HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES

45. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage

by occupation and industry

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2018

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below prevailing

Federal minimum

wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

Total wage and salary workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,915 1,276 434 1,711 2.1

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,040 64 26 90 0.5

Management, business, and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,725 24 2 27 0.5

Management occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,401 14 1 15 0.5

Business and financial operations occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,325 10 1 11 0.5

Professional and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,314 39 24 63 0.5

Computer and mathematical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,191 9 4 13 1.1

Architecture and engineering occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,008 3 0 3 0.3

Life, physical, and social science occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 0 4 4 0.9

Community and social service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,057 4 3 7 0.6

Legal occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 0 0 0 0.1

Education, training, and library occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,756 8 8 17 0.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 6 3 9 0.9

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,468 9 1 10 0.2

Service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,509 1,023 206 1,229 6.3

Healthcare support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,997 45 5 50 1.7

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,067 29 9 38 1.8

Food preparation and serving related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,141 837 131 968 13.6

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,023 42 23 65 1.6

Personal care and service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,281 71 37 108 3.3

Sales and office occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,183 75 150 226 1.1

Sales and related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,046 35 105 140 1.7

Office and administrative support occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,137 40 46 86 0.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,369 32 8 39 0.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 3 2 5 0.7

Construction and extraction occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,188 14 0 14 0.3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,426 15 6 20 0.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,814 83 45 127 0.9

Production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,981 26 17 43 0.6

Transportation and material moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,833 57 28 84 1.2

INDUSTRY

Private sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,234 1,219 403 1,622 2.2

Agriculture and related industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 5 1 6 0.7

Nonagricultural industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,326 1,215 401 1,616 2.3

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 1 0 1 0.3

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,502 11 1 12 0.2

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,407 43 19 62 0.7

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,837 22 4 26 0.4

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,570 21 14 36 1.0

Wholesale and retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,988 54 95 149 1.1

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,686 4 2 6 0.4

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,302 50 93 143 1.3

Transportation and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,742 23 3 26 0.7

Transportation and warehousing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,209 22 3 25 0.8

Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 1 0 1 0.1

Information1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,118 8 5 12 1.1

Publishing, except Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 1 0 2 1.1

Motion pictures and sound recording industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 3 3 6 3.4

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming. . . 244 0 1 1 0.5

Telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 2 0 2 0.5

Financial activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,599 13 5 18 0.5

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,543 8 2 11 0.4

Finance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,586 7 2 9 0.6

See footnotes at end of table.

1
HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES

45. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage

by occupation and industry — Continued

[Numbers in thousands]

Occupation and industry

2018

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Total at or below prevailing

Federal minimum

wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

Insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 1 1 2 0.2

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,056 5 2 7 0.7

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,812 59 21 80 1.2

Professional and technical services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,035 17 2 18 0.6

Management, administrative, and waste services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,777 42 19 62 1.6

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,262 85 46 132 0.9

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,902 11 17 28 1.5

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,360 74 30 104 0.8

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,959 868 181 1,049 10.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,598 43 19 61 3.8

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,361 825 163 987 11.8

Accommodation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,031 29 5 34 3.3

Food services and drinking places. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,330 796 157 954 13.0

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,514 50 25 75 2.1

Other services, except private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,942 35 20 55 1.9

Private households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 15 6 20 3.5

Public sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,681 57 32 89 0.9

Federal government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,853 9 3 12 0.6

State government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,914 13 21 34 1.2

Local government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,913 35 8 43 0.9

1

Includes other industries, not shown separately.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour in 2018. Data are for wage and salary workers; all self-employed workers are excluded, both those with

incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated businesses. The data refer to a person’s earnings on the sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are

paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other non-hourly workers are not included. Hourly earnings for hourly-paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or

tips received. The presence of workers with hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are

exceptions to the minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some survey respondents may have rounded hourly earnings to the nearest dollar and, as a result,

reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage even though they earned the minimum wage or higher. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the

release of January data.

2