FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

February 17, 2021

Christopher M. Wolpert

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

GLADYS NKOME,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 18-3261

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Kansas

(D.C. No. 2:17-CR-20021-DDC-2)

Kayla Gassmann, Appellate Attorney (Melody Brannon, Federal Public Defender,

David M. Magariel, Assistant Federal Public Defender, with her on the briefs),

Office of the Federal Public Defender, Kansas City, Kansas, for DefendantAppellant.

Jared S. Maag, Assistant United States Attorney (Stephen R. McAllister, United

States Attorney, and James A. Brown, Assistant United States Attorney, with him

on the brief), Office of the United States Attorney, District of Kansas, Topeka,

Kansas, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before HOLMES, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.

HOLMES, Circuit Judge.
Defendant-Appellant Gladys Nkome challenges the district court’s denial of

a mitigating-role adjustment under United States Sentencing Guideline

(“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”) § 3B1.2. After careful consideration of Ms.

Nkome’s arguments, we conclude that the district court did not err. Therefore,

exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

I

A

Prior to her arrest in May 2017, Ms. Nkome participated in an international

“advance-fee” conspiracy managed by individuals located in the Republic of

Cameroon. R., Vol. III, at 94, 124 (Amended Presentence Investigation Report,

filed Feb. 19, 2019). The Cameroon-based organizers created websites that

purportedly sold legal and illegal goods. They convinced prospective online

buyers to wire purchase money to fictitious U.S.-based sellers. A U.S.-based

individual posing as a seller—a so-called “money mule”—would retrieve the

wired money, take a percentage, and send the remainder overseas to the

conspiracy’s organizers. Id. at 94. The buyers would never receive the items that

they sought to purchase.

For approximately thirteen months, Ms. Nkome used at least thirty-five (35)

fraudulent identities to collect $357,078.74 in wire transfers connected to the

2
conspiracy. Id. at 124. Ms. Nkome’s co-defendant, Roderich Nkarakwi,

1

also

engaged in money-mule activities in furtherance of the conspiracy, but his

conspiratorial conduct extended beyond that role. Mr. Nkarakwi communicated

with conspirators in Cameroon and directly facilitated Ms. Nkome’s money-mule

activity by, among other things, helping her to obtain her false identities. After

each transaction, Ms. Nkome transferred seventy to eighty percent of her proceeds

to the conspiracy’s organizers outside the U.S. Between 2014 and 2017, Mr.

Nkarakwi also regularly participated in this conspiracy. He collected at least

$481,578.01 and used no fewer than ninety-five (95) different false identities.

Mr. Nkarakwi also retained twenty to thirty percent of the gross proceeds from his

money-mule activities and remitted the rest (i.e., seventy to eighty percent)

overseas to conspirators.

B

In May 2017, a federal grand jury sitting in the U.S. District Court for the

District of Kansas returned a six-count indictment against Ms. Nkome and Mr.

Nkarakwi, charging them with conspiracy to commit wire fraud under 18 U.S.C.

1 As we discuss infra, the district court found relevant to its analysis of

Ms. Nkome’s knowledge of the criminal conspiracy’s scope and structure the fact

that she and Mr. Nkarakwi—who undisputedly played more roles in the

conspiracy than Ms. Nkome—had had a personal relationship; indeed, he was the

father of her child. See R., Vol. II, at 119, 127.

3
§ 1349 (count I) and several substantive wire-fraud offenses in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1343 (counts II through VI).

Ms. Nkome pleaded guilty in April 2018 to the indictment’s conspiracy

count without a written plea agreement. The U.S. Probation Office prepared a

Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”)

2

that set Ms. Nkome’s base offense

level at seven, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(a)(1). The PSR purported to take

into account solely Ms. Nkome’s own activities involving her “use of false

identities to pick up wire transfer monies” (as opposed to basing the amount on

the loss caused by the overall conspiracy) in calculating the loss amount

attributable to her. R., Vol. III, at 124. It elevated her adjusted offense level by

twelve, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(G), based on a loss amount of between

$250,000 and $550,000. After making additional offense-level adjustments, not

relevant here, the PSR set her total adjustment offense level at twenty. With a

criminal history category of I, the PSR set Ms. Nkome’s advisory Guidelines

sentencing range at thirty-three to forty-one months’ imprisonment.

Ms. Nkome objected to certain aspects of the PSR and subsequently filed a

sentencing memorandum to support her position. As relevant here, Ms. Nkome

contended that the Probation Office should have recommended her for a

2 The Probation Office relied on the 2016 edition of the Guidelines in

preparing the PSR. Because this decision has not been challenged on appeal, we

also rely on that edition in resolving the sentencing issues in this appeal.

4
mitigating-role adjustment pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2

3

and argued that the loss

amount that the office attributed to her was unreasonable. More specifically, as

to the mitigating-role adjustment, Ms. Nkome contended she should have received

the adjustment because she was merely “a ‘money mule’ and her role was limited

to picking up money at certain locations and sending the majority of the funds on

to others.” R., Vol. III, at 169. Ms. Nkome perceived the various participants in

the conspiracy as falling into tiers of culpability—with the “Leader organizer” at

the top and the “Money mule” at the bottom. Id. at 169–70. And, when her

limited role was considered in a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis, Ms.

Nkome reasoned that the PSR should have recommended her for a mitigating-role

adjustment. See id. at 169–70. The Probation Office, however, disagreed. It

reasoned that, “though comparisons of Ms. Nkome to people who performed other

roles [in the conspiracy] may be helpful in distinguishing duties, the comparisons

do not demonstrate that [Ms. Nkome] was substantially less culpable than the

average participant,” which is a necessary showing for a mitigating-role

3 Briefly stated, the Guidelines authorize a four-level reduction for a

defendant who was “a minimal participant in any criminal activity,” a two-level

reduction for a defendant who was “a minor participant” in the criminal activity,

and a three-level reduction for a defendant whose participation in the criminal

activity was of an “intermediate” level—between “minimal” and “minor.”

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 & cmt. n.3(C).

5
adjustment. Id. at 172. The Probation Office found that, in terms of culpability,

Ms. Nkome was “an average participant.” Id.

C

The district court conducted a sentencing hearing. There, the court heard

testimony from the law-enforcement case agent concerning the nature of the

fraudulent conspiracy and Ms. Nkome’s role in it, and then heard arguments from

the parties. Partway through the hearing the parties reached an agreement

concerning the loss amount, stipulating that the loss was “more than [$]95,000 but

less than [$]150,000.” R., Vol. II, at 89. However, Ms. Nkome maintained her

objection regarding the mitigating-role adjustment.

Based on its consideration of the testimonial evidence, the PSR’s findings,

and the parties’ arguments, the district court determined Ms. Nkome did not

qualify for a U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 reduction. Id. at 126–30. It reached this decision

in part by applying five non-exhaustive factors set out in Note 3(C) of the

Guidelines commentary. Briefly stated, these factors inquire into the extent to

which the defendant: (1) understood the scope and structure of the criminal

activity; (2) planned or organized the criminal activity; (3) exercised decisionmaking authority regarding the activity; (4) participated in the criminal activity

and possessed discretion and responsibility concerning it; and (5) stood to benefit

from the criminal activity. See U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C).

6
The district court reasoned that, under the view of the record “most

favorable” to Ms. Nkome, the first factor would be no more than “neutral,” but

the court ultimately found that “the evidence [made] it more likely than not that

[Ms. Nkome] understood how [the] conspiracy worked and . . . [her role] in it.”

R., Vol. II, at 126–27. In this regard, the court noted “particularly given [Ms.

Nkome’s] long run participation in [the conspiracy], her connection to her

co-defendant [i.e., Mr. Nkarakwi] who played more positions in the conspiracy

than she did, I think it is more likely on balance than not that she understood well

how this conspiracy worked.” Id. at 127. Next, the court found that factors two

and three supported Ms. Nkome’s position because the evidence did not establish

that she either planned the activity or exercised authority over those who did. Id.

at 127–28 (observing that, based on the parties’ arguments, it is “not persuasive to

believe that she played a significant organizing or planning role or that she

exercised authority or influenced those who did”).

As for the fourth factor, the court found that “this is the factor on which

[Ms. Nkome] does the worst” because “[s]he was a meaningful[,] repeating[,]

persistent participator.” Id. at 128. The court clarified that it was “not

particularly persuaded by arguments that say [Ms. Nkome] played an integral role

because most of these transactions or conspiracies need everyone in every role.

So the fact that the money wouldn’t have gotten claimed without her is not

7
particularly meaningful[.]” Id. However, the court said that upon “look[ing] at

the nature and extent of [Ms. Nkome’s] participation in this activity spread over a

substantial period of time going in . . . to claim money by herself, it seems . . .

that she does have a significant role in [the conspiracy] whether it is integral or

not.” Id.

Finally, the court found that the fifth, and last factor, did “not favor [Ms.

Nkome].” Id. at 129. More specifically, concerning the extent to which Ms.

Nkome stood to benefit from the criminal activity, the court reasoned as follows:

Like many things that happen in conspiracies and criminal

activity generally, the exact amount of loss that Ms. Nkome

imposed upon members of the public is not clear. The parties

agree that it’s somewhere between 95- and 150,000 dollars, and

also appear to agree she profited in the range of 20 to 30 percent

of that gross theft or gross loss. At the 20 percent at the low end

of that, her takeaway was $19,000. At the 30 percent on the high

end her takeaway was $45,000. That’s a significant benefit and

it is a benefit that is -- that is a piece of the action. The more of

it she did, the better she did. And so this factor in my judgment,

based on the evidence pertaining to it given the long running and

persistent nature of it and the degree of the benefit that we know

she derived, does not favor [Ms. Nkome].

Id. at 128–29.

In reaching its ultimate conclusion regarding the inapplicability of the

adjustment, the court observed that the Guidelines did not oblige it to

mechanically add up the five factors; the adjustment determination was “not a

scoreboard kind of thing.” Id. at 129. Rather, said the court, the Guidelines

8
intend for the court to ground its determination on “the totality of the

circumstances.” Id. And though the court acknowledged that only “three of the

factors disfavor the defendant” and that “the first factor [made for] a little closer

call” than the other two against the defendant, it ultimately found that Ms. Nkome

had not established that she qualified for a mitigating-role adjustment. Id.

The court reasoned as follows:

The exact structure of this from the evidence I heard and the

undisputed facts in the presentence report aren’t altogether clear,

but it seems that this was a conspiracy in an organization that had

relatively sophisticated people at the top of it and then a bunch

of piece workers, people who may have applied more

sophisticated skills like building a website or creating falsified

documents or going in to claim the money, but that does not

make them any less culpable than the defendant’s culpability

here.

So while I’m -- it’s a relatively close question on whether she

deserves a minor two-level reduction, I do not find it close on

whether she deserves a reduction at the minimal level or

intermediate. And given the defendant bears the burden on this,

I’m overruling the objection.

Id. at 129–30 (emphasis added). When Ms. Nkome’s counsel inquired whether

the court had intended by its remarks to deny all mitigating-role

adjustments—including the lowest (i.e., two-level) downward adjustment—the

court shed further light on its reasoning:

I think at the two-level it is a relatively close question. But when

I look at the key concept that is expressed in that [Guidelines]

commentary section that says is the defendant substantially less

9
culpable than the average participant in this criminal activity

[i.e., Note 3(C)], to me and the way -- on the totality of the

circumstances the way I evaluate this conspiracy is there was

someone more culpable than Ms. Nkome at the top but then there

were a bunch of people of relatively equal culpability. And I

cannot say with that view of the conspiracy that [Ms. Nkome] is

substantially less culpable than the average participant, and so

that’s why I overruled the objection.

Id. at 131–32.

After applying all of the Guidelines adjustments, the court found that Ms.

Nkome’s “total offense level [wa]s down from what the presentence report found

to 16 with a criminal history of one,” which “produce[d] a guideline range of 21

to 27 months.” Id. at 142. Having then considered the sentencing factors of 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a), the court sentenced Ms. Nkome to the bottom of that

range—that is, to twenty-one months’ imprisonment.

Ms. Nkome has timely appealed, arguing that the court erred in denying her

request for a mitigating-role reduction pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2.

II

A

“[W]e review sentences for reasonableness under a deferential

abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Alapizco-Valenzuela, 546 F.3d

1208, 1214 (10th Cir. 2008); accord United States v. Cookson, 922 F.3d 1079,

1090 (10th Cir. 2019). “Reasonableness includes both procedural and substantive

components.” United States v. Masek, 588 F.3d 1283, 1290 (10th Cir. 2009).

10
“The procedural component concerns how the district court calculated and

explained the sentence, whereas the substantive component concerns whether the

length of the sentence is reasonable in light of the statutory factors under 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v. Adams, 751 F.3d 1175, 1181 (10th Cir.

2014).

Ms. Nkome’s challenges implicate the procedural reasonableness of her

sentence because, at bottom, she alleges that the district court committed legal

and factual error in calculating her Guidelines sentence—more specifically, that

the court’s denial of her mitigating-role adjustment rested on legal error and

inadequate factual evidence. Though the overarching standard for our review of

the procedural reasonableness of the court’s sentence is abuse of discretion,

“[t]his standard is not monolithic.” United States v. Arias-Mercedes, 901 F.3d 1,

5 (1st Cir. 2018). “[W]e review de novo the district court’s legal conclusions

regarding the guidelines and review its factual findings for clear error.” United

States v. Gantt, 679 F.3d 1240, 1246 (10th Cir. 2012); accord United States v.

Sanchez-Leon, 764 F.3d 1248, 1262 (10th Cir. 2014).

The court’s denial of a mitigating-role adjustment is a factual determination

and, accordingly, we review it for clear error. See United States v. DelgadoLopez, 974 F.3d 1188, 1191 (10th Cir. 2020); United States v. Martinez, 512 F.3d

1268, 1275 (10th Cir. 2008); see also U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C) (noting that

11
whether to apply a mitigating-role adjustment is “a determination that is heavily

dependent upon the facts of the particular case”). But, we recognize that “[a]

district court commits legal error when it applies the ‘wrong test’ in making a

factual finding at sentencing.” Delgado-Lopez, 974 F.3d at 1194 (quoting United

States v. Yurek, 925 F.3d 423, 446 (10th Cir. 2019)). And “[a]n error of law is

per se an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Lopez-Avila, 665 F.3d 1216, 1219

(10th Cir. 2011); accord United States v. Clark, 981 F.3d 1154, 1162 (10th Cir.

2020).

“The defendant bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the

evidence whether an adjustment under § 3B1.2 is warranted.” United States v.

Salas, 756 F.3d 1196, 1207 (10th Cir. 2014); see United States v. Ayers, 84 F.3d

382, 383 (10th Cir. 1996) (“[I]t is the defendant’s burden to establish by a

preponderance of the evidence that he or she is entitled to an offense reduction.”).

Before considering Ms. Nkome’s specific arguments, we examine the relevant

Guidelines provisions.

B

The Guidelines instruct district courts to decrease by four levels a

defendant’s offense level when “the defendant was a minimal participant in any

criminal activity,” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(a), by two levels when “the defendant was a

minor participant,” id. § 3B1.2(b), and by three levels when the defendant’s

12
participation in the criminal activity was of an “intermediate” level—between

“minimal” and “minor,” id. § 3B1.2 & cmt. n.3(C).

The Guidelines commentary plays a significant role in elaborating on the

adjustment’s meaning. “Commentary in the Guidelines Manual that interprets or

explains a guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or a federal

statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous reading of, that guideline.”

United States v. Boyd, 721 F.3d 1259, 1261 (10th Cir. 2013) (quoting United

States v. Nacchio, 573 F.3d 1062, 1066–67 (10th Cir. 2009)); see also Stinson v.

United States, 508 U.S. 36, 45 (1993) (explaining that if an application note’s

interpretation of the Guidelines does not violate the Constitution or a federal

statute, we must give it “controlling weight unless it is plainly erroneous or

inconsistent with the regulation.” (quoting Bowles v. Seminole Rock & Sand Co.,

325 U.S. 410, 414 (1945))).

The applicable commentary note defines a “participant” as “a person who is

criminally responsible for the commission of the offense, but need not have been

convicted.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1, cmt. n.1 (defining “participant” as to the

aggravating-role adjustment); see id. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.1 (noting that, for purposes

of § 3B1.2, “participant” “has the meaning given that term” in § 3B1.1, the

aggravating-role adjustment); accord United States v. Lacey, 86 F.3d 956, 968

(10th Cir. 1996). Notably, the commentary further clarifies that “[t]he

13
determination of the defendant’s role in the offense is to be made on the basis of

all conduct within the scope of [U.S.S.G.] § 1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) . . . and

not solely on the basis of elements and acts cited in the count of conviction.”

U.S.S.G., Ch. 3, Pt.B, intro. cmt.; accord United States v. VanMeter, 278 F.3d

1156, 1166 (10th Cir. 2002); see United States v. Harris, 148 F. App’x 690,

693–94 (10th Cir. 2005) (unpublished) (“Once a defendant’s relevant conduct for

sentencing purposes is determined, the same relevant conduct is used not only in

determining the defendant’s base offense level but also for any role in the offense

adjustments.”).

Accordingly, where a defendant’s criminal conduct involved a “jointly

undertaken criminal activity”—such as a conspiracy, as here—a sentencing

court’s assessment of a defendant’s role in the offense may involve in certain

instances consideration of the conduct of uncharged coconspirators, as well as the

conduct of charged, codefendant conspirators. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) & cmt.

(3)(A); see United States v. Roach, 978 F.2d 573, 576 (10th Cir. 1992) (upholding

district court’s finding that unindicted conspirator was a participant for purposes

of an aggravating role enhancement); see also United States v. Garrison, 133 F.3d

831, 844 n.22, 846 (11th Cir. 1998); cf. Lacey, 86 F.3d at 968 (ruling that “even

though a jury did not find [defendant’s two coconspirators] guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt, the district court was not foreclosed from finding by a

14
preponderance of the evidence that they were ‘criminally responsible’ and thus

participants in [defendant’s] drug conspiracy”). As particularly relevant to the

questions before us, the commentary makes clear that § 3B1.2 “provides a range

of adjustments for a defendant who plays a part in committing the offense that

makes him substantially less culpable than the average participant in the criminal

activity.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(A) (emphasis added). The commentary

further clarifies the meaning of the key terms. A minimal participant is a

“defendant[] who [is] plainly among the least culpable of those involved in the

conduct of a group.” Id., cmt. n.4. A “defendant’s lack of knowledge or

understanding of the scope and structure of the enterprise and of the activities of

others is indicative of a role as a minimal participant.” Id. A minor participant is

a defendant “who is less culpable than most other participants in the criminal

activity, but whose role could not be described as minimal.” Id., cmt. n.5.

And, as noted, a downward adjustment also is authorized for a defendant

whose culpability is of an “intermediate” level—falling somewhere between the

culpability of the minimal and minor participant. Id., cmt. n.3(C) & n.5. “The

determination whether to apply [a minimal-role adjustment, a minor-role

adjustment], or an intermediate adjustment, is based on the totality of the

circumstances and involves a determination that is heavily dependent upon the

facts of the particular case.” Id., cmt. n.3(C).

15
Significantly, on November 1, 2015, the Sentencing Commission

promulgated Amendment 794. U.S.S.G. Supp. to App. C., Amend. 794 (Nov. 1,

2015). The amendment effectively revised the commentary to specify that courts

are to determine whether a defendant is eligible for a § 3B1.2 reduction by

comparing the defendant with other participants in the same criminal activity.

The Commission indicated that this revision was in response to “a circuit conflict

and other case law that may be discouraging courts from applying the adjustment

in otherwise appropriate circumstances.” Id. According to the Commission, this

split stemmed from differences concerning how to determine an “average

participant.” Id.

Some circuits “concluded that the ‘average participant’ means only those

persons who actually participated in the criminal activity at issue in the

defendant’s case, so that the defendant’s relative culpability is determined only by

reference to his or her co-participants in the case at hand.” Id. But others

“concluded that the ‘average participant’ also includes the ‘universe of persons

participating in similar crimes.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Santos, 357 F.3d

136, 142 (1st Cir. 2004)). “Under this latter approach, courts will ordinarily

consider the defendant’s culpability relative both to his co-participants and to the

16
typical offender.” Id. The Commission adopted the former view,

4

“revising the

commentary to specify that, when determining [the applicability of a] mitigatingrole adjustment, the defendant is to be compared with other participants ‘in the

criminal activity’”—that is, those involved in the same criminal activity at issue

in the defendant’s case. Id.

Amendment 794 also “provide[d] a non-exhaustive list of factors for the

court to consider in determining whether to apply a mitigating-role adjustment

and, if so, the amount of the adjustment.” Id. In explaining the rationale for this

revision, the Commission explained that it “was persuaded by public comment

and a detailed review of cases involving low-level offenders, particularly in fraud

cases, that providing a list of factors will give the courts a common framework

for determining whether to apply a mitigating-role adjustment . . . and will help

promote consistency.” Id.

4

In our persuasive unpublished decision in United States v. Moreno,

696 F. App’x 886 (10th Cir. 2017) (unpublished)—though we ultimately applied

the 2014, pre-amendment Guidelines—we discussed at some length the import of

Amendment 794. See id. at 889–90. Specifically, we observed that, prior to the

amendment, our cases had determined that “both comparators were

relevant”—that is, both criminal participants in the specific criminal activity at

issue and typical participants involved in the same type of criminal activity. Id.

As the panel noted there, “the Sentencing Commission amended the commentary

(Amendment 794) to specify only an internal comparison is permitted,” that is to

say a comparison of participants involved in the same criminal activity. Id. at

889.

17
Along with its introductory commentary, this list—as it appears in the

Guidelines—states as follows:

In determining whether to apply subsection (a) [i.e., minimalparticipant] or (b) [i.e., minor-participant], or an intermediate

adjustment, the court should consider the following

non-exhaustive list of factors:

(i) the degree to which the defendant understood the scope

and structure of the criminal activity;

(ii) the degree to which the defendant participated in planning

or organizing the criminal activity;

(iii) the degree to which the defendant exercised

decision-making authority or influenced the exercise of

decision-making authority;

(iv) the nature and extent of the defendant’s participation in

the commission of the criminal activity, including the acts

the defendant performed and the responsibility and

discretion the defendant had in performing those acts;

(v) the degree to which the defendant stood to benefit from the

criminal activity.

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C).

And, relevant for our purposes, another product of Amendment 794 was

two clarifying comments that the Commission placed immediately after the list.

The first provides as follows: “For example, a defendant who does not have a

proprietary interest in the criminal activity and who is simply being paid to

perform certain tasks should be considered for an adjustment under this

guideline.” Id. And the second clarifies how much significance should attach to

18
the fact that a defendant played a key role in the criminal activity: “The fact that

a defendant performs an essential or indispensable role in the criminal activity is

not determinative. Such a defendant may receive an adjustment under this

guideline if he or she is substantially less culpable than the average participant in

the criminal activity.” Id.

Against this backdrop, we turn to assay Ms. Nkome’s arguments.

III

Ms. Nkome makes two arguments challenging the district court’s denial of

her request for a mitigating-role adjustment under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. First, she

contends that, in assessing whether she qualified for the mitigating-role

adjustment, the court committed legal error. Specifically, she asserts the

following: “Instead of analyzing Ms. Nkome’s role compared to the other

participants in the criminal activity, the district court looked at the commentary

factors in isolation. In doing so, it looked at Ms. Nkome’s culpability, but did not

compare her culpability to others in the conspiracy.” Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 11;

see also Aplt.’s Reply Br. at 5 (“Discussing Ms. Nkome’s conduct under each

[commentary] factor, isolated from any comparison to other participants, does not

satisfy the district court’s obligation to compare Ms. Nkome’s role and culpability

to the other participants.”).

19
And, second, Ms. Nkome contends that the district court committed clear

error in making the factual determination that she did not qualify for a mitigatingrole adjustment. In particular, Ms. Nkome asserts that the court “incorrectly

found that Ms. Nkome fell within an amorphous middle group” of criminal

participants of comparably equal culpability. Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 11. Ms.

Nkome contends that, at bottom, she was no more than “a minor participant in a

vast conspiracy that spanned multiple continents and involved scores of

individuals more culpable than her.” Id.

We carefully consider Ms. Nkome’s two arguments below but find them

wanting: she has not adequately shouldered her burden of demonstrating that the

district court erred in denying her request for a mitigating-role adjustment.

A

Ms. Nkome contends that the district court’s mode of analysis in

determining whether she qualified for a mitigating-role adjustment was legally

erroneous. She argues that, “[i]nstead of conducting a comparison using the

non-exhaustive list of factors contained in the commentary as a guide”—that is, a

comparison between her culpability and the culpability of the other participants in

20
the criminal activity at issue—the district court assessed “Ms. Nkome’s role in

isolation.” Id. at 17.

5

5 One might make a cogent argument that Ms. Nkome forfeited this

legal challenge before the district court and therefore—instead of reviewing this

legal question de novo (under the overarching abuse-of-discretion standard)—we

should review it only for plain error. See Yurek, 925 F.3d at 444–45; see also

United States v. Romero, 491 F.3d 1173, 1177 (10th Cir. 2007) (noting that “the

requirement of contemporaneous objection to procedural errors is consistent with

our precedent and represents a reasonable burden on defendants”); United States

v. Gantt, 679 F.3d 1240, 1247 (10th Cir. 2012). It is true that Ms. Nkome

vigorously objected to the PSR’s recommended denial of the § 3B1.2 mitigatingrole adjustment, and, in this regard, she also filed a sentencing memorandum

advancing this challenge. Later, Ms. Nkome orally urged the district court to

apply this downward adjustment at her sentencing hearing. However, like the

legal challenge of the defendant in Yurek, Ms. Nkome’s legal challenge is

“alleging an error in the district court’s explanation, not in the content of the

presentence report. So objecting to the presentence report would not have alerted

the district court to an error in its explanation.” 925 F.3d at 444. And, after the

district court offered its explanation for denying a mitigating-role adjustment to

Ms. Nkome and announced its sentence, Ms. Nkome did not specifically object on

the ground that the court’s explanation—viz., its comparative analysis—was

legally deficient. Instead, in response to the district court’s call for “any final

objections,” Ms. Nkome merely asserted, “I’ll object to the procedural . . .

reasonableness of the sentence and just sort of incorporate my comments from

earlier.” R., Vol. II, at 145. This general, enigmatic assertion was likely

incapable of alerting the district court to the legal error Ms. Nkome asserts now.

In this regard, her earlier comments at the sentencing hearing that Ms. Nkome

references in the quoted passage could not possibly have alerted the district court

to any purported deficiencies in its explanation because the court had yet to offer

it. However, we will not definitively opine on whether Ms. Nkome forfeited her

legal challenge or pursue the matter further because, even if she did forfeit the

challenge, the government did not bring Ms. Nkome’s possible forfeiture to our

attention and thereby “forfeited the right to object” to her forfeiture. United

States v. McGehee, 672 F.3d 860, 873 n.5 (10th Cir. 2012); see United States v.

Rodebaugh, 798 F.3d 1281, 1306 (10th Cir. 2015) (Bacharach, J., joined by

Moritz, J., writing for the court in dissent) (discussing the concept of the

(continued...)

21
As a general matter, it cannot be gainsaid that, in assessing a defendant’s

fitness for a § 3B1.2 adjustment, the sentencing court “must focus on whether the

defendant ‘is substantially less culpable than the average participant in the

criminal activity.’” Yurek, 925 F.3d at 445 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt.

n.3(C)). Indeed, as we noted in Yurek, “[t]he crux of § 3B1.2 is a defendant’s

relative culpability.” Id. at 446. Moreover, as a consequence of Amendment 794,

it is clear that the Sentencing Commission has provided courts in the commentary

with a “framework” of five non-exhaustive factors to employ in conducting this

comparative analysis. U.S.S.G. Supp. to App. C., Amend. 794. More

specifically, the commentary indicates that sentencing courts “should consider”

these factors in this analysis. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C).

However, as we have noted in the § 3B1.2 context, “[w]e do not require a

district court ‘to make detailed findings, or explain why a particular adjustment

[under the guidelines] is or is not appropriate.’” United States v. Bowen, 437

F.3d 1009, 1019 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Maldonado–Campos,

920 F.2d 714, 718 (10th Cir. 1990)); see also United States v. Herriman, 739 F.3d

5

(...continued)

government’s “waiver or forfeiture of the waiver” and collecting cases). With the

matter in this posture, we exercise our discretion to “overlook” any potential

forfeiture by Ms. Nkome of her legal challenge, McGee, 672 F.3d at 873 n.5, and

review it de novo.

22
1250, 1262 (10th Cir. 2014) (observing that this Bowen principle is “wellestablished”). It is only “when it is apparent from the court’s optional discussion

that its factual finding may be based upon an incorrect legal standard” that we are

obliged to “remand for reconsideration in light of the correct legal standard.”

Bowen, 437 F.3d at 1019 (quoting Maldonado-Campos, 920 F.2d at 718); accord

Delgado-Lopez, 974 F.3d at 1193. Moreover, in reviewing a sentencing court’s

pronouncements, “[w]e ‘traditionally presume, absent some indication in the

record suggesting otherwise, that trial judges . . . know the law and apply it in

making their decisions.”’ United States v. Chavez-Meza, 854 F.3d 655, 659 (10th

Cir. 2017) (quoting United States v. Ruiz-Terrazas, 477 F.3d 1196, 1201 (10th

Cir. 2007), affirmed on other grounds, 138 S. Ct. 1959 (2018)); accord United

States v. Vann, 776 F.3d 746, 756 (10th Cir. 2015).

Having carefully reviewed the record, we cannot agree with Ms. Nkome’s

contention that the district court only considered her role “in isolation,” Aplt.’s

Opening Br. at 17, and did not compare her culpability to other participants’

culpability in her criminal scheme. For example, recall that in considering the

first of the five non-exhaustive factors of the Guidelines commentary, the court

compared Ms. Nkome’s participation in the criminal conspiracy to her

codefendant, Mr. Nkarakwi, and was able to draw inferences in part from this

comparison regarding Ms. Nkome’s knowledge of the structure and scope of the

23
scheme. More specifically, the court put it this way: “[P]articularly given [Ms.

Nkome’s] long run participation in [the conspiracy], [and] her connection to her

co-defendant [i.e., Mr. Nkarakwi] who played more positions in the conspiracy

than she did, I think it is more likely on balance than not that she understood well

how this conspiracy worked.” R., Vol. II, at 127.

Moreover, in considering the fifth non-exhaustive factor—which calls for

an inquiry into the extent to which the defendant benefitted from the criminal

scheme—the court observed that the parties “appear to agree [Ms. Nkome]

profited in the range of 20 to 30 percent of that gross theft or gross loss. . . .

That’s a significant benefit[,] . . . that is a piece of the action.” Id. at 129. It

seems quite logical to us that, in assessing Ms. Nkome’s “piece of the action,” as

a measure of her culpability and eligibility for a mitigating-role adjustment, the

court necessarily was simultaneously—albeit tacitly—comparing Ms. Nkome’s

culpability to that of other participants in the criminal scheme who got a larger

share of the action. And, though we will discuss them in somewhat greater detail

infra, the court’s concluding comments in denying the adjustment leave us with

no doubt that the court’s attention was centered on comparing Ms. Nkome’s

criminal culpability with other participants in a criminal conspiracy populated by

some “relatively sophisticated people at the top . . . and then a bunch of piece

workers.” Id. at 130. The court stated in closing: “I cannot say with that view of

24
the conspiracy that [Ms. Nkome] is substantially less culpable than the average

participant.” Id. at 132.

Admittedly, the court’s on-the-record culpability comparisons were not

extensive. But they did not have to be. See, e.g., Bowen, 437 F.3d at 1019. The

court did make some comparisons between Ms. Nkome’s culpable role and that of

other participants in the conspiracy. As such, it cannot be said that the court

completely failed to conform its (optional) analysis to the Guidelines’ comparison

mandate. In other words, if the court committed legal error, it did not do so

patently. Cf. Yurek, 925 F.3d at 446 (“By failing to consider Mrs. Yurek’s

relative culpability, the district court applied the wrong test when denying a

mitigating-role adjustment. As the government admits, the district court’s

application of the wrong test constitutes an error that was plain.”).

Consequently, Ms. Nkome is obligated to clearly identify in what way the

court’s analysis was legally deficient—viz., to tell us what more the court needed

to do to avoid legal error. Ms. Nkome, however, has struggled—and ultimately

failed—to do this. Notably, though her opening brief organizes its discussion of

the supposed legal deficiencies of the court’s comparative analysis under headings

with respect to the five non-exhaustive factors of the Guidelines commentary, Ms.

Nkome repeatedly said in oral argument that she was not asserting that the district

court was legally required to expressly conduct a comparative culpability analysis

25
with reference to each of the five factors. See Aplt.’s Reply Br. at 7 (“Our point

is not that the district court individually erred on each factor, but that the district

court conducted the wrong overall analysis by failing to compare Ms. Nkome’s

culpability to other participants in the offense.”).

6

Nonetheless, in seeking to illuminate the supposed legal deficiency of the

court’s comparative analysis, Ms. Nkome points to our decision in Yurek and the

Seventh Circuit’s decision in United States v. Hill, 563 F.3d 572 (7th Cir. 2009).

Yet neither case avails her. Yurek did address a circumstance where the district

court committed legal error—that is, it “applied the wrong test when denying a

mitigating-role adjustment.” 925 F.3d at 446. However, the legal error there

consisted of a clear violation of the Guidelines directive concerning what legal

significance courts should attach to a defendant’s “essential or indispensable role

in the criminal activity.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C); see Yurek, 925 F.3d at

446. As we have noted supra, the Guidelines commentary provides the following:

6 Taking into account Bowen’s instruction that courts ordinarily are not

required to offer detailed findings when denying Guidelines adjustments, Ms.

Nkome’s disclaimer in this regard is likely wise. See Bowen, 437 F.3d at 1019;

see also United States v. Diaz, 884 F.3d 911, 916 (9th Cir. 2018) (“[The

defendant] argues that the district court erred because it did not consider or

mention the five factors listed in § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C), and failed to mention other

factors it did consider when it concluded that [the defendant] did not qualify for a

minor-role adjustment. But the district court was not obligated to tick off the

factors on the record to show that it considered them . . . .”); accord United States

v. Daneshvar, 925 F.3d 766, 790 (6th Cir. 2019).

26
“The fact that a defendant performs an essential or indispensable role in the

criminal activity is not determinative. Such a defendant may receive an

adjustment under this guideline if he or she is substantially less culpable than the

average participant in the criminal activity.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C).

Nevertheless, the district court in Yurek assigned “determinative” effect in

denying a mitigating-role adjustment to its factual finding that the defendant’s

role in the criminal activity “had been essential,” and we consequently held that

this was legal error. 925 F.3d at 446. We are hard pressed to see how Yurek’s

holding illustrates the nature of the district court’s alleged legal failing here. In

finding fault with the district court’s comparative culpability analysis, Ms. Nkome

does not even hint that she alleges the same or similar legal error to the one that

we identified in Yurek. Indeed, she would not have gotten out of the starting

blocks if she had attempted to do so, because the district court here expressly

noted that it was “not particularly persuaded by arguments that say [Ms. Nkome]

played an integral role” in the conspiracy. R., Vol. II, at 128. And, though she

forcefully reminds us of Yurek’s observation that “[t]he crux of § 3B1.2 is a

defendant’s relative culpability,” Yurek, 925 F.3d at 446, this general

statement—important as it is—tells us nothing about the specific way in which

the district court supposedly committed legal error in assessing Ms. Nkome’s

relative culpability. Therefore, Yurek does not avail Ms. Nkome.

27
Neither does Hill. Contrary to Ms. Nkome’s assertion, the district court’s

analysis here does not present an analogous concern to the one that the Seventh

Circuit confronted in Hill. There, though the district court had made “a factual

determination normally entitled to deferential review,” in denying the defendant a

mitigating-role adjustment, the Seventh Circuit nevertheless remanded the matter

for reconsideration, stating that it “cannot be confident that [the court’s] analysis

was guided by the appropriate factors.” Hill, 563 F.3d at 579. More specifically,

the Seventh Circuit lacked confidence in the court’s factual analysis because the

defendant there had successfully demonstrated that the court’s analytical approach

was infected with legal error. Specifically, the defendant had shown that “the

[sentencing] court’s approach . . . reflect[ed] an inclination to divorce the offense

of conviction from the surrounding facts,” and the Seventh Circuit had concluded

that this tendency had led the court to erroneously disregard relevant conduct, as

the Guidelines define it (i.e., U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3), in concluding that the defendant

was legally ineligible for a mitigating-role adjustment. Id. at 578–79.

Hill, however, does not aid Ms. Nkome. Unlike the Hill defendant, Ms.

Nkome has not clearly identified a purported legal error in the district court’s

comparative analysis—let alone successfully established that error. Thus, Ms.

Nkome has given us no reason to lack confidence that the district court’s analysis

here was guided by the appropriate legal considerations. Stated otherwise, unlike

28
the Seventh Circuit in Hill, we have no reason to lack confidence that the district

court understood the Guidelines directive to compare the defendant’s role to other

participants in the criminal activity.

All of this is not to say that—in the portion of her briefing devoted to the

district court’s ostensible legal error—Ms. Nkome does not spill ink making

arguments. But, in essence, Ms. Nkome’s arguments are misguided or inapposite.

She objects to the lack of detail in the district court’s comparative analysis, but, at

least on this record, this argument (for reasons outlined supra) is a non-starter

under Bowen and its progeny. See Bowen, 437 F.3d at 1019.

In substance, Ms. Nkome primarily complains about how the district court

exercised its judgment in identifying criminal participants with whom to compare

Ms. Nkome’s culpability and about the results of such (as she sees it) flawed

comparisons. See, e.g., Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 17–18 (objecting that, after the

district court compared Ms. Nkome’s culpable conduct to Mr. Nkarakwi’s in

assaying her knowledge of the scope and structure of the criminal scheme, the

court failed to take the “necessary step of comparing that knowledge to other

participants,” like “the regional organizers and the document forgers”); see also

Aplt.’s Reply Br. at 6–7 (objecting to the district court’s alleged failure to

“compare her participation to that of the international or regional organizers, who

had participated for a much longer period of time, across multiple countries, who

29
performed more and more important tasks, were involved with more victims and

participants”). But such arguments implicate the sufficiency of the court’s

factual—not legal—analysis. See Arias-Mercedes, 901 F.3d at 7–8 (in discussing

the court’s factual analysis, subject to the clear-error standard, noting that “a

district court must still exercise judgment to identify the universe of participants

involved in the particular conduct that forms the basis of the defendant’s

sentence” and must subsequently decide where a defendant and her “cohorts can

be located on a continuum” of culpability). As such, Ms. Nkome does not get the

benefit of the more-rigorous de novo review. We review such arguments only

under the deferential clear-error standard. See, e.g., Delgado-Lopez, 974 F.3d at

1191; Martinez, 512 F.3d at 1275. And we address her factual challenge infra.

In sum, on this record where the district court did make some comparisons

between Ms. Nkome’s culpable role and that of other participants in the

conspiracy comprising her offense conduct, and Ms. Nkome has not clearly

pinpointed the source of any legal error in the court’s analysis, we must presume

that the court fully understood the legal boundaries attending its comparative

analysis and did not trespass them. See Chavez-Meza, 854 F.3d at 659 (noting the

traditional presumption that sentencing courts know the law and follow it).

30
B

We now turn to Ms. Nkome’s second challenge. She alleges that the

district court erred in finding her ineligible for a mitigating-role adjustment. As

noted, we use the clear-error standard in reviewing this type of challenge. See,

e.g., United States v. Llantada, 815 F.3d 679, 685 (10th Cir. 2016). Under this

deferential standard, “[i]f the ‘court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light

of the record viewed in its entirety,’ we may not reverse it even if we might have

weighed the evidence differently.” United States v. Piper, 839 F.3d 1261, 1271

(10th Cir. 2016) (quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574

(1985)); see United States v. Torres, 53 F.3d 1129, 1140 (10th Cir. 1995) (“To

constitute clear error, we must be convinced that the sentencing court’s finding is

simply not plausible or permissible in light of the entire record on appeal,

remembering that we are not free to substitute our judgment for that of the district

judge.” (citing Anderson, 470 U.S. at 573)). It is fair to say that, under the clearerror standard, “battles over a defendant’s status and over the scope of the

criminal enterprise will almost always be won or lost in the district court.”

United States v. Graciani, 61 F.3d 70, 75 (1st Cir. 1995).

Recall that to qualify for a mitigating-role adjustment, a defendant has the

burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that she was

“substantially less culpable than the average participant.” United States v.

31
Salazar-Samaniega, 361 F.3d 1271, 1277 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(A)). This is a requirement of considerable consequence. In this

regard, “[w]e have [ ] held that a defendant is not entitled to a reduction under

3B1.2 simply because he is the least culpable among several participants in a

jointly undertaken criminal enterprise.” United States v. Lockhart, 37 F.3d 1451,

1455 (10th Cir. 1994); accord Adams, 751 F.3d at 1179; see United States v.

Moreno, 696 F. App’x 886, 894 (10th Cir. 2017) (unpublished) (noting the fact

that some participants were “admittedly, more culpable than [the defendant] . . .

does not end the debate”); see also United States v. Castro, 843 F.3d 608, 612

(5th Cir. 2016) (“Amendment 794 does not provide an affirmative right to a

§ 3B1.2 reduction to every actor but the criminal mastermind.” (quoting United

States v. Gomez-Valle, 828 F.3d 324, 331 (5th Cir. 2016))).

As relevant here, the question of a defendant’s qualification for a

mitigating-role adjustment—where the defendant’s participation in a conspiracy is

merely as a courier or mule—has arisen most frequently in the drug-trafficking

context. There, we have “consistently” held that courier or mule status does not

invariably qualify a defendant for a mitigating-role adjustment. Martinez, 512

F.3d at 1276 (“[W]e have consistently ‘refused to adopt a per se rule allowing a

downward adjustment based solely on a defendant’s status as a drug courier.’”

(quoting United States v. Rangel–Arreola, 991 F.2d 1519, 1524 (10th Cir.

32
1993))); see Salas, 756 F.3d at 1207 (“[Defendant’s] courier status alone does not

entitle him to an adjustment for a minor or minimal role.”); United States v.

Calderon-Porras, 911 F.2d 421, 423–24 (10th Cir. 1990) (“The mere fact that a

defendant is a courier in a drug-smuggling operation does not entitle that

defendant to be classified as a minimal participant.”). Consequently, we think

that the district court here would not have been obliged to grant Ms. Nkome a

mitigating-role adjustment simply because she was a “money mule.”

To better understand the foundation for the district court’s mitigating-role

determination and related factual findings, a somewhat detailed consideration of

the proceedings leading up to the sentencing hearing will be helpful. In objecting

to the PSR before the district court, Ms. Nkome contended that she should receive

a mitigating-role adjustment because she was merely “a ‘money mule’ and her

role was limited to picking up money at certain locations and sending the majority

of the funds on to others.” R., Vol. III, at 169. Using as a touchstone the

relevant conduct that the PSR described, Ms. Nkome perceived the various

participants in the fraudulent conspiracy as falling into tiers of culpability, with

the money mule tier representing the lowest level of culpability.

Specifically, in descending order of culpability—as the PSR’s Addendum

recorded it—Ms. Nkome reasoned that the participants fell into the following

tiers: “Leader organizer”—those “who set up the operation, recruit others to

33
participate, and play a large role in directing and controlling the flow of the

money in the operation”; “Online scammers”— those who “use email accounts or

other forms of communication to communicate with victims and actively work to

convince them of the legitimacy of the items they are purporting to sell”;

“Identify forgers”—those who “create fake identification documents that appear

real by using real state driver’s license forms” and “sell the documents to various

people involved in the scheme”; “Mid-level organizers”—those who “recruit the

‘money mules’ and help provide them with the fake documents they need to pick

up the money” and “communicate with higher ups in the organization to see

where funds are being sent and pass that information on to their mules to let them

know when and where to pick up the money and with what identity”; and “Money

Mules”—those who “act at the direction of others to pick up funds sent to various

false names.” Id. at 169–70.

7 Ms. Nkome asserted that she fell into this last,

7

In her appellate briefing, Ms. Nkome uses different terminology in

sorting the conspiracy’s participants for purposes of assessing their relative

culpability: “The conspiracy involved (at least) four categories of defendants: (1)

international organizers; (2) regional organizers; (3) document forgers; and (4)

money mules.” Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 3. But Ms. Nkome does not suggest that

this different terminology bespeaks a different substantive direction in her

challenge to the court’s denial of her request for a mitigating-role adjustment.

She still assigns herself to the lowest rung of the culpability ladder: money mule.

And she still contends that her codefendant, Mr. Nkarakwi, occupied a higher

place in the culpability hierarchy than she did—asserting that he “acted as a

regional organizer.” Id. at 4.

34
lowest tier of culpability and, by comparison, suggested that her codefendant, Mr.

Nkarakwi, was in a tier above her—that is to say, he was a mid-level organizer.

Ms. Nkome also purported to fortify her claim to a mitigating-role

adjustment by summarizing her role in the fraudulent conspiracy with tacit

reference to the five non-exhaustive factors of Note 3(C) of § 3B1.2.

8 As

8 For ready reference, along with their prefatory commentary, we

repeat those five non-exhaustive factors here:

In determining whether to apply subsection (a) [i.e., minimalparticipant] or (b) [i.e., minor-participant], or an intermediate

adjustment, the court should consider the following

non-exhaustive list of factors:

(i) the degree to which the defendant understood the scope

and structure of the criminal activity;

(ii) the degree to which the defendant participated in

planning or organizing the criminal activity;

(iii) the degree to which the defendant exercised

decision-making authority or influenced the exercise of

decision-making authority;

(iv) the nature and extent of the defendant’s participation in

the commission of the criminal activity, including the

acts the defendant performed and the responsibility and

discretion the defendant had in performing those acts;

(v) the degree to which the defendant stood to benefit from

the criminal activity.

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C).

35
recounted in the PSR’s Addendum, Ms. Nkome characterized her role in the

following manner:

Ms. Nkome did not understand the scope and structure of the

organization, nor did she participate in it. There is no evidence

that Ms. Nkome participated in the planning or organization of

the organization. Ms. Nkome did not interact with any victims.

She did not benefit substantially from the criminal activity. She

simply went to various businesses, presented as the person who

was to pick up the funds and sent the money up the chain.

R., Vol. III, at 170. Notably, Ms. Nkome acknowledged that “[s]he received a cut

of the money for her role,” but reasoned that this fact did not undermine her claim

to a mitigating-role adjustment. Id. In this regard, she seemingly attempted to

downplay the amount of her share of the proceeds of the fraud, noting that

“assuming the PSR is correct, Ms. Nkome would have received 20–30% of the

loss associated to her.” Id. at 171 (emphasis added).

In sum, in objecting to the PSR, Ms. Nkome argued that the evidence

established her “less culpable status in the conspiracy” and her entitlement to a

mitigating-role adjustment. Id. The Probation Office, however, disagreed. Its

reasoning helpfully frames the district court’s subsequent findings at the

sentencing hearing:

The defendant outlines the conduct of various individuals such

as leaders and organizers, online scammers, identity forgers, etc.

Obviously, this type of scheme can be widespread and involves

organization at higher levels. However, one person’s role does

not necessarily define that of another, and though comparisons of

Ms. Nkome to people who performed other roles may be helpful

36
in distinguishing duties, the comparisons do not demonstrate that

she was substantially less culpable than the average participant.

The U.S. Probation Office deems the defendant to be an average

participant.

Id. at 172. Notably, the Probation Office highlighted that Ms. Nkome was “only

being held accountable for her own conduct; however, she did not perform a

limited function in that regard.” Id. And, though the Probation Office, too,

observed that Ms. Nkome received “a 20%-30% money-mule fee associated” with

her criminal conduct, significantly, it also noted that Ms. Nkome’s codefendant,

Mr. Nkarakwi, received an equivalent share of the ill-gotten gains directly

attributable to his money-mule activities, and that such a share “appears to be a

substantial portion of the proceeds”—that is, a substantial cut, when considering

evidence about the “various role players.” Id. at 172–73. Accordingly,

considering the totality of the evidence, the Probation Office determined that Ms.

Nkome was “an average participant” in the criminal scheme and not a proper

recipient of a mitigating-role adjustment. Id. at 172.

During the sentencing hearing, the court heard testimony from the lawenforcement case agent concerning the nature of the fraudulent conspiracy and

Ms. Nkome’s role in it and then heard arguments from the parties. As relevant

here, Ms. Nkome re-urged her objection to the PSR’s denial of a mitigating-role

adjustment, noting that “[s]he was simply . . . playing her role as money mule” in

the fraudulent scheme. Id., R., Vol. II, at 112. She also repeated the substance of

37
her arguments contained in the PSR that applied the five non-exhaustive factors

of Note 3(C) to the circumstances of this case. Notably, with respect to the fifth

factor—relating to the amount the defendant benefitted from the offense

conduct—Ms. Nkome acknowledged “the testimony from the agent that it was his

understanding about a 20 to 30 percent cut” of her ill-gotten gains was retained by

Ms. Nkome and that this “is not a tiny amount of money.” Id. at 116.

After hearing the agent’s testimony and the parties’ arguments, and with the

PSR’s findings before it, the district court—as we have explicated in Part I.C

supra—applied Note 3(C)’s five non-exhaustive factors to Ms. Nkome’s

fraudulent conspiracy and determined that she did not qualify for a mitigating-role

adjustment. Recall that the court candidly acknowledged that only “three of the

factors disfavor the defendant”—that is, the first (level of understanding of

criminal activity’s scope and structure), the fourth (level of participation,

discretion, and responsibility in the criminal activity), and the fifth (amount of

benefit from the criminal activity)—and that “the first factor [made for] a little

closer call” than the other two. Id. at 129. But the court observed that the

Guidelines did not oblige it to mechanically add up the five factors; the

adjustment determination was “not a scoreboard kind of thing,” and, based on

“the totality of the circumstances,” Ms. Nkome did not qualify for mitigating-role

adjustment. Id. In this regard, the court reasoned:

38
The exact structure of this [criminal activity] from the evidence

I heard and the undisputed facts in the presentence report aren’t

altogether clear, but it seems that this was a conspiracy in an

organization that had relatively sophisticated people at the top of

it and then a bunch of piece workers, people who may have

applied more sophisticated skills like building a website or

creating falsified documents or going in to claim the money, but

that does not make them any less culpable than the defendant’s

culpability here.

So while I’m -- it’s a relatively close question on whether she

deserves a minor two-level reduction, I do not find it close on

whether she deserves a reduction at the minimal level or

intermediate. And given the defendant bears the burden on this,

I’m overruling the objection.

Id. at 129–30 (emphasis added). And, in response to a question from Ms.

Nkome’s counsel, the court elaborated on this point and made its reasoning

crystalline:

I think at the two-level [i.e., minor-role adjustment] it is a

relatively close question. But when I look at the key concept that

is expressed in that [Guidelines] commentary section that says is

the defendant substantially less culpable than the average

participant in this criminal activity [i.e., Note 3(C)], to me and

the way -- on the totality of the circumstances the way I evaluate

this conspiracy is there was someone more culpable than Ms.

Nkome at the top but then there were a bunch of people of

relatively equal culpability. And I cannot say with that view of

the conspiracy that [Ms. Nkome] is substantially less culpable

than the average participant, and so that’s why I overruled the

objection.

Id. at 131–32.

In substance then, the court divided the criminal participants into two

groups: (1) “the relatively sophisticated people at the top,” and (2) the “piece

39
workers,” who carried out varied tasks in furtherance of the criminal conspiracy.

Id. at 130. The court assigned Ms. Nkome to the latter group and, from the

totality of the evidence, could not discern that she was appreciably less culpable

than the participants in this group—indeed, it found that the participants in this

group were of “relatively equal culpability” to her. Id. at 132. This was so even

though they performed different functions for the conspiracy. In reasoning as

such, the court tacitly evinced its approval of the Probation Office’s conclusion

that, “though comparisons of Ms. Nkome to people who performed other roles

may be helpful in distinguishing duties, the comparisons do not demonstrate that

she was substantially less culpable than the average participant.” R., Vol. III, at

172.

9

In sum, based on this reasoning and related findings, the court denied Ms.

Nkome a mitigating-role adjustment.

We are hard pressed to discern any clear error in the district court’s

mitigating-role determination, and Ms. Nkome’s contrary arguments on appeal are

unavailing. As an overarching matter, Ms. Nkome complains that the district

court erroneously, with little discussion, “grouped Ms. Nkome with unknown

others in an amorphous middle” tier of culpability—below the conspiracy’s

sophisticated leaders—without appropriately distinguishing her role from those in

9

Indeed, the court expressly adopted the PSR’s findings and ordered

them “incorporated into” Ms. Nkome’s sentencing record. R., Vol. II, at 147.

40
this middle tier who were more culpable than she was. Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 22.

And, more specifically, she asserts that an examination of the district court’s

treatment of the Note 3(C) factors that it weighed against her “explains the error”

of the court. Id.

We are nevertheless unpersuaded. At the outset, we note that, insofar as

Ms. Nkome suggests that the district court erred by not conducting a more

fulsome analysis in formulating its culpability groupings of the conspiracy’s

participants, no such detailed analysis was required. See Bowen, 437 F.3d at

1019; see also Diaz, 884 F.3d at 916. Then, turning to the heart of the matter, we

note that Ms. Nkome’s overarching argument effectively faults the district court

for failing to discern from the totality of the evidence something akin to the

multi-tiered culpability hierarchy that she had advanced in her PSR objection,

which distinguished between (among other things) “Mid-level organizers,”

“Identity forgers,” and “Money Mules,” like Ms. Nkome—who occupied the

bottom tier of culpability. See R., Vol. III, at 169–70. But, even assuming that

Ms. Nkome’s multi-tier culpability hierarchy constitutes one plausible

understanding of the factual record, that does not mean that the district court’s

different record assessment is implausible. See, e.g., Piper, 839 F.3d at 1271;

Torres, 53 F.3d at 1140; see also Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574 (“Where there are

41
two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them

cannot be clearly erroneous.”).

And indeed the court’s reading of the factual record is not implausible. In

particular, the district court could plausibly find (as the Probation Office

effectively did before it) that the mere fact that other participants performed tasks

in furtherance of the conspiracy that may have required “more sophisticated

skills[,] like building a website or creating falsified documents,” than those of

Ms. Nkome—in “claim[ing] the money” that fraud victims sent through the use of

multiple false identities —did not mean that Ms. Nkome was less culpable than

those other participants. R., Vol. II, at 130. Furthermore, even if these other

participants were marginally more culpable than Ms. Nkome, that would “not end

the debate” concerning the applicability of the mitigating-role adjustment,

Moreno, 696 F. App’x at 894, nor mean that the court’s ultimate denial of the

adjustment was clearly erroneous, see, e.g., Lockhart, 37 F.3d at 1455 (noting that

“a defendant is not entitled to a reduction under 3B1.2 simply because he is the

least culpable among several participants in a jointly undertaken criminal

enterprise”).

Furthermore, Ms. Nkome’s more specific criticisms of the district court’s

consideration of the three Note 3(C) factors that the court weighed against her

evince a similar misunderstanding of the significant latitude that the clear-error

42
standard affords district courts in finding and weighing facts. Beginning with the

first factor, concerning a defendant’s level of understanding of the criminal

activity’s scope and structure, Ms. Nkome says that “the district court erred in

concluding that this factor weighed against [her] when its own analysis

confirmed” that below the participants at the conspiracy’s apex were people like

her codefendant, Mr. Nkarakwi, who played more diverse parts in the conspiracy

than Ms. Nkome did and, consequently, knew more about its scope and structure

than she did. Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 22–23. Yet, the fact that Mr. Nkarakwi’s

more diverse conspiratorial activities allowed him (as well as others like him) to

gain more knowledge about the conspiracy’s scope and structure than Ms. Nkome

would not necessarily render implausible a finding that Ms. Nkome “understood

well how this conspiracy worked,” especially given her “long run participation in”

it. R., Vol. II, at 127. Indeed, rather than undermining such a factual finding of

Ms. Nkome’s understanding, Mr. Nkarakwi’s diverse activities bolstered it on

these facts. That is because the court effectively determined that Ms. Nkome’s

close personal “connection” to Mr. Nkarakwi—not only as a coconspirator, but

also as the father of her child—supported an inference that she would have shared

a reasonable measure of his knowledge of the conspiracy’s scope and structure.

Id.; see id. at 119 (court’s inquiry of defense counsel regarding “[t]he nature of

the relationship between Ms. Nkome and her . . . co-defendant, because I think

43
that might bear on how I evaluate the extent of her knowledge,” and counsel

responding that “I know they have a child in common”). Therefore, Ms. Nkome’s

criticism of the court’s analysis of the first factor is unavailing.

And Ms. Nkome fares no better regarding the fourth factor, which relates to

a defendant’s level of participation, discretion, and responsibility in the criminal

activity. She contends that the district court deemed this her “worst” factor

because its analysis focused too narrowly on the fact she “was a meaningful[,]

repeating[,] persistent participator.” Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 19 (quoting R., Vol.

II, at 124). According to Ms. Nkome, the court thus effectively ignored the

portion of this factor relating to the defendant’s “responsibility and discretion” in

the criminal activity. Id. at 23 (quoting U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C)). In this

respect, Ms. Nkome reasons, the court erred and caused her prejudice “because

the evidence showed that she had limited responsibility and almost no discretion

in the acts she took.” Id.

However, the fact that the district court did not expressly refer to the

discretion and responsibility facets of the fourth factor does not necessarily mean

that the court did not consider them, and indeed we presume that the court did so

in properly following advisory Guidelines. See, e.g., Chevez-Meza, 854 F.3d at

659; Vann, 776 F.3d at 756. Moreover, it would not be a sign of clear error for

the court to have accorded greater significance in assaying her degree of

44
culpability under this fourth factor to Ms. Nkome’s repeated and substantial

participation in the conspiracy’s activities than to her arguably limited discretion

and responsibility in the conspiracy. See Piper, 839 F.3d at 1271 (noting that,

under the clear-error standard, “we may not reverse [the trial court’s view of the

evidence] even if we might have weighed the evidence differently”); see also

Anderson, 470 U.S. at 574 (noting that “the court of appeals may not reverse it

even though convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have

weighed the evidence differently”).

Lastly, as to the fifth factor—regarding the amount a defendant stood to

benefit from the criminal conduct—Ms. Nkome contends that “[t]he district

improperly attributed the full twenty to thirty percent to Ms. Nkome when the

evidence (as well as common sense) showed that this amount was split up by the

domestic parties (the regional organizers, document forgers, and money mules)

before ‘the rest would be forwarded back to Cameroon.’” Aplt.’s Opening Br. at

24 (quoting R., Vol. II, at 107). Furthermore, “[w]hile Ms. Nkome certainly

profited from her involvement” in the criminal activity and made “not a tiny

amount of money” for her criminal labors, as she reasons, it would be wrong to

consider her “a stakeholder in the larger criminal activity.” Id.

Yet, not only is Ms. Nkome’s argument regarding this fifth factor curious

and plagued by a preservation problem, it is also otherwise unpersuasive. More

45
specifically, Ms. Nkome never challenged in the district court the accuracy of the

PSR’s clear finding that Ms. Nkome herself received twenty to thirty percent of

the losses that she personally caused through her criminal conduct. Indeed, in

lodging her objections to the PSR, Ms. Nkome “assum[ed]” this finding was

correct. R., Vol. III, at 171. And, during the sentencing hearing, she specifically

acknowledged “the testimony from the agent that it was his understanding about a

20 to 30 percent cut” of her ill-gotten gains was retained by Ms. Nkome and,

without challenging this testimony, conceded that this “is not a tiny amount of

money.” Id., Vol. II, at 116. Not surprisingly then, the court analyzed the fifth

factor by recognizing that Ms. Nkome and the government “agree[d] she profited

in the range of 20 to 30 percent of that gross theft or gross loss.” Id. at 129.

Given Ms. Nkome’s litigation conduct, she forfeited—at the very

least—any challenge based on the court’s ostensible error in calculating her share

of the gain from the conspiracy, if she did not waive the challenge outright.

Compare United States v. Carrasco-Salazar, 494 F.3d 1270, 1272 (10th Cir.

2007) (noting that “forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a

right”), with United States v. Cruz-Rodriguez, 570 F.3d 1179, 1182 (10th Cir.

2009) (“We conclude that [the defendant] waived appellate review of this

argument by his intentional litigation decisions before the district court.”). And

because Ms. Nkome does not even acknowledge her lack of preservation of this

46
argument in her appellate briefing, much less advance an argument under the

well-established plain-error rubric, she has effectively waived our further

consideration of this argument. See, e.g., United States v. Leffler, 942 F.3d 1192,

1196 (10th Cir. 2019).

As for Ms. Nkome’s contention that she should not have been considered a

“stakeholder” in the conspiracy, the apparent thrust of this argument is that the

district court erred by not finding that Ms. Nkome was “a defendant who does not

have a proprietary interest in the criminal activity and who is simply being paid to

perform certain tasks”—a class of defendants that the Guidelines commentary

provides “should be considered for an adjustment” under § 3B1.2. U.S.S.G.

§ 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C)(v).

10 We disagree.

The district court’s factual findings—which Ms. Nkome has not

demonstrated are implausible—paint a very different picture of Ms. Nkome’s

financial benefit from the conspiracy. Rather than find, for example, that Ms.

Nkome periodically received small flat-fee payments for performing certain minor

tasks for the conspiracy, the court found that Ms. Nkome had a “significant” share

10

In briefing this argument, Ms. Nkome cites to 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C)(iv),

see Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 24, but this almost certainly is a mistake because

subpart (iv) deals with a defendant’s participation, discretion, and responsibility

in the criminal activity, whereas subpart (v) addresses the extent of a defendant’s

benefit in the criminal activity and includes the “paid to perform certain tasks”

language that Ms. Nkome quotes in her brief.

47
in the conspiracy’s gross proceeds—that is, “a significant . . . piece of the action”

in the range of “20 to 30 percent.” R., Vol. II, at 129. Notably, the PSR—upon

which the district court expressly relied, see id. at 13, 130—found that Ms.

Nkome’s share was equal to that of her codefendant, Mr. Nkarakwi, for his

money-mule activities, even though he undisputedly played a more extensive role

in furthering the conspiracy’s interests, see R., Vol. III, at 172. Indeed, even Ms.

Nkome has been obliged—before the district court and on appeal—to concede

that she made “not a tiny amount of money” for her conspiratorial endeavors.

Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 24; R., Vol. II, at 116. In light of these findings, the

district court could have quite reasonably rejected any suggestion that the fifth

factor favored Ms. Nkome because she had no “proprietary interest in the criminal

activity.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2, cmt. n.3(C)(v). Thus, Ms. Nkome’s arguments

concerning this factor are flawed by preservation concerns and unpersuasive, and

we reject them.

In sum, we discern no merit in Ms. Nkome’s second, factual challenge to

the district court’s denial of a mitigating-role adjustment.

IV

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s sentencing

judgment.

48