REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 400

September Term, 2015

_________________________

NAFISSATOU GARBA

v.

ALIOUNE NDIAYE

_________________________

Krauser, C.J.,

Nazarian,

Reed,

 

JJ.

_________________________

Opinion by Nazarian, J.

_________________________

Filed: February 26, 2016
The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”)

eliminates jurisdictional wrangling and forum shopping in custody cases by defining, for 

each child, a “home state” that has exclusive jurisdiction to make initial custody decisions. 

The young boy at the heart of this case has had a peripatetic life—his parents, both native 

to foreign countries, lived in Maryland, then New York, and he traveled for extended 

periods with his mother to her job assignments in several African countries while his father 

remained here. The Circuit Court for Montgomery County found that Maryland is the 

boy’s home state and, after an evidentiary hearing, granted sole legal and physical custody 

to his father. His mother, who filed the case in Montgomery County in the first place, 

disputes the court’s threshold finding and asks us to hold that Ethiopia is his home state

(foreign countries can be home states too). This case presents a trickier-than-usual 

application of the UCCJEA’s process for assigning a home state, but we agree with the 

circuit court’s decision and affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

The facts underlying the parents’ marriage, divorce, and custody dispute are colorful 

and hotly disputed, but the only facts relevant to the issues before us relate to the 

whereabouts of their son, B.

1

The appellee, Alioune Ndiaye (the “Father”), is a native of Senegal, and the 

appellant, Nafissatou Garba (the “Mother”) a native of Niger, and both are United States 

 

1 To protect the identity of the child, we use only his first initial. 
2

citizens.2 They lived first in an apartment, then a home they owned, and worked in 

Montgomery County.

3 They vacationed to Niger to marry in 2008, and shortly thereafter 

Mother accepted a job with the United Nations. Her first assignment was in New York 

City; she, Father, and her son, M.,

4

relocated to New York City, but maintained their 

Maryland residences and returned to Maryland every weekend. 

From there, Mother took a year-long field assignment in Guinea-Bissau, and she 

moved there alone in April 2010. Father remained in Maryland, living with Mother’s 

mother and M., but visited Mother in Guinea-Bissau, where they conceived B., their first 

and only child together. To receive the favorable maternity leave offered to United Nations

employees, the parents agreed that Mother should renew her annual contract to remain at 

her job in Guinea-Bissau, but return to Maryland at the conclusion of that second year. 

From there, however, the parents’ relationship began to decline. 

 

2 Father moved from Senegal to Maryland in 1989 and attained United States citizenship 

in 1997. The timing of Mother’s immigration from Niger to Maryland is less clear in the 

record, but at the time of their marriage, Mother was a permanent resident of the United 

States, and has since become a citizen.

3 Father testified that, around the time of their marriage, their combined income was around 

$200,000.

4 M. is Mother’s son from another relationship. Father testified, though, that he “took on 

the role of father” and did “[e]verything a father would do” with M. Father also has 

children from other relationships.
3

B. was born in Maryland in 2011, and has lived in many places during his young 

life:

5

 September 9, 2011: Mother left Guinea-Bissau to give birth to B. in Maryland. 

 January 2012: Mother and B., then four months old, left Maryland for GuineaBissau. In September, Mother filed for voluntary separation.

 April 6, 2013: Mother and B. moved to Ethiopia for Mother’s new field assignment.

 August 2013: Mother sent B. to Maryland to celebrate his second birthday with 

Father. Father, though, was in Senegal, and did not see B. Instead, B. stayed with 

Mother’s mother (at Mother’s house in Maryland) until Mother could join B. in the 

United States.

 November 24, 2013: Mother and B. returned to Ethiopia.

 January 11, 2014: Mother and B. returned to Maryland to visit M. for M.’s 15th

birthday.

 February 7, 2014: Mother and B. returned to Ethiopia. 

That same day, Mother filed a verified complaint6in the circuit court, seeking an 

absolute divorce from Father and sole physical and legal custody of B. She stated 

that she was “domiciled in the State of Maryland and ha[d] been living in the State 

of Maryland for more than 12 months prior to the filing of this Complaint.” She 

listed a Montgomery County address as her address. Father answered and filed 

counterclaims, including a motion to dismiss based on Mother’s failure to file 

financial statements. The court dismissed the complaint, but Father’s counterclaim 

 

5 Each separate bullet represents B.’s movement between countries, and we have filled in 

the gaps with dates and information regarding court proceedings or the parents’ 

movements. 

6 As required, her notarized verification states that “I, Nafissatou S. Garba, being duly 

sworn under oath, depose and say that I have read and understand the contents of the 

Complaint and that the contents are true to the best of my knowledge, information and 

belief.” 
4

for divorce and custody proceeded. In August, and in parallel, Mother sought an ex 

parte divorce and custody in Niger, and on September 16, 2014, the Nigerien court 

granted divorce and sole physical and legal custody to Mother. 

 October 5, 2014: Mother and B. traveled to Maryland. On October 13, Mother 

applied for a visa for Sudan so she could undertake a new United Nations 

assignment. Her initial Sudanese assignment would be in Darfur, but since it was a 

non-family mission, B. could not go with her. Mother enrolled B. in a Maryland 

preschool on October 14, 2014,7and he started school on October 21. On October 

26, Mother returned to Ethiopia, while B. remained in Maryland with Mother’s 

mother. Mother came back to Maryland on November 14, 2014, then went back to 

Ethiopia in November. 

On December 2, 2014, the Circuit Court for Montgomery County held a pendente 

lite hearing and subsequently ordered temporary sole physical and legal custody to 

Father. 

 December 12, 2014: Mother’s mother took B. to Niger. There is conflicting 

testimony as to which day B. left school,8 but it is undisputed that Mother called the 

school on December 15 stating that B. was out of the country due to an emergency. 

On December 16, Mother relocated to Darfur, Sudan. 

Also on December 16, Father filed a report with the Montgomery County Police 

Department alleging that Mother had illegally removed B. from the United States. 

Detective Kevin Conroy investigated the complaint and maintained email contact 

with Mother throughout the investigation. During the email conversations, 

Detective Conroy explained to Mother that the circuit court had granted temporary 

custody to Father. Mother initially complained that she wasn’t served with the 

order, then claimed the court order didn’t apply to her because B. had often lived 

 

7 The principal of the preschool testified at trial. There is conflicting testimony as to 

whether Mother signed B.’s enrollment contract on October 14 or 15, but the difference 

doesn’t matter for our purposes. 

8 The school principal testified that B. was last seen at the school on Friday, December 12. 

Mother testified that the principal was lying, and that B. left for New York (presumably to 

fly from New York to Niger) early in the morning of December 11. 
5

outside of the United States. Eventually, Mother disclosed that B. was in Niger with 

her mother and agreed to bring him to the United States on February 12, 2015. 

Meanwhile, on December 29, Mother filed for a Sudanese visa for B. using his 

United States passport. She had recently requested a transfer to Khartoum, Sudan 

at a family mission site where B. could join her. Mother responded on January 29, 

2015 to Father’s claims for divorce and custody in the circuit court, and moved to 

vacate the pendente lite custody order.9 On February 6, 2015, Mother again filed 

for a Sudanese visa for B., this time using his Nigerois passport because the prior 

request was taking too long.

 February 12, 2015: Mother and B. returned to Maryland. Father immediately took 

physical custody of B., and B. has since been living with Father.10 

On March 6, 2015, the circuit court held a hearing on Mother’s January 29 motion 

to vacate the pendente lite order. At that time, Mother was living in Darfur, and the court 

denied her motion. A trial on the merits was held on March 23-24 and April 15-16,11 and 

on May 4, 2015, the circuit court ordered sole physical and legal custody to Father.12 The 

court found, among other things, that Mother listed a Germantown address as her address 

 

9 The court had entered default against Mother on September 30, 2014 for failure to respond 

to Father’s July 7, 2014 counterclaims. Mother successfully petitioned to vacate the order 

of default on February 13, 2015.

10 Mother and Father testified that Father took physical custody on February 13, 2015. At 

the time of their testimony, B. remained with Father. During oral argument on December 

4, 2015, the parties stipulated that B. was still in the physical custody of Father. 

11 Mother testified at trial on March 24, April 15, and April 16.

12 The court ordered Mother to pay $10,000 toward Father’s attorneys’ fees and to pay 

child support of $800 per month. She has not challenged those decisions here, except to 

the extent they are subsumed in the jurisdictional question.
6

(a house that she owned and still owns), that she pays taxes in Maryland and the United 

States, that she has no fixed address when she is on assignment in Africa, and that her 

missions to Africa were temporary, and in the nature of military deployments. Mother filed 

a timely Notice of Appeal. 

II. DISCUSSION

Mother challenges the circuit court’s decision that Maryland is B.’s “home state” 

under the UCCJEA. If she’s right, the circuit court lacked jurisdiction to make the initial 

custody determination at all. See Drexler v. Bornman, 217 Md. App. 355, 360 (2014). 

Instead of Maryland, Mother contends that Ethiopia is B.’s “home state” because he had 

been living in Ethiopia for almost a year at the time Mother filed for a custody 

determination.13

Father frames the issue, correctly, as “whether the court’s determination that 

Maryland is the home state is clearly erroneous.” From there, though, he points us to the 

Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child 

 

13 Mother phrased the issue in her brief as follows: 

Did the trial court have subject matter jurisdiction to make an 

initial child custody determination under UCCJEA § 9.5-201 

when Ethiopia was the “home state” of the child under 

UCCJEA § 9.5-201(h) because the child had lived in Ethiopia 

with Appellant, his mother, beginning April 16, 2013, nearly a 

year before Appellant commenced this action on February 7, 

2014? 
7

Abduction (the “Hague Convention”) and characterizes the “threshold issue” as “whether 

the parents had a shared intention for the child’s Country of Habitual Residence... [to be] 

the United States of America or Ethiopia.”

14 He describes the UCCJEA as “a [c]hoice of 

[f]orum [s]tatute and not an [e]xclusive [j]urisdiction [s]tatute.” And he argues that the 

Ethiopian courts could not exercise jurisdiction in any event because no proceedings had 

been initiated there, because Mother’s relocation to Sudan foreclosed the possibility of 

proceedings in Ethiopia now, and because any Ethiopian court decree would be 

unenforceable here because “only religious courts following Sharia may hear family law 

matters.”

15

 

 

14 The circuit court was not asked to decide whether Mother abducted B., and so no such 

issue is before us. We recognize that Father offers the Hague Convention as an analogue 

to help resolve cross-border UCCJEA cases like this, but as we will explain, we disagree 

that the potential involvement of other countries changes the threshold legal question. 

15 The potential applicability of Sharia—Islamic law—ultimately is irrelevant. But 

although we don’t purport to have conducted a thorough analysis of Ethiopian law, Father’s 

claim that family law matters can only be decided in religious courts in Ethiopia appears 

on its face to be wrong. His own source, an introduction to the Ethiopian legal system, 

recognizes that there is “formal legal pluralism” between civil and religious courts in 

family law matters. See Girmachew Alemu Aneme, Introduction to the Ethiopian Legal 

System and Legal Research, (published August/September 2010), § 2.2.5, at 

http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Ethiopia.html#religiouscourts. That overview 

does not say, however, that religious courts have exclusive jurisdiction. And, to the 

contrary, the Ethiopian federal legislature passed a civil Family Code in 2000 that 

recognizes civil and religious marriages (as well as “irregular unions”) and, among other 

things, provides that “[f]rom the time the petition for divorce is brought before it, the court 

shall forthwith give appropriate order regarding the maintenance of the spouses, the 

custody and maintenance of their children and the management of their property.” The 

Revised Family Code Proclamation, Federal Negrit Gazetta, Extra Ordinary Issue No. 

1/2000, Article 82(2)(5), http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4c0ccc052.pdf.
8

Because this case turns on the interpretation and application of Maryland 

constitutional, statutory, or case law, “[this] Court must determine whether the trial court’s 

conclusions are ‘legally correct’ under a de novo standard of review.” See Schisler v. State, 

394 Md. 519, 535 (2006).

A. B. Was Physically Present In Maryland At The Time Of Filing 

And For Most Of The Preceding Six Months.

Effective October 1, 2004, Maryland adopted the UCCJEA as Title 9.5 of the 

Maryland Family Law Article (“FL”) (1999, 2006 Repl. Vol.). This enactment replaced 

the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (“UCCJA”), FL § 9-223 (1984, 1999 Repl. 

Vol.). Comment to Section 1 of the UCCJEA borrows language from the UCCJA and 

delineates the uniform law’s overarching goals:

(1) Avoid jurisdictional competition and conflict with courts of 

other States in matters of child custody which have in the 

past resulted in the shifting of children from State to State 

with harmful effects on their well-being;

(2) Promote cooperation with the courts of other States to the 

end that a custody decree is rendered in that State which 

can best decide the case in the interest of the child;

(3) Discourage the use of the interstate system for continuing 

controversies over child custody;

(4) Deter abductions of children;

(5) Avoid relitigation of custody decisions of other States in 

this State; [and]

(6) Facilitate the enforcement of custody decrees of other 

States.

UCCJEA, 9 Part 1A U.L.A. § 101, cmt. (1999).
9

Under the UCCJA, there was no hierarchy among the potential bases for 

jurisdiction, so courts in different states could simultaneously exercise jurisdiction and 

parties could forum-shop. The UCCJEA remedied this problem by providing that the 

child’s “home state” has exclusive jurisdiction to make initial custody determinations. In 

so many words, a court of this State has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody 

determination only if:

this State is the home state of the child on the date of the 

commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the 

child within 6 months before the commencement of the 

proceeding and the child is absent from this State but a parent 

or person acting as a parent continues to live in this State.

FL § 9.5-201(a)(1).16 

The UCCJEA defines the child’s “home state” as “the State in which a child lived 

with a parent or a person acting as a parent for at least 6 consecutive months, including any 

temporary absence, immediately before the commencement of a child custody 

proceeding.” FL § 9.5-101(h)(1). The Act does not define the term “lived,” although

courts generally have construed it to mean the place where the child is “physically present”

and distinguished it from the legal concept of domicile. See, e.g., Powell v. Stover, 165 

S.W.3d 322, 326 (Tex. 2005); In re Marriage of Rhoads, 209 S.W.3d 24, 29 (Mo. Ct. App. 

2006) (“The phrase ‘lived with’ is a commonplace term having no technical meaning, and 

 

16 There are two exceptions to this rule that don’t apply in this case.
10

it means literally what it says. It refers to the child’s physical presence in a state without 

regard for the child’s legal residence or domicile.” (internal quotations and citations 

omitted)). If there is a home state, then no other state may exercise jurisdiction to make an 

initial custody order. FL § 9.5-201(a); see Toland v. Futagi, 425 Md. 365, 373 (2012) 

(noting the consistency between the UCCJEA and the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act, 

28 U.S.C. 1738A, which gives “exclusive jurisdiction to the home state, so as to avoid 

concurrent jurisdiction with another state”). And as we explain below, we agree with the 

circuit court that Maryland is B.’s home state under these circumstances.

Mother filed her complaint on February 7, 2014, the day she and B. returned to 

Ethiopia after visiting M. for his birthday, so on the day of filing, B. was physically present 

in Maryland. During the preceding six months, B. and Mother traveled back and forth 

twice between Ethiopia and Maryland for birthday celebrations; of those six months, B.

spent at least four in Maryland.

17

 At that most fundamental level, then, B. was physically 

in Maryland for the greatest amount of time during the six months prior to Mother’s filing, 

whether we measure that in consecutive (three to four months) or cumulative (four to five

months) terms.

18

 

 

17 Mother has never initiated a custody proceeding, civil or religious, in Ethiopia. 

18 During the six months leading up to Mother commencing this action on February 7, 

2014, B. was only in Ethiopia for a short time. The record states that B. left Ethiopia to 

come to Maryland for his second birthday, and remained here until November 24, 2013; 

the record indicates that he arrived here in August 2014, but not the exact date. The record 

also reflects that he was in Ethiopia from November 24, 2013 to January 11, 2014.
11

These facts alone, however, don’t necessarily solve the issue. B. was not 

continuously present in Maryland during the six months prior to Mother’s complaint. And 

Mother takes the position that she and B. lived in Ethiopia and only visited Maryland 

during this time period, not the other way around. Putting aside, for the moment, Mother’s 

sworn statement in her complaint that she lived in Maryland at the time of filing, we must 

determine next whether B.’s visits here between August 2013 and February 2014 were 

visits from his home in Ethiopia or whether his trips to Ethiopia were “temporary absences” 

from his home here in Maryland. 

B. B.’s Overseas Stays Were Temporary Absences.

The UCCJEA does not define “temporary absence” for purposes of FL § 9.5-

101(h)(1), but courts have developed three tests to determine whether absences are

temporary or permanent: duration, intent, and totality of the circumstances. Some courts 

focus solely on the length of the absence. Other courts consider the intent of the parties, 

specifically whether parties intended to be away for a limited amount of time and which

state they viewed as their place of permanent domicile. 

 

After filing the complaint, Mother returned to Ethiopia for eight months before 

again returning to Maryland. Upon returning, Mother enrolled B. in a Maryland preschool, 

where he remained until his grandmother transported him to Niger, and then Mother moved 

B. to Darfur. This latter stint in Ethiopia is not relevant to the home state analysis, though, 

because it occurred after Mother filed her complaint in Maryland. And even if it were, 

Mother’s decision to enroll B. in a Maryland preschool, which we also have not considered, 

would have come into play as well.
12

This Court has adopted a more flexible approach. In Drexler v. Bornman, 217 Md. 

App. 355, cert. denied, 440 Md. 116 (2014), we “agree[d] with those state appellate courts 

that have concluded that the proper way to determine if a child’s absence from a state is a 

‘temporary’ one, under the [UCCJEA], is to examine all of the circumstances surrounding 

that absence.” Id. at 362. In that case, the child bounced between Maryland and Indiana 

throughout his life, and lived in Indiana for a year and five months prior to the child custody 

action, which was filed in Maryland by the mother’s parents. Id. at 357, 359. Within six 

months of the filing, the mother and child spent a week in Maryland, and we were asked to 

decide if that absence from Indiana was temporary. Id. at 357. Testimony revealed that 

the mother wanted to move from Indiana because her “relationship with her girlfriend had 

begun to ‘deteriorate,’” and that the mother and child did move to Maryland, but left some 

personal items in Indiana in storage. Id. at 358. Although the grandmother testified that 

the mother intended to stay in Maryland at the time of her move, the mother reconciled 

with her former girlfriend within a week after relocating, and so the mother and child 

returned to Indiana. Id. at 358-59.

After weighing the different approaches other states had taken to the question, we 

adopted a totality of the circumstances test to “examine all the circumstances surrounding 

[the] absence,” an analysis that encompasses these considerations: “the duration of the 

absence and whether the parties intended the absence to be permanent or temporary, as 

well as ‘additional circumstances that may be presented in the multiplicity of factual 

settings in which child custody jurisdictional issues may arise.’” Id. at 362 (quoting Chick 
13

v. Chick, 164 N.C. App. 444, 450 (2004); id. at 362 n.5 (citing In re Marriage of 

McDermott, 175 Wash. App. 467 (2013); In re S.M., 938 S.W.2d 910 (Mo. Ct. App. 1997); 

In re Marriage of Richardson, 255 Ill. App. 3d 1099 (1993)). We embraced this approach

over more rigid tests because it “provides courts with the necessary flexibility” to make 

child custody jurisdiction determinations, Drexler, 217 Md. App. at 363, and to assign the

appropriate weight to each factor.19

The question in this case turns less on the relative duration of B.’s time in 

Maryland—which, as a percentage, was much greater than the time the child in Drexler

spent here, id.—than on the reason why Mother, and thus B., was absent from Maryland. 

Purpose is different than intent, a subjective concept that we found less compelling in 

Drexler. See id. at 634 (finding the mother’s move from Indiana to Maryland “obviously 

tentative, seemingly impulsive, and completely dependent upon what future course her 

relationship with her then former girlfriend took”). To the contrary, we can see the purpose 

of Mother’s travels in this case from the objective and undisputed facts before the circuit 

court. See Andrea Charlow, There’s No Place Like Home: Temporary Absences in the 

UCCJEA Home State, 28 J. AM. ACAD. MATRIM. LAW 25, 47-49 (2015) (“Although 

purpose may not always be easy to ascertain, objective criteria could be used to determine 

whether, at the time the action was commenced, the child was absent for a visit, vacation, 

 

19 Courts may examine these factors in any order, and the order doesn’t necessarily indicate 

a factor’s relative weight. 
14

or for a short period for some other purpose that would indicate the absence is temporary . 

. . . Eliminating investigation into the mental state of the parents should simplify the 

inquiry.”). Mother owns (and never sold) a house in Maryland, pays taxes in Maryland, 

and leaves Maryland for work. Mother’s postings to Africa are a fundamental feature of 

her job with the United Nations and are, by design, temporary—she went to each country 

for a year at a time, each assignment was finite in duration, and Mother has been posted to 

at least three different countries over the life of this case. Mother’s absences from 

Maryland (incidentally, the state she claimed in this complaint as her domicile) flowed 

from the structure of her employment, and there is no suggestion in this record that she 

planned to change careers or not to return to Maryland. 

We noted as well in Drexler, in rejecting the mother’s claim that she intended to 

move to Maryland, that the mother “took no steps to finalize or formalize her intent to stay 

in Maryland.” Drexler, 217 Md. App. at 365. Here, Mother took no steps to finalize or 

formalize her intent to leave Maryland. She had an apartment and driver’s license in 

Ethiopia, and she has dwellings and driving privileges in several countries (United States, 

Ethiopia, Sudan, and Niger). Moreover, her apartment in Ethiopia was rented, while her 

homes in Maryland and Niger are owned. She has citizenship in the United States and 

Niger, but not in Ethiopia. She has Maryland-based bank accounts and pays Maryland 

taxes. Her mother, sister, older son, and ex-husband all live in Maryland, and she sent B.

to spend birthdays with his Maryland family. Mother returned to Maryland frequently even 

when she lived in New York City, and also from Guinea-Bissau to give birth. And most 
15

strikingly, Mother originated this action in Maryland courts, specifically in Montgomery 

County where she owns her home, touting her Maryland residency as the basis for 

jurisdiction.20 Viewed in totality, we agree with the circuit court that the circumstances of 

this case support a finding that Mother’s (and, therefore, B.’s) absences during the period 

before filing were temporary, and therefore that Maryland is his home state for purposes 

of the UCCJEA. And because the home state finding is the only decision that Mother 

challenges on appeal, we need not address the merits of the court’s custody ruling or any 

other aspect of this divorce proceeding.

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT 

COURT FOR MONTGOMERY 

COUNTY AFFIRMED. COSTS TO 

BE PAID BY APPELLANT.

 

20 Mother also initiated divorce and custody proceedings in Niger, where they were 

married, and told the Niger courts that she lived in Maryland.