II 

Calendar No. 218 

116TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 1201 

[Report No. 116–115] 

To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the Energy 

Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

APRIL 11, 2019 

Mr. MANCHIN (for himself, Ms. MURKOWSKI, Mrs. CAPITO, Mr. CRAMER, Mr. 

DAINES, Mr. JONES, Mr. ALEXANDER, Mr. HOEVEN, and Mr. COONS) 

introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the 

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 

SEPTEMBER 24, 2019 

Reported by Ms. MURKOWSKI, with an amendment 

[Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic] 

A BILL 

To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil 

fuel technology, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 


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1 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

2 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Enhancing Fossil Fuel 

3 Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019’’. 

4 SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF COAL AND NATURAL GAS 

5 TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM. 

6 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 

7 is amended by striking section 962 (42 U.S.C. 16292) and 

8 inserting the following: 

9 ‘‘SEC. 962. COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PRO10 GRAM. 

11 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

12 ‘‘(1) LARGE-SCALE PILOT PROJECT.—The term 

13 ‘large-scale pilot project’ means a pilot project 

14 that— 

15 ‘‘(A) represents the scale of technology de16 velopment beyond laboratory development and 

17 bench scale testing, but not yet advanced to the 

18 point of being tested under real operational con19 ditions at commercial scale; 

20 ‘‘(B) represents the scale of technology 

21 necessary to gain the operational data needed 

22 to understand the technical and performance 

23 risks of the technology before the application of 

24 that technology at commercial scale or in com25 mercial-scale demonstration; and 

26 ‘‘(C) is large enough— 


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1 ‘‘(i) to validate scaling factors; and 

2 ‘‘(ii) to demonstrate the interaction 

3 between major components so that control 

4 philosophies for a new process can be de5 veloped and enable the technology to ad6 vance from large-scale pilot plant applica7 tion to commercial-scale demonstration or 

8 application. 

9 ‘‘(2) NET-NEGATIVE CARBON DIOXIDE EMIS10 SIONS TECHNOLOGY.—The term ‘net-negative car11 bon dioxide emissions technology’ means tech12 nology— 

13 ‘‘(A) for thermochemical co-conversion of 

14 coal and biomass fuels that— 

15 ‘‘(i) uses a carbon capture system; 

16 and 

17 ‘‘(ii) with carbon dioxide removal, the 

18 Secretary determines can provide elec19 tricity, fuels, or chemicals with net-nega20 tive carbon dioxide emissions from produc21 tion and consumption of the end products, 

22 while removing atmospheric carbon dioxide; 

23 and 

24 ‘‘(B) through which each use of coal will 

25 be combined with the use of a regionally indigeVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:12 Sep 24, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6401 E:\BILLS\S1201.RS S1201

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1 nous form of biomass energy, provided on a re2 newable basis, that is sufficient in quantity to 

3 allow for net-negative emissions of carbon diox4 ide (in combination with a carbon capture sys5 tem), while avoiding impacts on food production 

6 activities. 

7 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘program’ means 

8 the program established under subsection (b)(1). 

9 ‘‘(4) TRANSFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.— 

10 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘trans11 formational technology’ means a power genera12 tion technology that represents a significant 

13 change in the methods used to convert energy 

14 that will enable a step change in performance, 

15 efficiency, and cost of electricity as compared to 

16 the technology in existence on the date of enact17 ment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Car18 bon Technology Act of 2019. 

19 ‘‘(B) INCLUSIONS.—The term ‘trans20 formational technology’ includes a broad range 

21 of technology improvements, including— 

22 ‘‘(i) thermodynamic improvements in 

23 energy conversion and heat transfer, in24 cluding— 


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1 ‘‘(I) advanced combustion sys2 tems, including oxygen combustion 

3 systems and chemical looping; and 

4 ‘‘(II) the replacement of steam 

5 cycles with supercritical carbon diox6 ide cycles; 

7 ‘‘(ii) improvements in steam or carbon 

8 dioxide turbine technology; 

9 ‘‘(iii) improvements in carbon capture, 

10 utilization, and storage systems technology; 

11 ‘‘(iv) improvements in small-scale and 

12 modular coal-fired technologies with re13 duced carbon output or carbon capture 

14 that can support incremental power gen15 eration capacity additions; 

16 ‘‘(v) fuel cell technologies for low-cost, 

17 high-efficiency, fuel-flexible modular power 

18 systems; 

19 ‘‘(vi) advanced gasification systems; 

20 ‘‘(vii) thermal cycling technologies; 

21 and 

22 ‘‘(viii) any other technology the Sec23 retary recognizes as transformational tech24 nology. 


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1 ‘‘(b) COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PRO2 GRAM.— 

3 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab4 lish a coal and natural gas technology program to 

5 ensure the continued use of the abundant domestic 

6 coal and natural gas resources of the United States 

7 through the development of technologies that will 

8 significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness, 

9 costs, and environmental performance of coal and 

10 natural gas use. 

11 ‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The program shall in12 clude— 

13 ‘‘(A) a research and development program; 

14 ‘‘(B) large-scale pilot projects; 

15 ‘‘(C) demonstration projects; and 

16 ‘‘(D) a front-end engineering and design 

17 program. 

18 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.—In 

19 consultation with the interested entities described in 

20 paragraph (5)(C), the Secretary shall develop goals 

21 and objectives for the program to be applied to the 

22 technologies developed within the program, taking 

23 into consideration the following: 

24 ‘‘(A) Increasing the performance of coal 

25 and natural gas plants, including by— 


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1 ‘‘(i) ensuring reliable, low-cost power 

2 from new and existing coal and natural gas 

3 plants; 

4 ‘‘(ii) achieving high conversion effi5 ciencies; 

6 ‘‘(iii) addressing emissions of carbon 

7 dioxide through high-efficiency platforms; 

8 ‘‘(iv) developing small-scale and mod9 ular technologies to support incremental 

10 capacity additions and load following gen11 eration, in addition to large-scale genera12 tion technologies; 

13 ‘‘(v) supporting dispatchable oper14 ations for new and existing applications of 

15 coal and natural gas generation; and 

16 ‘‘(vi) accelerating the development of 

17 technologies that have transformational en18 ergy conversion characteristics. 

19 ‘‘(B) Using carbon capture, utilization, and 

20 sequestration technologies to decrease the car21 bon dioxide emissions, and the environmental 

22 impact from carbon dioxide emissions, from new 

23 and existing coal and natural gas plants, includ24 ing by— 


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1 ‘‘(i) accelerating the development of 

2 technologies to capture carbon dioxide 

3 emissions from new and existing coal and 

4 natural gas plants; 

5 ‘‘(ii) accelerating the development of 

6 technologies to capture carbon dioxide 

7 emissions from industrial facilities, includ8 ing— 

9 ‘‘(I) nontraditional fuel manufac10 turing facilities, including ethanol or 

11 other biofuel production plants; and 

12 ‘‘(II) energy-intensive manufac13 turing facilities that produce carbon 

14 dioxide as a byproduct of operations; 

15 ‘‘(iii) supporting sites for safe geologi16 cal storage of large volumes of anthropo17 genic sources of carbon dioxide and the de18 velopment of the infrastructure needed to 

19 support a carbon dioxide utilization and 

20 storage industry; 

21 ‘‘(iv) improving the conversion, utili22 zation, and storage of carbon dioxide pro23 duced from fossil fuels and other anthropo24 genic sources of carbon dioxide; 


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1 ‘‘(v) lowering greenhouse gas emis2 sions for all fossil fuel production, genera3 tion, delivery, and use, to the maximum ex4 tent practicable; 

5 ‘‘(vi) developing carbon utilization 

6 technologies, products, and methods, in7 cluding carbon use and reuse for commer8 cial application; and 

9 ‘‘(vii) developing net-negative carbon 

10 dioxide emissions technologies. 

11 ‘‘(C) Decreasing the non-carbon dioxide 

12 relevant environmental impacts of coal and nat13 ural gas production, including by— 

14 ‘‘(i) further reducing non-carbon diox15 ide air emissions; and 

16 ‘‘(ii) reducing the use, and managing 

17 the discharge, of water in power plant op18 erations. 

19 ‘‘(D) Examining methods of converting 

20 coal and natural gas to other valuable products 

21 and commodities in addition to electricity. 

22 ‘‘(4) CROSS-CUTTING DIRECTION FOR CARBON

23 CAPTURE, UTILIZATION, AND SEQUESTRATION AC24 TIVITIES.—The carbon capture, utilization, and seVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:12 Sep 24, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6401 E:\BILLS\S1201.RS S1201

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1 questration activities described in paragraph (3)(B) 

2 shall be— 

3 ‘‘(A) cross-cutting in nature; and 

4 ‘‘(B) carried out by the Assistant Sec5 retary for Fossil Energy, in coordination with 

6 the heads of other relevant offices of the De7 partment, including the Director of the Office 

8 of Science and the Assistant Secretary for En9 ergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 

10 ‘‘(5) CONSULTATIONS REQUIRED.—In carrying 

11 out the program, the Secretary shall— 

12 ‘‘(A) undertake international collabora13 tions, taking into consideration the rec14 ommendations of the National Coal Council; 

15 ‘‘(B) use existing authorities to encourage 

16 international cooperation; and 

17 ‘‘(C) consult with interested entities, in18 cluding— 

19 ‘‘(i) coal and natural gas producers; 

20 ‘‘(ii) industries that use coal and nat21 ural gas; 

22 ‘‘(iii) organizations that promote coal, 

23 advanced coal, and natural gas tech24 nologies; 

25 ‘‘(iv) environmental organizations; 


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1 ‘‘(v) organizations representing work2 ers; and 

3 ‘‘(vi) organizations representing con4 sumers. 

5 ‘‘(c) REPORT.— 

6 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 18 months 

7 after the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil 

8 Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the 

9 Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describ10 ing the program goals and objectives adopted under 

11 subsection (b)(3). 

12 ‘‘(2) UPDATE.—Not less frequently than once 

13 every 2 years after the initial report is submitted 

14 under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to 

15 Congress a report describing the progress made to16 wards achieving the program goals and objectives 

17 adopted under subsection (b)(3). 

18 ‘‘(d) FUNDING.— 

19 ‘‘(1) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

20 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Sec21 retary to carry out this section, to remain available 

22 until expended— 

23 ‘‘(A) for activities under the research and 

24 development program component described in 

25 subsection (b)(2)(A)— 


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1 ‘‘(i) $230,000,000 for each of fiscal 

2 years 2020 and 2021; and 

3 ‘‘(ii) $150,000,000 for each of fiscal 

4 years 2022 through 2024; 

5 ‘‘(B) subject to paragraph (2), for activi6 ties under the large-scale pilot projects program 

7 component described in subsection (b)(2)(B)— 

8 ‘‘(i) $347,000,000 for each of fiscal 

9 years 2020 and 2021; 

10 ‘‘(ii) $272,000,000 for each of fiscal 

11 years 2022 and 2023; and 

12 ‘‘(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 

13 2024; 

14 ‘‘(C) for activities under the demonstration 

15 projects program component described in sub16 section (b)(2)(C)— 

17 ‘‘(i) $100,000,000 for each of fiscal 

18 years 2020 and 2021; and 

19 ‘‘(ii) $500,000,000 for each of fiscal 

20 years 2022 through 2024; and 

21 ‘‘(D) for activities under the front-end en22 gineering and design program described in sub23 section (b)(2)(D), $50,000,000 for each of fis24 cal years 2020 through 2023. 


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1 ‘‘(2) COST SHARING FOR LARGE-SCALE PILOT

2 PROJECTS.—Activities under subsection (b)(2)(B) 

3 shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of 

4 section 988(b).’’. 

5 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

6 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 

7 119 Stat. 600) is amended by striking the item relating 

8 to section 962 and inserting the following: 

‘‘Sec. 962. Coal and natural gas technology program.’’. 

9 SEC. 3. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. 

10 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 

11 is amended by striking section 963 (42 U.S. C. 16293) 

12 and inserting the following: 

13 ‘‘SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. 

14 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

15 ‘‘(1) ELECTRIC GENERATION UNIT.—The term 

16 ‘electric generation unit’ means an electric genera17 tion unit that— 

18 ‘‘(A) uses coal- or natural gas-based gen19 eration technology; and 

20 ‘‘(B) is capable of capturing carbon dioxide 

21 emissions from the unit. 

22 ‘‘(2) LARGE-SCALE CARBON SEQUESTRATION.— 

23 The term ‘large-scale carbon sequestration’ means a 

24 scale that demonstrates the ability to inject into geo25 logic formations and sequester several million metric 


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1 tons of carbon dioxide for not less than a 10-year 

2 period. 

3 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘program’ means 

4 the program established under subsection (b)(1). 

5 ‘‘(b) CARBON STORAGE PROGRAM.— 

6 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab7 lish a program of research, development, and dem8 onstration for carbon storage. 

9 ‘‘(2) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES.—Activities under 

10 the program shall include— 

11 ‘‘(A) in coordination with relevant Federal 

12 agencies, developing and maintaining mapping 

13 tools and resources that assess the capacity of 

14 geologic storage formation in the United States; 

15 ‘‘(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling 

16 of geologic formations, and analyses— 

17 ‘‘(i) to predict and verify carbon diox18 ide containment; and 

19 ‘‘(ii) to account for sequestered car20 bon dioxide in geologic storage sites; 

21 ‘‘(C) researching— 

22 ‘‘(i) potential environmental, safety, 

23 and health impacts in the event of a leak 

24 into the atmosphere or to an aquifer; and 


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1 ‘‘(ii) any corresponding mitigation ac2 tions or responses to limit harmful con3 sequences of such a leak; 

4 ‘‘(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon 

5 dioxide with formation solids and fluids, includ6 ing the propensity of injections to induce seis7 mic activity; 

8 ‘‘(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of 

9 operations relating to geologic sequestration of 

10 carbon dioxide; 

11 ‘‘(F) determining the fate of carbon diox12 ide concurrent with and following injection into 

13 geologic formations; and 

14 ‘‘(G) supporting cost and business model 

15 assessments to examine the economic viability 

16 of technologies and systems developed under the 

17 program. 

18 ‘‘(3) GEOLOGIC SETTINGS.—In carrying out re19 search activities under this subsection, the Secretary 

20 shall consider a variety of candidate geologic set21 tings, including— 

22 ‘‘(A) operating oil and gas fields; 

23 ‘‘(B) depleted oil and gas fields; 

24 ‘‘(C) residual oil zones; 


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1 ‘‘(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock 

2 types; 

3 ‘‘(E) unmineable coal seams; 

4 ‘‘(F) saline formations in both sedimentary 

5 and basaltic geologies; 

6 ‘‘(G) geologic systems that may be used as 

7 engineered reservoirs to extract economical 

8 quantities of brine from geothermal resources of 

9 low permeability or porosity; and 

10 ‘‘(H) geologic systems containing in situ 

11 carbon dioxide mineralization formations. 

12 ‘‘(c) LARGE-SCALE CARBON SEQUESTRATION DEM13 ONSTRATION PROGRAM.— 

14 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab15 lish a demonstration program under which the Sec16 retary shall provide funding for demonstration 

17 projects to collect and validate information on the 

18 cost and feasibility of commercial deployment of 

19 large-scale carbon sequestration technologies. 

20 ‘‘(2) EXISTING REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRA21 TION PARTNERSHIPS.—In carrying out paragraph 

22 (1), the Secretary may provide additional funding to 

23 regional carbon sequestration partnerships that are 

24 carrying out or have completed a large-scale carbon 

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1 tion (as in effect on the day before the date of enact2 ment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon 

3 Technology Act of 2019) for additional work on that 

4 project. 

5 ‘‘(3) DEMONSTRATION COMPONENTS.—Each 

6 demonstration project carried out under this sub7 section shall include longitudinal tests involving car8 bon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, 

9 and verification operations. 

10 ‘‘(4) CLEARINGHOUSE.—The National Energy 

11 Technology Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse 

12 of shared information and resources for— 

13 ‘‘(A) existing or completed demonstration 

14 projects receiving additional funding under 

15 paragraph (2); and 

16 ‘‘(B) any new demonstration projects fund17 ed under this subsection. 

18 ‘‘(5) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the 

19 date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel En20 ergy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary 

21 shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Nat22 ural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on 

23 Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 

24 Representatives a report that— 


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1 ‘‘(A) assesses the progress of all regional 

2 carbon sequestration partnerships carrying out 

3 a demonstration project under this subsection; 

4 ‘‘(B) identifies the remaining challenges in 

5 achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that 

6 is reliable and safe for the environment and 

7 public health; and 

8 ‘‘(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage 

9 research and development activities of the De10 partment through 2025, with the goal of reduc11 ing economic and policy barriers to commercial 

12 carbon sequestration. 

13 ‘‘(d) INTEGRATED STORAGE PROGRAM.— 

14 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may estab15 lish a program to transition large-scale carbon se16 questration demonstration projects under subsection 

17 (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes. 

18 ‘‘(2) GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.—The goals and 

19 objectives of the program described in paragraph (1) 

20 shall be— 

21 ‘‘(A) to identify geologic storage sites that 

22 are able to accept large volumes of carbon diox23 ide acceptable for commercial contracts; 


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1 ‘‘(B) to understand the technical and com2 mercial viability of carbon dioxide geologic stor3 age sites; and 

4 ‘‘(C) to carry out any other activities nec5 essary to transition the large-scale carbon se6 questration demonstration projects under sub7 section (c) into integrated commercial storage 

8 complexes. 

9 ‘‘(e) COST SHARING.—Activities carried out under 

10 this section shall be subject to the cost-sharing require11 ments of section 988. 

12 ‘‘(f) REPORT ON CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE CON13 TRACTING AUTHORITY.— 

14 ‘‘(1) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after 

15 the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel 

16 Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Sec17 retary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and 

18 Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee 

19 on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 

20 Representatives a report that— 

21 ‘‘(A) describes the costs and benefits of en22 tering into long-term binding contracts on be23 half of the Federal Government with qualified 

24 parties to provide support for capturing carbon 

25 dioxide from electricity generated at an electric 


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1 generation unit or carbon dioxide captured from 

2 an electric generation unit and sold to a pur3 chaser for— 

4 ‘‘(i) the recovery of crude oil; or 

5 ‘‘(ii) other purposes for which a com6 mercial market exists; 

7 ‘‘(B) contains an analysis of how the De8 partment would establish, implement, and 

9 maintain a contracting program described in 

10 subparagraph (A); and 

11 ‘‘(C) outlines options for how contracts 

12 may be structured, and regulations that would 

13 be necessary, to implement a contracting pro14 gram described in subparagraph (A). 

15 ‘‘(g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

16 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

17 out this section— 

18 ‘‘(1) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; 

19 ‘‘(2) $110,250,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

20 ‘‘(3) $115,763,000 for fiscal year 2022; 

21 ‘‘(4) $121,551,000 for fiscal year 2023; and 

22 ‘‘(5) $127,628,000 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

23 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

24 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 

25 119 Stat. 600; 121 Stat. 1708) is amended by striking 


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1 the item relating to section 963 and inserting the fol2 lowing: 

‘‘Sec. 963. Carbon storage validation and testing.’’. 

3 SEC. 4. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM. 

4 (a) CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.— 

5 (1) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle F of title IX of the 

6 Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et 

7 seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

8 ‘‘SEC. 969. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM. 

9 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a 

10 program of research, development, and demonstration for 

11 carbon utilization— 

12 ‘‘(1) to assess and monitor— 

13 ‘‘(A) potential changes in lifecycle carbon 

14 dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions; 

15 and 

16 ‘‘(B) other environmental safety indicators 

17 of new technologies, practices, processes, or 

18 methods used in enhanced hydrocarbon recovery 

19 as part of the activities authorized under sec20 tion 963; 

21 ‘‘(2) to identify and assess novel uses for car22 bon, including the conversion of carbon dioxide for 

23 commercial and industrial products, such as— 

24 ‘‘(A) chemicals; 

25 ‘‘(B) plastics; 


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1 ‘‘(C) building materials; 

2 ‘‘(D) fuels; 

3 ‘‘(E) cement; 

4 ‘‘(F) products of coal use in power systems 

5 or other applications; or 

6 ‘‘(G) other products with demonstrated 

7 market value; 

8 ‘‘(3) to identify and assess carbon capture tech9 nologies for industrial systems; and 

10 ‘‘(4) to identify and assess alternative uses for 

11 coal, including products derived from carbon engi12 neering, carbon fiber, and coal conversion methods. 

13 ‘‘(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

14 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

15 out this section— 

16 ‘‘(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; 

17 ‘‘(2) $26,250,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

18 ‘‘(3) $27,562,500 for fiscal year 2022; 

19 ‘‘(4) $28,940,625 for fiscal year 2023; and 

20 ‘‘(5) $30,387,656 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

21 (2) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of 

22 contents for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public 

23 Law 109–58; 119 Stat. 600) is amended by adding 

24 at the end of the items relating to subtitle F of title 

25 IX the following: 

‘‘Sec. 969. Carbon utilization program.’’. 


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1 (b) STUDY.— 

2 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

3 shall enter into an agreement with the National 

4 Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 

5 under which the National Academies of Sciences, 

6 Engineering, and Medicine shall conduct a study to 

7 assess any barriers and opportunities relating to 

8 commercializing carbon dioxide in the United States. 

9 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—The study under para10 graph (1) shall— 

11 (A) analyze challenges to commercializing 

12 carbon dioxide, including— 

13 (i) expanding carbon dioxide pipeline 

14 capacity; 

15 (ii) mitigating environmental impacts; 

16 (iii) access to capital; 

17 (iv) geographic barriers; and 

18 (v) regional economic challenges and 

19 opportunities; 

20 (B) identify potential markets, industries, 

21 or sectors that may benefit from greater access 

22 to commercial carbon dioxide; 

23 (C) assess— 

24 (i) the state of infrastructure as of 

25 the date of the study; and 


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1 (ii) any necessary updates to infra2 structure to allow for the integration of 

3 safe and reliable carbon dioxide transpor4 tation, use, and storage; 

5 (D) describe the economic, climate, and en6 vironmental impacts of any well-integrated na7 tional carbon dioxide pipeline system, including 

8 suggestions for policies that could— 

9 (i) improve the economic impact of 

10 the system; and 

11 (ii) mitigate impacts of the system; 

12 (E) assess the global status and progress 

13 of chemical and biological carbon utilization 

14 technologies in practice as of the date of the 

15 study that utilize anthropogenic carbon, includ16 ing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, 

17 and biogas, from power generation, biofuels 

18 production, and other industrial processes; 

19 (F) identify emerging technologies and ap20 proaches for carbon utilization that show prom21 ise for scale-up, demonstration, deployment, 

22 and commercialization; 

23 (G) analyze the factors associated with 

24 making carbon utilization technologies viable at 

25 a commercial scale, including carbon waste 


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1 stream availability, economics, market capacity, 

2 energy, and lifecycle requirements; 

3 (H)(i) assess the major technical chal4 lenges associated with increasing the commer5 cial viability of carbon reuse technologies; and 

6 (ii) identify the research and development 

7 questions that will address the challenges de8 scribed in clause (i); 

9 (I)(i) assess research efforts being carried 

10 out as of the date of the study, including basic, 

11 applied, engineering, and computational re12 search efforts, that are addressing the chal13 lenges described in subparagraph (H)(i); and 

14 (ii) identify gaps in the research efforts 

15 under clause (i); and 

16 (J) develop a comprehensive research agen17 da that addresses long- and short-term research 

18 needs and opportunities. 

19 (3) DEADLINE.—Not later than 180 days after 

20 the date of enactment of this Act, the National 

21 Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 

22 shall submit to the Secretary of Energy a report de23 scribing the results of the study under paragraph 

24 (1). 


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1 SEC. 5. CARBON REMOVAL. 

2 (a) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle F of title IX of the En3 ergy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) (as 

4 amended by section 4(a)(1)) is amended by adding at the 

5 end the following: 

6 ‘‘SEC. 969A. CARBON REMOVAL. 

7 ‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary, in coordina8 tion with the heads of appropriate Federal agencies, in9 cluding the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a re10 search, development, and demonstration program (re11 ferred to in this section as the ‘program’) to test, validate, 

12 or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon 

13 dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale. 

14 ‘‘(b) CROSS-CUTTING DIRECTION.—The Secretary 

15 shall ensure that the program— 

16 ‘‘(1) is cross-cutting in nature; and 

17 ‘‘(2) includes the coordinated participation of 

18 the Office of Fossil Energy, the Office of Science, 

19 and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable 

20 Energy. 

21 ‘‘(c) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES.—The program may in22 clude research, development, and demonstration activities 

23 relating to— 

24 ‘‘(1) direct air capture and storage technologies; 

25 ‘‘(2) bioenergy with carbon capture and seques26 tration; 


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1 ‘‘(3) enhanced geological weathering; 

2 ‘‘(4) agricultural and grazing practices; 

3 ‘‘(5) forest management and afforestation; and 

4 ‘‘(6) planned or managed carbon sinks, includ5 ing natural and artificial. 

6 ‘‘(d) REQUIREMENTS.—In developing and identifying 

7 carbon removal technologies and strategies under the pro8 gram, the Secretary shall consider— 

9 ‘‘(1) land use changes, including impacts on 

10 natural and managed ecosystems; 

11 ‘‘(2) ocean acidification; 

12 ‘‘(3) net greenhouse gas emissions; 

13 ‘‘(4) commercial viability; 

14 ‘‘(5) potential for near-term impact; 

15 ‘‘(6) potential for carbon reductions on a 

16 gigaton scale; and 

17 ‘‘(7) economic cobenefits. 

18 ‘‘(e) AIR CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY PRIZE COMPETI19 TION.— 

20 ‘‘(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection: 

21 ‘‘(A) DILUTE MEDIA.—The term ‘dilute 

22 media’ means media in which the concentration 

23 of carbon dioxide is less than 1 percent by vol24 ume. 


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1 ‘‘(B) PRIZE COMPETITION.—The term 

2 ‘prize competition’ means the competitive tech3 nology prize competition established under 

4 paragraph (2). 

5 ‘‘(2) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 1 year 

6 after the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil 

7 Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the 

8 Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of 

9 the Environmental Protection Agency, shall establish 

10 as part of the program a competitive technology 

11 prize competition to award prizes for carbon dioxide 

12 capture from dilute media. 

13 ‘‘(3) REQUIREMENTS.—In carrying out this 

14 subsection, the Secretary, in accordance with section 

15 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation 

16 Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719), shall develop require17 ments for— 

18 ‘‘(A) the prize competition process; and 

19 ‘‘(B) monitoring and verification proce20 dures for projects selected to receive a prize 

21 under the prize competition. 

22 ‘‘(4) ELIGIBLE PROJECTS.—To be eligible to be 

23 awarded a prize under the prize competition, a 

24 project shall— 


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1 ‘‘(A) meet minimum performance stand2 ards set by the Secretary; 

3 ‘‘(B) meet minimum levels set by the Sec4 retary for the capture of carbon dioxide from 

5 dilute media; and 

6 ‘‘(C) demonstrate in the application of the 

7 project for a prize— 

8 ‘‘(i) a design for a promising carbon 

9 capture technology that will— 

10 ‘‘(I) be operated on a demonstra11 tion scale; and 

12 ‘‘(II) have the potential to 

13 achieve significant reduction in the 

14 level of carbon dioxide in the atmos15 phere; 

16 ‘‘(ii) a successful bench-scale dem17 onstration of a carbon capture technology; 

18 or 

19 ‘‘(iii) an operational carbon capture 

20 technology on a commercial scale. 

21 ‘‘(f) INTRAAGENCY COORDINATION.—The direct air 

22 capture activities carried out under subsections (c)(1) and 

23 (e) shall be carried out in coordination with, and 

24 leveraging lessons learned from, the coal and natural gas 

25 technology program established under section 962(b)(1). 


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1 ‘‘(g) ACCOUNTING.—The Secretary shall collaborate 

2 with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection 

3 Agency and the heads of other relevant Federal agencies 

4 to develop and improve accounting frameworks and tools 

5 to accurately measure carbon removal and sequestration 

6 methods and technologies across the Federal Government. 

7 ‘‘(h) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

8 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

9 out this section— 

10 ‘‘(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which 

11 $15,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection 

12 (e); 

13 ‘‘(2) $31,500,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

14 ‘‘(3) $33,075,000 for fiscal year 2022; 

15 ‘‘(4) $34,729,000 for fiscal year 2023; and 

16 ‘‘(5) $36,465,000 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

17 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

18 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 

19 119 Stat. 600) (as amended by section 4(a)(2)) is amend20 ed by adding at the end of the items relating to subtitle 

21 F of title IX the following: 

‘‘Sec. 969A. Carbon removal.’’. 

22 SEC. 6. FOSSIL ENERGY. 

23 Section 961(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 

24 U.S.C. 16291(a)) is amended— 


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1 (1) in paragraph (6), by inserting ‘‘, including 

2 technology development to reduce emissions of car3 bon dioxide and associated emissions of heavy metals 

4 within coal combustion residues and gas streams re5 sulting from fossil fuel use and production’’ before 

6 the period at the end; and 

7 (2) by striking paragraph (7) and inserting the 

8 following: 

9 ‘‘(7) Increasing the export of emissions control 

10 technologies from the United States for fossil en11 ergy-related equipment, technology, and services. 

12 ‘‘(8) Developing carbon removal and utilization 

13 technologies, products, and methods that result in 

14 net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, includ15 ing direct air capture and storage, and carbon use 

16 and reuse for commercial application. 

17 ‘‘(9) Improving the conversion, use, and storage 

18 of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels.’’. 

19 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

20 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Enhancing Fossil Fuel 

21 Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019’’ or the ‘‘EFFECT 

22 Act of 2019’’. 


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1 SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF COAL AND NATURAL GAS 

2 TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM. 

3 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is 

4 amended by striking section 962 (42 U.S.C. 16292) and in5 serting the following: 

6 ‘‘SEC. 962. COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PRO7 GRAM. 

8 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

9 ‘‘(1) LARGE-SCALE PILOT PROJECT.—The term 

10 ‘large-scale pilot project’ means a pilot project that— 

11 ‘‘(A) represents the scale of technology devel12 opment beyond laboratory development and 

13 bench scale testing, but not yet advanced to the 

14 point of being tested under real operational con15 ditions at commercial scale; 

16 ‘‘(B) represents the scale of technology nec17 essary to gain the operational data needed to un18 derstand the technical and performance risks of 

19 the technology before the application of that tech20 nology at commercial scale or in commercial21 scale demonstration; and 

22 ‘‘(C) is large enough— 

23 ‘‘(i) to validate scaling factors; and 

24 ‘‘(ii) to demonstrate the interaction be25 tween major components so that control 

26 philosophies for a new process can be develVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:12 Sep 24, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S1201.RS S1201

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1 oped and enable the technology to advance 

2 from large-scale pilot plant application to 

3 commercial-scale demonstration or applica4 tion. 

5 ‘‘(2) NET-NEGATIVE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS

6 TECHNOLOGY.—The term ‘net-negative carbon dioxide 

7 emissions technology’ means technology— 

8 ‘‘(A) for thermochemical co-conversion of 

9 coal and biomass fuels that— 

10 ‘‘(i) uses a carbon capture system; and 

11 ‘‘(ii) with carbon dioxide removal, the 

12 Secretary determines can provide elec13 tricity, fuels, or chemicals with net-negative 

14 carbon dioxide emissions from production 

15 and consumption of the end products, while 

16 removing atmospheric carbon dioxide; and 

17 ‘‘(B) through which each use of coal will be 

18 combined with the use of biomass energy, pro19 vided on a renewable basis, that is sufficient in 

20 quantity to allow for net-negative emissions of 

21 carbon dioxide (in combination with a carbon 

22 capture system), while avoiding impacts on food 

23 production activities. 

24 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘program’ means the 

25 program established under subsection (b)(1). 


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1 ‘‘(4) TRANSFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.— 

2 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘trans3 formational technology’ means a power genera4 tion technology that represents a significant 

5 change in the methods used to convert energy 

6 that will enable a step change in performance, 

7 efficiency, and cost of electricity as compared to 

8 the technology in existence on the date of enact9 ment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Car10 bon Technology Act of 2019. 

11 ‘‘(B) INCLUSIONS.—The term ‘trans12 formational technology’ includes a broad range 

13 of technology improvements, including— 

14 ‘‘(i) thermodynamic improvements in 

15 energy conversion and heat transfer, includ16 ing— 

17 ‘‘(I) advanced combustion sys18 tems, including oxygen combustion sys19 tems and chemical looping; and 

20 ‘‘(II) the replacement of steam cy21 cles with supercritical carbon dioxide 

22 cycles; 

23 ‘‘(ii) improvements in steam or carbon 

24 dioxide turbine technology; 


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1 ‘‘(iii) improvements in carbon capture, 

2 utilization, and storage systems technology; 

3 ‘‘(iv) improvements in small-scale and 

4 modular coal-fired technologies with reduced 

5 carbon output or carbon capture that can 

6 support incremental power generation ca7 pacity additions; 

8 ‘‘(v) fuel cell technologies for low-cost, 

9 high-efficiency modular power systems; 

10 ‘‘(vi) advanced gasification systems; 

11 ‘‘(vii) thermal cycling technologies; and 

12 ‘‘(viii) any other technology the Sec13 retary recognizes as transformational tech14 nology. 

15 ‘‘(b) COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PRO16 GRAM.— 

17 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish 

18 a coal and natural gas technology program to ensure 

19 the continued use of the abundant domestic coal and 

20 natural gas resources of the United States through the 

21 development of transformational technologies that will 

22 significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness, 

23 costs, and environmental performance of coal and 

24 natural gas use. 


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1 ‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The program shall in2 clude— 

3 ‘‘(A) a research and development program; 

4 ‘‘(B) large-scale pilot projects; 

5 ‘‘(C) demonstration projects; and 

6 ‘‘(D) a front-end engineering and design 

7 program. 

8 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.—In 

9 consultation with the interested entities described in 

10 paragraph (5)(C), the Secretary shall develop goals 

11 and objectives for the program to be applied to the 

12 transformational technologies developed within the 

13 program, taking into consideration the following: 

14 ‘‘(A) Increasing the performance of coal and 

15 natural gas plants, including by— 

16 ‘‘(i) ensuring reliable, low-cost power 

17 from new and existing coal and natural gas 

18 plants; 

19 ‘‘(ii) achieving high conversion effi20 ciencies; 

21 ‘‘(iii) addressing emissions of carbon 

22 dioxide through high-efficiency platforms; 

23 ‘‘(iv) developing small-scale and mod24 ular technologies to support incremental ca25 pacity additions and load following generaVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:12 Sep 24, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00036 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S1201.RS S1201

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1 tion, in addition to large-scale generation 

2 technologies; 

3 ‘‘(v) supporting dispatchable oper4 ations for new and existing applications of 

5 coal and natural gas generation; and 

6 ‘‘(vi) accelerating the development of 

7 technologies that have transformational en8 ergy conversion characteristics. 

9 ‘‘(B) Using carbon capture, utilization, and 

10 sequestration technologies to decrease the carbon 

11 dioxide emissions, and the environmental impact 

12 from carbon dioxide emissions, from new and ex13 isting coal and natural gas plants, including 

14 by— 

15 ‘‘(i) accelerating the development, de16 ployment, and commercialization of tech17 nologies to capture and sequester carbon di18 oxide emissions from new and existing coal 

19 and natural gas plants; 

20 ‘‘(ii) supporting sites for safe geological 

21 storage of large volumes of anthropogenic 

22 sources of carbon dioxide and the develop23 ment of the infrastructure needed to support 

24 a carbon dioxide utilization and storage in25 dustry; 


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1 ‘‘(iii) improving the conversion, utili2 zation, and storage of carbon dioxide pro3 duced from fossil fuels and other anthropo4 genic sources of carbon dioxide; 

5 ‘‘(iv) lowering greenhouse gas emis6 sions for all fossil fuel production, genera7 tion, delivery, and use, to the maximum ex8 tent practicable; 

9 ‘‘(v) developing carbon utilization tech10 nologies, products, and methods, including 

11 carbon use and reuse for commercial appli12 cation; and 

13 ‘‘(vi) developing net-negative carbon 

14 dioxide emissions technologies. 

15 ‘‘(C) Decreasing the non-carbon dioxide rel16 evant environmental impacts of coal and natural 

17 gas production, including by— 

18 ‘‘(i) further reducing non-carbon diox19 ide air emissions; and 

20 ‘‘(ii) reducing the use, and managing 

21 the discharge, of water in power plant oper22 ations. 

23 ‘‘(D) Accelerating the development of tech24 nologies to capture carbon dioxide emissions 

25 from industrial facilities, including— 


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1 ‘‘(i) nontraditional fuel manufacturing 

2 facilities, including ethanol or other biofuel 

3 production plants or hydrogen production 

4 plants; and 

5 ‘‘(ii) energy-intensive manufacturing 

6 facilities that produce carbon dioxide as a 

7 byproduct of operations. 

8 ‘‘(E) Examining methods of converting coal 

9 and natural gas to other valuable products and 

10 commodities in addition to electricity, including 

11 hydrogen. 

12 ‘‘(4) CROSS-CUTTING DIRECTION FOR CARBON

13 CAPTURE, UTILIZATION, AND SEQUESTRATION ACTIVI14 TIES.—The carbon capture, utilization, and seques15 tration activities described in paragraph (3)(B) shall 

16 be— 

17 ‘‘(A) cross-cutting in nature; and 

18 ‘‘(B) carried out by the Assistant Secretary 

19 for Fossil Energy, in coordination with the heads 

20 of other relevant offices of the Department, in21 cluding the Director of the Office of Science and 

22 the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency 

23 and Renewable Energy. 

24 ‘‘(5) CONSULTATIONS REQUIRED.—In carrying 

25 out the program, the Secretary shall— 


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1 ‘‘(A) undertake international collaborations, 

2 taking into consideration the recommendations 

3 of the National Coal Council; 

4 ‘‘(B) use existing authorities to encourage 

5 international cooperation; and 

6 ‘‘(C) consult with interested entities, includ7 ing— 

8 ‘‘(i) coal and natural gas producers; 

9 ‘‘(ii) industries that use coal and nat10 ural gas; 

11 ‘‘(iii) organizations that promote coal, 

12 advanced coal, and natural gas technologies; 

13 ‘‘(iv) environmental organizations; 

14 ‘‘(v) organizations representing work15 ers; and 

16 ‘‘(vi) organizations representing con17 sumers. 

18 ‘‘(c) REPORT.— 

19 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 18 months 

20 after the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil 

21 Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Sec22 retary shall submit to Congress a report describing 

23 the program goals and objectives adopted under sub24 section (b)(3). 


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1 ‘‘(2) UPDATE.—Not less frequently than once 

2 every 2 years after the initial report is submitted 

3 under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to 

4 Congress a report describing the progress made to5 wards achieving the program goals and objectives 

6 adopted under subsection (b)(3). 

7 ‘‘(d) FUNDING.— 

8 ‘‘(1) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

9 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Sec10 retary to carry out this section, to remain available 

11 until expended— 

12 ‘‘(A) for activities under the research and 

13 development program component described in 

14 subsection (b)(2)(A)— 

15 ‘‘(i) $230,000,000 for each of fiscal 

16 years 2020 and 2021; and 

17 ‘‘(ii) $150,000,000 for each of fiscal 

18 years 2022 through 2024; 

19 ‘‘(B) subject to paragraph (2), for activities 

20 under the large-scale pilot projects program com21 ponent described in subsection (b)(2)(B)— 

22 ‘‘(i) $347,000,000 for each of fiscal 

23 years 2020 and 2021; 

24 ‘‘(ii) $272,000,000 for each of fiscal 

25 years 2022 and 2023; and 


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1 ‘‘(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 

2 2024; 

3 ‘‘(C) for activities under the demonstration 

4 projects program component described in sub5 section (b)(2)(C)— 

6 ‘‘(i) $100,000,000 for each of fiscal 

7 years 2020 and 2021; and 

8 ‘‘(ii) $500,000,000 for each of fiscal 

9 years 2022 through 2024; and 

10 ‘‘(D) for activities under the front-end engi11 neering and design program described in sub12 section (b)(2)(D), $50,000,000 for each of fiscal 

13 years 2020 through 2023. 

14 ‘‘(2) COST SHARING FOR LARGE-SCALE PILOT

15 PROJECTS.—Activities under subsection (b)(2)(B) 

16 shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of sec17 tion 988(b).’’. 

18 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

19 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 119 

20 Stat. 600) is amended by striking the item relating to sec21 tion 962 and inserting the following: 

‘‘Sec. 962. Coal and natural gas technology program.’’. 

22 SEC. 3. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. 

23 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 is 

24 amended by striking section 963 (42 U.S. C. 16293) and 

25 inserting the following: 


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1 ‘‘SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. 

2 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

3 ‘‘(1) ELECTRIC GENERATION UNIT.—The term 

4 ‘electric generation unit’ means an electric generation 

5 unit that— 

6 ‘‘(A) uses coal- or natural gas-based genera7 tion technology; and 

8 ‘‘(B) is capable of capturing carbon dioxide 

9 emissions from the unit. 

10 ‘‘(2) LARGE-SCALE CARBON SEQUESTRATION.— 

11 The term ‘large-scale carbon sequestration’ means a 

12 scale that demonstrates the ability to inject into geo13 logic formations and sequester several million metric 

14 tons of carbon dioxide for not less than a 10-year pe15 riod. 

16 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘program’ means the 

17 program established under subsection (b)(1). 

18 ‘‘(b) CARBON STORAGE PROGRAM.— 

19 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish 

20 a program of research, development, and demonstra21 tion for carbon storage. 

22 ‘‘(2) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES.—Activities under the 

23 program shall include— 

24 ‘‘(A) in coordination with relevant Federal 

25 agencies, developing and maintaining mapping 


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1 tools and resources that assess the capacity of 

2 geologic storage formation in the United States; 

3 ‘‘(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling 

4 of geologic formations, and analyses— 

5 ‘‘(i) to predict carbon dioxide contain6 ment; and 

7 ‘‘(ii) to account for sequestered carbon 

8 dioxide in geologic storage sites; 

9 ‘‘(C) researching— 

10 ‘‘(i) potential environmental, safety, 

11 and health impacts in the event of a leak 

12 into the atmosphere or to an aquifer; and 

13 ‘‘(ii) any corresponding mitigation ac14 tions or responses to limit harmful con15 sequences of such a leak; 

16 ‘‘(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon 

17 dioxide with formation solids and fluids, includ18 ing the propensity of injections to induce seismic 

19 activity; 

20 ‘‘(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of 

21 operations relating to geologic sequestration of 

22 carbon dioxide; 

23 ‘‘(F) determining the fate of carbon dioxide 

24 concurrent with and following injection into geo25 logic formations; and 


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1 ‘‘(G) supporting cost and business model as2 sessments to examine the economic viability of 

3 technologies and systems developed under the 

4 program. 

5 ‘‘(3) GEOLOGIC SETTINGS.—In carrying out re6 search activities under this subsection, the Secretary 

7 shall consider a variety of candidate onshore and off8 shore geologic settings, including— 

9 ‘‘(A) operating oil and gas fields; 

10 ‘‘(B) depleted oil and gas fields; 

11 ‘‘(C) residual oil zones; 

12 ‘‘(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock 

13 types; 

14 ‘‘(E) unmineable coal seams; 

15 ‘‘(F) saline formations in both sedimentary 

16 and basaltic geologies; 

17 ‘‘(G) geologic systems that may be used as 

18 engineered reservoirs to extract economical quan19 tities of brine from geothermal resources of low 

20 permeability or porosity; and 

21 ‘‘(H) geologic systems containing in situ 

22 carbon dioxide mineralization formations. 

23 ‘‘(c) LARGE-SCALE CARBON SEQUESTRATION DEM24 ONSTRATION PROGRAM.— 


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1 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish 

2 a demonstration program under which the Secretary 

3 shall provide funding for demonstration projects to 

4 collect and validate information on the cost and feasi5 bility of commercial deployment of large-scale carbon 

6 sequestration technologies. 

7 ‘‘(2) EXISTING REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRA8 TION PARTNERSHIPS.—In carrying out paragraph 

9 (1), the Secretary may provide additional funding to 

10 regional carbon sequestration partnerships that are 

11 carrying out or have completed a large-scale carbon 

12 sequestration demonstration project under this section 

13 (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment 

14 of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon Tech15 nology Act of 2019) for additional work on that 

16 project. 

17 ‘‘(3) DEMONSTRATION COMPONENTS.—Each dem18 onstration project carried out under this subsection 

19 shall include longitudinal tests involving carbon diox20 ide injection and monitoring, mitigation, and 

21 verification operations. 

22 ‘‘(4) CLEARINGHOUSE.—The National Energy 

23 Technology Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse of 

24 shared information and resources for— 


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1 ‘‘(A) existing or completed demonstration 

2 projects receiving additional funding under 

3 paragraph (2); and 

4 ‘‘(B) any new demonstration projects fund5 ed under this subsection. 

6 ‘‘(5) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the 

7 date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel En8 ergy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary 

9 shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural 

10 Resources of the Senate and the Committee on 

11 Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Rep12 resentatives a report that— 

13 ‘‘(A) assesses the progress of all regional 

14 carbon sequestration partnerships carrying out a 

15 demonstration project under this subsection; 

16 ‘‘(B) identifies the remaining challenges in 

17 achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that is 

18 reliable and safe for the environment and public 

19 health; and 

20 ‘‘(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage 

21 research and development activities of the De22 partment through 2025, with the goal of reduc23 ing economic and policy barriers to commercial 

24 carbon sequestration. 

25 ‘‘(d) INTEGRATED STORAGE PROGRAM.— 


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1 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may establish 

2 a program to transition large-scale carbon sequestra3 tion demonstration projects under subsection (c) into 

4 integrated commercial storage complexes. 

5 ‘‘(2) GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.—The goals and 

6 objectives of the program described in paragraph (1) 

7 shall be— 

8 ‘‘(A) to identify geologic storage sites that 

9 are able to accept large volumes of carbon diox10 ide acceptable for commercial contracts; 

11 ‘‘(B) to understand the technical and com12 mercial viability of carbon dioxide geologic stor13 age sites; and 

14 ‘‘(C) to carry out any other activities nec15 essary to transition the large-scale carbon seques16 tration demonstration projects under subsection 

17 (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes. 

18 ‘‘(e) COST SHARING.—Activities carried out under this 

19 section shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of 

20 section 988. 

21 ‘‘(f) REPORT ON CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE CON22 TRACTING AUTHORITY.— 

23 ‘‘(1) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after the 

24 date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel En25 ergy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary 


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1 shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural 

2 Resources of the Senate and the Committee on 

3 Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Rep4 resentatives a report that— 

5 ‘‘(A) describes the costs and benefits of en6 tering into long-term binding contracts on behalf 

7 of the Federal Government with qualified parties 

8 to provide support for capturing carbon dioxide 

9 from electricity generated at an electric genera10 tion unit or carbon dioxide captured from an 

11 electric generation unit and sold to a purchaser 

12 for— 

13 ‘‘(i) the recovery of crude oil; or 

14 ‘‘(ii) other purposes for which a com15 mercial market exists; 

16 ‘‘(B) contains an analysis of how the De17 partment would establish, implement, and main18 tain a contracting program described in sub19 paragraph (A); and 

20 ‘‘(C) outlines options for how contracts may 

21 be structured, and regulations that would be nec22 essary, to implement a contracting program de23 scribed in subparagraph (A). 


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1 ‘‘(g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

2 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

3 out this section— 

4 ‘‘(1) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; 

5 ‘‘(2) $110,250,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

6 ‘‘(3) $115,763,000 for fiscal year 2022; 

7 ‘‘(4) $121,551,000 for fiscal year 2023; and 

8 ‘‘(5) $127,628,000 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

9 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

10 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 119 

11 Stat. 600; 121 Stat. 1708) is amended by striking the item 

12 relating to section 963 and inserting the following: 

‘‘Sec. 963. Carbon storage validation and testing.’’. 

13 SEC. 4. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM. 

14 (a) CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.— 

15 (1) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle F of title IX of the 

16 Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) 

17 is amended by adding at the end the following: 

18 ‘‘SEC. 969. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM. 

19 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a 

20 program of research, development, and demonstration for 

21 carbon utilization— 

22 ‘‘(1) to assess and monitor— 

23 ‘‘(A) potential changes in lifecycle carbon 

24 dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions; and 


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1 ‘‘(B) other environmental safety indicators 

2 of new technologies, practices, processes, or meth3 ods used in enhanced hydrocarbon recovery as 

4 part of the activities authorized under section 

5 963; 

6 ‘‘(2) to identify and assess novel uses for carbon, 

7 including the conversion of carbon oxides for commer8 cial and industrial products, such as— 

9 ‘‘(A) chemicals; 

10 ‘‘(B) plastics; 

11 ‘‘(C) building materials; 

12 ‘‘(D) fuels; 

13 ‘‘(E) cement; 

14 ‘‘(F) products of coal use in power systems 

15 or other applications; or 

16 ‘‘(G) other products with demonstrated 

17 market value; 

18 ‘‘(3) to identify and assess carbon capture tech19 nologies for industrial systems; and 

20 ‘‘(4) to identify and assess alternative uses for 

21 coal, including products derived from carbon engi22 neering, carbon fiber, and coal conversion methods. 

23 ‘‘(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

24 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

25 out this section— 


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1 ‘‘(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; 

2 ‘‘(2) $26,250,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

3 ‘‘(3) $27,562,500 for fiscal year 2022; 

4 ‘‘(4) $28,940,625 for fiscal year 2023; and 

5 ‘‘(5) $30,387,656 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

6 (2) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of con7 tents for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 

8 109–58; 119 Stat. 600) is amended by adding at the 

9 end of the items relating to subtitle F of title IX the 

10 following: 

‘‘Sec. 969. Carbon utilization program.’’. 

11 (b) STUDY.— 

12 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy shall 

13 enter into an agreement with the National Academies 

14 of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine under which 

15 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and 

16 Medicine shall conduct a study to assess any barriers 

17 and opportunities relating to commercializing carbon 

18 dioxide in the United States. 

19 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—The study under para20 graph (1) shall— 

21 (A) analyze challenges to commercializing 

22 carbon dioxide, including— 

23 (i) expanding carbon dioxide pipeline 

24 capacity; 

25 (ii) mitigating environmental impacts; 


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1 (iii) access to capital; 

2 (iv) geographic barriers; and 

3 (v) regional economic challenges and 

4 opportunities; 

5 (B) identify potential markets, industries, 

6 or sectors that may benefit from greater access to 

7 commercial carbon dioxide; 

8 (C) assess— 

9 (i) the state of infrastructure as of the 

10 date of the study; and 

11 (ii) any necessary updates to infra12 structure to allow for the integration of safe 

13 and reliable carbon dioxide transportation, 

14 use, and storage; 

15 (D) describe the economic, climate, and en16 vironmental impacts of any well-integrated na17 tional carbon dioxide pipeline system, including 

18 suggestions for policies that could— 

19 (i) improve the economic impact of the 

20 system; and 

21 (ii) mitigate impacts of the system; 

22 (E) assess the global status and progress of 

23 chemical and biological carbon utilization tech24 nologies in practice as of the date of the study 

25 that utilize anthropogenic carbon, including carVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:12 Sep 24, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00053 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S1201.RS S1201

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1 bon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and 

2 biogas, from power generation, biofuels produc3 tion, and other industrial processes; 

4 (F) identify emerging technologies and ap5 proaches for carbon utilization that show prom6 ise for scale-up, demonstration, deployment, and 

7 commercialization; 

8 (G) analyze the factors associated with 

9 making carbon utilization technologies viable at 

10 a commercial scale, including carbon waste 

11 stream availability, economics, market capacity, 

12 energy, and lifecycle requirements; 

13 (H)(i) assess the major technical challenges 

14 associated with increasing the commercial viabil15 ity of carbon reuse technologies; and 

16 (ii) identify the research and development 

17 questions that will address the challenges de18 scribed in clause (i); 

19 (I)(i) assess research efforts being carried 

20 out as of the date of the study, including basic, 

21 applied, engineering, and computational re22 search efforts, that are addressing the challenges 

23 described in subparagraph (H)(i); and 

24 (ii) identify gaps in the research efforts 

25 under clause (i); 


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1 (J) develop a comprehensive research agen2 da that addresses long- and short-term research 

3 needs and opportunities; and 

4 (K)(i) identify appropriate Federal agencies 

5 with capabilities to support small business enti6 ties; and 

7 (ii) determine what assistance the Federal 

8 agencies identified under clause (i) could provide 

9 to small business entities to further the develop10 ment and commercial deployment of carbon di11 oxide-based products. 

12 (3) DEADLINE.—Not later than 180 days after 

13 the date of enactment of this Act, the National Acad14 emies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine shall 

15 submit to the Secretary of Energy a report describing 

16 the results of the study under paragraph (1). 

17 SEC. 5. CARBON REMOVAL. 

18 (a) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle F of title IX of the Energy 

19 Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) (as amended 

20 by section 4(a)(1)) is amended by adding at the end the 

21 following: 

22 ‘‘SEC. 969A. CARBON REMOVAL. 

23 ‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary, in coordina24 tion with the heads of appropriate Federal agencies, includ25 ing the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a research, 


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1 development, and demonstration program (referred to in 

2 this section as the ‘program’) to test, validate, or improve 

3 technologies and strategies to remove carbon dioxide from 

4 the atmosphere on a large scale. 

5 ‘‘(b) CROSS-CUTTING DIRECTION.—The Secretary shall 

6 ensure that the program— 

7 ‘‘(1) is cross-cutting in nature; and 

8 ‘‘(2) includes the coordinated participation of the 

9 Office of Fossil Energy, the Office of Science, and the 

10 Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 

11 ‘‘(c) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES.—The program may in12 clude research, development, and demonstration activities 

13 relating to— 

14 ‘‘(1) direct air capture and storage technologies; 

15 ‘‘(2) bioenergy with carbon capture and seques16 tration; 

17 ‘‘(3) enhanced geological weathering; 

18 ‘‘(4) agricultural and grazing practices; 

19 ‘‘(5) forest management and afforestation; and 

20 ‘‘(6) planned or managed carbon sinks, includ21 ing natural and artificial. 

22 ‘‘(d) REQUIREMENTS.—In developing and identifying 

23 carbon removal technologies and strategies under the pro24 gram, the Secretary shall consider— 


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1 ‘‘(1) land use changes, including impacts on nat2 ural and managed ecosystems; 

3 ‘‘(2) ocean acidification; 

4 ‘‘(3) net greenhouse gas emissions; 

5 ‘‘(4) commercial viability; 

6 ‘‘(5) potential for near-term impact; 

7 ‘‘(6) potential for carbon reductions on a gigaton 

8 scale; and 

9 ‘‘(7) economic cobenefits. 

10 ‘‘(e) AIR CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY PRIZE COMPETI11 TION.— 

12 ‘‘(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection: 

13 ‘‘(A) DILUTE MEDIA.—The term ‘dilute 

14 media’ means media in which the concentration 

15 of carbon dioxide is less than 1 percent by vol16 ume. 

17 ‘‘(B) PRIZE COMPETITION.—The term ‘prize 

18 competition’ means the competitive technology 

19 prize competition established under paragraph 

20 (2). 

21 ‘‘(2) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 1 year 

22 after the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil 

23 Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Sec24 retary, in consultation with the Administrator of the 

25 Environmental Protection Agency, shall establish as 


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1 part of the program a competitive technology prize 

2 competition to award prizes for carbon dioxide cap3 ture from dilute media. 

4 ‘‘(3) REQUIREMENTS.—In carrying out this sub5 section, the Secretary, in accordance with section 24 

6 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 

7 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719), shall develop requirements 

8 for— 

9 ‘‘(A) the prize competition process; and 

10 ‘‘(B) monitoring and verification proce11 dures for projects selected to receive a prize 

12 under the prize competition. 

13 ‘‘(4) ELIGIBLE PROJECTS.—To be eligible to be 

14 awarded a prize under the prize competition, a 

15 project shall— 

16 ‘‘(A) meet minimum performance standards 

17 set by the Secretary; 

18 ‘‘(B) meet minimum levels set by the Sec19 retary for the capture of carbon dioxide from di20 lute media; and 

21 ‘‘(C) demonstrate in the application of the 

22 project for a prize— 

23 ‘‘(i) a design for a promising carbon 

24 capture technology that will— 


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1 ‘‘(I) be operated on a demonstra2 tion scale; and 

3 ‘‘(II) have the potential to achieve 

4 significant reduction in the level of 

5 carbon dioxide in the atmosphere; 

6 ‘‘(ii) a successful bench-scale dem7 onstration of a carbon capture technology; 

8 or 

9 ‘‘(iii) an operational carbon capture 

10 technology on a commercial scale. 

11 ‘‘(f) DIRECT AIR CAPTURE TEST CENTER.— 

12 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after 

13 the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel 

14 Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary 

15 shall award grants to 1 or more entities for the oper16 ation of 1 or more test centers (referred to in this sub17 section as a ‘Center’) to provide unique testing capa18 bilities for innovative direct air capture and storage 

19 technologies. 

20 ‘‘(2) PURPOSE.—Each Center shall— 

21 ‘‘(A) advance research, development, dem22 onstration, and commercial application of direct 

23 air capture and storage technologies; 

24 ‘‘(B) support pilot plant and full-scale dem25 onstration projects and test direct air capture 


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1 and storage technologies that represent the scale 

2 of technology development beyond laboratory test3 ing, but not yet advanced to test under oper4 ational conditions at commercial scale; 

5 ‘‘(C) develop front-end engineering design 

6 and economic analysis; and 

7 ‘‘(D) maintain a public record of pilot and 

8 full-scale plant performance. 

9 ‘‘(3) SELECTION.— 

10 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall se11 lect entities to receive grants under this sub12 section according to such criteria as the Sec13 retary may develop. 

14 ‘‘(B) COMPETITIVE BASIS.—The Secretary 

15 shall select entities to receive grants under this 

16 subsection on a competitive basis. 

17 ‘‘(C) PRIORITY CRITERIA.—In selecting en18 tities to receive grants under this subsection, the 

19 Secretary shall prioritize applicants that— 

20 ‘‘(i) have access to existing or planned 

21 research facilities for direct air capture and 

22 storage technologies; 

23 ‘‘(ii) are institutions of higher edu24 cation with established expertise in engi25 neering for direct air capture and storage 


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1 technologies, or partnerships with such in2 stitutions of higher education; or 

3 ‘‘(iii) have access to existing research 

4 and test facilities for bulk materials design 

5 and testing, component design and testing, 

6 or professional engineering design. 

7 ‘‘(4) FORMULA FOR AWARDING GRANTS.—The 

8 Secretary may develop a formula for awarding grants 

9 under this subsection. 

10 ‘‘(5) SCHEDULE.— 

11 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Each grant awarded 

12 under this subsection shall be for a term of not 

13 more than 5 years, subject to the availability of 

14 appropriations. 

15 ‘‘(B) RENEWAL.—The Secretary may renew 

16 a grant for 1 or more additional 5-year terms, 

17 subject to a competitive merit review and the 

18 availability of appropriations. 

19 ‘‘(6) TERMINATION.—To the extent otherwise au20 thorized by law, the Secretary may eliminate, and 

21 terminate grant funding under this subsection for, a 

22 Center during any 5-year term described in para23 graph (5) if the Secretary determines that the Center 

24 is underperforming. 


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1 ‘‘(g) LARGE-SCALE PILOTS AND DEMONSTRATION.—In 

2 supporting the technology development activities under this 

3 section, the Secretary is encouraged to support carbon re4 moval pilot and demonstration projects, including— 

5 ‘‘(1) pilot projects that test direct air capture 

6 systems capable of capturing 10 to 100 tonnes of car7 bon oxides per year to provide data for demonstra8 tion-scale projects; and 

9 ‘‘(2) direct air capture demonstration projects 

10 capable of capturing greater than 1,000 tonnes of car11 bon oxides per year. 

12 ‘‘(h) INTRAAGENCY COORDINATION.—The direct air 

13 capture activities carried out under subsections (c)(1) and 

14 (e) shall be carried out in coordination with, and leveraging 

15 lessons learned from, the coal and natural gas technology 

16 program established under section 962(b)(1). 

17 ‘‘(i) ACCOUNTING.—The Secretary shall collaborate 

18 with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection 

19 Agency and the heads of other relevant Federal agencies to 

20 develop and improve accounting frameworks and tools to 

21 accurately measure carbon removal and sequestration meth22 ods and technologies across the Federal Government. 

23 ‘‘(j) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are 

24 authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out 

25 this section— 


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1 ‘‘(1) $75,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which 

2 $15,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection (e); 

3 ‘‘(2) $63,500,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

4 ‘‘(3) $66,150,000 for fiscal year 2022; 

5 ‘‘(4) $69,458,000 for fiscal year 2023; and 

6 ‘‘(5) $72,930,000 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

7 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

8 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 119 

9 Stat. 600) (as amended by section 4(a)(2)) is amended by 

10 adding at the end of the items relating to subtitle F of title 

11 IX the following: 

‘‘Sec. 969A. Carbon removal.’’. 

12 SEC. 6. FOSSIL ENERGY. 

13 Section 961(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 

14 U.S.C. 16291(a)) is amended— 

15 (1) in paragraph (6), by inserting ‘‘, including 

16 technology development to reduce emissions of carbon 

17 dioxide and associated emissions of heavy metals 

18 within coal combustion residues and gas streams re19 sulting from fossil fuel use and production’’ before the 

20 period at the end; and 

21 (2) by striking paragraph (7) and inserting the 

22 following: 

23 ‘‘(7) Increasing the export of fossil energy-related 

24 equipment, technology, including emissions control 

25 technologies, and services from the United States. 


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1 ‘‘(8) Developing carbon removal and utilization 

2 technologies, products, and methods that result in net 

3 reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, including di4 rect air capture and storage, and carbon use and 

5 reuse for commercial application. 

6 ‘‘(9) Improving the conversion, use, and storage 

7 of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels.’’. 


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Calendar No. 218 

116TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 1201 

[Report No. 116–115] 

A BILL 

To amend the fossil energy research and developpurposes. to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for other ment provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 

SEPTEMBER 24, 2019 

Reported with an amendment 


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