* The Honorable James M. Rosenbaum, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the District of Minnesota. 

## United States Court of Appeals FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________ No. 05-2158

___________ United States of America, *
* Appellee, * Appeal from the United States * District Court for the District v. * of Minnesota.
* Robert Rydell Williams, * [PUBLISHED]
* Appellant. *

___________ Submitted: November 14, 2005 Filed: December 9, 2005

___________ Before WOLLMAN, FAGG, and MELLOY, Circuit Judges.

___________ PER CURIAM. After a trooper stopped a car for speeding and found cocaine inside, the Government charged the car’s owner a nd passenger, Robert Rydell Williams, with conspiracy to distribute cocaine and attemp ted distribution of cocaine. Williams filed a motion to suppress the drugs asserting the traffic stop was the product of racial profiling and violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights. Following three evidentiary hearings, a magistrate judge recommended that Williams’s motion to suppress be granted. The district court * disagreed, holding that even if the trooper engaged in-2- racial profiling as the magistrate conclude d, there was no basis to suppress the cocaine because Williams voluntarily consented to the search resulting in the cocaine’s seizure, purging any taint that may have inf ected the original stop. Accordingly, the district court denied Williams’s motion to suppress. A jury convicted Williams. Williams now appeals the denial of his suppression motion. We affirm.

A trooper stopped Williams’s car for speed ing. During routine questioning of the driver and Williams, the trooper became suspicious based on their contradictory and vague answers about their trip. Ne vertheless, the trooper gave the driver a warning ticket, returned her license and registration, and told her “to watch her speed and have a safe trip.” The trooper then as ked the driver whethe r he could ask her a few more questions and search the vehicle, and she agreed. After informing Williams he was not required to consent to a search , the trooper also obtained Williams’s verbal and written consent. During the search, th e trooper found some detergent boxes in the back of the vehicle that had been opened a nd resealed. About a half an hour after the initial stop, the trooper asked Williams whether he could open the boxes, and Williams agreed. Inside the boxes, the tr ooper found about five kilograms of cocaine. Williams was arrested and acknowledge d the cocaine belonged to him.

A traffic stop is constitutional, regardle ss of the officer’s subjective intent, if the officer had probable cause to believe a traffic violation occurred. United States v. Gomez-Serena , 368 F.3d 1037, 1041 (8 thCir. 2004) (defendant who conceded officer had probable cause to conduct traffic stop failed to show officer stopped him solely on account of race) (citing Whren v. United States , 517 U.S. 806 (1996)). A trooper who sees a traffic violation has pr obable cause to stop the vehicle and conduct a reasonable investigation. United States v. Sanchez , 417 F.3d 971, 974 (8 thCir. 2005). A reasonable investigation incl udes requesting asking the driver and passengers about their destinati on, route, and purpose. Id. at 975. If an encounter after a traffic stop’s completion is consen sual, then an officer may ask questions-3- unrelated to the stop and request consent to search the vehicle. United States v. Santos-Garcia , 313 F.3d 1073, 1078 (8 thCir. 2002).

Here, the district court found the o fficer had a reasonable and articulable suspicion that a traffic violation occurred . This finding is not clearly erroneous. Thus, the initial stop was not unconstitutiona l as Williams contends. Gomez-Serena , 368 F.3d at 1041. Further, even if it wa s, any taint of ille gality was purged by Williams’s voluntary consent to search. See United States v. Moreno , 280 F.3d 898, 900 (8 thCir. 2002). The district court carefu lly analyzed the factors impacting the voluntariness of Williams’s consent. See id. First, the court noted the temporal proximity between the alleged illegality and the consent weighed in favor of finding Williams’s consent was an act of free will b ecause at least a half an hour elapsed by the time the officer reconfirmed William’s consent to search the boxes of laundry detergent. Second, the court concluded that interveni ng factors confirmed Williams’s consent was voluntary. Williams signed a c onsent form advising him of his right to refuse consent, and Williams studied the fo rm carefully before signing it. Further, Williams was not in custody or being detainedwhen he consented. The officer had already issued the warning ticke t and told the driver she wa s free to leave. Last, the court stated the lack of purposefulness or flagrancy of the officer’s alleged misconduct weighed in favor of a finding of voluntar iness. There was no evidence the officer stopped the car as part of a preconceived plan to obtain consent to search it, and the officer’s misidentification of the driver as white on the warning form was irrelevant to the voluntariness of Williams’s consent because the driver and Williams did not know a race-identifying box had been mismarked on the warning form. Having carefully reviewed the record, we agree with the district court’s analysis and conclude the court’s findings that Williams consented is not clearly erroneous. Id.

Williams argues the district court committed clear error in finding he did not withdraw his consent. Because the reco rd supports the finding, it is not clearly erroneous. United States v. Gray , 369 F.3d 1024, 1026 (8 thCir. 2004). At the first-4- hearing, the trooper testified he obtained Williams’s written consent to search the vehicle and reconfirmed his consent before searching the detergent boxes. Williams did not contest this testimony in any way. Months later, Willia ms argued he withdrew his consent, and on cross-examination, hi s witnesses admitted th ey never mentioned this claim when they were interviewed imme diately after their arrest. In any event, an officer who arrived on the scene as the trooper searched the detergent boxes testified he heard the trooper ask Williams whether he could search the boxes and Williams told the trooper he could. The di strict court credited this testimony.

Williams last contends the racial prof iling in this case was so outrageous that the district court should have dismissed the indictment. We disagree. As the district court stated, there is strong evidence to s uggest racial profiling could not have been a motive for the traffic stop because the trooper could not see the race of the car’s occupants. In any event, there is no ev idence of outrageous conduct that shocks the conscience of the court, necessary to es tablish a due process violation. See United States v. King , 351 F.3d 859, 867-68 (8 thCir. 2003). And, even if there was a due process violation, it is uncertain that di smissal is an appropriate remedy. See United States v. Armstrong , 517 U.S. 456, 461 n.2 (1996) (Court has not decided whether dismissal of indictment or other sancti on is proper remedy if defendant has been victim of prosecution based on race); United States v. Chavez , 281 F.3d 479, 486-87 (5 thCir. 2002) (Supreme Court has not ruled there is a suppression remedy for violations of Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause).

We have considered the arguments in Williams’s pro se brief and reject them all. We thus affirm the denial of Williams’s motion to suppress.

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