FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

May 22, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 07-12330

_____________

D.C. Docket No. 02-00947-CV-T-23TBM

 

MAVERICK MEDIA GROUP, INC.,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus 

HILLSBOROUGH COUNTY, FLORIDA,

Defendant -Appellee.

____________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

____________

(May 22, 2008)

Before BIRCH, DUBINA and HILL, Circuit Judges.
2

PER CURIAM:

Maverick Media Group, Inc., (“Maverick”), sued Hillsborough County,

Florida, (the “County”), claiming that the County unconstitutionally denied it

permits for outdoor signs. The district court entered summary judgment for the

County and Maverick appealed. A review of the record reveals that Maverick

does not have standing to bring this claim. Therefore, we shall vacate the district

court’s judgment and remand for dismissal of the case. 

I.

A. In order to have Article III standing to challenge the County’s sign

ordinance, Maverick must have a constitutional injury that is redressable by

the court.

In order to have Article III standing in federal court, a plaintiff must suffer

an injury in fact that is both causally connected to the conduct complained of and

redressable by a favorable decision of the court. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife,

504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992). These constitutional standing requirements are

jurisdictional in that they “involve[] the court’s competency to consider a given

type of case,’” and, therefore, “‘cannot be waived or otherwise conferred upon the

court by the parties.” Bochese v. Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964, 975 (11 Cir. th

2005). Standing “is the threshold question in every federal case, determining the

power of the court to entertain the suit.” Warth v. Selden, 422 U.S. 490, 499
The district court referred the case to the Magistrate Judge for a Report and 1

Recommendation on the cross-motions for summary judgment. 

3

(1975). “‘In the absence of standing, a court is not free to opine in an advisory

capacity about the merits of a plaintiff’s claims,’” and “‘the court is powerless to

continue.’” CAMP Legal Defense Fund, Inc. v. City of Atlanta, 451 F.3d 1257,

1269 (11 Cir. 2006) (internal citations omitted). th

The County in its Answer to the Complaint denied that Maverick had

standing to bring its claims. The Magistrate Judge concluded that Maverick had

standing. Although the County did not cross-appeal this part of the district 1

court’s judgment, we must satisfy ourselves that Maverick has standing before

proceeding to consider the merits of this appeal. Id. Unless Maverick has Article

III standing to bring its claims, the district court had no constitutional authority to

enter a judgment in the case. Id.

B. Maverick’s injury is not redressable by the court.

We have recently held that a plaintiff whose sign permit applications were

denied on the basis of one provision in a county’s sign ordinance, but which could

have been denied on the basis of some alternate, but unchallenged regulation, does

not have a redressable injury. KH Outdoor, L.L.C. v. Clay County, 482 F.3d 1299,

1301 (11 Cir. 2007). In that case, KH Outdoor sought to erect offsite billboards, th
In KH Outdoor, the “other” regulations were found in state law that imposed certain 2

application requirements that had not been met by the plaintiff. 541 F.3d at 1303-04.

The Magistrate in this case concluded that Maverick had standing because “[Maverick’s] 3

injury likely would be redressed by a favorable decision (e.g., actual or nominal damages).” The

district court summarily adopted the Report and Recommendation. This was error. In KH

Outdoor, the plaintiffs requested damages. In concluding that the plaintiff did not have standing,

we necessarily concluded that damages – just as sign permits – are unavailable to the plaintiff

whose sign applications may be denied under an alternative, unchallenged provision of an

ordinance. See also Get Outdoors II, 506 F.3d 894 (nominal damages unavailable to plaintiff

whose applications deniable under alternate provision of ordinance)

Offsite signs are those that are not located at the site of the business advertised. 4

4

prohibited by a provision of the county’s sign ordinance. We held that its injury

was not redressable because even if the court were to strike the challenged

provision, there were other unchallenged regulations that would still have

prohibited its signs. Id. In the absence of a redressable injury, KH Outdoor did 2

not have standing to contest the ordinance. Id.

3

This approach has been endorsed by several of our sister circuits. In

Midwest Media Prop., LLC v. Symmes Tp., 503 F.3d 456, 461 (6 Cir. 2007), the th

plaintiff sign company sought permits to erect offsite billboards, which the

township’s ordinance prohibited. The Sixth Circuit held that the plaintiff’s injury 4

was not redressable because “[e]ven if plaintiffs could show that the township’s

original [offsite] advertising ban . . . violated the First Amendment, each of

[plaintiff’s] nine sign applications sought to post signs that plainly violated the

township’s size and height regulations,” which plaintiffs chose not to challenge in
5

their complaint. Id. The court said that “even if . . . our court invalidated [the

offsite sign ban], that would not redress plaintiffs’ injury because the size and

height restrictions still would preclude the township from approving their sign

applications and thus still would preclude plaintiffs from erecting each of these

signs.” Id. at 461-62. Therefore, the court concluded, plaintiffs had no standing.

Similarly, in Advantage Media, L.L.C. v. City of Eden Prairie, 456 F.3d

793, 801 (8 Cir. 2006), the Eighth Circuit concluded that the plaintiff sign

th

company lacked standing to challenge a city ordinance banning billboards because

“a favorable decision for Advantage, even with respect to those sign code

provisions which were factors in the denial of its permit applications would not

allow it to build its proposed signs, for these would still violate other unchallenged

provisions of the sign code like the restrictions on size, height, location, and

setback.” Plaintiff’s injury was not redressable, the court concluded, “for even in

victory it would be ‘no closer’ to erecting its billboards or obtaining damages than

when litigation began.” Id. at 802 (internal citation omitted). Without a

redressable injury, the court held that the sign company lacked standing to

proceed. Id.

The Fourth Circuit reached the same result in Covenant Media of South

Carolina, LLC v. City of North Charleston, 493 F.3d 421 (4 Cir. 2007). In that th
6

case the plaintiff sign company’s applications violated multiple sections of the

city’s sign ordinance, not all of which it challenged. The court said that

“[b]ecause Covenant’s application violated the spacing requirement, it could not

have been approved regardless of whether other substantive provisions of the Sign

Regulation are held to be unconstitutional.” Id. at 430. Therefore, the plaintiff’s

alleged injury was unredressable and it had no standing to proceed.

The Seventh Circuit has also endorsed this redressability analysis as applied

to sign company plaintiffs whose applications could have been denied under

alternate, unchallenged provisions of a sign ordinance, holding that plaintiffs have

no standing where “[plaintiff] suffers an injury [it cannot erect the proposed

billboard], but winning the case will not alter that situation”). Harp Adver. Ill.,

Inc., v. Village of Chicago Ridge, Ill., 9 F.3d 1290, 1292 (7 Cir. 1993). See also

th

Get Outdoors II, LLC v. City of San Diego, 506 F.3d 886, 893 (9 Cir. 2007) th

(endorsing our approach in KH Outdoor, so long as standing is defeated as a result

of an unchallenged secondary restriction, such as one based on height or size).

Thus, the KH Outdoor redressability analysis is applicable to the case where

a county could deny a plaintiff’s sign permit applications under an alternative

provision of its ordinance that the plaintiff’s complaint does not challenge. This is

such a case. Just as in KH Outdoor, Hillsborough County’s ordinance contains
The ordinance defined billboards as any advertising sign measuring 72 square feet in 5

aggregate sign area or more. [R & R, n. 22]. Both the Amended Complaint and Maverick’s

property leases for its signs confirm that all of Maverick’s applications were for signs measuring

14 by 48 feet in size, and the Magistrate specifically so found in his R & R. 

The Magistrate Judge found that the County denied Maverick’s applications on the 6

ground that they were for prohibited off-site signs or billboard signs.

7

height and size limitations for permitted signs. These limitations would have

prohibited the erection of Maverick’s billboards independently of the ordinance’s

categorical billboard prohibitions, and the Magistrate specifically so found. [R &

R at n. 23.] In his Report and Recommendation, the Magistrate found that the

evidence submitted by Maverick revealed that it sought permits only for signs

measuring 14' x 48', “the size of which clearly exceeds the size limitations

contained in the excepted off-site directional signs provisions.” [R & R at n.23,

citing §§ 7.04.02(B)(6), (C)(6), (D)(2), (E)(2), and (F)(2)]. Therefore, the County

5

could have denied Maverick’s applications under an alternative, unchallenged

provision of its sign ordinance.

Maverick did not specifically challenge the height and size restrictions in

the County’s ordinance because it did not apply for the type of sign permitted by

the County’s ordinance. Therefore, its applications were not denied under these

provisions. Since its applications were for offsite billboards, they were denied

under ordinance provisions prohibiting billboards and offsite signs. 

6
8

Nor may Maverick invoke the overbreadth doctrine in an attempt to get at

these limitations. See CAMP, 451 F.3d at 1270. In CAMP, we rejected the

contention that a plaintiff who has suffered injury under one provision of an

ordinance has standing to challenge the entire ordinance. Id. at 1270. We

clarified that the overbreadth doctrine is an exception only to the prudential

standing requirement that a plaintiff must assert his own legal rights and interests,

and cannot rest his claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties. 

Id. at 1270-71 (citing Warth v. Selden, 422 U.S. 490, 499 (1975)). The doctrine

merely permits the plaintiff to whom a provision of a statute is constitutionally

applied to assert that the same provision might be unconstitutionally applied to

third parties not before the court. Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 613

(1973). Thus, a plaintiff who has established constitutional injury as to himself

under a provision of a statue may also attack that provision under the overbreadth

doctrine to vindicate the rights of others not before the court. Camp, 451 F.3d at

1273-74 (citing FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 233 (1990)).

The overbreadth doctrine does not, however, grant a plaintiff carte blanche

to challenge an entire ordinance merely because some part of the ordinance – to

which the plaintiff is not subject – might be unconstitutional. Id. at 1271. It does

not, because it may not, waive the Article III requirement that the plaintiff have
9

suffered a real injury in fact as to a challenged provision of an ordinance. Id.; see

also Granite State Outdoor Advertising, Inc., v. City of Clearwater, Fla., 351 F.3d

1112, 1116-17 (11 Cir. 2003) (overbreadth doctrine does not vitiate the th

requirement for an injury in fact as to the challenged provision). Therefore, a

plaintiff may not attack any provision of an ordinance under which he has not

suffered a real injury in fact. Id. See also Get Outdoors II, 506 F.3d at 892

(plaintiff may not “leverage its injuries under certain, specific provisions to state

an injury under the sign ordinance generally); Prime Media, Inc. v. City of

Brentwood, 485 F.3d 343, 350 (6 Cir. 2007) (“Prime Media’s standing with th

regard to the size and height requirements does not magically carry over to allow it

to litigate other independent provisions of the ordinance without a separate

showing of an actual injury under those provisions”); Covenant Media, 493 F.3d

at 421 (“That Covenant has standing to challenge the timeliness of the City’s

decision on the December 2004 application does not provide it a passport to

explore the constitutionality of every provision of the Sign Regulation”).

Therefore, Maverick may challenge only those provisions of the ordinance

under which it suffered an injury in fact. The Magistrate determined that

Maverick did not suffer injury under the permitted sign provisions of the

ordinance because Maverick did not apply for such signs. All of Maverick’s sign
10

applications were for prohibited billboards – signs that greatly exceed the height

and size limitations for permitted signs. The Magistrate specifically found,

without objection by Maverick, that it was “not subject to the exceptions to the

prohibitions on off-site signs found in [the old ordinance] because the evidence

submitted by Maverick reveals that it sought permits for signs measuring 14' by

48', the size of which clearly exceeds the size limitations contained in the excepted

off-site directional signs provisions.” 

If there were any evidence in this record that Maverick sought to display

signs that otherwise complied with the permitted sign provision, it might have an

injury in fact as to the height and size restrictions in this provision. Since there is

no such evidence, Maverick suffered no injury in fact under the permitted sign

provision of the prior ordinance and it has no standing to challenge it under the

overbreadth doctrine or any other doctrine. See Prime Media, Inc. v. City of

Brentwood, 485 F.3d 343, 352 (6 Cir. 2007) (reaching same conclusion and th

observing that “[i]f it had attempted to produce a billboard which complied with

the height and size requirements, and was threatened with rejection or regulation

under the other challenged ordinance provisions, there would arguably be a

cognizable injury in fact. . . . However, the record bears no evidence of such a
Nor does Maverick’s claim that the offsite sign prohibition is not content-neutral change 7

this analysis in any way. Maverick’s offsite sign applications, denied under the ordinance’s

prohibition on offsite signs, similarly could have been denied under the size and height

limitations, because all the applications were for signs that exceeded those limitations. 

11

development”).7

II.

In sum, Maverick does not have standing to bring this action challenging

the billboard and offsite sign prohibitions in the County’s prior sign ordinance

because its injury in fact under these provisions is unredressable by the court. It

may not challenge the entire ordinance on its face because it has suffered no injury

in fact as to any other provisions. Therefore, the judgment of the district court is

due to be vacated, and the case will be remanded to the district court with

instructions to dismiss the case.

VACATED and REMANDED.