### In the



# United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

____________________

No. 21

‐ 1293

U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA

, Plaintiff

‐ Appellee

,

v.

L ARRY A. J ONES

, J R

., Defendant

‐ Appellant

.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Indiana, Fort Wayne Division.

No. 1:19

‐ cr

‐ 00033

— Damon R. Leichty

, Judge

.

____________________

A RGUED N OVEMBER 29, 2021

— D ECIDED J ANUARY 6, 2022

____________________

Before E ASTERBROOK

, S CUDDER

, and S T

. E VE

, Circuit Judges

.

S T

. E VE

, Circuit Judge

. Larry Jones entered a conditional

guilty plea to possessing a fi rearm as a convicted felon after

law enforcement discovered a gun during a warrantless

search of his motel room. A magistrate judge conducted an

evidentiary hearing and recommended denying his motion to

suppress the gun. The district cou rt accepted the magistrate

judge’s report and recommendation, concluding that Jones

had not been seized, that he consented to the search, and that2 No. 21

‐ 1293

the search was within the scope of his consent. Jones appeals

the denial of his motion to suppress, arguing that he was

seized when o ffi cers knocked on his motel room door and dis

‐ played an arrest warrant for a woman reportedly staying in

his motel room. Alternativ ely, he argues any consent he pro

‐

vided was not voluntary and that the search exceeded the

scope of his consent. We a ffi rm.

I. Background

A. Factual Background

On November 16, 2017, Allen County Sheriff Warrants Di

‐

vision Officers Andrew Brenneke and Duane Romines re

‐

ceived an arrest warrant for Whitney Gosnell. Gosnell, listed

as 5’3’’ and 130 to 140 pounds, had allegedly violated the

terms of her probation. Following up on an anonym ous tip

that Gosnell was staying at the Deluxe Inn Motel in Fort

Wayne, Indiana, Officers Brenneke and Romines went to the

motel around 8:45 p.m. The mo tel manager informed them

that Gosnell was staying in a room with Larry Jones and his

son. The officers ran a warrant check, which revealed that

Jones had arrests dating back to the 1990s and was listed as a

“known resister,” “convicted felon,” and “substance abuser.”

Officers Brenneke and Romines went to Jones’s mot el

room and listened at the door for voices. Not hearing any,

they knocked on the door several times and called out

“Larry,” but did not hear a response. Officer Brenneke knew

Jones’s street name, so he called out, “Hey, Crunch,” and

Jones responded, “What?” One or both officers said, “It’s po

‐

lice. We’re not here for you,” to which Jones said, “She’s not

here. She can’ t be here.” At this point, the officers had not yet

explained that they had an arrest warrant for Gosnell.No. 21

‐ 1293 3

The officers asked Jones to open the door, and he re

‐ quested some time before opening it. Both officers estimate

that approximately 30 to 60 seconds elapsed between the first

knock and when Jones opened the door, fully dressed. The

officers were in full uniform with their guns holstered, and

there is no dispute that they spoke in conversational tones

throughout the encou nter. The officers reiterated that they

were not there for Jones, showed him the arrest warrant for

Gosnell, and explained that they would like to “verify” Gos

‐

nell was not there. Officer Brenneke estimates they spent ap

‐ proximately 15 to 20 seconds explaini ng they would like to

search where a person could be or would hide. Jones repeated

that Gosnell was not there but eventually said, “That’s fine,”

and moved away from the door. Officer Romines estimated

they talked to Jones for less than a minute bef ore entering. At

some point, Officer Romines told Jones they “would not open

small drawers and things like that.”

After entering the motel room, the officers looked in the

kitchenette, bathroom, and shower. Officer Romines then

lifted up one of two beds but found nothing underneath.

There was a six

‐ to

‐ ten

‐ inch gap between the beds and the

floor. Before Officer Brenneke checked under the second bed,

Jones stated, “Well, she couldn’t be under t here.” Officer Ro

‐

mines responded, “She could be under there, just like she

could have been under the first one.” Officer Brenneke pro

‐

ceeded to lift the second bed and saw the firearm.

B. Procedural Background

Jones was eventually in dicted and arrested in 2019 for pos

‐ sessing a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 922(g)(1). He moved to suppress evidence of the gun. The4 No. 21

‐ 1293

district court referred the case to a magistrate judge for a re

‐

port and recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).

1. The Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation

The magistrate judge conducted an evidentiary hearing on

November 13, 2019. During the hearing, Officers Brenneke

and Romines testified regarding th e events at the motel room.

They further explained that they had found people hiding in

or under beds when attempting to serve warrants. Jones did

not testify. Of relevance to this appeal, Jones made two pri

‐

mary arguments: First, the government did not meet its bur

‐

den of showing th at Jones consented to the search of his motel

room; second, any arguable consent was tainted by an imper

‐

missible seizure. Jones did not argue, however, that the offic

‐

ers’ presentation of the arrest warrant for Gosnell constituted

a seizure. In his reply brief in support of the motion, Jones

added that the search under the bed exceeded the scope of

any consent.

The magistrate judge made the following factual findings:

the officers’ testimony was “not contested in any meaningful

way at the hearing,” an d their testimony was “entirely credi

‐

ble”; a minute and a half passed between the first knock on

the door and when Jones opened it; Office r Brenneke twice

stated they “would like to verify [Gosnell’s] not inside”; Jones

said “That’s fine” and moved away from the door; Officer Ro

‐

mines explained they would look where “a person can hide”;

and the door was left open during the search.

Turning to Jones’s leg al arguments, the magistrate judge

recommended that Jones was not seized, that he had con

‐

sented to the search, and that the search did not exceed the

scope of his consent. The magistrate judge recommended thatNo. 21

‐ 1293 5

the officers’ knocking did not amount to a seizure. The mag

‐

istrate judge also found Jones had consented to the search by

affirmatively stating “That’s fine” and stepping away from

the door. The magistrate noted: “it is unclear if the officers ex

‐ plained to Defendant that he had the right to refuse to coop

‐

erate,” but concluded the officers’ conve rsational tone of

voice, lack of force, and minimal number of requests to enter

(twice) suggested Jones’s consent was not coerced. Finally,

the magistrate judge recommended that the search was

within the scope of consent because “a reasonable person

would like ly consider the space [under the bed] within the

scope of where a person may hide.”

Jones specifically objected to the following findings:

(1) that no seizure occurred when the officers spoke with

Jones at the door, (2) that Jones consented to the search of his

motel room, (3) that Jones’s con sent was voluntary, (4) that a

reasonable person would consider the space under the motel

bed as within the scope of “where a person may hide,” (5) that

the officers did not exceed the scope of Jones’s consent, and

(6) that the search of the motel room did not violate his con

‐

stitutional rights.

2. The Dist rict Court’s Opinion

The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s recom

‐

mendation and denied the motion to suppress. The court ob

‐

served that 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) requires the court to “make a

de novo determination of those portions of the report or spec

‐

ified proposed findings or recommendations to which objec

‐

tion is made.” Although the district court did not discuss each

of Jones’s objections explicitly, it did adopt the magistrate

judge’s fa ctual findings, concluding “they aren’t in dispute

and are otherwise supported by the record.”6 No. 21

‐ 1293

Regarding Jones’s objection to the conclusion that he was

not seized, the district court observed that Jones “develops no

sound basis for finding [that conclusion] erroneous.” Simi

‐ larly, the court concluded Jones “offers no compelling argu

‐

ment to show the recommendation” that he consented to the

search was “erroneous.” The district court agreed with the

magistrate judge that Jones expressly and voluntarily con

‐

sented to such a search. The court believed Jones’s “real ob

‐ jection” was to the scope of the search, and the court again

concluded the magistr ate judge’s finding on this front “hasn’t

been shown erroneous.” Like the magistrate ju dge, the district

court concluded, “While the space underneath the bed would

have been a tight squeeze, it is not unreasonable to believe a

person, especially one of petite build, might be hiding under

the bed.” The district court interpreted Jones’s remark that

Gosnell “couldn’t be under” the second be d not as a with

‐

drawal of consent but as a recognition of the scope of his ini

‐

tial consent.

II. Discussion

When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to

suppress, we review the court’s legal conclusions de novo and

its factual findings for clear error. United States v. Jackson

, 962

F.3d 353, 357 (7th Cir. 2020). Jones raises four issues on appeal:

First, whether the dis trict court erred by concluding he was

not seized prior to any arguable consent to search his motel

room; second, whether the district court erred in concluding

that he voluntarily consented to such a search; third, wh ether

the district court erred in concluding that looking under a bed

was within the scope of Jones’s arguable consent; and fourth,

whether the district court correctly applied a de novoNo. 21

‐ 1293 7

standard of review to the magistrate judge’s report and rec

‐

ommendation. We address each argument in turn.

A. Seizure

The Fourth Amendment prohibits “unreasonable” sei

‐

zures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. Whether a seizure occurred is a

legal determination that we review de novo. United States v.

Tyler

, 512 F .3d 405, 409 (7th Cir. 2008) (citing Ornelas v. United

States

, 517 U.S. 690, 697 (1996)); see also United States v. Wilson

,

963 F.3d 701, 703 (7th Cir. 2020). Seizures of a person fall into

one of two categories: the application of “physical force” or

“ submission to the assertion of a uthority.” California v. Ho

‐

dari D.

, 499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991) (emphasis in original). The lat

‐

ter is at issue here and “involves either voluntary submission

to a show of authority or the termination of freedom of move

‐

ment.” Torres v. Madrid

, 141 S. Ct. 989, 1001 (2021).

Generally, “officers may approach a willing person in a

public place and ask that person questions without violating

the Fourth Amendme nt.” United States v. Adeyeye

, 359 F.3d

457, 461 (7th Cir. 2004). If the encounter occurs in a public

place, courts ask whether a reasonable person would have felt

“free to leave.” United States v. Mendenhal l

, 446 U.S. 544, 554

(1980). But if police approach an individual in a confined

space, such as a bus, the proper inquiry is “whether a reason

‐

able person would feel free to decline the officers’ request or

otherwise terminate the encounter.” Florida v. Bostick

, 501 U.S.

429, 436 (1991). Either way, courts should consider the to tality

of the circumstances, including where the interaction took

place, how many officers were present, the extent to which

the police presence was threatening, whether the officers

made any show of weapons or physical force, the officers’ lan

‐

guage and tone, whether the officers suggested that the8 No. 21

‐ 1293

defendant was suspected of a crime, and whether the officers

told the defendant he was free to leave. United States v. Holly

,

940 F.3d 995, 1000 (7th Cir. 2019).

Here, the parties agree that Florida v. Bostick sets out the

proper test for whether a seizure occurred. In other words, the

relevant inquiry is whether a reasonable person in Jones’s sit

‐

uation would have fe lt free to decline the officers’ request to

open the door to his motel room. Jones argues he was seized

either when he opened the door or when the officers showed

him the arrest warrant for Gosnell. If he is correct, an u nrea

‐

sonable seizure could taint his subsequent consent and re

‐ quire suppression of the gun. See, e.g.

, United States v. Lopez

,

907 F.3d 472, 487 (7th Cir. 2018) (concluding that improperly

detained suspect’s consent to search was not voluntary and

reversing denial of motion to suppress).

1. Knocking on Jones’s Door

In arguing the officers seized him by the time he opened

the door, 1 Jones relies primarily on United States v. Jerez

, 108

F.3d 684 (7th Cir. 1997). In Jerez

, two officers were on drug

interdiction duty when they observed a car with an out

‐ of

‐

state license plate parked at a motel near the Milwaukee air

‐

port. Around 11 p.m., they returned to th e motel, hoping to

obtain consent to search the driver’s motel room. The officers

took turns knocking on the door for approximately three

minutes and announced themselves as police officers.

1 Jones concedes that officers have an “implicit license” to knock on

someone’s front door. Florida v. Jardines

, 569 U.S. 1, 8 (2013) (“This implicit

license typically permits the visitor to approach the home by the front

path, knock promptly, wait briefly to be received, and then (absent invita

‐

tion to lin ger longer) leave.”).No. 21

‐ 1293 9

Hearing no response, one officer decided to knock on the win

‐

dow of the motel room, while the other continued knocking

on the door. The officer by the window shone a flashlight into

the motel room and spotted Jerez. This continued for approx

‐ imately a minute and a half until another man in the motel

room opened the door

, clad only in his underwear. The court

concluded the two men were seized by the time one of the

officers began knocking on the window. Id

. at 690–93. “The

deputies’ persistence, in the face of the refusal to admit, trans

‐

formed what began as an attempt to e ngage in a consensual

encounter into an investigatory stop.” Id

. at 692.

The government contends this case is more like Adeyeye

than Jerez

. In Adeyeye

, customs agents suspected a foreign na

‐

tional who had flown to Chicago earlier that day was a drug

smuggler. The agents used a “knock and talk” procedure to

gain entry in to the defendant’s motel room. More specifically,

they knocked while identifying themselves as police, heard

muffled sounds inside the room, and tried knocking again

several minutes later. The agents also announced they would

come back later if it was an inco nvenient time. The defendant

opened the door, agreed they could come in, and consented

to the search of his belongings. The court distinguished Jerez

as involving a “substantially more intrusive” encounter and

concluded Adeyeye was not seized because the officers

knocked only twice and stated they could return at a later

time. Adeyeye

, 359 F.3d at 461–62. A reasonable person, in th e

court’s view, would have felt free to decline the officers’ re

‐

quest. Id

. at 462.

We agree Jones was not seized when Officers Brenneke

and Romines knocked on his motel room door. Here, the time

between when the of ficers first knocked and when Jones10 No. 21

‐ 1293

opened the door was at most a minute and a half. The officers

also sought entry to Jones’s motel room slightly earlier in the

evening than in Jerez (9 p.m., rather than 11 p.m.). While this

factor is not dispositive, the brief period of knocking suggests

Jones was not roused from sleep as in Jerez

. Furthermore, the

officers sp oke in a conversational, nonthreatening tone.

Jones’s response, “She’s not here,” in reference to Gosnell, is

telling. Jones recognized why the officers were there and did

not believe the officers were there for him. Jones even re

‐ quested and received additional time befo re opening the

door. In light of the totality of the circumstances, the district

court properly concluded that a reasonable person in Jones’s

position would have felt free to decline the officers’ request to

open the door.

2. The Arrest Warrant for a Third Party

For the first time on appeal, Jones argues the encounter

ripened into a seizure when the officers “f lashed” the arrest

warrant for Gosnell after Jones opened the door. He empha

‐

sizes that the officers showed him the warrant for a mere “15

to 20 seconds,” which is a “woefully insufficient time for an

‐

yone to read and understand a warrant.” In his briefing in

support of the motion to suppress, Jones argued only that he

was seized by the knocking and the lateness of the hour, not

that the warrant itself contributed to the seizure.

Jones nonetheless contends that he preserved the argu

‐

ment that the arrest warrant contributed to a seizure. His ar

‐

guments are unpersuasive. First, he objected only to the mag

‐

istrate judge’s finding that “no seizure occurred when the of

‐

ficers spoke with [Jones] at the door.” Second, although his

suppression motion briefing discussed Jerez

, that case did not

involve the display of a warrant; the court’s conclusion that aNo. 21

‐ 1293 11

seizure occurred turned on the lateness of the hour and the

prolonged knocking on both the door and the window. Fi

‐ nally, Jones fails to cite a case in which an appellate court con

‐

sidered the presence of a warrant notwithstanding a defend

‐

ant’s failure to raise the issue below. Because Jones forfeited

this argument, our review is for plain error. See United States

v. Julius

, 14 F.4th 752, 755 (7th Cir. 2021). To prevail on plain

error review, Jones must show (1) an error, (2) that was plain,

(3) that affected his substantial rights, and (4) that seriously

affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the pro

‐ ceedings. Id

.

Jones has failed to show any error, let alone plain error.

The officers sought entrance to the room based on Jones’s con

‐

sent, not on the grounds that they were executing a warrant.

There is no evidence that Jones relied on the warrant before

saying, “That’s fine” and stepping away from the door. See,

e.g.

, United States v. Williams

, 931 F.3d 570, 573 (7th Cir. 2019)

(“It is the appellant’s burden [on plain

‐ error review] to show

that an error actually occurred, not merely that an error might

have occurred.”). Jones does not dispute that the officers said,

“We’re not here for you,” and that he replied, “She’s not

here,” before he even opened the door. This exchange indi

‐

cates that he understood the difference between a search war

‐

rant and an arrest warrant, and he felt free to decline the of

‐

ficers’ requests.

In short, Jones has not shown that he was seized prior to

the search.

B. Voluntariness of Consent to Search

Consent is a well

‐ recognized exception to the Fourth

Amendment’s warrant requirement. Schneckloth v.12 No. 21

‐ 1293

Bustamonte

, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973). Whether consent was vol

‐

untary is a factual determination reviewed for clear error.

United States v. Thompson

, 842 F.3d 1002, 1009 (7th Cir. 2016).

To assess the voluntariness of consent, we consider the total

‐ ity of the circumstances. United States v. Thurman

, 889 F.3d

356, 367 (7th Cir. 2018) (citing Bustamonte

, 412 U.S. at 227).

This court considers: “(1) the age, education, and i ntelligence

of the defendant; (2) whether he was advised of his constitu

‐

tional rights; (3) how long he was detained before consenting;

(4) whether he consented immediately or was prompted by

repeated requests; (5 ) whether physical coercion was used;

and (6) whether he was in custody when he consented.” Id

.

We have also considered an individual’s “experience with the

criminal justice system.” United States v. Clinton

, 591 F.3d 968,

972 (7th Cir. 2010). No single factor controls. Thompson

, 842

F.3d at 1010 (citing Bustamon te

, 412 U.S. at 226).

1. Jones’s Consent Was Voluntary

The prosecution bears the burden of proving that consent

was “freely and voluntarily given.” Bumper v. North Carolina

,

391 U.S. 543, 548 (1968). To recap, the officers asked Jones to

open the d oor to his motel room, using conversational tones

throughout the encounter. When Jones opened the door, the

officers explained that they were looking for Gosnell and

would like to “verify” that she was not inside. Jones re

‐ sponded, “That’s fine” and stepped away from the door.

Based on these facts, the government has easily satisfied

its burden of proving that Jones voluntarily consented. The

government notes Jones had a GED and extensive intera ctions

with the criminal justice system, suggesting he understood he

could refuse consent. While the government contends “the

record is unclear” as to whether the officers informed Jones ofNo. 21

‐ 1293 13

his right to refuse consent, it is more accurate to say that the

suppression hearing transcript is completely silent on this

point. That said, it is undisputed that the officers did not use

or threaten the use of physical force, spoke in conversational

tones, and asked to “verify” Gosnell was not there only twice.

Jones’s counterarguments consist primarily of things th e

officers could have done but did not do in this case. For ex

‐ ample, he suggests the officers should have informed him of

his right to refuse consent, explained the difference between

an arrest warrant and a search warrant, and ret rieved consent

forms from their vehicle. This line of argument is squarely

foreclosed by Bustamonte

, which clarified that officers are not

required to inform individuals of their right to refuse consent

and that consent need not be in writing. Bustamonte

, 412 U.S.

at 227 (“While knowledge of the right to refuse consent is one

factor to be taken into account, the government need not es

‐

tablish such knowled ge as the sine qua non of an effective

consent.”). It does not matter that officers sometimes use con

‐

sent forms or go into greater detail about an individual’s

rights. 2

2 See, e.g.

, United States v. Rojas

, 783 F.2d 105, 107–10 (7th Cir. 1986)

(officers obtained verbal and written consent, in English and Spanish, to

search arrestee’s apartment); United States v. LaGrone

, 43 F.3d 332, 333–34

(7th Cir. 1994) (officer read consent

‐ to

‐ search form aloud and defendant

‐

arrestee initialed ea ch line before signing the form). Notably, in both cases,

officers sought the defendants’ consent to search after they had been ar

‐

rested. Because whether a person is in custody and the length of detention

are relevant factors in the consent analysis, it makes sense that the officers

in Rojas and LaG rone went to additional lengths to verify the voluntariness

of the defendants’ consent.14 No. 21

‐ 1293

The district court did not clearly err in finding Jones vol

‐ untarily consented to a search of his motel room.

2. Effect of the Arrest Warrant on Consent to Search

Jones argues on appeal that the officers’ presentation of

the arrest warrant for Gosnell rendered his consent to search

involuntar y. Jones contends that he merely acquiesced to a

show of governmental authority when he said, “That’s fine”

and stepped away from the door. Much like his argument that

the arrest warrant caused the encounter to ripen into a sei

‐

zure, Jones’s argument that the warrant vitiated his consent is

forfeited. His attempt to charac terize this argument as pre

‐

served is unpersuasive. The mere use of pinpoint citations in

Jones’s objections to the magistrate’s report does not convey

an objection to the magistrate’s lack of findings on the role of

the warrant. Our review is therefore for plain error. Fo r the

same reasons that Jones’s consent was voluntary, we further

conclude that there was no plain error regarding the effect of

the arrest warrant on Jones’s consent.

Even if Jones did not forfeit his arguments based on the

presence of the warrant, the cases upon which he relies are

distinguishable. In Bumper

, officers approached the ho me of a

suspect who lived with his grandmother and told the grand

‐

mother they had a warrant to search the house. The grand

‐

mother replied, “Go ahead” and opened the door, but there

was no evidence regarding the validity of the warrant itself,

which was not produc ed at the suppression hearing. Bumper

,

391 U.S. at 546, 550 n.15. The Supreme Court held that a con

‐

sent search is improper when consent is given “only after the

official conducting the search has asserted that he possesses a

warrant.” Id. at 548. In other words, the pro secution failed to

show the grandmother’s consent was voluntary by pointingNo. 21

‐ 1293 15

only to “acquiescence to a claim of lawful authority.” Id

.

at 549.

In United States v. Nafzger

, 965 F.2d 213 (7th Cir. 1992), of

‐

ficers went to a farm in Wisconsin to execute a search warrant

for a stolen truck. The warrant did not specify a place to be

searched other than “the Western District of Wisconsin.” Id.

at 214. Officers showed Nafzger the search warrant, an d he

told them he had a truck fitting that description. He then led

the officers to a shed where the truck was, at which point the

officers read him an FBI consent

‐ to

‐ search document. Nafzger

read and signed the form, and the officers searched the truck.

This court held that, becaus e the warrant failed to identify

Nafzger’s farm with particularity, the warrant was defective.

Id

. at 216. Applying Bumper

, any consent pursuant to the war

‐

rant was not voluntary. Id

. at 217 (“This was acquiescen ce to

the claim of authority invoked by flashing the search warrant,

not voluntary consent.”). The court noted that Nafzger, “a

dairy farmer with no criminal record, could not be expected

to distinguish between a search warrant of the truck and a

search warrant for the truck.” Id

. at 216–17 (emphasis added).

Bumper and Nafzg er are distinguishable from this case be

‐

cause both involved searches pursuant to a warrant. The cir

‐

cumstances preceding the defendants’ “consent” in those

cases seriously undermined whether their consents were vol

‐

untary. Here, by contrast, the officers merely informed Jones

that they had an arrest warrant for Gosnell, but their req uest

to search the room was still optional. The district court’s find

‐ ing that Jones voluntarily consented was not clearly errone

‐

ous.

Jones’s fallback argument, that this court should remand

for further factfinding on the warrant, is also unpersuasive.16 No. 21

‐ 1293

The record is unclear regarding what role, if any, the warrant

played in Jones’s decision to allow the officers inside the mo

‐

tel room. But the reason the record is unclear is that the gov

‐

ernment relied on consent as the basis for the search, and

Jones did not argue below that the presence of the warrant

rendered his consent involuntary. No additional factfinding

is necessar y. 3

C. Scope of Consent

Whether a search exceeded the scope of consent is a factual

finding reviewed for clear error. United States v. $304,980.00 in

U.S. Currency

, 732 F.3d 812, 820 (7th Cir. 2013). The scope of

consent is assessed under an “objective reasonableness”

standard that asks what a “typical reasonable person” would

have understood to be within th e scope. Thurman

, 889 F.3d at

368 (quoting Florida v. Jimeno

, 500 U.S. 248, 251 (1991)). The

burden is on the individual to limit the scope of consent. Thur

‐

man

, 889 F.3d at 368. Officers may look in any area that could

reasonably contain the sought

‐ after item or person. Jimeno

,

500 U.S. at 252 (“[I]f [a n individual’s] consent would reasona

‐ bly be understood to extend to a particular container, the

Fourth Amendment provides no grounds for requiring a

more explicit authorization.”).

1. No Clear Error

In light of the foregoing conclusion that Jones consente d

to the search, a reasonable person would likely believe

3 Cf. United States v. Groves

, 470 F.3d 311, 322–23 (7th Cir. 2006) (re

‐ manding for additional factfinding on whether third party voluntarily

consented to search of defendant’s apartment, where third party claimed

officer threatened to send her child to protective services and to charge

her for any contraband in the ap artment).No. 21

‐ 1293 17

looking underneath the beds in Jones’s motel room was well

within the scope of his consent. Again, the officers explained

they would look only “where a person could be.” Jones tries

to equate lifting the bed with a “physical intrusion,” but it

seems perfectly reasonable that someone could be hiding un

‐

der a bed to evade arrest even if it was a tight squeeze. A rea

‐

sonable person would not consider the of ficers’ assurances

that they would not open small drawers as stipulating that

they would conduct a strictly visual search. See United States

v. Berke

, 930 F.2d 1219, 1222–23 (7th Cir. 1991) (conse nt to

“look” in a bag reasonably encompassed searching, not just

visual inspection).

Jones’s reliance on United States v. Dichiarinte

, 445 F.2d 126

(7th Cir. 1971), does not change this conclusion. There, the de

‐

fendant consented to a search of his home for narcotics, telling

officers to “c ome over to the house and look, you are welcome

to.” Id

. at 128. When it became apparent that the officers were

examining his personal papers, Dichiarinte objected, “Does

that look like narcotics ...?” Id

. The officers ignored his subse

‐

quent attempts to call off the search, and he was lat er con

‐

victed of tax evasion. This court held the search exceeded the

scope of his consent, which was limited to narcotics. Id

. at 129.

Here, even if this court were to reach a different conclusion

on the scope of consent, the district court’s finding was not

clearly erroneous.

2. Attempt to Limit the Scope of Consent

For the first time on appeal, Jones argues he “expressly

limited” the scope of his consent when he stated that Gosnell

“couldn’t be under there” before Officer Brenneke lifted the

second bed. Jones did not raise this argument before the mag

‐

istrate judge or the district court, so our review is for plain18 No. 21

‐ 1293

error. See United States v. Price

, 775 F.3d 828, 835 (7th Cir.

2014).

To determine whether an individual has limited the scope

of consent, courts ask whether the consent can “reasonably be

understood” to extend to the challenged search. Jimeno

, 500

U.S. at 252. “If a suspect’s attempt to withdraw consent is

equivocal, ‘police officers may reasonably continue their

search in the premises entered pursuant to the initial gra nt of

authority.’” $304,980.00 in U.S. Currency

, 732 F.3d at 820

(quoting United States v. McMullin

, 576 F.3d 810, 815 (8th Cir.

2009)). 4 Again, the burden is on the subject of the search to

limit the scope of consent. Thurman

, 889 F.3d at 368.

Any error in the district court’s lack of findings about the

limiting effect of Jones’s statement was not plain. A reasona

‐

ble observer might have interpreted Jones’s comment as an

attempt to limit his consent, but an equally log ical interpreta

‐

tion is that he was dismissing the possibility the officers

would find Gosnell under the bed. Jones has not satisfied his

burden of showing the scope of consent did not include look

‐ ing under the bed. Id.

4 As Jones observes in his reply brief, this court has not explicitly re

‐ quired that limits on consent be “unequivocal,” as the Eighth Circuit has.

This court in $304,980.00 in U.S. Currency went on to say, “While our cases

have not explicitly required as much, they are consistent with this ap

‐

proa ch.” 732 F.3d at 820. We read this favorable citation of Eighth Circuit

case law as endorsing the notion that consenters should clearly indicate

the scope or withdrawal of consent. See id

. (“Put another way, police offic

‐

ers do not act unreasonably by failing to halt their search every time a

consenting su spect equivocates.”).No. 21

‐ 1293 19

D. De Novo Review of the Magistrate Judge’s Report and

Recommendation

Under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), the district court must “make

a de novo determination of those portions of the report or

specified proposed findings or recommendations to which

objection is made.” A district court judge may fulfill this obli

‐ gation sim ply by “inform[ing] [this court] that he has con

‐

ducted a de novo review.” Pinkston v. Madry

, 440 F.3d 879, 894

(7th Cir. 2006). Indeed, in some cases, a district court may

even adopt the magistrate’s report and recommendation in its

entirety without writing its own opinio n. See United States v.

Rodriguez

, 888 F.2d 519, 521–22 (7th Cir. 1989).

Here, the district court said it conducted a “de novo re

‐

view,” cited to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1), and independently dis

‐

cussed the relevant law. Jones takes issue with the district

court’s use of the term “erroneous,” which supposedly ind i

‐

cates the district court incorrectly applied the clearly errone

‐

ous standard to the magistrate judge’s findings. He also ar

‐

gues the court shifted the burden of proving consent from the

government to Jones. In context, the district court simply used

the term “erroneous” in response to Jones’s objections to the

report and recommendation. Not hing suggests the district

court failed to properly apply the de novo standard of review

to each of the magistrate judge’s proposed findings and rec

‐

ommendations.

III. Conclusion

The district court’s denial of the motion to suppress is

A FFIRMED

.