HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES

45. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage

by occupation and industry

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2017

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below prevailing

Federal minimum

wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

Total wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,439 1,282 542 1,824 2.3

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,233 79 23 102 0.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,293 28 2 30 0.6

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,163 17 1 18 0.6

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,130 11 1 12 0.6

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,940 51 21 72 0.6

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,130 1 2 4 0.3

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,009 3 0 3 0.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 4 0 4 1.0

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,030 6 2 7 0.7

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 0 0 0 0.0

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,750 14 9 23 0.8

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954 8 3 11 1.1

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,288 14 5 19 0.4

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,261 1,009 240 1,249 6.5

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,907 36 17 53 1.8

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,996 19 8 27 1.3

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,199 837 134 971 13.5

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,887 40 40 80 2.0

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,273 77 42 119 3.6

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,214 82 207 289 1.4

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,010 58 141 199 2.5

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,204 24 66 90 0.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,188 26 6 31 0.3

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 8 1 10 1.2

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,023 10 1 11 0.2

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,372 7 4 11 0.3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,543 86 67 153 1.1

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,913 29 19 48 0.7

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,630 57 48 105 1.6

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,794 1,230 514 1,744 2.5

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 6 0 6 0.7

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,908 1,223 514 1,737 2.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 1 1 1 0.4

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,294 13 2 14 0.3

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,274 31 21 52 0.6

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,680 23 11 34 0.6

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,594 8 10 19 0.5

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,922 69 138 207 1.6

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,658 3 4 7 0.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,265 66 134 200 1.8

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,684 17 9 25 0.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,125 15 9 24 0.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 1 0 1 0.2

Information1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,086 2 4 6 0.5

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 0 0 0 0.0

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 1 1 2 0.9

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming. . . 261 2 0 2 0.6

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 0 1 1 0.2

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,545 14 11 24 0.7

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,465 6 5 12 0.5

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,513 2 0 2 0.1

See footnotes at end of table.

1
HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES

45. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage

by occupation and industry — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2017

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below prevailing

Federal minimum

wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 952 5 5 10 1.0

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,080 7 5 13 1.2

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,607 33 30 63 1.0

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,949 15 3 18 0.6

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,658 18 27 45 1.2

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,813 97 62 159 1.2

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,782 13 19 32 1.8

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,031 84 43 127 1.1

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,015 893 213 1,105 11.0

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,595 55 21 76 4.8

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,421 837 191 1,029 12.2

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,080 22 12 33 3.1

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,340 816 180 995 13.6

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,271 54 25 79 2.4

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,842 44 19 63 2.2

Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 10 6 17 3.9

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,645 52 28 80 0.8

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,807 8 6 13 0.7

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,935 11 9 20 0.7

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,903 33 13 46 0.9

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour in 2017. Data are for wage and salary workers; all self-employed workers are excluded, both those with

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data refer to a person’s earnings on the sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are

paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other non-hourly workers are not included. Hourly earnings for hourly-paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or

tips received. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are

exceptions to the minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some survey respondents may have rounded hourly earnings to the nearest dollar and, as a result,

reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage even though they earned the minimum wage or higher. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.

2