27

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

.

U.S. Department of Labor

Elaine L. Chao, Secretary

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Kathleen P. Utgoff, Commissioner

May 2005

Report 985
iii

Contents

Page

Women in the Labor Force: A Databook ........................................................................................................................ 1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1

Highlights .................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Statistical Tables

1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages ......... 4

2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970-2004 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 7

3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages ..................... 10

4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2004 annual averages.............................................................. 12

5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 ....... 13

6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, 2004 ................................................................................................................................... 16

7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2004 ......................................... 19

8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational

attainment and sex, 2004 annual averages ....................................................................................................... 22

9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex,

1970- 2004 ......................................................................................................................................................... 23

10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2003-04 annual averages ................................................... 26

11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages .................................................... 28

12. Percent distribution of employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004

annual averages ............................................................................................................................................... 35

13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2003-04 annual averages.................................................................. 36

14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages......................................................... 39

15. Percent distribution of employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2004 annual averages ....................................................................................................................................... 45

16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2004 annual averages .................................................................. 46

17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and over by

educational attainment and sex, 2004 annual averages.................................................................................... 48

18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2004 annual averages ....................................................................................................................................... 50

19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 2004 annual

averages ........................................................................................................................................................... 57

20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2004 annual averages .................................... 58

21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex,

1976-2004 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 61

22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2003 ............. 62

23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2003 .................................................... 63

24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970-2003 .......................................................................... 65

25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2003 .................................................................................... 66

26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum

wage by selected characteristics, 2004 annual averages ................................................................................. 67

27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003 .................................................................................................................... 68

28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent status,

February 2001 ................................................................................................................................................... 70

29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangement, February 2001 .... 71

30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 ...................... 72
iv

Contents—Continued

Page

Statistical Tables— Continued

31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, sex,

and pay status, May 2001 ................................................................................................................................ 73

32. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in

January 2004 ..................................................................................................................................................... 74

33. Labor force status of 2004 high school graduates and 2003-04 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old by

school enrollment and sex, October 2004 ......................................................................................................... 75

34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment,

October 2004 .................................................................................................................................................... 76

35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2004,

not seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................... 77

36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2004 annual averages .... 78

37. Employment status of the native-born and foreign-born civilian noninstitutional population by age and

sex, 2003 annual averages .............................................................................................................................. 79

38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2004 ......................... 81

Technical Note ................................................................................................................................................................ 83
1

Introduction

Amajor development in the American workforce has

been the increased labor force participation of wo-

 men. In 1970, only about 43 percent of women age

16 and older were in the labor force; by 1999, that figure had

risen to 60 percent. From 1999 to 2004, women’s labor force

participation rate receded slightly to 59.2 percent, still well

above the rates that prevailed throughout the 1970s, 1980s,

and much of the 1990s. Along with rising labor force participation, women also made substantial inroads into higher

paying occupations. In 2004, half of all management, professional, and related occupations were held by women.

Women’s earnings relative to men’s also have risen. From

1979 to 2004, women’s earnings as a percent of men’s increased by 18 percentage points, from 62 to 80 percent. The

movement of women into the labor force and into higher

paying occupations has gone hand in hand with their pursuit of higher education. For example, in 1970, only 11 percent of women age 25 to 64 had completed 4 or more years of

college; by 2004, nearly 33 percent held a college degree.

This report presents historical and current labor force

and earnings data for women and men from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly survey

of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S.

Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unless

otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the CPS. For

a detailed description of the source of the data and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the Technical

Note at the end of this report.

Highlights

• In 2004, about 59 percent of women were in the labor

force. Although the unemployment rate for women rose

from 4.1 percent in 2000 to 5.4 percent in 2004, it remained

relatively low by historical standards. The unemployment rates for white and Asian women were much lower

than those of their black and Hispanic counterparts. (See

tables 1, 2, and 3.)

• Since the early 1980s, women’s and men’s unemployment

rates have been roughly similar. In 2000, the jobless rates

for women and men were 4.1 and 3.9 percent, respectively.

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

Both figures were the lowest in 30 years. From 2000 to

2003, unemployment rates for both sexes rose but then

declined in 2004. (See table 2.)

• From 1975 to 2000, the labor force participation rate of

mothers with children under age 18 rose from 47 to 73

percent. From 2000 to 2004, the rate receded slightly to 71

percent. Mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of

age) are more likely to participate in the labor force than

are mothers of younger children (under 6 years of age).

Unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than

do married mothers. (See tables 6 and 7.)

• The educational attainment level of women age 25 to 64

rose substantially from 1970 to 2004. About 3 in 10 women

in the labor force held college degrees in 2004, compared

with about 1 in 10 in 1970. About 8 percent of women in

the labor force were high school dropouts in 2004, compared with 34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.) Data from

1970 were from the March supplement to the CPS.

• Women held half of all management, professional, and

related occupations in 2004. However, women’s share of

specific occupations within this broad category varied.

For example, only 14 percent of architects and engineers

and 29 percent of physicians and surgeons were women.

In contrast, 86 percent of paralegals and legal assistants

and 89 percent of dieticians and nutritionists were women.

(See table 11.)

• Employed Asian women were more likely than employed

white, black, or Hispanic women to work in management,

professional, and related occupations (about 44 percent

compared with 39, 31, and 22 percent, respectively). Hispanic and black women (30 and 27 percent, respectively)

were more likely than white or Asian women (19 percent

each) to work in service occupations. (See table 12.)

• In 2004, women accounted for more than half of all workers in each of the following industries: Financial activities, education and health services, and leisure and hospitality. Women were underrepresented (relative to their

share of total employment) in mining, construction, and

transportation and utilities. (See table 14.)
2

• In 2004, women who worked full time had median weekly

earnings of $573. Asian and white women earned more

than their black and Hispanic counterparts ($613 and $584

compared with $505 and $419). In 2004, women’s median

weekly earnings were 80 percent of men’s. Women’s-tomen’s earnings ratios were higher among black and Hispanic workers (89 and 87 percent, respectively) than among

white and Asian workers (80 and 76 percent, respectively).

(See table 16.) (Users should note that the comparisons

of earnings in this report are made on a broad level and do

not control for many factors that can be significant in

explaining earnings differences.)

• Female college graduates age 25 and over earned about

76 percent more than women with only a high school

diploma in 2004. This difference in earnings by education

has increased sharply since 1979, when female college

graduates earned 43 percent more than female high school

graduates. Nonetheless, female college graduates who

were full-time wage and salary workers had median weekly

earnings that were only 75 percent of those of their male

counterparts in 2004, $860 versus $1,143. (See table 17.)

• In 2004, approximately 26 percent of employed women

usually worked part time, compared with about 11 percent

of employed men. Over the past 35 years, the proportion

of women who worked part time has changed little, and

the proportion for men has edged up slightly. (See table

20.) (Part-time workers are defined as those who usually

work less than 35 hours a week.)

• From 1976 to 2004, women in nonagricultural industries

increased their average workweek by about 2 hours to

35.9 hours. Men’s average workweek remained relatively

unchanged over the same period and was 41.6 hours in

2004. (See table 21.)

• Nearly 60 percent of all women who worked at some time

in calendar year 2003 worked full time and year round,

compared with 41 percent in 1970. During the same period, the proportion of men who worked full time and year

round grew from 66 to 73 percent. (See table 22.) These

data were collected in the Annual Social and Economic

Supplement to the CPS and refer to work experience during the prior calendar year.

• Both wife and husband had earnings from work in 58

percent of married-couple families in 2003, compared with

44 percent in 1967. (See table 23.) These data were collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to

the CPS and reflect earnings and work experience of the

prior calendar year.

• Working wives’ contributions to family income grew by

about 9 percentage points between 1973 and 2003. In

1973, wives’ earnings accounted for 26 percent (median)

of their families’ incomes; by 2003, that share had grown

to 35 percent. The proportion of wives earning more than

their husbands also grew. In 1987, 18 percent of working

wives whose husbands also worked earned more than

their spouses; in 2003, this proportion was 25 percent.

(See tables 24 and 25.) These data were collected in the

Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and

reflect earnings and work experience of the prior calendar

year.

• In 2004, about 1.3 million female workers paid at an hourly

rate had earnings at or below the Federal minimum wage

of $5.15 an hour; nearly half of these women were age 16

to 24. Among workers age 25 years and over who were

paid hourly rates, about 2 percent of women had earnings

at or below the minimum wage, twice the rate for men.

(See table 26.)

• Women who were in the labor force for 27 weeks or more

in 2003 were slightly more likely than men to live in poverty; 6.0 percent of women were in poverty versus 4.7

percent of men. Moreover, among those who worked or

looked for work for 27 weeks or more, black and Hispanic

women were more than twice as likely as white and Asian

women to live below the poverty level. Poverty rates

generally decline with age; among those in the labor force

for 27 weeks or more, about 1 in 10 women between the

ages of 16 and 24 lived below the poverty level in 2003,

compared with about 1 in 20 women age 25 and older.

(See table 27.) Data are from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings and

work experience of the prior calendar year.

• Men were slightly more likely than women to have flexible

schedules on their jobs in May 2001, and white women

were more likely to have flexible schedules than either

black or Hispanic women. Unmarried women were more

likely to have flexible schedules on their jobs than married

women, although the reverse was true for men. (See table

30.) Data are from the May 2001 Work Schedules supplement to the CPS.

• About 15 percent of both women and men reported working at home at least once per week as part of their main job

in May 2001. Working at home was more common for

parents than for nonparents. Women were slightly more

likely than men were to be paid for work they did at home.

Self-employment was fairly common among those who

worked at home in May 2001: about 27 percent of women

who worked at home were self-employed; the comparable

figure for men was 33 percent. (See table 31.) Data are

from the May 2001 Work Schedules supplement to the

CPS.
3

• About 2.3 million women and 3.0 million men experienced

job displacement between January 2001 and December

2003. Women who were displaced were roughly twice as

likely as men to have left the labor force by January 2004

(20 percent versus 12 percent). (See table 32.) Data are

from the January 2004 Displaced Worker supplement to

the CPS.

• In 2004, among recent high school graduates, young

women were more likely than young men to enter college

(72 percent versus 61 percent). (For information on the

labor force status of recent high school graduates and

dropouts by school enrollment and sex, see table 33.)

Data are from the October 2004 School Enrollment supplement to the CPS.

• Almost 48 percent of women age 16 to 24 who were enrolled in either high school or college in October 2004

were in the labor force. This is slightly above the labor

force participation rate of men enrolled in school. Young

women not in school were less likely than their male counterparts to be in the labor force (73 percent versus 87

percent). Among young women who were not in school,

labor force participation rates were dramatically lower and

unemployment rates four times higher for those who had

not completed high school than for those who had graduated from college. (See table 34.) Data are from the October 2004 School Enrollment supplement to the CPS.

• In 1970, 2.2 percent of employed women were multiple

jobholders, but by 1995, the rate had nearly tripled to 6.5

percent. Subsequently, the multiple jobholding rate for

women trended downward, falling to 5.6 percent by 2004.

The multiple jobholding rate for men also has declined in

recent years, from 6.3 percent in 1998 to 4.9 percent in

2004. (See table 35.) Data were collected in the May CPS.

• In 2004, 5.6 percent of employed women were self-employed compared with 8.0 percent of men. During the

1976-2004 period, the percentage of women who were selfemployed increased by 1.2 percentage points, while the

percentage of men who were self-employed edged down

by less than half a percentage point. In 2004, women

made up about 38 percent of self-employed persons, compared with nearly 27 percent in 1976. (See table 36.)

• In 2003, foreign-born women (54 percent) were less likely

to be in the labor force than native-born women (60 percent). The reverse was true for men. (See table 37.)

• Thirteen percent of female wage and salary workers were

represented by unions in 2004, compared with 15 percent

of men. Union attachment for both groups has fallen

since 1983, when unions represented 18 percent of female

wage and salary workers and nearly 28 percent of men.

(See table 38.)
4

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, both sexes

16 years and over ......... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

16 to 19 years ............. 16,222 7,114 43.9 5,907 36.4 1,208 17.0 9,108

16 to 17 years......... 8,574 2,747 32.0 2,193 25.6 554 20.2 5,827

18 to 19 years......... 7,648 4,367 57.1 3,714 48.6 653 15.0 3,281

20 to 24 years............ 20,197 15,154 75.0 13,723 67.9 1,431 9.4 5,043

25 to 54 years............. 123,410 102,122 82.8 97,472 79.0 4,650 4.6 21,288

25 to 34 years......... 38,939 32,207 82.7 30,423 78.1 1,784 5.5 6,732

25 to 29 years...... 18,985 15,569 82.0 14,615 77.0 955 6.1 3,415

30 to 34 years...... 19,954 16,638 83.4 15,808 79.2 829 5.0 3,317

35 to 44 years......... 43,226 36,158 83.6 34,580 80.0 1,578 4.4 7,068

35 to 39 years...... 20,573 17,169 83.5 16,370 79.6 799 4.7 3,404

40 to 44 years...... 22,653 18,989 83.8 18,210 80.4 779 4.1 3,664

45 to 54 years......... 41,245 33,758 81.8 32,469 78.7 1,288 3.8 7,488

45 to 49 years...... 21,886 18,310 83.7 17,586 80.4 724 4.0 3,577

50 to 54 years...... 19,359 15,448 79.8 14,883 76.9 565 3.7 3,911

55 to 64 years............ 28,919 18,013 62.3 17,331 59.9 682 3.8 10,906

55 to 59 years......... 16,327 11,603 71.1 11,166 68.4 437 3.8 4,724

60 to 64 years......... 12,592 6,410 50.9 6,166 49.0 245 3.8 6,182

65 years and over....... 34,609 4,998 14.4 4,819 13.9 179 3.6 29,611

65 to 69 years......... 9,800 2,710 27.7 2,614 26.7 96 3.5 7,090

70 to 74 years......... 8,381 1,280 15.3 1,234 14.7 46 3.6 7,100

75 years and over...... 16,429 1,007 6.1 971 5.9 36 3.6 15,421

Total Percent of 

population

Civilian labor force

Employed Unemployed

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

Not in labor 

force
5

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages 

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Women

16 years and over ......... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

16 to 19 years ............. 7,989 3,498 43.8 2,955 37.0 543 15.5 4,491

16 to 17 years......... 4,257 1,418 33.3 1,156 27.2 262 18.5 2,838

18 to 19 years......... 3,732 2,080 55.7 1,799 48.2 281 13.5 1,652

20 to 24 years............ 10,072 7,097 70.5 6,477 64.3 619 8.7 2,975

25 to 54 years............. 62,636 47,150 75.3 45,003 71.8 2,147 4.6 15,486

25 to 34 years......... 19,581 14,409 73.6 13,605 69.5 804 5.6 5,172

25 to 29 years...... 9,506 6,952 73.1 6,532 68.7 420 6.0 2,555

30 to 34 years...... 10,075 7,457 74.0 7,073 70.2 384 5.1 2,618

35 to 44 years......... 21,970 16,619 75.6 15,880 72.3 739 4.4 5,352

35 to 39 years...... 10,438 7,772 74.5 7,403 70.9 369 4.7 2,666

40 to 44 years...... 11,532 8,847 76.7 8,477 73.5 370 4.2 2,686

45 to 54 years......... 21,085 16,123 76.5 15,518 73.6 605 3.7 4,962

45 to 49 years...... 11,158 8,729 78.2 8,393 75.2 335 3.8 2,429

50 to 54 years...... 9,927 7,394 74.5 7,125 71.8 269 3.6 2,533

55 to 64 years............ 15,025 8,466 56.3 8,157 54.3 309 3.6 6,559

55 to 59 years......... 8,411 5,463 65.0 5,266 62.6 197 3.6 2,948

60 to 64 years......... 6,614 3,002 45.4 2,890 43.7 112 3.7 3,612

65 years and over....... 19,925 2,211 11.1 2,135 10.7 75 3.4 17,714

65 to 69 years......... 5,227 1,220 23.3 1,178 22.5 42 3.5 4,007

70 to 74 years......... 4,660 560 12.0 541 11.6 19 3.3 4,100

75 years and over...... 10,038 431 4.3 416 4.1 14 3.4 9,607

Total Percent of 

labor force

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population
6

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2004 annual averages 

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Men

16 years and over ......... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

16 to 19 years ............. 8,234 3,616 43.9 2,952 35.9 664 18.4 4,617

16 to 17 years......... 4,318 1,329 30.8 1,037 24.0 292 22.0 2,989

18 to 19 years......... 3,916 2,288 58.4 1,915 48.9 372 16.3 1,628

20 to 24 years............ 10,125 8,057 79.6 7,246 71.6 811 10.1 2,068

25 to 54 years............. 60,773 54,972 90.5 52,468 86.3 2,504 4.6 5,801

25 to 34 years......... 19,358 17,798 91.9 16,818 86.9 980 5.5 1,560

25 to 29 years...... 9,478 8,618 90.9 8,083 85.3 535 6.2 861

30 to 34 years...... 9,879 9,180 92.9 8,735 88.4 446 4.9 699

35 to 44 years......... 21,255 19,539 91.9 18,700 88.0 839 4.3 1,716

35 to 39 years...... 10,135 9,397 92.7 8,967 88.5 430 4.6 738

40 to 44 years...... 11,121 10,142 91.2 9,733 87.5 409 4.0 979

45 to 54 years......... 20,160 17,635 87.5 16,951 84.1 684 3.9 2,525

45 to 49 years...... 10,729 9,581 89.3 9,193 85.7 388 4.1 1,148

50 to 54 years...... 9,432 8,054 85.4 7,758 82.3 296 3.7 1,378

55 to 64 years............ 13,894 9,547 68.7 9,174 66.0 373 3.9 4,347

55 to 59 years......... 7,916 6,139 77.6 5,899 74.5 240 3.9 1,776

60 to 64 years......... 5,978 3,408 57.0 3,275 54.8 133 3.9 2,570

65 years and over....... 14,684 2,787 19.0 2,683 18.3 104 3.7 11,897

65 to 69 years......... 4,573 1,490 32.6 1,436 31.4 54 3.6 3,082

70 to 74 years......... 3,721 721 19.4 693 18.6 28 3.8 3,000

75 years and over...... 6,391 576 9.0 554 8.7 22 3.8 5,814

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force
7

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

1970-2004 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

1970.......... 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971.......... 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 1

....... 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 1

....... 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974.......... 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975.......... 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

1976.......... 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977.......... 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 1

....... 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979......... 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980......... 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981......... 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982......... 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983......... 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984......... 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985......... 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 1

....... 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987......... 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

1988......... 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989......... 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 1........ 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991......... 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992......... 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993......... 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 1

....... 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995......... 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996......... 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 1

....... 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 1........ 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 1........ 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 1

....... 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 ........ 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 ........ 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 1........ 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 1........ 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

Total Percent of 

labor force

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

See footnote at end of table.
8

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970-2004 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970.......... 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971.......... 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 1

....... 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 1

....... 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974.......... 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975.......... 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976.......... 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977.......... 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 1

....... 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979.......... 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980.......... 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981.......... 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982.......... 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983.......... 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984.......... 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985.......... 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 1

....... 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987.......... 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

1988.......... 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989......... 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 1........ 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991......... 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992......... 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993......... 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 1

....... 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995......... 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996......... 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 1

....... 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 1........ 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 1........ 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 1

....... 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 ......... 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 ........ 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 1........ 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 1........ 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

Year

Employed

Percent of 

population Total

Women

Percent of 

population Total

Not in labor 

force

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Unemployed

Percent of 

labor force Total

See footnote at end of table.
9

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

1970-2004 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970.......... 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971.......... 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 1

....... 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 1

....... 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974.......... 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975.......... 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976.......... 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977.......... 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 1

....... 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979.......... 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980.......... 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981.......... 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982.......... 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983.......... 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984.......... 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985.......... 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 1

....... 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987.......... 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

1988.......... 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989......... 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 1....... 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991.......... 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992.......... 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993.......... 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 1

....... 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995.......... 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996.......... 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 1

....... 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 1....... 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 1....... 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 1

....... 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001......... 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002.......... 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 1....... 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 1....... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

Men

Total

Not in labor 

Total force Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

Percent of 

labor force

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

1

 The comparability of historical labor force data has been

affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
10

Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

White

Total, 16 years and over............... 182,643 121,086 66.3 115,239 63.1 5,847 4.8 61,558

 16 to 19 years.......................... 12,599 5,929 47.1 5,039 40.0 890 15.0 6,669

 20 to 24 years.......................... 15,817 12,192 77.1 11,233 71.0 959 7.9 3,626

 25 to 54 years.......................... 99,434 83,034 83.5 79,741 80.2 3,293 4.0 16,400

 55 to 64 years.......................... 24,549 15,522 63.2 14,965 61.0 557 3.6 9,026

 65 years and over.................... 30,245 4,408 14.6 4,260 14.1 148 3.3 25,837

Women, 16 years and over........... 93,599 55,092 58.9 52,527 56.1 2,565 4.7 38,508

 16 to 19 years.......................... 6,169 2,879 46.7 2,486 40.3 393 13.6 3,290

 20 to 24 years.......................... 7,794 5,606 71.9 5,207 66.8 399 7.1 2,188

 25 to 54 years.......................... 49,710 37,480 75.4 36,016 72.5 1,463 3.9 12,231

 55 to 64 years.......................... 12,627 7,197 57.0 6,947 55.0 250 3.5 5,430

 65 years and over..................... 17,299 1,930 11.2 1,870 10.8 60 3.1 15,369

 Men, 16 years and over............... 89,044 65,994 74.1 62,712 70.4 3,282 5.0 23,050

 16 to 19 years......................... 6,429 3,050 47.4 2,553 39.7 497 16.3 3,379

 20 to 24 years.......................... 8,024 6,586 82.1 6,026 75.1 560 8.5 1,438

 25 to 54 years.......................... 49,724 45,555 91.6 43,724 87.9 1,830 4.0 4,169

 55 to 64 years.......................... 11,922 8,326 69.8 8,018 67.3 307 3.7 3,596

 65 years and over..................... 12,946 2,478 19.1 2,390 18.5 88 3.5 10,468

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and over............... 26,065 16,638 63.8 14,909 57.2 1,729 10.4 9,428

 16 to 19 years........................... 2,423 762 31.4 520 21.5 241 31.7 1,661

 20 to 24 years........................... 2,821 1,926 68.3 1,572 55.7 353 18.4 896

 25 to 54 years........................... 15,095 12,033 79.7 11,006 72.9 1,027 8.5 3,062

 55 to 64 years........................... 2,827 1,538 54.4 1,452 51.4 86 5.6 1,290

 65 years and over...................... 2,899 380 13.1 359 12.4 21 5.5 2,519

Women, 16 years and over............. 14,409 8,865 61.5 7,997 55.5 868 9.8 5,544

 16 to 19 years........................... 1,227 403 32.8 289 23.6 114 28.2 824

 20 to 24 years........................... 1,495 999 66.8 833 55.7 166 16.6 497

 25 to 54 years........................... 8,321 6,448 77.5 5,912 71.0 536 8.3 1,873

 55 to 64 years.......................... 1,577 824 52.3 784 49.7 40 4.8 753

 65 years and over..................... 1,789 192 10.7 179 10.0 13 6.8 1,597

 Men, 16 years and over............... 11,656 7,773 66.7 6,912 59.3 860 11.1 3,884

 16 to 19 years........................... 1,195 359 30.0 231 19.3 128 35.6 837

 20 to 24 years........................... 1,326 927 69.9 739 55.7 188 20.3 399

 25 to 54 years........................... 6,774 5,585 82.5 5,094 75.2 491 8.8 1,189

 55 to 64 years........................... 1,250 714 57.1 668 53.4 46 6.4 537

 65 years and over..................... 1,111 188 17.0 180 16.2 8 4.2 922

Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 
11

Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Asian

Total, 16 years and over............... 9,519 6,271 65.9 5,994 63.0 277 4.4 3,248

 16 to 19 years.......................... 606 172 28.4 152 25.1 20 11.5 434

 20 to 24 years........................... 876 539 61.5 493 56.3 46 8.6 337

 25 to 54 years........................... 5,944 4,748 79.9 4,570 76.9 178 3.7 1,196

 55 to 64 years........................... 1,052 676 64.2 649 61.7 27 4.0 376

 65 years and over...................... 1,041 137 13.1 130 12.5 6 4.7 904

Women, 16 years and over............ 4,990 2,876 57.6 2,751 55.1 124 4.3 2,114

 16 to 19 years........................... 293 81 27.7 74 25.3 7 8.7 212

 20 to 24 years........................... 442 262 59.3 238 54.0 24 9.0 180

 25 to 54 years........................... 3,098 2,165 69.9 2,086 67.3 79 3.7 932

 55 to 64 years........................... 562 315 55.9 302 53.7 13 4.1 248

 65 years and over..................... 596 53 8.8 51 8.6 1 2.7 543

 Men, 16 years and over................ 4,529 3,396 75.0 3,243 71.6 153 4.5 1,133

 16 to 19 years........................... 313 91 29.0 78 24.9 13 14.0 222

 20 to 24 years........................... 434 277 63.8 255 58.6 23 8.2 157

 25 to 54 years........................... 2,846 2,582 90.7 2,484 87.3 98 3.8 264

 55 to 64 years........................... 490 361 73.8 347 70.9 14 3.9 129

 65 years and over..................... 445 84 18.9 79 17.8 5 5.9 361

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over............... 28,109 19,272 68.6 17,930 63.8 1,342 7.0 8,837

 16 to 19 years.......................... 2,608 995 38.2 792 30.4 203 20.4 1,612

 20 to 24 years........................... 3,666 2,732 74.5 2,477 67.6 255 9.3 934

 25 to 54 years........................... 17,512 13,955 79.7 13,163 75.2 792 5.7 3,557

 55 to 64 years........................... 2,208 1,284 58.1 1,210 54.8 74 5.8 924

 65 years and over....................... 2,115 306 14.5 288 13.6 18 6.0 1,809

Women, 16 years and over............ 13,692 7,685 56.1 7,098 51.8 587 7.6 6,007

 16 to 19 years............................ 1,272 429 33.7 346 27.2 83 19.3 843

 20 to 24 years............................ 1,685 1,060 62.9 964 57.2 97 9.1 625

 25 to 54 years............................ 8,352 5,521 66.1 5,151 61.7 370 6.7 2,831

 55 to 64 years........................... 1,162 556 47.8 523 45.0 32 5.8 606

 65 years and over..................... 1,221 119 9.8 114 9.3 5 4.6 1,102

 Men, 16 years and over................ 14,417 11,587 80.4 10,832 75.1 755 6.5 2,831

 16 to 19 years........................... 1,336 567 42.4 446 33.4 120 21.2 769

 20 to 24 years........................... 1,981 1,671 84.4 1,514 76.4 158 9.4 309

 25 to 54 years........................... 9,160 8,434 92.1 8,011 87.5 423 5.0 726

 55 to 64 years........................... 1,046 728 69.6 687 65.7 41 5.7 318

 65 years and over..................... 894 186 20.8 174 19.4 13 6.9 708

Race, age, sex, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 
12

Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2004 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Total

Total, 16 years and over............ 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

 Married, spouse present.......... 119,690 82,395 68.8 79,684 66.6 2,711 3.3 37,296

 Unmarried, total....................... 103,666 65,006 62.7 59,568 57.5 5,439 8.4 38,660

 Never married...................... 60,650 41,392 68.2 37,390 61.6 4,002 9.7 19,258

 Other marital status............... 43,016 23,614 54.9 22,178 51.6 1,437 6.1 19,402

 Divorced............................. 21,546 15,578 72.3 14,676 68.1 902 5.8 5,968

 Separated......................... 7,718 5,367 69.5 4,961 64.3 406 7.6 2,351

 Widowed........................... 13,752 2,670 19.4 2,541 18.5 129 4.8 11,083

Women

Total, 16 years and over............ 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225 

 Married, spouse present.......... 59,278 35,845 60.5 34,600 58.4 1,244 3.5 23,433 

 Unmarried, total...................... 56,369 32,576 57.8 30,127 53.4 2,449 7.5 23,792 

 Never married...................... 28,228 18,616 65.9 16,995 60.2 1,621 8.7 9,612 

 Other marital status............... 28,141 13,961 49.6 13,133 46.7 828 5.9 14,180 

 Divorced............................ 12,680 9,066 71.5 8,580 67.7 486 5.4 3,615 

 Separated......................... 4,340 2,814 64.8 2,570 59.2 244 8.7 1,526 

 Widowed........................... 11,121 2,081 18.7 1,982 17.8 99 4.7 9,040 

Men

Total, 16 years and over............ 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

 Married, spouse present.......... 60,412 46,550 77.1 45,084 74.6 1,466 3.1 13,862

 Unmarried, total...................... 47,298 32,430 68.6 29,440 62.2 2,989 9.2 14,868

 Never married...................... 32,422 22,776 70.2 20,395 62.9 2,381 10.5 9,646

 Other marital status............... 14,875 9,654 64.9 9,045 60.8 608 6.3 5,222

 Divorced........................... 8,865 6,512 73.5 6,096 68.8 416 6.4 2,353

 Separated......................... 3,379 2,553 75.6 2,391 70.8 162 6.3 826

 Widowed........................... 2,631 589 22.4 558 21.2 30 5.2 2,043

Marital status and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population 
13

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Total

Women, 16 years and over........................ 115,269 68,202 59.2 64,412 55.9 3,789 5.6 47,067

 With children under 18 years old............... 36,642 25,913 70.7 24,413 66.6 1,501 5.8 10,729

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 20,364 15,782 77.5 15,006 73.7 776 4.9 4,582

 With children under 6 years old................ 16,278 10,131 62.2 9,407 57.8 724 7.1 6,147

 Under 3 years old............................... 9,424 5,401 57.3 4,983 52.9 417 7.7 4,024

 With no children under 18 years old.......... 78,627 42,289 53.8 40,000 50.9 2,289 5.4 36,338

Men, 16 years and over............................. 107,241 77,860 72.6 72,739 67.8 5,121 6.6 29,381

 With children under 18 years old................ 28,177 26,475 94.0 25,422 90.2 1,053 4.0 1,702

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 15,521 14,427 92.9 13,854 89.3 573 4.0 1,095

 With children under 6 years old............... 12,656 12,048 95.2 11,568 91.4 480 4.0 608

 Under 3 years old............................... 7,478 7,108 95.1 6,824 91.3 284 4.0 370

 With no children under 18 years old............ 79,063 51,385 65.0 47,317 59.8 4,068 7.9 27,678

White

Women, 16 years and over........................ 93,364 54,961 58.9 52,306 56.0 2,655 4.8 38,403

 With children under 18 years old................ 28,721 20,148 70.2 19,157 66.7 991 4.9 8,573

 With children 6 to 17, none younger.......... 16,067 12,416 77.3 11,879 73.9 537 4.3 3,651

 With children under 6 years old................ 12,654 7,732 61.1 7,278 57.5 454 5.9 4,922

 Under 3 years old............................... 7,394 4,168 56.4 3,895 52.7 273 6.5 3,226

 With no children under 18 years old............ 64,644 34,813 53.9 33,149 51.3 1,664 4.8 29,831

Men, 16 years and over.............................. 88,600 65,136 73.5 61,263 69.1 3,873 5.9 23,463

 With children under 18 years old.............. 23,469 22,216 94.7 21,399 91.2 817 3.7 1,253

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 12,935 12,115 93.7 11,679 90.3 436 3.6 820

 With children under 6 years old............... 10,534 10,102 95.9 9,720 92.3 382 3.8 432

 Under 3 years old................................ 6,262 6,006 95.9 5,773 92.2 233 3.9 257

 With no children under 18 years old.......... 65,131 42,920 65.9 39,864 61.2 3,056 7.1 22,211

 See note at end of table.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 
14

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and over........................ 14,343 8,842 61.6 7,984 55.7 858 9.7 5,501

 With children under 18 years old................ 5,143 3,945 76.7 3,541 68.8 405 10.3 1,198

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 2,888 2,330 80.7 2,146 74.3 184 7.9 558

 With children under 6 years old................ 2,256 1,615 71.6 1,395 61.8 220 13.6 640

 Under 3 years old............................... 1,221 822 67.3 695 56.9 127 15.4 399

 With no children under 18 years old........... 9,199 4,896 53.2 4,443 48.3 453 9.3 4,303

Men, 16 years and over............................. 11,589 7,521 64.9 6,633 57.2 888 11.8 4,068

 With children under 18 years old................ 2,526 2,228 88.2 2,065 81.7 163 7.3 298

 With children 6 to 17, none younger........ 1,478 1,289 87.2 1,197 81.0 92 7.1 190

 With children under 6 years old............... 1,048 940 89.6 868 82.8 71 7.6 109

 Under 3 years old................................ 563 497 88.2 463 82.2 34 6.8 67

 With no children under 18 years old............ 9,062 5,292 58.4 4,568 50.4 725 13.7 3,770

Asian

Women, 16 years and over........................ 4,913 2,833 57.7 2,671 54.4 163 5.7 2,079

 With children under 18 years old................ 1,823 1,209 66.3 1,151 63.1 58 4.8 614

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 932 694 74.4 666 71.5 28 4.0 238

 With children under 6 years old............... 892 516 57.9 485 54.4 31 5.9 376

 Under 3 years old.............................. 517 271 52.4 259 50.2 12 4.3 246

 With no children under 18 years old............ 3,090 1,624 52.6 1,520 49.2 104 6.4 1,466

Men, 16 years and over............................. 4,516 3,340 74.0 3,186 70.5 155 4.6 1,176

 With children under 18 years old............... 1,476 1,389 94.1 1,353 91.6 36 2.6 87

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 764 723 94.6 697 91.2 26 3.6 41

 With children under 6 years old................ 712 666 93.5 656 92.1 10 1.6 46

 Under 3 years old............................... 425 393 92.5 389 91.7 3 0.9 32

 With no children under 18 years old.......... 3,040 1,951 64.2 1,833 60.3 118 6.1 1,089

 See note at end of table.

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

 Total labor force Percent of 

population 
15

Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004

—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and over........................ 13,543 7,526 55.6 6,930 51.2 595 7.9 6,018

 With children under 18 years old................ 6,209 3,711 59.8 3,408 54.9 303 8.2 2,498

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 2,993 2,073 69.2 1,930 64.5 143 6.9 921

 With children under 6 years old............... 3,215 1,638 51.0 1,478 46.0 160 9.8 1,577

 Under 3 years old.............................. 1,824 817 44.8 721 39.5 96 11.8 1,007

 With no children under 18 years old............ 7,335 3,815 52.0 3,523 48.0 292 7.7 3,520

Men, 16 years and over............................. 14,240 11,337 79.6 10,490 73.7 848 7.5 2,903

 With children under 18 years old............... 4,692 4,380 93.3 4,171 88.9 209 4.8 313

 With children 6 to 17, none younger......... 2,127 1,955 91.9 1,867 87.8 88 4.5 172

 With children under 6 years old................ 2,565 2,425 94.5 2,304 89.8 121 5.0 140

 Under 3 years old............................... 1,520 1,436 94.4 1,361 89.5 74 5.2 85

 With no children under 18 years old.......... 9,548 6,957 72.9 6,319 66.2 638 9.2 2,590

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

 Total labor force Percent of 

population 

 NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are

classified by ethnicity as well as by race.
16

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 115,269 68,202 59.2 64,412 55.9 3,789 5.6 47,067

 With children under 18 years old........................... 36,642 25,913 70.7 24,413 66.6 1,501 5.8 10,729

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 20,364 15,782 77.5 15,006 73.7 776 4.9 4,582

 With children under 6 years old........................... 16,278 10,131 62.2 9,407 57.8 724 7.1 6,147

 With children under 3 years old........................ 9,424 5,401 57.3 4,983 52.9 417 7.7 4,024

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 78,627 42,289 53.8 40,000 50.9 2,289 5.4 36,338

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 59,008 35,918 60.9 34,582 58.6 1,336 3.7 23,090

 With children under 18 years old........................... 26,329 17,953 68.2 17,215 65.4 738 4.1 8,376

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 14,339 10,846 75.6 10,441 72.8 406 3.7 3,492

 With children under 6 years old........................... 11,990 7,107 59.3 6,774 56.5 332 4.7 4,884

 With children under 3 years old........................ 7,128 3,927 55.1 3,738 52.4 189 4.8 3,201

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 32,679 17,965 55.0 17,367 53.1 598 3.3 14,714

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 56,261 32,284 57.4 29,830 53.0 2,454 7.6 23,977

 With children under 18 years old........................... 10,313 7,960 77.2 7,198 69.8 762 9.6 2,353

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 6,025 4,936 81.9 4,565 75.8 370 7.5 1,090

 With children under 6 years old........................... 4,288 3,025 70.5 2,633 61.4 392 13.0 1,263

 With children under 3 years old........................ 2,296 1,473 64.2 1,245 54.2 228 15.5 823

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 45,947 24,324 52.9 22,632 49.3 1,691 7.0 21,624

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 93,364 54,961 58.9 52,306 56.0 2,655 4.8 38,403

 With children under 18 years old........................... 28,721 20,148 70.2 19,157 66.7 991 4.9 8,573

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 16,067 12,416 77.3 11,879 73.9 537 4.3 3,651

 With children under 6 years old........................... 12,654 7,732 61.1 7,278 57.5 454 5.9 4,922

 With children under 3 years old........................ 7,394 4,168 56.4 3,895 52.7 273 6.5 3,226

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 64,644 34,813 53.9 33,149 51.3 1,664 4.8 29,831

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 50,801 30,677 60.4 29,625 58.3 1,052 3.4 20,125

 With children under 18 years old........................... 22,145 14,986 67.7 14,408 65.1 578 3.9 7,159

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 12,055 9,090 75.4 8,770 72.8 320 3.5 2,965

 With children under 6 years old........................... 10,089 5,896 58.4 5,638 55.9 258 4.4 4,194

 With children under 3 years old........................ 6,043 3,292 54.5 3,136 51.9 156 4.7 2,750

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 28,657 15,691 54.8 15,217 53.1 474 3.0 12,966

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 42,563 24,285 57.1 22,681 53.3 1,603 6.6 18,278

 With children under 18 years old........................... 6,576 5,162 78.5 4,749 72.2 413 8.0 1,414

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 4,011 3,326 82.9 3,109 77.5 217 6.5 686

 With children under 6 years old........................... 2,565 1,836 71.6 1,640 64.0 196 10.7 728

 With children under 3 years old........................ 1,351 876 64.8 759 56.2 117 13.3 475

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 35,987 19,122 53.1 17,932 49.8 1,190 6.2 16,864

White, other marital statuses1

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

White, all marital statuses

White, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

 See footnote at end of table
17

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2004—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 14,343 8,842 61.6 7,984 55.7 858 9.7 5,501

 With children under 18 years old........................... 5,143 3,945 76.7 3,541 68.8 405 10.3 1,198

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 2,888 2,330 80.7 2,146 74.3 184 7.9 558

 With children under 6 years old........................... 2,256 1,615 71.6 1,395 61.8 220 13.6 640

 With children under 3 years old........................ 1,221 822 67.3 695 56.9 127 15.4 399

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 9,199 4,896 53.2 4,443 48.3 453 9.3 4,303

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 4,152 2,818 67.9 2,663 64.1 155 5.5 1,334

 With children under 18 years old.......................... 2,006 1,572 78.4 1,488 74.2 83 5.3 434

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 1,182 954 80.7 908 76.8 46 4.8 229

 With children under 6 years old........................... 823 618 75.1 580 70.5 38 6.1 205

 With children under 3 years old........................... 430 307 71.3 288 66.9 19 6.2 123

 With no children under 18 years old...................... 2,147 1,247 58.1 1,175 54.7 72 5.7 900

Total, 16 years and over........................................ 10,190 6,023 59.1 5,321 52.2 703 11.7 4,167

 With children under 18 years old........................... 3,138 2,374 75.7 2,052 65.4 321 13.5 764

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 1,705 1,376 80.7 1,238 72.6 138 10.0 329

 With children under 6 years old........................... 1,432 997 69.6 814 56.9 183 18.3 435

 With children under 3 years old........................ 791 515 65.1 408 51.5 108 20.9 276

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 7,053 3,650 51.7 3,268 46.3 381 10.5 3,403

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 4,913 2,833 57.7 2,671 54.4 163 5.7 2,079

 With children under 18 years old........................... 1,823 1,209 66.3 1,151 63.1 58 4.8 614

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 932 694 74.4 666 71.5 28 4.0 238

 With children under 6 years old........................... 892 516 57.9 485 54.4 31 5.9 376

 With children under 3 years old........................ 517 271 52.4 259 50.2 12 4.3 246

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 3,090 1,624 52.6 1,520 49.2 104 6.4 1,466

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 2,940 1,749 59.5 1,657 56.4 92 5.3 1,191

 With children under 18 years old........................... 1,582 1,022 64.6 971 61.4 51 5.0 560

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 790 579 73.3 558 70.6 21 3.6 211

 With children under 6 years old........................... 791 443 56.0 413 52.2 30 6.8 349

 With children under 3 years old........................ 475 245 51.7 234 49.4 11 4.5 230

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 1,358 727 53.5 686 50.5 41 5.7 631

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 1,973 1,084 55.0 1,014 51.4 71 6.5 889

 With children under 18 years old........................... 242 187 77.6 180 74.4 8 4.0 54

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 141 114 80.9 108 76.0 7 6.0 27

 With children under 6 years old........................... 100 73 72.9 72 72.1 1 1.0 27

 With children under 3 years old........................ 42 26 61.2 25 59.4 1 2.9 16

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 1,731 897 51.8 834 48.2 63 7.0 835

Asian, other marital statuses1

Black or African American, other marital statuses1

Black or African American, all marital statuses

Black or African American, married, spouse present

Asian, all marital statuses

Asian, married, spouse present

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

See footnote at end of table
18

Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic or

Latino ethnicity, 2004—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 13,543 7,526 55.6 6,930 51.2 595 7.9 6,018

 With children under 18 years old........................... 6,209 3,711 59.8 3,408 54.9 303 8.2 2,498

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 2,993 2,073 69.2 1,930 64.5 143 6.9 921

 With children under 6 years old........................... 3,215 1,638 51.0 1,478 46.0 160 9.8 1,577

 With children under 3 years old........................ 1,824 817 44.8 721 39.5 96 11.8 1,007

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 7,335 3,815 52.0 3,523 48.0 292 7.7 3,520

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 6,679 3,555 53.2 3,300 49.4 255 7.2 3,124

 With children under 18 years old........................... 4,342 2,357 54.3 2,176 50.1 181 7.7 1,986

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 1,992 1,284 64.5 1,197 60.1 87 6.8 707

 With children under 6 years old........................... 2,351 1,072 45.6 979 41.6 94 8.7 1,279

 With children under 3 years old........................ 1,373 552 40.2 495 36.1 56 10.2 821

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 2,336 1,198 51.3 1,125 48.1 74 6.1 1,138

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 6,865 3,971 57.8 3,630 52.9 341 8.6 2,894

 With children under 18 years old........................... 1,866 1,354 72.6 1,232 66.0 122 9.0 512

 With children 6 to 17 years old, none younger......... 1,002 788 78.7 733 73.1 55 7.0 214

 With children under 6 years old........................... 865 566 65.5 499 57.8 67 11.8 298

 With children under 3 years old........................ 452 265 58.7 225 49.9 40 15.1 186

 With no children under 18 years old........................ 4,998 2,617 52.3 2,398 48.0 219 8.4 2,382

Hispanic or Latino, married, spouse present

Hispanic or Latino, other marital statuses1

Hispanic or Latino, all marital statuses

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

1

 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed.

NOTE: Children are "own children" and include sons, daughters,

stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail

for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and

Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all

races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or

Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity

as well as by race.
19

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2004

(Numbers in thousands)

1975...... 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 

1976...... 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 

1977...... 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 

1978...... 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 

1979...... 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 

1980...... 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 

1981...... 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 

1982...... 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 

1983...... 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 

1984...... 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 

1985...... 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 

1986...... 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 

1987...... 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 

1988...... 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 

1989...... 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 

1990...... 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 

1991...... 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 

1992...... 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 

1993...... 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 

1994...... 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 

1995...... 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 

1996...... 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 

1997...... 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 

1998...... 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 

1999...... 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 

2000...... 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 

2001...... 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 

2002...... 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 

2003...... 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 

2004...... 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 

 See note at end of table.

With own children ages 6 to 17

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Civilian labor force

Year

With own children under age 18

Total Percent of 

labor force

Percent of Employed

population Total

Unemployed

Employed

Civilian labor force
20

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 1975-2004—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975...... 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 

1976...... 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 

1977...... 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 

1978...... 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 

1979...... 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 

1980...... 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 

1981...... 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 

1982...... 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 

1983...... 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 

1984...... 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 

1985...... 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 

1986...... 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 

1987...... 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 

1988...... 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 

1989...... 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 

1990...... 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 

1991...... 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 

1992...... 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 

1993...... 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2 

1994...... 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 

1995...... 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 

1996...... 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 

1997...... 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 

1998...... 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 

1999...... 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 

2000...... 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 

2001...... 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 

2002...... 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 

2003...... 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 

2004...... 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 

 See note at end of table.

With own children under age 3

Civilian labor force Unemployed

Percent of 

labor force Total Total Percent of population

Employed

Year

Unemployed

Employed

Civilian labor force

With own children under age 6

Percent of 

labor force Total Percent of population Total
21

(Numbers in thousands)

1975...... 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 

1976...... 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 

1977...... 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 

1978...... 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 

1979...... 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 

1980...... 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 

1981...... 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 

1982...... 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 

1983...... 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 

1984...... 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 

1985...... 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 

1986...... 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 

1987...... 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 

1988...... 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 

1989...... 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 

1990...... 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 

1991...... 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 

1992...... 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 

1993...... 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9 

1994...... 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 

1995...... 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 

1996...... 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 

1997...... 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 

1998...... 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 

1999...... 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 

2000...... 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3 

2001...... 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0 

2002...... 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 

2003...... 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 

2004...... 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 

Year

With no own children under age 18

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of

youngest child, 1975-2004—Continued

NOTE: "Own children" include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted

children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not

directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of a major

redesign of the Current Population Survey.
22

Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational 

 attainment and sex, 2004 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 152,329 120,135 78.9 114,803 75.4 5,332 4.4 32,193 

 Less than a high school diploma............ 18,537 11,702 63.1 10,683 57.6 1,019 8.7 6,835 

 High school graduates, no college1

...... 47,218 36,137 76.5 34,310 72.7 1,827 5.1 11,081 

 Some college or associate degree......... 41,078 33,322 81.1 31,899 77.7 1,423 4.3 7,756 

 College graduates, total..................... 45,496 38,975 85.7 37,912 83.3 1,064 2.7 6,520 

 Bachelor's degree........................... 30,149 25,515 84.6 24,758 82.1 756 3.0 4,634 

 Master's degree.............................. 10,922 9,468 86.7 9,229 84.5 238 2.5 1,455 

 Professional degree........................ 2,460 2,208 89.8 2,172 88.3 36 1.6 252 

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,965 1,785 90.8 1,752 89.2 33 1.8 180 

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 77,661 55,616 71.6 53,160 68.5 2,456 4.4 22,045

 Less than a high school diploma............ 8,800 4,288 48.7 3,841 43.6 446 10.4 4,513

 High school graduates, no college1

...... 23,881 16,361 68.5 15,551 65.1 809 4.9 7,520

 Some college or associate degree......... 22,185 16,815 75.8 16,103 72.6 713 4.2 5,370

 College graduates, total..................... 22,794 18,152 79.6 17,665 77.5 487 2.7 4,642

 Bachelor's degree........................... 15,410 12,004 77.9 11,659 75.7 345 2.9 3,407

 Master's degree.............................. 5,782 4,798 83.0 4,684 81.0 114 2.4 984

 Professional degree........................ 915 756 82.7 738 80.7 18 2.3 158

 Doctoral degree.............................. 687 594 86.5 584 84.9 10 1.8 93

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 74,667 64,519 86.4 61,643 82.6 2,877 4.5 10,148

 Less than a high school diploma.......... 9,737 7,414 76.1 6,841 70.3 573 7.7 2,323

 High school graduates, no college1

...... 23,337 19,776 84.7 18,758 80.4 1,017 5.1 3,561

 Some college or associate degree......... 18,893 16,506 87.4 15,796 83.6 710 4.3 2,386

 College graduates, total..................... 22,701 20,823 91.7 20,246 89.2 577 2.8 1,878

 Bachelor's degree............................. 14,739 13,511 91.7 13,100 88.9 411 3.0 1,228

 Master's degree.............................. 5,140 4,670 90.8 4,545 88.4 124 2.7 471

 Professional degree.......................... 1,545 1,452 94.0 1,433 92.8 19 1.3 93

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,277 1,191 93.2 1,168 91.5 22 1.9 87

Educational attainment and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 

1

 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.
23

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2004

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or 

more

19701......... 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971......... 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972......... 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973......... 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974......... 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975......... 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976......... 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977......... 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978......... 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979......... 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980......... 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981......... 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982......... 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983......... 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984......... 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985......... 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986......... 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987......... 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988......... 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989......... 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990......... 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991......... 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college2

Some 

college, no 

degree, and 

associate 

degree

College 

graduates3

19924....... 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993......... 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994......... 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995......... 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996......... 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997......... 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998......... 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999......... 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000......... 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001......... 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002......... 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003......... 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004......... 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

 See footnotes at end of table.

Total, both sexes

Percent distribution

Total

Percent distribution

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Total, both sexes
24

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2004—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

19701......... 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971......... 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972......... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973......... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974......... 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975......... 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976......... 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977......... 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978......... 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979......... 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980......... 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981......... 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982......... 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983......... 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984......... 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985......... 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986......... 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987......... 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988......... 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989......... 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990......... 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991......... 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college2

Some 

college, no 

degree, and 

associate 

degree

College 

graduates3

19924....... 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993......... 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994......... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995......... 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996......... 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997......... 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998......... 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999......... 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000......... 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001......... 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002......... 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003......... 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004......... 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

 See footnotes at end of table.

Women

Percent distribution

Total

Percent distribution

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Women
25

19701 ...... 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971 ........ 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972 ........ 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973 ........ 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974 ........ 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975 ........ 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976 ........ 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977 ........ 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978 ........ 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979 ........ 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980 ........ 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981 ........ 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982 ........ 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

1983 ........ 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984 ........ 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985 ........ 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986 ........ 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987 ........ 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988 ........ 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989 ........ 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990 ........ 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991 ........ 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

19924 ............ 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993 ........ 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994 ........ 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995 ........ 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996 ........ 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997 ........ 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998 ........ 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999 ........ 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000 ........ 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001 ........ 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002 ........ 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003 ........ 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004 ........ 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

1

 Data from 1970-1991 are based on the March Current Population Survey.

2

 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

3

 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

4

 Beginning in 1992, data on educational attainment are annual averages and are based

on the "highest diploma or degree received" rather than the "number of years of school

completed."

Year

Men

Civilian labor

force

(thousands)

Percent distribution

High school College

Total

1 to 3 years 4 years or

more

Less than 4

years

4 years, no

college

Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by

educational attainment and sex, 1970-2004—Continued

Percent distribution

Men

Year

Civilian labor

force

(thousands) Total

Less than

a high

school

diploma

High school

graduates,

no college2

Some

college, no

degree, and

associate

degree

College

graduates3
26

Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2003-04 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 137,736 100.0 139,252 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 47,929 34.8 48,532 34.9

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 19,934 14.5 20,235 14.5

 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 27,995 20.3 28,297 20.3

Service occupations ......................................................................... 22,086 16.0 22,720 16.3

Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 35,496 25.8 35,464 25.5

 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 15,960 11.6 15,983 11.5

 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 19,536 14.2 19,481 14.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 14,205 10.3 14,582 10.5

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 1,050 .8 991 .7

 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 8,114 5.9 8,522 6.1

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 5,041 3.7 5,069 3.6

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 18,020 13.1 17,954 12.9

 Production occupations ................................................................. 9,700 7.0 9,462 6.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 8,320 6.0 8,491 6.1

Women

 Total, 16 years and over....................................................... 64,404 100.0 64,728 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 24,194 37.6 24,396 37.7

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 8,400 13.0 8,517 13.2

 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 15,794 24.5 15,879 24.5

Service occupations ......................................................................... 12,626 19.6 12,894 19.9

Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 22,645 35.2 22,660 35.0

 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 7,823 12.1 7,878 12.2

 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 14,823 23.0 14,781 22.8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 665 1.0 652 1.0

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 231 .4 204 .3

 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 223 .3 216 .3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 211 .3 231 .4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 4,274 6.6 4,126 6.4

 Production occupations ................................................................. 3,004 4.7 2,875 4.4

 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 1,270 2.0 1,251 1.9

Year

Occupation and sex 2003 2004
27

Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2003-04 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 73,332 100.0 74,524 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... 23,735 32.4 24,136 32.4

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ...... 11,534 15.7 11,718 15.7

 Professional and related occupations ............................................ 12,201 16.6 12,418 16.7

Service occupations ......................................................................... 9,460 12.9 9,826 13.2

Sales and office occupations ........................................................... 12,851 17.5 12,805 17.2

 Sales and related occupations ...................................................... 8,137 11.1 8,105 10.9

 Office and administrative support occupations .............................. 4,714 6.4 4,700 6.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ....... 13,541 18.5 13,930 18.7

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................... 819 1.1 786 1.1

 Construction and extraction occupations ....................................... 7,891 10.8 8,306 11.1

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................... 4,830 6.6 4,838 6.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .......... 13,745 18.7 13,827 18.6

 Production occupations ................................................................. 6,696 9.1 6,587 8.8

 Transportation and material moving occupations .......................... 7,049 9.6 7,240 9.7

Occupation

Year

2003 2004
28

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over......................................................................................................... 139,252 46.5

Management, professional, and related occupations ................................................................................... 48,532 50.3

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ................................................................. 20,235 42.1

Management occupations .................................................................................................................... 14,555 36.7

Chief executives ............................................................................................................................... 1,680 23.3

General and operations managers .................................................................................................... 795 26.7

Advertising and promotions managers .............................................................................................. 70 60.3

Marketing and sales managers ......................................................................................................... 806 40.4

Administrative services managers .................................................................................................... 87 34.6

Computer and information systems managers ................................................................................. 337 31.0

Financial managers .......................................................................................................................... 1,045 56.6

Human resources managers ............................................................................................................ 262 64.4

Industrial production managers ......................................................................................................... 280 18.0

Purchasing managers ....................................................................................................................... 170 39.1

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers .......................................................................... 241 14.9

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers .................................................................................. 199 20.1

Farmers and ranchers ...................................................................................................................... 817 25.2

Construction managers .................................................................................................................... 851 6.4

Education administrators .................................................................................................................. 757 62.6

Engineering managers ...................................................................................................................... 106 5.9

Food service managers .................................................................................................................... 916 41.2

Lodging managers ............................................................................................................................ 152 51.3

Medical and health services managers ............................................................................................. 508 71.7

Property, real estate, and community association managers ............................................................ 604 48.5

Social and community service managers.......................................................................................... 280 67.0

Business and financial operations occupations .................................................................................... 5,680 55.8

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products .......................................................................... 212 51.0

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ....................................................... 285 54.2

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators .............................................................. 281 65.9

Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health, safety, and transportation .................. 126 51.5

Cost estimators ................................................................................................................................ 98 17.7

Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists ............................................................... 694 67.9

Management analysts ...................................................................................................................... 554 41.8

Accountants and auditors ................................................................................................................. 1,723 60.5

Appraisers and assessors of real estate ........................................................................................... 138 31.2

Personal financial advisors ............................................................................................................... 331 26.6

Insurance underwriters ..................................................................................................................... 98 71.2

Loan counselors and officers ............................................................................................................ 425 56.7

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents ................................................................................ 81 63.6

Tax preparers ................................................................................................................................... 88 63.1

Professional and related occupations ...................................................................................................... 28,297 56.1

Computer and mathematical occupations ............................................................................................ 3,140 27.0

Computer scientists and systems analysts ....................................................................................... 700 29.4

Computer programmers ................................................................................................................... 564 26.7

Computer software engineers ........................................................................................................... 813 25.0

Computer support specialists ........................................................................................................... 325 29.7

Database administrators ................................................................................................................... 94 33.6

Network and computer systems administrators ................................................................................ 190 20.3

Network systems and data communications analysts ....................................................................... 312 21.9

Operations research analysts ........................................................................................................... 90 43.0

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
29

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Architecture and engineering occupations ............................................................................................ 2,760 13.8

Architects, except naval .................................................................................................................... 207 24.0

Aerospace engineers ........................................................................................................................ 113 11.3

Chemical engineers .......................................................................................................................... 63 15.8

Civil engineers .................................................................................................................................. 293 11.7

Computer hardware engineers .......................................................................................................... 96 12.7

Electrical and electronics engineers ................................................................................................. 343 7.9

Industrial engineers, including health and safety .............................................................................. 177 18.8

Mechanical engineers ....................................................................................................................... 311 5.8

Drafters ............................................................................................................................................ 206 23.7

Engineering technicians, except drafters .......................................................................................... 416 19.7

Surveying and mapping technicians ................................................................................................. 80 12.2

Life, physical, and social science occupations ..................................................................................... 1,365 43.0

Biological scientists .......................................................................................................................... 123 45.2

Medical scientists ............................................................................................................................. 93 53.2

Chemists and materials scientists .................................................................................................... 141 32.5

Environmental scientists and geoscientists ...................................................................................... 86 27.3

Market and survey researchers ........................................................................................................ 124 48.2

Psychologists ................................................................................................................................... 185 66.7

Chemical technicians ........................................................................................................................ 84 33.3

Community and social services occupations ........................................................................................ 2,170 61.1

Counselors ....................................................................................................................................... 643 69.1

Social workers .................................................................................................................................. 687 77.7

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists .................................................................. 283 65.6

Clergy ............................................................................................................................................... 403 15.0

Directors, religious activities and education ...................................................................................... 55 64.8

Religious workers, all other ............................................................................................................... 99 65.9

Legal occupations ................................................................................................................................ 1,554 48.9

Lawyers ............................................................................................................................................ 954 29.4

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers ............................................................................... 64 56.7

Paralegals and legal assistants ........................................................................................................ 322 86.4

Miscellaneous legal support workers ................................................................................................ 215 76.6

Education, training, and library occupations ......................................................................................... 7,900 73.4

Postsecondary teachers ................................................................................................................... 1,176 46.0

Preschool and kindergarten teachers ............................................................................................... 656 98.1

Elementary and middle school teachers ........................................................................................... 2,580 81.3

Secondary school teachers .............................................................................................................. 1,151 55.3

Special education teachers ............................................................................................................... 384 83.3

Other teachers and instructors ......................................................................................................... 667 64.7

Librarians .......................................................................................................................................... 217 83.2

Teacher assistants ........................................................................................................................... 920 91.6

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ................................................................ 2,687 47.0

Artists and related workers ............................................................................................................... 222 50.7

Designers ......................................................................................................................................... 792 54.0

Producers and directors .................................................................................................................... 137 32.3

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers .............................................................................. 239 31.6

Musicians, singers, and related workers ........................................................................................... 179 36.4

Announcers ...................................................................................................................................... 54 21.6

News analysts, reporters and correspondents .................................................................................. 81 53.7

Public relations specialists ................................................................................................................ 133 61.1

Editors .............................................................................................................................................. 164 53.9

Writers and authors .......................................................................................................................... 194 55.1

Miscellaneous media and communication workers ........................................................................... 74 70.3

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators .................................................. 92 12.1

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
30

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Photographers .................................................................................................................................. 158 37.6

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ................................................................................ 6,721 73.2

Chiropractors .................................................................................................................................... 73 22.7

Dentists ............................................................................................................................................ 167 22.0

Dietitians and nutritionists ................................................................................................................. 84 89.2

Pharmacists ..................................................................................................................................... 233 47.0

Physicians and surgeons .................................................................................................................. 830 29.4

Physician assistants ......................................................................................................................... 70 67.3

Registered nurses ............................................................................................................................ 2,464 92.2

Occupational therapists .................................................................................................................... 84 92.7

Physical therapists ........................................................................................................................... 173 65.4

Respiratory therapists ....................................................................................................................... 103 54.7

Speech-language pathologists .......................................................................................................... 93 95.1

Veterinarians .................................................................................................................................... 58 39.1

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians .............................................................................. 333 72.0

Dental hygienists .............................................................................................................................. 130 98.8

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians .............................................................................. 284 71.8

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics ............................................................................. 139 32.7

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians ....................................................... 397 84.1

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses ........................................................................... 517 94.3

Medical records and health information technicians .......................................................................... 91 88.6

Service occupations .................................................................................................................................... 22,720 56.8

Healthcare support occupations ............................................................................................................... 2,921 89.3

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides .................................................................................... 1,806 89.3

Physical therapist assistants and aides ............................................................................................ 61 67.3

Massage therapists .......................................................................................................................... 106 84.6

Dental assistants .............................................................................................................................. 242 96.5

Protective service occupations ................................................................................................................. 2,847 21.7

First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives .................................................................. 133 21.2

Fire fighters ...................................................................................................................................... 268 5.1

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers ............................................................................................ 373 28.4

Detectives and criminal investigators ................................................................................................ 121 20.2

Police and sheriff’s patrol officers ..................................................................................................... 664 13.3

Private detectives and investigators ................................................................................................. 81 33.1

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers ............................................................................. 798 22.6

Food preparation and serving related occupations ................................................................................... 7,279 56.1

Chefs and head cooks ...................................................................................................................... 299 18.9

First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers ......................................... 644 59.0

Cooks ............................................................................................................................................... 1,791 40.6

Food preparation workers ................................................................................................................. 621 57.5

Bartenders ........................................................................................................................................ 360 58.2

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ............................................... 296 68.6

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop ..................................................... 327 64.9

Waiters and waitresses .................................................................................................................... 1,892 73.1

Food servers, nonrestaurant ............................................................................................................. 165 64.9

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers ............................................................ 379 45.0

Dishwashers .................................................................................................................................... 267 23.8

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop ............................................................... 237 90.1

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
31

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ................................................................. 5,185 40.5

First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers ........................................... 191 40.6

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers ............ 227 8.1

Janitors and building cleaners .......................................................................................................... 2,047 33.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners .................................................................................................... 1,365 90.0

Pest control workers ......................................................................................................................... 75 7.1

Grounds maintenance workers ......................................................................................................... 1,280 7.1

 Personal care and service occupations ................................................................................................... 4,488 77.6

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers .......................................................................... 140 42.3

First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers ............................................................ 174 67.3

Nonfarm animal caretakers ............................................................................................................... 128 62.0

Gaming services workers ................................................................................................................. 95 52.8

Barbers ............................................................................................................................................. 101 18.4

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .................................................................................. 722 91.5

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers ................................................................................... 200 85.4

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges ...................................................................................... 70 17.5

Transportation attendants ................................................................................................................. 116 71.4

Child care workers ............................................................................................................................ 1,332 94.5

Personal and home care aides ......................................................................................................... 630 87.6

Recreation and fitness workers ......................................................................................................... 314 64.9

Sales and office occupations ....................................................................................................................... 35,464 63.9

Sales and related occupations ................................................................................................................. 15,983 49.3

First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ..................................................................... 3,299 43.0

First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers .............................................................. 1,390 28.1

Cashiers ........................................................................................................................................... 2,971 76.1

Counter and rental clerks .................................................................................................................. 186 55.2

Parts salespersons ........................................................................................................................... 147 12.4

Retail salespersons .......................................................................................................................... 3,130 50.8

Advertising sales agents ................................................................................................................... 211 49.2

Insurance sales agents ..................................................................................................................... 508 44.7

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents ........................................................... 382 28.5

Travel agents .................................................................................................................................... 95 82.0

Sales representatives, services, all other .......................................................................................... 476 39.4

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing ....................................................................... 1,416 25.5

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters ................................................................................ 68 86.4

Real estate brokers and sales agents ............................................................................................... 912 54.5

Telemarketers .................................................................................................................................. 180 63.8

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers ..................................... 312 63.6

Sales and related workers, all other .................................................................................................. 260 60.3

Office and administrative support occupations ......................................................................................... 19,481 75.9

First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers ................................... 1,631 71.4

Switchboard operators, including answering service ......................................................................... 66 86.5

Telephone operators ......................................................................................................................... 56 81.6

Bill and account collectors ................................................................................................................ 229 70.2

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators ............................................................................. 441 91.6

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks .................................................................................. 1,567 91.8

Payroll and timekeeping clerks ......................................................................................................... 153 91.9

Tellers .............................................................................................................................................. 424 88.1

Court, municipal, and license clerks ................................................................................................. 102 88.2

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ........................................................................... ............... 65 75.0

Customer service representatives .................................................................................................... 1,749 71.1

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
32

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages —Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Eligibility interviewers, government programs ................................................................................... 66 76.5

File clerks ......................................................................................................................................... 387 79.8

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ................................................................................................. 106 75.3

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan ............................................................................................. 143 84.7

Library assistants, clerical ................................................................................................................ 117 83.2

Loan interviewers and clerks ............................................................................................................ 186 82.9

Order clerks ...................................................................................................................................... 114 71.9

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping .......................................................... 64 80.6

Receptionists and information clerks ................................................................................................ 1,373 92.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ......................................................... 161 65.7

Couriers and messengers ................................................................................................................. 293 14.8

Dispatchers ...................................................................................................................................... 257 55.6

Postal service clerks ......................................................................................................................... 167 48.0

Postal service mail carriers ............................................................................................................... 336 37.1

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators .................................... 116 43.2

Production, planning, and expediting clerks ...................................................................................... 288 53.1

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ............................................................................................... 584 28.1

Stock clerks and order fillers ............................................................................................................. 1,350 37.4

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ........................................................ 64 46.5

Secretaries and administrative assistants ......................................................................................... 3,522 96.9

Computer operators .......................................................................................................................... 191 55.1

Data entry keyers ............................................................................................................................. 504 80.3

Word processors and typists ............................................................................................................ 319 93.5

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ................................................................................. 277 87.2

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service ......................................................... 154 52.2

Office clerks, general ........................................................................................................................ 982 83.5

Office machine operators, except computer ..................................................................................... 61 56.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .................................................................. 14,582 4.5

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................................................................... 991 20.6

First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers ......................................... 59 11.3

Graders and sorters, agricultural products ........................................................................................ 68 76.4

Logging workers ............................................................................................................................... 92 2.9

Construction and extraction occupations .................................................................................................. 8,522 2.5

First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers ................................. 887 2.2

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons ................................................................................ 239 .9

Carpenters ........................................................................................................................................ 1,764 1.8

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers .................................................................................... 268 1.9

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers ............................................................ .. 115 .2

Construction laborers ....................................................................................................................... 1,234 3.2

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators .................................................... 367 1.0

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers ........................................................................... 213 1.1

Electricians ....................................................................................................................................... 781 2.1

Painters, construction and maintenance ........................................................................................... 719 5.8

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ........................................................................... 635 .9

Roofers ............................................................................................................................................. 269 1.3

Sheet metal workers ......................................................................................................................... 152 4.0

Structural iron and steel workers ...................................................................................................... 66 .8

Helpers, construction trades ............................................................................................................. 121 5.3

Construction and building inspectors ................................................................................................ 104 12.4

Highway maintenance workers ......................................................................................................... 96 2.7

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
33

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................................................................... 5,069 4.6

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers ........................................... 327 7.1

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers ................................................................ 369 12.0

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers ................................................... 235 13.6

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ............................................................................... 56 3.2

Security and fire alarm systems installers ......................................................................................... 65 3.9

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ...................................................................................... 135 3.4

Automotive body and related repairers ............................................................................................. 169 2.4

Automotive service technicians and mechanics ................................................................................ 936 1.3

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists ................................................................... 325 .6

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics ........................................ 205 .3

Small engine mechanics ................................................................................................................... 58 .7

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers ................................................ 351 1.5

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics ................................................................................. 434 3.7

Maintenance and repair workers, general ......................................................................................... 300 4.1

Millwrights ......................................................................................................................................... 59 3.1

Electrical power-line installers and repairers ..................................................................................... 120 1.1

Telecommunications line installers and repairers ............................................................................. 142 4.8

Precision instrument and equipment repairers .................................................................................. 53 20.0

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers ..................................................... 54 16.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ...................................................................... 17,954 23.0

Production occupations ............................................................................................................................ 9,462 30.4

First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers ............................................... 921 20.1

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers ............................................................... 226 54.9

Bakers .............................................................................................................................................. 188 45.6

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers ........................................................ 304 19.6

Food batchmakers ............................................................................................................................ 85 52.5

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................ 139 28.4

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic ............................................................................................................................ 74 11.0

Machinists ........................................................................................................................................ 445 4.4

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ............................ 70 24.9

Tool and die makers ......................................................................................................................... 86 3.0

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers ............................................................................ ............. 572 5.0

Job printers ....................................................................................................................................... 65 21.2

Prepress technicians and workers .................................................................................................... 55 51.2

Printing machine operators ............................................................................................................... 195 19.3

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers .................................................................................................... 195 60.0

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials .............................................................................. 76 66.0

Sewing machine operators ............................................................................................................... 281 77.7

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers .................................................................................................... 101 69.9

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters .............................................................................................. 86 4.4

Stationary engineers and boiler operators ........................................................................................ 105 1.0

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators .......................................................... 56 6.1

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders ......................................................... 63 14.0

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers ............................................................. 111 20.1

Cutting workers ................................................................................................................................. 83 25.6

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ........................................................................ 690 38.0

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers ............................................................................... 59 31.1

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians .................................................................... 92 52.0

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ....................................................................... 318 54.9

 See note at end of table.

Occupation Total employed Percent women
34

Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2004 annual averages —Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Painting workers ............................................................................................................................... 191 13.1

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators .................................................. 59 68.2

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................................................... 53 19.3

Helpers--production workers ............................................................................................................. 64 21.1

Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................................................................... 8,491 14.7

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers ................................................................. 220 17.8

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers ..................................................................................................... 118 5.3

Bus drivers ....................................................................................................................................... 602 48.5

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers .............................................................................................. 3,276 4.5

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ............................................................................................................... 277 12.9

Railroad conductors and yardmasters .............................................................................................. 58 7.8

Parking lot attendants ....................................................................................................................... 77 13.3

Service station attendants ................................................................................................................ 120 8.7

Crane and tower operators ............................................................................................................... 65 4.0

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators ........................................................................ 80 .1

Industrial truck and tractor operators ................................................................................................ 530 7.5

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ................................................................................................. 316 11.9

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand ................................................................... 1,797 16.2

Machine feeders and offbearers ....................................................................................................... 55 39.9

Packers and packagers, hand .......................................................................................................... 432 60.8

Refuse and recyclable material collectors ......................................................................................... 81 8.2

Occupation Total employed Percent women

NOTE: Data for occupations with fewer than 50,000 employed

and for certain other occupations are not published separately but

are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown.

Thus, detailed occupations may not sum to the broader categories.
35

Table 12. Percent distribution of employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity,

2004 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)............................................ 52,527 7,997 2,751 7,098

 Percent................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................... 38.6 30.6 43.8 22.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............. 13.6 9.9 14.6 7.8

Professional and related occupations .................................................. 25.0 20.7 29.2 14.6

Service occupations ................................................................................ 18.8 27.0 18.8 30.3

Sales and office occupations ................................................................... 35.6 33.3 28.2 33.2

Sales and related occupations ............................................................. 12.4 10.6 11.5 12.3

Office and administrative support occupations ..................................... 23.2 22.7 16.7 20.9

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .............. 1.0 .9 .6 2.0

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................... .3 .1 .3 1.2

Construction and extraction occupations .............................................. .4 .3 .1 .4

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................ .3 .5 .3 .5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .................. 6.0 8.2 8.6 12.2

Production occupations ........................................................................ 4.1 5.4 7.6 8.6

Transportation and material moving occupations ................................. 1.9 2.8 1.1 3.6

Occupation White

Black or 

African 

American

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Asian
36

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2003-04 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, both sexes

 Total, 16 years and over.......................................................... 137,736 100.0 139,252 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 2,275 1.7 2,232 1.6

Mining .................................................................................................. 525 .4 539 .4

Construction ......................................................................................... 10,138 7.4 10,768 7.7

Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 16,902 12.3 16,484 11.8

 Durable goods .................................................................................... 10,520 7.6 10,329 7.4

 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 6,382 4.6 6,155 4.4

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 20,706 15.0 20,869 15.0

 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 4,486 3.3 4,600 3.3

 Retail trade ......................................................................................... 16,220 11.8 16,269 11.7

Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 6,950 5.0 7,013 5.0

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 5,758 4.2 5,844 4.2

 Utilities ............................................................................................... 1,193 .9 1,168 .8

Information ......................................................................................... 3,687 2.7 3,463 2.5

Financial activities ................................................................................ 9,748 7.1 9,969 7.2

 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 6,834 5.0 6,940 5.0

 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 2,914 2.1 3,029 2.2

Professional and business services ..................................................... 13,879 10.1 14,108 10.1

 Professional and technical services ................................................... 8,243 6.0 8,386 6.0

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 5,636 4.1 5,722 4.1

Education and health services ............................................................. 28,260 20.5 28,719 20.6

 Educational services .......................................................................... 11,826 8.6 12,058 8.7

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 16,434 11.9 16,661 12.0

 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 5,652 4.1 5,700 4.1

 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 7,964 5.8 8,118 5.8

 Social assistance ............................................................................. 2,818 2.0 2,844 2.0

Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 11,607 8.4 11,820 8.5

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 2,587 1.9 2,690 1.9

 Accomodation and food services ....................................................... 9,021 6.5 9,131 6.6

Other services ...................................................................................... 6,815 4.9 6,903 5.0

 Other services, except private households ........................................ 6,050 4.4 6,124 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 764 .6 779 .6

Public administration ............................................................................ 6,243 4.5 6,365 4.6

Industry and sex

Year

2003 2004
37

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2003-04 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

 Total, 16 years and over.......................................................... 64,404 100.0 64,728 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 580 .9 546 .8

Mining .................................................................................................. 73 .1 55 .1

Construction ......................................................................................... 975 1.5 1,041 1.6

Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 5,168 8.0 4,998 7.7

 Durable goods .................................................................................... 2,855 4.4 2,728 4.2

 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 2,312 3.6 2,270 3.5

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 9,272 14.4 9,289 14.4

 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 1,347 2.1 1,355 2.1

 Retail trade ........................................................................................ 7,925 12.3 7,934 12.3

Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 1,702 2.6 1,671 2.6

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 1,422 2.2 1,395 2.2

 Utilities ............................................................................................... 280 .4 276 .4

Information ......................................................................................... 1,603 2.5 1,501 2.3

Financial activities ................................................................................ 5,434 8.4 5,572 8.6

 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 4,061 6.3 4,149 6.4

 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 1,373 2.1 1,424 2.2

Professional and business services ..................................................... 5,966 9.3 6,039 9.3

 Professional and technical services ................................................... 3,699 5.7 3,746 5.8

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 2,267 3.5 2,293 3.5

Education and health services ............................................................. 21,269 33.0 21,497 33.2

 Educational services .......................................................................... 8,218 12.8 8,306 12.8

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 13,050 20.3 13,191 20.4

 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 4,390 6.8 4,366 6.7

 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 6,240 9.7 6,383 9.9

 Social assistance ............................................................................. 2,420 3.8 2,441 3.8

Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 5,961 9.3 6,037 9.3

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 1,172 1.8 1,230 1.9

 Accomodation and food services ....................................................... 4,788 7.4 4,807 7.4

Other services ...................................................................................... 3,504 5.4 3,573 5.5

 Other services, except private households ........................................ 2,799 4.3 2,854 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 705 1.1 719 1.1

Public administration ............................................................................ 2,899 4.5 2,908 4.5

Year

Industry and sex 2003 2004
38

Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2003-04 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over.......................................................... 73,332 100.0 74,524 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................. 1,695 2.3 1,687 2.3

Mining .................................................................................................. 452 .6 483 .6

Construction ......................................................................................... 9,164 12.5 9,727 13.1

Manufacturing ...................................................................................... 11,734 16.0 11,485 15.4

 Durable goods .................................................................................... 7,665 10.5 7,600 10.2

 Nondurable goods .............................................................................. 4,069 5.5 3,885 5.2

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................... 11,434 15.6 11,580 15.5

 Wholesale trade ................................................................................. 3,139 4.3 3,245 4.4

 Retail trade ........................................................................................ 8,295 11.3 8,335 11.2

Transportation and utilities ................................................................... 5,248 7.2 5,342 7.2

 Transportation and warehousing ........................................................ 4,335 5.9 4,449 6.0

 Utilities ............................................................................................... 913 1.2 892 1.2

Information ......................................................................................... 2,084 2.8 1,962 2.6

Financial activities ................................................................................ 4,314 5.9 4,396 5.9

 Finance and insurance ....................................................................... 2,773 3.8 2,791 3.7

 Real estate and rental and leasing ..................................................... 1,541 2.1 1,605 2.2

Professional and business services ..................................................... 7,914 10.8 8,068 10.8

 Professional and technical services ................................................... 4,544 6.2 4,639 6.2

 Management, administrative, and waste services........................... 3,369 4.6 3,429 4.6

Education and health services ............................................................. 6,991 9.5 7,222 9.7

 Educational services .......................................................................... 3,608 4.9 3,752 5.0

 Health care and social assistance ..................................................... 3,383 4.6 3,470 4.7

 Hospitals .......................................................................................... 1,263 1.7 1,333 1.8

 Health services, except hospitals .................................................... 1,723 2.3 1,735 2.3

 Social assistance ............................................................................. 397 .5 403 .5

Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................... 5,647 7.7 5,783 7.8

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................................... 1,414 1.9 1,460 2.0

 Accomodation and food services ....................................................... 4,232 5.8 4,323 5.8

Other services ...................................................................................... 3,311 4.5 3,330 4.5

 Other services, except private households ........................................ 3,252 4.4 3,270 4.4

 Private households ............................................................................ 59 .1 60 .1

Public administration 3,343 4.6 3,458 4.6

Industry and sex

Year

2003 2004
39

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over....................................................................................... 139,252 46.5

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting ............................................................................. 2,232 24.4

Crop production ............................................................................................................ 860 22.9

Animal production ......................................................................................................... 957 26.0

Forestry, except logging ................................................................................................ 74 36.5

Logging ......................................................................................................................... 128 8.9

Fishing, hunting, and trapping ....................................................................................... 55 14.2

Support activities for agriculture and forestry ................................................................ 159 33.6

Mining .................................................................................................................................. 539 10.2

Oil and gas extraction ................................................................................................... 66 25.2

Coal mining .................................................................................................................. 87 7.1

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying .................................................................... 107 8.1

Support activities for mining .......................................................................................... 256 7.9

Construction ......................................................................................................................... 10,768 9.7

Manufacturing ...................................................................................................................... 16,484 30.3

Durable goods .................................................................................................................. 10,329 26.4

Nonmetallic mineral products ........................................................................................ 507 20.1

Glass and glass products .......................................................................................... 150 28.7

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products ......................................................... 208 9.1

Primary metals and fabricated metal products .............................................................. 1,906 19.3

Iron and steel mills and steel products ...................................................................... 285 13.5

Aluminum production and processing ....................................................................... 90 17.1

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing .............................. 66 20.6

Foundries .................................................................................................................. 116 10.1

Metal forgings and stampings ................................................................................... 86 23.5

Cutlery and hand tools .............................................................................................. 58 32.1

Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers ................................................ 396 18.8

Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts ......................................... 321 16.1

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities ................................................ 95 18.6

Machinery manufacturing .............................................................................................. 1,211 22.2

Agricultural implements ............................................................................................. 97 19.1

Construction, mining, and oil field machinery ............................................................ 112 14.8

Commercial and service industry machinery ............................................................. 125 30.1

Metalworking machinery ............................................................................................ 195 18.6

Computers and electronic products .............................................................................. 1,570 32.4

Computer and peripheral equipment ......................................................................... 330 31.3

Communications, audio, and video equipment .......................................................... 185 36.1

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments ............................ 242 31.2

Electrical equipment and appliances ............................................................................. 483 35.0

Household appliances ............................................................................................... 95 36.0

Transportation equipment ............................................................................................. 2,282 23.9

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment ............................................................ 1,415 25.6

Aircraft and parts ....................................................................................................... 338 23.4

Aerospace products and parts .................................................................................. 292 22.4

Ship and boat building ............................................................................................... 168 16.7

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
40

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Wood products ............................................................................................................. 513 19.2

Sawmills and wood preservation ............................................................................... 135 13.6

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products ..................................................... 66 24.0

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes ...................................................... 73 20.1

Miscellaneous wood products ................................................................................... 239 20.7

Furniture and fixtures .................................................................................................... 649 28.2

Miscellaneous manufacturing ....................................................................................... 1,208 40.2

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing ........................................................ 475 46.2

Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing .............................................. 137 37.4

Nondurable goods ............................................................................................................ 6,155 36.9

Food manufacturing ...................................................................................................... 1,566 36.4

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling 144 30.3

Sugar and confectionery products ............................................................................. 80 54.9

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 162 35.0

Dairy products ........................................................................................................... 134 21.6

Animal slaughtering and processing .......................................................................... 487 34.8

Retail bakeries .......................................................................................................... 149 56.8

Bakeries, except retail ............................................................................................... 198 32.6

Beverages and tobacco products .................................................................................. 246 30.0

Beverages manufacturing ......................................................................................... 217 30.3

Textiles, apparel, and leather ........................................................................................ 927 55.5

Fabric mills, except knitting ....................................................................................... 149 43.7

Carpet and rug mills .................................................................................................. 100 45.0

Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs ........................................................... 150 48.8

Cut and sew apparel ................................................................................................. 343 67.2

Paper and printing ........................................................................................................ 1,324 32.6

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills ............................................................................. 231 21.1

Paperboard containers and boxes ............................................................................. 174 25.2

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products .................................................................... 118 32.2

Printing and related support activities ........................................................................ 801 37.6

Petroleum and coal products ........................................................................................ 161 22.3

Petroleum refining ..................................................................................................... 137 20.6

Chemicals ..................................................................................................................... 1,216 35.2

Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments .................................................... 121 26.3

Pharmaceuticals and medicines ................................................................................ 438 46.1

Paints, coatings, and adhesives ................................................................................ 83 21.1

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics ............................................................ 133 57.8

Plastics and rubber products ........................................................................................ 714 30.2

Plastics product manufacturing ................................................................................. 529 32.8

Tire manufacturing .................................................................................................... 86 11.7

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing ............................................................... 100 32.7

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................................................................... 20,869 44.5

Wholesale trade ............................................................................................................... 4,600 29.5

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies ................................................................................ 234 25.7

Furniture and home furnishings .................................................................................... 109 37.6

Lumber and other construction materials ...................................................................... 233 15.0

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies ................................................. 478 35.6

Metals and minerals, except petroleum ......................................................................... 84 26.1

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
41

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Electrical goods ............................................................................................................ 301 28.3

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies ........................................... 222 22.8

Machinery, equipment, and supplies ............................................................................. 508 28.2

Recyclable materials ..................................................................................................... 93 14.3

Miscellaneous durable goods ........................................................................................ 183 34.9

Paper and paper products ............................................................................................ 114 32.4

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products ....................................................... 277 43.1

Apparel, fabrics, and notions ........................................................................................ 128 46.4

Groceries and related products ..................................................................................... 886 24.6

Farm product raw materials .......................................................................................... 71 26.9

Petroleum and petroleum products ............................................................................... 148 29.0

Alcoholic beverages ...................................................................................................... 131 13.2

Farm supplies ............................................................................................................... 70 27.5

Miscellaneous nondurable goods .................................................................................. 240 44.3

Retail trade ....................................................................................................................... 16,269 48.8

Automobile dealers ....................................................................................................... 1,363 20.1

Other motor vehicle dealers .......................................................................................... 153 23.6

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores ........................................................................ 521 20.1

Furniture and home furnishings stores .......................................................................... 666 45.2

Household appliance stores .......................................................................................... 87 35.5

Radio, TV, and computer stores ................................................................................... 673 28.7

Building material and supplies dealers .......................................................................... 926 26.2

Hardware stores ........................................................................................................... 205 34.6

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores ......................................................... 271 35.9

Grocery stores .............................................................................................................. 2,606 50.1

Specialty food stores .................................................................................................... 285 43.4

Beer, wine, and liquor stores ........................................................................................ 106 31.8

Pharmacies and drug stores ......................................................................................... 758 63.9

Health and personal care, except drug, stores .............................................................. 289 65.4

Gasoline stations .......................................................................................................... 520 48.0

Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores ............................................................. 831 70.8

Shoe stores .................................................................................................................. 145 57.9

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores .................................................................. 225 61.0

Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores ...................................................... 422 46.9

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores ............................................................... 69 77.4

Music stores ................................................................................................................. 139 35.5

Book stores and news dealers ...................................................................................... 190 64.5

Department stores and discount stores ........................................................................ 2,396 64.1

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores .................................................................. 403 62.4

Retail florists ................................................................................................................. 169 68.6

Office supplies and stationery stores ............................................................................ 179 44.4

Used merchandise stores ............................................................................................. 221 57.6

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops .................................................................................. 256 74.5

Miscellaneous retail stores ............................................................................................ 413 53.5

Electronic shopping ...................................................................................................... 56 54.5

Mail order houses ......................................................................................................... 84 62.0

Vending machine operators .......................................................................................... 67 23.7

Fuel dealers .................................................................................................................. 82 30.0

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
42

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Transportation and utilities ................................................................................................... 7,013 23.8

Transportation and warehousing ...................................................................................... 5,844 23.9

Air transportation .......................................................................................................... 571 37.2

Rail transportation ........................................................................................................ 273 8.4

Water transportation ..................................................................................................... 50 20.4

Truck transportation ...................................................................................................... 1,917 12.4

Bus service and urban transit ....................................................................................... 514 40.1

Taxi and limousine service ............................................................................................ 203 10.5

Services incidental to transportation ............................................................................. 553 27.5

Postal Service .............................................................................................................. 842 39.2

Couriers and messengers ............................................................................................. 633 19.8

Warehousing and storage ............................................................................................. 233 25.8

Utilities ............................................................................................................................. 1,168 23.6

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution .............................................. 585 23.9

Natural gas distribution ................................................................................................. 113 20.9

Electric and gas, and other combinations ..................................................................... 101 30.5

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems .................................................. 259 24.4

Sewage treatment facilities ........................................................................................... 103 16.4

Information ........................................................................................................................... 3,463 43.3

Newspaper publishers .................................................................................................. 479 46.1

Publishing, except newspapers and software ............................................................... 325 54.4

Motion pictures and video industries ............................................................................. 376 35.3

Radio and television broadcasting and cable ................................................................ 521 35.1

Wired telecommunications carriers ............................................................................... 923 40.9

Internet service providers .............................................................................................. 81 29.1

Data processing, hosting, and related services ............................................................. 79 48.5

Libraries and archives ................................................................................................... 206 76.8

Financial activities ................................................................................................................ 9,969 55.9

Finance and insurance ..................................................................................................... 6,940 59.8

Banking and related activities ....................................................................................... 1,889 68.4

Savings institutions, including credit unions .................................................................. 288 76.5

Non-depository credit and related activities .................................................................. 1,151 56.6

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments ........................ 1,115 38.3

Insurance carriers and related activities ........................................................................ 2,496 62.4

Real estate and rental and leasing ................................................................................... 3,029 47.0

Real estate ................................................................................................................... 2,515 49.7

Rental and leasing services .......................................................................................... 514 33.6

Automotive equipment rental and leasing ................................................................. 174 33.9

Video tape and disk rental ......................................................................................... 126 52.1

Other consumer goods rental .................................................................................... 96 22.5

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing ..................... 118 22.5

Professional and business services ..................................................................................... 14,108 42.8

Professional and technical services .................................................................................. 8,386 44.7

Legal services ............................................................................................................... 1,591 57.9

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services ................................... 910 61.0

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
43

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Architectural, engineering, and related services ............................................................ 1,361 27.0

Specialized design services .......................................................................................... 346 59.2

Computer systems design and related services ............................................................ 1,637 26.1

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services ........................................... 967 42.8

Scientific research and development services .............................................................. 509 44.9

Advertising and related services ................................................................................... 515 55.1

Veterinary services ....................................................................................................... 241 73.2

Other professional, scientific, and technical services .................................................... 310 53.9

Management, administrative, and waste services ............................................................ 5,722 40.1

Employment services ................................................................................................... 974 57.9

Business support services ............................................................................................ 778 63.0

Travel arrangement and reservation services ............................................................... 274 71.7

Investigation and security services ............................................................................... 666 24.8

Services to buildings and dwellings .............................................................................. 1,184 50.9

Landscaping services ................................................................................................... 1,180 9.2

Waste management and remediation services ............................................................. 404 12.7

Education and health services ............................................................................................. 28,719 74.9

Educational services ........................................................................................................ 12,058 68.9

Elementary and secondary schools .............................................................................. 8,178 75.0

Colleges and universities, including junior colleges ....................................................... 3,277 54.2

Business, technical, and trade schools and training ...................................................... 114 57.9

Other schools, instruction, and educational services .................................................... 490 68.4

Health care and social assistance .................................................................................... 16,661 79.2

Hospitals ....................................................................................................................... 5,700 76.6

Health services, except hospitals .................................................................................. 8,118 78.6

Offices of physicians ................................................................................................. 1,727 75.4

Offices of dentists ..................................................................................................... 780 79.8

Offices of chiropractors ............................................................................................. 156 59.8

Offices of optometrists .............................................................................................. 93 73.8

Offices of other health practitioners ........................................................................... 274 74.7

Outpatient care centers ............................................................................................. 885 77.1

Home health care services ........................................................................................ 750 91.3

Other health care services ........................................................................................ 976 67.9

Nursing care facilities ................................................................................................ 1,858 86.5

Residential care facilities, without nursing ................................................................. 618 73.5

Social assistance .......................................................................................................... 2,844 85.8

Individual and family services .................................................................................... 955 78.6

Community food and housing, and emergency services ........................................... 74 71.2

Vocational rehabilitation services .............................................................................. 258 58.3

Child day care services ............................................................................................. 1,557 95.5

Leisure and hospitality ......................................................................................................... 11,820 51.1

Arts, entertainment, and recreation .................................................................................. 2,690 45.7

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries ............... 747 44.3

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions .................................... 387 42.4

Bowling centers ............................................................................................................ 61 54.9

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries ................................................ 1,494 46.9

See note at end of table.

Industry Total employed Percent women
44

Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Accommodation and food services ................................................................................... 9,131 52.7

Accommodation ............................................................................................................ 1,513 57.5

Traveler accommodation ........................................................................................... 1,420 57.8

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses .............. 93 53.7

Food services and drinking places ................................................................................ 7,618 51.7

Restaurants and other food services ......................................................................... 7,384 51.5

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages ........................................................................ 234 58.0

Other services ...................................................................................................................... 6,903 51.8

Other services, except private households ....................................................................... 6,124 46.6

Repair and maintenance ............................................................................................... 2,078 13.2

Automotive repair and maintenance .......................................................................... 1,205 9.4

Car washes ............................................................................................................... 153 16.2

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance .................................... 166 14.6

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance ......... 310 10.8

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance ........................................... 236 31.9

Personal and laundry services ...................................................................................... 2,130 70.7

Barber shops ............................................................................................................ 111 24.4

Beauty salons ........................................................................................................... 895 90.8

Nail salons and other personal care services ............................................................ 327 75.0

Drycleaning and laundry services .............................................................................. 370 57.8

Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories ........................................................... 140 37.9

Other personal services ............................................................................................ 287 53.8

Membership associations and organizations ................................................................ 1,916 56.1

Religious organizations ............................................................................................. 1,056 48.7

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services ............. 609 69.1

Labor unions ............................................................................................................. 67 40.5

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations ....................................... 184 60.8

Private households ........................................................................................................... 779 92.2

Public administration ............................................................................................................ 6,365 45.7

Executive offices and legislative bodies ........................................................................ 868 55.0

Public finance activities ................................................................................................ 383 64.2

Other general government and support ........................................................................ 95 44.7

Justice, public order, and safety activities ..................................................................... 2,635 34.8

Administration of human resource programs ................................................................ 880 70.9

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs .................................... 302 42.1

Administration of economic programs and space research ........................................... 553 43.4

National security and international affairs ..................................................................... 648 36.4

Industry Total employed Percent women

NOTE: Data for industries with fewer than 50,000 employed

and for certain other industries are not published separately but

are included in the totals for the appropriate categories shown.

Thus, detailed industries may not sum to the broader categories.
45

Table 15. Percent distribution of employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino 

ethnicity, 2004 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)................................... 52,527 7,997 2,751 7,098

 Percent....................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries ................................................. 1.0 .1 .3 1.2

Mining .......................................................................................... .1 .1 - -

Construction ................................................................................ 1.8 .6 .7 1.4

Manufacturing .............................................................................. 7.6 7.1 11.7 10.8

 Durable goods ........................................................................... 4.2 3.5 6.8 4.5

 Nondurable goods ...................................................................... 3.4 3.6 4.9 6.3

Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................... 14.8 11.5 13.4 15.0

 Wholesale trade ......................................................................... 2.2 1.2 2.5 2.7

 Retail trade ................................................................................ 12.6 10.3 10.9 12.3

Transportation and utilities ........................................................... 2.4 3.8 2.2 2.4

 Transportation and warehousing ................................................ 2.0 3.4 2.0 2.2

 Utilities ....................................................................................... .4 .4 .2 .3

Information ................................................................................... 2.3 2.6 2.1 1.8

Financial activities ........................................................................ 8.7 8.2 8.9 6.6

 Finance and insurance ............................................................... 6.3 6.9 7.1 4.8

 Real estate and rental and leasing ............................................. 2.4 1.3 1.8 1.9

Professional and business services ............................................. 9.6 7.1 10.3 9.7

 Professional and technical services ........................................... 6.1 3.0 8.3 3.5

 Management, administrative, and waste services....................... 3.5 4.1 2.0 6.2

Education and health services ..................................................... 32.7 38.7 27.2 27.9

 Educational services .................................................................. 13.3 11.2 8.8 9.8

 Health care and social assistance .............................................. 19.4 27.5 18.9 18.1

 Hospitals .................................................................................. 6.4 8.2 8.4 4.8

 Health services, except hospitals ............................................. 9.4 13.3 8.5 8.6

 Social assistance ..................................................................... 3.5 5.9 1.9 4.7

Leisure and hospitality ................................................................. 9.3 7.9 11.5 12.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................................ 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.4

 Accommodation and food services ............................................ 7.4 6.6 9.7 11.0

Other services .............................................................................. 5.5 5.0 7.5 7.1

 Other services, except private households ................................. 4.4 3.8 6.7 3.9

 Private households .................................................................... 1.1 1.2 .7 3.2

Public administration .................................................................... 4.1 7.4 3.6 3.5

Industry White

Black or 

African 

American

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Asian

- Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
46

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, Hispanic or Latino

ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2004 annual averages

1979...... $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980...... 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172

1981...... 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190

1982...... 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203

1983...... 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215

1984...... 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223

1985...... 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230

1986...... 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241

1987...... 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251

1988...... 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260

1989...... 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269

1990...... 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278

1991...... 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292

1992...... 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302

1993...... 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313

1994...... 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305

1995...... 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305

1996...... 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316

1997...... 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318

1998...... 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337

1999...... 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348

20001... 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366

2001...... 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388

2002...... 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397

2003...... 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410

2004...... 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419

Total, both sexes

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Year 

Women

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Asian

 See footnotes at end of table.
47

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race,

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979-2004 annual averages— Continued

1979...... $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 

1980...... 313 320 244 - 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 

1981...... 340 350 268 - 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 

1982...... 364 375 278 - 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 

1983...... 379 387 294 - 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 

1984...... 392 401 303 - 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 

1985...... 407 418 305 - 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 

1986...... 419 433 319 - 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 

1987...... 434 450 327 - 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 

1988...... 449 465 348 - 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 

1989...... 468 482 348 - 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 

1990...... 481 494 361 - 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 

1991...... 493 506 375 - 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 

1992...... 501 514 380 - 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 

1993...... 510 524 392 - 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 

1994...... 522 547 400 - 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 

1995...... 538 566 411 - 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 

1996...... 557 580 412 - 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 

1997...... 579 595 432 - 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 

1998...... 598 615 468 - 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 

1999...... 618 638 488 - 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 

20001... 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 

2001...... 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002...... 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 

2003...... 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 

2004...... 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Year 

Men Women's earnings as a percent of men's

White Asian

Black or 

African 

American

Total White Total

Black or 

African 

American

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Asian

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in

the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the

“Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment

and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups

(white, black or African American, and Asian) include persons who

selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one

race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported

more than one race were included in the group they identified as the

main race. Data for 2000-02 are for the category Asians and Pacific

Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category.

For more information, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of

Error” section of Employment and Earnings. Data for Asians were

not tabulated prior to 2000.
48

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex,

2004 annual averages

Total, both sexes

Total....................................................... 90,348 $683

 Less than a high school diploma.................. 8,533 401

 Less than 1 year of high school................ 3,249 371

 1-3 years of high school......................... 4,327 416

 4 years of high school, no diploma........... 957 456

 High school graduate or more................... 81,815 722

 High school graduates, no college............. 27,141 574

 Some college, no degree......................... 15,953 642

 Associate degree.................................. 8,893 694

 Occupational program........................... 4,845 677

 Academic program............................... 4,048 714

 College graduates................................ 29,828 986

 Bachelor's degree............................... 19,474 916

 Master's degree.................................. 7,475 1,102

 Professional degree............................. 1,512 1,377

 Doctoral degree.................................. 1,367 1,398

Women

Total..................................................... 39,590 599

 Less than a high school diploma.................. 2,785 334

 Less than 1 year of high school................ 927 314

 1-3 years of high school........................... 1,523 344

 4 years of high school, no diploma........... 336 367

 High school graduate or more................... 36,805 620

 High school graduates, no college............ 11,628 488

 Some college, no degree......................... 7,405 553

 Associate degree.................................. 4,442 608

 Occupational program......................... 2,319 589

 Academic program............................... 2,124 632

 College graduates.................................. 13,329 860

 Bachelor's degree............................... 8,707 792

 Master's degree.................................. 3,638 957

 Professional degree............................ 540 1,055

 Doctoral degree................................... 444 1,188

 Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings
49

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of employed full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years and over by educational attainment and sex, 

2004 annual averages—Continued

Men

Total....................................................... 50,758 $762

 Less than a high school diploma................. 5,748 446

 Less than 1 year of high school................ 2,322 399

 1-3 years of high school......................... 2,804 483

 4 years of high school, no diploma............ 622 500

 High school graduate or more.................... 45,010 818

 High school graduates, no college........... 15,513 645

 Some college, no degree......................... 8,548 749

 Associate degree.................................. 4,450 788

 Occupational program......................... 2,526 775

 Academic program............................... 1,924 807

 College graduates.................................. 16,499 1,143

 Bachelor's degree............................... 10,767 1,044

 Master's degree.................................. 3,837 1,287

 Professional degree............................. 972 1,628

 Doctoral degree.................................. 923 1,544

Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings
50

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2004 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over.......................................................... 101,224 $638 44,223 $573 57,001 $713 80.4

Management, professional, and related occupations ......................... 36,149 918 18,168 780 17,981 1,098 71.0

Management, business, and financial operations 

 occupations .................................................................................. 14,778 965 6,609 812 8,170 1,158 70.1

Management occupations............................................................ 10,221 1,052 3,995 871 6,226 1,215 71.7

Chief executives....................................................................... 1,050 1,663 248 1,310 802 1,875 69.9

General and operations managers........................................... 727 1,129 175 872 552 1,166 74.8

Advertising and promotions managers..................................... 57 924 34 (1) 23 (1) (1) 

Marketing and sales managers................................................ 770 1,213 298 898 472 1,441 62.3

Administrative services managers........................................... 80 937 27 (1) 53 958 (1) 

Computer and information systems managers......................... 325 1,439 96 1,228 228 1,547 79.4

Financial managers.................................................................. 961 986 535 839 427 1,397 60.1

Human resources managers.................................................... 261 1,051 171 958 90 1,259 76.1

Industrial production managers................................................ 269 1,107 49 (1) 220 1,172 (1) 

Purchasing managers.............................................................. 163 1,092 59 946 104 1,153 82.0

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers................. 220 741 34 (1) 187 753 (1) 

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers.......................... 103 621 16 (1) 86 612 (1) 

Construction managers............................................................ 425 1,027 23 (1) 402 1,036 (1) 

Education administrators......................................................... 651 1,019 405 905 246 1,172 77.2

Engineering managers............................................................. 99 1,807 6 (1) 94 1,783 (1) 

Food service managers........................................................... 568 657 232 598 336 713 83.9

Lodging managers................................................................... 102 733 50 659 52 778 84.7

Medical and health services managers.................................... 451 973 328 943 123 1,135 83.1

Property, real estate, and community association managers... 304 681 186 623 118 767 81.2

Social and community service managers................................. 241 819 156 768 85 1,014 75.7

Business and financial operations occupations............................ 4,558 847 2,613 746 1,944 1,007 74.1

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.................. 146 808 71 609 75 935 65.1

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm

 products................................................................................ 267 782 141 694 125 883 78.6

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators..... 257 762 171 677 85 952 71.1

Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health,

 safety, and transportation........................................................ 116 922 62 835 54 1,070 78.0

Cost estimators........................................................................ 88 888 14 (1) 73 915 (1) 

Human resources, training, and labor relations specialist......... 612 803 415 755 198 952 79.3

Management analysts.............................................................. 317 1,017 146 922 170 1,215 75.9

Accountants and auditors........................................................ 1,385 851 842 757 543 1,016 74.5

Appraisers and assessors of real estate.................................. 78 863 29 (1) 50 1,021 (1) 

Personal financial advisors...................................................... 229 1,062 61 773 167 1,170 66.1

Insurance underwriters............................................................. 89 859 65 772 24 (1) (1) 

Loan counselors and officers................................................... 381 799 216 695 165 1,001 69.4

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents....................... 77 818 49 (1) 28 (1) (1) 

Professional and related occupations.............................................. 21,371 883 11,560 767 9,811 1,049 73.1

Computer and mathematical occupations.................................... 2,793 1,114 757 972 2,037 1,155 84.2

Computer scientists and systems analysts.............................. 604 1,027 186 902 418 1,092 82.6

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Both sexes Men Women

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation
51

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Computer programmers........................................................... 516 $1,118 145 $1,006 371 $1,151 87.4

Computer software engineers.................................................. 757 1,350 184 1,149 572 1,429 80.4

Computer support specialists................................................... 297 840 88 813 209 850 95.6

Database administrators.......................................................... 76 1,105 22 (1) 53 1,121 (1) 

Network and computer systems administrators........................ 178 1,038 33 (1) 145 1,064 (1) 

Network systems and data communications analysts.............. 233 1,027 44 (1) 189 1,097 (1) 

Operations research analysts.................................................. 84 1,083 41 (1) 43 (1) (1) 

Architecture and engineering occupations................................... 2,500 1,098 331 880 2,170 1,139 77.3

Architects, except naval........................................................... 142 1,141 38 (1) 105 1,242 (1) 

Aerospace engineers............................................................... 105 1,347 10 (1) 94 1,369 (1) 

Chemical engineers................................................................. 65 1,221 10 (1) 55 1,242 (1) 

Civil engineers......................................................................... 264 1,135 32 (1) 232 1,159 (1) 

Computer hardware engineers................................................. 86 1,328 13 (1) 73 1,487 (1) 

Electrical and electronics engineers......................................... 311 1,277 24 (1) 287 1,336 (1) 

Industrial engineers, including health and safety...................... 178 1,152 32 (1) 146 1,195 (1) 

Mechanical engineers.............................................................. 292 1,187 16 (1) 276 1,201 (1) 

Drafters.................................................................................... 178 768 38 (1) 140 797 (1) 

Engineering technicians, except drafters.................................. 394 829 73 696 320 867 80.3

Surveying and mapping technicians......................................... 66 672 9 (1) 57 711 (1) 

Life, physical, and social science occupations............................. 1,073 957 426 884 647 1,012 87.4

Biological scientists.................................................................. 109 929 49 (1) 60 946 (1) 

Medical scientists..................................................................... 83 1,025 45 (1) 38 (1) (1) 

Chemists and materials scientists............................................ 133 1,048 42 (1) 91 1,146 (1) 

Environmental scientists and geoscientists.............................. 75 1,008 20 (1) 55 1,144 (1) 

Market and survey researchers................................................ 90 937 43 (1) 47 (1) (1) 

Psychologists........................................................................... 75 1,012 47 (1) 28 (1) (1) 

Chemical technicians............................................................... 89 827 27 (1) 62 869 (1) 

Community and social services occupations............................... 1,846 707 1,082 661 764 766 86.3

Counselors.............................................................................. 513 735 338 689 175 832 82.8

Social workers......................................................................... 620 698 472 689 148 720 95.7

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists......... 261 639 166 596 95 747 79.8

Clergy...................................................................................... 351 771 47 (1) 304 795 (1) 

Legal occupations....................................................................... 1,111 1,070 603 845 508 1,561 54.1

Lawyers................................................................................... 621 1,561 208 1,255 412 1,710 73.4

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers....................... 58 1,333 33 (1) 25 (1) (1) 

Paralegals and legal assistants................................................ 280 731 244 713 36 (1) (1) 

Miscellaneous legal support workers........................................ 152 707 117 695 34 (1) (1) 

Education, training, and library occupations................................ 5,941 781 4,273 729 1,668 956 76.3

Postsecondary teachers.......................................................... 813 1,034 337 886 476 1,162 76.2

Preschool and kindergarten teachers....................................... 484 521 473 515 11 (1) (1) 

Elementary and middle school teachers.................................. 2,206 806 1,772 776 435 917 84.6

Secondary school teachers...................................................... 1,013 885 555 824 458 955 86.3

Special education teachers...................................................... 325 804 271 795 54 841 94.5

Other teachers and instructors................................................. 297 776 158 654 139 873 74.9

Librarians................................................................................. 159 834 136 823 23 (1) (1) 

Teacher assistants................................................................... 545 377 500 373 45 (1) (1) 

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings
52

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations...... 1,426 $768 618 $688 808 $862 79.8

Artists and related workers....................................................... 65 865 24 (1) 41 (1) (1) 

Designers................................................................................ 480 714 230 646 250 818 79.0

Producers and directors........................................................... 98 1,030 35 (1) 63 1,211 (1) 

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers..................... 99 745 17 (1) 82 792 (1) 

News analysts, reporters and correspondents......................... 64 835 33 (1) 31 (1) (1) 

Public relations specialists....................................................... 102 823 61 739 40 (1) (1) 

Editors..................................................................................... 110 856 54 759 56 946 80.2

Writers and authors................................................................. 86 760 44 (1) 42 (1) (1) 

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio

 operators............................................................................... 75 857 8 (1) 67 871 (1) 

Photographers......................................................................... 53 650 17 (1) 36 (1) (1) 

Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations....................... 4,680 852 3,470 808 1,210 1,062 76.1

Dietitians and nutritionists........................................................ 57 669 49 (1) 8 (1) (1) 

Pharmacists............................................................................. 162 1,578 72 1,432 90 1,684 85.0

Physicians and surgeons......................................................... 555 1,660 173 978 382 1,874 52.2

Physician assistants................................................................ 57 901 38 (1) 19 (1) (1) 

Registered nurses.................................................................... 1,800 904 1,651 895 148 1,031 86.8

Occupational therapists........................................................... 56 923 51 906 5 (1) (1) 

Physical therapists................................................................... 121 925 70 900 50 955 94.2

Respiratory therapists.............................................................. 79 782 38 (1) 41 (1) (1) 

Speech-language pathologists................................................. 65 879 62 869 3 (1) (1) 

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians..................... 267 727 188 710 79 763 93.1

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians..................... 225 884 150 836 75 961 87.0

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics.................... 121 690 37 (1) 84 717 (1) 

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support

 technicians............................................................................. 280 516 236 508 44 (1) (1) 

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................... 385 637 362 629 23 (1) (1) 

Medical records and health information technicians................. 81 501 71 513 10 (1) (1) 

Service occupations............................................................................ 13,763 411 6,773 374 6,989 476 78.6

Healthcare support occupations...................................................... 1,985 407 1,755 402 230 453 88.7

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides............................ 1,261 388 1,113 383 148 420 91.2

Dental assistants..................................................................... 144 474 139 469 5 (1) (1) 

Protective service occupations........................................................ 2,509 700 471 557 2,038 733 76.0

First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives......... 134 1,015 27 (1) 107 1,055 (1) 

Fire fighters.............................................................................. 263 933 13 (1) 250 942 (1) 

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers................................... 370 622 107 558 263 654 85.3

Detectives and criminal investigators....................................... 114 995 26 (1) 88 1,048 (1) 

Police and sheriff's patrol officers............................................ 654 844 83 841 571 845 99.5

Private detectives and investigators......................................... 63 812 21 (1) 41 (1) (1) 

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers.................... 641 457 138 418 502 471 88.7

Food preparation and serving related occupations.......................... 3,863 360 1,908 339 1,955 384 88.3

Chefs and head cooks............................................................. 266 508 51 416 215 524 79.4

First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and 

 serving workers...................................................................... 504 435 282 418 222 464 90.1

Cooks...................................................................................... 1,167 341 443 319 723 356 89.6

Food preparation workers........................................................ 278 321 158 323 120 319 101.3

See footnotes at end of table.

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings
53

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Bartenders............................................................................... 197 $426 102 $392 95 $482 81.3

Combined food preparation and serving workers, 

 including fast food.................................................................. 123 311 85 308 39 (1) (1) 

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee

 shop....................................................................................... 91 292 56 282 35 (1) (1) 

Waiters and waitresses............................................................ 799 348 538 327 261 399 82.0

Food servers, nonrestaurant.................................................... 94 363 60 333 34 (1) (1) 

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers... 152 340 61 356 91 326 109.2

Dishwashers............................................................................ 141 306 30 (1) 111 311 (1) 

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........ 3,436 385 1,208 335 2,228 412 81.3

First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and 

 janitorial work......................................................................... 139 479 50 410 89 531 77.2

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn

 service, and groundskeeping workers.................................... 106 641 6 (1) 99 661 (1) 

Janitors and building cleaners.................................................. 1,460 405 379 343 1,081 425 80.7

Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................... 818 331 723 324 95 402 80.6

Pest control workers................................................................ 65 478 4 (1) 61 489 (1) 

Grounds maintenance workers................................................ 848 372 46 (1) 803 371 (1) 

Personal care and service occupations........................................... 1,969 402 1,431 380 538 500 76.0

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers................. 88 600 33 (1) 55 673 (1) 

First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers... 64 597 36 (1) 28 (1) (1) 

Gaming services workers......................................................... 75 558 41 (1) 34 (1) (1) 

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists......................... 291 398 267 394 24 (1) (1) 

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges............................. 60 498 11 (1) 50 491 (1) 

Transportation attendants........................................................ 76 575 54 473 22 (1) (1) 

Child care workers................................................................... 413 334 387 334 26 (1) (1) 

Personal and home care aides................................................ 360 358 308 350 52 434 80.6

Recreation and fitness workers................................................ 153 498 89 473 65 585 80.9

Sales and office occupations ............................................................. 24,950 558 15,540 512 9,410 669 76.5

Sales and related occupations ....................................................... 9,984 604 4,422 464 5,562 747 62.1

First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ........... 2,246 613 985 505 1,260 737 68.5

First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers...... 936 860 284 678 652 927 73.1

Cashiers ................................................................................. 1,355 322 1,016 313 339 380 82.4

Counter and rental clerks ........................................................ 97 429 46 (1) 51 514 (1) 

Parts salespersons ................................................................. 120 530 13 (1) 107 554 (1) 

Retail salespersons ................................................................ 1,865 496 766 386 1,100 597 64.7

Advertising sales agents ......................................................... 180 772 84 643 97 942 68.3

Insurance sales agents............................................................ 360 726 190 615 170 970 63.4

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents... 305 973 95 651 210 1,168 55.7

Travel agents........................................................................... 69 576 59 544 10 (1) (1) 

Sales representatives, services, all other................................. 412 800 157 740 255 875 84.6

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing............... 1,233 867 296 754 937 895 84.2

Real estate brokers and sales agents...................................... 431 744 233 663 197 834 79.5

Telemarketers.......................................................................... 93 380 61 355 32 (1) (1) 

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and 

 related workers...................................................................... 61 442 23 (1) 38 (1) (1) 

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Both sexes Women Men

Occupation
54

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Office and administrative support occupations................................ 14,966 $535 11,118 $522 3,848 $587 88.9

First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative

 support................................................................................... 1,441 670 1,001 636 440 792 80.3

Switchboard operators, including answering service................ 55 450 50 459 4 (1) (1) 

Bill and account collectors....................................................... 200 536 139 539 61 529 101.9

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators.................... 363 518 330 510 32 (1) (1) 

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... 1,004 543 916 542 88 563 96.3

Payroll and timekeeping clerks................................................ 136 554 123 541 13 (1) (1) 

Tellers...................................................................................... 301 405 265 401 35 (1) (1) 

Court, municipal, and license clerks......................................... 82 526 76 518 6 (1) (1) 

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks.................................. 51 600 38 (1) 13 (1) (1) 

Customer service representatives............................................ 1,379 516 967 504 412 571 88.3

Eligibility interviewers, government programs.......................... 63 622 48 (1) 15 (1) (1) 

File clerks................................................................................ 264 528 205 525 58 543 96.7

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks......................................... 67 349 41 (1) 27 (1) (1) 

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan.................................... 102 497 89 498 12 (1) (1) 

Library assistants, clerical........................................................ 51 468 47 (1) 4 (1) (1) 

Loan interviewers and clerks.................................................... 170 536 143 522 28 (1) (1) 

Order clerks............................................................................. 90 529 67 512 23 (1) (1) 

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping. 53 635 42 (1) 11 (1) (1) 

Receptionists and information clerks....................................... 847 462 795 463 52 454 102.0

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel

 clerks..................................................................................... 125 502 85 489 40 (1) (1) 

Couriers and messengers........................................................ 200 648 24 (1) 176 663 (1) 

Dispatchers.............................................................................. 232 586 122 516 109 701 73.6

Postal service clerks................................................................ 162 768 73 778 89 761 102.2

Postal service mail carriers...................................................... 314 791 112 743 203 834 89.1

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing

 machine operators................................................................. 103 741 41 (1) 62 749 (1) 

Production, planning, and expediting clerks............................. 266 686 143 613 123 767 79.9

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks....................................... 537 501 144 469 393 512 91.6

Stock clerks and order fillers.................................................... 946 429 349 420 597 438 95.9

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, 

 recordkeeping........................................................................ 55 543 23 (1) 31 (1) (1) 

Secretaries and administrative assistants................................ 2,657 552 2,570 550 87 598 92.0

Computer operators................................................................. 170 579 91 580 79 575 100.9

Data entry keyers..................................................................... 394 495 315 486 78 556 87.4

Word processors and typists.................................................... 239 527 223 525 16 (1) (1) 

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks......................... 252 536 216 534 36 (1) (1) 

Mail clerks and mail machine operators except postal 

 service................................................................................... 127 457 59 479 68 433 110.6

Office clerks, general............................................................... 667 503 559 499 109 523 95.4

Office machine operators, except computer............................. 51 433 31 (1) 20 (1) (1) 

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......... 11,280 621 445 453 10,835 626 72.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations...................................... 718 356 133 322 585 367 87.7

Graders and sorters, agricultural products............................... 61 355 46 (1) 15 (1) (1) 

Logging workers....................................................................... 61 465 2 (1) 59 470 (1) 

See footnotes at end of table.

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women Men

Occupation Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Both sexes
55

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Construction and extraction occupations......................................... 6,232 $604 123 $504 6,109 $606 83.2

First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and

 extraction workers.................................................................. 579 812 11 (1) 568 822 (1) 

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons....................... 164 577 - - 164 577 -

Carpenters............................................................................... 1,170 576 21 (1) 1,149 576 (1) 

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers............................ 147 517 - - 146 518 -

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers...... 95 556 - - 95 556 -

Construction laborers............................................................... 986 492 21 (1) 965 492 (1) 

Operating engineers and other construction equipment

 operators............................................................................... 335 689 4 (1) 331 689 (1) 

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers................... 156 529 - - 156 529 -

Electricians.............................................................................. 668 719 14 (1) 655 718 (1) 

Painters, construction and maintenance.................................. 410 494 15 (1) 395 495 (1) 

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters................... 483 690 2 (1) 480 690 (1) 

Roofers.................................................................................... 188 480 3 (1) 184 482 (1) 

Sheet metal workers................................................................ 132 606 6 (1) 126 614 (1) 

Structural iron and steel workers.............................................. 53 694 - - 53 695 -

Helpers, construction trades.................................................... 99 386 4 (1) 94 386 (1) 

Construction and building inspectors....................................... 87 718 10 (1) 77 724 (1) 

Highway maintenance workers................................................ 81 565 2 (1) 79 572 (1) 

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................... 4,330 704 190 611 4,140 707 86.4

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers,

 and repairers.......................................................................... 326 876 22 (1) 304 877 (1) 

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers....... 309 723 38 (1) 271 735 (1) 

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and 

 repairers............................................................................. 221 877 31 (1) 190 891 (1) 

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and 

 repairers................................................................................ 52 668 2 (1) 50 676 (1) 

Security and fire alarm systems installers................................ 52 661 2 (1) 51 666 (1) 

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians............................. 116 856 3 (1) 113 856 (1) 

Automotive body and related repairers..................................... 107 630 5 (1) 102 638 (1) 

Automotive service technicians and mechanics....................... 735 637 12 (1) 723 639 (1) 

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists........... 298 706 1 (1) 297 707 (1) 

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians

 mechanics............................................................................. 189 708 2 (1) 188 708 (1) 

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and

 installers................................................................................ 298 682 5 (1) 293 683 (1) 

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics........................ 419 707 11 (1) 408 708 (1) 

Maintenance and repair workers, general................................ 281 665 10 (1) 270 668 (1) 

Millwrights................................................................................ 59 839 1 (1) 58 844 (1) 

Electrical power-line installers and repairers............................ 112 804 2 (1) 111 813 (1) 

Telecommunications line installers and repairers..................... 134 755 7 (1) 127 771 (1) 

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............. 15,082 523 3,296 406 11,786 578 70.2

Production occupations................................................................... 8,478 526 2,454 405 6,024 597 67.8

First-line supervisors/managers of production and 

 operating workers.................................................................. 874 726 169 546 706 765 71.4

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers....... 213 443 117 397 96 515 77.1

Bakers..................................................................................... 126 410 53 364 73 454 80.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes
56

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2004 annual averages-- Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing 

 workers.................................................................................. 260 $454 51 $369 209 $488 75.6

Food batchmakers................................................................... 68 466 30 (1) 39 (1) (1) 

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators

 and tenders............................................................................ 139 517 42 (1) 97 557 (1) 

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool 

 setters, operators and tenders, metal and plastic................... 78 516 8 (1) 70 527 (1) 

Machinists................................................................................ 408 670 16 (1) 392 679 (1) 

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, metal and plastic...................................................... 69 459 19 (1) 50 489 (1) 

Tool and die makers................................................................ 80 764 2 (1) 78 769 (1) 

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.................................. 539 606 26 (1) 513 614 (1) 

Job printers.............................................................................. 54 563 12 (1) 42 (1) (1) 

Printing machine operators...................................................... 174 592 32 (1) 142 622 (1) 

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers........................................... 136 360 74 323 62 460 70.2

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials..................... 67 293 42 (1) 24 (1) (1) 

Sewing machine operators....................................................... 242 327 186 319 56 381 83.7

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers............................................ 50 376 33 (1) 17 (1) (1) 

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters...................................... 61 498 3 (1) 58 503 (1) 

Stationary engineers and boiler operators................................ 102 704 1 (1) 101 701 (1) 

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders.................................................................................. 65 790 7 (1) 58 809 (1) 

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers...... 107 587 20 (1) 87 600 (1) 

Cutting workers........................................................................ 73 519 17 (1) 56 563 (1) 

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers............... 638 585 240 474 398 663 71.5

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians........... 76 524 41 (1) 35 (1) (1) 

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.............. 299 368 168 341 131 410 83.2

Painting workers...................................................................... 180 509 27 (1) 154 530 (1) 

Transportation and material moving occupations............................ 6,604 520 842 410 5,762 549 74.7

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers........ 180 655 33 (1) 147 688 (1) 

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers............................................ 95 1,418 5 (1) 90 1,472 (1) 

Bus drivers............................................................................... 366 500 152 440 215 588 74.8

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers..................................... 2,587 610 93 476 2,494 613 77.7

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs...................................................... 165 486 22 (1) 143 494 (1) 

Railroad conductors and yardmasters...................................... 57 881 5 (1) 52 903 (1) 

Parking lot attendants.............................................................. 52 378 8 (1) 44 (1) (1) 

Service station attendants........................................................ 78 319 2 (1) 76 319 (1) 

Crane and tower operators....................................................... 66 732 2 (1) 64 721 (1) 

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................ 57 607 - - 57 607 -

Industrial truck and tractor operators........................................ 525 486 40 (1) 485 487 (1) 

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment........................................ 258 384 28 (1) 230 387 (1) 

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand........... 1,342 443 196 402 1,146 457 88.0

Packers and packagers, hand.................................................. 349 349 206 333 143 373 89.3

Refuse and recyclable material collectors................................ 67 508 5 (1) 62 512 (1) 

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Both sexes Women Men

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

Employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

1 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.

- Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
57

Table 19. Median usual weekly earning of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex,

2004 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over..................................... 101,224 $638 44,223 $573 57,001 $713 80.4

Agriculture and related industries ............................... 915 417 158 387 757 430 90.0

Mining ......................................................................... 481 875 42 (1) 440 896 (1)

Construction ............................................................... 7,440 620 633 591 6,806 623 94.9

Manufacturing ............................................................. 15,100 662 4,386 518 10,714 729 71.1

Durable goods ........................................................ 9,550 691 2,418 557 7,132 747 74.6

Nondurable goods ................................................... 5,550 612 1,968 486 3,581 695 69.9

Wholesale and retail trade .......................................... 14,391 550 5,638 458 8,753 625 73.3

Wholesale trade ...................................................... 3,784 677 1,068 561 2,717 736 76.2

Retail trade ............................................................. 10,607 509 4,571 430 6,036 592 72.6

Transportation and utilities .......................................... 5,717 730 1,282 623 4,435 762 81.8

Transportation and warehousing ............................. 4,584 702 1,032 605 3,552 731 82.8

Utilities .................................................................... 1,133 883 250 716 884 940 76.2

Information ................................................................. 2,775 821 1,150 693 1,625 935 74.1

Financial activities ...................................................... 7,730 705 4,431 614 3,299 907 67.7

 Finance and insurance .......................................... 5,857 738 3,594 619 2,263 1,060 58.4

 Real estate and rental and leasing ........................ 1,873 616 838 589 1,036 647 91.0

Professional and business services ............................ 9,509 711 3,943 621 5,566 807 77.0

 Professional and technical services ...................... 5,659 931 2,504 731 3,155 1,131 64.6

 Management, administrative, and waste services.. 3,850 482 1,439 455 2,411 496 91.7

Education and health services .................................... 20,754 664 15,208 617 5,546 831 74.2

 Educational services ............................................. 9,036 749 6,085 706 2,951 870 81.1

 Health care and social assistance ......................... 11,718 599 9,123 566 2,595 766 73.9

Leisure and hospitality ................................................ 6,451 411 2,926 378 3,525 451 83.8

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ....................... 1,407 528 558 485 849 588 82.5

 Accommodation and food services ....................... 5,044 391 2,368 361 2,676 418 86.4

Other services ............................................................ 3,982 528 1,778 445 2,204 617 72.1

 Other services, except private households ............ 3,613 559 1,440 473 2,172 621 76.2

 Private households ............................................... 369 349 337 350 32 (1) (1)

Public administration................................................... 5,979 787 2,647 682 3,332 893 76.4

Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Industry Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

Men

Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

Both Sexes Women

Total 

Employed

Median 

Weekly 

Earnings

1 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
58

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2004 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time1 Usually part time2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970..................... 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971..................... 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

19723

.................. 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

19733

.................. 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974..................... 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975..................... 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976..................... 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977..................... 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

19783

.................. 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979.................... 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980.................... 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981.................... 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982.................... 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983.................... 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984.................... 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985................... 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

19863

.................. 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987.................... 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988..................... 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989..................... 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

19903

.................. 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991..................... 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992................... 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993................... 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

19943

.................. 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995................... 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996................... 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

19973

.................. 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

19983

.................. 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

19993

................... 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

20003

.................. 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001.................... 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002................... 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

20033

.................... 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

20043

.................. 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

Year

Total, both sexes

See footnotes at end of table.
59

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2004 annual averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time1 Usually part time2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970..................... 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1 

1971..................... 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 

19723

.................. 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 

19733

.................. 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 

1974..................... 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 

1975..................... 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 

1976..................... 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 

1977..................... 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 

19783

.................. 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 

1979.................... 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 

1980.................... 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 

1981.................... 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 

1982.................... 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 

1983.................... 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 

1984.................... 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 

1985................... 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 

19863

.................. 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 

1987.................... 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 

1988..................... 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 

1989..................... 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 

19903

.................. 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 

1991..................... 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 

1992................... 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 

1993................... 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 

19943

.................. 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 

1995................... 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 

1996................... 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 

19973

.................. 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 

19983

.................. 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 

19993

................... 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 

20003

.................. 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 

2001.................... 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 

2002................... 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 

20033

.................... 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 

20043

.................. 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 

Women

Year

See footnotes at end of table.
60

Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970-2004 annual averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time1 Usually part time2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970..................... 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971..................... 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

19723

.................. 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

19733

.................. 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974..................... 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975..................... 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976..................... 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977..................... 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

19783

.................. 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979.................... 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980.................... 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981.................... 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982.................... 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983.................... 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984.................... 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985................... 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

19863

.................. 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987.................... 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988..................... 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989..................... 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

19903

.................. 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991..................... 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992................... 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993................... 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

19943

.................. 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995................... 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996................... 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

19973.................. 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

19983

.................. 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

19993

................... 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

20003

.................. 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001.................... 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002................... 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

20033

.................... 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

20043

.................. 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

Year

Men

1

 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work

part-time but who worked 35 or more hours during the reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total includes those

who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours

during the reference week for noneconomic reasons, such as

illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire

reference week who usually work full time. These groups are

not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less

than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work for the

entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who

worked 35 or more hours during the reference week. These

groups are not shown separately. 3

 The comparability of historical labor force data has been

affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.
61

Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural

industries by sex, 1976-2004 annual averages 

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976......... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977......... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978......... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979......... 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980......... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981......... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982......... 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983......... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984......... 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985......... 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986......... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987......... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988......... 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989......... 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990......... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991......... 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992......... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993......... 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

19941

........ 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995......... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996......... 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997......... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998......... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999......... 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

20001

........ 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001......... 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002......... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003......... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004......... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

Year

1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by methodological

and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the

“Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly

BLS periodical.
62

Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970-2003

(Percent distribution)

Year

Total

Total, both sexes 

1970...................... 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 

1975...................... 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 

1980...................... 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 

1985...................... 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 

1990...................... 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 

1995...................... 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 

20001

..................... 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 

2003...................... 222,509 150,689 67.7 100.0 79.8 66.3 13.5 20.2 10.2 10.0 

Women

1970...................... 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 

1975...................... 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 

1980...................... 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 

1985...................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 

1990...................... 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

1995...................... 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 

20001

..................... 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 

2003...................... 115,269 71,150 61.7 100.0 72.1 58.8 13.3 27.9 14.5 13.4 

Men

1970...................... 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 

1975...................... 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 

1980...................... 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 

1985...................... 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 

1990...................... 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 

1995...................... 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 

20001

..................... 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 

2003...................... 107,241 79,539 74.2 100.0 86.8 73.0 13.8 13.2 6.3 6.9 

Total

Usually work part time

Total

Population 

(in 

thousands)

With work experience

Total (in 

thousands)

With work experience

50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks

50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks

Percent of 

population

Usually work full time

1

 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes

in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see

the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings, a monthly BLS periodical.

NOTE: See Technical Note for an explanation of the work experience concept.
63

Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2003

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total

Husband 

and 

wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967........... 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968......... 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969......... 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970......... 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971......... 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972......... 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973......... 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974......... 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975......... 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976......... 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977......... 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978......... 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979......... 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980......... 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981......... 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982......... 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983......... 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984......... 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985......... 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986......... 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987......... 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988......... 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148

1989......... 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138

1990......... 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164

1991......... 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197

1992......... 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199

1993......... 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156

1994......... 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151

1995......... 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127

1996......... 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123

1997......... 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158

1998......... 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141

1999......... 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167

2000......... 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139

2001......... 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129

2002......... 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121

2003......... 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117

 See note at end of table.

Year

One earner Two earners or more

Total No 

earners
64

Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967-2003—Continued

(Percent distribution)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967........... 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968......... 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969......... 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970......... 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971......... 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972......... 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973......... 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974......... 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975......... 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976......... 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977......... 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978......... 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979......... 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980......... 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981......... 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982......... 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983......... 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984......... 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985......... 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986........... 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

1987......... 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988......... 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3

1989......... 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 .8 .3

1990......... 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 .9 .3

1991......... 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4

1992......... 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4

1993......... 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3

1994......... 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3

1995......... 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2

1996......... 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2

1997......... 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3

1998......... 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3

1999......... 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3

2000......... 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2

2001......... 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2

2002......... 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2

2003......... 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2

Two earners or more

Year

Total No earners

One earner

- Dash indicates data not available.

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of

the entire year.
65

Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to family 

income, 1970-2003

1970.....................................

1971.....................................

1972....................................

1973.....................................

1974.....................................

1975.....................................

1976.....................................

1977.....................................

1978....................................

1979....................................

1980.....................................

1981....................................

1982....................................

1983.....................................

1984.....................................

1985.....................................

1986....................................

1987....................................

1988....................................

1989.....................................

1990.....................................

1991.....................................

1992.....................................

1993.....................................

1994.....................................

1995.....................................

1996.....................................

1997.....................................

1998.....................................

1999.....................................

2000.....................................

2001.....................................

2002..................................... 34.8

2003..................................... 35.2

Year Contribution to family income 

(median percent)

26.0

25.4

26.6

27.5

26.7

26.3

26.4

27.3

28.4

26.1

26.0

26.7

26.1

28.8

28.4

28.3

29.0

29.5

29.6

29.9

30.7

31.3

32.4

32.2

32.8

34.4

32.8

33.5

31.9

31.9

32.6

32.7
66

Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987-2003

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple 

families in which 

wife (but not 

necessarily 

husband) had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than their

husbands1

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than

their husbands1

Married-couple 

families in which 

both wife and 

husband had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than their

husbands2

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than

their husbands2

1987......... 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988......... 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989......... 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990......... 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991......... 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992......... 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993......... 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994......... 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995......... 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996......... 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997......... 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998......... 35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999......... 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000......... 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001......... 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002......... 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003......... 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

Families in which wives have earnings 

but husbands may not

Families in which both wives and husbands 

have earnings

Year

1

 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from

work. 2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings

from work.

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and

Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year.
67

Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by 

selected characteristics, 2004 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

Total, 16 years and over....................................... 73,939 2,003 2.7 520 1,483

 16 to 24 years................................................... 16,174 1,022 6.3 272 750

 25 years and over.............................................. 57,765 982 1.7 249 733

Women, 16 years and over................................... 37,133 1,323 3.6 310 1,013

 16 to 24 years................................................... 7,869 655 8.3 145 510

 25 years and over.............................................. 29,265 668 2.3 166 502

Men, 16 years and over......................................... 36,806 680 1.8 210 470

 16 to 24 years................................................... 8,305 366 4.4 127 239

 25 years and over.............................................. 28,500 314 1.1 83 231

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White.................................................................. 59,877 1,681 2.8 395 1,286

 Women............................................................ 29,621 1,126 3.8 234 892

 Men.................................................................. 30,255 554 1.8 161 393

Black or African American.................................... 9,417 227 2.4 99 128

 Women............................................................ 5,174 138 2.7 59 79

 Men.................................................................. 4,243 89 2.1 40 49

Asian.................................................................. 2,672 38 1.4 8 30

 Women............................................................ 1,378 23 1.7 5 18

 Men.................................................................. 1,295 15 1.2 3 12

Hispanic or Latino ................................................ 12,073 250 2.1 82 168

 Women...................................................... 4,890 151 3.1 49 102

 Men............................................................ 7,183 98 1.4 32 66

Full- and part-time status1

Full-time workers................................................. 55,739 760 1.4 177 583

 Women............................................................. 24,788 460 1.9 100 360

 Men................................................................ 30,951 300 1.0 77 223

Part-time workers................................................ 18,046 1,240 6.9 343 897

 Women............................................................ 12,276 861 7.0 210 651

 Men................................................................ 5,770 378 6.6 132 246

Total

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total at or below prevailing minimum wage

At prevailing 

Federal 

minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

Below prevailing

Federal 

minimum wage

his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to workers who are

paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers

are not included. Estimates for the above race groups (white,

black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because

data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and,

therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as by race.

1

 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based

on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable

for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $5.15 per

hour in 2004. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the

incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on
68

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and older...... 140,007 115,359 15,605 5,817 17,743 7,429 5,329 1,564 280 1,935

16 to 19 years............... 4,215 3,550 410 106 574 369 288 85 6 68

20 to 24 years............... 13,277 10,788 1,632 408 2,387 1,334 922 321 34 264

25 to 34 years............... 30,961 24,722 3,821 1,553 5,559 2,180 1,560 482 56 757

35 to 44 years............... 35,318 28,584 4,314 1,619 4,685 1,872 1,369 365 81 532

45 to 54 years............... 33,270 27,872 3,470 1,315 2,937 1,031 727 202 76 207

55 to 64 years............... 17,847 15,293 1,579 699 1,280 514 387 92 23 89

65 years and older......... 5,118 4,550 378 116 322 102 77 17 4 17

Women, 16 years and older... 64,706 52,180 8,399 2,651 6,995 3,889 2,566 1,048 136 764

16 to 19 years............... 2,057 1,742 188 56 243 209 157 43 2 27

20 to 24 years............... 6,185 4,894 854 216 905 779 506 224 14 131

25 to 34 years............... 13,865 10,706 2,100 683 1,995 1,108 685 341 39 269

35 to 44 years............... 16,150 12,735 2,346 708 1,881 971 647 253 35 199

45 to 54 years............... 15,828 13,038 1,870 637 1,291 489 323 120 34 81

55 to 64 years............... 8,341 7,040 858 316 545 282 207 59 11 48

65 years and older......... 2,279 2,025 182 35 135 52 41 8 1 8

Men, 16 years and older......... 75,301 63,179 7,205 3,166 10,749 3,539 2,763 516 144 1,171

16 to 19 years............... 2,157 1,807 221 50 331 187 131 42 4 41

20 to 24 years............... 7,091 5,894 778 192 1,482 555 416 97 20 133

25 to 34 years............... 17,096 14,016 1,721 870 3,563 1,072 875 141 17 488

35 to 44 years............... 19,168 15,849 1,968 911 2,804 901 722 112 46 333

45 to 54 years............... 17,443 14,834 1,599 678 1,646 542 404 81 42 126

55 to 64 years............... 9,506 8,253 721 382 735 232 180 33 12 41

65 years and older......... 2,839 2,525 196 81 187 50 36 9 4 9

Age and sex

Total Below poverty level

Total White 

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White 

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

See footnotes at end of table.
69

Total, 16 years and older...... 5.3 4.6 10.0 4.8 10.9

16 to 19 years............... 9.4 8.1 20.7 5.8 11.9

20 to 24 years............... 10.0 8.5 19.7 8.2 11.1

25 to 34 years............... 7.0 6.3 12.6 3.6 13.6

35 to 44 years............... 5.3 4.8 8.5 5.0 11.4

45 to 54 years............... 3.1 2.6 5.8 5.8 7.1

55 to 64 years............... 2.9 2.5 5.8 3.4 7.0

65 years and older......... 2.0 1.7 4.5 3.9 5.2

Women, 16 years and older... 6.0 4.9 12.5 5.1 10.9

16 to 19 years............... 10.1 9.0 22.6 (2) 11.3

20 to 24 years............... 12.6 10.3 26.3 6.4 14.4

25 to 34 years............... 8.0 6.4 16.2 5.8 13.5

35 to 44 years............... 6.0 5.1 10.8 4.9 10.6

45 to 54 years............... 3.1 2.5 6.4 5.3 6.3

55 to 64 years............... 3.4 2.9 6.9 3.6 8.7

65 years and older......... 2.3 2.0 4.1 (2) 6.1

Men, 16 years and older......... 4.7 4.4 7.2 4.5 10.9

16 to 19 years............... 8.7 7.2 19.1 (2) 12.3

20 to 24 years............... 7.8 7.1 12.4 10.3 9.0

25 to 34 years............... 6.3 6.2 8.2 1.9 13.7

35 to 44 years............... 4.7 4.6 5.7 5.0 11.9

45 to 54 years............... 3.1 2.7 5.1 6.2 7.7

55 to 64 years............... 2.4 2.2 4.6 3.2 5.6

65 years and older......... 1.8 1.4 4.8 4.7 4.6

Age and sex

Rate 1 

Total White 

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

1

 Beginning with data for 2002, which were collected in the 2003 Annual Social and Economic

Supplement to the Current Population Survey, persons who selected this race group only; persons

who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2002, persons who reported more

than one race group were included in the group they identified as the main race. Also beginning in

2002, Asians no longer include Pacific Islanders. 2

 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for 27 weeks or

more. 3

 Data not shown where base is less than 80,000.

 NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do

not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity

is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as

well as race.

(Numbers in thousands)

Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of persons in the labor force for 27 weeks or

more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2003—Continued
70

Table 28. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and contingent and noncontingent 

status, February 2001

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and over............ 134,605 1.7 2.2 4.0 96.0

 16 to 19 years......................... 6,597 6.3 6.7 9.1 91.0

 20 to 24 years........................ 13,259 4.6 4.9 7.9 92.1

 25 to 34 years........................ 30,079 1.8 2.3 4.0 96.0

 35 to 44 years......................... 36,740 .9 1.5 3.0 97.0

 45 to 54 years........................ 29,946 .8 1.3 2.8 97.2

 55 to 64 years........................ 13,955 .8 1.2 2.8 97.2

 65 years and over.................. 4,029 1.2 1.7 4.9 95.1

Women, 16 years and over......... 63,229 1.8 2.4 4.2 95.8

 16 to 19 years........................ 3,277 7.5 7.9 10.7 89.3

 20 to 24 years........................ 6,481 4.6 5.0 7.9 92.1

 25 to 34 years........................ 13,844 1.5 2.3 4.0 96.0

 35 to 44 years........................ 17,071 1.1 1.7 3.2 96.8

 45 to 54 years......................... 14,379 .9 1.4 2.9 97.1

 55 to 64 years......................... 6,506 .9 1.3 3.2 96.9

 65 years and over..................... 1,671 1.1 1.7 5.9 94.1

Men, 16 years and over............... 71,376 1.6 2.1 3.8 96.2

 16 to 19 years........................ 3,320 5.1 5.6 7.4 92.6

 20 to 24 years........................ 6,778 4.7 4.7 7.8 92.2

 25 to 34 years......................... 16,235 2.0 2.3 4.1 95.9

 35 to 44 years........................ 19,668 .8 1.3 2.7 97.3

 45 to 54 years........................ 15,567 .7 1.3 2.7 97.3

 55 to 64 years........................ 7,449 .8 1.1 2.5 97.5

 65 years and over.................. 2,358 1.2 1.7 4.2 95.8

Age and sex

Contingent workers1

Noncontingent 

workers1 Estimate 1 Estimate 2 Estimate 3 Total employed

1 Contingent workers are those who do not have an

implicit or explicit contract for ongoing employment. Persons who do not expect to continue in their jobs for personal reasons, such as retirement or returning to school,

are not considered contingent workers, provided that they

would have the option of continuing in the job were it not for

these personal reasons. Estimate 1 includes wage and

salary workers who expect their jobs will last for an additional year or less and who had worked at their jobs for 1

year or less. Estimate 2 includes wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and independent contractors who

expect their employment to last for an additional year or less

and who had worked at their jobs (or been self-employed)

for 1 year or less. Estimate 3 includes all workers who do

not expect their jobs to last. This is the broadest definition of

contingency and estimates 1 and 2 of contingency are included in estimate 3. Noncontingent workers are those

workers who do not fall into any of the three definitions of

contingency.
71

Table 29. Percent distribution of employed persons by age, sex, and alternative work arrangements, February 2001

Total, 16 years and over.............. 134,605 100.0 6.4 1.6 0.9 0.5 90.6

 16 to 19 years.......................... 6,597 100.0 1.6 3.1 .6 .1 94.2

 20 to 24 years........................ 13,259 100.0 1.8 2.3 1.7 .5 93.2

 25 to 34 years......................... 30,079 100.0 4.4 1.2 1.0 .5 92.8

 35 to 44 years.......................... 36,740 100.0 6.8 1.5 .8 .5 90.3

 45 to 54 years.......................... 29,946 100.0 8.0 1.2 .6 .5 89.6

 55 to 64 years.......................... 13,955 100.0 9.7 1.4 .9 .3 87.6

 65 years and over................... 4,029 100.0 16.9 3.0 .4 .7 79.3

Women, 16 years and over......... 63,229 100.0 4.8 1.6 1.1 .3 92.1

 16 to 19 years.......................... 3,277 100.0 1.3 3.7 .8 - 94.0

 20 to 24 years.......................... 6,481 100.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 .2 93.6

 25 to 34 years.......................... 13,844 100.0 3.9 .8 1.3 .2 93.7

 35 to 44 years.......................... 17,071 100.0 5.0 1.7 .8 .3 92.2

 45 to 54 years........................ 14,379 100.0 6.0 1.3 .8 .5 91.2

 55 to 64 years.......................... 6,506 100.0 6.9 1.4 1.3 .1 90.3

 65 years and over................... 1,671 100.0 11.3 2.6 .7 .8 84.9

Men, 16 years and over............. 71,376 100.0 7.8 1.6 .7 .6 89.2

 16 to 19 years.......................... 3,320 100.0 1.8 2.5 .5 .2 94.5

 20 to 24 years.......................... 6,778 100.0 1.8 2.6 1.2 .8 92.8

 25 to 34 years.......................... 16,235 100.0 4.8 1.5 .8 .7 92.0

 35 to 44 years......................... 19,668 100.0 8.3 1.3 .8 .7 88.8

 45 to 54 years......................... 15,567 100.0 9.9 1.2 .3 .5 88.0

 55 to 64 years......................... 7,449 100.0 12.2 1.3 .6 .5 85.3

 65 years and over................... 2,358 100.0 20.8 3.2 .3 .6 75.3

Age and sex

Percent of workers with alternative arrangements1

Workers with 

traditional 

arrangements

Total 

Total 

employed (in 

thousands)

On-call 

workers

Temporary help 

agency workers

Workers 

provided by 

contract firms

Independent 

contractors

1 Independent contractors are workers who were identified as

independent contractors, independent consultants, or freelance

workers, whether they were self-employed or wage and salary

workers. On-call workers are workers who are called to work

only as needed, although they can be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in a row. Temporary help agency workers are

workers who were paid by a temporary help agency, whether or

not their job was temporary. Workers provided by contract firms

are workers who are employed by a company that provides them

or their services to others under contract and who are usually

assigned to only one customer and usually work at the customer's

worksite.

- Dash represents zero.

NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do

not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail

may not sum to totals because the total employed includes day

laborers (an alternative arrangement, not shown separately) and a

small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by

contract firms."
72

Table 30. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001

 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 16 years and over..................... 99,631 28,724 28.8 43,566 11,931 27.4 56,066 16,792 30.0

16 to 19 years........................... 1,761 339 19.2 773 171 22.2 988 167 16.9

20 years and over....................... 97,871 28,385 29.0 42,793 11,760 27.5 55,078 16,625 30.2

20 to 24 years..................... 9,343 2,327 24.9 4,124 1,124 27.2 5,219 1,203 23.0

25 to 34 years..................... 24,552 7,434 30.3 10,494 3,064 29.2 14,058 4,370 31.1

35 to 44 years....................... 28,702 8,578 29.9 12,180 3,458 28.4 16,522 5,120 31.0

45 to 54 years..................... 23,946 6,990 29.2 11,044 2,958 26.8 12,902 4,032 31.2

55 to 64 years..................... 9,971 2,633 26.4 4,440 1,043 23.5 5,531 1,590 28.8

65 years and over................ 1,357 423 31.2 510 112 22.0 847 311 36.7

16 to 24 years........................... 11,104 2,665 24.0 4,897 1,295 26.4 6,206 1,370 22.1

25 to 54 years............................ 77,200 23,002 29.8 33,718 9,481 28.1 43,482 13,521 31.1

55 years and over........................11,328 3,056 27.0 4,950 1,155 23.3 6,377 1,901 29.8

White....................................... 82,205 24,647 30.0 34,707 9,913 28.6 47,498 14,734 31.0

Black...................................... 12,390 2,629 21.2 6,614 1,420 21.5 5,776 1,209 20.9

Hispanic origin........................... 11,919 2,356 19.8 4,614 1,011 21.9 7,305 1,344 18.4

Married, spouse present............... 57,728 17,264 29.9 22,789 6,032 26.5 34,939 11,231 32.1

Never married............................. 24,877 6,817 27.4 10,847 3,081 28.4 14,030 3,736 26.6

Other marital status..................... 17,026 4,643 27.3 9,930 2,818 28.4 7,096 1,825 25.7

With no own children under 18...... 60,026 16,927 28.2 26,461 7,306 27.6 33,565 9,621 28.7

With own children under 18........... 39,605 11,796 29.8 17,105 4,625 27.0 22,500 7,171 31.9

 With own children 6 to 17............22,697 6,648 29.3 10,737 2,813 26.2 11,960 3,836 32.1

 With own children under 6......... 16,908 5,148 30.4 6,368 1,812 28.5 10,540 3,336 31.6

Presence and age of children

Marital status

Men

With flexible schedules2

Race and Hispanic origin

Age

Characteristic

Number Percent of 

total

With flexible schedules2

Total1 Total1

With flexible schedules2

Number Percent of 

total 

Both sexes Women

Number Percent of 

total

Total1

1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible

schedules. 2 Persons with flexible schedules are able to vary or make

changes in their beginning and ending hours of work, whether or

not they have a formal flexitime program on their job.

NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and

salary workers who were at work during the survey reference

week and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether

or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above

race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data

for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are

included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children.

Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related

and unrelated children.
73

1

 Includes persons who did not provide information on work at

home. 2

 Persons who usually work at home are defined as those who

work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. 3

 Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers who did

not report pay status are included in total but not shown separately.

4 Includes the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.

NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and

adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children.

Table 31. Job-related work at home on primary job: All workers by marital status, presence and age of children, 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and over........................ 131,803 19,759 15.0 17.4 52.0 29.7

Married, spouse present.................. 75,248 13,916 18.5 16.9 51.1 30.9

Not married.................................... 56,555 5,843 10.3 18.6 54.2 26.7

Never married......................... 35,196 3,086 8.8 19.8 60.0 19.6

Other marital status.................. 21,358 2,757 12.9 17.2 47.6 34.7

With own children under 18............. 50,744 8,638 17.0 19.6 51.6 27.9

 With own children under 6......... 21,517 3,580 16.6 21.8 49.9 27.2

With no own children under 18......... 81,059 11,121 13.7 15.7 52.3 31.0

Total, 16 years and over........................ 62,144 9,468 15.2 18.9 53.7 26.5

Married, spouse present.................. 33,095 6,300 19.0 18.6 51.2 29.1

Not married................................... 29,049 3,168 10.9 19.7 58.6 21.3

Never married........................... 16,253 1,516 9.3 19.7 67.3 12.6

Other marital status.................. 12,796 1,652 12.9 19.6 50.6 29.3

With own children under 18.............. 24,710 4,111 16.6 21.6 50.0 27.4

 With own children under 6......... 9,699 1,705 17.6 24.8 43.1 30.7

With no own children under 18......... 37,434 5,357 14.3 16.9 56.5 25.8

Total, 16 years and over........................ 69,659 10,291 14.8 16.0 50.5 32.6

Married, spouse present................... 42,153 7,616 18.1 15.5 51.1 32.3

Not married................................... 27,506 2,675 9.7 17.3 48.9 33.2

Never married........................... 18,943 1,571 8.3 19.8 52.9 26.4

Other marital status.................. 8,562 1,104 12.9 13.7 43.2 42.8

With own children under 18............. 26,034 4,527 17.4 17.7 53.1 28.4

 With own children under 6......... 11,818 1,875 15.9 19.1 56.1 23.9

With no own children under 18......... 43,625 5,763 13.2 14.6 48.5 35.8

sex, and pay status, May 2001

Men

Characteristic

Paid

Rate Total employed1 Wage and salary

Unpaid

Total

Self-employed 4

Percent distribution by class of worker 3

Persons who usually worked at home2

Women

Total

1
74

Table 32. Displaced workers1

 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in January 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Total

Total, 20 years and over........................ 5,329 100.0 64.8 20.2 15.0

 20 to 24 years.................................... 149 100.0 65.0 19.6 15.3

 25 to 54 years.................................... 4,087 100.0 68.9 19.5 11.6

 55 to 64 years.................................... 887 100.0 55.5 24.9 19.6

 65 years and over.............................. 206 100.0 23.8 12.9 63.3

Women, 20 years and over.................... 2,319 100.0 61.1 19.3 19.6

 20 to 24 years.................................... 53 100.0 (2) (2) (2)

 25 to 54 years................................... 1,715 100.0 65.9 17.7 16.4

 55 to 64 years................................... 426 100.0 52.7 27.7 19.6

 65 years and over............................. 125 100.0 17.5 15.8 66.7

Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,010 100.0 67.7 20.8 11.5

 20 to 24 years................................... 96 100.0 59.8 24.5 15.7

 25 to 54 years................................... 2,372 100.0 71.0 20.8 8.1

 55 to 64 years................................... 461 100.0 58.1 22.3 19.6

 65 years and over............................. 81 100.0 33.5 8.5 57.9

 

White

Total, 20 years and over....................... 4,273 100.0 65.6 18.9 15.5

 Women.......................................... 1,810 100.0 61.9 17.5 20.6

 Men.............................................. 2,463 100.0 68.4 19.8 11.8

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and over...................... 695 100.0 61.6 27.1 11.2

 Women........................................... 350 100.0 57.1 27.9 15.0

 Men................................................. 345 100.0 66.3 26.4 7.3

Asian

Total, 20 years and over...................... 215 100.0 63.2 22.6 14.2

 Women........................................... 100 100.0 61.6 16.9 21.5

 Men............................................... 115 100.0 64.5 27.5 8.0

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and over...................... 608 100.0 64.6 20.8 14.6

 Women............................................ 236 100.0 55.3 23.0 21.7

 Men............................................... 372 100.0 70.5 19.4 10.1

Total Age, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Percent distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor force

1

 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure

on a job they had lost or left between January 2001 and

December 2003 because of plant or company closings or

moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black

or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may

be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as

well as by race.
75

Table 33. Labor force status of 2004 high school graduates and 2003-04 high school dropouts 16 to 24 years old

by school enrollment and sex, October 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 2004 high school graduates............. 2,752 1,533 55.7 1,282 46.6 251 16.4 1,219

 Women.................................................. 1,425 768 53.9 636 44.6 132 17.2 657

 Men....................................................... 1,327 764 57.6 645 48.6 119 15.6 562

 Enrolled in college.................................... 1,835 821 44.8 712 38.8 109 13.3 1,013

 Women................................................ 1,020 475 46.6 420 41.1 55 11.6 545

 Men..................................................... 815 347 42.6 293 35.9 54 15.6 468

 Not enrolled in college................................ 918 711 77.5 569 62.1 142 20.0 206

 Women................................................ 406 294 72.4 217 53.5 77 26.2 112

 Men..................................................... 512 418 81.6 353 68.9 65 15.6 94

Total, 2003-04 high school dropouts1 496 267 53.7 160 32.3 106 39.9 229

 Women................................................ 218 100 45.9 61 28.1 39 38.9 118

 Men..................................................... 278 166 59.9 99 35.6 67 40.4 112

 Not in 

labor 

force Total Percent of 

population Total 

Characteristic Percent of 

population Total 

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Percent of 

labor force

1

 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between

October 2003 and October 2004.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals.
76

Table 34. Labor force status of persons 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, October 2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Enrolled in school.............................. 20,173 9,293 46.1 8,283 41.1 1,010 10.9 10,880

 Enrolled in high school1

........................ 9,372 2,982 31.8 2,490 26.6 493 16.5 6,389

 Women........................................... 4,459 1,437 32.2 1,231 27.6 205 14.3 3,022

 Men................................................. 4,913 1,545 31.5 1,258 25.6 287 18.6 3,367

 Enrolled in college................................ 10,801 6,311 58.4 5,794 53.6 517 8.2 4,490

 Women........................................... 5,867 3,560 60.7 3,291 56.1 269 7.6 2,307

 Men................................................. 4,934 2,751 55.8 2,503 50.7 248 9.0 2,183

Not enrolled in school......................... 16,331 13,191 80.8 11,564 70.8 1,627 12.3 3,140

 Women.............................................. 7,771 5,706 73.4 4,986 64.2 720 12.6 2,066

 Less than a high school diploma .......... 1,626 867 53.3 662 40.7 205 23.6 759

 High school graduates, no college2

 ...... 3,265 2,384 73.0 2,050 62.8 334 14.0 881

 Some college or associate degree ....... 1,799 1,478 82.2 1,352 75.2 126 8.5 321

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 1,081 976 90.3 921 85.2 55 5.6 105

 Men................................................... 8,560 7,485 87.4 6,578 76.9 907 12.1 1,075

 Less than a high school diploma .......... 2,140 1,668 77.9 1,334 62.3 334 20.0 472

 High school graduates, no college2

 ...... 3,978 3,540 89.0 3,110 78.2 429 12.1 438

 Some college or associate degree ....... 1,658 1,532 92.4 1,425 86.0 106 6.9 126

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............... 784 746 95.1 708 90.4 37 5.0 38

 Total Percent of 

labor force

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total Percent of 

population 

1

 Includes a small number of persons enrolled in grades below

high school. 2

 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals.
77

Table 35. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, May of selected years, 1970-2004,

not seasonally adjusted

(Numbers in thousands)

Multiple jobholders

Number

Percent of 

all multiple 

jobholders

1970......... 78,358 4,048 636 15.7 3,412 5.2 2.2 7.0 5.3 4.4

1971......... 78,708 4,035 765 19.0 3,270 5.1 2.6 6.7 5.3 3.8

1972......... 81,224 3,770 735 19.5 3,035 4.6 2.4 6.0 4.8 3.7

1973......... 83,758 4,262 869 20.4 3,393 5.1 2.7 6.6 5.1 4.7

1974......... 85,786 3,889 867 22.3 3,022 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.6 3.8

1975......... 84,146 3,918 956 24.4 2,962 4.7 2.9 5.8 4.8 3.7

1976......... 87,278 3,948 911 23.1 3,037 4.5 2.6 5.8 4.7 2.8

1977......... 90,482 4,558 1,241 27.2 3,317 5.0 3.4 6.2 5.3 2.6

1978......... 93,904 4,493 1,281 28.5 3,212 4.8 3.3 5.8 5.0 3.1

1979......... 96,327 4,724 1,407 29.8 3,317 4.9 3.5 5.9 5.1 3.0

1980......... 96,809 4,759 1,549 32.5 3,210 4.9 3.8 5.8 5.1 3.2

1985......... 106,878 5,730 2,192 38.3 3,537 5.4 4.7 5.9 5.7 3.2

1989......... 117,084 7,225 3,109 43.0 4,115 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.5 4.3

1991........... 116,626 7,183 3,129 43.6 4,054 6.2 5.9 6.4 6.4 4.9

1994......... 122,946 7,316 3,343 45.7 3,973 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 4.9

1995.......... 124,554 7,952 3,727 46.9 4,225 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.6 5.2

1996......... 126,391 7,846 3,494 44.5 4,352 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.1

1997......... 129,565 8,197 3,800 46.4 4,398 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.5 5.7

1998......... 131,476 8,126 3,688 45.4 4,438 6.2 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.5

1999......... 133,411 7,895 3,778 47.9 4,117 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.5

2000......... 136,685 7,751 3,667 47.3 4,084 5.7 5.8 5.6 5.9 4.9

2001......... 137,121 7,540 3,626 48.1 3,914 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.6 5.3

2002......... 136,559 7,247 3,511 48.4 3,736 5.3 5.5 5.1 5.5 4.7

2003......... 137,567 7,338 3,498 47.7 3,841 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.5 4.3

2004......... 138,867 7,258 3,605 49.7 3,653 5.2 5.6 4.9 5.3 5.1

White

Multiple jobholding rate1

Year Black or 

African 

American2

Men Total Men Women

Women Total 

employed Total

1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed persons in

specified group.

2 Data for years prior to 1977 refer to the black-and-other

population group.

NOTE: Data from 1994-2004 are not strictly comparable with

data for prior years. For an explanation, see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of “Explanatory Notes and

Estimates of Error” in Employment and Earnings. Comprehensive

surveys of multiple jobholders were not conducted in 1981-84,

1986-88, 1990, and 1992-93.
78

Table 36. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976-2004 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed as 

a percent of 

total

1976...... 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8

1977..... 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7

1978..... 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2

1979..... 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2

1980..... 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0

1981..... 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9

1982..... 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8

1983..... 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2

1984...... 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0

1985..... 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3

1986..... 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1

1987..... 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9

1988...... 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7

1989..... 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4

1990...... 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8

1991..... 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6

1992..... 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5

1993..... 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2

1994..... 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2

1995..... 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6

1996..... 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1

1997..... 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2

1998..... 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9

1999..... 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0

2000..... 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4

2001..... 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4

2002...... 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2

2003..... 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6

2004...... 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1

Selfemployed 

women as 

percent of 

total selfemployed

Men

Year

Total Women

NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the

2002 Census industry classification system derived from the 2002

North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS).
79

Table 37. Employment status of the native-born1

 and foreign-born2 civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex,

2003 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Both sexes

Native born:1

 16 years and over............ 189,837 125,393 66.1 118,005 62.2 7,389 5.9 64,444

 16 to 24 years............... 31,762 19,642 61.8 17,148 54.0 2,494 12.7 12,120

 25 to 34 years................ 31,237 26,418 84.6 24,832 79.5 1,585 6.0 4,819

 35 to 44 years.................. 36,296 30,669 84.5 29,207 80.5 1,462 4.8 5,626

 45 to 54 years................ 35,277 29,071 82.4 27,979 79.3 1,092 3.8 6,207

 55 to 64 years.................. 24,533 15,296 62.3 14,696 59.9 600 3.9 9,237

 65 years and over........... 30,733 4,298 14.0 4,143 13.5 155 3.6 26,435

Foreign born:2

 16 years and over............ 31,331 21,117 67.4 19,731 63.0 1,385 6.6 10,214

 16 to 24 years................ 4,135 2,456 59.4 2,203 53.3 252 10.3 1,680

 25 to 34 years............... 7,784 5,925 76.1 5,551 71.3 375 6.3 1,859

 35 to 44 years............... 7,450 6,026 80.9 5,673 76.1 353 5.9 1,424

 45 to 54 years................ 5,245 4,200 80.1 3,935 75.0 264 6.3 1,045

 55 to 64 years................ 3,195 2,016 63.1 1,903 59.6 113 5.6 1,180

 65 years and over........... 3,521 494 14.0 465 13.2 28 5.8 3,027

Women

Native born:1

 16 years and over............ 99,072 59,790 60.4 56,523 57.1 3,267 5.5 39,282

 16 to 24 years................. 15,944 9,672 60.7 8,564 53.7 1,108 11.5 6,273

 25 to 34 years................ 15,972 12,405 77.7 11,710 73.3 695 5.6 3,567

 35 to 44 years................ 18,649 14,459 77.5 13,797 74.0 662 4.6 4,190

 45 to 54 years................ 18,090 14,058 77.7 13,579 75.1 480 3.4 4,032

 55 to 64 years................. 12,739 7,300 57.3 7,045 55.3 255 3.5 5,438

 65 years and over........... 17,677 1,896 10.7 1,829 10.3 66 3.5 15,781

Foreign born:2

 16 years and over............ 15,662 8,482 54.2 7,881 50.3 601 7.1 7,179

 16 to 24 years................. 1,913 905 47.3 805 42.1 100 11.1 1,008

 25 to 34 years................ 3,702 2,171 58.7 2,004 54.1 167 7.7 1,531

 35 to 44 years................ 3,633 2,475 68.1 2,309 63.6 165 6.7 1,159

 45 to 54 years................ 2,648 1,860 70.3 1,748 66.0 113 6.1 788

 55 to 64 years................ 1,684 867 51.5 821 48.7 46 5.4 817

 65 years and over........... 2,081 204 9.8 194 9.3 10 4.7 1,877

 Percent of 

population 

 Not in labor 

force 

 Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Country of birth, 

age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Total 

See footnotes at end of table.
80

Table 37. Employment status of the native-born1

 and foreign-born2 civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex,

2003 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Men

Native born:1

 16 years and over............ 90,766 65,603 72.3 61,481 67.7 4,122 6.3 25,162

 16 to 24 years................ 15,818 9,970 63.0 8,584 54.3 1,387 13.9 5,848

 25 to 34 years................ 15,264 14,013 91.8 13,123 86.0 890 6.3 1,252

 35 to 44 years................ 17,646 16,210 91.9 15,410 87.3 800 4.9 1,436

 45 to 54 years................ 17,187 15,012 87.3 14,400 83.8 612 4.1 2,175

 55 to 64 years................ 11,794 7,996 67.8 7,651 64.9 345 4.3 3,798

 65 years and over........... 13,056 2,402 18.4 2,314 17.7 89 3.7 10,654

Foreign born:2

 16 years and over............. 15,669 12,634 80.6 11,850 75.6 784 6.2 3,035

 16 to 24 years................ 2,222 1,550 69.8 1,398 62.9 152 9.8 672

 25 to 34 years................ 4,082 3,754 92.0 3,547 86.9 207 5.5 328

 35 to 44 years................ 3,817 3,552 93.0 3,364 88.1 188 5.3 265

 45 to 54 years................ 2,597 2,340 90.1 2,188 84.3 152 6.5 257

 55 to 64 years................ 1,511 1,149 76.0 1,082 71.6 67 5.8 362

 65 years and over........... 1,440 290 20.1 271 18.8 19 6.5 1,150

Country of birth, 

age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

1 Native-born persons are those who were born in the United

States or a U.S. Island Area such as Puerto Rico, or born abroad of

a U.S.-citizen parent. 2

 Foreign born refers to people residing in the United States who

were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas,

such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a

U.S. citizen. This group primarily includes legally admitted immigrants,

but also includes refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented aliens.
81

Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983-2004

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, both sexes Women

Members of unions1 Represented by unions2 Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed

1983......... 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984......... 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985....... 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

19863

...... 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987......... 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988....... 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989......... 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

19903

...... 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991......... 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992....... 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993....... 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

19943

...... 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995....... 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996......... 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

19973

...... 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

19983

...... 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

19993

...... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

2000....... 120,786 16,258 13.5 17,944 14.9 57,933 6,680 11.5 7,590 13.1

2001....... 122,482 16,387 13.4 18,114 14.8 58,726 6,809 11.6 7,704 13.1

20023

...... 122,007 16,107 13.2 17,771 14.6 58,624 6,772 11.6 7,636 13.0

2003....... 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004......... 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

Total 

employed

Year Total 

employed

See footnotes at end of table.
82

Table 38. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by 

sex, annual averages, 1983-2004—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Men

Members of unions1 Represented by unions2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of 

employed

1983......... 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984....... 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985....... 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

19863

...... 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987......... 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988......... 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989....... 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

19903

...... 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991......... 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992....... 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993......... 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

19943

...... 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995....... 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996......... 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

19973

...... 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

19983

...... 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4

19993

...... 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000......... 62,853 9,578 15.2 10,355 16.5

2001....... 63,756 9,578 15.0 10,410 16.3

20023

...... 63,383 9,335 14.7 10,135 16.0

2003....... 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004....... 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

Year Total 

employed

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association

similar to a union, as well as workers who are not members but whose jobs

are covered by a union or employee association contract. 3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an explanation,

see "Historical Comparability" under the Household Data section of “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” in Employment and Earnings.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether or not

their businesses are incorporated.
83

The estimates in this report were obtained from the

Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly

sample survey of approximately 60,000 households,

which provides a wide range of information on the labor

force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are

collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The

survey is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by

the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 States and the District

of Columbia.

Over its history, numerous changes have been made in

the CPS questionnaire, methodology, and estimation procedures to improve the quality of the data that the survey

produces. In January 2003, several major changes were introduced to the CPS. As a result, most data for 2003 forward

are not strictly comparable with data for earlier years. These

changes include the following:

• Population controls were updated by the Census Bureau

to incorporate new intercensal information and assumptions about the growth of the population, especially estimates of net international migration.

• The survey questions on Hispanic ethnicity and race were

modified to comply with new standards on race and

ethnicity data from Federal agencies. In accordance with

the new standards, individuals now are asked whether

they are of Hispanic ethnicity before being asked about

their race. Also, individuals now are asked directly if they

are Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino, instead of being asked a

general question on country of origin. With respect to

race, the response category of Asian and Pacific Islanders was split into two categories: Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders. In accordance with the

new standards, individuals were allowed to choose more

than one race category. Prior to 2003, individuals who

considered themselves to belong to more than one race

were required to select a single primary race. In this

report, data by race for 2003 forward include only those

who choose a single race category.

• New occupational and industrial classification systems

were introduced. These systems were derived from the

2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) and the

2002 North American Industry Classification System

(NAICS). The new classification systems differ substantially from the previous systems. The introduction of the

Technical Note

new occupational and industrial classification systems

effectively created a break in series from 2000 forward for

data disaggregated by class of worker status—that is,

the classification of workers as either self-employed or

wage and salary. This change resulted in a slightly lower

estimate of the number of wage and salary workers and in

minor revisions to the earnings measures for 2000-2002.

Users therefore may note some differences with previously published women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios for

those years.

Additionally, data for 2004 are not strictly comparable

with data for 2003 and earlier years because of the introduction in January 2004 of further revisions to the population

controls used in the CPS.

For more information about these and other recent

changes to the survey, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” in the February 2003

issue of Employment and Earnings on the Internet at

www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf or the “Explanatory Notes and

Estimates of Error” section of the February 2005 and subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings.

Material in this report is in the public domain and, with

appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission.

This information is available to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message

referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339.

Concepts and Definitions

Concepts used in this report are defined below.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed.

Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid civilians;

(b) worked in their own business or profession or on their

own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in

a family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their

jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another

reason.

Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who

had no employment during the survey week, were available

for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Persons laid off

from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be

looking for work to be classified as unemployed.
84

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional

population.

Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Race. White, black or African American, and Asian are terms

used to describe the race of persons. Persons in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Data

for the remaining race categories—American Indian or Alaska

Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and persons who selected more than one race category—are included in totals but are not shown separately because the

number of survey respondents was too small to develop

estimates of sufficient quality for publication. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to persons

who identified themselves in the CPS enumeration process

as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose

ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any

race.

Family. A family is a group of two or more persons residing

together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. Families are classified either as married-couple families or as families maintained by women or men without spouses.

Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and

salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any

overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the

principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of

self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether

their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week.

Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly,

biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how

much they usually earn in the reported period. Earnings

reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a

weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the

respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual,

interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than

half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Medians of weekly earnings. The median is the amount that

divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups,

one having earnings above the median, and the other having

earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure

for determining the median of an earnings distribution places

each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-

wide interval that is centered on a multiple of $50. The value

of the median is estimated through a linear interpolation of

the interval in which the median lies. Over-the-year changes

in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be

consistent with the movements estimated for the overall

group boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change in the

relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians

of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may

rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for

a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median

could actually fall. (2) There could be a large change in the

shape of the distribution of reported earnings. This could be

caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded

values, for example, $250, $300, or $400. An estimate lying in

a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or

“spike,” tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Medians, for example, measure the central tendency of

a multipeaked distribution that shifts over time. As the distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the

same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time

to move through a frequently reported interval but, once

above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported earnings interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such

irregular movements of the measures; however, users should

be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term

changes in the medians, as well as in ratios of the medians.

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked during

the reference week. For example, persons who normally work

40 hours a week but were off during Columbus Day holiday

would be reported as working 32 hours, even though they

were paid for the holiday.

Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on

persons “at work” exclude persons who were temporarily

absent from a job and therefore classified in the zero-hoursworked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are

persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week

for reasons such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s

normal schedule from his or her activity during the reference

week, persons also are classified according to their usual

full- or part-time status. In this context, full-time workers are

those who usually worked 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined). This group includes some individuals who worked

less than 35 hours in the reference week for either economic

or noneconomic reasons and those who were temporarily

absent from work. Similarly, part-time workers are those

who usually work less than 35 hours per week (at all jobs),

regardless of the number of hours worked in the reference

week. This may include some individuals who actually

worked more than 34 hours in the reference week, as well as

those who are temporarily absent from work.

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece

rates. The group includes employees in both the private and

public sectors but, for purposes of the earnings series, ex-
85

cludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether their

businesses are incorporated.

Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage

are a subset of wage and salary workers, representing approximately three-fifths of all wage and salary workers. Workers paid by the hour are, therefore, included in the full- and

part-time worker tables in this report, along with salaried

workers and other workers not paid by the hour. (Data for

workers paid at hourly rates are presented separately.)

Work experience. These data reflect the work activity during the calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population Survey. Persons who worked were those who

answered “yes” to the following questions from the ASEC:

“Did you work at a job or business at any time during (the

year)?” or “Did you do any temporary, part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during (the year)?” Since

the reference period is a full year, the number of persons

with some employment or unemployment greatly exceeds

the average levels for any given month, which are based on

a 1-week reference period, and the corresponding annual

averages of monthly estimates.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence,

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more

than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value

because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Standard errors included in this report were rounded for presentation

purposes, as were the earnings estimates. Consequently, a

precise confidence interval cannot be constructed using

these data.

CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the

failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to

obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing

of data.

For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the

CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the

“Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of the

Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment and Earnings

publication.