In the Supreme Court of Georgia

 Decided: September 14, 2015

S15A1041. WILLIAMS v. RUDOLPH.

MELTON, Justice.

Following the partial grant of Rajkumar Rudolph’s petition for a writ of

habeas corpus, StanleyWilliams, in his capacity as Warden, appeals, contending

that the trial court erred by finding that Rudolph had received ineffective

assistance of appellate counsel. Specifically, the habeas court found that

Rudolph was harmed by appellate counsel’s failure to challenge the trial court’s

decision to charge Rudolph’s jury with the crime of statutory rape as a lesser

included offense of rape. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse.

As set forth in Rudolph’s prior direct appeal, the underlying facts of this

case are as follows:

Rudolph developed a relationship with his friend's 12–year–old

daughter, A.H., and showered her with gifts, including a cell phone.

Over the course of several months, Rudolph and A.H. called and

exchanged text messages with each other, which eventually turned

sexual in nature. On November 15, 2007, Rudolph entered A.H.'s

house without permission or authority. Upon seeing A.H. upstairs,
Rudolph approached her, took off his pants, and placed A.H. on the

floor. Rudolph then kissed A.H. on her breasts and vagina, inserted

a finger into her vagina, and had sexual intercourse with her against

her will.

Rudolph v. State, 313 Ga. App. 411, 412 (721 SE2d 625) (2011). 

At the close of Rudolph’s jury trial, the trial court, acting sua sponte,

decided to charge the jury on statutory rape as a lesser included offense of rape.

Rudolph had not been indicted for statutory rape. Ultimately, Rudolph was

acquitted of forcible rape and found guilty of statutory rape, aggravated sexual

battery, aggravated child molestation, child molestation, and burglary. Rudolph

appealed, and the Court of Appeals affirmed his conviction. Id. Thereafter, as

is pertinent here, Rudolph filed a habeas action, arguing that his appellate

counsel performed deficiently in four different ways. On August 7, 2014, the

habeas court issued a final order granting partial relief and vacating Rudolph's

conviction for statutory rape, but denying relief as to the other convictions and

sentences. The habeas court found that appellate counsel was ineffective for

failing to challenge the trial court’s decision to give a jury instruction on

statutory rape as a lesser included offense of rape. Trial counsel had objected to

the instruction, but appellate counsel did not enumerate the giving of the

2
instruction as error on appeal. This ruling by the habeas court was erroneous.

In order to prevail on his claim, Rudolph

must show that his appellate lawyer rendered deficient performance

and that actual prejudice resulted. Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Battles v.

Chapman, 269 Ga. 702 (506 SE2d 838) (1998); Smith v. Francis,

253 Ga. 782, 783-784 (1) (325 SE2d 362) (1985). With respect to

the performance prong, counsel on appeal is “strongly presumed to

have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant

decisions in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment.”

Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466U.S. at 690. Because counsel's

performance is considered in light of the circumstances surrounding

the representation, reference to hindsight is inappropriate in judging

counsel's performance. Id. at 689-690. . . In order to find actual

prejudice, a court must conclude that “there is a reasonable

probability (i.e., a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in

the outcome) that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result

of the proceeding would have been different [cit.].” Smith v.

Francis, supra, 253 Ga. at 783 (1). An ineffective assistance claim

presents a mixed question of fact and law, and we accept the habeas

court's findings of fact unless clearly erroneous but independently

apply those facts to the law. Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466

U.S. at 698; Lajara v. State, 263 Ga. 438, 440 (3) (435 SE2d 600)

(1993).

Head v. Ferrell, 274 Ga. 399, 403-404 (V) (554 SE2d 155) (2001).

At the time of Rudolph’s trial, there was Georgia precedent holding that,

under certain circumstances, statutory rape might be an included offense in

forcible rape as a matter of fact, even if not always included as a matter of law.

3
Hill v. State, 295 Ga. App. 360 (2) (671 SE2d 853) (2008). This remained the

law at the time that Rudolph’s direct appeal was filed and at the time that the

appeal was decided at the Court of Appeals in 2011. In 2012, before Rudolph’s

present habeas action, the Court of Appeals reversed its course, expressly

overruled Hill and held that statutory rape may never be included in forcible

rape, as a matter of fact or law. Stuart v. State, 318 Ga. App. 839 (734 SE2d

814) (2012). Based on Stuart, Rudolph argued in his habeas action that his due

process rights had been violated

1 when he was convicted for statutory rape

because he had not been indicted for that crime and it was never an included

crime of forcible rape. The trial court agreed with this argument.

Pretermitting the question of Stuart’s propriety, at the time that appellate

counsel handled Rudolph’s appeal, Stuart had not yet been decided.

In making litigation decisions, there is no general duty on the part

of defense counsel to anticipate changes in the law, and only in a

rare case would it be ineffective assistance by a trial attorney not to

make an objection that would be overruled under prevailing law.

1 Since Rudolph was required to frame his argument as the denial of a

constitutional right, as habeas corpus is limited to the correction of such an

error, Rudolph based his claim below on ineffective assistance of counsel. See

OCGA § 9–14–42 (a). Cf. Hill v. Williams, 296 Ga. 753 (770 SE2d 800) (2015)

(habeas corpus action premised on a stand-alone due process claim).

4
Although this Court has held that a new decision applies to the

admission of evidence in cases pending on direct review at the time

that opinion was issued, that does not alter the long-standing

precedent that, when addressing a claim of ineffectiveness of

counsel, the reasonableness of counsel's conduct is examined from

counsel's perspective at the time of trial. Thus, a new decision does

not apply in a manner that would require counsel to argue beyond

existing precedent and anticipate the substance of the opinion

before it was issued.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Perera v. State, 295 Ga. 880, 885-886 (2)

(d) (763 SE2d 687) (2014). 

The habeas court’s order, due to its reliance on Stuart, addresses the claim

of ineffective assistance from a perspective and state of the law after Rudolph’s

appeal had already been decided. This perspective would require Rudolph’s

appellate counsel to argue beyond existing precedent at the time of his appeal;

however, there is no requirement for an attorney to prognosticate future law in

order to render effective representation. At the time of Rudolph’s appeal, there

was caselaw indicating that statutory rape could be a lesser included offense of

forcible rape as a matter of fact. Therefore, examining appellate counsel’s

perspective at the time of Rudolph’s appeal, it was not unreasonable for her not

to challenge the trial court’s decision to charge Rudolph’s jury on the crime of

statutory rape. Perera, supra. Moreover, at the time of Rudolph’s trial and

5
appeal, the law was well-settled that statutory rape could be a lesser included

offense of aggravated child molestation premised on sexual intercourse with a

child under the age of sixteen.2 See Andrews v. State, 200 Ga. App. 47, 47–48

(1) (406 SE2d 801) (1991) (holding that statutory rape was included as a matter

of fact in aggravated child molestation where both crimes were premised on “a

single act of sexual intercourse with the five-year-old victim”). Accordingly, the

habeas court’s grant of Rudolph’s writ of habeas corpus must be reversed, and

Rudolph’s conviction for statutory rape must be reinstated.

Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur.

2 Rudolph was indicted for aggravated child molestation on the basis that

he “did then and there unlawfully perform an immoral and indecent act upon the

person of [AH], a child under the age of sixteen years, by penetrating her

vagina.”

6