates3

19924....... 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993......... 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994......... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995......... 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996......... 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997......... 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998......... 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999......... 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000......... 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001......... 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002......... 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003......... 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004......... 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005....... 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Women

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Women
25

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

19701......... 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971......... 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972......... 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973......... 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974......... 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975......... 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976......... 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977......... 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978......... 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979......... 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980......... 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981......... 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982......... 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

1983......... 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984......... 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985......... 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986......... 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987......... 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988......... 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989......... 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990......... 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991......... 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college2

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate 

degree

College 

graduates3

19924....... 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993......... 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994......... 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995......... 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996......... 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997......... 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998......... 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999.......... 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000......... 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001......... 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002......... 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003......... 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004......... 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005....... 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Men

Men

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

1 Data from 1970-1991 are based on the March Current Population Survey.

2

 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

3 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

4 Beginning in 1992, data on educational attainment are annual averages and are based on the

"highest diploma or degree received" rather than the "number of years of school completed."

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
2 6

Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2004-05 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 139,252 100.0 141,730 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 48,532 34.9 49,245 34.7

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 20,235 14.5 20,450 14.4

 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 28,297 20.3 28,795 20.3

Service occupations ......................................................................... 22,720 16.3 23,133 16.3

Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 35,464 25.5 35,962 25.4

 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 15,983 11.5 16,433 11.6

 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 19,481 14.0 19,529 13.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 14,582 10.5 15,348 10.8

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 991 .7 976 0.7

 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 8,522 6.1 9,145 6.5

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 5,069 3.6 5,226 3.7

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 17,954 12.9 18,041 12.7

 Production occupations ................................................................. 9,462 6.8 9,378 6.6

 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 8,491 6.1 8,664 6.1

Women

 Total, 16 years and over....................................................... 64,728 100.0 65,757 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 24,396 37.7 24,896 37.9

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 8,517 13.2 8,689 13.2

 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 15,879 24.5 16,207 24.6

Service occupations ......................................................................... 12,894 19.9 13,251 20.2

Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 22,660 35.0 22,772 34.6

 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 7,878 12.2 8,072 12.3

 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 14,781 22.8 14,700 22.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 652 1.0 713 1.1

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 204 .3 220 0.3

 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 216 .3 274 0.4

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 231 .4 219 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 4,126 6.4 4,124 6.3

 Production occupations ................................................................. 2,875 4.4 2,838 4.3

 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 1,251 1.9 1,286 2.0

Occupation and sex

Year

2004 2005
27

Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2004-05 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 74,524 100.0 75,973 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 24,136 32.4 24,349 32.0

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 11,718 15.7 11,761 15.5

 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 12,418 16.7 12,588 16.6

Service occupations ......................................................................... 9,826 13.2 9,882 13.0

Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 12,805 17.2 13,190 17.4

 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 8,105 10.9 8,362 11.0

 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 4,700 6.3 4,829 6.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 13,930 18.7 14,635 19.3

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 786 1.1 756 1.0

 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 8,306 11.1 8,871 11.7

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 4,838 6.5 5,008 6.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 13,827 18.6 13,917 18.3

 Production occupations ................................................................. 6,587 8.8 6,540 8.6

 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 7,240 9.7 7,377 9.7

Occupation

Year

2004 2005

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
28

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over............................................................................................................ 141,730 46.4

Management, professional, and related occupations...................................................................................... 49,245 50.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations.................................................................... 20,450 42.5

Management occupations........................................................................................................................ 14,685 37.2

Chief executives................................................................................................................................... 1,644 23.8

General and operations managers....................................................................................................... 872 29.9

Advertising and promotions managers................................................................................................. 67 56.1

Marketing and sales managers............................................................................................................ 798 41.0

Administrative services managers........................................................................................................ 80 30.2

Computer and information systems managers..................................................................................... 351 32.3

Financial managers.............................................................................................................................. 1,045 51.7

Human resources managers................................................................................................................ 272 72.7

Industrial production managers............................................................................................................ 310 17.2

Purchasing managers.......................................................................................................................... 183 39.7

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers............................................................................. 244 11.7

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers...................................................................................... 195 19.3

Farmers and ranchers.......................................................................................................................... 827 25.6

Construction managers........................................................................................................................ 881 6.3

Education administrators...................................................................................................................... 805 63.4

Engineering managers......................................................................................................................... 97 9.5

Food service managers........................................................................................................................ 929 44.2

Funeral directors.................................................................................................................................. 54 21.5

Lodging managers............................................................................................................................... 159 49.8

Medical and health services managers................................................................................................ 470 71.2

Property, real estate, and community association managers............................................................... 626 48.7

Social and community service managers............................................................................................. 307 69.3

Business and financial operations occupations........................................................................................ 5,765 55.9

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.............................................................................. 213 50.7

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products.......................................................... 281 55.0

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators................................................................. 303 61.6

Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation............... 139 47.2

Cost estimators.................................................................................................................................... 112 17.4

Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists................................................................... 660 70.9

Logisticians.......................................................................................................................................... 51 41.9

Management analysts.......................................................................................................................... 549 40.9

Accountants and auditors..................................................................................................................... 1,683 61.9

Appraisers and assessors of real estate.............................................................................................. 125 34.7

Budget analysts................................................................................................................................... 54 68.0

Financial analysts................................................................................................................................ 96 39.0

Personal financial advisors.................................................................................................................. 380 30.8

Insurance underwriters......................................................................................................................... 110 71.9

Loan counselors and officers............................................................................................................... 439 54.1

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents................................................................................... 76 58.4

Tax preparers....................................................................................................................................... 93 68.2

Professional and related occupations.......................................................................................................... 28,795 56.3

Computer and mathematical occupations................................................................................................ 3,246 27.0

Computer scientists and systems analysts.......................................................................................... 745 30.3

Computer programmers....................................................................................................................... 581 26.0

Computer software engineers.............................................................................................................. 832 21.9

Computer support specialists............................................................................................................... 334 33.2

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
29

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Database administrators...................................................................................................................... 89 32.3

Network and computer systems administrators.................................................................................... 200 18.4

Network systems and data communications analysts.......................................................................... 322 24.6

Operations research analysts............................................................................................................... 86 50.5

Architecture and engineering occupations............................................................................................... 2,793 13.8

Architects, except naval....................................................................................................................... 235 24.4

Aerospace engineers........................................................................................................................... 90 13.3

Chemical engineers............................................................................................................................. 55 14.3

Civil engineers..................................................................................................................................... 319 13.2

Computer hardware engineers............................................................................................................. 81 10.8

Electrical and electronics engineers..................................................................................................... 352 7.1

Industrial engineers, including health and safety.................................................................................. 189 14.9

Mechanical engineers.......................................................................................................................... 318 5.8

Drafters................................................................................................................................................ 212 21.6

Engineering technicians, except drafters.............................................................................................. 410 20.2

Surveying and mapping technicians..................................................................................................... 95 2.7

Life, physical, and social science occupations......................................................................................... 1,406 42.5

Biological scientists.............................................................................................................................. 119 48.7

Medical scientists................................................................................................................................. 125 45.9

Chemists and materials scientists........................................................................................................ 116 35.3

Environmental scientists and geoscientists.......................................................................................... 99 22.5

Market and survey researchers............................................................................................................ 131 55.3

Psychologists....................................................................................................................................... 188 67.3

Chemical technicians........................................................................................................................... 86 28.1

Community and social services occupations........................................................................................... 2,138 61.3

Counselors........................................................................................................................................... 626 69.8

Social workers...................................................................................................................................... 670 80.1

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists...................................................................... 276 67.0

Clergy.................................................................................................................................................. 435 15.5

Legal occupations.................................................................................................................................... 1,614 49.4

Lawyers............................................................................................................................................... 961 30.2

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers................................................................................... 70 41.2

Paralegals and legal assistants............................................................................................................ 353 86.4

Miscellaneous legal support workers.................................................................................................... 229 75.3

Education, training, and library occupations............................................................................................. 8,114 73.8

Postsecondary teachers....................................................................................................................... 1,185 44.4

Preschool and kindergarten teachers................................................................................................... 719 97.7

Elementary and middle school teachers............................................................................................... 2,616 82.2

Secondary school teachers.................................................................................................................. 1,136 56.8

Special education teachers.................................................................................................................. 421 85.3

Other teachers and instructors............................................................................................................. 709 65.9

Librarians............................................................................................................................................. 214 84.9

Teacher assistants............................................................................................................................... 947 90.9

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.................................................................... 2,736 47.8

Artists and related workers................................................................................................................... 234 52.6

Designers............................................................................................................................................. 774 55.0

Producers and directors....................................................................................................................... 124 35.1

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers................................................................................. 273 30.8

Musicians, singers, and related workers............................................................................................... 213 37.6

Announcers.......................................................................................................................................... 61 12.2

News analysts, reporters and correspondents...................................................................................... 89 56.5

Public relations specialists................................................................................................................... 154 61.4

Editors................................................................................................................................................. 150 58.1

Technical writers.................................................................................................................................. 52 52.3

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
30

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Writers and authors.............................................................................................................................. 178 62.8

Miscellaneous media and communication workers............................................................................... 60 58.3

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators...................................................... 92 13.6

Photographers..................................................................................................................................... 150 39.0

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations................................................................................... 6,748 73.2

Chiropractors....................................................................................................................................... 82 21.8

Dentists................................................................................................................................................ 164 22.5

Dietitians and nutritionists.................................................................................................................... 68 95.3

Pharmacists......................................................................................................................................... 248 48.3

Physicians and surgeons..................................................................................................................... 830 32.3

Physician assistants............................................................................................................................. 74 62.1

Registered nurses................................................................................................................................ 2,416 92.3

Occupational therapists........................................................................................................................ 85 92.9

Physical therapists............................................................................................................................... 177 68.9

Respiratory therapists.......................................................................................................................... 94 58.6

Speech-language pathologists............................................................................................................. 98 92.0

Veterinarians........................................................................................................................................ 61 38.7

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians................................................................................. 334 74.2

Dental hygienists.................................................................................................................................. 132 97.1

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians................................................................................. 276 72.0

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics................................................................................. 155 31.3

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians........................................................... 390 81.8

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses............................................................................... 510 93.4

Medical records and health information technicians............................................................................. 121 86.6

Service occupations........................................................................................................................................ 23,133 57.3

Healthcare support occupations.................................................................................................................. 3,092 89.0

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides........................................................................................ 1,900 88.7

Physical therapist assistants and aides................................................................................................ 55 77.5

Massage therapists.............................................................................................................................. 111 82.0

Dental assistants................................................................................................................................. 259 96.1

Protective service occupations.................................................................................................................... 2,894 22.4

First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives..................................................................... 122 12.5

Fire fighters.......................................................................................................................................... 243 3.3

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers............................................................................................... 424 29.1

Detectives and criminal investigators................................................................................................... 123 24.0

Police and sheriff's patrol officers......................................................................................................... 677 14.3

Private detectives and investigators..................................................................................................... 89 37.7

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers................................................................................. 814 24.7

Crossing guards................................................................................................................................... 51 63.8

Food preparation and serving related occupations...................................................................................... 7,374 56.6

Chefs and head cooks......................................................................................................................... 317 20.4

First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers............................................ 574 58.5

Cooks.................................................................................................................................................. 1,838 42.3

Food preparation workers.................................................................................................................... 664 61.2

Bartenders........................................................................................................................................... 384 56.8

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food................................................... 305 71.5

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop........................................................ 321 65.7

Waiters and waitresses........................................................................................................................ 1,927 71.8

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
31

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Food servers, nonrestaurant................................................................................................................ 147 69.1

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers............................................................... 373 46.6

Dishwashers........................................................................................................................................ 264 23.8

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop.................................................................. 256 84.6

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations..................................................................... 5,241 40.6

First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers......................................... 291 36.3

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers............... 238 6.2

Janitors and building cleaners.............................................................................................................. 2,074 32.8

Maids and housekeeping cleaners....................................................................................................... 1,382 89.5

Pest control workers............................................................................................................................ 69 2.6

Grounds maintenance workers............................................................................................................ 1,187 7.5

Personal care and service occupations....................................................................................................... 4,531 78.3

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers............................................................................. 128 48.3

First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers............................................................... 152 64.4

Nonfarm animal caretakers.................................................................................................................. 146 69.8

Gaming services workers..................................................................................................................... 98 49.8

Barbers................................................................................................................................................ 106 19.2

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists...................................................................................... 738 92.0

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers....................................................................................... 216 85.1

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges......................................................................................... 69 15.7

Transportation attendants.................................................................................................................... 103 74.5

Child care workers............................................................................................................................... 1,329 94.8

Personal and home care aides............................................................................................................. 668 85.9

Recreation and fitness workers............................................................................................................ 337 67.0

Residential advisors............................................................................................................................. 56 69.4

Sales and office occupations.......................................................................................................................... 35,962 63.3

Sales and related occupations.................................................................................................................... 16,433 49.1

First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers........................................................................ 3,523 41.5

First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers................................................................. 1,414 25.5

Cashiers............................................................................................................................................... 3,075 75.9

Counter and rental clerks..................................................................................................................... 159 51.9

Parts salespersons.............................................................................................................................. 139 12.0

Retail salespersons.............................................................................................................................. 3,248 51.9

Advertising sales agents...................................................................................................................... 235 50.2

Insurance sales agents........................................................................................................................ 531 45.2

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents.............................................................. 392 28.7

Travel agents....................................................................................................................................... 91 76.3

Sales representatives, services, all other............................................................................................. 474 32.9

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing........................................................................... 1,379 27.2

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters................................................................................... 63 85.9

Real estate brokers and sales agents.................................................................................................. 995 57.1

Telemarketers...................................................................................................................................... 179 64.4

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers......................................... 279 62.7

Office and administrative support occupations............................................................................................ 19,529 75.3

First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative supportworkers....................................... 1,598 69.8

Telephone operators............................................................................................................................ 58 78.0

Bill and account collectors.................................................................................................................... 207 72.2

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators................................................................................ 427 89.0

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks...................................................................................... 1,456 91.3

Payroll and timekeeping clerks............................................................................................................. 164 91.4

Tellers.................................................................................................................................................. 418 87.3

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
32

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages —Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Court, municipal, and license clerks..................................................................................................... 106 81.4

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.............................................................................................. 64 73.4

Customer service representatives........................................................................................................ 1,833 68.7

Eligibility interviewers, government programs....................................................................................... 55 82.7

File clerks............................................................................................................................................ 376 81.4

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks..................................................................................................... 138 65.9

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan................................................................................................ 167 79.4

Library assistants, clerical.................................................................................................................... 130 85.4

Loan interviewers and clerks................................................................................................................ 198 77.0

Order clerks......................................................................................................................................... 143 67.2

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................. 66 89.3

Receptionists and information clerks.................................................................................................... 1,376 92.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks............................................................. 169 64.0

Couriers and messengers.................................................................................................................... 309 15.8

Dispatchers.......................................................................................................................................... 291 59.1

Postal service clerks............................................................................................................................ 146 41.7

Postal service mail carriers.................................................................................................................. 348 39.1

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators........................................ 111 45.1

Production, planning, and expediting clerks......................................................................................... 294 57.1

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks................................................................................................... 543 31.9

Stock clerks and order fillers................................................................................................................ 1,461 37.1

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping........................................................... 71 52.6

Secretaries and administrative assistants............................................................................................ 3,499 97.3

Computer operators............................................................................................................................. 184 55.3

Data entry keyers................................................................................................................................. 495 82.2

Word processors and typists................................................................................................................ 295 95.0

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................................................................................... 263 86.9

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service............................................................ 132 55.5

Office clerks, general........................................................................................................................... 965 84.5

Office machine operators, except computer......................................................................................... 58 60.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations...................................................................... 15,348 4.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.................................................................................................. 976 22.5

Graders and sorters, agricultural products........................................................................................... 69 69.4

Logging workers................................................................................................................................... 85 1.7

Construction and extraction occupations..................................................................................................... 9,145 3.0

First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers.................................... 1,012 2.9

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons.................................................................................... 245 .9

Carpenters........................................................................................................................................... 1,797 1.9

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers........................................................................................ 297 2.3

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers.................................................................. 119 1.7

Construction laborers........................................................................................................................... 1,491 3.6

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators....................................................... 414 2.7

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers............................................................................... 252 .8

Electricians.......................................................................................................................................... 852 2.6

Painters, construction and maintenance.............................................................................................. 689 7.5

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters............................................................................... 661 1.2

Roofers................................................................................................................................................ 274 2.4

Sheet metal workers............................................................................................................................ 147 3.6

Structural iron and steel workers.......................................................................................................... 63 1.6

Helpers, construction trades................................................................................................................ 113 3.2

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
33

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Construction and building inspectors.................................................................................................... 107 8.5

Highway maintenance workers............................................................................................................. 94 4.6

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations....................................................................................... 5,226 4.2

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers............................................... 314 5.7

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers................................................................... 384 13.7

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers...................................................... 214 13.5

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers...................................................... 61 2.1

Security and fire alarm systems installers............................................................................................ 60 4.5

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians.......................................................................................... 140 4.5

Automotive body and related repairers................................................................................................. 168 1.9

Automotive service technicians and mechanics................................................................................... 954 1.8

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists....................................................................... 365 .5

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics........................................... 224 1.0

Small engine mechanics...................................................................................................................... 63 1.8

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers................................................... 393 1.4

Home appliance repairers.................................................................................................................... 53 3.0

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics.................................................................................... 444 2.6

Maintenance and repair workers, general............................................................................................. 344 4.1

Millwrights............................................................................................................................................ 65 2.0

Electrical power-line installers and repairers........................................................................................ 110 3.5

Telecommunications line installers and repairers................................................................................. 152 6.0

Precision instrument and equipment repairers..................................................................................... 69 7.7

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers........................................................ 60 12.0

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations......................................................................... 18,041 22.9

Production occupations............................................................................................................................... 9,378 30.3

First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers.................................................. 868 20.9

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers................................................................... 209 58.7

Bakers................................................................................................................................................. 183 54.0

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers............................................................ 292 22.3

Food batchmakers............................................................................................................................... 85 46.4

Computer control programmers and operators..................................................................................... 51 11.2

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................... 123 22.8

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal 

 and plastic.......................................................................................................................................... 60 10.3

Machinists............................................................................................................................................ 420 6.8

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic................................ 60 20.3

Tool and die makers............................................................................................................................ 90 1.1

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.............................................................................................. 576 5.8

Job printers.......................................................................................................................................... 58 20.1

Printing machine operators.................................................................................................................. 218 15.6

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers........................................................................................................ 178 62.8

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials................................................................................. 70 76.0

Sewing machine operators................................................................................................................... 269 77.4

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers........................................................................................................ 91 79.3

Upholsterers........................................................................................................................................ 57 16.7

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.................................................................................................. 82 4.9

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood....................................................................... 56 11.3

Stationary engineers and boiler operators............................................................................................ 116 3.0

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators............................................................. 79 4.6

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders............................................................ 60 15.2

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers................................................................ 93 10.8

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
34

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages —Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Cutting workers.................................................................................................................................... 100 21.2

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers........................................................................... 684 38.5

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers.................................................................................. 55 40.6

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians........................................................................ 103 46.7

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.......................................................................... 303 55.6

Painting workers.................................................................................................................................. 198 15.0

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators...................................................... 76 62.9

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders......................................................................... 58 30.1

Helpers--production workers................................................................................................................ 58 16.2

Transportation and material moving occupations........................................................................................ 8,664 14.8

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers.................................................................... 202 18.1

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers........................................................................................................ 121 5.2

Bus drivers........................................................................................................................................... 591 48.7

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers.................................................................................................. 3,409 4.5

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs.................................................................................................................. 291 15.5

Locomotive engineers and operators................................................................................................... 51 1.4

Railroad conductors and yardmasters.................................................................................................. 53 .7

Parking lot attendants.......................................................................................................................... 65 10.0

Service station attendants.................................................................................................................... 100 14.2

Crane and tower operators................................................................................................................... 72 2.8

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators............................................................................ 86 .2

Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................................................................................... 541 6.3

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.................................................................................................... 347 14.1

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand....................................................................... 1,806 17.3

Packers and packagers, hand.............................................................................................................. 452 61.1

Refuse and recyclable material collectors............................................................................................ 73 8.7

Occupation Total employed Percent women

NOTE: Generally, data for occupations with fewer than 50,000

employed as well as certain other occupations are not published

separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. Therefore, detailed occupations may not always sum to

the broader categories.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
35

Table 12. Percent distribution of employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2005 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)............................................ 53,186 8,158 2,885 7,295

 Percent................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................... 38.8 30.4 44.5 22.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............. 13.6 10.0 15.6 7.9

Professional and related occupations ................................................... 25.2 20.4 29.0 14.4

Service occupations ................................................................................ 19.0 27.3 18.2 30.5

Sales and office occupations ................................................................... 35.1 33.4 28.7 33.0

Sales and related occupations ............................................................. 12.5 11.0 11.9 12.3

Office and administrative support occupations ..................................... 22.6 22.4 16.8 20.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .............. 1.1 .9 .7 2.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................... .4 .2 .3 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations .............................................. .4 .3 .1 .7

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................ .3 .4 .3 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 5.9 8.0 7.9 12.1

Production occupations ........................................................................ 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.5

Transportation and material moving occupations ................................. 1.9 2.7 1.2 3.6

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Occupation White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 
3 6

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, both sexes

 Total, 16 years and over.......................................................... 139,252 100.0 141,730 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 2,232 1.6 2,197 1.6

Mining .................................................................................................. 539 .4 624 .4

Construction ......................................................................................... 10,768 7.7 11,197 7.9

Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 16,484 11.8 16,253 11.5

 Durable goods .................................................................................... 10,329 7.4 10,333 7.3

 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 6,155 4.4 5,919 4.2

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 20,869 15.0 21,405 15.1

 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 4,600 3.3 4,579 3.2

 Retail trade ......................................................................................... 16,269 11.7 16,825 11.9

Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 7,013 5.0 7,360 5.2

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 5,844 4.2 6,184 4.4

 Utilities ............................................................................................... 1,168 .8 1,176 .8

Information ......................................................................................... 3,463 2.5 3,402 2.4

Financial activities ................................................................................ 9,969 7.2 10,203 7.2

 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 6,940 5.0 7,035 5.0

 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 3,029 2.2 3,168 2.2

Professional and business services ..................................................... 14,108 10.1 14,294 10.1

 Professional and technical services ................................................... 8,386 6.0 8,584 6.1

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 5,722 4.1 5,709 4.0

Education and health services ............................................................. 28,719 20.6 29,174 20.6

 Educational services .......................................................................... 12,058 8.7 12,264 8.7

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 16,661 12.0 16,910 11.9

 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 5,700 4.1 5,719 4.0

 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 8118.0 5.8 8,332 5.9

 Social assistance ............................................................................. 2,844 2.0 2,860 2.0

Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 11,820 8.5 12,071 8.5

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 2,690 1.9 2,765 2.0

 Accommodation and food services .................................................... 9,131 6.6 9,306 6.6

Other services ...................................................................................... 6,903 5.0 7,020 5.0

 Other services, except private households ........................................ 6,124 4.4 6,208 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 779 .6 812 .6

Public administration ............................................................................ 6,365 4.6 6,530 4.6

Industry and sex

Year

2004 2005

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2004-05 annual averages
37

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2004-05 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

 Total, 16 years and over.......................................................... 64,728 100.0 65,757 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 546 .8 544 .8

Mining .................................................................................................. 55 .1 80 .1

Construction ......................................................................................... 1,041 1.6 1,079 1.6

Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 4,998 7.7 4,882 7.4

 Durable goods .................................................................................... 2,728 4.2 2,697 4.1

 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 2,270 3.5 2,185 3.3

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 9,289 14.4 9,509 14.5

 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 1,355 2.1 1,316 2.0

 Retail trade ......................................................................................... 7,934 12.3 8,192 12.5

Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 1,671 2.6 1,727 2.6

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 1,395 2.2 1,477 2.2

 Utilities ............................................................................................... 276 .4 250 .4

Information ......................................................................................... 1,501 2.3 1,502 2.3

Financial activities ................................................................................ 5,572 8.6 5,640 8.6

 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 4,149 6.4 4,115 6.3

 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 1,424 2.2 1,525 2.3

Professional and business services ..................................................... 6,039 9.3 6,132 9.3

 Professional and technical services ................................................... 3,746 5.8 3,818 5.8

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 2,293 3.5 2,314 3.5

Education and health services ............................................................. 21,497 33.2 21,869 33.3

 Educational services .......................................................................... 8,306 12.8 8,459 12.9

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 13,191 20.4 13,410 20.4

 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 4,366 6.7 4,372 6.6

 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 6,383 9.9 6,582 10.0

 Social assistance ............................................................................. 2,441 3.8 2,456 3.7

Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 6,037 9.3 6,207 9.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 1,230 1.9 1,249 1.9

 Accommodation and food services .................................................... 4,807 7.4 4,958 7.5

Other services ...................................................................................... 3,573 5.5 3,614 5.5

 Other services, except private households ........................................ 2,854 4.4 2,869 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 719 1.1 745 1.1

Public administration ............................................................................ 2,908 4.5 2,971 4.5

Industry and sex

Year

2004 2005
38

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2004-05 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over.......................................................... 74,524 100.0 75,973 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 1,687 2.3 1,654 2.2

Mining .................................................................................................. 483 .6 545 .7

Construction ......................................................................................... 9,727 13.1 10,118 13.3

Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 11,485 15.4 11,370 15.0

 Durable goods .................................................................................... 7,600 10.2 7,636 10.1

 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 3,885 5.2 3,734 4.9

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 11,580 15.5 11,896 15.7

 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 3,245 4.4 3,263 4.3

 Retail trade ......................................................................................... 8,335 11.2 8,633 11.4

Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 5,342 7.2 5,633 7.4

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 4,449 6.0 4,707 6.2

 Utilities ............................................................................................... 892 1.2 926 1.2

Information ......................................................................................... 1,962 2.6 1,900 2.5

Financial activities ................................................................................ 4,396 5.9 4,563 6.0

 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 2,791 3.7 2,920 3.8

 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 1,605 2.2 1,643 2.2

Professional and business services ..................................................... 8,068 10.8 8,161 10.7

 Professional and technical services ................................................... 4,639 6.2 4,766 6.3

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 3,429 4.6 3,395 4.5

Education and health services ............................................................. 7,222 9.7 7,304 9.6

 Educational services .......................................................................... 3,752 5.0 3,804 5.0

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 3,470 4.7 3,500 4.6

 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 1,333 1.8 1,347 1.8

 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 1,735 2.3 1,749 2.3

 Social assistance ............................................................................. 403 .5 404 .5

Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 5,783 7.8 5,864 7.7

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 1,460 2.0 1,516 2.0

 Accommodation and food services .................................................... 4,323 5.8 4,348 5.7

Other services ...................................................................................... 3,330 4.5 3,407 4.5

 Other services, except private households ........................................ 3,270 4.4 3,339 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 60 .1 67 .1

Public administration 3,458 4.6 3,558 4.7

Industry and sex

Year

2004 2005

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 
39

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over....................................................................................... 141,730 46.4

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting.............................................................................. 2,197 24.7

Crop production.......................................................................................................... 903 24.7

Animal production.......................................................................................................... 939 25.2

Forestry, except logging................................................................................................. 53 32.2

Logging.......................................................................................................................... 106 6.2

Fishing, hunting, and trapping........................................................................................ 57 18.6

Support activities for agriculture and forestry................................................................. 139 35.6

Mining................................................................................................................................... 624 12.8

Oil and gas extraction.................................................................................................... 89 20.6

Coal mining................................................................................................................... 82 5.9

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying..................................................................... 99 6.1

Support activities for mining........................................................................................... 330 14.1

Construction.......................................................................................................................... 11,197 9.6

Manufacturing....................................................................................................................... 16,253 30.0

Durable goods................................................................................................................... 10,333 26.1

Nonmetallic mineral products......................................................................................... 503 20.9

Glass and glass products........................................................................................... 153 30.9

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products.......................................................... 206 9.6

Primary metals and fabricated metal products............................................................... 1,926 17.3

Iron and steel mills and steel products....................................................................... 274 15.0

Aluminum production and processing........................................................................ 76 13.0

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing............................... 72 21.0

Foundries................................................................................................................... 111 12.2

Metal forgings and stampings.................................................................................... 70 20.9

Cutlery and hand tools............................................................................................... 57 31.5

Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers................................................. 425 19.3

Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts.......................................... 378 12.5

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities................................................. 92 20.3

Machinery manufacturing............................................................................................... 1,211 22.3

Agricultural implements.............................................................................................. 102 19.7

Construction, mining, and oil field machinery............................................................. 114 12.6

Commercial and service industry machinery.............................................................. 134 28.8

Metalworking machinery............................................................................................. 162 15.1

Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment............................................... 60 15.2

Computers and electronic products............................................................................... 1,501 33.7

Computer and peripheral equipment.......................................................................... 303 32.6

Communications, audio, and video equipment........................................................... 191 30.3

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments............................. 234 36.4

Electrical equipment and appliances.............................................................................. 487 32.4

Household appliances................................................................................................ 96 35.5

Transportation equipment.............................................................................................. 2,297 24.1

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment............................................................. 1,407 24.4

Aircraft and parts........................................................................................................ 354 26.2

Aerospace products and parts................................................................................... 278 24.8

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
40

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Ship and boat building................................................................................................ 173 19.3

Wood products.............................................................................................................. 542 15.6

Sawmills and wood preservation................................................................................ 155 9.4

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products...................................................... 74 18.4

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes....................................................... 74 11.1

Miscellaneous wood products.................................................................................... 239 20.2

Furniture and related product manufacturing................................................................. 656 28.7

Miscellaneous manufacturing........................................................................................ 1,210 41.3

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing......................................................... 487 45.8

Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing............................................... 138 41.0

Nondurable goods............................................................................................................. 5,919 36.9

Food manufacturing....................................................................................................... 1,506 38.7

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling....................................................................... 126 26.9

Sugar and confectionery products.............................................................................. 77 43.8

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods.................................................... 161 34.9

Dairy products............................................................................................................ 133 26.3

Animal slaughtering and processing........................................................................... 471 37.9

Retail bakeries........................................................................................................... 168 59.0

Bakeries, except retail................................................................................................ 163 38.3

Beverages and tobacco products................................................................................... 289 27.1

Beverages manufacturing.......................................................................................... 252 26.0

Textiles, apparel, and leather..................................................................................... 871 54.0

Fabric mills, except knitting........................................................................................ 135 40.6

Carpet and rug mills................................................................................................... 73 39.1

Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs............................................................... 141 58.8

Cut and sew apparel.................................................................................................. 301 63.5

Paper and printing......................................................................................................... 1,241 32.0

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.............................................................................. 214 17.0

Paperboard containers and boxes.............................................................................. 164 28.5

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products..................................................................... 118 34.6

Printing and related support activities......................................................................... 745 36.6

Petroleum and coal products......................................................................................... 153 19.7

Petroleum refining...................................................................................................... 132 18.8

Chemicals...................................................................................................................... 1,208 35.0

Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments..................................................... 135 30.1

Pharmaceuticals and medicines................................................................................. 420 46.3

Paints, coatings, and adhesives................................................................................. 62 24.0

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics............................................................. 141 44.7

Plastics and rubber products......................................................................................... 652 31.4

Plastics product manufacturing.................................................................................. 469 33.4

Tire manufacturing..................................................................................................... 84 17.3

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing................................................................ 99 33.8

Wholesale and retail trade.................................................................................................... 21,405 44.4

Wholesale trade................................................................................................................ 4,579 28.7

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies................................................................................. 236 20.5

Furniture and home furnishings..................................................................................... 102 46.9

Lumber and other construction materials....................................................................... 252 17.0

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
41

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies.................................................. 435 32.0

Metals and minerals, except petroleum.......................................................................... 77 20.0

Electrical goods............................................................................................................. 335 28.1

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies............................................ 187 25.1

Machinery, equipment, and supplies.............................................................................. 523 23.7

Recyclable materials...................................................................................................... 103 16.1

Miscellaneous durable goods......................................................................................... 182 37.1

Paper and paper products............................................................................................. 103 32.7

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products........................................................ 296 42.5

Apparel, fabrics, and notions......................................................................................... 114 52.8

Groceries and related products...................................................................................... 887 26.4

Farm product raw materials........................................................................................... 57 25.4

Petroleum and petroleum products................................................................................ 141 24.2

Alcoholic beverages....................................................................................................... 150 12.0

Farm supplies................................................................................................................ 54 17.5

Miscellaneous nondurable goods................................................................................... 240 42.5

Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers........................................................ 68 41.0

Retail trade........................................................................................................................ 16,825 48.7

Automobile dealers........................................................................................................ 1,337 19.8

Other motor vehicle dealers........................................................................................... 191 23.3

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores......................................................................... 526 15.1

Furniture and home furnishings stores........................................................................... 715 42.4

Household appliance stores........................................................................................... 83 34.4

Radio, TV, and computer stores.................................................................................... 652 30.1

Building material and supplies dealers........................................................................... 1,088 28.5

Hardware stores............................................................................................................ 232 35.7

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores.......................................................... 268 31.9

Grocery stores............................................................................................................... 2,670 50.8

Specialty food stores..................................................................................................... 278 45.4

Beer, wine, and liquor stores......................................................................................... 122 44.3

Pharmacies and drug stores.......................................................................................... 834 63.1

Health and personal care, except drug, stores............................................................... 267 69.5

Gasoline stations........................................................................................................... 520 47.8

Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores.............................................................. 890 73.7

Shoe stores................................................................................................................... 144 61.5

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores................................................................... 223 67.4

Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores....................................................... 456 41.7

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores................................................................ 68 87.1

Music stores.................................................................................................................. 138 36.1

Book stores and news dealers....................................................................................... 202 58.5

Department stores and discount stores......................................................................... 2,434 63.5

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores................................................................... 443 61.3

Retail florists.................................................................................................................. 167 72.6

Office supplies and stationery stores............................................................................. 202 44.4

Used merchandise stores.............................................................................................. 210 64.3

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops................................................................................... 249 73.4

Miscellaneous retail stores............................................................................................. 418 50.2

Electronic shopping....................................................................................................... 83 48.7

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
42

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Mail order houses.......................................................................................................... 78 69.8

Vending machine operators........................................................................................... 64 22.7

Fuel dealers................................................................................................................... 84 23.8

Transportation and utilities.................................................................................................... 7,360 23.5

Transportation and warehousing....................................................................................... 6,184 23.9

Air transportation........................................................................................................... 574 36.2

Rail transportation.......................................................................................................... 282 9.7

Water transportation...................................................................................................... 61 28.0

Truck transportation....................................................................................................... 2,033 11.5

Bus service and urban transit........................................................................................ 555 40.5

Taxi and limousine service............................................................................................. 218 17.1

Services incidental to transportation.............................................................................. 619 26.2

Postal Service................................................................................................................ 828 39.2

Couriers and messengers.............................................................................................. 647 20.5

Warehousing and storage.............................................................................................. 306 30.2

Utilities.............................................................................................................................. 1,176 21.3

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution............................................... 604 22.9

Natural gas distribution.................................................................................................. 120 17.1

Electric and gas, and other combinations...................................................................... 86 29.2

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems................................................... 243 19.8

Sewage treatment facilities............................................................................................ 109 14.1

Information............................................................................................................................ 3,402 44.2

Newspaper publishers................................................................................................... 508 48.8

Publishing, except newspapers and software................................................................. 302 51.7

Motion pictures and video industries.............................................................................. 323 38.6

Radio and television broadcasting and cable................................................................. 563 39.0

Wired telecommunications carriers................................................................................ 794 36.6

Internet service providers............................................................................................... 80 31.7

Data processing, hosting, and related services.............................................................. 103 47.8

Libraries and archives.................................................................................................... 235 79.4

Financial activities................................................................................................................. 10,203 55.3

Finance and insurance...................................................................................................... 7,035 58.5

Banking and related activities........................................................................................ 1,912 67.3

Savings institutions, including credit unions................................................................... 270 74.1

Non-depository credit and related activities.................................................................... 1,195 55.4

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments......................... 1,146 38.1

Insurance carriers and related activities......................................................................... 2,512 60.9

Real estate and rental and leasing.................................................................................... 3,168 48.1

Real estate.................................................................................................................... 2,678 50.8

Rental and leasing services........................................................................................... 490 33.5

Automotive equipment rental and leasing................................................................... 173 30.6

Video tape and disk rental.......................................................................................... 109 50.8

Other consumer goods rental..................................................................................... 103 32.9

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing....................... 104 20.5

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
43

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Professional and business services...................................................................................... 14,294 42.9

Professional and technical services................................................................................... 8,584 44.5

Legal services................................................................................................................ 1,658 57.9

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services.................................... 884 62.7

Architectural, engineering, and related services............................................................. 1,468 25.8

Specialized design services........................................................................................... 357 58.7

Computer systems design and related services............................................................. 1,632 26.6

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services............................................ 1,009 42.6

Scientific research and development services............................................................... 493 45.4

Advertising and related services.................................................................................... 511 52.2

Veterinary services........................................................................................................ 251 76.1

Other professional, scientific, and technical services..................................................... 321 53.0

Management, administrative, and waste services............................................................. 5,709 40.5

Management of companies and enterprises.................................................................. 63 49.6

Employment services.................................................................................................... 1,015 57.4

Business support services............................................................................................. 739 65.1

Travel arrangement and reservation services................................................................ 259 67.1

Investigation and security services................................................................................ 682 25.0

Services to buildings and dwellings............................................................................... 1,161 48.6

Landscaping services.................................................................................................... 1,133 10.4

Other administrative and other support services............................................................ 252 49.9

Waste management and remediation services.............................................................. 407 16.5

Education and health services.............................................................................................. 29,174 75.0

Educational services......................................................................................................... 12,264 69.0

Elementary and secondary schools............................................................................... 8,359 75.6

Colleges and universities, including junior colleges........................................................ 3,263 53.1

Business, technical, and trade schools and training....................................................... 108 51.4

Other schools, instruction, and educational services..................................................... 534 66.1

Health care and social assistance..................................................................................... 16,910 79.3

Hospitals........................................................................................................................ 5,719 76.5

Health services, except hospitals................................................................................... 8,332 79.0

Offices of physicians.................................................................................................. 1,801 76.8

Offices of dentists...................................................................................................... 792 80.3

Offices of chiropractors.............................................................................................. 163 58.1

Offices of optometrists............................................................................................... 98 72.3

Offices of other health practitioners............................................................................ 275 70.9

Outpatient care centers.............................................................................................. 901 77.7

Home health care services......................................................................................... 795 89.8

Other health care services......................................................................................... 1,045 70.2

Nursing care facilities................................................................................................. 1,848 86.7

Residential care facilities, without nursing.................................................................. 615 73.7

Social assistance........................................................................................................... 2,860 85.9

Individual and family services..................................................................................... 994 77.5

Community food and housing, and emergency services............................................ 74 64.0

Vocational rehabilitation services............................................................................... 221 60.4

Child day care services.............................................................................................. 1,571 95.8

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
44

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Leisure and hospitality.......................................................................................................... 12,071 51.4

Arts, entertainment, and recreation................................................................................... 2,765 45.2

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries................ 796 42.6

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions..................................... 392 41.5

Bowling centers............................................................................................................. 55 39.3

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries................................................. 1,523 47.7

Accommodation and food services.................................................................................... 9,306 53.3

Accommodation............................................................................................................. 1,552 57.0

Traveler accommodation............................................................................................ 1,448 57.6

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses............... 104 49.1

Food services and drinking places................................................................................. 7,754 52.5

Restaurants and other food services.......................................................................... 7,514 52.3

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages......................................................................... 240 58.2

Other services....................................................................................................................... 7,020 51.5

Other services, except private households........................................................................ 6,208 46.2

Repair and maintenance................................................................................................ 2,160 12.7

Automotive repair and maintenance........................................................................... 1,252 10.2

Car washes................................................................................................................ 155 16.3

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance...................................... 172 15.2

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance.......... 327 9.4

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance............................................ 244 26.2

Personal and laundry services....................................................................................... 2,116 72.1

Barber shops.............................................................................................................. 115 22.9

Beauty salons............................................................................................................ 914 90.7

Nail salons and other personal care services............................................................. 334 75.9

Drycleaning and laundry services............................................................................... 323 60.6

Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories............................................................ 151 36.4

Other personal services............................................................................................. 279 59.4

Membership associations and organizations.................................................................. 1,932 55.3

Religious organizations.............................................................................................. 1,066 48.0

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services.............. 624 66.9

Labor unions.............................................................................................................. 69 39.9

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations........................................ 173 64.6

Private households............................................................................................................ 812 91.7

Public administration............................................................................................................. 6,530 45.5

Executive offices and legislative bodies......................................................................... 889 55.9

Public finance activities.................................................................................................. 364 63.8

Other general government and support......................................................................... 91 41.3

Justice, public order, and safety activities...................................................................... 2,710 34.7

Administration of human resource programs................................................................. 874 72.1

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs..................................... 338 40.8

Administration of economic programs and space research............................................ 540 42.1

National security and international affairs...................................................................... 725 37.2

Industry Total employed Percent women

NOTE: Generally, data for industries with fewer than 50,000

employed as well as certain other industries are not published

separately but are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown. Therefore, detailed industries may not always

sum to the broader categories.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
45

Table 15. Percent distribution of employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2005 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)................................... 53,186 8,158 2,885 7,295

 Percent....................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries ................................................. 1.0 .1 .3 1.0

Mining .......................................................................................... .1 - .1 .1

Construction ................................................................................ 1.9 .6 .9 1.5

Manufacturing .............................................................................. 7.3 7.2 10.7 10.3

 Durable goods ........................................................................... 4.0 3.5 7.0 4.5

 Nondurable goods ...................................................................... 3.3 3.7 3.7 5.8

Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................... 14.9 11.4 14.4 15.2

 Wholesale trade ......................................................................... 2.1 1.1 2.8 2.7

 Retail trade ................................................................................ 12.8 10.3 11.6 12.5

Transportation and utilities ........................................................... 2.4 4.0 2.4 2.7

 Transportation and warehousing ................................................ 2.0 3.6 2.2 2.4

 Utilities ....................................................................................... .4 .4 .2 .3

Information ................................................................................... 2.3 2.4 2.2 1.8

Financial activities ........................................................................ 8.7 7.7 9.5 7.3

 Finance and insurance ............................................................... 6.2 6.2 7.5 4.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing ............................................. 2.5 1.6 2.0 2.5

Professional and business services ............................................. 9.6 7.5 10.3 9.0

 Professional and technical services ........................................... 6.2 3.2 7.7 3.6

 Management, administrative, and waste services....................... 3.4 4.3 2.6 5.5

Education and health services ..................................................... 32.7 39.0 28.9 27.4

 Educational services .................................................................. 13.3 11.6 9.2 9.5

 Health care and social assistance .............................................. 19.4 27.4 19.7 17.8

 Hospitals .................................................................................. 6.3 8.5 8.2 4.2

 Health services, except hospitals ............................................. 9.6 13.3 9.2 8.9

 Social assistance ..................................................................... 3.5 5.5 2.3 4.8

Leisure and hospitality ................................................................. 9.5 8.3 10.3 12.9

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................................ 2.0 1.1 1.5 1.5

 Accommodation and food services ............................................ 7.4 7.2 8.9 11.4

Other services .............................................................................. 5.6 4.7 6.6 7.2

 Other services, except private households ................................. 4.4 3.7 5.9 3.7

 Private households .................................................................... 1.2 1.0 .7 3.5

Public administration .................................................................... 4.1 7.1 3.5 3.6

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Industry White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

 - Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 
46

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2005 annual averages

1979...... $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980...... 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172

1981...... 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190

1982...... 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203

1983...... 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215

1984...... 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223

1985...... 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230

1986...... 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241

1987...... 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251

1988...... 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260

1989...... 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269

1990...... 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278

1991...... 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292

1992...... 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302

1993...... 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313

1994...... 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305

1995...... 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305

1996...... 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316

1997...... 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318

1998...... 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337

1999...... 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348

20001... 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366

2001...... 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388

2002...... 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397

2003...... 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410

2004...... 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419

2005...... 651 672 520 753 471 585 596 499 665 429

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Year 

Total, both sexes Women

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 See footnotes at end of table.
47

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2005 annual averages— Continued

1979...... $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 

1980...... 313 320 244 - 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 

1981...... 340 350 268 - 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 

1982...... 364 375 278 - 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 

1983...... 379 387 294 - 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 

1984...... 392 401 303 - 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 

1985...... 407 418 305 - 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 

1986...... 419 433 319 - 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 

1987...... 434 450 327 - 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 

1988...... 449 465 348 - 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 

1989...... 468 482 348 - 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 

1990...... 481 494 361 - 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 

1991...... 493 506 375 - 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 

1992...... 501 514 380 - 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 

1993...... 510 524 392 - 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 

1994...... 522 547 400 - 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 

1995...... 538 566 411 - 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 

1996...... 557 580 412 - 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 

1997...... 579 595 432 - 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 

1998...... 598 615 468 - 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 

1999...... 618 638 488 - 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 

20001...... 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 

2001...... 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002...... 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 

2003...... 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 

2004...... 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 

2005...... 722 743 559 825 489 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Year 

Men Women's earnings as a percent of men's

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been

affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes

in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see

the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups

(white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who

selected this race group only; persons who selected more than

one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who

reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category

Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a

separate category. For more information, see the Explanatory

Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings.

Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
48

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex,

2005 annual averages

Total, both sexes

Total....................................................... 92,453 $696

 Less than a high school diploma............... 8,861 409

 Less than 1 year of high school................ 3,331 388

 1-3 years of high school......................... 4,508 421

 4 years of high school, no diploma........... 1,022 446

 High school graduate or more................... 83,592 735

 High school graduates, no college............. 27,514 583

 Some college, no degree......................... 16,062 653

 Associate degree.................................. 9,409 699

 Occupational program........................... 5,023 692

 Academic program............................... 4,386 708

 College graduates................................ 30,607 1,013

 Bachelor's degree............................... 19,843 937

 Master's degree.................................. 7,784 1,129

 Professional degree............................. 1,549 1,370

 Doctoral degree.................................. 1,431 1,421

Women

Total..................................................... 40,443 612

 Less than a high school diploma............... 2,878 341

 Less than 1 year of high school................ 932 321

 1-3 years of high school........................... 1,594 347

 4 years of high school, no diploma........... 352 382

 High school graduate or more................... 37,565 636

 High school graduates, no college............ 11,517 493

 Some college, no degree......................... 7,448 570

 Associate degree.................................. 4,656 614

 Occupational program......................... 2,372 596

 Academic program............................... 2,284 636

 College graduates.................................. 13,944 883

 Bachelor's degree............................... 9,057 813

 Master's degree.................................. 3,871 983

 Professional degree............................ 568 1,131

 Doctoral degree................................... 448 1,214

 Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings
49

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 

2005 annual averages—Continued

Men

Total....................................................... 52,010 $771

 Less than a high school diploma................. 5,983 455

 Less than 1 year of high school................ 2,399 413

 1-3 years of high school......................... 2,914 486

 4 years of high school, no diploma............ 671 492

 High school graduate or more.................... 46,027 826

 High school graduates, no college........... 15,997 652

 Some college, no degree......................... 8,615 753

 Associate degree.................................. 4,753 791

 Occupational program......................... 2,651 784

 Academic program............................... 2,102 802

 College graduates.................................. 16,662 1,167

 Bachelor's degree............................... 10,786 1,071

 Master's degree.................................. 3,913 1,333

 Professional degree............................. 980 1,558

 Doctoral degree.................................. 983 1,536

Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of 

Labor Statistics
50

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2005 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over.......................................................... 103,560 $651 45,154 $585 58,406 $722 81.0

Management, professional, and related occupations............................ 36,908 937 18,597 813 18,311 1,113 73.0

Management, business, and financial operations occupations.......... 14,977 997 6,782 847 8,195 1,167 72.6

Management occupations................................................................. 10,340 1,083 4,122 902 6,219 1,230 73.3

Chief executives............................................................................ 1,043 1,834 253 1,413 790 1,903 74.3

General and operations managers............................................. 754 1,099 226 932 528 1,152 80.9

Advertising and promotions managers....................................... 66 870 38 (1) 28 (1) (1) 

Marketing and sales managers.................................................. 728 1,235 283 990 445 1,440 68.8

Administrative services managers.............................................. 73 978 22 (1) 51 1,104 (1) 

Computer and information systems managers........................... 326 1,428 100 1,094 227 1,540 71.0

Financial managers.................................................................... 949 1,061 503 853 446 1,347 63.3

Human resources managers...................................................... 263 1,083 188 998 75 1,357 73.5

Industrial production managers.................................................. 295 1,123 48 (1) 247 1,147 (1) 

Purchasing managers................................................................ 184 1,099 72 939 112 1,199 78.3

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers................... 227 757 28 (1) 200 771 (1) 

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers............................ 77 680 13 (1) 65 689 (1) 

Construction managers.............................................................. 430 1,051 30 (1) 400 1,060 (1) 

Education administrators........................................................... 712 1,114 440 972 272 1,289 75.4

Engineering managers............................................................... 89 1,788 9 (1) 80 1,852 (1) 

Food service managers.............................................................. 594 651 249 549 345 740 (1) 

Lodging managers..................................................................... 100 647 52 525 48 (1) (1) 

Medical and health services managers...................................... 432 1,089 308 1,026 123 1,327 77.3

Property, real estate, and community association managers..... 341 724 193 662 149 803 82.4

Social and community service managers................................... 258 838 176 784 82 990 79.2

Business and financial operations occupations.............................. 4,637 871 2,660 778 1,976 1,037 75.0

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.................... 153 802 75 708 77 930 76.1

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm

 products................................................................................... 271 785 145 710 126 912 77.9

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators....... 276 789 174 706 102 971 72.7

Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, 

health, safety, and transportation............................................... 128 893 57 923 71 877 105.2

Cost estimators.......................................................................... 80 941 14 (1) 67 961 (1) 

Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists......... 585 791 417 762 168 904 84.3

Management analysts................................................................ 288 1,229 128 981 160 1,362 (1) 

Accountants and auditors........................................................... 1,383 887 855 784 529 1,072 73.1

Appraisers and assessors of real estate.................................... 74 832 32 (1) 42 (1) (1) 

Budget analysts......................................................................... 50 1,050 35 (1) 14 (1) (1) 

Financial analysts...................................................................... 74 1,136 33 (1) 41 (1) (1) 

Personal financial advisors........................................................ 270 1,134 83 888 188 1,239 71.7

Insurance underwriters............................................................... 110 894 79 851 31 (1) (1) 

Loan counselors and officers..................................................... 387 861 210 786 178 977 80.5

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents......................... 72 764 43 (1) 30 (1) (1) 

Tax preparers............................................................................. 52 668 36 (1) 16 (1) (1) 

Professional and related occupations................................................ 21,931 902 11,815 792 10,116 1,058 74.9

Computer and mathematical occupations...................................... 2,924 1,132 760 1,007 2,164 1,174 85.8

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
51

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Computer scientists and systems analysts................................ 647 $1,091 198 $983 449 $1,140 86.2

Computer programmers............................................................. 524 1,086 133 1,014 391 1,129 89.8

Computer software engineers.................................................... 778 1401 165 1,174 612 1,456 80.6

Computer support specialists..................................................... 310 823 95 858 215 809 106.1

Database administrators............................................................ 82 1,116 23 (1) 58 1,314 (1) 

Network and computer systems administrators.......................... 201 1,058 34 (1) 166 1,072 (1) 

Network systems and data communications analysts................ 254 1,062 59 952 195 1,082 88.0

Operations research analysts..................................................... 80 1,252 38 (1) 43 (1) (1) 

Architecture and engineering occupations..................................... 2,509 1,105 322 945 2,187 1,133 83.4

Architects, except naval............................................................. 176 1,146 42 (1) 134 1,147 (1) 

Aerospace engineers................................................................. 88 1,362 10 (1) 78 1,449 (1) 

Civil engineers........................................................................... 277 1,138 37 (1) 239 1,166 (1) 

Computer hardware engineers................................................... 72 1,405 5 (1) 66 1,524 (1) 

Electrical and electronics engineers........................................... 330 1,350 22 (1) 309 1,354 (1) 

Industrial engineers, including health and safety........................ 185 1,161 28 (1) 157 1,198 (1) 

Mechanical engineers................................................................ 306 1,262 18 (1) 288 1,265 (1) 

Drafters...................................................................................... 186 769 42 (1) 144 783 (1) 

Engineering technicians, except drafters.................................... 354 805 67 695 287 819 84.9

Surveying and mapping technicians........................................... 98 735 2 (1) 96 742 (1) 

Life, physical, and social science occupations............................... 1,164 965 452 837 712 1,073 78.0

Biological scientists.................................................................... 106 890 49 (1) 56 1,000 (1) 

Medical scientists....................................................................... 125 935 55 938 70 934 100.4

Chemists and materials scientists.............................................. 109 1,128 36 (1) 72 1,241 (1) 

Environmental scientists and geoscientists................................ 87 1,217 21 (1) 66 1,223 (1) 

Market and survey researchers.................................................. 106 997 54 898 52 1,138 78.9

Psychologists............................................................................. 83 966 50 909 32 (1) (1) 

Chemical technicians................................................................. 85 699 25 (1) 60 701 (1) 

Community and social services occupations................................. 1,797 725 1,054 683 742 797 85.7

Counselors................................................................................. 499 740 345 728 154 788 92.4

Social workers........................................................................... 602 700 473 682 129 780 87.4

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists........... 237 662 146 608 90 751 81.0

Clergy........................................................................................ 385 785 49 (1) 335 813 (1) 

Legal occupations.......................................................................... 1,162 1,052 638 846 524 1,531 55.3

Lawyers..................................................................................... 598 1,609 203 1,354 395 1,748 77.5

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers......................... 73 1,101 30 (1) 43 (1) (1) 

Paralegals and legal assistants.................................................. 311 740 261 737 50 769 95.8

Miscellaneous legal support workers.......................................... 181 715 144 702 37 (1) (1) 

Education, training, and library occupations................................... 6,066 798 4,405 753 1,660 960 78.4

Postsecondary teachers............................................................. 808 1,072 323 924 485 1,173 78.8

Preschool and kindergarten teachers......................................... 515 521 495 520 19 (1) (1) 

Elementary and middle school teachers..................................... 2,204 826 1,801 813 403 909 89.4

Secondary school teachers........................................................ 1,037 878 577 841 460 942 89.3

Special education teachers........................................................ 382 868 327 853 55 949 89.9

Other teachers and instructors................................................... 306 728 187 657 120 803 81.8

Librarians................................................................................... 163 829 137 826 25 (1) (1) 

Teacher assistants..................................................................... 546 398 496 398 50 398 100.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
52

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.......... 1,488 $819 623 $735 865 $885 83.1

Artists and related workers......................................................... 83 868 28 (1) 54 989 (1) 

Designers................................................................................... 500 816 218 653 282 920 71.0

Producers and directors............................................................. 75 971 28 (1) 48 (1) (1) 

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers....................... 123 713 21 (1) 102 749 (1) 

Musicians, singers, and related workers.................................... 51 893 13 (1) 38 (1) (1) 

News analysts, reporters and correspondents............................ 62 866 31 (1) 31 (1) (1) 

Public relations specialists......................................................... 135 860 86 817 49 (1) (1) 

Editors....................................................................................... 108 865 59 794 49 (1) (1) 

Writers and authors................................................................... 70 887 43 (1) 27 (1) (1) 

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio 

 operators.................................................................................. 64 813 6 (1) 59 823 (1) 

Photographers........................................................................... 53 721 19 (1) 34 (1) (1) 

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations......................... 4,821 878 3,560 834 1,262 1,043 80.0

Dietitians and nutritionists.......................................................... 51 666 47 (1) 3 (1) (1) 

Pharmacists............................................................................... 185 1,557 89 1,483 96 1,597 92.9

Physicians and surgeons........................................................... 562 1,547 187 1,134 375 1,862 60.9

Physician assistants.................................................................. 52 1,155 26 (1) 26 (1) (1) 

Registered nurses...................................................................... 1,805 935 1,654 930 151 1,011 92.0

Occupational therapists............................................................. 59 996 55 983 5 (1) (1) 

Physical therapists..................................................................... 117 1,036 74 1,014 43 (1) (1) 

Respiratory therapists................................................................ 80 854 46 (1) 34 (1) (1) 

Speech-language pathologists................................................... 68 933 60 914 7 (1) (1) 

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... 279 750 197 725 82 836 86.7

Dental hygienists........................................................................ 53 895 49 (1) 3 (1) (1) 

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians....................... 212 873 145 789 67 973 81.1

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics....................... 144 658 34 (1) 110 730 (1) 

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support 

 technicians............................................................................... 290 504 237 503 53 521 96.5

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses..................... 401 625 369 621 31 (1) (1) 

Medical records and health information technicians................... 104 543 88 522 15 (1) (1) 

Service occupations.............................................................................. 14,123 413 7,099 379 7,024 478 79.3

Healthcare support occupations.................................................... 2,085 410 1,842 408 243 422 96.7

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides.............................. 1,334 388 1,181 385 153 406 94.8

Dental assistants....................................................................... 150 474 142 479 8 (1) (1) 

Protective service occupations.......................................................... 2,549 678 525 514 2,025 729 70.5

First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives........... 121 1,009 15 (1) 105 1,010 (1) 

Fire fighters................................................................................ 228 944 9 (1) 219 952 (1) 

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers..................................... 401 605 115 531 286 632 84.0

Detectives and criminal investigators......................................... 119 1,054 31 (1) 88 1,188 (1) 

Police and sheriff's patrol officers............................................... 669 826 97 738 573 849 86.9

Private detectives and investigators........................................... 68 662 29 (1) 39 (1) (1) 

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers...................... 667 481 159 405 507 508 79.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations............................ 4,007 356 1,966 337 2,041 371 90.8

Chefs and head cooks............................................................... 275 486 46 (1) 229 494 (1) 

First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and 

serving workers............................................................... 451 422 272 398 179 522 76.2

Cooks........................................................................................ 1,198 336 433 314 766 350 89.7

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
53

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Food preparation workers.......................................................... 339 $321 189 $318 149 $324 98.1

Bartenders................................................................................. 210 420 107 417 102 422 98.8

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including 

 fast food................................................................................... 132 310 98 308 34 (1) (1) 

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and 

 coffee shop.............................................................................. 90 292 56 289 34 (1) (1) 

Waiters and waitresses.............................................................. 848 352 556 332 292 384 86.5

Food servers, nonrestaurant...................................................... 82 409 42 (1) 40 (1) (1) 

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers..... 163 347 72 325 92 367 88.6

Dishwashers.............................................................................. 141 296 29 (1) 112 293 (1) 

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop........ 77 332 65 322 12 (1) (1) 

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........... 3,425 394 1,249 344 2,176 428 80.4

First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and 

 janitorial work........................................................................... 177 537 57 433 120 613 70.6

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn 

 service, and groundskeeping workers...................................... 101 593 3 (1) 98 598 (1) 

Janitors and building cleaners.................................................... 1,477 408 421 363 1,056 441 82.3

Maids and housekeeping cleaners............................................. 829 335 724 328 105 390 84.1

Pest control workers.................................................................. 55 508 1 (1) 54 511 (1) 

Grounds maintenance workers.................................................. 787 389 43 (1) 744 393 (1) 

Personal care and service occupations............................................. 2,057 409 1,517 390 540 491 79.4

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers................... 81 628 41 (1) 40 (1) (1) 

First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers..... 58 577 31 (1) 27 (1) (1) 

Nonfarm animal caretakers........................................................ 57 379 43 (1) 14 (1) (1) 

Gaming services workers........................................................... 77 579 38 (1) 39 (1) (1) 

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists............................ 285 416 258 409 27 (1) (1) 

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges............................... 60 457 11 (1) 49 (1) (1) 

Transportation attendants.......................................................... 77 680 55 619 22 (1) (1) 

Child care workers..................................................................... 444 332 414 330 30 (1) (1) 

Personal and home care aides................................................... 402 390 328 381 75 442 86.2

Recreation and fitness workers.................................................. 181 487 107 479 73 494 97.0

Sales and office occupations................................................................ 25,193 575 15,654 520 9,539 690 75.4

Sales and related occupations.......................................................... 10,031 622 4,449 483 5,582 762 63.4

First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers.............. 2,365 631 979 525 1,386 723 72.6

First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers....... 922 881 250 753 673 944 79.8

Cashiers.................................................................................... 1,428 336 1,064 322 363 389 82.8

Counter and rental clerks........................................................... 102 429 48 (1) 55 589 (1) 

Parts salespersons.................................................................... 123 562 14 (1) 109 586 (1) 

Retail salespersons.................................................................... 1,869 494 810 401 1,060 606 66.2

Advertising sales agents............................................................ 194 870 99 730 95 1,017 71.8

Insurance sales agents.............................................................. 341 742 178 624 162 908 68.7

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents.... 288 1,007 93 733 195 1,239 59.2

Travel agents............................................................................. 56 593 46 (1) 11 (1) (1) 

Sales representatives, services, all other................................... 369 814 112 648 257 919 70.5

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing................. 1,140 920 289 737 851 960 76.8

Real estate brokers and sales agents........................................ 489 773 275 716 213 989 72.4

Telemarketers............................................................................ 98 367 70 360 28 (1) (1) 

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, 

 and related workers.................................................................. 66 422 21 (1) 46 (1) (1) 

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
54

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Office and administrative support occupations.................................. 15,161 $550 11,205 $533 3,957 $605 88.1

First-line supervisors/managers of office and 

 administrative support.............................................................. 1,399 686 953 656 447 796 82.4

Bill and account collectors......................................................... 175 518 115 519 60 516 100.6

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators...................... 355 572 313 566 42 (1) (1) 

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks............................ 964 555 861 551 102 580 95.0

Payroll and timekeeping clerks.................................................. 136 613 123 611 12 (1) (1) 

Tellers........................................................................................ 296 426 270 425 26 (1) (1) 

Court, municipal, and license clerks........................................... 95 575 81 571 14 (1) (1) 

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.................................... 64 607 49 (1) 15 (1) (1) 

Customer service representatives.............................................. 1,490 524 1,010 505 480 624 80.9

File clerks.................................................................................. 255 507 201 505 54 513 98.4

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks........................................... 107 376 66 367 41 (1) (1) 

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan...................................... 128 502 99 501 29 (1) (1) 

Library assistants, clerical.......................................................... 58 517 54 496 5 (1) (1) 

Loan interviewers and clerks...................................................... 179 623 134 614 45 (1) (1) 

Order clerks............................................................................... 120 519 77 509 42 (1) (1) 

Human resources assistants, except payroll and 

 timekeeping............................................................................. 60 601 55 580 5 (1) (1) 

Receptionists and information clerks.......................................... 923 466 846 463 76 504 91.9

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel 

 clerks....................................................................................... 134 626 90 586 44 (1) (1) 

Couriers and messengers.......................................................... 212 664 31 (1) 182 678 (1) 

Dispatchers................................................................................ 274 584 168 556 105 613 90.7

Postal service clerks.................................................................. 147 791 58 750 89 830 90.4

Postal service mail carriers........................................................ 295 832 110 733 185 874 83.9

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing 

 machine operators................................................................... 109 751 50 742 59 763 97.2

Production, planning, and expediting clerks............................... 275 694 152 650 123 767 84.7

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks......................................... 472 488 138 450 334 504 89.3

Stock clerks and order fillers...................................................... 1,012 427 361 409 651 448 91.3

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, 

 recordkeeping.......................................................................... 60 467 35 (1) 26 (1) (1) 

Secretaries and administrative assistants.................................. 2,684 562 2,611 559 73 654 85.5

Computer operators................................................................... 164 599 89 541 76 674 80.3

Data entry keyers....................................................................... 403 509 324 507 79 529 95.8

Word processors and typists...................................................... 216 500 206 499 10 (1) (1) 

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks........................... 238 560 204 565 35 (1) (1) 

Mail clerks and mail machine operators except postal 

 service..................................................................................... 99 508 52 480 47 (1) (1) 

Office clerks, general................................................................. 672 518 574 509 98 591 86.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations............ 12,086 623 517 486 11,569 628 77.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........................................ 755 372 154 327 601 388 84.3

Graders and sorters, agricultural products................................. 63 402 48 (1) 15 (1) (1) 

Logging workers......................................................................... 64 483 2 (1) 62 485 (1) 

Construction and extraction occupations........................................... 6,826 604 163 480 6,663 606 79.2

First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades 

 and extraction workers............................................................. 645 830 20 (1) 626 839 (1) 

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons......................... 166 598 - - 166 598 -

Carpenters................................................................................. 1,213 556 17 (1) 1,196 559 (1) 

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
55

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers.............................. 178 $482 2 (1) 176 $484 (1) 

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers........ 90 519 2 (1) 88 518 (1) 

Construction laborers................................................................. 1,170 502 38 (1) 1,132 504 (1) 

Operating engineers and other construction equipment 

 operators................................................................................. 367 733 11 (1) 356 735 (1) 

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers..................... 185 511 1 (1) 184 510 (1) 

Electricians................................................................................ 747 713 13 (1) 734 712 (1) 

Painters, construction and maintenance.................................... 384 466 17 (1) 367 469 (1) 

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..................... 550 703 2 (1) 547 704 (1) 

Roofers...................................................................................... 209 500 6 (1) 203 503 (1) 

Sheet metal workers.................................................................. 127 653 4 (1) 123 655 (1) 

Structural iron and steel workers................................................ 58 772 1 (1) 57 768 (1) 

Helpers, construction trades...................................................... 110 437 2 (1) 108 430 (1) 

Construction and building inspectors......................................... 84 791 9 (1) 75 824 (1) 

Highway maintenance workers.................................................. 86 581 3 (1) 83 575 (1) 

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............................. 4,504 705 199 $691 4,305 706 97.9

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, 

 and repairers................................................................. 307 814 18 (1) 289 817 (1) 

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers......... 336 753 45 (1) 291 749 (1) 

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and 

 repairers.................................................................................. 206 861 29 (1) 177 858 (1) 

Security and fire alarm systems installers.................................. 56 705 3 (1) 53 730 (1) 

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians............................... 137 919 8 (1) 129 920 (1) 

Automotive body and related repairers....................................... 137 587 2 (1) 135 579 (1) 

Automotive service technicians and mechanics......................... 724 629 13 (1) 711 631 (1) 

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............. 326 694 1 (1) 325 693 (1) 

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians 

 and mechanics......................................................................... 218 726 1 (1) 216 727 (1) 

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and 

 installers.................................................................................. 314 693 3 (1) 311 694 (1) 

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics.......................... 444 724 14 (1) 430 724 (1) 

Maintenance and repair workers, general.................................. 305 631 11 (1) 294 635 (1) 

Millwrights.................................................................................. 58 824 3 (1) 55 891 (1) 

Electrical power-line installers and repairers.............................. 105 868 4 (1) 102 875 (1) 

Telecommunications line installers and repairers....................... 145 788 9 (1) 136 780 (1) 

Precision instrument and equipment repairers........................... 54 819 4 (1) 50 877 (1) 

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............... 15,251 540 3,288 420 11,963 591 71.1

Production occupations..................................................................... 8,403 538 2,412 423 5,991 608 69.6

First-line supervisors/managers of production and 

 operating workers.................................................................... 825 761 162 545 662 817 66.7

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers......... 195 473 117 441 79 528 83.5

Bakers....................................................................................... 117 411 59 357 58 480 74.4

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing 

 workers.................................................................................... 262 444 56 400 206 471 84.9

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men
56

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2005 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Food batchmakers..................................................................... 71 $465 26 (1) 44 (1) (1) 

Computer control programmers and operators........................... 54 697 5 (1) 49 (1) (1) 

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, 

 and tenders.............................................................................. 120 502 30 (1) 90 $533 (1) 

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool 

 setters, operators..................................................................... 55 557 7 (1) 48 (1) (1) 

Machinists.................................................................................. 401 697 25 (1) 376 712 (1) 

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, metal.......................................................................... 60 529 13 (1) 46 (1) (1) 

Tool and die makers.................................................................. 91 821 1 (1) 91 824 (1) 

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.................................... 550 599 32 (1) 518 608 (1) 

Printing machine operators........................................................ 201 585 30 (1) 170 617 (1) 

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers.............................................. 125 372 82 $347 43 (1) (1) 

Sewing machine operators......................................................... 236 360 171 355 64 372 (1) 

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters........................................ 53 516 4 (1) 50 518 (1) 

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood............. 54 428 6 (1) 48 (1) (1) 

Stationary engineers and boiler operators.................................. 108 819 2 (1) 105 797 (1) 

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system 

 operators.................................................................................. 69 674 2 (1) 67 710 (1) 

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders..................................................................................... 56 769 7 (1) 50 717 (1) 

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers...... 95 498 11 (1) 84 503 (1) 

Cutting workers.......................................................................... 94 496 22 (1) 72 525 (1) 

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers................. 618 596 237 486 380 679 71.6

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians............. 76 545 37 (1) 39 (1) (1) 

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders................ 291 410 159 384 132 452 85.0

Painting workers........................................................................ 177 562 23 (1) 155 592 (1) 

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders............... 58 603 16 (1) 42 (1) (1) 

Transportation and material moving occupations.............................. 6,848 543 876 412 5,972 574 71.8

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers.......... 194 734 29 (1) 164 751 (1) 

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers.............................................. 98 1,366 6 (1) 92 1,368 (1) 

Bus drivers................................................................................. 353 517 141 456 213 576 79.2

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers....................................... 2,758 624 101 473 2,657 631 75.0

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs........................................................ 179 483 24 (1) 155 500 (1) 

Locomotive engineers and operators......................................... 53 998 1 (1) 52 1,013 (1) 

Railroad conductors and yardmasters........................................ 50 1,017 - - 50 1,017 -

Service station attendants.......................................................... 68 323 9 (1) 59 333 (1) 

Crane and tower operators......................................................... 69 727 2 (1) 66 727 (1) 

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators.................. 67 616 - - 67 616 -

Industrial truck and tractor operators.......................................... 514 499 31 (1) 483 494 (1) 

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment.......................................... 224 385 27 (1) 197 390 (1) 

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand............. 1,384 456 210 406 1,173 469 86.6

Packers and packagers, hand.................................................... 377 372 240 358 137 406 88.2

Refuse and recyclable material collectors.................................. 66 491 4 (1) 62 501 (1) 

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

 1 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication

criteria.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics
57

Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2005 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over..................................... 103,560 $651 45,154 $585 58,406 $722 81.0

Agriculture and related industries ............................... 914 414 163 345 752 729 47.3

Mining ......................................................................... 592 885 65 693 527 897 77.3

Construction ............................................................... 7,876 622 678 602 7,198 624 96.5

Manufacturing ............................................................. 14,903 676 4,332 541 10,571 739 73.2

Durable goods ........................................................ 9,554 704 2,435 572 7,119 757 75.6

Nondurable goods ................................................... 5,349 624 1,897 508 3,452 702 72.4

Wholesale and retail trade .......................................... 14,569 566 5,747 475 8,822 640 74.2

Wholesale trade ...................................................... 3,734 692 1,029 575 2,705 750 76.7

Retail trade ............................................................. 10,835 516 4,718 450 6,117 598 75.3

Transportation and utilities .......................................... 6,065 743 1,351 644 4,714 774 83.2

Transportation and warehousing ............................. 4,923 716 1,115 631 3,809 746 84.6

Utilities .................................................................... 1,142 884 237 723 905 924 78.2

Information ................................................................. 2,677 820 1,154 696 1,523 946 73.6

Financial activities ...................................................... 7,834 741 4,416 645 3,417 932 69.2

 Finance and insurance .......................................... 5,876 765 3,523 653 2,353 1,061 61.5

 Real estate and rental and leasing ........................ 1,958 654 893 616 1,065 696 88.5

Professional and business services ............................ 9,749 743 3,980 636 5,769 847 75.1

 Professional and technical services ...................... 5,864 965 2,530 754 3,333 1,155 65.3

 Management, administrative, and waste services.. 3,885 493 1,449 473 2,436 506 93.5

Education and health services .................................... 21,325 678 15,643 631 5,682 825 76.5

 Educational services ............................................. 9,216 760 6,210 729 3,005 862 84.6

 Health care and social assistance ......................... 12,109 610 9,433 578 2,676 781 74.0

Leisure and hospitality ................................................ 6,828 414 3,103 388 3,725 449 86.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ....................... 1,509 529 609 504 900 571 88.3

 Acomodation and food services ............................ 5,319 388 2,494 361 2,824 412 87.6

Other services ............................................................ 4,062 535 1,799 447 2,263 621 72.0

 Other services, except private households ............ 3,644 579 1,432 493 2,212 625 78.9

 Private households ............................................... 418 351 367 340 51 416 81.7

Public administration................................................... 6,167 788 2,723 682 3,444 896 76.1

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

Industry

Both Sexes Women Men

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics 
58

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time1 Usually part time2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970..................... 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971..................... 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

19723.................. 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

19733

.................. 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974..................... 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975..................... 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976..................... 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977..................... 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

19783

.................. 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979.................... 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980.................... 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981.................... 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982.................... 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983.................... 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984.................... 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985................... 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

19863

.................. 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987.................... 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988..................... 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989..................... 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

19903

.................. 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991..................... 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992................... 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993................... 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

19943

.................. 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995................... 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996................... 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

19973

.................. 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

19983

.................. 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

19993................... 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

20003

.................. 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001.................... 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002................... 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

20033

.................... 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

20043

.................. 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

20053

................ 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

Year

Total, both sexes

See footnotes at end of table.
59

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time1 Usually part time2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970..................... 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1 

1971..................... 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 

19723.................. 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 

19733

.................. 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 

1974..................... 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 

1975..................... 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 

1976..................... 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 

1977..................... 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 

19783

.................. 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 

1979.................... 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 

1980.................... 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 

1981.................... 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 

1982.................... 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 

1983.................... 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 

1984.................... 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 

1985................... 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 

19863

.................. 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 

1987.................... 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 

1988..................... 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 

1989..................... 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 

19903

.................. 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 

1991..................... 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 

1992................... 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 

1993................... 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 

19943

.................. 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 

1995................... 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 

1996................... 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 

19973

.................. 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 

19983

.................. 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 

19993................... 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 

20003

.................. 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 

2001.................... 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 

2002................... 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 

20033

.................... 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 

20043

.................. 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 

20053

................ 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2 

Year

Women

See footnotes at end of table.
60

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2005 annual averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time1 Usually part time2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970..................... 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971..................... 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

19723

.................. 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

19733.................. 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974..................... 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975..................... 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976..................... 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977..................... 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

19783

.................. 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979.................... 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980.................... 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981.................... 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982.................... 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983.................... 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984.................... 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985................... 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

19863

.................. 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987.................... 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988..................... 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989..................... 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

19903

.................. 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991..................... 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992................... 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993................... 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

19943

.................. 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995................... 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996................... 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

19973

.................. 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

19983

.................. 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

19993

................... 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

20003

.................. 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001.................... 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002................... 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

20033

.................... 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

20043

.................. 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

20053

................ 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

Year

Men

1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part

time but who worked 35 or more hours during the reference

week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in

the part-time total. In all years, the total includes those who

usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during

the reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as illness

or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference

week who usually work full time. These groups are not shown

separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less

than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work for the

entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who

worked 35 or more hours during the reference week. These

groups are not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been

affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section

of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
61

Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural

industries by sex, 1976-2005 annual averages 

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976......... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977......... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978......... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979......... 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980......... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981......... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982......... 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983......... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984......... 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985......... 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986......... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987......... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988......... 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989......... 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990......... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991......... 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992......... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993......... 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

19941

........ 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995......... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996......... 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997......... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998......... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999......... 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

20001

........ 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001......... 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002......... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003......... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004......... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005........ 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

Year

1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by methodological

and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the

Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly

BLS periodical.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
62

Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2004

(Percent distribution)

Year

Total

Total, both sexes 

1970...................... 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 

1975...................... 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 

1980...................... 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 

1985...................... 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 

1990...................... 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 

1995...................... 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 

20001

..................... 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 

2003...................... 222,509 150,689 67.7 100.0 79.8 66.3 13.6 20.2 10.2 10.0 

2004..................... 225,236 152,235 67.6 100.0 79.9 66.8 13.1 20.1 10.2 9.9 

Women

1970...................... 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 

1975...................... 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 

1980...................... 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 

1985...................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 

1990...................... 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

1995...................... 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 

20001

..................... 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 

2003...................... 115,269 71,150 61.7 100.0 72.1 58.8 13.3 27.9 14.5 13.4 

2004..................... 116,534 71,683 61.5 100.0 71.9 59.0 13.0 28.1 14.7 13.4 

Men

1970...................... 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 

1975...................... 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 

1980...................... 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 

1985...................... 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 

1990...................... 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 

1995...................... 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 

20001

..................... 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 

2003...................... 107,241 79,539 74.2 100.0 86.8 73.0 13.8 13.2 6.3 6.9 

2004...................... 108,702 80,552 74.1 100.0 87.0 73.8 13.2 13.0 6.2 6.8 

1 to 49

weeks Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks

Population 

(in 

thousands)

With work experience With work experience

Total (in 

thousands)

Percent of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes

in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see

the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

NOTE: See Technical Note for an explanation of the work

experience concept.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971-

2005, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics
63

Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total

Husband 

and 

wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967........... 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968......... 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969......... 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970......... 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971......... 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972......... 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973......... 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974......... 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975......... 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976......... 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977......... 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978......... 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979......... 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980......... 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981......... 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982......... 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983......... 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984......... 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985......... 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986......... 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987......... 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988......... 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148

1989......... 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138

1990......... 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164

1991......... 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197

1992......... 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199

1993......... 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156

1994......... 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151

1995......... 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127

1996......... 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123

1997......... 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158

1998......... 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141

1999......... 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167

2000......... 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139

2001......... 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129

2002......... 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121

2003......... 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117

2004......... 58,179 7,997 14,381 10,852 2,990 539 35,801 33,221 1,843 613 125

 See note at end of table.

Two earners or more

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner
64

Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2004—Continued

(Percent distribution)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967........... 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968......... 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 0.8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969......... 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 0.8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970......... 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 0.7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971......... 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 0.7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972......... 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 0.9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973......... 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 0.9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974......... 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975......... 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976......... 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977......... 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978......... 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979......... 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980......... 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981......... 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982......... 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983......... 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984......... 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985......... 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986........... 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987......... 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988......... 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 .3

1989......... 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 0.8 .3

1990......... 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 0.9 .3

1991......... 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4

1992......... 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4

1993......... 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3

1994......... 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3

1995......... 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2

1996......... 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2

1997......... 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3

1998......... 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3

1999......... 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 0.9 .3

2000......... 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2

2001......... 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 0.9 .2

2002......... 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2

2003......... 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 0.9 .2

2004......... 100.0 13.7 24.7 18.7 5.1 0.9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.1 .2

Year

Total No earners

One earner Two earners or more

 - Dash indicates data not available.

 NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and

Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience

of the entire year.

 SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplement 1968-

2005 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau

of Labor Statistics
65

Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to 

family income, 1970-2004

1970.....................................

1971.....................................

1972....................................

1973.....................................

1974.....................................

1975.....................................

1976.....................................

1977.....................................

1978....................................

1979....................................

1980.....................................

1981....................................

1982....................................

1983.....................................

1984.....................................

1985.....................................

1986....................................

1987....................................

1988....................................

1989.....................................

1990.....................................

1991.....................................

1992.....................................

1993.....................................

1994.....................................

1995.....................................

1996.....................................

1997.....................................

1998.....................................

1999.....................................

2000.....................................

2001.....................................

2002.....................................

2003.....................................

2004....................................

34.8

35.2

34.8

32.8

33.5

34.4

31.9

32.6

32.7

32.8

31.3

32.4

32.2

31.9

29.5

29.6

29.9

30.7

28.8

28.4

28.3

29.0

26.0

26.7

27.3

28.4

26.3

26.4

26.1

26.1

27.5

26.7

26.0

25.4

Year

Contribution to 

family income 

(median percent)

26.6

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements 1971-2005 Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
66

Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple 

families in which 

wife (but not 

necessarily 

husband) had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than their

husbands1

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than

their husbands1

Married-couple 

families in which 

both wife and 

husband had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than their

husbands2

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than

their husbands2

1987......... 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988......... 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989......... 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990......... 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991......... 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992......... 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993......... 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994......... 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995......... 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996......... 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997......... 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998......... 35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999......... 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000......... 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001......... 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002......... 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003......... 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004......... 36,802 12,004 32.6 33,201 8,402 25.3

Year

Families in which wives have earnings 

but husbands may not

Families in which both wives and husbands 

have earnings

1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from

work. 2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from

work.

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and

Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year.

SOURCE: 1988-2005 Annual Social and Economic Supplements, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics
67

Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum

wage by selected characteristics, 2005 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 75,609 1,882 2.5 479 1,403

 16 to 24 years................................................... 16,374 1,002 6.1 283 720

 25 years and over.............................................. 59,235 880 1.5 196 683

Women, 16 years and over................................... 37,957 1,234 3.3 290 944

 16 to 24 years................................................... 8,086 650 8.0 153 496

 25 years and over.............................................. 29,871 584 2.0 137 447

Men, 16 years and over......................................... 37,652 648 1.7 189 459

 16 to 24 years................................................... 8,288 353 4.3 130 223

 25 years and over.............................................. 29,364 296 1.0 60 236

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White............................................................... 60,978 1,537 2.5 349 1,188

 Women............................................................ 30,078 1,053 3.5 216 836

 Men.................................................................. 30,901 485 1.6 133 352

Black or African American.................................... 9,793 215 2.2 96 119

 Women............................................................ 5,372 111 2.1 54 57

 Men.................................................................. 4,421 105 2.4 42 63

Asian.................................................................. 2,720 65 2.4 14 51

 Women............................................................ 1,437 35 2.4 9 26

 Men.................................................................. 1,283 30 2.3 5 25

Hispanic or Latino ................................................ 12,527 282 2.2 71 210

 Women...................................................... 5,060 167 3.3 42 125

 Men............................................................ 7,467 114 1.5 29 85

Full- and part-time status1

Full-time workers................................................. 57,385 752 1.3 143 608

 Women............................................................. 25,474 430 1.7 74 356

 Men................................................................ 31,911 321 1.0 69 252

Part-time workers................................................ 18,084 1,126 6.2 336 790

 Women............................................................ 12,415 799 6.4 216 583

 Men................................................................ 5,669 327 5.8 120 207

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

Federal 

minimum wage

Below prevailing 

Federal 

minimum wage

 1 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based

on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because

full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a

small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $5.15 per

hour in 2005. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the

incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on

his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are

paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers

are not included. Estimates for the above race groups (white,

black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any

race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
68

 1 Contingent workers are those who do not have an implicit or explicit contract for ongoing employment. Persons

who do not expect to continue in their jobs for personal

reasons, such as retirement or returning to school, are not

considered contingent workers, provided that they would

have the option of continuing in the job were it not for these

personal reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and salary workers who expect their jobs will last for an additional year or

less and who had worked at their jobs for 1 year or less.

Estimate 2 includes wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and independent contractors who expect their employment to last for an additional year or less and who had

worked at their jobs (or been self-employed) for 1 year or

less. Estimate 3 includes all workers who do not expect their

jobs to last. This is the broadest definition of contingency and

estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in estimate 3.

Noncontingent workers are those workers who do not fall into

any of the three definitions of contingency.

SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work arrangements

supplement to the Current Population Survey, February 2005,

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics

Table 27. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent 

status, February 2005

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and over............ 138,952 1.8 2.3 4.1 95.9

 16 to 19 years......................... 5,510 5.6 6.1 8.6 91.4

 20 to 24 years........................ 13,114 4.6 5.2 8.2 91.8

 25 to 34 years........................ 30,103 2.3 2.9 4.8 95.2

 35 to 44 years......................... 34,481 1.2 1.7 3.0 97.0

 45 to 54 years........................ 32,947 0.8 1.2 2.7 97.3

 55 to 64 years........................ 17,980 0.8 1.1 3.0 97.0

 65 years and over................... 4,817 1.6 2.3 5.2 94.8

Women, 16 years and over......... 65,006 1.8 2.4 4.3 95.7

 16 to 19 years........................ 2,931 5.6 6.2 8.4 91.6

 20 to 24 years........................ 6,186 4.0 4.8 7.8 92.2

 25 to 34 years........................ 13,480 2.2 2.7 4.6 95.4

 35 to 44 years........................ 15,958 1.1 1.7 3.2 96.8

 45 to 54 years......................... 15,754 1.1 1.6 3.2 96.8

 55 to 64 years......................... 8,495 0.9 1.1 3.2 96.8

 65 years and over..................... 2,202 2.6 3.5 7.2 92.8

Men, 16 years and over............... 73,946 1.8 2.2 3.9 96.1

 16 to 19 years........................ 2,579 5.6 6.1 8.9 91.2

 20 to 24 years........................ 6,928 5.2 5.7 8.6 91.4

 25 to 34 years......................... 16,624 2.4 3.1 5.0 95.0

 35 to 44 years........................ 18,523 1.3 1.6 2.9 97.1

 45 to 54 years........................ 17,193 0.6 0.8 2.1 97.9

 55 to 64 years........................ 9,485 0.7 1.1 2.8 97.2

 65 years and over.................. 2,615 0.7 1.3 3.5 96.5

Estimate 1 Estimate 2 Estimate 3 Age and sex Total employed

Contingent workers1

Noncontingent 

workers1
69

Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements, February 2005

Total, 16 years and over.............. 138,952 100.0 7.4 1.8 0.9 0.6 89.1

 16 to 19 years.......................... 5,510 100.0 1.6 2.4 .6 .1 94.3

 20 to 24 years........................ 13,114 100.0 2.7 2.7 1.5 .7 91.9

 25 to 34 years......................... 30,103 100.0 5.0 1.8 1.2 .7 91.1

 35 to 44 years.......................... 34,481 100.0 8.0 1.7 .7 .6 88.9

 45 to 54 years.......................... 32,947 100.0 8.5 1.3 .6 .6 89.0

 55 to 64 years.......................... 17,980 100.0 10.8 1.5 .8 .6 86.2

 65 years and over................... 4,817 100.0 18.3 3.6 .7 .4 76.8

Women, 16 years and over......... 65,006 100.0 5.6 1.9 1.0 .4 91.0

 16 to 19 years.......................... 2,931 100.0 1.9 1.8 .3 - 95.7

 20 to 24 years.......................... 6,186 100.0 2.6 2.5 1.5 .4 92.5

 25 to 34 years.......................... 13,480 100.0 3.8 1.8 1.3 .5 92.6

 35 to 44 years.......................... 15,958 100.0 5.8 2.0 .8 .4 91.0

 45 to 54 years........................ 15,754 100.0 6.6 1.3 .8 .3 90.9

 55 to 64 years.......................... 8,495 100.0 7.7 1.9 1.0 .5 88.8

 65 years and over................... 2,202 100.0 13.3 3.8 .8 .7 81.1

Men, 16 years and over............. 73,946 100.0 9.1 1.7 .8 .8 87.5

 16 to 19 years.......................... 2,579 100.0 1.2 3.2 .9 .3 92.6

 20 to 24 years.......................... 6,928 100.0 2.8 2.9 1.5 .9 91.4

 25 to 34 years.......................... 16,624 100.0 6.1 1.8 1.1 .8 89.9

 35 to 44 years......................... 18,523 100.0 9.8 1.4 .6 .8 87.1

 45 to 54 years......................... 17,193 100.0 10.3 1.2 .4 .8 87.3

 55 to 64 years......................... 9,485 100.0 13.6 1.1 .5 .7 83.9

 65 years and over................... 2,615 100.0 22.5 3.5 .6 .1 73.3

Age and sex

Total 

employed (in 

thousands)

Total 

Percent of workers with alternative arrangements1

Workers with 

traditional 

arrangements

Independent 

contractors

On-call 

workers

Temporary help 

agency workers

Workers 

provided by 

contract firms

1 Independent contractors are workers who were identified as

independent contractors, independent consultants, or freelance

workers, whether they were self-employed or wage and salary

workers. On-call workers are workers who are called to work only

as needed, although they can be scheduled to work for several

days or weeks in a row. Temporary help agency workers are

workers who were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or

not their job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms

are workers who are employed by a company that provides them

or their services to others under contract and who are usually

assigned to only one customer and usually work at the customer's

worksite.

 NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who

do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories.

Detail may not sum to totals because the total employed includes

day laborers (an alternative arrangement, not shown separately)

and a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." Dash represents zero.

SOURCE: Contingent and alternative work arrangements

supplement to the Current Population Survey, February 2005, U.S.

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
70

1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules.2 Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or make changes in

their beginning and ending hours of work, whether or not they have a

formal flexitime program on their job.

NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and

salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week and

exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their

businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanicorigin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group

are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black

population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren,

and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren,

and other related and unrelated children.

SOURCE: May 2004 Flexible schedules and shift work supplement to

the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor

Statistics

Table 29. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2004

 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 16 years and over..................... 99,778 27,411 27.5 43,366 11,558 26.7 56,412 15,853 28.1

16 to 19 years........................... 1,427 336 23.6 524 151 28.9 903 185 20.5

20 years and over....................... 98,351 27,075 27.5 42,842 11,406 26.6 55,509 15,668 28.2

20 to 24 years..................... 9,004 2,058 22.9 3,856 993 25.8 5,147 1,065 20.7

25 to 34 years..................... 24,640 6,902 28.0 10,283 2,851 27.7 14,358 4,051 28.2

35 to 44 years....................... 26,766 7,807 29.2 11,342 3,202 28.2 15,424 4,605 29.9

45 to 54 years..................... 24,855 6,651 26.8 11,415 2,882 25.2 13,440 3,769 28.0

55 to 64 years..................... 11,745 3,181 27.1 5,361 1,316 24.5 6,383 1,865 29.2

65 years and over................ 1,341 475 35.4 585 161 27.6 757 314 41.4

16 to 24 years........................... 10,431 2,394 23.0 4,380 1,144 26.1 6,050 1,250 20.7

25 to 54 years............................ 76,261 21,360 28.0 33,040 8,935 27.0 43,222 12,425 28.7

55 years and over........................13,086 3,656 27.9 5,946 1,477 24.8 7,140 2,179 30.5

White....................................... 80,498 23,121 28.7 34,276 9,539 27.8 46,222 13,582 29.4

Black...................................... 12,578 2,476 19.7 6,131 1,283 20.9 6,447 1,193 18.5

Hispanic origin........................... 14,110 2,596 18.4 5,489 1,166 21.2 8,621 1,430 16.6

Married, spouse present............... 57,630 16,270 28.2 22,704 5,888 25.9 34,926 10,382 29.7

Never married............................. 25,144 6,693 26.6 10,676 3,088 28.9 14,469 3,605 24.9

Other marital status..................... 17,004 4,448 26.2 9,986 2,582 25.9 7,018 1,866 26.6

With no own children under 18...... 61,761 16,759 27.1 27,081 7,349 27.1 34,680 9,410 27.1

With own children under 18........... 38,018 10,652 28.0 16,285 4,209 25.8 21,733 6,443 29.6

 With own children 6 to 17............21,739 5,960 27.4 10,262 2,619 25.5 11,477 3,341 29.1

 With own children under 6......... 16,279 4,692 28.8 6,023 1,590 26.4 10,256 3,102 30.2

Marital status

Presence and age of children

Number Percent of 

total

Age

Race and Hispanic origin

Number Percent of 

total Number Percent of 

total

Characteristic

Both sexes Women Men

Total1

With flexible schedules2

Total1

With flexible schedules2

Total1

With flexible schedules2
71

Table 30. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and over........................ 136,602 20,673 15.1 16.2 49.3 33.7

Married, spouse present.................. 77,243 14,623 18.9 16.4 48.1 34.6

Not married.................................... 59,359 6,050 10.2 15.7 52.2 31.5

Never married......................... 36,857 3,087 8.4 17.7 58.1 23.2

Other marital status.................. 22,502 2,963 13.2 13.6 46.1 40.2

With own children under 18.............. 50,011 8,584 17.2 17.4 47.5 34.0

 With own children under 6......... 21,373 3,599 16.8 19.2 47.3 32.8

With no own children under 18......... 86,591 12,090 14.0 15.4 50.5 33.4

Total, 16 years and over........................ 64,185 9,893 15.4 17.8 51.4 29.4

Married, spouse present.................. 33,750 6,509 19.3 18.2 48.8 31.4

Not married................................... 30,435 3,384 11.1 17.1 56.5 25.5

Never married........................... 16,754 1,522 9.1 19.2 66.2 12.7

Other marital status.................. 13,681 1,862 13.6 15.3 48.6 35.9

With own children under 18.............. 24,108 4,051 16.8 19.9 46.6 31.5

 With own children under 6......... 9,331 1,614 17.3 23.4 42.6 32.6

With no own children under 18......... 40,077 5,842 14.6 16.3 54.8 27.9

Total, 16 years and over........................ 72,417 10,780 14.9 14.7 47.3 37.6

Married, spouse present................... 43,493 8,114 18.7 15.0 47.5 37.1

Not married................................... 28,924 2,666 9.2 13.9 46.8 39.1

Never married........................... 20,104 1,565 7.8 16.2 50.3 33.3

Other marital status.................. 8,820 1,101 12.5 10.5 41.8 47.4

With own children under 18............. 25,903 4,533 17.5 15.1 48.4 36.3

 With own children under 6......... 12,042 1,986 16.5 15.8 51.0 33.0

With no own children under 18......... 46,514 6,247 13.4 14.5 46.5 38.6

Unpaid

Total

Women

Men

sex, and pay status, May 2004

Characteristic Total employed3

Persons who usually worked at home1

Total Rate

Percent distribution by class of worker 2

Wage and salary

Self-employed 4

Paid

1 Persons who usually work at home are defined as those who

work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. 2 Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers who did

not report pay status are included in total but not shown separately. 3 Includes persons who did not provide information on work at

home. 4 Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.

NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and

adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren,

and other related and unrelated children.

SOURCE: May 2004 Work at Home supplement to the Current

Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
72

 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure

on a job they had lost or left between January 2003 and

December 2005 because of plant or company closings or

moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions

or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black

or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because

data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons

whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of

any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as

by race.

SOURCE: January 2006 Displaced Worker supplement

to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Labor Statistics

Table 31. Displaced workers1 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2006

(Numbers in thousands)

Total

Total, 20 years and over........................ 3,815 100.0 69.9 13.4 16.7

 20 to 24 years.................................... 111 100.0 66.4 21.4 12.2

 25 to 54 years.................................... 2,841 100.0 74.5 13.4 12.0

 55 to 64 years.................................... 728 100.0 60.6 12.3 27.0

 65 years and over.............................. 135 100.0 25.4 10.8 63.8

Women, 20 years and over.................... 1,739 100.0 65.6 13.1 21.3

 20 to 24 years.................................... 44 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 25 to 54 years................................... 1,289 100.0 69.6 14.2 16.2

 55 to 64 years................................... 350 100.0 59.7 10.0 30.3

 65 years and over............................. 55 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

Men, 20 years and over....................... 2,076 100.0 73.5 13.6 12.9

 20 to 24 years................................... 67 100.0 77.4 21.4 1.2

 25 to 54 years................................... 1,552 100.0 78.6 12.8 8.5

 55 to 64 years................................... 377 100.0 61.5 14.5 24.0

 65 years and over............................. 80 100.0 27.5 18.3 54.2

White

Total, 20 years and over....................... 3,169 100.0 70.0 13.2 16.8

 Women.......................................... 1,386 100.0 64.8 13.3 22.0

 Men.............................................. 1,784 100.0 74.1 13.1 12.8

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and over...................... 452 100.0 71.2 13.4 15.4

 Women........................................... 271 100.0 70.7 11.5 17.9

 Men................................................. 181 100.0 72.1 16.3 11.6

Asian

Total, 20 years and over...................... 113 100.0 72.0 12.3 15.7

 Women........................................... 48 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 Men............................................... 65 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and over...................... 416 100.0 60.2 22.9 16.9

 Women............................................ 187 100.0 56.2 20.3 23.5

 Men............................................... 230 100.0 63.5 25.0 11.5

Age, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity Total 

Percent distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor force
73

Table 32. Labor force status of 2005 high school graduates and 2004-05 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old

by school enrollment and sex, October 2005

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 2005 high school graduates............. 2,675 1,529 57.2 1,320 49.3 209 13.7 1,146

 Women.................................................. 1,414 778 55.0 668 47.2 110 14.2 635

 Men....................................................... 1,262 751 59.5 652 51.7 99 13.1 511

 Enrolled in college.................................... 1,834 869 47.4 795 43.4 73 8.4 965

 Women................................................ 995 463 46.5 431 43.3 31 6.8 533

 Men..................................................... 839 406 48.4 364 43.4 42 10.3 433

 Not enrolled in college................................ 841 660 78.5 525 62.4 136 20.6 181

 Women................................................ 418 315 75.4 236 56.5 79 25.1 103

 Men..................................................... 423 345 81.6 288 68.2 57 16.4 78

Total, 2004-05 high school dropouts1 407 233 57.2 156 38.3 77 32.9 174

 Women................................................ 180 97 54.0 69 38.4 28 28.8 83

 Men..................................................... 227 136 59.7 87 38.3 49 35.9 91

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total Percent of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

1 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between

October 2004 and October 2005.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals.

SOURCE: October 2005 Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
74

Table 33. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2005

(Numbers in thousands)

Enrolled in school.............................. 20,905 9,442 45.2 8,528 40.8 914 9.7 11,462

 Enrolled in high school1

........................ 9,905 3,075 31.0 2,552 25.8 523 17.0 6,830

 Women........................................... 4,671 1,547 33.1 1,260 27.0 287 18.6 3,123

 Men................................................. 5,234 1,528 29.2 1,292 24.7 236 15.4 3,706

 Enrolled in college................................ 11,000 6,367 57.9 5,976 54.3 391 6.1 4,633

 Women........................................... 5,965 3,551 59.5 3,356 56.3 195 5.5 2,414

 Men................................................. 5,034 2,816 55.9 2,620 52.0 196 7.0 2,218

Not enrolled in school......................... 15,856 12,896 81.3 11,504 72.6 1,392 10.8 2,960

 Women.............................................. 7,578 5,656 74.6 5,062 66.8 594 10.5 1,921

 Less than a high school diploma .......... 1,449 776 53.5 611 42.2 165 21.2 673

 High school graduates, no college2

 ...... 3,219 2,355 73.2 2,083 64.7 271 11.5 864

 Some college or associate degree ....... 1,861 1,553 83.4 1,430 76.8 123 7.9 308

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 1,049 973 92.8 938 89.4 35 3.6 76

 Men................................................... 8,279 7,240 87.5 6,442 77.8 798 11.0 1,039

 Less than a high school diploma .......... 2,009 1,602 79.8 1,357 67.5 246 15.3 406

 High school graduates, no college2

 ...... 3,849 3,381 87.8 3,018 78.4 363 10.7 468

 Some college or associate degree ....... 1,713 1,576 92.0 1,424 83.1 153 9.7 137

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 708 681 96.1 644 90.9 37 5.4 27

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

 1 Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below

high school. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals.

SOURCE: October 2005 Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
75

Table 34. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2005,

not seasonally adjusted

(Numbers in thousands)

Multiple jobholders

Number

Percent of 

all multiple 

jobholders

1970......... 78,358 4,048 636 15.7 3,412 5.2 2.2 7.0 5.3 4.4

1971......... 78,708 4,035 765 19.0 3,270 5.1 2.6 6.7 5.3 3.8

1972......... 81,224 3,770 735 19.5 3,035 4.6 2.4 6.0 4.8 3.7

1973......... 83,758 4,262 869 20.4 3,393 5.1 2.7 6.6 5.1 4.7

1974......... 85,786 3,889 867 22.3 3,022 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.6 3.8

1975......... 84,146 3,918 956 24.4 2,962 4.7 2.9 5.8 4.8 3.7

1976......... 87,278 3,948 911 23.1 3,037 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.7 2.8

1977......... 90,482 4,558 1,241 27.2 3,317 5.0 3.4 6.2 5.3 2.6

1978......... 93,904 4,493 1,281 28.5 3,212 4.8 3.3 5.8 5.0 3.1

1979......... 96,327 4,724 1,407 29.8 3,317 4.9 3.5 5.9 5.1 3.0

1980......... 96,809 4,759 1,549 32.5 3,210 4.9 3.8 5.8 5.1 3.2

1985......... 106,878 5,730 2,192 38.3 3,537 5.4 4.7 5.9 5.7 3.2

1989......... 117,084 7,225 3,109 43.0 4,115 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.5 4.3

1991........... 116,626 7,183 3,129 43.6 4,054 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.4 4.9

1994......... 122,946 7,316 3,343 45.7 3,973 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 4.9

1995.......... 124,554 7,952 3,727 46.9 4,225 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.2

1996......... 126,391 7,846 3,494 44.5 4,352 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.1

1997......... 129,565 8,197 3,800 46.4 4,398 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.5 5.7

1998......... 131,476 8,126 3,688 45.4 4,438 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.5

1999......... 133,411 7,895 3,778 47.9 4,117 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.5

2000......... 136,685 7,751 3,667 47.3 4,084 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.9 4.9

2001......... 137,121 7,540 3,626 48.1 3,914 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.3

2002......... 136,559 7,247 3,511 48.4 3,736 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.7

2003......... 137,567 7,338 3,498 47.7 3,841 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.3

2004......... 138,867 7,258 3,605 49.7 3,653 5.2 5.6 4.9 5.3 5.1

2005......... 141,730 6,895 3,402 49.3 3,493 4.9 5.2 4.6 5.4 4.4

Men White

Black or 

African 

American2

Year Total 

employed

Multiple jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Men Total Women

1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in

specified group.

2 Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-and-other population group.

NOTE: Data from 1994-2004 are not strictly comparable with

data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes

and Estimates of Error in Employment and Earnings. Comprehensive surveys of multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981-84,

1986-88, 1990, and 1992-93.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
76

Table 35. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2005 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a percent of 

total

1976...... 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8

1977..... 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7

1978..... 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2

1979..... 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2

1980..... 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0

1981..... 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9

1982..... 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8

1983..... 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2

1984...... 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0

1985..... 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3

1986..... 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1

1987..... 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9

1988...... 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7

1989..... 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4

1990...... 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8

1991..... 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6

1992..... 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5

1993..... 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2

1994..... 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2

1995..... 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6

1996..... 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1

1997..... 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2

1998..... 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9

1999..... 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0

2000..... 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4

2001..... 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4

2002...... 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2

2003..... 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6

2004...... 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1

2005..... 141,730 9,509 6.7 65,757 3,565 5.4 75,973 5,944 7.8 37.5

Selfemployed 

women as 

percent of 

total selfemployed

Year

Total Women Men

NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the

2002 Census industry classification system derived from the 2002

North American Industry Classification System into the Current

Population Survey (CPS).

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
77

Table 36. Employment status of the native-born1 and foreign-born2 civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex,

2004 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Both sexes

Native born:1

 16 years and over............ 191,594 125,968 65.7 118,997 62.1 6,971 5.5 65,626

 16 to 24 years............... 32,228 19,771 61.3 17,352 53.8 2,419 12.2 12,457

 25 to 34 years................ 31,118 26,219 84.3 24,753 79.5 1,466 5.6 4,899

 35 to 44 years.................. 35,745 30,072 84.1 28,793 80.5 1,280 4.3 5,673

 45 to 54 years................ 35,904 29,452 82.0 28,374 79.0 1,079 3.7 6,451

 55 to 64 years.................. 25,625 15,963 62.3 15,386 60.0 577 3.6 9,661

 65 years and over........... 30,975 4,490 14.5 4,339 14.0 151 3.4 26,484

Foreign born:2

 16 years and over............ 31,763 21,433 67.5 20,255 63.8 1,178 5.5 10,330

 16 to 24 years................ 4,191 2,497 59.6 2,278 54.4 219 8.8 1,694

 25 to 34 years............... 7,821 5,988 76.6 5,670 72.5 318 5.3 1,833

 35 to 44 years............... 7,481 6,085 81.3 5,787 77.4 298 4.9 1,396

 45 to 54 years................ 5,342 4,305 80.6 4,096 76.7 210 4.9 1,036

 55 to 64 years................ 3,294 2,050 62.2 1,945 59.0 105 5.1 1,244

 65 years and over........... 3,634 507 14.0 479 13.2 28 5.5 3,127

Women

Native born:1

 16 years and over............ 99,797 59,893 60.0 56,736 56.9 3,158 5.3 39,904

 16 to 24 years................. 16,123 9,673 60.0 8,600 53.3 1,074 11.1 6,450

 25 to 34 years................ 15,905 12,259 77.1 11,602 72.9 657 5.4 3,646

 35 to 44 years................ 18,326 14,139 77.2 13,544 73.9 595 4.2 4,187

 45 to 54 years................ 18,395 14,222 77.3 13,720 74.6 502 3.5 4,173

 55 to 64 years................. 13,293 7,594 57.1 7,331 55.2 263 3.5 5,699

 65 years and over........... 17,755 2,006 11.3 1,939 10.9 67 3.4 15,749

Foreign born:2

 16 years and over............ 15,849 8,528 53.8 7,992 50.4 536 6.3 7,321

 16 to 24 years................. 1,938 922 47.6 833 43.0 89 9.7 1,016

 25 to 34 years................ 3,676 2,150 58.5 2,003 54.5 147 6.8 1,526

 35 to 44 years................ 3,644 2,480 68.0 2,336 64.1 144 5.8 1,165

 45 to 54 years................ 2,690 1,901 70.7 1,798 66.8 103 5.4 789

 55 to 64 years................ 1,732 872 50.3 826 47.7 46 5.3 861

 65 years and over........... 2,169 204 9.4 196 9.1 8 3.9 1,965

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

 Total force Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force 

See footnotes at end of table.
78

1 Native-born persons are those who were born in the United

States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born abroad of

a U.S.-citizen parent. 2 Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States who

were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas,

such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a

U.S. citizen. This group primarily includes legally admitted immigrants, but also includes refugees, students, temporary workers,

and undocumented aliens.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics

Table 36. Employment status of the native-born1 and foreign-born2 civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex,

2004 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Men

Native born:1

 16 years and over............ 91,797 66,075 72.0 62,261 67.8 3,813 5.8 25,722

 16 to 24 years................ 16,105 10,098 62.7 8,753 54.3 1,345 13.3 6,007

 25 to 34 years................ 15,212 13,960 91.8 13,151 86.4 809 5.8 1,253

 35 to 44 years................ 17,419 15,933 91.5 15,249 87.5 685 4.3 1,486

 45 to 54 years................ 17,509 15,230 87.0 14,654 83.7 577 3.8 2,278

 55 to 64 years................ 12,332 8,369 67.9 8,055 65.3 314 3.8 3,963

 65 years and over........... 13,219 2,484 18.8 2,401 18.2 84 3.4 10,735

Foreign born:2

 16 years and over............. 15,913 12,905 81.1 12,263 77.1 642 5.0 3,008

 16 to 24 years................ 2,253 1,575 69.9 1,445 64.2 130 8.2 678

 25 to 34 years................ 4,145 3,838 92.6 3,667 88.4 172 4.5 307

 35 to 44 years................ 3,836 3,606 94.0 3,451 90.0 155 4.3 231

 45 to 54 years................ 2,652 2,405 90.7 2,298 86.6 107 4.5 247

 55 to 64 years................ 1,562 1,178 75.4 1,119 71.7 59 5.0 384

 65 years and over........... 1,465 303 20.7 283 19.3 20 6.6 1,162

Country of birth, 

age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

 Total force Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force 
79

Table 37. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2005

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, both sexes Women

Members of unions1 Represented by unions2 Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed

1983......... 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984......... 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985....... 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

19863

...... 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987......... 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988....... 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989......... 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

19903

...... 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991......... 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992....... 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993....... 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

19943

...... 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995....... 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996......... 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

19973

...... 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

19983

...... 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

19993

...... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

2000....... 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001....... 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

20023

...... 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003....... 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004......... 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005...... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

Year Total 

employed

Total 

employed

See footnotes at end of table.
80

Table 37. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by 

sex, annual averages, 1983-2005—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Men

Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of employed

1983......... 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984....... 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985....... 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

19863

...... 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987......... 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988......... 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989....... 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

19903

...... 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991......... 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992....... 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993......... 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

19943

...... 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995....... 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996......... 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

19973

...... 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

19983

...... 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

19993

...... 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000......... 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001....... 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

20023

...... 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003....... 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004....... 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005....... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

Year Total 

employed

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members but whose jobs

are covered by a union or employee association contract. 3

 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation, see

"Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error in Employment and Earnings.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.

All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether or not their

businesses are incorporated.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau

of Labor Statistics
81

The estimates in this report were obtained from the

Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly

sample survey of approximately 60,000 households,

which provides a wide range of information on the labor

force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are

collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The

survey is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by

the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 States and the District

of Columbia.

Over its history, numerous changes have been made in

the CPS questionnaire, methodology, and estimation procedures to improve the quality of the data that the survey

produces. In January 2003, several major changes were introduced to the CPS. As a result, most data for 2003 forward

are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. These

changes include the following:

• Population controls were updated by the Census Bureau

to incorporate new intercensal information and assumptions about the growth of the population, especially estimates of net international migration.

• The survey questions on Hispanic ethnicity and race were

modified to comply with new standards on race and

ethnicity data from Federal agencies. In accordance with

the new standards, individuals now are asked whether

they are of Hispanic ethnicity before being asked about

their race. Also, individuals now are asked directly if they

are Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino, instead of being asked a

general question on country of origin. With respect to

race, the response category of Asian and Pacific Islanders was split into two categories: Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders. In accordance with the

new standards, individuals were allowed to choose more

than one race category. Prior to 2003, individuals who

considered themselves to belong to more than one race

were required to select a single primary race. In this

report, data by race for 2003 forward include only those

who choose a single race category.

• New occupational and industrial classification systems

were introduced. These systems were derived from the

2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and the

2002 North American Industry Classification System

(NAICS). The new classification systems differ substantially from the previous systems. The introduction of the

Technical Note

new occupational and industrial classification systems

effectively created a break in series from 2000 forward for

data disaggregated by class of worker status—that is,

the classification of workers as either self-employed or

wage and salary. This change resulted in a slightly lower

estimate of the number of wage and salary workers and in

minor revisions to the earnings measures for 2000-2002.

Users therefore may note some differences with previously published women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios for

those years.

Additionally, data for 2004 are not strictly comparable

with data for 2003 and earlier years because of the introduction in January 2004 of further revisions to the population

controls used in the CPS.

For more information about these and other recent

changes to the survey, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003

issue of Employment and Earnings on the Internet at

www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf or the “Explanatory Notes and

Estimates of Error” section of the February 2005 and subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings.

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with

appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.

This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message

referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Concepts and Definitions

Concepts used in this report are defined below.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed.

Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid civilians;

(b) worked in their own business or profession or on their

own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in

a family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their

jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another

reason.

Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who

had no employment during the survey week, were available

for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off

from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be

looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
82

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional

population.

Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Race. White, black or African American, and Asian are terms

used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data

for the remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaska

Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons who selected more than one race category—are included in totals but are not shown separately because the

number of survey respondents was too small to develop

estimates of sufficient quality for publication. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons

who identified themselves in the CPS enumeration process

as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any

race.

Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing

together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.

Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and

salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any

overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the

principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of

self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether

their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week.

Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly,

biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how

much they usually earn in the reported period. Earnings

reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a

weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the

respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual,

interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than

half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Medians of weekly earnings. The median is the amount that

divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,

one having earnings above the median, and the other having

earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure

for determining the median of an earnings distribution places

each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-

wide interval that is centered on a multiple of $50. The value

of the median is estimated through a linear interpolation of

the interval in which the median lies. Over-the-year changes

in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be

consistent with the movements estimated for the overall

group boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change in the

relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians

of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may

rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for

a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median

could actually fall. (2) There could be a large change in the

shape of the distribution of reported earnings. This could be

caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded

values, for example, $250, $300, or $400. An estimate lying in

a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or

“spike,” tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Medians, for example, measure the central tendency of

a multipeaked distribution that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the

same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time

to move through a frequently reported interval but, once

above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such

irregular movements of the measures; however, users should

be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term

changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the medians.

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked during

the reference week. For example, persons who normally work

40 hours a week but were off during Columbus Day holiday

would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they

were paid for the holiday.

Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on

persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily

absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hoursworked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are

persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week

for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s

normal schedule from his or her activity during the reference

week, persons also are classified according to their usual

full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers are

those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group includes some individuals who worked

less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic

or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily

absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers are those

who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs),

regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference

week. This may include some individuals who actually

worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as

those who are temporarily absent from work.

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece

rates. The group includes employees in both the private and

public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, ex-
83

cludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether their

businesses are incorporated.

Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage

are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included in the full- and

part-time worker tables in this report, along with salaried

workers and other workers not paid by the hour. (Data for

workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately.)

Work experience. These data reflect the work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey. Persons who worked were those who

answered “yes” to the following questions from the ASEC:

“Did you work at a job or business at any time during (the

year)?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during (the year)?” Since

the reference period is a full year, the number of persons

with some employment or unemployment greatly exceeds

the average levels for any given month, which are based on

a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual

averages of monthly estimates.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more

than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Standard errors included in this report were rounded for presentation

purposes, as were the earnings estimates. Consequently, a

precise confidence interval cannot be constructed using

these data.

CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to

obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing

of data.

For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the

CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the

“Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of the

Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment and Earnings

publication.