If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PAUL LOCHER and PATRICIA LOCHER,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

UNPUBLISHED

February 18, 2020

v No. 346566

Oakland Circuit Court

ESTATE OF BRADLEY M. ZIMMERMAN, by 

LYNN ZIMMERMAN, Personal Representative, 

ESTATE OF JOSEPHINE J. ZIMMERMAN, by 

LYNN ZIMMERMAN, Personal Representative, 

and LYNN ZIMMERMAN,

LC No. 2017-159250-CZ

Defendants-Appellees.

Before: MURRAY, C.J., and SWARTZLE and CAMERON, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiffs Paul and Patricia Locher appeal as of right the trial court’s order granting 

summary disposition to defendants of plaintiffs’ claim under the Seller Disclosure Act (SDA), 

MCL 565.951 et seq., and their claims for silent-fraud and common-law fraud. We affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs purchased a home in Pleasant Ridge, Michigan in 2015. At the time of the sale, 

the owners of the home, defendants Bradley and Josephine Zimmerman, had been suffering from 

dementia for several months and were living in assisted-living facilities. Their daughter, defendant 

Lynn Zimmerman, as their power of attorney, filled out the Seller’s Disclosure Statement (SDS) 

as required by the SDA. According to Lynn’s affidavit, she did so at her attorney’s insistence 

despite the fact that she had lived out of state and knew practically nothing about the home. Lynn 

was not deposed during discovery and her affidavit remains uncontested. On the SDS, she 

indicated that the condition of numerous aspects of the home were “unknown” to her and, despite 

the SDS’s instructions, she left several questions blank.

In their complaint, plaintiffs alleged three separate counts: one for violations of the SDA, 

one for common-law fraud, and one for silent fraud. The complaint listed multiple alleged defects 

that plaintiffs claimed Lynn was required but failed to disclose: (1) a severe mouse infestation; (2) 
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posts in the crawl space holding up parts of the main floor; (3) rotten plywood flooring in the 

master bedroom as a result of roof leaks; (4) rotten plywood under the laundry room floor due to 

water intrusion; (5) a leaking sliding glass door; (6) carpenter ants in the home; (7) improper 

installation of the water heater; (8) chimney deterioration; (9) water leaks in the basement; and

(10) multiple roof leaks.

Defendants eventually moved for summary disposition. With respect to the claim alleging 

SDA violations, defendants argued that the SDA did not create an independent cause of action. 

With respect to the two fraud claims, defendants argued that plaintiffs were unable to prove 

numerous elements of their claims. Defendants noted Lynn’s limited knowledge of the home’s 

condition, her lack of representations in the SDS, and plaintiffs’ presale inspection of the home. 

The trial court granted defendants’ motion. This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. SELLER DISCLOSURE ACT

Plaintiffs first argue that the trial court erred when it held the SDA did not create an 

independent cause of action. Whether a statute creates an independent cause of action is a question 

of law that this Court reviews de novo. Pitsch v ESE Michigan, Inc, 233 Mich App 578, 586; 593 

NW2d 565 (1999). “Our purpose in construing a statute is to ascertain the reasonable meaning of 

the specific language employed by the Legislature.” Id. 

The SDA “modifies the common law and in certain real estate transactions requires the 

transferor to disclose certain information in a specified format.” Roberts v Saffell, 280 Mich App 

397, 407-408; 760 NW2d 715 (2008), aff’d 483 Mich 1089 (2009). 

Where the common law provides no right to relief, but the right to relief is created 

by statute, a plaintiff has no private cause of action to enforce the right unless (1) 

the statute expressly creates a private cause of action, or (2) a cause of action can 

be inferred from the fact that the statute provides no adequate means of enforcement 

of its provisions. [Lane v KinderCare Learning Centers, Inc, 231 Mich App 689, 

695-696; 588 NW2d 715 (1998) (citations omitted).]

Although MCL 565.954(3) and (4) allow a purchaser to terminate a purchase agreement 

for the sale of real estate before the transfer of title if disclosures are not made as required in the 

SDS, the SDA provides no other remedy. See MCL 565.954-565.966. “The common-law rule 

with respect to real estate transactions is caveat emptor.” Roberts, 280 Mich App at 402. The 

common law, however, recognized causes of action for fraudulent representations. The SDA

likewise acknowledged existing common-law mechanisms for recovery based on “fraud, 

misrepresentation, or deceit in transfer transactions.” MCL 565.961. We therefore conclude that 

the SDA does not create an independent cause of action but instead relies on common-law causes 

of action in fraud to operate as the SDA-enforcement mechanisms. Accordingly, the trial court 

properly concluded that the SDA did not create an independent cause of action.
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B. FRAUD CLAIMS

1. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Although the trial court’s opinion and order regarding plaintiffs’ fraud claims cited both 

MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10), this Court will treat the trial court’s decision as having been 

rendered under MCR 2.116(C)(10) because the trial court’s analysis necessarily went beyond the 

pleadings. See Sharp v Lansing, 238 Mich App 515, 518; 606 NW2d 424 (1999). We review de 

novo a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion for summary disposition to determine 

whether the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 

Mich 109, 118; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual 

sufficiency of the complaint.” Id. at 120. When evaluating such a motion, a trial court considers 

affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence submitted by the parties in the 

light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Id. Where the proffered evidence fails to 

establish a genuine issue regarding any material fact, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law. Id.

“[A]t common law ‘a land vendor who surrenders title, possession, and control of property 

shifts all responsibility for the land’s condition to the purchaser.’ ” Roberts, 280 Mich App at 402, 

quoting Christy v Prestige Builders, Inc, 415 Mich 684, 694; 329 NW2d 748 (1982). Yet, 

Michigan caselaw recognizes several fraud theories as exceptions to the general rule of caveat 

emptor in real-estate transactions: (1) traditional common-law fraud, (2) innocent 

misrepresentation, and (3) silent fraud. Id. at 403. In this case, plaintiffs advanced claims of 

common-law fraud and silent fraud.

2. COMMON-LAW FRAUD

To prove a claim of common-law fraud, also known as fraudulent misrepresentation, a 

plaintiff must establish six different elements: 

(1) the defendant made a material representation; (2) the representation was false; 

(3) when the representation was made, the defendant knew that it was false, or made 

it recklessly, without knowledge of its truth, and as a positive assertion; (4) the 

defendant made it with the intention that the plaintiff should act upon it; (5) the 

plaintiff acted in reliance upon the representation; and (6) the plaintiff thereby 

suffered injury. [Id.]

Unlike a claim of innocent misrepresentation, which does not require proof of intent to deceive by 

the party making the misrepresentation, a claim of common-law fraud does require proof of an 

intent to deceive. M & D, Inc v McConkey, 231 Mich App 22, 28; 585 NW2d 33 (1998).

Here, plaintiffs have shown to no false representation made by Lynn. This is fatal to their 

claim of common-law fraud. On the SDS, Lynn indicated that the condition of numerous aspects 

of the home were “unknown” to her and she left several questions blank. Lynn’s silence simply 

cannot be interpreted as a material representation, regardless of plaintiffs’ insistence otherwise. 
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Moreover, several factual problems exist with plaintiffs’ claim of common-law fraud. For 

example, plaintiffs complain that Lynn was required but failed to disclose “posts in the crawl space 

holding up parts of the main floor,” “rotten plywood flooring [in] the master bedroom as a result 

of roof leaks,” and “multiple roof leaks (including a leaking roof valley).” After inspecting the 

home with their inspector, plaintiffs sought price reductions of $10,000 based on the condition of 

the roof and of $2,500 based on the crawl space. Because plaintiffs identified significant damage 

with respect to the roof and the crawl space—apparently $12,500 worth—it cannot be said that 

they reasonably relied on Lynn’s “unknown” answers regarding the crawl space and her nonanswer regarding the roof’s condition. See, e.g., Foreman v Foreman, 266 Mich App 132, 141-

142; 701 NW2d 167 (2005).

Furthermore, plaintiffs pursue a claim of common-law fraud with respect to the “leaking 

glass door” and the “carpenter ants in the home.” Although there was testimony that carpenter 

ants were present in the neighborhood, plaintiffs produced no evidence that anyone in the 

Zimmerman family was aware of any purported ant infestation in the home. Likewise, there was 

testimony that the Zimmermans were unaware of any issue with the sliding glass door after it was 

replaced approximately a year earlier, and plaintiffs produced no other evidence that anyone in the 

family was aware of that purported issue. Plaintiffs’ speculation that the Zimmerman family 

should have been aware of these purported issues was insufficient to survive summary disposition. 

See, e.g., Libralter Plastics, Inc v Chubb Group of Ins Co, 199 Mich App 482, 486; 502 NW2d 

742 (1993).

With regard to the plaintiffs’ allegation that there was a “severe mouse infestation” in the 

home that Lynn knowingly failed to disclose, plaintiffs have failed to produce evidence to support 

their claim. Although it was undisputed that plaintiffs found mouse traps in the attic, the number 

of which is unknown, this hardly itself establishes an “infestation.” Further, Lynn denied any 

knowledge that the traps were present. Plaintiffs’ did not depose Lynn, and they failed to develop 

any record evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Lynn misrepresented her 

knowledge when she failed to answer a question on the SDS regarding rodents.

Likewise, with respect to the alleged defects discussed above, as well as the “rotten 

plywood under the laundry room floor due to water intrusion,” the “improper installation of the 

water heater,” and the “chimney deterioration,” plaintiffs have not identified any record evidence 

to support a purported intent to defraud by Lynn. See M & D, Inc, 231 Mich App at 28. At best, 

plaintiffs have demonstrated that Lynn quickly and incompletely filled out the SDS without 

learning about conditions on the property from either her brother or parents.

On these facts, the trial court properly granted summary disposition to defendants regarding 

plaintiffs’ claim of common-law fraud.

3. SILENT FRAUD

“To prove silent fraud, also known as fraudulent concealment, the plaintiff must show that 

the defendant suppressed the truth with the intent to defraud the plaintiff and that the defendant 

had a legal or equitable duty of disclosure.” Lucas v Awaad, 299 Mich App 345, 363-364; 830 

NW2d 141 (2013). “[E]stablishing silent fraud requires more than proving that the seller was 

aware of and failed to disclose a hidden defect.” Roberts, 280 Mich App at 404. Rather, “there 
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must be some type of misrepresentation, whether by words or action, in order to establish a claim 

of silent fraud.” Bergen, 264 Mich App at 382 (cleaned up). “[T]o prove a claim of silent fraud, 

a plaintiff must show some type of representation by words or actions that was false or misleading 

and was intended to deceive.” Roberts, 280 Mich App at 404.

Under the SDA, transferors of real property covered by the act are required to deliver to 

the transferor’s agent, the prospective transferee, or the transferee’s agent the written disclosure—

called a seller’s disclosure statement or SDS—within the timelines set forth in the act. Id., citing 

MCL 565.954(1). MCL 565.957 provides the “form” in which “[t]he disclosures required by [the 

SDA] shall be made.” The SDA requires that transferors complete an SDS “by answering its 

questions in ‘good faith,’ i.e., with ‘honesty in fact in the conduct of the transaction.’ ” Id. at 408, 

quoting MCL 565.960. This Court, however, has held that “nothing in the plain terms of the SDA 

. . . requires a transferor of property covered by the act to exercise ordinary care to discover defects 

in the property being transferred.” Id. at 408. Instead, a transferor need only disclose what he or 

she actually knows:

While good faith and honesty are required when completing an SDS, if at the time 

the disclosures are required to be made, an item of information required to be 

disclosed under [the SDA] is unknown or unavailable to the transferor, the 

transferor may comply with this act by advising a prospective purchaser of the fact 

that the information is unknown. MCL 565.956. Further, the SDS must be 

completed with “the best information available and known to the transferor.” 

MCL 565.957 also explicitly provides that an SDS contains only information 

actually known to the transferor and that the SDS is not a warranty. [Id. at 408-409

(cleaned up).]

“In sum, the SDA requires a transferor of certain real property to answer all items required by 

MCL 565.957 honestly, on the basis of information actually known to the transferor at the time 

the SDS is completed.” Id. at 410. 

Plaintiffs’ claim of silent fraud fails for the same reasons as their claim of common-law 

fraud. Plaintiffs failed to offer proof that Lynn suppressed the truth about the conditions in her 

parents’ home with an intent to defraud plaintiffs. Lynn’s affidavit made clear that she had lived 

out of state and knew practically nothing about the home. Plaintiffs failed to depose Lynn and her 

affidavit remains uncontested. Plaintiffs have failed to raise a genuine question of material fact 

that Lynn actually knew about the alleged defects in the home and that she suppressed the truth 

about those conditions with the intent to defraud plaintiffs.

Affirmed. Defendants, having prevailed in full, may tax costs under MCR 7.219(F).

/s/ Christopher M. Murray

/s/ Brock A. Swartzle

/s/ Thomas C. Cameron