27 

Women in the Labor Force:

A Databook

U.S. Department of Labor

Hilda L. Solis, Secretary

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Keith Hall, Commissioner

December 2010

Report 1026
ii

Contents

 

Women in the Labor Force: A Databook

 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 1

Highlights .................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Statistical Tables

01. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2009 annual averages ......... 4

02. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

 1970–2009 annual averages........................................................................................................................... 7 

03. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages .................... 10 

04. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2009 annual averages ............................................................ 12 

05. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

 March 2009 ................................................................................................................................................... 13 

06. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

 or Latino ethnicity, March 2009 .................................................................................................................... 15 

07. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2009 ........................... 18 

 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational 

 attainment and sex, 2009 annual averages .................................................................................................... 21

09. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by educational attainment and sex, 

 1970–2009 ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 

10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages ........................................ 26 

11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages...................................................... 28

12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages .................. 39

13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages........................................................ 40

14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages.......................................................... 43

15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages....................... 50

16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, 

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2009 annual averages ............................................................. 51

17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years of age and over 

 by educational attainment and sex, 2009 annual averages ........................................................................... 53 

18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex, 

 2009 annual averages .................................................................................................................................... 55

19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 

 2009 annual averages .................................................................................................................................... 68 

20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2009 annual averages................................... 69

21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in nonagricultural industries by sex, 

 1976–2009 annual averages .......................................................................................................................... 73

22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2008 ........... 74

23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2008 ................................................. 75

24. Contribution of wives’ earnings to family income, 1970–2008 ...................................................................... 77

25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2008 .................................................................................. 78

26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum 

 wage by selected characteristics, 2009 annual averages ............................................................................... 79 

27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and

 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008 ................................................................................................................ 81 

28. Displaced workers by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status in 

 January 2010 ................................................................................................................................................. 83

29. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary workers by age and sex,

 selected years, 1996–2010 ............................................................................................................................ 84 

 Page
iii

Contents—Continued

 Page

 

Statistical Tables—Continued 

30. Labor force status of 2009 high school graduates and 2008–09 high school dropouts 16 to 24 

 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2009 .....................................................................................85

31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational attainment, 

 October 2009 .....................................................................................................................................................86 

32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, 1994–2009 annual averages......................87 

33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2009 annual averages .......88

34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by native- and foreign-born status, age, 

 and sex, 2009 annual averages ...........................................................................................................................89 

	 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2009 .........................

36. Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and over by sex and period of service, 2009 

 annual averages ..................................................................................................................................................93

37. Employment status of persons with disabilities by sex and age, 2009 annual averages .....................................95

Technical Note ................................................................................................................................................................96 
1

Women in the Labor Force: 

A Databook

Introduction

Highlights

The past several decades have been marked by notable 

changes in women’s labor force activities. Women’s 

labor force participation is significantly higher today 

than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women with 

children, and a larger share of women work full time and 

year round than in past decades. In addition, women have 

increasingly attained higher levels of education: among 

women age 25 to 64 who are in the labor force, the proportion with a college degree roughly tripled from 1970 to 

2009. Women’s earnings as a proportion of men’s earnings 

also have grown over time. In 1979, women working full 

time earned 62 percent of what men did; in 2009, women’s 

earnings were 80 percent of men’s. The women’s-to-men’s 

earnings ratio peaked at 81 percent in 2005–06, edging down 

to 80 percent in 2007, where it has remained through 2009. 

Three additional data tables are being introduced to the 2010 

edition of Women in the Labor Force: A Databook; the new 

tables provide information on women by employee tenure 

(table 29), employment status of veterans (table 36), and 

persons with a disability (table 37).

This report presents historical and current labor force 

and earnings data for women and men from the Current 

Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a national monthly 

survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the 

U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Unless otherwise noted, data are annual averages from the 

CPS. Users should note that the comparisons of earnings in 

this report are on a broad level and do not control for many 

factors that may be significant in explaining earnings differences. For a detailed description of the source of the data 

and an explanation of concepts and definitions used, see the 

Technical Note at the end of this report.

• In 2009, 59.2 percent of women were in the labor force, 

and this share has been relatively stable over the past 

several years. Women’s labor force participation rate 

peaked at 60 percent in 1999, following several decades 

of growth in women’s labor market participation. (See 

tables 1 and 2.)

• In 2009, the overall unemployment rate for women was 

8.1 percent, but rates varied by race and Hispanic ethnicity. Asian women had the lowest rate (6.6 percent), 

followed by White (7.3 percent), Hispanic (11.5 percent), 

and Black (12.4 percent) women. (See tables 1, 2, and 3.)

• From March 1975 to March 2000, the labor force participation rate of mothers with children under 18 years of age 

rose from 47.4 percent to a peak of 72.9 percent. (These 

data were collected each March by the CPS.) By 2005, 

the participation rate for mothers had receded to 70.5 

percent. From 2005 to 2009, the labor force participation 

rate edged back up, to 71.6 percent. (See tables 6 and 7.)

• In general, mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of 

age, none younger) are more likely to participate in the 

labor force than mothers with younger children (under 6 

years of age), and unmarried mothers have higher participation rates than married mothers. In March 2009, 75.8 

percent of unmarried mothers were in the labor force, 

compared with 69.8 percent of married mothers. (See 

tables 6 and 7.)

• The educational attainment of women in the labor force 

age 25 to 64 rose substantially from 1970 to 2009. Thirtysix percent of these women held college degrees in 2009, 

compared with 11 percent in 1970. Only 7 percent of 

women were high school dropouts in 2009, down from 

34 percent in 1970. (See table 9.)

• In 2009, women accounted for 51 percent of all people 

employed in management, professional, and related 

occupations, somewhat more than their share of total 

employment (47 percent). The share of women in specific 

occupations within this broad category varied. For example, 6 percent of construction managers and 32 percent 

of lawyers were women, while 62 percent of accountants 

and 82 percent of elementary and middle school teachers 

were women. (See table 11.)

• Employed Asian women were more likely to work in the 

higher paying management, professional, and related occupations in 2009 than were employed White, Black, or 

Hispanic women. Forty-seven percent of Asian women 

worked in managerial and professional jobs compared 

with 41 percent of White women, 34 percent of Black 

women, and 25 percent of Hispanic women. Meanwhile, 
2

Hispanic (32 percent) and Black (29 percent) women 

were more likely than White and Asian women to work 

in service occupations (20 and 21 percent, respectively). 

(See table 12.)

• In 2009, women accounted for more than half of all workers within several industry sectors: financial activities, 

education and health services, leisure and hospitality, 

and other services. However, women were substantially 

underrepresented (relative to their share of total employment) in agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, 

and transportation and utilities. (See table 14.)

• Women who worked full time in wage and salary jobs had 

median weekly earnings of $657 in 2009. This represented 

80 percent of men’s median weekly earnings ($819). 

Earnings of Asian ($779) and White ($669) women were 

substantially higher than the earnings of their Black 

($582) and Hispanic ($509) counterparts. Women’s-tomen’s earnings ratios were higher among Blacks (94 

percent) and Hispanics (90 percent) than among Whites 

(79 percent) and Asians (82 percent). (See table 16.)

• In 2009, female full-time wage and salary workers age 

25 and older who only had a high school diploma had 

median usual weekly earnings of $542. This represented 

80 percent of the earnings for women with an associate’s 

degree ($674), and 56 percent of the earnings for women 

with a bachelor’s degree or higher ($970). (See table 17.)

• In 2009, 27 percent of employed women usually worked 

part time—fewer than 35 hours per week. In comparison, 

11 percent of employed men usually worked part time. 

(See table 20.)

• Women in nonagricultural industries worked an average 

of 35.3 hours per week in 2009. The average workweek 

for men in nonagricultural industries was 40.1 hours. (See 

table 21.)

• Of all women who worked at some point during calendar 

year 2008, 59 percent worked full time and year round, 

compared with 41 percent who did the same in 1970. During the same period, the proportion of men who worked 

full time and year round grew from 66 to 71 percent. (See 

table 22.) (These data were collected in the 1971 and 2009 

Annual Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and 

refer to work experience during the prior calendar year.)

• Both the wife and husband had earnings from work in 57 

percent of married-couple families in 2008, an increase of 

13 percentage points from 1967 (the first year data were 

available). Couples in which only the husband worked 

represented 18 percent of married-couple families in 

2008, compared with 36 percent in 1967. (See table 23.) 

(These data were collected in the 1968 and 2009 Annual 

Social and Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect 

earnings and work experience of the prior calendar year.)

• In 2008, working wives contributed 36 percent of their 

families’ incomes, up by 9 percentage points from 1970, 

when wives’ earnings accounted for 27 percent of their 

families’ total income. The proportion of wives earning 

more than their husbands also has grown. In 1987, 18 

percent of working wives whose husbands also worked 

earned more than their spouses; in 2008, the proportion 

was 27 percent. (See tables 24 and 25.) (These data were 

collected in the 1971, 1988, and 2009 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplements to the CPS and reflect earnings 

and work experience of the prior calendar year.)

• In 2009, approximately 2.2 million women who were paid 

at an hourly rate had earnings at or below the prevailing 

Federal minimum wage. This represented 6 percent of all 

women paid at an hourly rate. Among women 25 years 

and older who were paid hourly rates, 4 percent had earnings at or below the minimum wage, compared with 15 

percent of women age 16 to 24. (On July 24, 2009, the 

Federal minimum wage level rose from $6.55 to $7.25 

an hour. Data in this report reflect the average number of 

workers who earned $6.55 or less per hour from January 

2009 through July 2009 and those who earned $7.25 or 

less from August 2009 through the end of the year.) (See 

table 26.)

• Among workers who were in the labor force for at least 

27 weeks in 2008, nearly the same number of women and 

men lived in poverty (4.5 and 4.4 million, respectively). 

The working-poor rate, however, continued to be higher 

for women than for men—6.5 percent compared with 

5.6 percent. Black and Hispanic women who were in 

the labor force for 27 weeks or more were significantly 

more likely than their White or Asian counterparts to be 

among the working poor. The poverty rates for Black and 

Hispanic working women were 12.7 percent and 12.1 

percent, respectively, compared with 5.5 percent and 4.9 

percent, respectively, for White and Asian women. (See 

table 27.) (Data are from the 2009 Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement to the CPS and reflect earnings 

and work experience of the prior calendar year.)

• From January 2007 through December 2009, 6.9 million 

workers were displaced from jobs they had held for at 

least 3 years; men accounted for about 60 percent of those 

displaced. Women were as likely as men to have found 

a new job at the time of the survey in January 2010: the 

reemployment rate for both men and women was 49 percent. However, women were less likely to be unemployed 

than men, 31 and 39 percent, respectively. Women were 

almost twice as likely as men to have left the labor force, 

20 versus 12 percent. (See table 28.) (Data are from the 

January 2010 Displaced Worker Supplement to the CPS.)
3

• In January 2010, the median number of years that female 

wage and salary workers had been with their employer 

was 4.2 years, compared with 4.6 years for their male 

counterparts. Among both women and men, tenure at a 

job was greater for workers age 45 and older. (See table 

29.) (Data are from the January 2010 Displaced Worker 

Supplement to the CPS.)

• Among 2009 high school graduates, young women (74 

percent) were more likely than young men (66 percent) 

to be enrolled in college in October 2009. (See table 30.) 

(Data are from the October 2009 School Enrollment 

Supplement to the CPS.)

• In October 2009, 41.6 percent of women age 16 to 24 who 

were enrolled in either high school or college were in the 

labor force. Young men of the same age group who were 

enrolled in school had a lower labor force participation 

rate (35.2 percent). Among those not enrolled in school, 

women were less likely to be in the labor force than men 

(72.3 percent compared with 83.8 percent). (See table 

31.) (Data are from the October 2009 School Enrollment 

Supplement to the CPS.)

• Among 16- to 24-year-old women who were not enrolled 

in school, those who did not have a high school diploma 

were significantly less likely to participate in the labor 

force than those who had a high school diploma but no 

additional education (49.6 percent compared with 68.7 

percent). Of those in the labor force, high school dropouts 

were more likely to be unemployed than high school 

graduates (31.0 percent compared with 22.2 percent). 

(See table 31.) (Data are from the October 2009 School 

Enrollment Supplement to the CPS.)

• In 2009, 5.6 percent of employed women held more than 

one job; this proportion has remained unchanged since 

2002. The 2009 multiple jobholding rate for men was 

lower, at 4.8 percent. Multiple jobholding rates for both 

women and men have been stable in recent years and 

remain below the rates recorded in the mid-1990s. (See 

table 32.)

• The percentage of working women who were selfemployed in nonagricultural industries was 5.3 percent 

in 2009, compared with 7.7 percent for men. In 2009, 

39 percent of all self-employed workers were women, 

compared with 27 percent in 1976. (See table 33.) 

• In 2009, foreign-born women were less likely than 

native-born women to be in the labor force (55.4 percent 

compared with 59.8 percent). Of those in the labor force, 

native-born women were less likely to be unemployed 

than their foreign-born counterparts (7.9 percent versus 

9.2 percent). Among men, the opposite was true. Foreignborn men were more likely than native-born men to be in 

the labor force (80.5 percent compared with 70.4 percent) 

and somewhat less likely to be unemployed (10 percent 

and 10.3 percent, respectively). (See table 34.)

• Thirteen percent of female wage and salary workers were 

represented by unions in 2009, about the same as the 

percentage for men (14 percent). Union representation 

for both sexes had been on a long term downward trend, 

reaching a low of 13.1 percent in 2006. In 2009, 13.6 

percent of all workers were represented by unions. (See 

table 35.)

• In 2009, there were 12.1 million veterans of the U.S. 

Armed Forces in the labor force. Nine percent of these 

veterans were women. Among female veterans in the 

labor force, a little more than half (54 percent) served in 

the Gulf War-era I and II service periods (August 1990 

to present). (See table 36.)

• Of the 14.8 million women with disabilities in 2009, 2.8 

million, or 19.1 percent, were in the labor force. Almost 

half of women with disabilities were age 65 and older; 4.9 

percent of them were in the labor force, compared with 

32.5 percent among those ages 16 to 64. (See table 37.)
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2009 

annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

16 to 19 years ............. 17,043 6,390 37.5 4,837 28.4 1,552 24.3 10,654

16 to 17 years......... 8,944 2,227 24.9 1,651 18.5 576 25.9 6,717

18 to 19 years......... 8,100 4,163 51.4 3,187 39.3 976 23.4 3,937

20 to 24 years............. 20,524 14,971 72.9 12,764 62.2 2,207 14.7 5,553

25 to 54 years............. 125,565 103,742 82.6 95,144 75.8 8,597 8.3 21,823

25 to 34 years......... 40,280 33,298 82.7 30,014 74.5 3,284 9.9 6,982

25 to 29 years...... 20,872 17,138 82.1 15,315 73.4 1,822 10.6 3,735

30 to 34 years...... 19,408 16,160 83.3 14,699 75.7 1,461 9.0 3,248

35 to 44 years......... 40,919 34,239 83.7 31,517 77.0 2,722 7.9 6,681

35 to 39 years...... 20,174 16,868 83.6 15,486 76.8 1,382 8.2 3,306

40 to 44 years...... 20,746 17,370 83.7 16,031 77.3 1,340 7.7 3,375

45 to 54 years 44 365 36 205 81 6 33 613 75 8 2 592 7 2 8 160

Not in 

labor 

force

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

Total, both sexes

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Total Percent of 

population

Civilian labor force

Total Percent of 

labor force

45 to 54 years......... 44,365 36,205 81.6 33,613 75.8 2,592 7.2 8,160

45 to 49 years....... 22,683 18,803 82.9 17,455 77.0 1,347 7.2 3,880

50 to 54 years...... 21,682 17,402 80.3 16,158 74.5 1,245 7.2 4,280

55 to 64 years............ 34,671 22,505 64.9 21,019 60.6 1,487 6.6 12,165

55 to 59 years......... 18,882 13,799 73.1 12,887 68.3 913 6.6 5,082

60 to 64 years......... 15,789 8,706 55.1 8,132 51.5 574 6.6 7,083

65 years and over....... 37,998 6,534 17.2 6,114 16.1 421 6.4 31,464

65 to 69 years......... 11,657 3,629 31.1 3,380 29.0 249 6.8 8,028

70 to 74 years......... 8,875 1,635 18.4 1,535 17.3 100 6.1 7,240

75 years and over...... 17,466 1,271 7.3 1,199 6.9 72 5.7 16,195

4
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2009 

annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

16 to 19 years ............. 8,401 3,163 37.7 2,509 29.9 654 20.7 5,237

16 to 17 years......... 4,396 1,124 25.6 865 19.7 259 23.1 3,272

18 to 19 years......... 4,004 2,039 50.9 1,644 41.1 395 19.4 1,965

20 to 24 years............. 10,240 7,132 69.6 6,254 61.1 878 12.3 3,109

25 to 54 years............. 63,468 48,012 75.6 44,560 70.2 3,451 7.2 15,456

25 to 34 years......... 20,113 15,087 75.0 13,791 68.6 1,296 8.6 5,026

25 to 29 years...... 10,381 7,810 75.2 7,097 68.4 713 9.1 2,571

30 to 34 years...... 9,733 7,277 74.8 6,694 68.8 583 8.0 2,455

35 to 44 years......... 20,721 15,720 75.9 14,599 70.5 1,121 7.1 5,000

35 to 39 years...... 10,210 7,653 75.0 7,072 69.3 581 7.6 2,558

40 to 44 years...... 10,510 8,067 76.8 7,527 71.6 541 6.7 2,443

45 to 54 years......... 22,633 17,204 76.0 16,170 71.4 1,034 6.0 5,429

Civilian labor force

Not in 

labor 

Total force Total

Women

Total

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Percent of 

population

Employed

Percent of 

population

Unemployed

Percent of 

labor force

45 to 54 years......... 22,633 17,204 76.0 16,170 71.4 1,034 6.0 5,429

45 to 49 years....... 11,547 8,923 77.3 8,384 72.6 539 6.0 2,623

50 to 54 years...... 11,087 8,281 74.7 7,786 70.2 495 6.0 2,806

55 to 64 years............ 17,973 10,776 60.0 10,128 56.4 647 6.0 7,197

55 to 59 years......... 9,756 6,678 68.4 6,279 64.4 399 6.0 3,078

60 to 64 years......... 8,217 4,098 49.9 3,849 46.8 249 6.1 4,119

65 years and over....... 21,584 2,937 13.6 2,757 12.8 180 6.1 18,647

65 to 69 years......... 6,209 1,654 26.6 1,552 25.0 102 6.2 4,555

70 to 74 years......... 4,853 728 15.0 685 14.1 43 5.8 4,125

75 years and over...... 10,522 555 5.3 520 4.9 35 6.4 9,967

5
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age and sex, 2009 

annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

16 years and over ......... 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

16 to 19 years ............. 8,643 3,226 37.3 2,328 26.9 898 27.8 5,416

16 to 17 years......... 4,548 1,103 24.3 786 17.3 317 28.7 3,445

18 to 19 years......... 4,095 2,123 51.9 1,543 37.7 581 27.4 1,972

20 to 24 years............. 10,284 7,839 76.2 6,510 63.3 1,329 17.0 2,445

25 to 54 years............. 62,097 55,730 89.7 50,584 81.5 5,146 9.2 6,367

25 to 34 years......... 20,167 18,211 90.3 16,223 80.4 1,988 10.9 1,956

25 to 29 years...... 10,492 9,328 88.9 8,218 78.3 1,110 11.9 1,164

30 to 34 years...... 9,675 8,883 91.8 8,005 82.7 878 9.9 792

35 to 44 years......... 20,199 18,518 91.7 16,918 83.8 1,600 8.6 1,680

35 to 39 years...... 9,963 9,215 92.5 8,414 84.4 802 8.7 748

40 to 44 years...... 10,235 9,303 90.9 8,504 83.1 799 8.6 932

45 to 54 years......... 21,731 19,001 87.4 17,443 80.3 1,558 8.2 2,731

Age

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Total Percent of 

population

Civilian labor force

 Percent of 

labor force

Not in 

labor 

force

Men

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total

45 to 54 years......... 21,731 19,001 87.4 17,443 80.3 1,558 8.2 2,731

45 to 49 years....... 11,136 9,879 88.7 9,071 81.5 808 8.2 1,257

50 to 54 years...... 10,596 9,121 86.1 8,371 79.0 750 8.2 1,474

55 to 64 years............ 16,698 11,730 70.2 10,890 65.2 840 7.2 4,968

55 to 59 years......... 9,125 7,121 78.0 6,608 72.4 514 7.2 2,004

60 to 64 years......... 7,572 4,608 60.9 4,283 56.6 326 7.1 2,964

65 years and over....... 16,414 3,598 21.9 3,357 20.5 241 6.7 12,816

65 to 69 years......... 5,448 1,975 36.3 1,829 33.6 147 7.4 3,473

70 to 74 years......... 4,022 907 22.5 849 21.1 57 6.3 3,115

75 years and over...... 6,944 716 10.3 679 9.8 37 5.1 6,228

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

6
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970–2009 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 137,085 82,771 60.4 78,678 57.5 4,093 4.9 54,315

1971............. 140,216 84,382 60.2 79,367 56.6 5,016 5.9 55,834

1972 1

......... 144,126 87,034 60.4 82,153 57.0 4,882 5.6 57,091

1973 1

......... 147,096 89,429 60.8 85,064 57.8 4,365 4.9 57,667

1974............. 150,120 91,949 61.3 86,794 57.8 5,156 5.6 58,171

1975............. 153,153 93,775 61.2 85,846 56.1 7,929 8.5 59,377

1976............. 156,150 96,158 61.6 88,752 56.8 7,406 7.7 59,991

1977............. 159,033 99,009 62.3 92,017 57.9 6,991 7.1 60,025

1978 1

.......... 161,910 102,251 63.2 96,048 59.3 6,202 6.1 59,659

1979............ 164,863 104,962 63.7 98,824 59.9 6,137 5.8 59,900

1980............ 167,745 106,940 63.8 99,303 59.2 7,637 7.1 60,806

1981............ 170,130 108,670 63.9 100,397 59.0 8,273 7.6 61,460

1982............ 172,271 110,204 64.0 99,526 57.8 10,678 9.7 62,067

1983............ 174,215 111,550 64.0 100,834 57.9 10,717 9.6 62,665

1984............ 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839

1985............ 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744

1986 1

.......... 180,587 117,834 65.3 109,597 60.7 8,237 7.0 62,752

1987............ 182,753 119,865 65.6 112,440 61.5 7,425 6.2 62,888

Total Percent of 

labor force

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population

1988............ 184,613 121,669 65.9 114,968 62.3 6,701 5.5 62,944

1989............ 186,393 123,869 66.5 117,342 63.0 6,528 5.3 62,523

1990 1

.......... 189,164 125,840 66.5 118,793 62.8 7,047 5.6 63,324

1991............ 190,925 126,346 66.2 117,718 61.7 8,628 6.8 64,578

1992............ 192,805 128,105 66.4 118,492 61.5 9,613 7.5 64,700

1993............ 194,838 129,200 66.3 120,259 61.7 8,940 6.9 65,638

1994 1

.......... 196,814 131,056 66.6 123,060 62.5 7,996 6.1 65,758

1995............ 198,584 132,304 66.6 124,900 62.9 7,404 5.6 66,280

1996............ 200,591 133,943 66.8 126,708 63.2 7,236 5.4 66,647

1997 1

.......... 203,133 136,297 67.1 129,558 63.8 6,739 4.9 66,837

1998 1

.......... 205,220 137,673 67.1 131,463 64.1 6,210 4.5 67,547

1999 1

.......... 207,753 139,368 67.1 133,488 64.3 5,880 4.2 68,385

2000 1

.......... 212,577 142,583 67.1 136,891 64.4 5,692 4.0 69,994

2001 ............ 215,092 143,734 66.8 136,933 63.7 6,801 4.7 71,359

2002 ............ 217,570 144,863 66.6 136,485 62.7 8,378 5.8 72,707

2003 1

.......... 221,168 146,510 66.2 137,736 62.3 8,774 6.0 74,658

2004 ........... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 62.3 8,149 5.5 75,956

2005............ 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 62.7 7,591 5.1 76,762

2006............ 228,815 151,428 66.2 144,427 63.1 7,001 4.6 77,387

2007............ 231,867 153,124 66.0 146,047 63.0 7,078 4.6 78,743

2008 1

.......... 233,788 154,287 66.0 145,362 62.2 8,924 5.8 79,501

2009............ 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

 See footnote at end of table.

7
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex,

1970–2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 72,782 31,543 43.3 29,688 40.8 1,855 5.9 41,239

1971............. 74,274 32,202 43.4 29,976 40.4 2,227 6.9 42,072

1972 1

......... 76,290 33,479 43.9 31,257 41.0 2,222 6.6 42,811

1973 1

......... 77,804 34,804 44.7 32,715 42.0 2,089 6.0 43,000

1974............. 79,312 36,211 45.7 33,769 42.6 2,441 6.7 43,101

1975............. 80,860 37,475 46.3 33,989 42.0 3,486 9.3 43,386

1976............. 82,390 38,983 47.3 35,615 43.2 3,369 8.6 43,406

1977............. 83,840 40,613 48.4 37,289 44.5 3,324 8.2 43,227

1978 1

.......... 85,334 42,631 50.0 39,569 46.4 3,061 7.2 42,703

1979............ 86,843 44,235 50.9 41,217 47.5 3,018 6.8 42,608

1980............ 88,348 45,487 51.5 42,117 47.7 3,370 7.4 42,861

1981............ 89,618 46,696 52.1 43,000 48.0 3,696 7.9 42,922

1982............ 90,748 47,755 52.6 43,256 47.7 4,499 9.4 42,993

1983............ 91,684 48,503 52.9 44,047 48.0 4,457 9.2 43,181

1984............ 92,778 49,709 53.6 45,915 49.5 3,794 7.6 43,068

1985............ 93,736 51,050 54.5 47,259 50.4 3,791 7.4 42,686

1986 1

.......... 94,789 52,413 55.3 48,706 51.4 3,707 7.1 42,376

1987............ 95,853 53,658 56.0 50,334 52.5 3,324 6.2 42,195

Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force

Women

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed

1988............ 96,756 54,742 56.6 51,696 53.4 3,046 5.6 42,014

1989............ 97,630 56,030 57.4 53,027 54.3 3,003 5.4 41,601

1990 1

.......... 98,787 56,829 57.5 53,689 54.3 3,140 5.5 41,957

1991............ 99,646 57,178 57.4 53,496 53.7 3,683 6.4 42,468

1992............ 100,535 58,141 57.8 54,052 53.8 4,090 7.0 42,394

1993............ 101,506 58,795 57.9 54,910 54.1 3,885 6.6 42,711

1994 1

.......... 102,460 60,239 58.8 56,610 55.3 3,629 6.0 42,221

1995............ 103,406 60,944 58.9 57,523 55.6 3,421 5.6 42,462

1996............ 104,385 61,857 59.3 58,501 56.0 3,356 5.4 42,528

1997 1

.......... 105,418 63,036 59.8 59,873 56.8 3,162 5.0 42,382

1998 1

.......... 106,462 63,714 59.8 60,771 57.1 2,944 4.6 42,748

1999 1

.......... 108,031 64,855 60.0 62,042 57.4 2,814 4.3 43,175

2000 1

.......... 110,613 66,303 59.9 63,586 57.5 2,717 4.1 44,310

2001 ............ 111,811 66,848 59.8 63,737 57.0 3,111 4.7 44,962

2002 ............ 112,985 67,363 59.6 63,582 56.3 3,781 5.6 45,621

2003 1

.......... 114,733 68,272 59.5 64,404 56.1 3,868 5.7 46,461

2004 ........... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 56.0 3,694 5.4 47,225

2005............ 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 56.2 3,531 5.1 47,643

2006............ 118,210 70,173 59.4 66,925 56.6 3,247 4.6 48,037

2007............ 119,694 70,988 59.3 67,792 56.6 3,196 4.5 48,707

2008 1

.......... 120,675 71,767 59.5 67,876 56.2 3,891 5.4 48,908

2009............ 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

 See footnote at end of table.

8
Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and over by sex, 

1970–2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1970............. 64,304 51,228 79.7 48,990 76.2 2,238 4.4 13,076

1971............. 65,942 52,180 79.1 49,390 74.9 2,789 5.3 13,762

1972 1

......... 67,835 53,555 78.9 50,896 75.0 2,659 5.0 14,280

1973 1

......... 69,292 54,624 78.8 52,349 75.5 2,275 4.2 14,667

1974............. 70,808 55,739 78.7 53,024 74.9 2,714 4.9 15,069

1975............. 72,291 56,299 77.9 51,857 71.7 4,442 7.9 15,993

1976............. 73,759 57,174 77.5 53,138 72.0 4,036 7.1 16,585

1977............. 75,193 58,396 77.7 54,728 72.8 3,667 6.3 16,797

1978 1

.......... 76,576 59,620 77.9 56,479 73.8 3,142 5.3 16,956

1979............ 78,020 60,726 77.8 57,607 73.8 3,120 5.1 17,293

1980............ 79,398 61,453 77.4 57,186 72.0 4,267 6.9 17,945

1981............ 80,511 61,974 77.0 57,397 71.3 4,577 7.4 18,537

1982............ 81,523 62,450 76.6 56,271 69.0 6,179 9.9 19,073

1983............ 82,531 63,047 76.4 56,787 68.8 6,260 9.9 19,484

1984............ 83,605 63,835 76.4 59,091 70.7 4,744 7.4 19,771

1985............ 84,469 64,411 76.3 59,891 70.9 4,521 7.0 20,058

1986 1

.......... 85,798 65,422 76.3 60,892 71.0 4,530 6.9 20,376

1987............ 86,899 66,207 76.2 62,107 71.5 4,101 6.2 20,692

Men

Year

Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population

Civilian labor force

Not in labor 

force Total Percent of 

population

Employed Unemployed

Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

labor force

1988............ 87,857 66,927 76.2 63,273 72.0 3,655 5.5 20,930

1989............ 88,762 67,840 76.4 64,315 72.5 3,525 5.2 20,923

1990 1

.......... 90,377 69,011 76.4 65,104 72.0 3,906 5.7 21,367

1991............ 91,278 69,168 75.8 64,223 70.4 4,946 7.2 22,110

1992............ 92,270 69,964 75.8 64,440 69.8 5,523 7.9 22,306

1993............ 93,332 70,404 75.4 65,349 70.0 5,055 7.2 22,927

1994 1

.......... 94,355 70,817 75.1 66,450 70.4 4,367 6.2 23,538

1995............ 95,178 71,360 75.0 67,377 70.8 3,983 5.6 23,818

1996............ 96,206 72,087 74.9 68,207 70.9 3,880 5.4 24,119

1997 1

.......... 97,715 73,261 75.0 69,685 71.3 3,577 4.9 24,454

1998 1

.......... 98,758 73,959 74.9 70,693 71.6 3,266 4.4 24,799

1999 1

.......... 99,722 74,512 74.7 71,446 71.6 3,066 4.1 25,210

2000 1

.......... 101,964 76,280 74.8 73,305 71.9 2,975 3.9 25,684

2001 ............ 103,282 76,886 74.4 73,196 70.9 3,690 4.8 26,396

2002 ............ 104,585 77,500 74.1 72,903 69.7 4,597 5.9 27,085

2003 1

.......... 106,435 78,238 73.5 73,332 68.9 4,906 6.3 28,197

2004 ........... 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 69.2 4,456 5.6 28,730

2005............ 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 69.6 4,059 5.1 29,119

2006............ 110,605 81,255 73.5 77,502 70.1 3,753 4.6 29,350

2007............ 112,173 82,136 73.2 78,254 69.8 3,882 4.7 30,036

2008 1

.......... 113,113 82,520 73.0 77,486 68.5 5,033 6.1 30,593

2009............ 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability section of the

Household Data technical documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

9
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

White

Total, 16 years and over......... 190,902 125,644 65.8 114,996 60.2 10,648 8.5 65,258

 16 to 19 years.................. 13,035 5,295 40.6 4,138 31.7 1,157 21.8 7,740

 20 to 24 years.................... 15,963 11,995 75.1 10,438 65.4 1,556 13.0 3,969

 25 to 54 years.................. 100,014 83,444 83.4 77,085 77.1 6,359 7.6 16,571

 55 to 64 years.................. 29,022 19,199 66.2 17,978 61.9 1,221 6.4 9,823

 65 years and over.............. 32,867 5,711 17.4 5,357 16.3 355 6.2 27,156

 Women, 16 years and over... 97,469 57,593 59.1 53,366 54.8 4,227 7.3 39,876

 16 to 19 years.................... 6,391 2,616 40.9 2,134 33.4 482 18.4 3,775

 20 to 24 years................... 7,887 5,647 71.6 5,060 64.2 587 10.4 2,240

 25 to 54 years.................... 49,787 37,765 75.9 35,287 70.9 2,479 6.6 12,022

 55 to 64 years................... 14,868 9,039 60.8 8,513 57.3 526 5.8 5,829

 65 years and over.............. 18,535 2,525 13.6 2,373 12.8 153 6.0 16,010

 Men, 16 years and over......... 93,433 68,051 72.8 61,630 66.0 6,421 9.4 25,382

 16 to 19 years................... 6,644 2,679 40.3 2,004 30.2 675 25.2 3,965

 20 to 24 years.................. 8,076 6,348 78.6 5,379 66.6 969 15.3 1,729

 25 to 54 years.................... 50,227 45,678 90.9 41,798 83.2 3,880 8.5 4,548

 55 to 64 years.................. 14,154 10,160 71.8 9,465 66.9 695 6.8 3,994

 65 years and over............... 14,332 3,186 22.2 2,984 20.8 202 6.3 11,145

Black or 

Af i A i

Race, age, sex, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

African American

Total, 16 years and over......... 28,241 17,632 62.4 15,025 53.2 2,606 14.8 10,609

 16 to 19 years.................. 2,684 729 27.2 442 16.5 288 39.5 1,954

 20 to 24 years.................. 2,973 1,961 66.0 1,474 49.6 488 24.9 1,012

 25 to 54 years.................. 15,749 12,451 79.1 10,830 68.8 1,621 13.0 3,298

 55 to 64 years.................. 3,596 1,995 55.5 1,827 50.8 168 8.4 1,601

 65 years and over............... 3,239 495 15.3 453 14.0 42 8.5 2,744

 Women, 16 years and over... 15,536 9,367 60.3 8,208 52.8 1,159 12.4 6,169

 16 to 19 years.................. 1,357 379 27.9 252 18.6 127 33.4 978

 20 to 24 years.................. 1,563 1,008 64.5 784 50.2 223 22.2 555

 25 to 54 years.................. 8,632 6,626 76.8 5,911 68.5 715 10.8 2,007

 55 to 64 years.................. 2,004 1,091 54.4 1,014 50.6 77 7.1 913

 65 years and over............... 1,979 264 13.3 246 12.5 17 6.6 1,715

 Men, 16 years and over......... 12,705 8,265 65.0 6,817 53.7 1,448 17.5 4,441

 16 to 19 years.................. 1,326 350 26.4 189 14.3 161 46.0 976

 20 to 24 years.................. 1,410 954 67.6 689 48.9 264 27.7 457

 25 to 54 years.................. 7,116 5,825 81.9 4,919 69.1 907 15.6 1,291

 55 to 64 years.................. 1,592 904 56.8 813 51.1 91 10.1 688

 65 years and over............... 1,260 231 18.3 206 16.4 24 10.6 1,029

10
Table 3. Employment status by race, age, sex, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual 

averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total Percent of 

labor force 

Asian

Total, 16 years and over......... 10,842 7,156 66.0 6,635 61.2 522 7.3 3,685

 16 to 19 years.................. 632 131 20.8 97 15.3 35 26.4 501

 20 to 24 years.................. 855 485 56.7 428 50.0 57 11.8 370

 25 to 54 years.................. 6,589 5,364 81.4 5,011 76.0 354 6.6 1,225

 55 to 64 years.................. 1,417 946 66.7 882 62.3 63 6.7 471

 65 years and over............... 1,348 230 17.0 217 16.1 13 5.5 1,118

 Women, 16 years and over... 5,671 3,300 58.2 3,084 54.4 216 6.6 2,371

 16 to 19 years.................. 299 52 17.4 39 12.9 13 25.8 247

 20 to 24 years.................. 437 233 53.4 207 47.4 26 11.3 203

 25 to 54 years.................. 3,408 2,456 72.1 2,311 67.8 145 5.9 952

 55 to 64 years..................... 763 460 60.2 432 56.6 28 6.1 304

 65 years and over............... 764 99 12.9 96 12.5 3 3.3 665

 Men, 16 years and over......... 5,170 3,857 74.6 3,551 68.7 306 7.9 1,314

 16 to 19 years.................. 333 79 23.8 58 17.4 21 26.8 254

 20 to 24 years..................... 419 252 60.2 221 52.8 31 12.3 167

 25 to 54 years.................. 3,181 2,908 91.4 2,700 84.9 209 7.2 273

 55 to 64 years.................. 654 486 74.3 451 68.9 35 7.3 168

 65 years and over............... 583 131 22.4 121 20.8 9 7.1 453

Hispanic or

Race, age, sex, and 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and over......... 32,891 22,352 68.0 19,647 59.7 2,706 12.1 10,539

 16 to 19 years.................. 3,123 1,063 34.0 742 23.7 321 30.2 2,061

 20 to 24 years.................. 3,623 2,647 73.1 2,218 61.2 429 16.2 975

 25 to 54 years.................. 20,369 16,303 80.0 14,572 71.5 1,731 10.6 4,065

 55 to 64 years.................. 3,017 1,866 61.9 1,680 55.7 186 10.0 1,150

 65 years and over............... 2,759 472 17.1 435 15.7 38 8.0 2,287

 Women, 16 years and over... 15,993 9,043 56.5 8,007 50.1 1,036 11.5 6,951

 16 to 19 years.................. 1,531 483 31.6 358 23.4 125 25.8 1,048

 20 to 24 years.................. 1,748 1,105 63.2 931 53.3 174 15.7 643

 25 to 54 years.................. 9,581 6,435 67.2 5,784 60.4 651 10.1 3,146

 55 to 64 years.................. 1,558 820 52.6 751 48.2 70 8.5 738

 65 years and over............... 1,576 200 12.7 183 11.6 17 8.3 1,376

 Men, 16 years and over......... 16,897 13,310 78.8 11,640 68.9 1,670 12.5 3,588

 16 to 19 years.................. 1,593 580 36.4 383 24.1 196 33.8 1,013

 20 to 24 years.................. 1,875 1,542 82.3 1,287 68.7 255 16.6 332

 25 to 54 years.................. 10,787 9,868 91.5 8,788 81.5 1,080 10.9 919

 55 to 64 years.................. 1,459 1,046 71.7 930 63.7 117 11.2 413

 65 years and over............... 1,184 273 23.0 251 21.2 21 7.8 911

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

11
Table 4. Employment status by marital status and sex, 2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 16 years of age and over... 235,801 154,142 65.4 139,877 59.3 14,265 9.3 81,659

 Married, spouse present........... 122,447 84,378 68.9 79,205 64.7 5,173 6.1 38,070

 Unmarried, total....................... 113,353 69,764 61.5 60,672 53.5 9,092 13.0 43,589

 Never married....................... 67,588 44,864 66.4 38,428 56.9 6,436 14.3 22,724

 Other marital status................ 45,766 24,900 54.4 22,244 48.6 2,656 10.7 20,865

 Divorced............................. 23,248 16,242 69.9 14,555 62.6 1,687 10.4 7,006

 Separated.......................... 8,342 5,767 69.1 5,043 60.4 725 12.6 2,575

 Widowed........................... 14,176 2,891 20.4 2,646 18.7 245 8.5 11,285

Women

Total, 16 years of age and over... 121,665 72,019 59.2 66,208 54.4 5,811 8.1 49,646

 Married, spouse present........... 60,675 37,264 61.4 35,207 58.0 2,057 5.5 23,411

 Unmarried, total...................... 60,990 34,755 57.0 31,001 50.8 3,754 10.8 26,235

 Never married...................... 31,500 20,224 64.2 17,800 56.5 2,424 12.0 11,276

 Other marital status............... 29,490 14,531 49.3 13,201 44.8 1,330 9.2 14,959

 Divorced............................ 13,534 9,310 68.8 8,507 62.9 804 8.6 4,223

 Separated.......................... 4,676 3,036 64.9 2,679 57.3 357 11.8 1,640

 Widowed........................... 11,280 2,185 19.4 2,015 17.9 169 7.7 9,096

Marital status and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor 

force Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

Men

Total, 16 years of age and over... 114,136 82,123 72.0 73,670 64.5 8,453 10.3 32,013

 Married, spouse present........... 61,773 47,114 76.3 43,998 71.2 3,115 6.6 14,659

 Unmarried, total...................... 52,363 35,009 66.9 29,671 56.7 5,338 15.2 17,354

 Never married...................... 36,087 24,640 68.3 20,628 57.2 4,011 16.3 11,448

 Other marital status............... 16,275 10,370 63.7 9,043 55.6 1,326 12.8 5,906

 Divorced........................... 9,714 6,931 71.4 6,048 62.3 883 12.7 2,783

 Separated.......................... 3,666 2,731 74.5 2,364 64.5 368 13.5 934

 Widowed............................ 2,896 707 24.4 631 21.8 76 10.7 2,189

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

12
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2009 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Women, 16 years and over................. 121,328 71,771 59.2 66,422 54.7 5,348 7.5 49,557

 With children under 18 years old......... 36,507 26,122 71.6 24,079 66.0 2,043 7.8 10,385

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 19,990 15,625 78.2 14,562 72.8 1,063 6.8 4,366

 With children under 6 years old......... 16,517 10,497 63.6 9,517 57.6 980 9.3 6,020

 With children under 3 years old...... 9,757 5,960 61.1 5,401 55.4 559 9.4 3,798

 With no children under 18 years old...... 84,820 45,649 53.8 42,343 49.9 3,306 7.2 39,171

Men, 16 years and over..................... 113,758 81,357 71.5 72,536 63.8 8,821 10.8 32,401

 With children under 18 years old......... 27,791 26,017 93.6 24,051 86.5 1,966 7.6 1,773

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 15,314 14,161 92.5 13,192 86.1 969 6.8 1,153

 With children under 6 years old......... 12,477 11,857 95.0 10,859 87.0 997 8.4 620

 With children under 3 years old...... 7,509 7,156 95.3 6,544 87.2 612 8.6 352

 With no children under 18 years old...... 85,967 55,340 64.4 48,485 56.4 6,855 12.4 30,627

White

Women, 16 years and over.................. 97,257 57,351 59.0 53,409 54.9 3,941 6.9 39,906

 With children under 18 years old......... 28,463 20,239 71.1 18,830 66.2 1,409 7.0 8,224

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 15,654 12,212 78.0 11,455 73.2 757 6.2 3,442

 With children under 6 years old.......... 12,809 8,027 62.7 7,375 57.6 652 8.1 4,782

With children under 3 years old 7 589 4 596 60 6 4 242 55 9 354 7 7 2 993

Characteristics

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 With children under 3 years old...... 7,589 4,596 60.6 4,242 55.9 354 7.7 2,993

 With no children under 18 years old...... 68,794 37,111 53.9 34,579 50.3 2,532 6.8 31,683

Men, 16 years and over..................... 93,246 67,502 72.4 60,685 65.1 6,817 10.1 25,745

 With children under 18 years old......... 23,110 21,798 94.3 20,280 87.8 1,518 7.0 1,313

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 12,728 11,903 93.5 11,142 87.5 761 6.4 825

 With children under 6 years old......... 10,383 9,895 95.3 9,139 88.0 757 7.6 488

 With children under 3 years old...... 6,247 5,974 95.6 5,517 88.3 458 7.7 273

 With no children under 18 years old...... 70,136 45,704 65.2 40,405 57.6 5,299 11.6 24,432

Black or African American

Women, 16 years and over................. 15,474 9,388 60.7 8,372 54.1 1,016 10.8 6,086

 With children under 18 years old......... 5,159 3,904 75.7 3,427 66.4 476 12.2 1,255

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 2,857 2,294 80.3 2,067 72.3 227 9.9 564

 With children under 6 years old......... 2,302 1,610 70.0 1,360 59.1 250 15.5 692

 With children under 3 years old...... 1,322 872 66.0 705 53.3 167 19.2 450

 With no children under 18 years old...... 10,314 5,484 53.2 4,945 47.9 539 9.8 4,830

Men, 16 years and over...................... 12,644 8,124 64.3 6,676 52.8 1,449 17.8 4,519

 With children under 18 years old......... 2,427 2,127 87.7 1,857 76.5 271 12.7 299

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 1,407 1,201 85.4 1,077 76.6 123 10.3 206

 With children under 6 years old......... 1,020 926 90.8 779 76.4 147 15.9 94

 With children under 3 years old...... 582 529 90.9 428 73.5 101 19.2 53

 With no children under 18 years old...... 10,217 5,997 58.7 4,819 47.2 1,178 19.6 4,220

 See note at end of table.

13
Table 5. Employment status by sex, presence and age of children, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 

March 2009—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Asian

Women, 16 years and over.................. 5,613 3,269 58.2 3,085 55.0 184 5.6 2,343

 With children under 18 years old......... 1,877 1,300 69.2 1,229 65.5 71 5.4 578

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 981 745 75.9 706 72.0 39 5.2 236

 With children under 6 years old......... 896 555 61.9 523 58.3 32 5.7 342

 With children under 3 years old...... 532 323 60.7 305 57.5 17 5.3 209

 With no children under 18 years old...... 3,735 1,969 52.7 1,856 49.7 113 5.7 1,766

Men, 16 years and over..................... 4,976 3,734 75.0 3,463 69.6 271 7.2 1,242

 With children under 18 years old......... 1,546 1,467 94.9 1,358 87.9 108 7.4 80

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 803 744 92.6 691 86.0 53 7.1 60

 With children under 6 years old......... 743 723 97.3 667 89.9 56 7.7 20

 With children under 3 years old...... 473 457 96.7 424 89.7 33 7.2 16

 With no children under 18 years old...... 3,430 2,267 66.1 2,105 61.4 162 7.2 1,163

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Women, 16 years and over.................. 15,849 9,023 56.9 8,030 50.7 993 11.0 6,826

 With children under 18 years old......... 6,931 4,322 62.3 3,810 55.0 512 11.8 2,610

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 3,435 2,442 71.1 2,188 63.7 254 10.4 992

 With children under 6 years old......... 3,497 1,879 53.7 1,622 46.4 258 13.7 1,617

Characteristics

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 With children under 6 years old......... 3,497 1,879 53.7 1,622 46.4 258 13.7 1,617

 With children under 3 years old...... 2,001 1,011 50.5 871 43.5 140 13.9 990

 With no children under 18 years old...... 8,917 4,701 52.7 4,220 47.3 481 10.2 4,216

Men, 16 years and over..................... 16,736 12,948 77.4 11,255 67.2 1,693 13.1 3,788

 With children under 18 years old......... 5,043 4,736 93.9 4,248 84.2 488 10.3 307

 With children 6 to 17, none younger... 2,479 2,310 93.2 2,085 84.1 225 9.7 168

 With children under 6 years old......... 2,564 2,426 94.6 2,162 84.3 263 10.9 139

 With children under 3 years old...... 1,505 1,425 94.7 1,282 85.2 143 10.1 80

 With no children under 18 years old...... 11,693 8,212 70.2 7,007 59.9 1,205 14.7 3,481

NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of

Labor Statistics.

14
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity, March 2009

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over............... 121,328 71,771 59.2 66,422 54.7 5,348 7.5 49,557

 With children under 18 years old............ 36,507 26,122 71.6 24,079 66.0 2,043 7.8 10,385

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 19,990 15,625 78.2 14,562 72.8 1,063 6.8 4,366

 With children under 6 years old............ 16,517 10,497 63.6 9,517 57.6 980 9.3 6,020

 With children under 3 years old............ 9,757 5,960 61.1 5,401 55.4 559 9.4 3,798

 With no children under 18 years old......... 84,820 45,649 53.8 42,343 49.9 3,306 7.2 39,171

Total women, 16 years and over............... 60,818 37,536 61.7 35,540 58.4 1,996 5.3 23,282

 With children under 18 years old............ 25,781 17,995 69.8 17,018 66.0 977 5.4 7,785

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 14,035 10,764 76.7 10,213 72.8 551 5.1 3,271

 With children under 6 years old............ 11,746 7,231 61.6 6,805 57.9 426 5.9 4,514

 With children under 3 years old............ 7,078 4,236 59.8 3,994 56.4 242 5.7 2,842

 With no children under 18 years old......... 35,037 19,541 55.8 18,521 52.9 1,019 5.2 15,497

Total women, 16 years and over............... 60,509 34,235 56.6 30,883 51.0 3,352 9.8 26,274

 With children under 18 years old............ 10,727 8,127 75.8 7,061 65.8 1,066 13.1 2,600

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 5,955 4,861 81.6 4,349 73.0 512 10.5 1,094

Total, all marital statuses

Total, married, spouse present

Total, other marital statuses1

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population Total

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

y g

 With children under 6 years old............ 4,771 3,266 68.5 2,712 56.8 554 17.0 1,505

 With children under 3 years old............ 2,679 1,723 64.3 1,407 52.5 317 18.4 956

 With no children under 18 years old......... 49,783 26,108 52.4 23,822 47.9 2,286 8.8 23,675

Total women, 16 years and over............... 97,257 57,351 59.0 53,409 54.9 3,941 6.9 39,906

 With children under 18 years old............ 28,463 20,239 71.1 18,830 66.2 1,409 7.0 8,224

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 15,654 12,212 78.0 11,455 73.2 757 6.2 3,442

 With children under 6 years old............ 12,809 8,027 62.7 7,375 57.6 652 8.1 4,782

 With children under 3 years old............ 7,589 4,596 60.6 4,242 55.9 354 7.7 2,993

 With no children under 18 years old......... 68,794 37,111 53.9 34,579 50.3 2,532 6.8 31,683

Total women, 16 years and over............... 51,912 31,834 61.3 30,194 58.2 1,640 5.2 20,078

 With children under 18 years old............ 21,589 14,995 69.5 14,199 65.8 796 5.3 6,595

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 11,758 8,988 76.4 8,534 72.6 454 5.1 2,769

 With children under 6 years old............ 9,832 6,006 61.1 5,665 57.6 342 5.7 3,826

 With children under 3 years old............ 5,932 3,545 59.8 3,352 56.5 193 5.5 2,387

 With no children under 18 years old......... 30,322 16,839 55.5 15,995 52.7 844 5.0 13,483

Total women, 16 years and over............... 45,345 25,517 56.3 23,215 51.2 2,301 9.0 19,828

 With children under 18 years old............ 6,873 5,245 76.3 4,631 67.4 614 11.7 1,629

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 3,896 3,224 82.7 2,921 75.0 303 9.4 672

 With children under 6 years old............ 2,977 2,021 67.9 1,710 57.4 311 15.4 956

 With children under 3 years old............ 1,657 1,051 63.4 890 53.7 160 15.3 606

 With no children under 18 years old......... 38,472 20,272 52.7 18,585 48.3 1,688 8.3 18,199

 See footnote at end of table.

White, married, spouse present

White, other marital statuses1

White, all marital statuses

15
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2009—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over............... 15,474 9,388 60.7 8,372 54.1 1,016 10.8 6,086

 With children under 18 years old............ 5,159 3,904 75.7 3,427 66.4 476 12.2 1,255

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 2,857 2,294 80.3 2,067 72.3 227 9.9 564

 With children under 6 years old............ 2,302 1,610 70.0 1,360 59.1 250 15.5 692

 With children under 3 years old............ 1,322 872 66.0 705 53.3 167 19.2 450

 With no children under 18 years old......... 10,314 5,484 53.2 4,945 47.9 539 9.8 4,830

Total women, 16 years and over............... 4,368 2,930 67.1 2,752 63.0 178 6.1 1,438

 With children under 18 years old............ 1,930 1,497 77.5 1,415 73.3 82 5.5 434

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 1,123 920 81.9 871 77.6 49 5.3 203

 With children under 6 years old............ 808 577 71.4 544 67.3 33 5.7 231

 With children under 3 years old............ 457 298 65.2 277 60.5 21 7.2 159

 With no children under 18 years old......... 2,437 1,433 58.8 1,337 54.9 96 6.7 1,004

Total women, 16 years and over............... 11,106 6,458 58.2 5,620 50.6 838 13.0 4,647

 With children under 18 years old............ 3,229 2,407 74.6 2,013 62.3 395 16.4 822

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 1,735 1,374 79.2 1,196 68.9 178 12.9 361

Black or African American, all marital statuses

Black or African American, married, spouse present

Black or African American, other marital statuses1

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

 Percent 

of 

population Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

y g

 With children under 6 years old............ 1,494 1,033 69.2 817 54.7 217 21.0 461

 With children under 3 years old............ 864 574 66.4 428 49.5 146 25.4 290

 With no children under 18 years old......... 7,877 4,051 51.4 3,608 45.8 444 10.9 3,826

Total women, 16 years and over............... 5,613 3,269 58.2 3,085 55.0 184 5.6 2,343

 With children under 18 years old............ 1,877 1,300 69.2 1,229 65.5 71 5.4 578

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 981 745 75.9 706 72.0 39 5.2 236

 With children under 6 years old............ 896 555 61.9 523 58.3 32 5.7 342

 With children under 3 years old............ 532 323 60.7 305 57.5 17 5.3 209

 With no children under 18 years old......... 3,735 1,969 52.7 1,856 49.7 113 5.7 1,766

Total women, 16 years and over............... 3,366 2,090 62.1 1,971 58.6 119 5.7 1,277

 With children under 18 years old............ 1,660 1,118 67.4 1,060 63.9 58 5.2 541

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 848 627 74.0 600 70.8 27 4.3 221

 With children under 6 years old............ 812 491 60.5 460 56.6 32 6.4 321

 With children under 3 years old............ 497 295 59.4 278 55.9 17 5.8 202

 With no children under 18 years old......... 1,707 971 56.9 911 53.4 60 6.2 736

Total women, 16 years and over............... 2,246 1,179 52.5 1,114 49.6 65 5.5 1,067

 With children under 18 years old............ 218 181 83.2 169 77.6 12 6.7 37

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 133 118 88.5 106 79.5 12 10.1 15

 With children under 6 years old............ 84 63 74.8 63 74.5 - - 21

 With children under 3 years old............ 35 28 79.7 28 79.0 - - 7

 With no children under 18 years old......... 2,028 998 49.2 945 46.6 53 5.3 1,030

 See footnote at end of table.

Asian, married, spouse present

Asian, other marital statuses1

Asian, all marital statuses

16
Table 6. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, marital status, race, and Hispanic

or Latino ethnicity, March 2009—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total women, 16 years and over............... 15,849 9,023 56.9 8,030 50.7 993 11.0 6,826

 With children under 18 years old............ 6,931 4,322 62.3 3,810 55.0 512 11.8 2,610

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 3,435 2,442 71.1 2,188 63.7 254 10.4 992

 With children under 6 years old............ 3,497 1,879 53.7 1,622 46.4 258 13.7 1,617

 With children under 3 years old............ 2,001 1,011 50.5 871 43.5 140 13.9 990

 With no children under 18 years old......... 8,917 4,701 52.7 4,220 47.3 481 10.2 4,216

Total women, 16 years and over............... 7,596 4,194 55.2 3,773 49.7 421 10.0 3,402

 With children under 18 years old............ 4,642 2,652 57.1 2,366 51.0 286 10.8 1,990

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 2,309 1,541 66.7 1,379 59.7 162 10.5 768

 With children under 6 years old............ 2,333 1,111 47.6 987 42.3 125 11.2 1,221

 With children under 3 years old............ 1,371 617 45.0 550 40.1 67 10.9 754

 With no children under 18 years old......... 2,954 1,542 52.2 1,407 47.6 135 8.8 1,413

Total women, 16 years and over............... 8,253 4,829 58.5 4,257 51.6 572 11.8 3,424

 With children under 18 years old............ 2,290 1,669 72.9 1,444 63.0 226 13.5 620

 With children 6 to 17 years old, 

 none younger.................................. 1,126 902 80.1 809 71.8 93 10.3 224

Presence and age of children

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, other marital statuses1

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, all marital statuses

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, married, spouse present

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

y g

 With children under 6 years old............ 1,164 768 66.0 635 54.5 133 17.3 396

 With children under 3 years old............ 630 394 62.5 321 50.9 73 18.5 236

 With no children under 18 years old......... 5,963 3,160 53.0 2,814 47.2 346 11.0 2,803

1 Includes never-married, divorced, separated, and widowed persons.

NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces,

nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Detail for the above race groups (White, Black or African

American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of

Labor Statistics.

17
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, March 1975–2009

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 14,616 47.4 13,069 1,548 11.0 8,917 54.9 8,218 700 7.9 

1976......... 15,073 48.8 13,725 1,346 8.9 9,388 56.2 8,769 621 6.6 

1977......... 15,669 50.8 14,276 1,393 8.9 10,040 58.3 9,389 650 6.5 

1978......... 16,385 53.0 15,142 1,242 7.6 10,401 60.0 9,845 556 5.3 

1979......... 16,883 54.5 15,624 1,259 7.7 10,646 61.6 10,030 615 5.8 

1980......... 17,790 56.6 16,526 1,264 7.1 11,252 64.3 10,640 612 5.4 

1981......... 18,422 58.1 16,952 1,471 8.0 11,490 65.5 10,725 765 6.7 

1982......... 18,744 58.5 16,854 1,890 10.1 11,377 65.8 10,440 936 8.2 

1983......... 18,924 58.9 16,792 2,131 11.3 11,340 66.3 10,303 1,037 9.1 

1984......... 19,555 60.5 17,782 1,773 9.1 11,538 68.1 10,739 799 6.9 

1985......... 20,041 62.1 18,306 1,735 8.7 11,826 69.9 10,984 842 7.1 

1986......... 20,620 62.8 18,922 1,698 8.2 12,075 70.4 11,320 756 6.3 

1987......... 21,422 64.7 19,798 1,624 7.6 12,438 72.0 11,661 778 6.3 

1988......... 21,545 65.1 20,141 1,404 6.5 12,683 73.3 12,042 641 5.1 

1989......... 21,936 65.7 20,647 1,289 5.9 12,800 74.2 12,168 632 4.9 

1990......... 22,196 66.7 20,865 1,331 6.0 12,799 74.7 12,133 666 5.2 

1991......... 22,327 66.6 20,774 1,552 7.0 12,691 74.4 12,017 674 5.3 

1992......... 22,756 67.2 21,052 1,704 7.5 13,183 75.9 12,391 793 6.0 

1993......... 23,063 66.9 21,521 1,541 6.7 13,441 75.4 12,757 684 5.1 

1994 24 191 68 4 22 467 1 724 7 1 13 863 76 0 13 074 789 5 7

Year

With children under age 18 With children ages 6 to 17, none younger

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Percent 

of 

population

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percent 

of 

population

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Total

1994......... 24,191 68.4 22,467 1,724 7.1 13,863 76.0 13,074 789 5.7 

1995......... 24,695 69.7 23,195 1,500 6.1 14,300 76.4 13,608 691 4.8 

1996......... 24,720 70.2 23,386 1,334 5.4 14,427 77.2 13,794 633 4.4 

1997......... 25,604 72.1 24,082 1,522 5.9 14,993 78.1 14,282 711 4.7 

1998......... 25,647 72.3 24,209 1,438 5.6 15,028 78.4 14,370 658 4.4 

1999......... 25,472 72.1 24,307 1,165 4.6 15,150 78.5 14,633 516 3.4 

2000......... 25,795 72.9 24,693 1,102 4.3 15,479 79.0 14,931 549 3.5 

2001......... 26,269 72.7 25,030 1,239 4.7 15,839 79.4 15,220 619 3.9 

2002......... 26,140 72.2 24,612 1,529 5.8 15,948 78.6 15,171 777 4.9 

2003......... 26,202 71.7 24,598 1,603 6.1 15,993 78.7 15,166 828 5.2 

2004......... 25,913 70.7 24,413 1,501 5.8 15,782 77.5 15,006 776 4.9 

2005......... 25,941 70.5 24,564 1,377 5.3 15,594 76.9 14,930 663 4.3 

2006......... 26,009 70.6 24,728 1,281 4.9 15,579 76.9 14,949 630 4.0 

2007......... 26,834 71.3 25,646 1,188 4.4 15,940 77.7 15,341 599 3.8 

2008......... 25,930 71.2 24,637 1,294 5.0 15,479 77.5 14,842 636 4.1 

2009......... 26,122 71.6 24,079 2,043 7.8 15,625 78.2 14,562 1,063 6.8 

 See note at end of table.

18
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and age of youngest child, 

March 1975–2009—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 5,699 39.0 4,851 848 14.9 2,824 34.3 2,326 500 17.7 

1976......... 5,684 40.1 4,957 727 12.8 2,702 34.1 2,285 418 15.5 

1977......... 5,629 41.2 4,887 742 13.2 2,795 35.4 2,371 424 15.2 

1978......... 5,983 44.0 5,297 687 11.5 3,179 39.4 2,768 411 12.9 

1979......... 6,238 45.7 5,594 644 10.3 3,380 41.1 2,979 401 11.9 

1980......... 6,538 46.8 5,886 652 10.0 3,565 41.9 3,167 398 11.2 

1981......... 6,933 48.9 6,227 706 10.2 3,826 44.3 3,380 446 11.7 

1982......... 7,367 49.9 6,414 953 12.9 4,133 45.6 3,542 591 14.3 

1983......... 7,583 50.5 6,489 1,094 14.4 4,233 46.0 3,551 682 16.1 

1984......... 8,017 52.1 7,043 974 12.1 4,401 47.6 3,839 562 12.8 

1985......... 8,215 53.5 7,322 893 10.9 4,601 49.5 4,089 513 11.1 

1986......... 8,545 54.4 7,602 943 11.0 4,786 50.8 4,227 559 11.7 

1987......... 8,983 56.7 8,137 846 9.4 5,064 52.9 4,570 494 9.8 

1988......... 8,862 56.1 8,099 763 8.6 4,947 52.4 4,477 470 9.5 

1989......... 9,136 56.7 8,478 657 7.2 5,053 52.4 4,671 381 7.5 

1990......... 9,397 58.2 8,732 664 7.1 5,216 53.6 4,823 393 7.5 

1991......... 9,636 58.4 8,758 878 9.1 5,417 54.5 4,868 550 10.1 

1992......... 9,573 58.0 8,662 911 9.5 5,329 54.5 4,776 553 10.4 

1993 9 621 57 9 8 764 857 8 9 5 349 53 9 4 857 492 9 2

Percent 

of 

population

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Percent 

of 

population

Total

Year

With children under age 6 With children under age 3

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

1993......... 9,621 57.9 8,764 857 8.9 5,349 53.9 4,857 492 9.2

1994......... 10,328 60.3 9,394 935 9.0 5,724 57.1 5,165 559 9.8 

1995......... 10,395 62.3 9,587 809 7.8 5,650 58.7 5,172 478 8.5 

1996......... 10,293 62.3 9,592 701 6.8 5,619 59.0 5,222 397 7.1 

1997......... 10,610 65.0 9,800 810 7.6 5,839 61.8 5,366 473 8.1 

1998......... 10,619 65.2 9,839 780 7.3 5,882 62.2 5,454 428 7.3 

1999......... 10,322 64.4 9,674 648 6.3 5,645 60.7 5,285 359 6.4 

2000......... 10,316 65.3 9,763 553 5.4 5,670 61.0 5,350 320 5.6 

2001......... 10,430 64.4 9,810 620 5.9 5,743 60.7 5,350 393 6.8 

2002......... 10,193 64.1 9,441 752 7.4 5,600 60.5 5,160 440 7.9 

2003......... 10,209 62.9 9,433 776 7.6 5,568 58.7 5,112 456 8.2 

2004......... 10,131 62.2 9,407 724 7.1 5,401 57.3 4,983 417 7.7 

2005......... 10,347 62.6 9,634 714 6.9 5,704 58.9 5,299 405 7.1 

2006......... 10,430 63.0 9,779 651 6.2 5,842 59.9 5,458 384 6.6 

2007......... 10,894 63.5 10,305 589 5.4 6,006 60.1 5,679 327 5.5 

2008......... 10,452 63.6 9,794 657 6.3 5,754 59.6 5,380 374 6.5 

2009......... 10,497 63.6 9,517 980 9.3 5,960 61.1 5,401 559 9.4 

 See note at end of table.

19
Table 7. Employment status of women by presence and

age of youngest child, March 1975–2009—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

1975......... 22,365 45.1 20,381 1,984 8.9 

1976......... 23,327 45.7 21,389 1,938 8.3 

1977......... 24,385 46.4 22,348 2,037 8.4 

1978......... 25,362 47.0 23,631 1,731 6.8 

1979......... 26,962 48.6 25,285 1,677 6.2 

1980......... 27,144 48.1 25,375 1,769 6.5 

1981......... 27,992 48.7 25,934 2,059 7.4 

1982......... 28,351 48.6 26,041 2,311 8.2 

1983......... 28,856 48.7 26,373 2,483 8.6 

1984......... 29,684 49.3 27,652 2,032 6.8 

1985......... 30,850 50.4 28,814 2,036 6.6 

1986......... 31,112 50.5 29,107 2,005 6.4 

1987......... 31,538 50.5 29,688 1,850 5.9 

1988......... 32,490 51.2 30,911 1,580 4.9 

1989......... 33,255 51.9 31,761 1,495 4.5 

1990......... 33,942 52.3 32,391 1,551 4.6 

1991......... 34,047 52.0 32,167 1,880 5.5 

1992......... 34,487 52.3 32,481 2,006 5.8 

1993 34 495 52 1 32 476 2 020 5 9

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Year

With no children under age 18

Civilian labor force

Employed

Unemployed

Total

Percent 

of 

population

1993......... 34,495 52.1 32,476 2,020 5.9

1994......... 35,455 53.1 33,345 2,110 6.0 

1995......... 35,843 52.9 34,054 1,789 5.0 

1996......... 36,509 53.0 34,698 1,811 5.0 

1997......... 37,295 53.6 35,572 1,723 4.6 

1998......... 38,253 54.1 36,680 1,573 4.1 

1999......... 39,314 54.3 37,587 1,727 4.4 

2000......... 40,142 54.8 38,408 1,733 4.3 

2001......... 40,996 54.4 39,363 1,633 4.0 

2002......... 41,278 54.0 39,038 2,241 5.4 

2003......... 42,039 54.1 39,667 2,372 5.6 

2004......... 42,289 53.8 40,000 2,289 5.4 

2005......... 42,677 53.5 40,570 2,107 4.9 

2006......... 43,392 53.6 41,440 1,952 4.5 

2007......... 44,039 53.9 42,279 1,760 4.0 

2008......... 45,585 54.3 43,417 2,168 4.8 

2009......... 45,649 53.8 42,343 3,306 7.2 

NOTE: Children are "own" children and include sons,

daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are

nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated

children. Data for 1994 and subsequent years are not directly

comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years because of the

introduction of a major redesign of the Current Population

Survey.

SOURCE: 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement,

Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics.

20
Table 8. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 25 to 64 years of age by educational 

attainment and sex, 2009 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Total 

 Percent 

of labor 

force 

Total

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 160,235 126,247 78.8 116,163 72.5 10,084 8.0 33,988

 Less than a high school diploma......... 18,023 11,401 63.3 9,687 53.7 1,714 15.0 6,622

 High school graduates, no college...... 47,718 36,159 75.8 32,591 68.3 3,568 9.9 11,559

 Some college or associate's degree... 43,955 35,291 80.3 32,480 73.9 2,811 8.0 8,665

 College graduates, total................... 50,539 43,397 85.9 41,406 81.9 1,991 4.6 7,143

 Bachelor's degree........................... 33,301 28,350 85.1 26,877 80.7 1,472 5.2 4,951

 Master's degree............................ 12,559 10,823 86.2 10,406 82.9 417 3.9 1,736

 Professional degree........................ 2,658 2,403 90.4 2,347 88.3 56 2.3 256

 Doctoral degree.............................. 2,021 1,821 90.1 1,776 87.9 46 2.5 200

Women

Total, 25 to 64 years......................... 81,440 58,787 72.2 54,689 67.2 4,099 7.0 22,653

 Less than a high school diploma......... 8,409 4,118 49.0 3,512 41.8 605 14.7 4,291

 High school graduates, no college...... 23,174 15,711 67.8 14,427 62.3 1,284 8.2 7,463

 Some college or associate's degree... 23,646 17,804 75.3 16,532 69.9 1,272 7.1 5,842

 College graduates, total..................... 26,212 21,154 80.7 20,217 77.1 937 4.4 5,057

Bachelor's degree......................... 17,417 13,867 79.6 13,165 75.6 702 5.1 3,550

Educational attainment and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

Not 

in 

labor 

force 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Bachelor s degree......................... 17,417 13,867 79.6 13,165 75.6 702 5.1 3,550

 Master's degree............................ 6,900 5,659 82.0 5,472 79.3 187 3.3 1,241

 Professional degree........................ 1,086 926 85.3 897 82.6 30 3.2 159

 Doctoral degree.............................. 809 702 86.8 684 84.5 18 2.6 107

Men

Total, 25 to 64 years........................... 78,795 67,460 85.6 61,474 78.0 5,986 8.9 11,335

 Less than a high school diploma......... 9,614 7,283 75.8 6,175 64.2 1,108 15.2 2,331

 High school graduates, no college...... 24,544 20,447 83.3 18,164 74.0 2,284 11.2 4,096

 Some college or associate's degree... 20,309 17,487 86.1 15,947 78.5 1,539 8.8 2,823

 College graduates, total..................... 24,328 22,242 91.4 21,189 87.1 1,054 4.7 2,085

 Bachelor's degree......................... 15,884 14,483 91.2 13,713 86.3 771 5.3 1,401

 Master's degree.............................. 5,659 5,164 91.3 4,934 87.2 230 4.5 495

 Professional degree....................... 1,573 1,476 93.9 1,450 92.2 26 1.8 97

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,212 1,119 92.3 1,092 90.1 27 2.4 93

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

21
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2009

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 ............... 61,765 100.0 36.1 38.1 11.8 14.1

1971............... 62,344 100.0 34.5 38.4 12.3 14.8

1972............... 63,704 100.0 33.3 38.8 12.4 15.5

1973............... 64,775 100.0 30.9 39.7 13.0 16.4

1974............... 66,527 100.0 29.3 39.5 13.7 17.5

1975............... 67,774 100.0 27.5 39.7 14.4 18.3

1976............... 69,243 100.0 25.8 39.6 15.2 19.4

1977............... 71,324 100.0 24.9 39.2 15.7 20.2

1978............... 73,504 100.0 23.7 39.2 16.5 20.6

1979............... 75,781 100.0 21.8 39.5 17.3 21.3

1980............... 78,010 100.0 20.6 39.8 17.6 22.0

1981............... 80,273 100.0 19.7 40.6 17.7 22.0

1982............... 81,516 100.0 18.8 40.8 17.3 23.1

1983................ 83,615 100.0 17.8 39.9 18.1 24.2

1984................ 86,001 100.0 16.7 40.2 18.4 24.7

1985............... 88,424 100.0 15.9 40.2 19.0 24.9

1986............... 90,500 100.0 15.5 40.2 19.5 24.8

1987............... 92,966 100.0 14.9 40.2 19.7 25.3

1988................ 94,870 100.0 14.7 39.9 19.7 25.7

1989............... 97,318 100.0 14.0 39.6 20.0 26.4

1990................ 99,175 100.0 13.4 39.5 20.7 26.4

1991............... 100,480 100.0 13.0 39.4 21.1 26.5

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Total, both sexes

1

,

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922............... 103,018 100.0 12.1 35.7 25.6 26.6

1993............... 104,237 100.0 11.3 35.1 26.6 27.0

1994............... 105,610 100.0 10.8 33.9 27.7 27.6

1995................ 107,032 100.0 10.4 33.2 28.1 28.3

1996............... 108,932 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.8 28.7

1997................ 110,945 100.0 10.6 32.9 27.5 29.0

1998................ 111,932 100.0 10.5 32.4 27.4 29.8

1999............... 113,095 100.0 10.0 31.8 27.6 30.5

2000............... 115,750 100.0 10.1 31.4 27.8 30.7

2001............... 116,893 100.0 10.1 30.9 28.0 31.0

2002............... 118,028 100.0 10.0 30.7 27.7 31.6

2003................ 119,621 100.0 9.9 30.3 27.6 32.1

2004............... 120,135 100.0 9.7 30.1 27.7 32.4

2005............... 121,752 100.0 9.8 29.9 27.8 32.5

2006............... 123,550 100.0 9.7 29.6 27.7 33.0

2007............... 125,104 100.0 9.3 29.2 27.7 33.8

2008............... 126,011 100.0 9.0 28.8 28.0 34.2

2009............... 126,247 100.0 9.0 28.6 28.0 34.4

 See footnotes at end of table.

Total, both sexes

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

1

22
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2009—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 ............... 22,462 100.0 33.5 44.3 10.9 11.2

1971............... 22,804 100.0 32.2 44.2 11.9 11.8

1972............... 23,606 100.0 30.7 45.1 11.8 12.4

1973............... 24,158 100.0 28.4 45.9 12.4 13.3

1974............... 25,203 100.0 26.7 45.3 13.4 14.6

1975............... 26,146 100.0 26.5 45.5 13.9 14.1

1976............... 27,166 100.0 24.0 45.1 14.7 16.2

1977............... 28,369 100.0 22.8 45.1 15.2 16.9

1978............... 29,738 100.0 22.0 44.9 16.1 17.0

1979............... 31,151 100.0 20.1 45.0 17.1 17.8

1980............... 32,593 100.0 18.4 45.4 17.4 18.7

1981............... 33,910 100.0 17.4 46.1 17.9 18.6

1982............... 34,870 100.0 16.6 45.6 18.3 19.5

1983................ 35,712 100.0 15.6 44.8 18.8 20.9

1984................ 37,234 100.0 14.5 44.9 18.9 21.7

1985............... 38,779 100.0 13.7 44.4 19.9 22.0

1986............... 39,767 100.0 13.2 44.3 20.3 22.2

1987............... 41,105 100.0 12.5 44.0 20.7 22.8

1988................ 42,254 100.0 12.4 43.3 21.2 23.1

1989............... 43,650 100.0 11.9 42.9 20.9 24.3

1990................ 44,699 100.0 11.3 42.4 21.9 24.5

1991............... 45,315 100.0 10.9 41.6 22.2 25.2

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

Women

1

,

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922............... 46,589 100.0 10.3 37.4 27.3 25.0

1993............... 47,245 100.0 9.3 36.6 28.4 25.7

1994............... 48,405 100.0 9.0 35.0 29.8 26.2

1995................ 49,247 100.0 8.8 34.1 30.2 26.9

1996............... 50,240 100.0 8.8 33.6 29.9 27.8

1997................ 51,261 100.0 8.7 33.5 29.4 28.4

1998................ 51,678 100.0 8.8 32.7 29.4 29.2

1999............... 52,525 100.0 8.5 32.1 29.5 29.9

2000............... 53,749 100.0 8.5 31.6 29.8 30.1

2001............... 54,229 100.0 8.4 31.0 30.2 30.4

2002............... 54,710 100.0 8.1 30.6 29.9 31.3

2003................ 55,596 100.0 7.9 30.0 29.9 32.2

2004............... 55,616 100.0 7.7 29.4 30.2 32.6

2005............... 56,322 100.0 7.7 28.7 30.2 33.3

2006............... 57,201 100.0 7.6 28.3 30.2 33.9

2007............... 57,791 100.0 7.1 27.9 30.1 34.9

2008............... 58,465 100.0 6.9 27.2 30.4 35.6

2009............... 58,787 100.0 7.0 26.7 30.3 36.0

 See footnotes at end of table.

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Women

1

23
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2009—Continued

High school College

Less than 4 

years

4 years, no 

college 1 to 3 years 4 years or more

1970 ............... 39,303 100.0 37.5 34.5 12.2 15.7

1971............... 39,539 100.0 35.9 35.1 12.5 16.5

1972............... 40,098 100.0 34.8 35.1 12.8 17.3

1973............... 40,617 100.0 32.4 36.0 13.4 18.2

1974............... 41,344 100.0 30.8 36.0 13.9 19.3

1975............... 41,628 100.0 28.9 36.1 14.8 20.2

1976............... 42,077 100.0 27.0 36.0 15.5 21.5

1977............... 42,954 100.0 26.3 35.3 16.1 22.3

1978............... 43,766 100.0 24.8 35.3 16.9 23.0

1979............... 44,630 100.0 23.0 35.7 17.5 23.8

1980............... 45,417 100.0 22.2 35.7 17.7 24.3

1981............... 46,363 100.0 21.5 36.5 17.4 24.6

1982............... 47,144 100.0 20.3 36.8 17.5 25.5

1983................ 47,903 100.0 19.4 36.3 17.7 26.6

1984................ 48,767 100.0 18.4 36.7 18.0 26.9

1985............... 49,647 100.0 17.7 36.9 18.3 27.1

1986............... 50,733 100.0 17.2 37.0 18.9 26.9

1987............... 51,860 100.0 16.8 37.1 18.9 27.2

1988................ 52,616 100.0 16.5 37.3 18.5 27.8

1989............... 53,668 100.0 15.7 36.9 19.2 28.2

1990................ 54,476 100.0 15.1 37.2 19.7 28.0

1991............... 55,165 100.0 14.7 37.5 20.2 27.6

Year

Men

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

Total

1

,

 See footnotes at end of table.

24
Table 9. Percent distribution of the civilian labor force 25 to 64 years of age by 

educational attainment and sex, 1970–2009—Continued

Total

Less than a 

high school 

diploma

High school 

graduates, 

no college

Some 

college, no 

degree, or 

associate's 

degree

College 

graduates

19922............... 56,428 100.0 13.7 34.2 24.3 27.8

1993............... 56,992 100.0 12.9 33.9 25.1 28.1

1994............... 57,205 100.0 12.4 33.0 25.9 28.8

1995................ 57,784 100.0 11.8 32.4 26.3 29.4

1996............... 58,692 100.0 12.2 32.3 26.1 29.4

1997................ 59,684 100.0 12.2 32.4 25.9 29.6

1998................ 60,255 100.0 12.0 32.1 25.6 30.3

1999............... 60,570 100.0 11.4 31.6 26.0 31.0

2000............... 62,001 100.0 11.5 31.2 26.1 31.2

2001............... 62,664 100.0 11.5 30.9 26.2 31.4

2002............... 63,318 100.0 11.6 30.8 25.8 31.8

2003................ 64,025 100.0 11.7 30.6 25.6 32.1

2004............... 64,519 100.0 11.5 30.7 25.6 32.3

2005............... 65,430 100.0 11.5 30.9 25.7 31.9

2006............... 66,350 100.0 11.5 30.6 25.5 32.3

2007............... 67,313 100.0 11.2 30.4 25.6 32.9

2008............... 67,546 100.0 10.9 30.2 25.9 33.0

2009............... 67,460 100.0 10.8 30.3 25.9 33.0

Men

Year

Civilian labor 

force 

(thousands)

Percent distribution

1 Data from 1970-1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment

categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed.

2 Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages and the educational attainment categories are based on

1 Data from 1970-1991 are from the March Current Population Survey. The educational attainment

categories for these years were based on the number of years of school completed.

2 Data beginning in 1992 are annual averages, and the educational attainment categories are based on

the highest diploma or degree received.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

25
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 145,362 100.0 139,877 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ 52,761 36.3 52,219 37.3

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... 22,059 15.2 21,529 15.4

 Professional and related occupations ................................................ 30,702 21.1 30,690 21.9

Service occupations .............................................................................. 24,451 16.8 24,598 17.6

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 35,544 24.5 33,787 24.2

 Sales and related occupations ........................................................... 16,295 11.2 15,641 11.2

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 19,249 13.2 18,146 13.0

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... 14,806 10.2 13,323 9.5

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 988 .7 926 .7

 Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... 8,667 6.0 7,439 5.3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. 5,152 3.5 4,957 3.5

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 17,800 12.2 15,951 11.4

 Production occupations ...................................................................... 8,973 6.2 7,654 5.5

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 8,827 6.1 8,297 5.9

Women

 Total, 16 years and over....................................................... 67,876 100.0 66,208 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ 26,813 39.5 26,833 40.5

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... 9,412 13.9 9,199 13.9

 Professional and related occupations ................................................ 17,401 25.6 17,634 26.6

Service occupations .............................................................................. 13,980 20.6 14,077 21.3

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 22,477 33.1 21,289 32.2

 Sales and related occupations ........................................................... 8,073 11.9 7,761 11.7

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 14,404 21.2 13,527 20.4

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... 626 .9 587 .9

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 208 .3 190 .3

 Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... 219 .3 191 .3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. 199 .3 206 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 3,980 5.9 3,421 5.2

 Production occupations ...................................................................... 2,661 3.9 2,152 3.3

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 1,319 1.9 1,269 1.9

Occupation and sex

Year

2008 2009

26
Table 10. Employed persons by major occupation and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over.................................................... 77,486 100.0 73,670 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations ............................ 25,948 33.5 25,385 34.5

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations .......... 12,647 16.3 12,330 16.7

 Professional and related occupations ................................................ 13,301 17.2 13,056 17.7

Service occupations .............................................................................. 10,471 13.5 10,521 14.3

Sales and office occupations ................................................................ 13,067 16.9 12,498 17.0

 Sales and related occupations ........................................................... 8,221 10.6 7,880 10.7

 Office and administrative support occupations .................................. 4,845 6.3 4,618 6.3

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........... 14,181 18.3 12,735 17.3

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................................ 780 1.0 736 1.0

 Construction and extraction occupations ........................................... 8,448 10.9 7,248 9.8

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............................. 4,953 6.4 4,751 6.4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations .............. 13,820 17.8 12,530 17.0

 Production occupations ...................................................................... 6,313 8.1 5,502 7.5

 Transportation and material moving occupations .............................. 7,507 9.7 7,028 9.5

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation

Year

2008 2009

27
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over................................................................................................ 139,877 47.3

Management, professional, and related occupations.......................................................................... 52,219 51.4

Management, business, and financial operations occupations........................................................ 21,529 42.7

Management occupations............................................................................................................ 15,447 37.4

Chief executives....................................................................................................................... 1,631 25.0

General and operations managers........................................................................................... 1,004 30.0

Legislators............................................................................................................. 19 -

Advertising and promotions managers..................................................................................... 78 56.5

Marketing and sales managers................................................................................................. 938 42.8

Public relations managers........................................................................................................ 70 53.1

Administrative services managers............................................................................................ 118 40.9

Computer and information systems managers......................................................................... 471 29.0

Financial managers.................................................................................................................. 1,183 54.7

Human resources managers.................................................................................................... 283 66.8

Industrial production managers................................................................................................ 240 16.4

Purchasing managers............................................................................................................... 198 50.3

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers.................................................................. 234 16.4

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers.......................................................................... 226 17.5

Farmers and ranchers.............................................................................................................. 729 25.2

Construction managers............................................................................................................ 1,099 5.9

Education administrators.......................................................................................................... 808 62.6

Engineering managers............................................................................................................. 124 8.1

Food service managers............................................................................................................ 1,003 45.7

Funeral directors.................................................................................................... 41 -

Gaming managers 21

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Gaming managers.................................................................................................. 21 -

Lodging managers.................................................................................................................... 160 48.2

Medical and health services managers..................................................................................... 533 69.5

Natural sciences managers......................................................................................... 13 -

Postmasters and mail superintendents..................................................................................... 33 -

Property, real estate, and community association managers.................................................... 597 46.7

Social and community service managers................................................................................. 343 69.4

Managers, all other................................................................................................... 3,249 34.0

Business and financial operations occupations............................................................................ 6,082 56.3

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes.................................... 42 -

Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products............................................................... 10 -

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products.................................................................. 167 55.9

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products.............................................. 239 55.5

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators..................................................... 280 60.6

Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation... 200 50.6

Cost estimators........................................................................................................................ 117 11.4

Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists....................................................... 843 71.1

Logisticians.............................................................................................................................. 64 43.9

Management analysts.............................................................................................................. 640 42.8

Meeting and convention planners................................................................................. 56 83.3

Other business operations specialists........................................................................... 317 68.4

Accountants and auditors......................................................................................................... 1,754 61.8

Appraisers and assessors of real estate................................................................................... 99 28.9

Budget analysts........................................................................................................................ 57 59.3

Credit analysts......................................................................................................... 26 -

Financial analysts..................................................................................................................... 94 30.9

 See note at end of table.

28
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Personal financial advisors....................................................................................................... 400 32.1

Insurance underwriters............................................................................................................. 97 62.8

Financial examiners................................................................................................ 8 -

Loan counselors and officers.................................................................................................... 346 55.8

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........................................................................ 74 73.8

Tax preparers........................................................................................................................... 99 65.9

Financial specialists, all other.................................................................................... 53 66.6

Professional and related occupations.............................................................................................. 30,690 57.5

Computer and mathematical occupations.................................................................................... 3,481 24.8

Computer scientists and systems analysts............................................................................... 759 26.9

Computer programmers........................................................................................................... 498 20.2

Computer software engineers................................................................................................... 952 20.2

Computer support specialists................................................................................................... 384 26.7

Database administrators........................................................................................................... 110 35.3

Network and computer systems administrators........................................................................ 207 22.3

Network systems and data communications analysts............................................................... 401 24.7

Actuaries............................................................................................................... 21 -

Mathematicians...................................................................................................... 3 -

Operations research analysts................................................................................................... 108 46.9

Statisticians........................................................................................................... 35 -

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations......................................................... 3 -

Architecture and engineering occupations................................................................................... 2,740 13.8

Architects, except naval............................................................................................................ 204 25.3

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists......................................................... 53 18.2

Aerospace engineers................................................................................................................ 136 10.0

A i lt l i 3

Percent 

women Occupation Total 

employed

Agricultural engineers................................................................................................ 3 -

Biomedical engineers................................................................................................ 16 -

Chemical engineers.................................................................................................................. 65 18.4

Civil engineers.......................................................................................................................... 338 7.1

Computer hardware engineers................................................................................................. 61 8.6

Electrical and electronics engineers......................................................................................... 314 9.4

Environmental engineers.......................................................................................... 31 -

Industrial engineers, including health and safety...................................................................... 186 17.4

Marine engineers and naval architects........................................................................ 12 -

Materials engineers................................................................................................ 33 -

Mechanical engineers............................................................................................................... 302 5.9

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers.................................... 11 -

Nuclear engineers................................................................................................... 11 -

Petroleum engineers................................................................................................ 26 -

Engineers, all other................................................................................................. 346 13.8

Drafters.................................................................................................................................... 149 24.7

Engineering technicians, except drafters.................................................................................. 365 19.6

Surveying and mapping technicians......................................................................................... 80 7.8

Life, physical, and social science occupations............................................................................. 1,328 46.8

Agricultural and food scientists.................................................................................... 32 -

Biological scientists.................................................................................................................. 98 45.1

Conservation scientists and foresters........................................................................... 23 -

Medical scientists..................................................................................................................... 170 56.9

Astronomers and physicists....................................................................................... 13 -

Atmospheric and space scientists.............................................................................. 6 -

Chemists and materials scientists............................................................................................ 113 30.0

 See note at end of table.

29
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Environmental scientists and geoscientists.............................................................................. 91 29.5

Physical scientists, all other...................................................................................... 127 37.4

Economists........................................................................................................... 36 -

Market and survey researchers................................................................................................ 127 53.6

Psychologists........................................................................................................................... 161 68.8

Sociologists............................................................................................................ 2 -

Urban and regional planners................................................................................... 23 -

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers......................................................... 43 -

Agricultural and food science technicians.................................................................... 30 -

Biological technicians................................................................................................ 20 -

Chemical technicians............................................................................................................... 54 38.0

Geological and petroleum technicians........................................................................ 15 -

Nuclear technicians................................................................................................ 1 -

Other life, physical, and social science technicians......................................................... 144 55.2

Community and social services occupations................................................................................ 2,341 62.9

Counselors............................................................................................................................... 697 70.5

Social workers.......................................................................................................................... 725 80.7

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists.......................................................... 349 65.2

Clergy....................................................................................................................................... 427 17.0

Directors, religious activities and education.............................................................................. 66 68.8

Religious workers, all other....................................................................................... 76 67.6

Legal occupations........................................................................................................................ 1,710 49.8

Lawyers.................................................................................................................................... 1,043 32.4

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers....................................................................... 73 44.2

Paralegals and legal assistants................................................................................................ 354 85.9

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Miscellaneous legal support workers........................................................................................ 240 73.8

Education, training, and library occupations................................................................................. 8,627 74.3

Postsecondary teachers........................................................................................................... 1,321 49.2

Preschool and kindergarten teachers....................................................................................... 691 97.8

Elementary and middle school teachers................................................................................... 2,862 81.9

Secondary school teachers...................................................................................................... 1,212 54.9

Special education teachers...................................................................................................... 385 86.0

Other teachers and instructors................................................................................................. 758 68.3

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians............................................................... 41 -

Librarians................................................................................................................................. 206 81.8

Library technicians................................................................................................................... 50 76.4

Teacher assistants................................................................................................................... 1,006 91.5

Other education, training, and library workers.......................................................................... 96 77.2

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations........................................................ 2,724 46.6

Artists and related workers....................................................................................................... 213 45.5

Designers................................................................................................................................. 764 54.3

Actors.................................................................................................................. 26 -

Producers and directors........................................................................................................... 138 40.1

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers..................................................................... 258 31.5

Dancers and choreographers.................................................................................. 18 -

Musicians, singers, and related workers................................................................................... 168 31.5

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other................................... 51 42.8

Announcers.............................................................................................................................. 52 11.2

News analysts, reporters and correspondents.......................................................................... 80 42.8

Public relations specialists....................................................................................................... 137 60.7

Editors...................................................................................................................................... 169 55.8

 See note at end of table.

30
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Technical writers...................................................................................................................... 51 50.4

Writers and authors.................................................................................................................. 178 62.7

Miscellaneous media and communication workers................................................................... 94 67.3

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators.......................................... 93 9.4

Photographers.......................................................................................................................... 188 44.8

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors.................................... 46 -

Health care practitioner and technical occupations...................................................................... 7,738 74.6

Chiropractors............................................................................................................................ 58 19.6

Dentists.................................................................................................................................... 164 30.2

Dietitians and nutritionists......................................................................................................... 99 87.3

Optometrists......................................................................................................... 26 -

Pharmacists............................................................................................................................. 267 49.3

Physicians and surgeons.......................................................................................................... 914 32.2

Physician assistants................................................................................................................. 91 57.1

Podiatrists............................................................................................................ 16 -

Registered nurses.................................................................................................................... 2,839 92.0

Audiologists............................................................................................................ 18 -

Occupational therapists............................................................................................................ 106 87.0

Physical therapists................................................................................................................... 175 64.7

Radiation therapists................................................................................................ 14 -

Recreational therapists............................................................................................. 23 -

Respiratory therapists.............................................................................................................. 119 59.9

Speech-language pathologists................................................................................................. 140 95.8

Therapists, all other................................................................................................ 128 81.0

Veterinarians............................................................................................................................ 69 61.2

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other...................................................... 25 -

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians...................................................................... 349 74.7

Dental hygienists...................................................................................................................... 137 96.6

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians..................................................................... 342 74.4

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics..................................................................... 156 30.1

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians............................................... 476 79.8

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses................................................................... 633 91.4

Medical records and health information technicians................................................................. 103 88.7

Opticians, dispensing............................................................................................................... 50 67.4

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians...................................................... 146 71.5

Other health care practitioners and technical occupations................................................ 52 33.5

Service occupations........................................................................................................................... 24,598 57.2

Health care support occupations..................................................................................................... 3,309 89.4

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides............................................................................ 2,002 88.4

Occupational therapist assistants and aides................................................................ 16 -

Physical therapist assistants and aides.................................................................................... 79 79.3

Massage therapists.................................................................................................................. 150 85.7

Dental assistants...................................................................................................................... 286 97.6

Medical assistants and other health care support occupations.......................................... 776 90.7

Protective service occupations........................................................................................................ 3,164 22.3

First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers................................................... 50 24.0

First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives......................................................... 91 14.7

First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers................................... 54 7.3

Supervisors, protective service workers, all other.......................................................... 94 27.5

Fire fighters.............................................................................................................................. 284 3.4

 See note at end of table.

31
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Fire inspectors......................................................................................................... 18 -

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers.................................................................................... 435 26.9

Detectives and criminal investigators....................................................................................... 141 26.4

Fish and game wardens.......................................................................................... 4 -

Parking enforcement workers.................................................................................... 10 -

Police and sheriff's patrol officers............................................................................................. 714 15.5

Transit and railroad police........................................................................................ 3 -

Animal control workers............................................................................................. 13 -

Private detectives and investigators......................................................................................... 76 40.4

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers..................................................................... 942 21.9

Crossing guards...................................................................................................... 67 63.6

Lifeguards and other protective service workers............................................................ 167 53.3

Food preparation and serving related occupations.......................................................................... 7,733 55.7

Chefs and head cooks.............................................................................................................. 348 20.7

First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers................................ 597 56.9

Cooks....................................................................................................................................... 2,004 41.5

Food preparation workers......................................................................................................... 748 58.0

Bartenders................................................................................................................................ 404 56.4

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food....................................... 341 67.0

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop............................................. 264 65.8

Waiters and waitresses............................................................................................................ 2,005 71.5

Food servers, nonrestaurant..................................................................................................... 169 65.7

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers................................................... 320 54.1

Dishwashers............................................................................................................................. 263 20.9

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop...................................................... 258 86.4

Food preparation and serving related workers all other 11

Percent 

women Occupation Total 

employed

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other................................................... 11 -

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations........................................................ 5,349 40.4

First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers.............................. 276 40.6

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers... 263 5.0

Janitors and building cleaners.................................................................................................. 2,149 32.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................................................................... 1,428 89.8

Pest control workers................................................................................................................. 55 3.5

Grounds maintenance workers................................................................................................. 1,178 5.3

Personal care and service occupations........................................................................................... 5,043 78.1

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers.................................................................. 154 46.0

First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers................................................... 212 72.3

Animal trainers....................................................................................................... 44 -

Nonfarm animal caretakers...................................................................................................... 163 66.3

Gaming services workers......................................................................................................... 127 49.1

Motion picture projectionists....................................................................................... 5 -

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers.............................................................................. 34 -

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers............................................. 163 39.6

Funeral service workers........................................................................................... 10 -

Barbers..................................................................................................................................... 93 18.6

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists.......................................................................... 800 90.4

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers........................................................................... 242 84.5

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges.............................................................................. 74 22.2

Tour and travel guides............................................................................................ 29 -

Transportation attendants......................................................................................................... 133 72.3

Child care workers.................................................................................................................... 1,292 95.0

Personal and home care aides................................................................................................. 926 85.2

 See note at end of table.

32
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Recreation and fitness workers................................................................................................ 369 65.0

Residential advisors................................................................................................................. 71 68.1

Personal care and service workers, all other.................................................................. 103 54.5

Sales and office occupations.............................................................................................................. 33,787 63.0

Sales and related occupations........................................................................................................ 15,641 49.6

First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers............................................................ 3,311 44.1

First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail sales workers...................................................... 1,291 28.0

Cashiers................................................................................................................................... 3,056 74.4

Counter and rental clerks......................................................................................................... 142 48.5

Parts salespersons................................................................................................................... 102 13.2

Retail salespersons.................................................................................................................. 3,182 51.8

Advertising sales agents........................................................................................................... 209 49.6

Insurance sales agents............................................................................................................. 548 46.3

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents................................................... 329 27.9

Travel agents............................................................................................................................ 72 79.7

Sales representatives, services, all other................................................................................. 514 33.4

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing............................................................... 1,317 27.4

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters....................................................................... 63 78.0

Real estate brokers and sales agents...................................................................................... 860 54.6

Sales engineers...................................................................................................... 29 -

Telemarketers.......................................................................................................................... 122 66.7

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers............................. 217 64.0

Sales and related workers, all other........................................................................... 277 56.0

Office and administrative support occupations................................................................................ 18,146 74.5

First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers.......................... 1,632 71.3

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

First line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers.......................... 1,632 71.3

Switchboard operators, including answering service...................................................... 47 -

Telephone operators............................................................................................... 41 -

Communications equipment operators, all other............................................................ 15 -

Bill and account collectors........................................................................................................ 195 68.6

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators..................................................................... 481 89.9

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.......................................................................... 1,306 92.2

Gaming cage workers............................................................................................. 8 -

Payroll and timekeeping clerks................................................................................................. 150 86.7

Procurement clerks................................................................................................. 24 -

Tellers...................................................................................................................................... 432 87.0

Brokerage clerks...................................................................................................... 4 -

Correspondence clerks........................................................................................... 8 -

Court, municipal, and license clerks......................................................................................... 105 73.6

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks........................................................................ 48 -

Customer service representatives............................................................................................ 1,862 67.9

Eligibility interviewers, government programs........................................................................... 63 86.7

File clerks................................................................................................................................. 324 81.8

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks......................................................................................... 143 65.5

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan..................................................................................... 145 81.2

Library assistants, clerical........................................................................................................ 129 84.2

Loan interviewers and clerks.................................................................................................... 113 81.0

New accounts clerks................................................................................................ 25 -

Order clerks.............................................................................................................................. 102 63.8

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping.......................................... 44 -

Receptionists and information clerks........................................................................................ 1,277 91.5

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks................................................. 111 57.9

 See note at end of table.

33
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Information and record clerks, all other........................................................................ 109 87.0

Cargo and freight agents.......................................................................................... 21 -

Couriers and messengers........................................................................................................ 255 17.5

Dispatchers.............................................................................................................................. 278 55.7

Meter readers, utilities............................................................................................. 45 -

Postal service clerks................................................................................................................. 154 49.6

Postal service mail carriers...................................................................................................... 355 35.0

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators............................ 72 43.9

Production, planning, and expediting clerks.............................................................................. 281 54.1

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks....................................................................................... 483 33.8

Stock clerks and order fillers.................................................................................................... 1,397 36.4

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping............................................... 61 48.1

Secretaries and administrative assistants................................................................................ 3,176 96.8

Computer operators.................................................................................................................. 115 52.3

Data entry keyers..................................................................................................................... 375 79.1

Word processors and typists.................................................................................................... 163 92.2

Desktop publishers................................................................................................... 7 -

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks......................................................................... 252 82.7

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service................................................ 104 50.0

Office clerks, general................................................................................................................ 1,002 81.9

Office machine operators, except computer............................................................................. 41 -

Proofreaders and copy markers................................................................................. 11 -

Statistical assistants................................................................................................ 21 -

Office and administrative support workers, all other......................................................... 533 76.0

Natural resources construction and maintenance occupations 13 323 4 4

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......................................................... 13,323 4.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations...................................................................................... 926 20.5

First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers........................... 49 -

Agricultural inspectors............................................................................................. 17 -

Animal breeders...................................................................................................... 6 -

Graders and sorters, agricultural products............................................................................... 70 65.4

Miscellaneous agricultural workers.............................................................................. 681 18.6

Fishers and related fishing workers.............................................................................. 31 -

Hunters and trappers................................................................................................ 2 -

Forest and conservation workers................................................................................. 11 -

Logging workers....................................................................................................................... 59 .7

Construction and extraction occupations......................................................................................... 7,439 2.6

First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers........................ 735 3.7

Boilermakers......................................................................................................... 22 -

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons........................................................................ 151 .1

Carpenters............................................................................................................................... 1,264 1.6

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers............................................................................ 223 2.3

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers...................................................... 74 .6

Construction laborers............................................................................................................... 1,427 2.7

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators...................................................... 19 -

Pile-driver operators................................................................................................ 2 -

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators............................................ 377 1.5

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers................................................................... 170 2.2

Electricians............................................................................................................................... 776 2.2

Glaziers.................................................................................................................................... 46 -

Insulation workers.................................................................................................................... 36 -

Painters, construction and maintenance................................................................................... 522 6.9

 See note at end of table.

34
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Paperhangers......................................................................................................... 6 -

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters................................................................... 536 1.3

Plasterers and stucco masons................................................................................................. 39 -

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers............................................................................ 11 -

Roofers..................................................................................................................................... 216 .5

Sheet metal workers................................................................................................................. 132 2.5

Structural iron and steel workers.............................................................................................. 63 3.7

Helpers, construction trades..................................................................................................... 64 3.7

Construction and building inspectors........................................................................................ 99 6.3

Elevator installers and repairers................................................................................. 33 -

Fence erectors......................................................................................................... 31 -

Hazardous materials removal workers........................................................................ 32 -

Highway maintenance workers................................................................................................. 108 2.3

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators................................................... 12 -

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners............................................................... 8 -

Miscellaneous construction and related workers............................................................ 40 -

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining.................................... 30 -

Earth drillers, except oil and gas................................................................................. 15 -

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters.......................................... 11 -

Mining machine operators.......................................................................................... 54 2.0

Roof bolters, mining................................................................................................ 5 -

Roustabouts, oil and gas.......................................................................................... 6 -

Helpers—extraction workers....................................................................................... 6 -

Other extraction workers.......................................................................................... 40 -

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations........................................................................... 4,957 4.2

First line supervisors/managers of mechanics installers and repairers 342 8 7

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers................................... 342 8.7

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers....................................................... 329 13.0

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers.......................................... 179 8.3

Avionics technicians................................................................................................ 14 -

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers............................................................ 34 -

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment........................ 7 -

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility................................................... 13 -

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles.......................................... 23 -

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers........................................... 64 7.0

Security and fire alarm systems installers................................................................................ 71 3.5

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians.............................................................................. 142 3.8

Automotive body and related repairers..................................................................................... 163 1.5

Automotive glass installers and repairers..................................................................... 24 -

Automotive service technicians and mechanics........................................................................ 799 1.8

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists........................................................... 330 .8

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics................................ 223 1.6

Small engine mechanics........................................................................................................... 58 .5

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers............... 91 2.4

Control and valve installers and repairers..................................................................... 25 -

Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers....................................... 376 .7

Home appliance repairers........................................................................................................ 49 -

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics........................................................................ 418 3.5

Maintenance and repair workers, general................................................................................. 415 2.6

Maintenance workers, machinery............................................................................................. 34 -

Millwrights................................................................................................................................ 54 2.9

Electrical power-line installers and repairers............................................................................ 126 1.3

 See note at end of table.

35
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Telecommunications line installers and repairers..................................................................... 183 3.7

Precision instrument and equipment repairers.......................................................................... 55 14.2

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers............................................. 41 -

Commercial divers................................................................................................... 5 -

Locksmiths and safe repairers.................................................................................... 32 -

Manufactured building and mobile home installers......................................................... 7 -

Riggers.................................................................................................................. 7 -

Signal and track switch repairers................................................................................. 7 -

Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair workers................................................... 21 -

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers......................................................... 195 8.8

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............................................................. 15,951 21.4

Production occupations................................................................................................................... 7,654 28.1

First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers...................................... 739 18.1

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers.......................................... 23 -

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers....................................................... 147 59.4

Engine and other machine assemblers........................................................................ 18 -

Structural metal fabricators and fitters........................................................................... 21 -

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators..................................................................... 845 35.2

Bakers...................................................................................................................................... 193 56.0

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers................................................ 302 22.8

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders..................... 15 -

Food batchmakers.................................................................................................................... 87 50.0

Food cooking machine operators and tenders............................................................... 9 -

Computer control programmers and operators......................................................................... 64 9.8

Extruding and drawing machine setters operators and tenders metal and plastic 5 -

Total 

employed

Percent 

women Occupation

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............... 5 -

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................................... 9 -

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................................... 9 -

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........ 81 25.1

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............... 4 -

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, 

 metal and plastic................................................................................................................... 48 -

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................. 16 -

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic..................... 3 -

Machinists................................................................................................................................ 372 5.4

Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders............................................................... 19 -

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic...................................................... 6 -

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.................... 40 -

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.............................. 8 -

Tool and die makers................................................................................................................. 54 .8

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers.................................................................................. 459 4.0

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic........................... 5 -

Lay-out workers, metal and plastic.............................................................................. 6 -

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic..................... 13 -

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners........................................................................... 6 -

Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other.................................................................. 284 20.8

Bookbinders and bindery workers.............................................................................. 25 -

Job printers............................................................................................................ 50 26.0

Prepress technicians and workers............................................................................................ 44 -

Printing machine operators....................................................................................................... 155 21.9

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers............................................................................................ 192 57.3

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials...................................................................... 55 67.2

 See note at end of table.

36
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Sewing machine operators....................................................................................................... 197 72.9

Shoe and leather workers and repairers........................................................................ 6 -

Shoe machine operators and tenders.......................................................................... 6 -

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers............................................................................................ 74 76.3

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders............................................. 3 -

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders................................................... 7 -

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders................................. 8 -

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders............... 16 -

Fabric and apparel patternmakers.............................................................................. 2 -

Upholsterers............................................................................................................................. 47 -

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other......................................................... 14 -

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters...................................................................................... 50 3.7

Furniture finishers................................................................................................... 13 -

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood........................................................... 27 -

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing.............................. 27 -

Woodworkers, all other............................................................................................. 29 -

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers...................................................... 41 -

Stationary engineers and boiler operators................................................................................ 98 2.7

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators................................................. 72 5.8

Miscellaneous plant and system operators..................................................................... 38 -

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders.......................................... 48 -

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers..................................................... 108 13.1

Cutting workers........................................................................................................................ 81 25.6

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders......... 33 -

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders............................................. 10 -

I t t t t l d ih 612 34 0

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers................................................................ 612 34.0

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers............................................................ 39 -

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians............................................................ 96 51.8

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders............................................................... 237 54.7

Painting workers....................................................................................................................... 153 10.4

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators.......................................... 54 65.2

Semiconductor processors....................................................................................... 3 -

Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders................................................... 11 -

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders.............................. 5 -

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders................................................... 3 -

Etchers and engravers............................................................................................. 11 -

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic................................................... 38 -

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders...................................................... 40 -

Tire builders............................................................................................................ 18 -

Helpers—production workers.................................................................................... 40 -

Production workers, all other....................................................................................... 807 25.1

Transportation and material moving occupations............................................................................ 8,297 15.3

Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers........................................................ 221 22.6

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers............................................................................................. 126 1.3

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists................................................... 40 -

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians........................ 13 -

Bus drivers............................................................................................................................... 655 51.5

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers...................................................................................... 3,151 5.2

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs...................................................................................................... 377 14.6

Motor vehicle operators, all other................................................................................. 61 5.9

 See note at end of table.

37
Table 11. Employed persons by detailed occupation and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Locomotive engineers and operators........................................................................................ 57 2.2

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators.................................................................. 5 -

Railroad conductors and yardmasters...................................................................................... 50 5.9

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers................................................... 11 -

Sailors and marine oilers.......................................................................................... 21 -

Ship and boat captains and operators........................................................................... 35 -

Ship engineers......................................................................................................... 7 -

Bridge and lock tenders............................................................................................. 4 -

Parking lot attendants............................................................................................................... 84 11.8

Service station attendants........................................................................................................ 89 13.0

Transportation inspectors.......................................................................................... 54 8.6

Other transportation workers....................................................................................... 15 -

Conveyor operators and tenders.............................................................................................. 10 -

Crane and tower operators....................................................................................................... 61 1.1

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators................................................................ 50 6.0

Hoist and winch operators.......................................................................................... 4 -

Industrial truck and tractor operators........................................................................................ 507 6.9

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment......................................................................................... 316 11.2

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand........................................................... 1,707 17.2

Machine feeders and offbearers................................................................................. 29 -

Packers and packagers, hand.................................................................................................. 378 56.4

Pumping station operators.......................................................................................... 22 -

Refuse and recyclable material collectors................................................................................ 83 5.8

Shuttle car operators................................................................................................ 3 -

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders................................................................................. 4 -

Occupation Total 

employed

Percent 

women

Material moving workers, all other.............................................................................. 46 -

NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for occupations where employment base is less than 50,000.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

38
Table 12. Employed women by occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)................................... 53,366 8,208 3,084 8,007

 Percent.......................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Management, professional, and related occupations .................... 41.4 33.7 47.4 24.6

Management, business, and financial operations occupations .. 14.4 10.5 15.2 9.1

Professional and related occupations ........................................ 27.0 23.2 32.2 15.5

Service occupations ....................................................................... 20.1 28.5 20.7 32.4

Sales and office occupations ......................................................... 32.7 30.8 25.0 31.6

Sales and related occupations ................................................... 11.8 11.1 11.1 12.1

Office and administrative support occupations ........................... 20.9 19.7 13.9 19.5

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ... .9 .8 .4 1.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ................................. .3 .1 .1 1.0

Construction and extraction occupations .................................... .3 .2 .1 .3

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ..................... .3 .4 .2 .3

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ....... 4.9 6.2 6.4 9.8

Production occupations .............................................................. 3.1 3.6 5.5 6.5

Transportation and material moving occupations ....................... 1.9 2.6 1.0 3.3

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Occupation White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

39
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Total, both sexes

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 145,362 100.0 139,877 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 2,168 1.5 2,103 1.5

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ 819 .6 707 .5

Construction ............................................................................... 10,974 7.5 9,702 6.9

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 15,904 10.9 14,202 10.2

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 10,273 7.1 8,927 6.4

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 5,631 3.9 5,275 3.8

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 20,585 14.2 19,684 14.1

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 4,052 2.8 3,808 2.7

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 16,533 11.4 15,877 11.4

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 7,727 5.3 7,245 5.2

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 6,501 4.5 6,012 4.3

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 1,225 .8 1,233 .9

Information ................................................................................. 3,481 2.4 3,239 2.3

Financial activities ...................................................................... 10,228 7.0 9,622 6.9

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 7,279 5.0 6,826 4.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 2,949 2.0 2,796 2.0

Professional and business services ........................................... 15,540 10.7 15,008 10.7

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 9,362 6.4 9,159 6.5

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 6,178 4.3 5,849 4.2

Education and health services ................................................... 31,402 21.6 31,819 22.7

 Educational services ................................................................ 13,169 9.1 13,188 9.4

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 18,233 12.5 18,632 13.3

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 6,241 4.3 6,265 4.5

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 8,865 6.1 9,213 6.6

 Social assistance ................................................................... 3,127 2.2 3,154 2.3

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 12,767 8.8 12,736 9.1

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 2,972 2.0 3,018 2.2

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 9,795 6.7 9,717 6.9

Other services ............................................................................ 7,005 4.8 6,935 5.0

 Other services, except private households .............................. 6,200 4.3 6,152 4.4

 Private households .................................................................. 805 .6 783 .6

Public administration .................................................................. 6,763 4.7 6,875 4.9

Industry and sex

Year

2008 2009

40
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Women

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 67,876 100.0 66,208 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 518 .8 496 .7 

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ 105 .2 94 .1 

Construction ............................................................................... 1,069 1.6 919 1.4 

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 4,655 6.9 4,069 6.1 

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 2,624 3.9 2,204 3.3 

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 2,030 3.0 1,865 2.8 

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 9,257 13.6 8,918 13.5 

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 1,196 1.8 1,109 1.7 

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 8,062 11.9 7,809 11.8 

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 1,786 2.6 1,662 2.5 

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 1,547 2.3 1,424 2.2 

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 239 .4 238 .4 

Information ................................................................................. 1,449 2.1 1,360 2.1 

Financial activities ...................................................................... 5,605 8.3 5,196 7.8 

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 4,223 6.2 3,924 5.9 

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 1,382 2.0 1,272 1.9 

Professional and business services ........................................... 6,584 9.7 6,264 9.5 

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 4,130 6.1 4,009 6.1 

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 2,453 3.6 2,256 3.4 

Education and health services ................................................... 23,603 34.8 23,925 36.1 

 Educational services ................................................................ 9,174 13.5 9,147 13.8 

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 14,429 21.3 14,778 22.3 

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 4,790 7.1 4,827 7.3 

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 6,965 10.3 7,268 11.0 

 Social assistance ................................................................... 2,674 3.9 2,682 4.1 

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 6,575 9.7 6,562 9.9 

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 1,372 2.0 1,398 2.1 

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 5,203 7.7 5,165 7.8 

Other services ............................................................................ 3,615 5.3 3,613 5.5 

 Other services, except private households .............................. 2,881 4.2 2,904 4.4 

 Private households .................................................................. 735 1.1 709 1.1 

Public administration .................................................................. 3,056 4.5 3,129 4.7 

Industry and sex

Year

2008 2009

41
Table 13. Employed persons by industry and sex, 2008 and 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Number Percent Number Percent

Men

 Total, 16 years and over........................................... 77,486 100.0 73,670 100.0

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting .................................. 1,650 2.1 1,607 2.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction ............................ 714 .9 613 .8 

Construction ............................................................................... 9,905 12.8 8,782 11.9

Manufacturing ............................................................................ 11,249 14.5 10,133 13.8

 Durable goods ......................................................................... 7,649 9.9 6,724 9.1

 Nondurable goods ................................................................... 3,601 4.6 3,409 4.6

Wholesale and retail trade ......................................................... 11,327 14.6 10,766 14.6

 Wholesale trade ....................................................................... 2,856 3.7 2,698 3.7

 Retail trade .............................................................................. 8,471 10.9 8,068 11.0

Transportation and utilities ......................................................... 5,940 7.7 5,583 7.6

 Transportation and warehousing ............................................. 4,954 6.4 4,588 6.2

 Utilities ..................................................................................... 987 1.3 995 1.4

Information ................................................................................. 2,032 2.6 1,879 2.6

Financial activities ...................................................................... 4,623 6.0 4,426 6.0

 Finance and insurance ............................................................ 3,056 3.9 2,902 3.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... 1,567 2.0 1,524 2.1

Professional and business services ........................................... 8,957 11.6 8,744 11.9

 Professional and technical services ......................................... 5,232 6.8 5,151 7.0

 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 3,725 4.8 3,593 4.9

Education and health services ................................................... 7,799 10.1 7,895 10.7

 Educational services ................................................................ 3,994 5.2 4,041 5.5

 Health care and social assistance ........................................... 3,805 4.9 3,854 5.2

 Hospitals ................................................................................ 1,451 1.9 1,438 2.0

 Health services, except hospitals .......................................... 1,900 2.5 1,944 2.6

 Social assistance ................................................................... 453 .6 472 .6 

Leisure and hospitality ............................................................... 6,192 8.0 6,173 8.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... 1,600 2.1 1,620 2.2

 Accommodation and food services .......................................... 4,592 5.9 4,553 6.2

Other services ............................................................................ 3,390 4.4 3,322 4.5

 Other services, except private households .............................. 3,319 4.3 3,248 4.4

 Private households .................................................................. 70 .1 74 .1 

Public administration .................................................................. 3,707 4.8 3,746 5.1

 SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Industry and sex

Year

2008 2009

42
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Total, 16 years and over................................................................................. 139,877 47.3

Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting........................................................................ 2,103 23.6

Crop production....................................................................................................... 916 23.8

Animal production.................................................................................................... 867 23.6

Forestry, except logging........................................................................................... 48 - 

Logging.................................................................................................................... 90 2.3

Fishing, hunting, and trapping.................................................................................. 43 - 

Support activities for agriculture and forestry........................................................... 139 37.2

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction.................................................................. 707 13.3

Oil and gas extraction.............................................................................................. 70 22.2

Coal mining.............................................................................................................. 96 5.8

Metal ore mining...................................................................................................... 40 - 

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying............................................................... 89 13.9

Not specified type of mining..................................................................................... 6 - 

Support activities for mining..................................................................................... 407 13.8

Construction................................................................................................................... 9,702 9.5

Manufacturing................................................................................................................. 14,202 28.7

Durable goods............................................................................................................. 8,927 24.7

Nonmetallic mineral products................................................................................... 490 19.2

Pottery, ceramics, and related product manufacturing.......................................... 31 - 

Structural clay product manufacturing.................................................................. 34 - 

Glass and glass products..................................................................................... 154 27.7

Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products..................................................... 186 13.7

Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing................................... 86 14.7

Industry Total employed Percent women

Primary metals and fabricated metal products......................................................... 1,550 16.9

Iron and steel mills and steel products.................................................................. 284 12.3

Aluminum production and processing................................................................... 61 13.9

Nonferrous metal, except aluminum, production and processing.......................... 48 - 

Foundries............................................................................................................. 68 9.8

Metal forgings and stampings............................................................................... 40 - 

Cutlery and hand tools.......................................................................................... 34 - 

Structural metals and tanks and shipping containers............................................ 343 16.2

Machine shops; turned products; screws, nuts, and bolts..................................... 271 11.7

Coating, engraving, heat treating and allied activities........................................... 79 23.2

Ordnance.............................................................................................................. 37 - 

Miscellaneous fabricated metal product manufacturing........................................ 269 25.5

Not specified metal industries............................................................................... 16 - 

Machinery manufacturing......................................................................................... 1,179 21.1

Agricultural implements........................................................................................ 101 28.7

Construction, mining, and oil field machinery........................................................ 150 14.4

Commercial and service industry machinery........................................................ 108 33.6

Metalworking machinery....................................................................................... 150 12.3

Engines, turbines, and power transmission equipment......................................... 60 18.9

Machinery manufacturing, n.e.c............................................................................ 605 21.6

Not specified machinery manufacturing................................................................ 5 - 

Computers and electronic products.......................................................................... 1,266 31.7

Computer and peripheral equipment..................................................................... 300 30.3

Communications, audio, and video equipment...................................................... 164 29.1

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments........................ 196 29.8

Electronic component and product manufacturing, n.e.c...................................... 606 33.8

 See note at end of table.

43
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Electrical equipment and appliances........................................................................ 397 28.6

Household appliances.......................................................................................... 63 33.7

Electrical lighting, equipment, and supplies manufacturing, n.e.c......................... 335 27.6

Transportation equipment........................................................................................ 1,952 21.7

Motor vehicles and motor vehicle equipment........................................................ 913 21.7

Aircraft and parts.................................................................................................. 411 20.1

Aerospace products and parts.............................................................................. 425 26.3

Railroad rolling stock manufacturing..................................................................... 25 - 

Ship and boat building.......................................................................................... 143 16.0

Other transportation equipment manufacturing..................................................... 36 - 

Wood products......................................................................................................... 412 18.2

Sawmills and wood preservation.......................................................................... 112 9.5

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood products................................................ 33 - 

Prefabricated wood buildings and mobile homes.................................................. 35 - 

Miscellaneous wood products............................................................................... 231 23.2

Furniture and related products manufacturing...................................................... 469 25.4

Miscellaneous manufacturing................................................................................... 1,211 38.5

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing................................................... 529 43.1

Toys, amusement, and sporting goods manufacturing.......................................... 128 26.2

Miscellaneous manufacturing, n.e.c...................................................................... 394 38.0

Not specified manufacturing industries................................................................. 160 34.4

Nondurable goods....................................................................................................... 5,275 35.4

Food manufacturing................................................................................................. 1,579 36.3

Animal food, grain, and oilseed milling.................................................................. 127 22.0

Sugar and confectionery products........................................................................ 78 46.0

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty foods.............................................. 186 37.4

Industry Total employed Percent women

g p g py

Dairy products...................................................................................................... 153 25.7

Animal slaughtering and processing..................................................................... 466 32.4

Retail bakeries...................................................................................................... 188 56.7

Bakeries, except retail.......................................................................................... 194 35.0

Seafood and other miscellaneous foods, n.e.c..................................................... 160 40.5

Not specified food industries................................................................................. 26 - 

Beverages and tobacco products............................................................................. 257 26.0

Beverages manufacturing..................................................................................... 223 25.9

Tobacco manufacturing........................................................................................ 34 - 

Textiles, apparel, and leather................................................................................... 619 56.4

Fiber, yarn, and thread mills................................................................................. 20 - 

Fabric mills, except knitting................................................................................... 105 44.5

Textile and fabric finishing and coating mills......................................................... 29 - 

Carpet and rug mills............................................................................................. 45 - 

Textile product mills, except carpets and rugs...................................................... 101 60.5

Knitting mills......................................................................................................... 18 - 

Cut and sew apparel............................................................................................. 241 67.3

Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing......................................... 8 - 

Footwear manufacturing....................................................................................... 27 - 

Leather tanning and products, except footwear manufacturing............................. 24 - 

Paper and printing.................................................................................................... 949 29.0

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills........................................................................ 188 14.4

Paperboard containers and boxes........................................................................ 129 21.8

Miscellaneous paper and pulp products................................................................ 63 43.2

Printing and related support activities................................................................... 569 33.9

Petroleum and coal products................................................................................... 196 22.1

Petroleum refining................................................................................................ 181 22.9

 See note at end of table.

44
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products......................................................... 15 - 

Chemicals................................................................................................................ 1,227 35.3

Resins, synthetic rubber and fibers, and filaments................................................ 178 28.7

Agricultural chemical manufacturing..................................................................... 30 - 

Pharmaceuticals and medicines........................................................................... 462 47.5

Paints, coatings, and adhesives........................................................................... 50 31.2

Soaps, cleaning compounds, and cosmetics........................................................ 133 51.9

Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals................................................................ 375 19.5

Plastics and rubber products.................................................................................... 448 27.9

Plastics product manufacturing............................................................................. 315 29.8

Tire manufacturing................................................................................................ 65 15.2

Rubber product, except tire, manufacturing.......................................................... 68 31.7

Wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................................. 19,684 45.3

Wholesale trade.......................................................................................................... 3,808 29.1

Motor vehicles, parts and supplies, merchant wholesalers...................................... 187 22.3

Furniture and home furnishings, merchant wholesalers........................................... 76 31.2

Lumber and other construction materials, merchant wholesalers............................. 194 22.6

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies, merchant wholesalers........ 342 34.6

Metals and minerals, except petroleum, merchant wholesalers............................... 64 22.9

Electrical goods, merchant wholesalers................................................................... 208 29.5

Hardware, plumbing and heating equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers.. 137 26.8

Machinery, equipment, and supplies, merchant wholesalers................................... 391 24.0

Recyclable materials, merchant wholesalers........................................................... 100 16.2

Miscellaneous durable goods, merchant wholesalers.............................................. 120 39.4

Paper and paper products, merchant wholesalers................................................... 71 41.7

Drugs, sundries, and chemical and allied products, merchant wholesalers.............. 232 44.3

Industry Total employed Percent women

g, , p ,

Apparel, fabrics, and notions, merchant wholesalers............................................... 135 45.8

Groceries and related products, merchant wholesalers........................................... 830 24.6

Farm product raw materials, merchant wholesalers................................................. 68 25.0

Petroleum and petroleum products, merchant wholesalers...................................... 168 31.6

Alcoholic beverages, merchant wholesalers............................................................ 146 16.3

Farm supplies, merchant wholesalers...................................................................... 39 - 

Miscellaneous nondurable goods, merchant wholesalers........................................ 166 38.3

Wholesale electronic markets, agents and brokers.................................................. 75 37.7

Not specified wholesale trade.................................................................................. 57 30.5

Retail trade.................................................................................................................. 15,877 49.2

Automobile dealers.................................................................................................. 1,170 18.4

Other motor vehicle dealers..................................................................................... 136 21.4

Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores................................................................... 479 15.2

Furniture and home furnishings stores..................................................................... 513 42.0

Household appliance stores..................................................................................... 83 27.6

Radio, TV, and computer stores.............................................................................. 504 31.7

Building material and supplies dealers..................................................................... 913 29.7

Hardware stores...................................................................................................... 223 33.0

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores.................................................... 273 34.5

Grocery stores......................................................................................................... 2,710 49.6

Specialty food stores................................................................................................ 240 46.2

Beer, wine, and liquor stores.................................................................................... 133 28.0

Pharmacies and drug stores.................................................................................... 819 65.1

Health and personal care, except drug, stores......................................................... 310 67.4

Gasoline stations..................................................................................................... 504 52.5

Clothing and accessories, except shoe, stores........................................................ 953 77.2

 See note at end of table.

45
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Shoe stores.............................................................................................................. 139 62.7

Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores............................................................. 178 67.9

Sporting goods, camera, and hobby and toy stores................................................. 455 45.9

Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores.......................................................... 66 71.1

Music stores............................................................................................................ 81 31.7

Book stores and news dealers................................................................................. 169 62.1

Department stores and discount stores.................................................................... 2,411 60.4

Miscellaneous general merchandise stores............................................................. 485 59.0

Retail florists............................................................................................................ 110 72.0

Office supplies and stationery stores....................................................................... 189 37.2

Used merchandise stores........................................................................................ 211 63.0

Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops............................................................................. 179 77.3

Miscellaneous retail stores....................................................................................... 386 56.3

Electronic shopping.................................................................................................. 107 47.7

Electronic auctions................................................................................................... 16 - 

Mail order houses.................................................................................................... 81 60.4

Vending machine operators..................................................................................... 52 25.4

Fuel dealers............................................................................................................. 110 24.3

Other direct selling establishments.......................................................................... 234 70.1

Not specified retail trade.......................................................................................... 254 52.2

Transportation and utilities.............................................................................................. 7,245 22.9

Transportation and warehousing................................................................................. 6,012 23.7

Air transportation..................................................................................................... 534 37.3

Rail transportation.................................................................................................... 266 5.6

Water transportation................................................................................................ 84 27.4

Truck transportation................................................................................................. 1,729 12.6

Industry Total employed Percent women

p ,

Bus service and urban transit................................................................................... 522 40.8

Taxi and limousine service....................................................................................... 277 12.6

Pipeline transportation............................................................................................. 56 16.2

Scenic and sightseeing transportation..................................................................... 43 - 

Services incidental to transportation........................................................................ 746 24.5

Postal Service.......................................................................................................... 768 39.2

Couriers and messengers........................................................................................ 660 18.3

Warehousing and storage........................................................................................ 328 28.5

Utilities........................................................................................................................ 1,233 19.3

Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution......................................... 689 18.1

Natural gas distribution............................................................................................ 98 18.2

Electric and gas, and other combinations................................................................ 77 26.2

Water, steam, air-conditioning, and irrigation systems............................................. 231 23.0

Sewage treatment facilities...................................................................................... 116 16.3

Not specified utilities................................................................................................ 23 - 

Information..................................................................................................................... 3,239 42.0

Newspaper publishers............................................................................................. 361 48.1

Periodical, book, and directory publishers................................................................ 285 56.7

Software publishers............................................................................................... 38 - 

Motion pictures and video industries........................................................................ 397 33.9

Sound recording industries...................................................................................... 50 24.6

Radio and television broadcasting and cable subscription programming................. 573 33.7

Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals.................................. 42 - 

Wired telecommunications carriers.......................................................................... 775 35.7

Other telecommunications services......................................................................... 354 36.4

 See note at end of table.

46
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Data processing, hosting, and related services........................................................ 97 51.4

Libraries and archives.............................................................................................. 229 78.2

Other information services....................................................................................... 39 - 

Financial activities.......................................................................................................... 9,622 54.0

Finance and insurance................................................................................................ 6,826 57.5

Banking and related activities.................................................................................. 2,036 63.8

Savings institutions, including credit unions............................................................. 271 76.3

Nondepository credit and related activities............................................................... 787 55.2

Securities, commodities, funds, trusts, and other financial investments................... 1,296 38.4

Insurance carriers and related activities................................................................... 2,436 61.0

Real estate and rental and leasing.............................................................................. 2,796 45.5

Real estate............................................................................................................... 2,350 48.8

Rental and leasing services..................................................................................... 446 27.9

Automotive equipment rental and leasing............................................................. 169 26.4

Videotape and disk rental..................................................................................... 63 44.2

Other consumer goods rental............................................................................... 104 31.2

Commercial, industrial, and other intangible assets rental and leasing................. 110 17.8

Professional and business services................................................................................ 15,008 41.7

Professional and technical services............................................................................ 9,159 43.8

Legal services.......................................................................................................... 1,659 55.5

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services.............................. 1,014 62.7

Architectural, engineering, and related services....................................................... 1,493 26.3

Specialized design services..................................................................................... 350 60.7

Computer systems design and related services....................................................... 1,860 25.1

Industry Total employed Percent women

py g ,

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services...................................... 1,126 42.9

Scientific research and development services......................................................... 534 46.8

Advertising and related services.............................................................................. 498 47.3

Veterinary services.................................................................................................. 271 81.5

Other professional, scientific, and technical services............................................... 353 53.6

Management, administrative, and waste services....................................................... 5,849 38.6

Management of companies and enterprises............................................................ 62 66.0

Employment services............................................................................................... 819 58.2

Business support services....................................................................................... 785 60.0

Travel arrangement and reservation services.......................................................... 247 60.7

Investigation and security services.......................................................................... 782 23.2

Services to buildings and dwellings.......................................................................... 1,297 52.5

Landscaping services.............................................................................................. 1,180 7.5

Other administrative and other support services...................................................... 242 43.3

Waste management and remediation services........................................................ 434 14.3

Education and health services........................................................................................ 31,819 75.2

Educational services................................................................................................... 13,188 69.4

Elementary and secondary schools......................................................................... 8,884 75.3

Colleges and universities, including junior colleges.................................................. 3,539 54.6

Business, technical, and trade schools and training................................................. 83 59.9

Other schools, instruction, and educational services............................................... 682 69.4

Health care and social assistance............................................................................... 18,632 79.3

Hospitals.................................................................................................................. 6,265 77.0

 See note at end of table.

47
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Health services, except hospitals............................................................................. 9,213 78.9

Offices of physicians............................................................................................. 1,555 76.0

Offices of dentists................................................................................................. 801 82.3

Offices of chiropractors......................................................................................... 136 62.1

Offices of optometrists.......................................................................................... 117 78.3

Offices of other health practitioners...................................................................... 220 79.0

Outpatient care centers........................................................................................ 1,102 76.3

Home health care services................................................................................... 967 89.0

Other health care services.................................................................................... 1,747 71.1

Nursing care facilities........................................................................................... 1,869 86.5

Residential care facilities, without nursing............................................................ 699 74.0

Social assistance..................................................................................................... 3,154 85.0

Individual and family services............................................................................... 1,358 78.1

Community food and housing, and emergency services....................................... 118 68.5

Vocational rehabilitation services.......................................................................... 153 57.2

Child day care services......................................................................................... 1,524 95.3

Leisure and hospitality.................................................................................................... 12,736 51.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation............................................................................. 3,018 46.3

Independent artists, performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries......... 792 42.4

Museums, art galleries, historical sites, and similar institutions............................... 377 49.0

Bowling centers....................................................................................................... 52 36.2

Other amusement, gambling, and recreation industries........................................... 1,798 47.7

Accommodation and food services.............................................................................. 9,717 53.1

Accommodation....................................................................................................... 1,430 58.6

Traveler accommodation...................................................................................... 1,334 59.1

Industry Total employed Percent women

,

Recreational vehicle parks and camps, and rooming and boarding houses.......... 95 51.9

Food services and drinking places........................................................................... 8,288 52.2

Restaurants and other food services.................................................................... 8,035 52.2

Drinking places, alcoholic beverages.................................................................... 253 52.0

Other services................................................................................................................ 6,935 52.1

Other services, except private households.................................................................. 6,152 47.2

Repair and maintenance.......................................................................................... 2,022 12.2

Automotive repair and maintenance..................................................................... 1,215 9.6

Car washes.......................................................................................................... 189 15.9

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance................................ 174 15.4

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment repair and maintenance..... 260 8.5

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance...................................... 179 27.8

Footwear and leather goods repair....................................................................... 5 - 

Personal and laundry services................................................................................. 2,248 71.4

Barber shops........................................................................................................ 94 21.5

Beauty salons....................................................................................................... 987 89.3

Nail salons and other personal care services....................................................... 393 77.6

Dry-cleaning and laundry services........................................................................ 351 55.0

Funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematories....................................................... 121 33.5

Other personal services........................................................................................ 303 54.8

Membership associations and organizations............................................................ 1,882 55.9

Religious organizations......................................................................................... 1,076 50.2

Civic, social, advocacy organizations, and grantmaking and giving services........ 584 66.7

Labor unions......................................................................................................... 64 40.8

Business, professional, political, and similar organizations................................... 158 61.1

Private households...................................................................................................... 783 90.6

 See note at end of table.

48
Table 14. Employed persons by detailed industry and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Public administration...................................................................................................... 6,875 45.5

Executive offices and legislative bodies................................................................... 894 55.1

Public finance activities............................................................................................ 367 68.0

Other general government and support.................................................................... 174 35.8

Justice, public order, and safety activities................................................................ 2,880 35.0

Administration of human resource programs............................................................ 954 70.7

Administration of environmental quality and housing programs................................ 285 42.8

Administration of economic programs and space research...................................... 582 43.9

National security and international affairs................................................................ 739 35.8

Industry Total employed Percent women

n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.

NOTE: Dash indicates data not shown for industries where employment base is less than 50,000.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

49
Table 15. Employed women by industry, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2009 annual averages

(Percent distribution)

 Total, 16 years and over (thousands)....................... 53,366 8,208 3,084 8,007

 Percent............................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture and related industries ...................................... 0.9 0.1 0.3 1.0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction .................... .2 .1 .1 .1

Construction ...................................................................... 1.6 .6 .5 1.0

Manufacturing .................................................................... 6.2 4.8 8.9 8.5

 Durable goods ................................................................. 3.4 2.3 4.9 3.6

 Nondurable goods ........................................................... 2.8 2.6 4.0 4.9

Wholesale and retail trade ................................................. 13.8 11.5 13.3 14.5

 Wholesale trade .............................................................. 1.8 .8 1.8 1.8

 Retail trade ...................................................................... 12.0 10.7 11.4 12.7

Transportation and utilities ................................................ 2.4 3.6 2.1 2.8

 Transportation and warehousing ..................................... 2.0 3.3 1.9 2.4

 Utilities ............................................................................. .4 .3 .2 .4

Information ......................................................................... 2.0 2.2 1.9 1.5

Financial activities ............................................................. 8.1 6.7 7.0 6.5

 Finance and insurance .................................................... 6.0 5.5 5.7 4.9

 Real estate and rental and leasing .................................. 2.1 1.2 1.3 1.7

Professional and business services 9 7 7 5 10 2 9 4

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Industry White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Professional and business services .................................. 9.7 7.5 10.2 9.4

 Professional and technical services ................................ 6.4 3.3 8.4 3.5

 Management, administrative, and waste services............ 3.3 4.2 1.8 5.9

Education and health services ........................................... 35.5 42.9 32.1 29.8

 Educational services ........................................................ 14.5 11.9 9.0 10.2

 Health care and social assistance ................................... 21.0 31.0 23.1 19.7

 Hospitals ........................................................................ 6.8 9.7 9.8 5.0

 Health services, except hospitals .................................. 10.4 14.9 10.2 10.1

 Social assistance ........................................................... 3.7 6.3 3.1 4.6

Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... 9.9 8.7 11.9 13.4

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................. 2.2 1.4 2.6 1.8

 Accommodation and food services .................................. 7.7 7.3 9.3 11.6

Other services ................................................................... 5.6 4.0 7.7 7.3

 Other services, except private households ...................... 4.4 3.3 6.9 4.0

 Private households .......................................................... 1.2 .6 .8 3.3

Public administration ......................................................... 4.3 7.5 4.0 4.0

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

50
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2009 annual averages

1979....... $241 $248 $199 - $194 $182 $184 $169 - $157

1980....... 262 269 212 - 209 201 203 185 - 172

1981....... 284 291 235 - 223 219 221 206 - 190

1982....... 302 310 245 - 240 239 242 217 - 203

1983....... 313 320 261 - 250 252 254 232 - 215

1984....... 326 336 269 - 259 265 268 241 - 223

1985......... 344 356 277 - 270 277 281 252 - 230

1986 1

...... 359 371 291 - 277 291 294 264 - 241

1987....... 374 384 301 - 285 303 307 276 - 251

1988......... 385 395 314 - 290 315 318 288 - 260

1989....... 399 409 319 - 298 328 334 301 - 269

1990 1

...... 412 424 329 - 304 346 353 308 - 278

1991....... 426 442 348 - 312 366 373 323 - 292

1992....... 440 458 357 - 321 380 387 335 - 302

1993....... 459 475 369 - 331 393 401 348 - 313

1994 1

...... 467 484 371 - 324 399 408 346 - 305

1995....... 479 494 383 - 329 406 415 355 - 305

1996....... 490 506 387 - 339 418 428 362 - 316

1997 1

...... 503 519 400 - 351 431 444 375 - 318

1998 1

...... 523 545 426 - 370 456 468 400 - 337

1999 1

...... 549 573 445 - 385 473 483 409 - 348

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Total, both sexes Women

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Year 

2000 1...... 576 590 474 $615 399 493 502 429 $547 366

2001....... 596 610 491 639 417 512 522 454 563 388

2002....... 608 623 498 658 424 529 547 473 566 397

2003 1

...... 620 636 514 693 440 552 567 491 598 410

2004....... 638 657 525 708 456 573 584 505 613 419

2005...... 651 672 520 753 471 585 596 499 665 429

2006....... 671 690 554 784 486 600 609 519 699 440

2007....... 695 716 569 830 503 614 626 533 731 473

2008 1

...... 722 742 589 861 529 638 654 554 753 501

2009 ...... 739 757 601 880 541 657 669 582 779 509

 See footnote at end of table.

51
Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in current dollars by race, 

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and sex, 1979–2009 annual averages—Continued

1979....... $292 $298 $227 - $219 62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7 

1980....... 313 320 244 - 234 64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5 

1981....... 340 350 268 - 251 64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7 

1982....... 364 375 278 - 269 65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5 

1983....... 379 387 294 - 274 66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5 

1984....... 392 401 303 - 287 67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7 

1985......... 407 418 305 - 296 68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7 

1986 1

...... 419 433 319 - 299 69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6 

1987....... 434 450 327 - 306 69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0 

1988......... 449 465 348 - 308 70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4 

1989....... 468 482 348 - 315 70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4 

1990 1

...... 481 494 361 - 318 71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4 

1991....... 493 506 375 - 323 74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4 

1992....... 501 514 380 - 339 75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1 

1993....... 510 524 392 - 346 77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5 

1994 1

...... 522 547 400 - 343 76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9 

1995....... 538 566 411 - 350 75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1 

1996....... 557 580 412 - 356 75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8 

1997 1

...... 579 595 432 - 371 74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7 

1998 1

...... 598 615 468 - 390 76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4 

1999 1

...... 618 638 488 - 406 76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7 

White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Hispanic or 

Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Year 

Men Women's earnings as a percent of men's

Total

2000 1...... 641 662 510 $685 417 76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8 

2001....... 670 689 529 732 440 76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2 

2002....... 679 702 524 756 451 77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0 

2003 1

...... 695 715 555 772 464 79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4 

2004....... 713 732 569 802 480 80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3 

2005...... 722 743 559 825 489 81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7 

2006....... 743 761 591 882 505 80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1 

2007....... 766 788 600 936 520 80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0 

2008 1

...... 798 825 620 966 559 79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6 

2009 ...... 819 845 621 952 569 80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5 

1 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual

changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation provided

at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

NOTE: Beginning in 2003, estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people

who selected this race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who

reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Data for 2000–02 are for the category

Asians and Pacific Islanders. Starting in 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. For more information, see the Historical

Comparability documentation. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

52
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and 

salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment 

and sex, 2009 annual averages

Total, both sexes

Total................................................. 90,863 $774

 Less than a high school diploma ............ 7,289 454

 High school graduate or more............. 83,574 816

 High school graduates, no college......... 25,377 626

 Some college or associate's degree...... 25,117 726

 Some college, no degree................... 15,468 699

 Associate's degree............................ 9,648 761

 Occupational program..................... 4,340 750

 Academic program......................... 5,308 768

 College graduates, total..................... 33,080 1,137

 Bachelor's degree............................ 21,271 1,025

 Master's degree.............................. 8,654 1,257

 Professional degree......................... 1,677 1,529

 Doctoral degree.............................. 1,478 1,532

Women

Total.................................................. 40,769 687

 Less than a high school diploma............ 2,370 382

 High school graduate or more............. 38,399 716

High school graduates no college 10 619 542

 Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

 High school graduates, no college......... 10,619 542

 Some college or associate's degree...... 12,181 630

 Some college, no degree................... 7,287 608

 Associate's degree............................ 4,894 674

 Occupational program..................... 2,084 652

 Academic program......................... 2,810 693

 College graduates, total..................... 15,599 970

 Bachelor's degree........................... 10,017 891

 Master's degree.............................. 4,362 1,126

 Professional degree......................... 667 1,269

 Doctoral degree................................ 554 1,243

53
Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and

salary workers 25 years of age and over by educational attainment

and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

Men

Total................................................. 50,094 $873

 Less than a high school diploma............ 4,919 500

 High school graduate or more............. 45,175 926

 High school graduates, no college......... 14,758 716

 Some college or associate's degree...... 12,936 835

 Some college, no degree................... 8,181 810

 Associate's degree............................ 4,754 878

 Occupational program..................... 2,256 860

 Academic program......................... 2,498 898

 College graduates, total..................... 17,481 1,327

 Bachelor's degree............................ 11,255 1,200

 Master's degree.............................. 4,293 1,458

 Professional degree........................ 1,011 1,772

 Doctoral degree............................... 923 1,754

Educational attainment and sex Total employed 

(in thousands)

Median weekly 

earnings

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. 

Bureau of Labor Statistics.

54
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and older.......................................... 99,820 $739 44,712 $657 55,108 $819 80.2

Management, professional, and related occupations...... 39,080 1,044 20,152 907 18,928 1,248 72.7

Management, business, and financial 

 operations occupations.......................................... 15,879 1,138 7,244 955 8,635 1,334 71.6

Management occupations.................................... 10,907 1,208 4,399 1,002 6,508 1,384 72.4

Chief executives............................................. 1,105 1,916 268 1,553 837 2,084 74.5

General and operations managers..................... 919 1,270 263 1,110 656 1,372 80.9

Legislators...................................................... 16 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Advertising and promotions managers.................. 62 1,085 33 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Marketing and sales managers........................... 857 1,330 346 1,052 511 1,536 68.5

Public relations managers................................. 64 1,402 35 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Administrative services managers........................ 105 1,091 43 ( 1 ) 62 1,148 ( 2 )

Computer and information systems managers...... 441 1,726 122 1,411 319 1,788 78.9

Financial managers.......................................... 1,091 1,149 606 961 485 1,443 66.6

Human resources managers.............................. 282 1,234 182 1,072 100 1,548 69.3

Industrial production managers........................... 230 1,254 33 ( 1 ) 197 1,332 ( 2 )

Purchasing managers....................................... 181 1,176 91 1,029 90 1,383 74.4

Transportation, storage, and 

 distribution managers.................................... 211 919 30 ( 1 ) 181 899 ( 2 )

Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers......... 93 785 12 ( 1 ) 81 812 ( 2 )

Construction managers.................................... 454 1,218 29 ( 1 ) 424 1,236 ( 2 )

Education administrators.................................. 674 1,208 407 1,093 266 1,432 76.3

Engineering managers....................................... 114 1,773 10 ( 1 ) 104 1,855 ( 2 )

Food service managers 614 668 281 602 334 754 79 8

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Food service managers.................................... 614 668 281 602 334 754 79.8

Funeral directors.............................................. 29 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming managers............................................ 18 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lodging managers.......................................... 107 765 51 731 56 864 84.6

Medical and health services managers.................. 489 1,211 337 1,143 152 1,448 78.9

Natural sciences managers.............................. 11 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postmasters and mail superintendents.................. 33 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Property, real estate, and

 community association managers........... ......... 336 887 187 791 149 982 80.5

Social and community service managers............... 298 959 203 898 95 1,147 78.3

Managers, all other.......................................... 2,072 1,174 788 1,037 1,284 1,292 80.3

Business and financial operations occupations......... 4,972 996 2,845 894 2,127 1,171 76.3

Agents and business managers of

 artists, performers, and athletes........................ 20 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products...... 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Wholesale and retail buyers,

 except farm products....................................... 119 884 67 770 53 958 80.4

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and 

 farm products................................................ 216 863 114 783 103 999 78.4

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners,

 and investigators.......................................... 253 941 155 845 98 1,128 74.9

Compliance officers, except agriculture, 

 construction, health and safety, and 

 transportation................................................ 192 1,083 99 970 93 1,162 83.5

Cost estimators................................................ 104 1,027 15 ( 1 ) 89 1,050 ( 2 )

Human resources, training, and labor relations 

 specialists................................................... 765 918 539 845 226 1,103 76.6

Logisticians................................................... 56 1,078 18 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Management analysts....................................... 392 1,247 186 1,177 206 1,371 85.8

Meeting and convention planners........................ 41 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

55
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Other business operations specialists.................. 297 $899 200 $808 97 $1,207 66.9

Accountants and auditors................................. 1,403 1,003 857 902 546 1,190 75.8

Appraisers and assessors of real estate............... 59 994 24 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Budget analysts............................................. 56 1,227 29 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Credit analysts................................................ 25 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial analysts............................................. 73 1,364 24 ( 1 ) 49 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal financial advisors................................. 306 1,255 98 1,088 208 1,450 75.0

Insurance underwriters.................................... 89 1,045 57 987 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial examiners.......................................... 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Loan counselors and officers.............................. 321 901 185 754 137 1,118 67.4

Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents...... 72 922 52 912 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tax preparers................................................ 51 938 36 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Financial specialists, all other.............................. 51 1,018 33 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Professional and related occupations........................ 23,201 994 12,908 880 10,293 1,191 73.9

Computer and mathematical occupations............... 3,151 1,253 782 1,149 2,369 1,304 88.1

Computer scientists and systems analysts............ 663 1,245 184 1,167 479 1,268 92.0

Computer programmers.................................... 431 1,243 91 1,182 340 1,267 93.3

Computer software engineers.............................. 902 1,493 192 1,311 710 1,550 84.6

Computer support specialists.............................. 361 915 93 857 267 930 92.2

Database administrators.................................... 97 1,328 34 ( 1 ) 63 1,391 ( 2 )

Network and computer systems administrators...... 199 1,120 43 ( 1 ) 156 1,109 ( 2 )

Network systems and data communications

 analysts...................................................... 342 1,147 77 1,032 265 1,187 86.9

Actuaries 21 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Actuaries...................................................... 21 ( ) 10 ( ) 12 ( ) ( )

Mathematicians................................................ 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operations research analysts.............................. 97 1,248 43 ( 1 ) 54 1,380 ( 2 )

Statisticians................................................... 33 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous mathematical 

 science occupations....................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Architecture and engineering occupations............... 2,397 1,266 321 1,061 2,076 1,318 80.5

Architects, except naval.................................... 132 1,175 32 ( 1 ) 100 1,197 ( 2 )

Surveyors, cartographers, and

 photogrammetrists.......................................... 46 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Aerospace engineers....................................... 126 1,488 14 ( 1 ) 112 1,505 ( 2 )

Agricultural engineers....................................... 2 ( 1 ) - -2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biomedical engineers....................................... 17 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical engineers.......................................... 60 1,551 12 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Civil engineers................................................ 289 1,326 24 ( 1 ) 265 1,336 ( 2 )

Computer hardware engineers........................... 52 1,342 5 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics engineers..................... 288 1,502 25 ( 1 ) 262 1,521 ( 2 )

Environmental engineers.................................... 29 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial engineers, including health and safety...... 179 1,280 32 ( 1 ) 147 1,358 ( 2 )

Marine engineers and naval architects.................. 10 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Materials engineers.......................................... 25 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mechanical engineers....................................... 278 1,343 14 ( 1 ) 264 1,350 ( 2 )

Mining and geological engineers, including

 mining safety engineers................................. 9 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear engineers.......................................... 13 ( 1 ) - - 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Petroleum engineers....................................... 19 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Engineers, all other.......................................... 302 1,450 41 ( 1 ) 261 1,495 ( 2 )

Drafters......................................................... 130 916 32 ( 1 ) 98 936 ( 2 )

Engineering technicians, except drafters............... 330 937 56 799 274 959 83.3

Surveying and mapping technicians..................... 62 764 4 ( 1 ) 58 769 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

56
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Life, physical, and social science occupations......... 1,106 $1,059 481 $940 625 $1,190 79.0

Agricultural and food scientists........................... 26 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological scientists.......................................... 93 1,120 38 ( 1 ) 55 1,158 ( 2 )

Conservation scientists and foresters.................. 23 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical scientists............................................. 155 1,102 87 975 68 1,388 70.2

Astronomers and physicists.............................. 11 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Atmospheric and space scientists........................ 6 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemists and materials scientists........................ 108 1,205 29 ( 1 ) 79 1,303 ( 2 )

Environmental scientists and geoscientists............ 81 1,158 24 ( 1 ) 57 1,238 ( 2 )

Physical scientists, all other.............................. 114 1,422 38 ( 1 ) 76 1,587 ( 2 )

Economists................................................... 32 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Market and survey researchers........................... 83 1,097 41 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Psychologists................................................ 84 1,145 56 1,091 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sociologists................................................... 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) - - ( 2 )

Urban and regional planners.............................. 26 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous social scientists and related

 workers......................................................... 29 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural and food science technicians............ 30 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Biological technicians....................................... 20 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical technicians....................................... 50 767 19 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Geological and petroleum technicians.................. 13 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nuclear technicians.......................................... 2 ( 1 ) - -1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other life, physical, and social science

technicians 121 736 69 740 52 723 102 4

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

 technicians................................................... 121 736 69 740 52 723 102.4

Community and social services occupations............ 1,913 783 1,162 741 751 897 82.6

Counselors...................................................... 551 761 376 750 175 797 94.1

Social workers................................................ 627 787 496 774 131 864 89.6

Miscellaneous community and social service 

 specialists................................................... 291 712 188 680 103 826 82.3

Clergy............................................................ 356 935 49 ( 1 ) 307 976 ( 2 )

Directors, religious activities and education............ 47 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Religious workers, all other................................. 40 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Legal occupations............................................. 1,217 1,200 681 985 536 1,741 56.6

Lawyers......................................................... 653 1,757 239 1,449 414 1,934 74.9

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers...... 64 1,101 28 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paralegals and legal assistants........................... 309 846 268 845 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous legal support workers.................. 191 845 146 791 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Education, training, and library occupations............ 6,426 887 4,728 836 1,698 1,068 78.3

Postsecondary teachers.................................... 873 1,169 428 1,030 446 1,342 76.8

Preschool and kindergarten teachers.................. 496 612 487 614 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Elementary and middle school teachers............... 2,444 918 1,986 891 458 1,040 85.7

Secondary school teachers................................. 1,106 978 603 940 503 1,028 91.4

Special education teachers................................. 334 970 284 967 50 990 97.7

Other teachers and instructors........................... 310 796 194 723 116 959 75.4

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians......... 33 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Librarians...................................................... 144 886 113 875 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library technicians.......................................... 26 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Teacher assistants.......................................... 596 472 546 474 51 453 104.6

Other education, training, and library workers......... 63 1,002 48 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media 

 occupations................................................... 1,416 888 600 775 816 960 80.7

Artists and related workers................................. 64 1,085 17 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Designers...................................................... 454 836 219 730 235 956 76.4

See footnotes at end of table.

57
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Actors............................................................ 9 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Producers and directors.................................... 87 $1,070 36 ( 1 ) 51 $1,131 ( 2 )

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers... 131 826 21 ( 1 ) 110 856 ( 2 )

Dancers and choreographers.............................. 6 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Musicians, singers, and related workers............... 27 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Entertainers and performers, sports and related

 workers, all other.......................................... 12 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Announcers................................................... 21 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

News analysts, reporters and correspondents...... 65 933 28 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Public relations specialists................................. 108 981 57 $922 51 1,044 88.3

Editors......................................................... 119 982 62 923 57 992 93.0

Technical writers............................................. 41 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Writers and authors.......................................... 75 928 43 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous media and communication workers... 52 680 33 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians 

 and radio operators....................................... 61 928 5 ( 1 ) 56 954 ( 2 )

Photographers................................................ 57 670 29 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Television, video, and motion picture camera

 operators and editors....................................... 27 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Health care practitioner and technical occupations... 5,575 970 4,153 924 1,422 1,184 78.0

Chiropractors................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dentists......................................................... 39 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dietitians and nutritionists................................. 66 759 55 770 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Optometrists 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Optometrists................................................... 6 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) ( )

Pharmacists................................................... 214 1,841 92 1,475 122 1,954 75.5

Physicians and surgeons................................. 615 1,738 211 1,228 404 1,914 64.2

Physician assistants.......................................... 72 1,499 39 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Podiatrists...................................................... 9 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Registered nurses.......................................... 2,129 1,039 1,931 1,035 197 1,090 95.0

Audiologists................................................... 10 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupational therapists.................................... 71 1,146 58 1,155 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapists.......................................... 114 1,166 68 1,104 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Radiation therapists.......................................... 15 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Recreational therapists.................................... 17 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Respiratory therapists....................................... 95 943 58 935 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Speech-language pathologists........................... 88 1,153 86 1,148 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Therapists, all other.......................................... 73 832 56 786 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Veterinarians................................................... 35 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners,

 all other...................................................... 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians... 301 829 217 791 85 925 85.5

Dental hygienists............................................. 52 956 49 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians... 271 921 192 893 78 1,018 87.7

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics... 137 696 37 ( 1 ) 101 717 ( 2 )

Health diagnosing and treating practitioner 

 support technicians....................................... 340 592 264 560 76 733 76.4

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses... 502 710 459 702 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical records and health information

 technicians................................................... 95 614 84 607 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Opticians, dispensing....................................... 36 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous health technologists and

 technicians................................................... 112 642 75 645 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

58
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Other health care practitioners and technical

 occupations................................................... 47 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Service occupations................................................ 14,299 $470 7,187 $418 7,113 $524 79.8

Health care support occupations........................... 2,293 472 2,038 464 255 544 85.3

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides......... 1,429 438 1,258 430 171 519 82.9

Occupational therapist assistants and aides......... 9 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Physical therapist assistants and aides............... 56 667 44 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Massage therapists.......................................... 35 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dental assistants............................................. 181 533 175 532 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical assistants and other health care support

 occupations................................................... 583 507 527 504 56 579 87.0

Protective service occupations.............................. 2,705 747 544 599 2,161 798 75.1

First-line supervisors/managers of correctional 

 officers......................................................... 54 924 15 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors/managers of police and 

 detectives...................................................... 100 1,165 12 ( 1 ) 88 1,169 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and

 prevention workers.......................................... 51 1,345 4 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Supervisors, protective service workers, all other... 78 742 17 ( 1 ) 61 828 ( 2 )

Fire fighters................................................... 265 987 12 ( 1 ) 253 982 ( 2 )

Fire inspectors................................................ 17 ( 1 ) - - 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers............... 424 688 112 623 312 726 85.8

Detectives and criminal investigators.................. 129 1,076 33 ( 1 ) 96 1,073 ( 2 )

Fish and game wardens 5 ( 1 ) - - 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Fish and game wardens.................................... 5 ( ) - - 5 ( ) ( )

Parking enforcement workers.............................. 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Police and sheriff's patrol officers........................ 677 951 99 805 578 971 82.9

Transit and railroad police................................. 4 ( 1 ) - -4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal control workers.................................... 11 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Private detectives and investigators..................... 65 747 31 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers... 745 507 173 462 572 520 88.8

Crossing guards............................................. 18 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lifeguards and other protective service workers...... 56 394 22 ( 1 ) 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related occupations...... 3,809 398 1,821 378 1,988 416 90.9

Chefs and head cooks....................................... 290 527 45 ( 1 ) 244 565 ( 2 )

First-line supervisors/managers of food 

 preparation and serving workers........................ 439 456 249 435 190 495 87.9

Cooks............................................................ 1,203 389 441 371 762 400 92.8

Food preparation workers................................. 311 376 161 367 150 385 95.3

Bartenders...................................................... 197 494 100 418 97 560 74.6

Combined food preparation and serving workers, 

 including fast food....................................... 154 350 99 347 54 357 97.2

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, 

 and coffee shop............................................. 63 333 43 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Waiters and waitresses.................................... 777 383 509 363 268 419 86.6

Food servers, nonrestaurant.............................. 77 378 43 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and 

 bartender helpers.......................................... 128 384 66 400 62 360 111.1

Dishwashers................................................... 110 334 18 ( 1 ) 92 339 ( 2 )

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and 

 coffee shop................................................... 55 379 44 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food preparation and serving related workers,

 all other...................................................... 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

59
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 

 occupations................................................... 3,298 $444 1,161 $388 2,137 $488 79.5

First-line supervisors/managers of 

 housekeeping and janitorial workers.................. 174 575 64 453 111 645 70.2

First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, 

 lawn service, and groundskeeping workers......... 95 727 4 ( 1 ) 91 740 ( 2 )

Janitors and building cleaners........................... 1,505 473 399 401 1,105 494 81.2

Maids and housekeeping cleaners..................... 762 377 664 371 98 444 83.6

Pest control workers.......................................... 45 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Grounds maintenance workers........................... 717 437 29 ( 1 ) 688 435 ( 2 )

Personal care and service occupations.................. 2,193 440 1,622 415 572 546 76.0

First-line supervisors/managers of gaming

 workers......................................................... 86 637 39 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

First-line supervisors/managers of personal 

 service workers............................................. 64 619 39 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal trainers................................................ 14 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Nonfarm animal caretakers................................. 67 438 41 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Gaming services workers................................. 87 631 46 ( 1 ) 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Motion picture projectionists.............................. 2 ( 1 ) - -1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers............ 8 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and

 related workers............................................. 66 454 28 ( 1 ) 38 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Funeral service workers.................................... 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Barbers 31 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Barbers......................................................... 31 ( ) 6 ( ) 26 ( ) ( )

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists......... 308 425 268 413 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers......... 117 422 92 434 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges............ 52 544 7 ( 1 ) 45 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tour and travel guides....................................... 9 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation attendants................................. 85 690 56 606 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Child care workers.......................................... 406 367 388 364 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal and home care aides........................... 513 409 424 406 89 424 95.8

Recreation and fitness workers........................... 178 575 111 487 67 677 71.9

Residential advisors.......................................... 56 510 36 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Personal care and service workers, all other......... 42 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and office occupations.................................... 23,503 624 14,458 590 9,045 737 80.1

Sales and related occupations.............................. 9,489 665 4,208 525 5,281 793 66.2

First-line supervisors/managers of retail 

 sales workers................................................ 2,272 688 1,009 597 1,264 770 77.5

First-line supervisors/managers of nonretail 

 sales workers................... ........................... 815 972 260 780 555 1,059 73.7

Cashiers......................................................... 1,278 378 903 361 374 422 85.5

Counter and rental clerks................................. 98 496 42 ( 1 ) 57 557 ( 2 )

Parts salespersons.......................................... 87 571 8 ( 1 ) 80 589 ( 2 )

Retail salespersons.......................................... 1,837 523 786 443 1,051 624 71.0

Advertising sales agents.................................... 175 940 95 847 81 1,201 70.5

Insurance sales agents.................................... 390 760 205 692 185 860 80.5

Securities, commodities, and financial services 

 sales agents................................................ 259 1,139 70 798 189 1,237 64.5

Travel agents................................................... 44 ( 1 ) 37 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales representatives, services, all other............... 418 850 129 747 289 936 79.8

Sales representatives, wholesale and 

 manufacturing................................................ 1,110 939 297 736 813 986 74.6

See footnotes at end of table.

60
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters...... 19 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Real estate brokers and sales agents.................. 369 $820 199 $745 169 $939 79.3

Sales engineers............................................. 31 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telemarketers................................................ 62 417 41 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Door-to-door salesworkers, news and street 

 vendors, and related workers........................... 44 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sales and related workers, all other..................... 180 765 94 726 86 828 87.7

Office and administrative support occupations......... 14,014 612 10,249 602 3,765 657 91.6

First-line supervisors/managers of office and 

 administrative support workers........................ 1,451 740 1,000 705 451 837 84.2

Switchboard operators, including answering

 service......................................................... 37 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Telephone operators....................................... 37 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Communications equipment operators, all other...... 12 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bill and account collectors................................. 184 572 131 563 53 590 95.4

Billing and posting clerks and machine operators... 406 582 363 579 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......... 869 633 782 627 87 671 93.4

Gaming cage workers....................................... 9 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Payroll and timekeeping clerks........................... 122 656 108 648 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Procurement clerks.......................................... 20 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tellers............................................................ 317 480 276 477 41 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brokerage clerks............................................. 5 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) - - ( 2 )

Correspondence clerks.................................... 5 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Court, municipal, and license clerks..................... 90 711 66 705 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Court, municipal, and license clerks..................... 90 711 66 705 24 ( ) ( )

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks............... 45 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Customer service representatives........................ 1,495 592 997 587 498 617 95.1

Eligibility interviewers, government programs......... 61 787 53 757 8 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

File clerks...................................................... 210 583 179 581 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks..................... 102 422 63 408 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan.................. 96 596 81 608 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Library assistants, clerical................................. 47 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Loan interviewers and clerks.............................. 98 645 82 625 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

New accounts clerks....................................... 25 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Order clerks................................................... 88 567 57 595 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Human resources assistants, except payroll and

 timekeeping................................................... 37 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Receptionists and information clerks..................... 843 517 778 516 64 537 96.1

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and

 travel clerks................................................... 88 697 46 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Information and record clerks, all other.................. 90 679 80 681 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cargo and freight agents.................................... 18 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Couriers and messengers................................. 185 683 28 ( 1 ) 157 719 ( 2 )

Dispatchers................................................... 243 657 133 614 110 747 82.2

Meter readers, utilities....................................... 40 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Postal service clerks....................................... 149 904 73 904 75 905 99.9

Postal service mail carriers................................. 330 936 98 908 232 944 96.2

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and

 processing machine operators........................... 75 930 29 ( 1 ) 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production, planning, and expediting clerks............ 241 717 125 644 116 928 69.4

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks.................. 398 534 122 525 276 538 97.6

Stock clerks and order fillers.............................. 936 483 327 479 609 485 98.8

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,

 recordkeeping................................................ 49 ( 1 ) 24 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Secretaries and administrative assistants............ 2,425 620 2,349 619 77 666 92.9

See footnotes at end of table.

61
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Computer operators.......................................... 100 $629 47 ( 1 ) 54 $740 ( 2 )

Data entry keyers............................................. 282 587 220 $568 62 689 82.4

Word processors and typists.............................. 130 606 120 604 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Desktop publishers.......................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks...... 227 625 183 620 44 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, 

 except postal service....................................... 72 514 33 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office clerks, general....................................... 723 602 594 594 129 647 91.8

Office machine operators, except computer............ 34 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Proofreaders and copy markers........................... 5 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) - - ( 2 )

Statistical assistants.......................................... 15 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Office and administrative support workers, all

 other............................................................ 444 649 337 617 107 822 75.1

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance 

 occupations................................................... 10,216 719 416 542 9,800 727 74.6

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............... 707 416 135 372 572 428 86.9

First-line supervisors/managers of farming,

 fishing, and forestry workers.............................. 37 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Agricultural inspectors....................................... 18 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Animal breeders............................................. 1 ( 1 ) - -1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Graders and sorters, agricultural products............ 71 408 45 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous agricultural workers..................... 515 396 77 346 438 405 85.4

Fishers and related fishing workers..................... 10 ( 1 ) - -9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hunters and trappers....................................... 1 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) - - ( 2 )

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Hunters and trappers....................................... 1 ( ) 1 ( ) - - ( )

Forest and conservation workers........................ 16 ( 1 ) - - 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Logging workers............................................. 37 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Construction and extraction occupations.................. 5,267 718 113 673 5,154 719 93.6

First-line supervisors/managers of

 construction trades and extraction workers......... 532 965 14 ( 1 ) 517 963 ( 2 )

Boilermakers................................................... 23 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons...... 102 701 - - 102 701 ( 2 )

Carpenters...................................................... 734 662 14 ( 1 ) 720 665 ( 2 )

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers......... 118 586 4 ( 1 ) 114 590 ( 2 )

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and 

 terrazzo workers............................................. 55 631 - - 55 631 ( 2 )

Construction laborers....................................... 959 596 22 ( 1 ) 937 595 ( 2 )

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment 

 operators...................................................... 13 ( 1 ) - - 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pile-driver operators.......................................... 4 ( 1 ) - -4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Operating engineers and other construction 

 equipment operators....................................... 319 748 3 ( 1 ) 315 750 ( 2 )

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers... 111 590 2 ( 1 ) 109 592 ( 2 )

Electricians................................................... 644 856 16 ( 1 ) 628 858 ( 2 )

Glaziers......................................................... 33 ( 1 ) - - 33 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Insulation workers............................................. 27 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Painters, construction and maintenance............... 297 529 9 ( 1 ) 288 524 ( 2 )

Paperhangers................................................ 2 ( 1 ) - -2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters... 415 793 4 ( 1 ) 411 795 ( 2 )

Plasterers and stucco masons........................... 20 ( 1 ) - - 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers..................... 9 ( 1 ) - -9 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roofers......................................................... 152 600 - - 152 600 ( 2 )

Sheet metal workers....................................... 125 765 3 ( 1 ) 121 765 ( 2 )

Structural iron and steel workers........................ 53 779 2 ( 1 ) 50 779 ( 2 )

Helpers, construction trades.............................. 63 507 3 ( 1 ) 60 520 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

62
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Construction and building inspectors.................. 72 $916 4 ( 1 ) 67 $926 ( 2 )

Elevator installers and repairers........................... 35 ( 1 ) - - 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fence erectors................................................ 22 ( 1 ) - - 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hazardous materials removal workers.................. 27 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 26 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Highway maintenance workers........................... 104 763 2 ( 1 ) 101 766 ( 2 )

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment

 operators...................................................... 12 ( 1 ) - - 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners...... 7 ( 1 ) - -7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous construction and related workers...... 29 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators,

 oil, gas, and mining....................................... 22 ( 1 ) - - 22 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Earth drillers, except oil and gas........................ 15 ( 1 ) - - 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts,

 and blasters................................................... 10 ( 1 ) - - 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Mining machine operators................................. 52 1,018 - - 52 1,017 ( 2 )

Roof bolters, mining.......................................... 5 ( 1 ) - -5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Roustabouts, oil and gas.................................... 4 ( 1 ) - -4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—extraction workers.............................. 6 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other extraction workers.................................... 37 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 35 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations...... 4,242 781 167 $644 4,075 787 81.8

First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics,

 installers, and repairers.................................... 318 964 30 ( 1 ) 288 988 ( 2 )

Computer, automated teller, and office machine 

repairers...................................................... 282 801 44 ( 1 ) 238 808 ( 2 )

Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Occupation

Total, both sexes

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

 repairers...................................................... 282 801 44 ( ) 238 808 ( )

Radio and telecommunications equipment 

 installers and repairers.................................... 155 900 12 ( 1 ) 142 911 ( 2 )

Avionics technicians.......................................... 13 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers...... 28 ( 1 ) - - 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics installers and

 repairers, transportation equipment.................. 7 ( 1 ) - -7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial

 and utility...................................................... 12 ( 1 ) - - 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic equipment installers and repairers,

 motor vehicles................................................ 17 ( 1 ) - - 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electronic home entertainment equipment

 installers and repairers.................................... 58 656 3 ( 1 ) 55 671 ( 2 )

Security and fire alarm systems installers............ 61 718 1 ( 1 ) 60 722 ( 2 )

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians............ 128 948 5 ( 1 ) 123 946 ( 2 )

Automotive body and related repairers.................. 129 661 - - 128 663 ( 2 )

Automotive glass installers and repairers............... 20 ( 1 ) - - 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Automotive service technicians and mechanics...... 621 667 10 ( 1 ) 612 669 ( 2 )

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine 

 specialists................................................... 297 803 1 ( 1 ) 295 804 ( 2 )

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service 

 technicians and mechanics.............................. 208 837 3 ( 1 ) 205 848 ( 2 )

Small engine mechanics.................................... 36 ( 1 ) - - 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment

 mechanics, installers, and repairers.................. 67 450 2 ( 1 ) 65 445 ( 2 )

Control and valve installers and repairers............ 26 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration 

 mechanics and installers................................. 309 764 2 ( 1 ) 306 764 ( 2 )

Home appliance repairers................................. 31 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics...... 400 800 12 ( 1 ) 388 805 ( 2 )

Maintenance and repair workers, general............ 371 719 10 ( 1 ) 361 731 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

63
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Maintenance workers, machinery........................ 31 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Millwrights...................................................... 46 ( 1 ) - - 46 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical power-line installers and repairers......... 128 $1,018 2 ( 1 ) 126 $1,026 ( 2 )

Telecommunications line installers and repairers... 176 795 6 ( 1 ) 170 799 ( 2 )

Precision instrument and equipment repairers...... 47 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 42 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Coin, vending, and amusement machine 

 servicers and repairers.................................... 33 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Commercial divers.......................................... 4 ( 1 ) - -4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locksmiths and safe repairers........................... 25 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Manufactured building and mobile home installers... 3 ( 1 ) - -3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Riggers......................................................... 6 ( 1 ) - -6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Signal and track switch repairers........................ 6 ( 1 ) - -6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—installation, maintenance, and repair

 workers......................................................... 19 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other installation, maintenance, and repair

 workers......................................................... 127 609 7 ( 1 ) 120 621 ( 2 )

Production, transportation, and material moving 

 occupations................................................... 12,722 605 2,500 $472 10,222 648 72.8

Production occupations....................................... 6,576 610 1,712 472 4,865 678 69.6

First-line supervisors/managers of production 

 and operating workers.................................... 686 855 112 680 574 895 76.0

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems

 assemblers................................................... 17 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women

Occupation

Total, both sexes Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical

 assemblers................................................... 134 525 80 486 54 611 79.5

Engine and other machine assemblers.................. 15 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Structural metal fabricators and fitters.................. 18 ( 1 ) - - 18 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators............ 733 542 268 488 465 592 82.4

Bakers......................................................... 118 455 57 466 62 448 104.0

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish

 processing workers....................................... 249 491 56 418 193 510 82.0

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying

 machine operators and tenders........................ 12 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food batchmakers.......................................... 60 493 21 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Food cooking machine operators and tenders......... 6 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Computer control programmers and operators...... 64 730 5 ( 1 ) 59 745 ( 2 )

Extruding and drawing machine setters,

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............ 4 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic............................................. 11 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders,

 metal and plastic............................................. 9 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............ 73 570 17 ( 1 ) 56 603 ( 2 )

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............ 5 ( 1 ) - -5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine 

 tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and

 plastic......................................................... 38 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic........................... 15 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Milling and planing machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic........................... 5 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Machinists...................................................... 341 714 21 ( 1 ) 320 722 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

64
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders......... 16 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and

 plastic......................................................... 4 ( 1 ) - -4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders and molding machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders, metal and plastic............ 36 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic................................. 8 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool and die makers.......................................... 44 ( 1 ) - - 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers............... 414 $675 17 ( 1 ) 396 $682 ( 2 )

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and

 tenders, metal and plastic................................. 7 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Lay-out workers, metal and plastic..................... 6 ( 1 ) - -6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Plating and coating machine setters, operators,

 and tenders, metal and plastic........................... 11 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners..................... 4 ( 1 ) - -4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Metalworkers and plastic workers, all other............ 259 594 48 ( 1 ) 211 623 ( 2 )

Bookbinders and bindery workers........................ 22 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Job printers................................................... 37 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 30 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Prepress technicians and workers........................ 38 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Printing machine operators................................. 146 620 31 ( 1 ) 115 672 ( 2 )

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers........................ 139 391 84 $362 55 493 73.4

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials... 39 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) 16 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sewing machine operators................................. 137 385 96 383 40 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Shoe and leather workers and repairers............... 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Occupation

Total, both sexes

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Men

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Women

Shoe and leather workers and repairers............... 5 ( ) 2 ( ) 3 ( ) ( )

Shoe machine operators and tenders.................. 5 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers........................ 32 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators

 and tenders................................................... 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and

 tenders......................................................... 6 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,

 operators, and tenders.................................... 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out 

 machine setters, operators, and tenders............ 16 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Extruding and forming machine setters, 

 operators and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 1 ( 1 ) - -1 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Fabric and apparel patternmakers........................ 4 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Upholsterers................................................... 31 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 27 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other... 10 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.................. 33 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 31 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furniture finishers............................................. 8 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sawing machine setters, operators, and 

 tenders, wood................................................ 25 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and

 tenders, except sawing................................... 23 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Woodworkers, all other.................................... 13 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Power plant operators, distributors, and

 dispatchers................................................... 37 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Stationary engineers and boiler operators............ 98 919 2 ( 1 ) 95 925 ( 2 )

Water and liquid waste treatment plant and 

 system operators.......................................... 71 765 5 ( 1 ) 66 787 ( 2 )

Miscellaneous plant and system operators............ 40 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 39 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Chemical processing machine setters, 

 operators, and tenders.................................... 47 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

65
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and 

 blending workers.......................................... 97 $601 10 ( 1 ) 87 $606 ( 2 )

Cutting workers................................................ 72 511 15 ( 1 ) 57 541 ( 2 )

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting

 machine setters, operators, and tenders............ 30 ( 1 ) 6 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators

 and tenders................................................... 12 ( 1 ) - - 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and

 weighers...................................................... 531 671 175 $513 356 754 68.0

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers... 19 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory 

 technicians................................................... 75 618 41 ( 1 ) 34 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packaging and filling machine operators and 

 tenders......................................................... 203 447 118 415 85 497 83.5

Painting workers............................................. 144 603 13 ( 1 ) 131 606 ( 2 )

Photographic process workers and processing 

 machine operators.......................................... 40 ( 1 ) 25 ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Semiconductor processors................................. 2 ( 1 ) - -2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cementing and gluing machine operators and

 tenders......................................................... 12 ( 1 ) 8 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling

 equipment operators and tenders..................... 7 ( 1 ) 3 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and

tenders......................................................... 3 ( 1 ) - - 3 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

 tenders......................................................... 3 ( ) - - 3 ( ) ( )

Etchers and engravers....................................... 7 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal

 and plastic................................................... 24 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and

 tenders......................................................... 33 ( 1 ) 13 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tire builders................................................... 20 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 20 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Helpers—production workers.............................. 26 ( 1 ) 5 ( 1 ) 21 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Production workers, all other.............................. 726 591 175 481 551 635 75.7

Transportation and material moving occupations...... 6,145 599 788 472 5,357 618 76.4

Supervisors, transportation and material moving 

 workers......................................................... 190 786 42 ( 1 ) 148 799 ( 2 )

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers........................ 92 1,650 - - 92 1,652 ( 2 )

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations

 specialists................................................... 30 ( 1 ) 7 ( 1 ) 23 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except

 emergency medical technicians........................ 11 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bus drivers...................................................... 368 563 176 527 193 605 87.1

Driver/salesworkers and truck drivers.................. 2,460 685 92 512 2,368 690 74.2

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs................................. 211 514 32 ( 1 ) 179 519 ( 2 )

Motor vehicle operators, all other........................ 29 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 28 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Locomotive engineers and operators.................. 54 1,122 1 ( 1 ) 53 1,140 ( 2 )

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators......... 5 ( 1 ) - -5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Railroad conductors and yardmasters.................. 49 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 47 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation

 workers......................................................... 10 ( 1 ) - - 10 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Sailors and marine oilers.................................... 17 ( 1 ) - - 17 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship and boat captains and operators.................. 24 ( 1 ) - - 24 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Ship engineers................................................ 6 ( 1 ) - -6 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Bridge and lock tenders.................................... 3 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Parking lot attendants....................................... 65 421 8 ( 1 ) 57 415 ( 2 )

See footnotes at end of table.

66
Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex,

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Service station attendants................................. 60 $398 11 ( 1 ) 48 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Transportation inspectors................................. 47 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) 43 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Other transportation workers.............................. 13 ( 1 ) - - 13 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Conveyor operators and tenders........................ 6 ( 1 ) 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Crane and tower operators................................. 58 778 - - 58 778 ( 2 )

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine

 operators...................................................... 34 ( 1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 32 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Hoist and winch operators................................. 5 ( 1 ) - -5 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Industrial truck and tractor operators..................... 479 531 36 ( 1 ) 444 532 ( 2 )

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment..................... 214 421 23 ( 1 ) 190 423 ( 2 )

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, 

 hand............................................................ 1,156 502 155 $421 1,000 511 82.4

Machine feeders and offbearers........................... 23 ( 1 ) 11 ( 1 ) 12 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Packers and packagers, hand........................... 289 408 168 389 120 453 85.9

Pumping station operators................................. 29 ( 1 ) - - 29 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Refuse and recyclable material collectors............ 59 463 4 ( 1 ) 55 473 ( 2 )

Shuttle car operators....................................... 2 ( 1 ) - -2 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders........................ 4 ( 1 ) - -4 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Material moving workers, all other........................ 45 ( 1 ) 9 ( 1 ) 36 ( 1 ) ( 2 )

Occupation

Total, both sexes Women Men

Women's 

earnings 

as percent 

of men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000.

NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria

1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

2 Data not shown where the employment base for either the numerator or denominator is less than 50,000.

NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

67
Table 19. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by industry and sex, 

2009 annual averages

 Total, 16 years and over......................... 99,820 $739 44,712 $657 55,108 $819 80.2

Agriculture and related industries .................... 905 477 162 413 743 488 84.6

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction .. 645 1,048 87 873 557 1,096 79.7

Construction .................................................... 6,336 748 568 696 5,768 755 92.2

Manufacturing ................................................. 12,659 768 3,467 618 9,193 837 73.8

Durable goods ............................................. 7,996 808 1,916 655 6,080 875 74.9

Nondurable goods ....................................... 4,663 707 1,550 577 3,113 782 73.8

Wholesale and retail trade .............................. 13,130 612 5,268 523 7,862 688 76.0

Wholesale trade ........................................... 3,133 761 879 648 2,253 817 79.3

Retail trade .................................................. 9,997 578 4,388 504 5,609 634 79.5

Transportation and utilities .............................. 5,836 830 1,242 685 4,593 872 78.6

Transportation and warehousing ................. 4,642 791 1,032 662 3,610 828 80.0

Utilities ......................................................... 1,194 989 211 780 984 1,029 75.8

Information ...................................................... 2,551 898 1,015 756 1,536 997 75.8

Financial activities ........................................... 7,511 841 4,126 732 3,384 1,039 70.5

Finance and insurance ................................ 5,793 883 3,393 738 2,401 1,186 62.2

Real estate and rental and leasing .............. 1,717 728 734 699 983 749 93.3

Professional and business services ................ 10,098 866 4,080 744 6,018 971 76.6

Professional and technical services ............. 6,334 1,094 2,715 872 3,620 1,324 65.9

Management, administrative, and waste

services...................................................... 3,764 568 1,366 518 2,398 594 87.2

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Industry

Total, both sexes Women Men Women's 

earnings as 

percent of 

men's

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

Median 

weekly 

earnings

Total 

employed

 services...................................................... 3,764 568 1,366 518 2,398 594 87.2

Education and health services ........................ 23,182 759 17,133 717 6,050 931 77.0

Educational services .................................... 9,871 852 6,734 808 3,137 957 84.4

Health care and social assistance ............... 13,312 692 10,399 648 2,913 902 71.8

Leisure and hospitality .................................... 6,702 472 3,027 421 3,675 504 83.5

Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............. 1,590 606 668 555 923 654 84.9

Accomodation and food services ................. 5,112 423 2,359 398 2,752 471 84.5

Other services ................................................. 3,881 605 1,703 503 2,178 697 72.2

Other services, except private households .. 3,528 627 1,386 531 2,142 702 75.6

Private households ...................................... 353 398 317 399 36 ( 1 ) ( 1 )

Public administration........................................ 6,383 904 2,834 783 3,550 998 78.5

1 Data not shown where the employment base is less than 50,000.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

68
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2009 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 78,678 66,753 11,925 84.8 15.2

1971.................. 79,367 66,973 12,393 84.4 15.6

1972 3

............... 82,153 69,214 12,939 84.3 15.7

1973 3

............... 85,064 71,803 13,262 84.4 15.6

1974.................. 86,794 73,093 13,701 84.2 15.8

1975.................. 85,846 71,586 14,260 83.4 16.6

1976.................. 88,752 73,964 14,788 83.3 16.7

1977.................. 92,017 76,625 15,391 83.3 16.7

1978 3............... 96,048 80,193 15,855 83.5 16.5

1979................. 98,824 82,654 16,171 83.6 16.4

1980................. 99,303 82,562 16,740 83.1 16.9

1981................. 100,397 83,243 17,154 82.9 17.1

1982................. 99,526 81,421 18,106 81.8 18.2

1983................. 100,834 82,322 18,511 81.6 18.4

1984................. 105,005 86,544 18,462 82.4 17.6

1985.................. 107,150 88,534 18,615 82.6 17.4

1986 3............... 109,597 90,529 19,069 82.6 17.4

1987................... 112,440 92,957 19,483 82.7 17.3

1988.................. 114,968 95,214 19,754 82.8 17.2

1989.................. 117,342 97,369 19,973 83.0 17.0

1990 3 118 793 98 666 20 128 83 1 16 9

Year

Total, both sexes

1990 ............... 118,793 98,666 20,128 83.1 16.9

1991.................. 117,718 97,190 20,528 82.6 17.4

1992.................. 118,492 97,664 20,828 82.4 17.6

1993................ 120,259 99,114 21,145 82.4 17.6

1994 3

............... 123,060 99,772 23,288 81.1 18.9

1995.................. 124,900 101,679 23,220 81.4 18.6

1996................ 126,708 103,537 23,170 81.7 18.3

1997 3

.............. 129,558 106,334 23,224 82.1 17.9

1998 3

............... 131,463 108,202 23,261 82.3 17.7

1999 3............... 133,488 110,302 23,186 82.6 17.4

2000 3

............... 136,891 113,846 23,044 83.2 16.8

2001................. 136,933 113,573 23,361 82.9 17.1

2002.................. 136,485 112,700 23,785 82.6 17.4

2003 3.............. 137,736 113,324 24,412 82.3 17.7

2004 ............... 139,252 114,518 24,734 82.2 17.8

2005 ............... 141,730 117,016 24,714 82.6 17.4

2006 ............... 144,427 119,688 24,739 82.9 17.1

2007 ............... 146,047 121,091 24,956 82.9 17.1

2008 3

.............. 145,362 120,030 25,332 82.6 17.4

2009 ................. 139,877 112,634 27,244 80.5 19.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

69
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2009 annual 

averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 29,688 21,929 7,758 73.9 26.1 

1971.................. 29,976 21,950 8,026 73.2 26.8 

1972 3............... 31,257 22,842 8,416 73.1 26.9 

1973 3

............... 32,715 23,960 8,756 73.2 26.8 

1974.................. 33,769 24,714 9,055 73.2 26.8 

1975.................. 33,989 24,598 9,391 72.4 27.6 

1976.................. 35,615 25,814 9,799 72.5 27.5 

1977.................. 37,289 27,076 10,213 72.6 27.4 

1978 3

............... 39,569 28,912 10,658 73.1 26.9 

1979................. 41,217 30,227 10,990 73.3 26.7 

1980................. 42,117 30,845 11,270 73.2 26.8 

1981................. 43,000 31,337 11,664 72.9 27.1 

1982................. 43,256 31,086 12,170 71.9 28.1 

1983................. 44,047 31,679 12,367 71.9 28.1 

1984................. 45,915 33,473 12,441 72.9 27.1 

1985.................. 47,259 34,672 12,587 73.4 26.6 

1986 3

............... 48,706 35,845 12,862 73.6 26.4 

1987................... 50,334 37,210 13,124 73.9 26.1 

1988.................. 51,696 38,398 13,298 74.3 25.7 

1989.................. 53,027 39,484 13,544 74.5 25.5 

Year

Women

1990 3............... 53,689 40,165 13,524 74.8 25.2 

1991.................. 53,496 39,783 13,713 74.4 25.6 

1992.................. 54,052 40,301 13,751 74.6 25.4 

1993................ 54,910 40,991 13,919 74.7 25.3 

1994 3

............... 56,610 40,940 15,670 72.3 27.7 

1995.................. 57,523 41,743 15,779 72.6 27.4 

1996................ 58,501 42,776 15,725 73.1 26.9 

1997 3

.............. 59,873 44,076 15,797 73.6 26.4 

1998 3

............... 60,771 45,014 15,757 74.1 25.9 

1999 3

............... 62,042 46,372 15,670 74.7 25.3 

2000 3

............... 63,586 47,916 15,670 75.4 24.6 

2001................. 63,737 47,950 15,788 75.2 24.8 

2002.................. 63,582 47,494 16,088 74.7 25.3 

2003 3

.............. 64,404 47,946 16,459 74.4 25.6 

2004 ............... 64,728 48,073 16,654 74.3 25.7 

2005 ............... 65,757 49,158 16,598 74.8 25.2 

2006 ............... 66,925 50,380 16,545 75.3 24.7 

2007 ............... 67,792 51,056 16,736 75.3 24.7 

2008 3

.............. 67,876 51,178 16,698 75.4 24.6 

2009 ................. 66,208 48,683 17,525 73.5 26.5 

 See footnotes at end of table.

70
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2009 annual 

averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

1970.................. 48,990 44,825 4,166 91.5 8.5

1971.................. 49,390 45,023 4,367 91.2 8.8

1972 3

............... 50,896 46,373 4,523 91.1 8.9

1973 3

............... 52,349 47,843 4,507 91.4 8.6

1974.................. 53,024 48,378 4,646 91.2 8.8

1975.................. 51,857 46,988 4,870 90.6 9.4

1976.................. 53,138 48,150 4,988 90.6 9.4

1977.................. 54,728 49,551 5,178 90.5 9.5

1978 3

............... 56,479 51,281 5,198 90.8 9.2

1979................. 57,607 52,427 5,180 91.0 9.0

1980................. 57,186 51,717 5,471 90.4 9.6

1981................. 57,397 51,906 5,492 90.4 9.6

1982................. 56,271 50,334 5,937 89.4 10.6

1983................. 56,787 50,643 6,145 89.2 10.8

1984................. 59,091 53,070 6,020 89.8 10.2

1985.................. 59,891 53,862 6,028 89.9 10.1

1986 3

............... 60,892 54,685 6,207 89.8 10.2

1987................... 62,107 55,746 6,360 89.8 10.2

1988.................. 63,273 56,816 6,457 89.8 10.2

1989.................. 64,315 57,885 6,430 90.0 10.0

Year

Men

1990 3............... 65,104 58,501 6,604 89.9 10.1

1991.................. 64,223 57,407 6,815 89.4 10.6

1992.................. 64,440 57,363 7,077 89.0 11.0

1993................ 65,349 58,123 7,226 88.9 11.1

1994 3

............... 66,450 58,832 7,617 88.5 11.5

1995.................. 67,377 59,936 7,441 89.0 11.0

1996................ 68,207 60,762 7,445 89.1 10.9

1997 3

.............. 69,685 62,258 7,427 89.3 10.7

1998 3

............... 70,693 63,189 7,504 89.4 10.6

1999 3

............... 71,446 63,930 7,516 89.5 10.5

 See footnotes at end of table.

71
Table 20. Employed persons by full- and part-time status and sex, 1970–2009 annual 

averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total employed Usually full time 1 Usually part time 2 Percent usually

full time

Percent usually

part time

2000 3

............... 73,305 65,930 7,375 89.9 10.1

2001................. 73,196 65,623 7,573 89.7 10.3

2002.................. 72,903 65,205 7,697 89.4 10.6

2003 3.............. 73,332 65,379 7,953 89.2 10.8

2004 ............... 74,524 66,444 8,080 89.2 10.8

2005 ............... 75,973 67,858 8,115 89.3 10.7

2006 ............... 77,502 69,307 8,194 89.4 10.6

2007 ............... 78,254 70,035 8,220 89.5 10.5

2008 3

.............. 77,486 68,853 8,634 88.9 11.1

2009 ................. 73,670 63,951 9,719 86.8 13.2

Year

Men

1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part time but who worked 35 or more hours during the

reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total

includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for

noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who

usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work

for the entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference

week. These groups are not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and

conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability

documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

1 Prior to 1994, total includes persons who usually work part time but who worked 35 or more hours during the

reference week; for 1994 and later years, such persons were included in the part-time total. In all years, the total

includes those who usually work full time but who worked less than 35 hours during the reference week for

noneconomic reasons, such as illness or holiday, and those absent from work for the entire reference week who

usually work full time. These groups are not shown separately. 2 For all years, total includes those who usually work less than 35 hours a week but who were absent from work

for the entire reference week and for 1994 and later years, those who worked 35 or more hours during the reference

week. These groups are not shown separately. 3 The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and

conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability

documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

72
Table 21. Average weekly hours at work in all industries and in 

nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2009 annual averages 

All industries Nonagricultural industries

Total Women Men Total Women Men

1976....... 38.7 34.1 41.7 38.4 34.1 41.4

1977....... 38.8 34.2 41.9 38.5 34.2 41.6

1978 1

...... 39.0 34.5 42.1 38.7 34.4 41.8

1979......... 38.9 34.5 42.0 38.6 34.4 41.7

1980....... 38.5 34.5 41.5 38.3 34.4 41.2

1981....... 38.1 34.1 41.1 37.9 34.1 40.7

1982......... 38.0 34.1 40.9 37.7 34.0 40.6

1983....... 38.3 34.5 41.2 38.1 34.4 41.0

1984......... 38.8 34.9 41.8 38.6 34.9 41.5

1985......... 39.0 35.2 42.0 38.9 35.2 41.8

1986 1

...... 39.1 35.4 42.1 38.9 35.3 41.9

1987....... 39.0 35.3 42.0 38.8 35.3 41.8

1988....... 39.4 35.7 42.4 39.3 35.7 42.2

1989......... 39.6 35.8 42.6 39.4 35.8 42.4

1990 1

...... 39.4 35.8 42.3 39.3 35.8 42.1

1991......... 39.2 35.8 42.0 39.1 35.8 41.9

1992....... 38.9 35.6 41.7 38.8 35.6 41.6

1993......... 39.4 36.0 42.2 39.3 36.0 42.1

1994 1

...... 39.2 35.5 42.2 39.1 35.6 42.1

1995....... 39.3 35.6 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1996......... 39.3 35.7 42.3 39.2 35.7 42.2

1997 1 39 5 36 0 42 4 39 4 36 0 42 3

Year

1997 1...... 39.5 36.0 42.4 39.4 36.0 42.3

1998 1...... 39.3 35.8 42.2 39.2 35.9 42.2

1999 1

...... 39.6 36.2 42.4 39.5 36.2 42.4

2000 1

...... 39.7 36.4 42.5 39.6 36.4 42.4

2001......... 39.2 36.1 41.9 39.2 36.1 41.8

2002....... 39.2 36.0 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2003 1

...... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2004....... 39.0 35.9 41.7 39.0 35.9 41.6

2005....... 39.2 36.1 41.8 39.1 36.1 41.7

2006......... 39.2 36.2 41.8 39.2 36.2 41.7

2007......... 39.2 36.1 41.7 39.1 36.1 41.6

2008 1...... 38.9 36.1 41.3 38.8 36.1 41.2

2009 ...... 37.9 35.3 40.2 37.8 35.3 40.1

 

1 The comparability of historical data has been affected at various times by

methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS).

For an explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation provided at

http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics.

73
Table 22. Work experience of the population by sex and full- and part-time status, selected years, 1970–2008

(Percent distribution)

Year

Total

Total, both sexes 

1970...................... 138,953 93,850 67.5 100.0 79.4 55.6 23.8 20.6 6.7 13.9 

1975...................... 153,180 102,603 67.0 100.0 78.9 54.3 24.6 21.2 7.5 13.7 

1980...................... 169,452 115,752 68.3 100.0 78.5 56.1 22.4 21.4 7.7 13.7 

1985...................... 179,944 123,466 68.6 100.0 78.2 58.7 19.5 21.9 8.3 13.6 

1990 ..................... 189,238 132,562 70.1 100.0 78.8 60.4 18.4 21.3 8.7 12.6 

1995...................... 199,925 138,971 69.5 100.0 78.6 62.9 15.7 21.3 9.1 12.2 

2000 ..................... 214,292 150,787 70.4 100.0 80.4 66.7 13.7 19.5 9.3 10.2 

2005........................ 227,975 154,322 67.7 100.0 80.3 67.5 12.8 19.7 10.0 9.7 

2006........................ 231,033 156,658 67.8 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.7 9.4 

2007........................ 232,995 157,653 67.7 100.0 80.9 68.4 12.5 19.1 9.8 9.3 

2008........................ 235,086 157,472 67.0 100.0 79.5 65.6 13.9 20.5 10.5 10.0 

Women

1970...................... 73,657 38,809 52.7 100.0 67.9 40.7 27.2 32.2 10.1 22.1 

1975...................... 80,834 43,511 53.8 100.0 67.1 41.4 25.7 32.8 11.7 21.1 

1980...................... 89,259 51,492 57.7 100.0 67.7 44.7 23.0 32.3 11.9 20.4 

1985...................... 94,490 56,165 59.4 100.0 68.1 48.9 19.2 31.8 12.3 19.5 

1990 ..................... 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

Total 50 to 52

weeks

1 to 49

weeks Total 50 to 52weeks

1 to 49

weeks

Population 

(in 

thousands)

With work experience Percent distribution by work experience

Total 

(in 

thousands)

Percent of 

population

Usually work full time Usually work part time

1990 ..................... 98,970 61,494 62.1 100.0 69.8 51.5 18.3 30.2 12.8 17.4 

1995...................... 104,058 65,304 62.8 100.0 70.2 54.3 15.9 29.7 13.3 16.4 

2000 ..................... 111,440 71,341 64.0 100.0 72.9 58.4 14.5 27.1 13.4 13.7 

2005........................ 117,814 72,309 61.4 100.0 72.7 59.9 12.8 27.3 14.1 13.2 

2006........................ 119,300 73,527 61.6 100.0 73.0 60.7 12.3 27.0 14.1 12.9 

2007........................ 120,300 74,115 61.6 100.0 73.6 61.5 12.1 26.4 14.2 12.2 

2008........................ 121,328 74,363 61.3 100.0 72.2 59.3 12.9 27.8 15.0 12.8 

Men

1970...................... 65,296 55,041 84.3 100.0 87.6 66.1 21.5 12.4 4.4 8.0 

1975...................... 72,346 59,091 81.7 100.0 87.5 63.8 23.7 12.5 4.4 8.1 

1980...................... 80,193 64,260 80.1 100.0 87.2 65.2 22.0 12.8 4.4 8.4 

1985...................... 85,454 67,301 78.8 100.0 86.5 66.8 19.7 13.5 4.8 8.7 

1990 ..................... 90,269 71,068 78.7 100.0 86.4 68.0 18.4 13.5 5.1 8.4 

1995...................... 95,867 73,667 76.8 100.0 86.2 70.6 15.6 13.9 5.5 8.4 

2000 ..................... 102,853 79,446 77.2 100.0 87.5 74.2 13.3 12.6 5.5 7.1 

2005........................ 110,161 82,013 74.4 100.0 87.0 74.2 12.8 13.0 6.3 6.7 

2006........................ 111,733 83,131 74.4 100.0 87.8 75.2 12.6 12.2 5.7 6.5 

2007........................ 112,695 83,538 74.1 100.0 87.4 74.6 12.8 12.6 5.9 6.7 

2008........................ 113,758 83,109 73.1 100.0 86.0 71.2 14.8 14.0 6.5 7.5 

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the work experience of the entire year.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1971–2009, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

74
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2008

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total

Husband 

and 

wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967....... 43,292 2,943 16,490 15,429 716 345 23,859 18,888 4,639 - -

1968....... 43,842 2,888 16,375 15,310 730 335 24,579 19,743 4,522 - -

1969....... 44,436 3,022 16,268 15,133 797 339 25,145 20,327 4,517 - -

1970......... 44,832 3,252 16,117 14,931 867 320 25,464 20,510 4,622 - -

1971......... 45,939 3,471 16,847 15,502 1,004 340 25,621 20,641 4,651 - -

1972....... 46,594 3,632 16,787 15,387 1,003 398 26,175 21,279 4,553 - -

1973......... 47,185 4,027 16,080 14,547 1,110 423 27,078 22,152 4,535 - -

1974......... 47,438 4,325 15,795 14,122 1,216 457 27,319 22,451 4,442 - -

1975......... 47,878 4,943 16,217 14,343 1,394 481 26,717 22,338 3,861 - -

1976....... 48,150 4,962 15,630 13,690 1,424 516 27,559 23,104 3,829 - -

1977......... 48,131 5,177 15,119 13,153 1,456 512 27,835 23,474 3,812 - -

1978......... 48,532 5,226 14,456 12,434 1,509 513 28,850 24,655 3,609 - -

1979......... 49,132 5,559 13,912 11,934 1,499 480 29,660 25,595 3,476 - -

1980....... 49,316 5,903 13,900 11,621 1,707 573 29,513 25,557 3,380 - -

1981....... 49,669 6,213 13,832 11,524 1,680 628 29,624 25,729 3,212 - -

1982....... 49,947 6,427 14,235 11,575 2,048 613 29,285 25,387 3,149 - -

1983......... 50,134 6,549 13,692 11,100 1,944 647 29,893 26,119 2,996 - -

1984....... 50,395 6,630 12,952 10,472 1,852 628 30,814 27,035 2,891 - -

1985 50 978 6 693 12 961 10 406 1 897 658 31 324 27 787 2 764 - -

Two earners or more

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner

1985......... 50,978 6,693 12,961 10,406 1,897 658 31,324 27,787 2,764 - -

1986....... 51,574 6,731 12,565 9,984 1,917 664 32,278 28,811 2,730 - -

1987....... 51,847 6,741 12,435 9,787 1,946 702 32,671 29,369 2,576 - -

1988....... 52,149 6,754 11,876 9,463 1,777 636 33,519 30,536 2,303 532 148 

1989......... 52,385 6,812 11,748 9,212 1,840 695 33,825 30,879 2,373 435 138 

1990....... 52,241 6,770 11,630 9,107 1,826 698 33,841 30,829 2,369 479 164 

1991....... 52,549 7,091 11,523 8,873 1,993 657 33,935 31,049 2,161 527 197 

1992....... 53,254 7,256 11,977 9,114 2,145 718 34,021 31,268 1,940 624 199 

1993......... 53,248 7,282 11,842 8,745 2,411 687 34,123 31,302 2,051 614 156 

1994......... 53,929 7,227 11,774 8,719 2,374 681 34,928 32,125 2,048 603 151 

1995....... 53,621 7,278 11,739 8,821 2,253 664 34,604 32,061 1,878 539 127 

1996....... 53,654 7,148 11,556 8,671 2,214 671 34,950 32,406 1,899 522 123 

1997....... 54,362 7,289 11,728 8,792 2,302 634 35,345 32,764 1,853 569 158 

1998......... 54,829 7,257 12,279 9,198 2,419 662 35,293 32,810 1,726 616 141 

1999....... 55,352 7,163 12,328 9,093 2,595 640 35,861 33,360 1,815 519 167 

2000......... 56,643 7,463 12,717 9,515 2,601 600 36,463 33,892 1,865 566 139 

2001....... 56,798 7,666 12,907 9,621 2,698 588 36,224 33,696 1,898 501 129 

2002....... 57,362 7,803 13,487 10,109 2,818 560 36,071 33,547 1,845 558 121 

2003....... 57,767 8,043 14,051 10,469 3,026 557 35,673 33,220 1,789 548 117 

2004......... 58,045 7,996 14,352 10,821 2,991 540 35,696 33,131 1,832 610 123 

2005......... 58,225 8,017 14,292 10,603 3,096 593 35,915 33,380 1,818 597 121 

2006......... 59,050 8,091 14,545 10,693 3,261 591 36,414 33,880 1,752 639 142 

2007......... 58,490 7,914 14,264 10,392 3,265 608 36,312 33,718 1,847 597 149 

2008......... 59,137 8,078 14,606 10,552 3,434 620 36,452 33,905 1,739 650 158 

 See note at end of table.

75
Table 23. Married-couple families by number and relationship of earners, 1967–2008—Continued

(Percent distribution)

Married-couple families

Total Husband 

only

Wife 

only

Other 

family 

member

Total Husband 

and wife

Husband 

and other 

family 

member

Wife and 

other 

family 

member

Husband 

and wife 

are not 

earners

1967........ 100.0 6.8 38.1 35.6 1.7 0.8 55.1 43.6 10.7 - -

1968......... 100.0 6.6 37.4 34.9 1.7 .8 56.1 45.0 10.3 - -

1969......... 100.0 6.8 36.6 34.1 1.8 .8 56.6 45.7 10.2 - -

1970......... 100.0 7.3 35.9 33.3 1.9 .7 56.8 45.7 10.3 - -

1971......... 100.0 7.6 36.7 33.7 2.2 .7 55.8 44.9 10.1 - -

1972......... 100.0 7.8 36.0 33.0 2.2 .9 56.2 45.7 9.8 - -

1973......... 100.0 8.5 34.1 30.8 2.4 .9 57.4 46.9 9.6 - -

1974......... 100.0 9.1 33.3 29.8 2.6 1.0 57.6 47.3 9.4 - -

1975......... 100.0 10.3 33.9 30.0 2.9 1.0 55.8 46.7 8.1 - -

1976......... 100.0 10.3 32.5 28.4 3.0 1.1 57.2 48.0 8.0 - -

1977....... 100.0 10.8 31.4 27.3 3.0 1.1 57.8 48.8 7.9 - -

1978....... 100.0 10.8 29.8 25.6 3.1 1.1 59.4 50.8 7.4 - -

1979....... 100.0 11.3 28.3 24.3 3.1 1.0 60.4 52.1 7.1 - -

1980....... 100.0 12.0 28.2 23.6 3.5 1.2 59.8 51.8 6.9 - -

1981....... 100.0 12.5 27.8 23.2 3.4 1.3 59.6 51.8 6.5 - -

1982....... 100.0 12.9 28.5 23.2 4.1 1.2 58.6 50.8 6.3 - -

1983....... 100.0 13.1 27.3 22.1 3.9 1.3 59.6 52.1 6.0 - -

1984....... 100.0 13.2 25.7 20.8 3.7 1.2 61.1 53.6 5.7 - -

1985....... 100.0 13.1 25.4 20.4 3.7 1.3 61.4 54.5 5.4 - -

1986....... 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 - -

Year

Total No 

earners

One earner Two earners or more

1986....... 100.0 13.1 24.4 19.4 3.7 1.3 62.6 55.9 5.3 

1987....... 100.0 13.0 24.0 18.9 3.8 1.4 63.0 56.6 5.0 - -

1988....... 100.0 13.0 22.8 18.1 3.4 1.2 64.3 58.6 4.4 1.0 0.3 

1989....... 100.0 13.0 22.4 17.6 3.5 1.3 64.6 58.9 4.5 .8 .3 

1990......... 100.0 13.0 22.3 17.4 3.5 1.3 64.8 59.0 4.5 .9 .3 

1991......... 100.0 13.5 21.9 16.9 3.8 1.3 64.6 59.1 4.1 1.0 .4 

1992......... 100.0 13.6 22.5 17.1 4.0 1.3 63.9 58.7 3.6 1.2 .4 

1993......... 100.0 13.7 22.2 16.4 4.5 1.3 64.1 58.8 3.9 1.2 .3 

1994....... 100.0 13.4 21.8 16.2 4.4 1.3 64.8 59.6 3.8 1.1 .3 

1995....... 100.0 13.6 21.9 16.5 4.2 1.2 64.5 59.8 3.5 1.0 .2 

1996....... 100.0 13.3 21.5 16.2 4.1 1.3 65.1 60.4 3.5 1.0 .2 

1997....... 100.0 13.4 21.6 16.2 4.2 1.2 65.0 60.3 3.4 1.0 .3 

1998....... 100.0 13.2 22.4 16.8 4.4 1.2 64.4 59.8 3.1 1.1 .3 

1999....... 100.0 12.9 22.3 16.4 4.7 1.2 64.8 60.3 3.3 .9 .3 

2000......... 100.0 13.2 22.5 16.8 4.6 1.1 64.4 59.8 3.3 1.0 .2 

2001....... 100.0 13.5 22.7 16.9 4.8 1.0 63.8 59.3 3.3 .9 .2 

2002......... 100.0 13.6 23.5 17.6 4.9 1.0 62.9 58.5 3.2 1.0 .2 

2003....... 100.0 13.9 24.3 18.1 5.2 1.0 61.8 57.5 3.1 .9 .2 

2004......... 100.0 13.8 24.7 18.6 5.2 .9 61.5 57.1 3.2 1.0 .2 

2005......... 100.0 13.8 24.5 18.2 5.3 1.0 61.7 57.3 3.1 1.0 .2 

2006......... 100.0 13.7 24.6 18.1 5.5 1.0 61.7 57.4 3.0 1.1 .2 

2007......... 100.0 13.5 24.4 17.8 5.6 1.0 62.1 57.6 3.2 1.0 .3 

2008......... 100.0 13.7 24.7 17.8 5.8 1.0 61.6 57.3 2.9 1.1 .3 

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience

of the entire year. Dash indicates data not available.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1968–2009, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of

Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

76
Table 24. Contribution of wives' earnings to 

family income, 1970–2008

1970............................... 26.6

1971............................... 27.5

1972................................. 26.7

1973............................... 26.0

1974............................... 25.4

1975............................... 26.3

1976............................... 26.4

1977............................... 26.1

1978................................. 26.1

1979................................. 26.0

1980............................... 26.7

1981................................. 27.3

1982................................. 28.4

1983............................... 28.8

1984............................... 28.4

1985............................... 28.3

1986................................. 29.0

1987................................. 29.5

1988................................. 29.6

1989............................... 29.9

1990............................... 30.7

Year

Contribution to 

family income 

(median percent)

1991............................... 31.3

1992............................... 32.4

1993............................... 32.2

1994............................... 31.9

1995............................... 31.9

1996............................... 32.6

1997............................... 32.7

1998............................... 32.8

1999............................... 32.8

2000............................... 33.5

2001............................... 34.4

2002............................... 34.8

2003............................... 35.2

2004................................. 34.9

2005................................. 35.1

2006................................. 35.6

2007................................. 36.0

2008................................. 36.0

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social

and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and

work experience of the entire year.

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic

Supplements, 1971–2009, Current Population Survey,

U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor

Statistics.

77
Table 25. Wives who earn more than their husbands, 1987–2008

(Numbers in thousands)

Married-couple 

families in which 

wife (but not 

necessarily 

husband) had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than 

their 

husbands 

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than their 

husbands 

Married-couple 

families in which 

both wife and 

husband had 

earnings from 

work

Wives who earn

more than 

their

husbands 

Percent of wives

who earn more 

than their 

husbands 

1987.................. 32,025 7,581 23.7 29,755 5,311 17.8

1988.................. 32,810 7,827 23.9 30,503 5,520 18.1

1989.................. 33,119 8,068 24.4 30,848 5,796 18.8

1990.................. 33,093 8,221 24.8 30,794 5,923 19.2

1991.................. 33,516 8,983 26.8 30,998 6,465 20.9

1992.................. 33,987 9,715 28.6 31,221 6,948 22.3

1993.................. 34,286 10,000 29.2 31,264 6,978 22.3

1994.................. 35,066 10,184 29.0 32,091 7,209 22.5

1995.................. 34,819 9,822 28.2 32,030 7,033 22.0

1996.................. 35,120 10,070 28.7 32,389 7,340 22.7

1997.................. 35,613 10,309 28.9 32,745 7,441 22.7

1998.................. 35,806 10,467 29.2 32,782 7,443 22.7

1999.................. 36,454 10,548 28.9 33,340 7,434 22.3

2000.................. 37,037 11,070 29.9 33,873 7,906 23.3

2001 36 864 11 329 30 7 33 665 8 130 24 1

Year

Families in which wives have earnings 

but husbands may not 1

Families in which both wives and husbands 

have earnings 2

2001.................. 36,864 11,329 30.7 33,665 8,130 24.1

2002.................. 36,905 11,765 31.9 33,531 8,391 25.0

2003.................. 36,761 11,923 32.4 33,189 8,351 25.2

2004.................. 36,710 11,985 32.6 33,110 8,386 25.3

2005.................. 37,055 12,215 33.0 33,364 8,524 25.5

2006.................. 37,733 12,601 33.4 33,838 8,707 25.7

2007.................. 37,536 12,570 33.5 33,678 8,712 25.9

2008.................. 37,988 13,104 34.5 33,905 9,020 26.6

1 Includes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

2 Excludes families in which husband had no earnings from work.

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement, reflect the earnings and work experience 

of the entire year. 

SOURCE: Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1988–2009, Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of 

Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

78
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal 

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2009 annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Age and sex

Total, 16 years and over................................ 72,611 3,572 4.9 980 2,592

 16 to 24 years............................................ 14,389 1,737 12.1 508 1,229

 25 years and over...................................... 58,222 1,835 3.2 472 1,363

Women, 16 years and over............................. 37,426 2,215 5.9 612 1,603

 16 to 24 years............................................ 7,344 1,064 14.5 295 769

 25 years and over...................................... 30,082 1,151 3.8 318 833

Men, 16 years and over................................ 35,185 1,358 3.9 368 990

 16 to 24 years............................................ 7,045 674 9.6 214 460

 25 years and over...................................... 28,140 684 2.4 154 530

Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

White........................................................ 58,633 2,857 4.9 763 2,094

Women 29 760 1 783 6 0 463 1 320

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing Federal minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

Federal 

minimum 

wage

Below 

prevailing 

Federal 

minimum 

wage

 Women...................................................... 29,760 1,783 6.0 463 1,320

 Men......................................................... 28,873 1,074 3.7 300 774

Black or African American.............................. 9,269 495 5.3 168 327

 Women...................................................... 5,231 302 5.8 117 185

 Men......................................................... 4,038 192 4.8 50 142

Asian........................................................ 2,718 117 4.3 21 96

 Women...................................................... 1,460 70 4.8 15 55

 Men......................................................... 1,258 47 3.7 6 41

Hispanic or Latino ....................................... 12,740 622 4.9 183 439

 Women...................................................... 5,449 331 6.1 102 229

 Men......................................................... 7,291 290 4.0 80 210

79
Table 26. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal 

minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2009 annual averages―Continued 

(Numbers in thousands)

Full- and part-time status 1

Full-time workers......................................... 52,454 1,272 2.4 320 952

 Women.................................................... 24,066 694 2.9 183 511

 Men........................................................ 28,388 579 2.0 137 442

Part-time workers......................................... 20,027 2,281 11.4 656 1,625

 Women...................................................... 13,307 1,513 11.4 428 1,085

 Men........................................................ 6,721 769 11.4 229 540

Characteristic

Workers paid hourly rates

Total

Total at or below prevailing Federal minimum wage

Total

Percent of 

hourly paid 

workers

At prevailing 

Federal 

minimum 

wage

Below 

prevailing 

Federal 

minimum 

wage

1 Full time refers to persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week; part time refers to persons who usually work

fewer than 35 hours per week. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not

identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage rose from $6.55 to $7.25 an hour on July 24, 2009. Data in this table

reflect the average number of workers who earned $6.55 or less from January 2009 through July 2009 and those who

earned $7.25 or less from August 2009 through the end of the year. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the

incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to

workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for the

 

 

 

1 Full time refers to persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week; part time refers to persons who usually work

fewer than 35 hours per week. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not

identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage rose from $6.55 to $7.25 an hour on July 24, 2009. Data in this table

reflect the average number of workers who earned $6.55 or less from January 2009 through July 2009 and those who

earned $7.25 or less from August 2009 through the end of the year. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the

incorporated self-employed. They refer to a person's earnings on his or her sole or principal job, and pertain only to

workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly workers are not included. Estimates for the

above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for

all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

80
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, 

and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2008

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years and older...... 147,838 120,660 16,817 6,772 21,005 8,883 6,321 1,844 349 2,604

16 to 19 years............... 4,079 3,357 494 73 654 518 365 110 16 117

20 to 24 years............... 13,311 10,688 1,680 453 2,415 1,525 1,094 303 38 368

25 to 34 years............... 32,349 25,626 4,121 1,627 6,172 2,555 1,753 614 72 858

35 to 44 years............... 33,689 26,892 4,120 1,852 5,539 1,953 1,389 398 99 716

45 to 54 years............... 35,633 29,385 3,906 1,654 3,941 1,462 1,053 291 75 366

55 to 64 years............... 22,349 19,088 2,000 891 1,849 738 558 111 45 156

65 years and older......... 6,428 5,624 495 221 434 132 109 16 3 22

 Women, 16 years and older... 68,558 54,752 9,000 3,151 8,412 4,464 2,990 1,146 154 1,020

16 to 19 years............... 2,013 1,655 260 27 301 286 201 64 7 59

20 to 24 years............... 6,269 4,968 868 216 996 831 584 185 23 147

25 to 34 years............... 14,495 11,104 2,186 768 2,225 1,326 813 422 33 319

35 to 44 years............... 15,286 11,877 2,198 831 2,176 899 583 246 36 258

45 to 54 years............... 17,015 13,763 2,129 801 1,731 712 496 163 35 170

55 to 64 years............... 10,644 8,942 1,099 424 797 340 256 54 20 61

65 years and older......... 2,836 2,441 261 84 186 70 59 11 – 6

 Men, 16 years and older...... 79,280 65,908 7,817 3,621 12,593 4,418 3,331 698 195 1,585

16 t 19 2 066 1 701 235 46 353 232 164 46 9 59

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Age and sex

Total Below poverty level

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

Total White

16 to 19 years............... 2,066 1,701 235 46 353 232 164 46 9 59

20 to 24 years............... 7,042 5,720 813 238 1,419 694 510 118 15 221

25 to 34 years............... 17,854 14,522 1,935 859 3,947 1,229 941 192 39 539

35 to 44 years............... 18,403 15,014 1,922 1,021 3,363 1,053 807 152 63 458

45 to 54 years............... 18,618 15,622 1,777 853 2,210 750 557 128 40 196

55 to 64 years............... 11,705 10,147 901 467 1,053 398 302 57 25 95

65 years and older......... 3,593 3,182 234 137 248 61 50 5 3 16

81
Table 27. Working poor: Poverty status of people in the labor 

force for 27 weeks or more by age, sex, race, and Hispanic or 

Latino ethnicity, 2008—Continued

Total, 16 years and older...... 6.0 5.2 11.0 5.1 12.4

16 to 19 years............... 12.7 10.9 22.3 21.4 17.9

20 to 24 years............... 11.5 10.2 18.1 8.4 15.2

25 to 34 years............... 7.9 6.8 14.9 4.4 13.9

35 to 44 years............... 5.8 5.2 9.7 5.4 12.9

45 to 54 years............... 4.1 3.6 7.5 4.5 9.3

55 to 64 years............... 3.3 2.9 5.5 5.1 8.5

65 years and older......... 2.0 1.9 3.2 1.3 5.1

 Women, 16 years and older... 6.5 5.5 12.7 4.9 12.1

16 to 19 years............... 14.2 12.1 24.8 ( 2 ) 19.4

20 to 24 years............... 13.3 11.7 21.4 10.8 14.7

25 to 34 years............... 9.1 7.3 19.3 4.3 14.3

35 to 44 years............... 5.9 4.9 11.2 4.3 11.9

45 to 54 years............... 4.2 3.6 7.7 4.3 9.8

55 to 64 years............... 3.2 2.9 4.9 4.8 7.7

65 years and older......... 2.5 2.4 4.3 .2 3.2

 Men, 16 years and older...... 5.6 5.1 8.9 5.4 12.6

16 t 19 11 2 9 6 19 7 ( 2 ) 16 7

Age and sex

Rate 1 

Total White

Black or 

African 

American

Asian

Hispanic 

or Latino 

ethnicity

16 to 19 years............... 11.2 9.6 19.7 ( 2 ) 16.7

20 to 24 years............... 9.8 8.9 14.5 6.3 15.6

25 to 34 years............... 6.9 6.5 9.9 4.6 13.7

35 to 44 years............... 5.7 5.4 7.9 6.2 13.6

45 to 54 years............... 4.0 3.6 7.2 4.7 8.9

55 to 64 years............... 3.4 3.0 6.3 5.4 9.0

65 years and older......... 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.0 6.5

1 Number below the poverty level as a percent of the total in the labor force for

27 weeks or more. 2 Data not shown where labor force base is less than 80,000.

NOTE: These data, collected in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement,

reflect the earnings and work experience of the entire year. Estimates for the

above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to

totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is

identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: 2009 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population

Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

82
Table 28. Displaced workers1

 by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and 

employment status in January 2010

Total

Total, 20 years and over.................. 6,938 100.0 48.8 36.1 15.2

 20 to 24 years.............................. 227 100.0 54.8 29.8 15.4

 25 to 54 years.............................. 4,923 100.0 53.4 35.6 11.0

 55 to 64 years.............................. 1,395 100.0 38.7 39.9 21.4

 65 years and over........................ 392 100.0 22.5 32.4 45.1

Women, 20 years and over............ 2,754 100.0 48.5 31.4 20.1

 20 to 24 years.............................. 84 100.0 55.8 14.6 29.7

 25 to 54 years............................. 1,892 100.0 53.9 31.0 15.1

 55 to 64 years............................. 585 100.0 39.2 37.8 23.0

 65 years and over....................... 194 100.0 20.7 23.3 56.0

Men, 20 years and over................. 4,183 100.0 49.0 39.1 11.9

 20 to 24 years............................. 144 100.0 54.2 38.7 7.1

 25 to 54 years............................. 3,031 100.0 53.1 38.4 8.4

 55 to 64 years............................. 810 100.0 38.4 41.4 20.2

 65 years and over....................... 198 100.0 24.3 41.2 34.5

White

Total, 20 years and over................. 5,716 100.0 50.3 35.0 14.8

 Women.................................... 2,198 100.0 49.5 30.4 20.2

Men 3 518 100 0 50 8 37 8 11 4

Age, sex, race, and Hispanic 

or Latino ethnicity

Total 

(in 

thousands)

Percent distribution by employment status

Total Employed Unemployed Not in labor 

force

 Men........................................... 3,518 100.0 50.8 37.8 11.4

Black or African American

Total, 20 years and over.................. 761 100.0 42.9 41.2 15.9

 Women..................................... 351 100.0 46.7 32.8 20.4

 Men........................................... 410 100.0 39.7 48.4 12.0

Asian

Total, 20 years and over.................. 294 100.0 37.8 47.8 14.3

 Women..................................... 135 100.0 41.5 43.4 15.1

 Men......................................... 160 100.0 34.8 51.5 13.7

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 20 years and over................ 993 100.0 48.7 38.0 13.4

 Women.................................... 297 100.0 40.1 35.8 24.1

 Men......................................... 696 100.0 52.3 38.9 8.8

1 Data refer to people who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January

2007 and December 2009 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the

abolishment of their positions or shifts.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not

sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic

or Latino may be of any race.

SOURCE: January 2010 Displaced Worker Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S.

Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

83
Table 29. Median years of tenure with current employer for employed wage and salary workers by age and sex,

selected years, 1996–2010

Total, 16 years and over.................. 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.4

 16 to 17 years.............................. .7 .6 .6 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years.............................. .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.5

 25 years and over....................... 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.2

 25 to 34 years........................... 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.1

 35 to 44 years........................... 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1

 45 to 54 years........................... 8.3 8.1 8.2 7.6 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.8

 55 to 64 years........................... 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.9 9.6 9.3 9.9 10.0

 65 years and over........................ 8.4 7.8 9.4 8.6 9.0 8.8 10.2 9.9

Women, 16 years and over............ 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2

 16 to 17 years.............................. .7 .6 .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .7

 18 to 19 years.............................. .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5

 25 years and over....................... 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1

 25 to 34 years........................... 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.6 3.0

 35 to 44 years........................... 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.9

 45 to 54 years........................... 7.0 7.2 7.3 6.5 6.4 6.7 7.0 7.1

 55 to 64 years........................... 10.0 9.6 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.8 9.7

 65 years and over........................ 8.4 8.7 9.7 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.9 10.1

Age and sex February 

1996

February 

1998

January 

2008

January 

2010

February 

2000

January 

2002

January 

2004

January 

2006

Men, 16 years and over................. 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.6

 16 to 17 years.............................. .6 .6 .6 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7

 18 to 19 years.............................. .7 .7 .7 .8 .8 .7 .8 1.0

 20 to 24 years.............................. 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6

 25 years and over....................... 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.3

 25 to 34 years........................... 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.2

 35 to 44 years........................... 6.1 5.5 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3

 45 to 54 years........................... 10.1 9.4 9.5 9.1 9.6 8.1 8.2 8.5

 55 to 64 years........................... 10.5 11.2 10.2 10.2 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.4

 65 years and over........................ 8.3 7.1 9.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 10.4 9.7

SOURCE: 1996–2010 Displaced Worker supplements to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics.

84
Table 30. Labor force status of 2009 high school graduates and 2008–09 high school dropouts 

16 to 24 years old by school enrollment and sex, October 2009

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 2009 high school graduates1

...... 2,937 1,482 50.5 1,062 36.1 421 28.4 1,455

 Women........................................... 1,531 758 49.5 549 35.8 210 27.7 772

 Men................................................. 1,407 724 51.5 513 36.5 211 29.1 683

 Enrolled in college.............................. 2,058 867 42.1 662 32.1 205 23.7 1,192

Percent of total 2009 graduates...... 70.1 58.5 - 62.3 - 48.7 - 81.9

Women......................................... 1,130 488 43.2 367 32.5 121 24.8 642

Percent of female 2009 graduates... 73.8 64.4 - 66.8 - 57.6 - 83.2

Men.............................................. 928 379 40.8 294 31.7 84 22.2 550

Percent of male 2009 graduates...... 66.0 52.3 - 57.3 - 39.8 - 80.5

 Not enrolled in college....................... 879 616 70.0 400 45.5 216 35.0 263

Percent of total 2009 graduates...... 29.9 41.6 - 37.7 - 51.3 - 18.1

 Women........................................ 401 270 67.4 181 45.2 89 32.9 130

Percent of female 2009 graduates... 26.2 35.6 - 33.0 - 42.4 - 16.8

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

Total force 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

 Total 

Percent 

of 

population 

g

 Men............................................. 478 345 72.2 219 45.7 127 36.7 133

Percent of male 2009 graduates...... 34.0 47.7 - 42.7 - 60.2 - 19.5

Total, 2008–09 high school dropouts2... 383 186 48.5 83 21.8 103 55.1 198

 Women......................................... 179 61 34.2 27 15.2 34 ( 3 ) 117

 Men.............................................. 205 125 60.9 56 27.5 69 54.9 80

1 Data refer to persons who graduated from high school in January through October 2009. 2 Data refer to persons who dropped out of school between October 2008 and October 2009.

3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

SOURCE: October 2009 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics.

85
Table 31. Labor force status of people 16 to 24 years old by school enrollment, sex, and educational 

attainment, October 2009

(Numbers in thousands)

Enrolled in school.............................. 21,854 8,411 38.5 7,098 32.5 1,314 15.6 13,443 

 Women........................................... 11,179 4,649 41.6 4,051 36.2 598 12.9 6,530 

 Men.............................................. 10,675 3,763 35.2 3,046 28.5 716 19.0 6,913 

 Enrolled in high school 1

..................... 9,612 2,125 22.1 1,576 16.4 548 25.8 7,488 

 Women........................................ 4,647 1,069 23.0 817 17.6 253 23.6 3,578 

 Men.............................................. 4,965 1,055 21.3 760 15.3 295 28.0 3,910 

 Enrolled in college............................. 12,242 6,287 51.4 5,521 45.1 766 12.2 5,955 

 Women........................................ 6,531 3,579 54.8 3,235 49.5 345 9.6 2,952 

 Men.............................................. 5,710 2,707 47.4 2,286 40.0 421 15.5 3,003 

Not enrolled in school....................... 15,762 12,353 78.4 9,847 62.5 2,506 20.3 3,409 

 Women........................................... 7,488 5,416 72.3 4,506 60.2 910 16.8 2,072 

 Less than a high school diploma ........ 1,299 644 49.6 444 34.2 200 31.0 655 2

Total

Percent 

of labor 

force

Characteristic

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Civilian labor force 

 Not in 

labor 

Total force 

Percent 

of 

population 

 Employed Unemployed 

Total

Percent 

of 

population 

 High school graduates, no college 2 ... 3,125 2,147 68.7 1,671 53.5 476 22.2 978 

 Some college or associate's degree .. 1,894 1,539 81.2 1,374 72.6 164 10.7 356 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............ 1,170 1,087 92.9 1,017 86.9 70 6.5 83 

 Men................................................ 8,274 6,937 83.8 5,341 64.6 1,596 23.0 1,337 

 Less than a high school diploma ........ 1,731 1,267 73.2 864 49.9 403 31.8 464 

 High school graduates, no college 2

 ... 3,870 3,193 82.5 2,400 62.0 793 24.8 677 

 Some college or associate's degree .. 1,784 1,610 90.3 1,328 74.5 282 17.5 174 

 Bachelor’s degree and higher ............ 890 867 97.4 749 84.1 118 13.6 23 

1 Includes a small number of people enrolled in grades below high school.

2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

SOURCE: October 2009 School Enrollment Supplement to the Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics.

86
Table 32. Multiple jobholders and multiple jobholding rates by sex and race, 1994–2009 

annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Multiple jobholders

Number

Percent of 

all multiple 

jobholders

1994........ 123,060 7,260 3,336 46.0 3,924 5.9 5.9 5.9

1995....... 124,900 7,693 3,554 46.2 4,139 6.2 6.2 6.1

1996........ 126,708 7,832 3,640 46.5 4,192 6.2 6.2 6.1

1997........ 129,558 7,955 3,718 46.7 4,237 6.1 6.2 6.1

1998........ 131,463 7,926 3,748 47.3 4,178 6.0 6.2 5.9

1999........ 133,488 7,802 3,698 47.4 4,104 5.8 6.0 5.7

2000........ 136,891 7,604 3,608 47.4 3,996 5.6 5.7 5.5

2001........ 136,933 7,357 3,523 47.9 3,834 5.4 5.5 5.2

2002........ 136,485 7,291 3,557 48.8 3,734 5.3 5.6 5.1

2003........ 137,736 7,315 3,599 49.2 3,716 5.3 5.6 5.1

2004........ 139,252 7,473 3,638 48.7 3,835 5.4 5.6 5.1

2005.........141,730 7,546 3,691 48.9 3,855 5.3 5.6 5.1

2006.........144,427 7,576 3,753 49.5 3,822 5.2 5.6 4.9

2007.........146,047 7,655 3,822 49.9 3,833 5.2 5.6 4.9

2008.........145,362 7,620 3,783 49.6 3,837 5.2 5.6 5.0

2009.........139,877 7,271 3,741 51.5 3,530 5.2 5.6 4.8

Year Total 

employed

Multiple jobholding rate1

Total

Women

Men Total Women Men

1 Multiple jobholders as a percent of all employed people in specified group.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

87
Table 33. Unincorporated self-employed persons in nonagricultural industries by sex, 1976–2009

annual averages 

(Numbers in thousands)

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

Total 

employed

Selfemployed

Selfemployed 

as a 

percent of 

total

1976...... 85,421 5,782 6.8 35,027 1,549 4.4 50,394 4,233 8.4 26.8 

1977..... 88,734 6,115 6.9 36,677 1,692 4.6 52,057 4,423 8.5 27.7 

1978..... 92,661 6,428 6.9 38,900 1,814 4.7 53,761 4,614 8.6 28.2 

1979..... 95,477 6,792 7.1 40,556 1,982 4.9 54,921 4,810 8.8 29.2 

1980..... 95,938 7,001 7.3 41,461 2,097 5.1 54,477 4,904 9.0 30.0 

1981..... 97,030 7,097 7.3 42,333 2,192 5.2 54,697 4,905 9.0 30.9 

1982..... 96,125 7,263 7.6 42,591 2,309 5.4 53,534 4,954 9.3 31.8 

1983..... 97,450 7,575 7.8 43,367 2,439 5.6 54,083 5,136 9.5 32.2 

1984...... 101,685 7,785 7.7 45,262 2,566 5.7 56,423 5,219 9.2 33.0 

1985..... 103,971 7,810 7.5 46,615 2,603 5.6 57,356 5,207 9.1 33.3 

1986..... 106,435 7,881 7.4 48,054 2,610 5.4 58,381 5,271 9.0 33.1 

1987..... 109,232 8,201 7.5 49,668 2,778 5.6 59,564 5,423 9.1 33.9 

1988...... 111,800 8,519 7.6 51,020 2,955 5.8 60,780 5,564 9.2 34.7 

1989..... 114,143 8,605 7.5 52,341 3,043 5.8 61,802 5,562 9.0 35.4 

1990...... 115,570 8,719 7.5 53,011 3,122 5.9 62,559 5,597 8.9 35.8 

1991..... 114,449 8,850 7.7 52,815 3,150 6.0 61,634 5,700 9.2 35.6 

1992..... 115,246 8,576 7.4 53,380 2,963 5.6 61,866 5,613 9.1 34.5 

1993..... 117,144 8,959 7.6 54,273 3,065 5.6 62,871 5,894 9.4 34.2 

1994 119 651 9 003 7 5 55 755 3 443 6 2 63 896 5 560 8 7 38 2

Selfemployed 

women as 

percent of 

total selfemployed

Year

Total Women Men

1994..... 119,651 9,003 7.5 55,755 3,443 6.2 63,896 5,560 8.7 38.2 

1995..... 121,460 8,901 7.3 56,642 3,440 6.1 64,818 5,461 8.4 38.6 

1996..... 123,264 8,971 7.3 57,630 3,506 6.1 65,634 5,465 8.3 39.1 

1997..... 126,159 9,056 7.2 59,026 3,550 6.0 67,133 5,506 8.2 39.2 

1998..... 128,085 8,962 7.0 59,945 3,482 5.8 68,140 5,480 8.0 38.9 

1999..... 130,207 8,790 6.8 61,193 3,424 5.6 69,014 5,366 7.8 39.0 

2000..... 134,427 9,205 6.8 62,983 3,631 5.8 71,444 5,573 7.8 39.4 

2001..... 134,635 9,121 6.8 63,147 3,594 5.7 71,488 5,527 7.7 39.4 

2002...... 134,174 8,923 6.7 62,995 3,499 5.6 71,179 5,425 7.6 39.2 

2003..... 135,461 9,344 6.9 63,824 3,609 5.7 71,636 5,736 8.0 38.6 

2004...... 137,020 9,467 6.9 64,182 3,607 5.6 72,838 5,860 8.0 38.1 

2005..... 139,532 9,509 6.8 65,213 3,565 5.5 74,319 5,944 8.0 37.5 

2006...... 142,221 9,685 6.8 66,382 3,681 5.5 75,838 6,004 7.9 38.0 

2007...... 143,952 9,557 6.6 67,302 3,637 5.4 76,650 5,920 7.7 38.1 

2008...... 143,194 9,219 6.4 67,358 3,483 5.2 75,836 5,736 7.6 37.8 

2009...... 137,775 8,995 6.5 65,712 3,468 5.3 72,062 5,527 7.7 38.6 

NOTE: Beginning in 2000, data reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census Industry Classification System derived from

the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey (CPS).

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

88
Table 34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by native- and foreign-born status, 

age, and sex, 2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Both sexes

Native born1

 16 years and over........ 200,585 130,216 64.9 118,269 59.0 11,947 9.2 70,368

 16 to 24 years.............. 34,025 19,375 56.9 15,920 46.8 3,455 17.8 14,650

 25 to 34 years............ 32,643 27,392 83.9 24,684 75.6 2,707 9.9 5,252

 35 to 44 years............ 32,540 27,391 84.2 25,307 77.8 2,085 7.6 5,149

 45 to 54 years............ 37,546 30,617 81.5 28,517 76.0 2,101 6.9 6,928

 55 to 64 years............ 30,349 19,667 64.8 18,429 60.7 1,238 6.3 10,682

 65 years and over...... 33,481 5,774 17.2 5,413 16.2 362 6.3 27,706

Foreign born2

 16 years and over........ 35,216 23,926 67.9 21,608 61.4 2,317 9.7 11,290

 16 to 24 years............. 3,542 1,986 56.1 1,681 47.5 304 15.3 1,557

 25 to 34 years.............. 7,637 5,907 77.3 5,330 69.8 577 9.8 1,731

 35 to 44 years.............. 8,379 6,847 81.7 6,210 74.1 637 9.3 1,532

 45 to 54 years............ 6,819 5,588 81.9 5,096 74.7 491 8.8 1,231

 55 to 64 years............. 4,321 2,838 65.7 2,590 59.9 249 8.8 1,483

 65 years and over...... 4,517 760 16.8 701 15.5 59 7.8 3,757

Native- or foreign-born 

status, age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

Women

Native born1

 16 years and over........ 104,077 62,284 59.8 57,364 55.1 4,920 7.9 41,793

 16 to 24 years............ 16,970 9,536 56.2 8,131 47.9 1,404 14.7 7,434

 25 to 34 years............ 16,545 12,915 78.1 11,831 71.5 1,085 8.4 3,629

 35 to 44 years............ 16,686 12,974 77.8 12,104 72.5 871 6.7 3,712

 45 to 54 years............. 19,252 14,766 76.7 13,916 72.3 849 5.8 4,487

 55 to 64 years.............. 15,698 9,476 60.4 8,923 56.8 553 5.8 6,223

 65 years and over...... 18,925 2,617 13.8 2,459 13.0 158 6.0 16,308

Foreign born2

 16 years and over........ 17,588 9,735 55.4 8,844 50.3 891 9.2 7,853

 16 to 24 years.............. 1,671 759 45.4 631 37.8 128 16.9 912

 25 to 34 years............ 3,569 2,172 60.9 1,960 54.9 212 9.7 1,397

 35 to 44 years............ 4,034 2,746 68.1 2,495 61.9 251 9.1 1,288

 45 to 54 years............. 3,381 2,439 72.1 2,254 66.7 185 7.6 942

 55 to 64 years............ 2,274 1,300 57.1 1,205 53.0 94 7.3 975

 65 years and over...... 2,658 320 12.0 298 11.2 22 6.8 2,339

 See footnotes at end of table.

89
Table 34. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by native- and foreign-born status,

age, and sex, 2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

 Civilian labor force 

 Employed Unemployed 

Men

Native born1

 16 years and over......... 96,508 67,933 70.4 60,905 63.1 7,028 10.3 28,575

 16 to 24 years............ 17,055 9,839 57.7 7,788 45.7 2,051 20.8 7,216

 25 to 34 years............ 16,099 14,476 89.9 12,854 79.8 1,623 11.2 1,622

 35 to 44 years............ 15,854 14,417 90.9 13,203 83.3 1,214 8.4 1,437

 45 to 54 years............. 18,293 15,852 86.7 14,600 79.8 1,252 7.9 2,442

 55 to 64 years............. 14,651 10,191 69.6 9,506 64.9 685 6.7 4,460

 65 years and over...... 14,556 3,158 21.7 2,954 20.3 203 6.4 11,398

Foreign born2

 16 years and over......... 17,628 14,190 80.5 12,765 72.4 1,426 10.0 3,438

 16 to 24 years............. 1,871 1,226 65.5 1,050 56.1 176 14.4 645

 25 to 34 years............ 4,068 3,735 91.8 3,370 82.8 365 9.8 334

 35 to 44 years............ 4,345 4,101 94.4 3,715 85.5 386 9.4 244

 45 to 54 years............ 3,438 3,149 91.6 2,842 82.7 307 9.7 289

 55 to 64 years............. 2,047 1,539 75.2 1,384 67.6 154 10.0 508

 65 years and over...... 1,859 440 23.7 403 21.7 37 8.5 1,418

Native- or foreign-born 

status, age, and sex

 Civilian 

noninstitutional 

population 

 Not in 

labor force Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of 

population Total Percent of labor force 

1 The native born are people who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or

who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen.

2 The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside

the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents who were not U.S. citizens. This group

includes legally admitted immigrants, refugees, students, temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data,

however, do not separately identify the number of people in these categories.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

90
Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2009

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, both sexes Women

Members of unions 1 Represented by 

unions 2 Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed

1983......... 88,290 17,717 20.1 20,532 23.3 40,433 5,908 14.6 7,262 18.0

1984......... 92,194 17,340 18.8 19,932 21.6 42,172 5,829 13.8 7,100 16.8

1985....... 94,521 16,996 18.0 19,358 20.5 43,506 5,732 13.2 6,910 15.9

1986 3...... 96,903 16,975 17.5 19,278 19.9 44,961 5,802 12.9 6,961 15.5

1987......... 99,303 16,913 17.0 19,051 19.2 46,365 5,842 12.6 6,907 14.9

1988....... 101,407 17,002 16.8 19,241 19.0 47,495 5,982 12.6 7,109 15.0

1989......... 103,480 16,960 16.4 19,198 18.6 48,691 6,141 12.6 7,243 14.9

1990 3

...... 104,876 16,776 16.0 19,105 18.2 49,323 6,179 12.5 7,330 14.9

1991......... 103,723 16,612 16.0 18,790 18.1 49,105 6,142 12.5 7,247 14.8

1992....... 104,668 16,418 15.7 18,578 17.7 49,842 6,274 12.6 7,411 14.9

1993....... 106,101 16,627 15.7 18,682 17.6 50,626 6,516 12.9 7,610 15.0

1994 3

...... 107,989 16,748 15.5 18,850 17.5 51,419 6,642 12.9 7,740 15.1

1995....... 110,038 16,360 14.9 18,346 16.7 52,369 6,430 12.3 7,479 14.3

1996......... 111,960 16,269 14.5 18,158 16.2 53,488 6,410 12.0 7,397 13.8

1997 3

...... 114,533 16,110 14.1 17,923 15.6 54,708 6,347 11.6 7,304 13.4

1998 3

...... 116,730 16,211 13.9 17,918 15.4 55,757 6,362 11.4 7,280 13.1

1999 3

...... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0

Year Total 

employed

Total 

employed

2000 3...... 122,089 16,334 13.4 18,153 14.9 58,427 6,671 11.4 7,662 13.1

2001....... 122,229 16,305 13.3 18,026 14.7 58,582 6,768 11.6 7,672 13.1

2002......... 121,826 16,145 13.3 17,695 14.5 58,555 6,820 11.6 7,629 13.0

2003 3

...... 122,358 15,776 12.9 17,448 14.3 59,122 6,732 11.4 7,601 12.9

2004......... 123,554 15,472 12.5 17,087 13.8 59,408 6,593 11.1 7,450 12.5

2005...... 125,889 15,685 12.5 17,223 13.7 60,423 6,815 11.3 7,626 12.6

2006......... 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2

2007......... 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4

2008 3

...... 129,377 16,098 12.4 17,761 13.7 62,532 7,160 11.4 8,036 12.9

2009 ...... 124,490 15,327 12.3 16,904 13.6 60,951 6,887 11.3 7,727 12.7

 See footnotes at end of table.

91
Table 35. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary 

workers by sex, annual averages, 1983–2009—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Men

Members of unions 1 Represented by 

unions 2

 Total Percent of 

employed Total Percent of employed

1983......... 47,856 11,809 24.7 13,270 27.7

1984......... 50,022 11,511 23.0 12,832 25.7

1985....... 51,015 11,264 22.1 12,448 24.4

1986 3

...... 51,942 11,173 21.5 12,317 23.7

1987......... 52,938 11,071 20.9 12,144 22.9

1988....... 53,912 11,019 20.4 12,132 22.5

1989......... 54,789 10,820 19.7 11,955 21.8

1990 3

...... 55,553 10,597 19.1 11,775 21.2

1991......... 54,618 10,470 19.2 11,542 21.1

1992....... 54,826 10,144 18.5 11,167 20.4

1993....... 55,475 10,112 18.2 11,072 20.0

1994 3

...... 56,570 10,106 17.9 11,110 19.6

1995....... 57,669 9,929 17.2 10,868 18.8

1996......... 58,473 9,859 16.9 10,761 18.4

1997 3

...... 59,825 9,763 16.3 10,619 17.7

1998 3

...... 60,973 9,850 16.2 10,638 17.4 3

Year Total 

employed

1999 ...... 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4

2000 3

...... 63,662 9,664 15.2 10,491 16.5

2001....... 63,647 9,538 15.0 10,354 16.3

2002......... 63,272 9,325 14.7 10,066 15.9

2003 3

...... 63,236 9,044 14.3 9,848 15.6

2004......... 64,145 8,878 13.8 9,638 15.0

2005...... 65,466 8,870 13.5 9,597 14.7

2006......... 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0

2007......... 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1

2008 3

...... 66,846 8,938 13.4 9,724 14.5

2009 ...... 63,539 8,441 13.3 9,176 14.4

1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee

association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to workers who are not members of unions but

whose jobs are covered by a union or employee association

contract, as well as to members of a labor union or an employee

association similar to a union. 3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years. For an

explanation, see the Historical Comparability documentation

provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods.pdf.

NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time

workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of

whether their businesses are incorporated.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor,

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

92
Table 36. Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and over by sex and period of service, 

2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total veterans, 18 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 22,182 1,757 20,425 7.9

 Civilian labor force................................................... 12,102 1,134 10,968 9.4

 Participation rate...................................................... 54.6 64.5 53.7

 Employed............................................................ 11,119 1,042 10,076 9.4

 Employment-population ratio................................. 50.1 59.3 49.3

 Unemployed......................................................... 983 91 892 9.3

 Unemployment rate............................................. 8.1 8.0 8.1

 Not in labor force...................................................... 10,080 623 9,457 6.2

Period of Service

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 1,940 347 1,593 17.9

 Civilian labor force................................................... 1,620 257 1,363 15.9

 Participation rate...................................................... 83.5 74.2 85.6

 Employed............................................................ 1,455 228 1,228 15.7

 Employment-population ratio................................. 75.0 65.6 77.1

 Unemployed......................................................... 165 30 136 18.2

U l tt 10 2 11 5 9 9

Employment status and period of service Total Women Men Women as a 

percent of total

 Unemployment rate............................................. 10.2 11.5 9.9

 Not in labor force...................................................... 319 89 230 27.9

Gulf War-era I veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 2,915 451 2,464 15.5

 Civilian labor force................................................... 2,556 361 2,195 14.1

 Participation rate...................................................... 87.7 80.1 89.1

 Employed............................................................ 2,361 335 2,026 14.2

 Employment-population ratio................................. 81.0 74.4 82.2

 Unemployed......................................................... 195 26 169 13.3

 Unemployment rate............................................. 7.6 7.1 7.7

 Not in labor force...................................................... 358 90 269 25.1

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 11,390 382 11,008 3.4

 Civilian labor force................................................... 4,356 133 4,223 3.1

 Participation rate...................................................... 38.2 34.8 38.4

 Employed............................................................ 4,029 126 3,903 3.1

 Employment-population ratio................................. 35.4 32.9 35.5

 Unemployed......................................................... 327 7 320 2.1

 Unemployment rate............................................. 7.5 5.4 7.6

 Not in labor force...................................................... 7,034 249 6,785 3.5

 See note at end of table.

93
Table 36. Employment status of veterans 18 years of age and over by sex and period of service, 

2009 annual averages—Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 5,937 577 5,360 9.7

 Civilian labor force................................................... 3,569 382 3,187 10.7

 Participation rate...................................................... 60.1 66.2 59.5

 Employed............................................................ 3,273 354 2,919 10.8

 Employment-population ratio................................. 55.1 61.3 54.5

 Unemployed......................................................... 296 29 267 9.8

 Unemployment rate............................................. 8.3 7.5 8.4

 Not in labor force...................................................... 2,368 195 2,173 8.2

Employment status and period of service Total Women Men Women as a 

percent of total

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the

survey. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September

2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July

1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods).

Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served

during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

94
Table 37. Employment status of persons with disabilities by sex and age, 

2009 annual averages

(Numbers in thousands)

Total, 16 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 26,981 14,797 12,184

 Civilian labor force................................................... 6,050 2,829 3,221

 Participation rate...................................................... 22.4 19.1 26.4

 Employed............................................................ 5,174 2,439 2,735

 Employment-population ratio................................. 19.2 16.5 22.4

 Unemployed......................................................... 876 390 486

 Unemployment rate............................................. 14.5 13.8 15.1

 Not in labor force...................................................... 20,931 11,968 8,963

16 to 64 years of age

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 14,845 7,611 7,234

 Civilian labor force................................................... 5,220 2,475 2,745

 Participation rate...................................................... 35.2 32.5 37.9

 Employed............................................................ 4,406 2,112 2,294

 Employment-population ratio................................. 29.7 27.7 31.7

 Unemployed......................................................... 814 364 451

 Unemployment rate............................................. 15.6 14.7 16.4

N ti l b f 9 625 5 136 4 489

Employment status and age Total Women Men

 Not in labor force...................................................... 9,625 5,136 4,489

65 years of age and over

Civilian noninstitutional population................................. 12,136 7,185 4,950

 Civilian labor force................................................... 830 353 476

 Participation rate...................................................... 6.8 4.9 9.6

 Employed............................................................ 768 327 441

 Employment-population ratio................................. 6.3 4.6 8.9

 Unemployed......................................................... 61 26 35

 Unemployment rate............................................. 7.4 7.3 7.4

 Not in labor force...................................................... 11,306 6,832 4,474

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: deaf or serious difficulty

hearing; blind or serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; serious difficulty concentrating,

remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; serious

difficulty walking or climbing stairs; difficulty dressing or bathing; or difficulty doing errands alone such as

visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition.

SOURCE: Current Population Survey, U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

95
96

Technical Note

The estimates in this report were obtained from the 

Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly 

sample survey of approximately 60,000 households, 

which provides a wide range of information on the labor 

force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings and union 

affiliation data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS 

monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau 

of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using 

a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 

50 States and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be 

reproduced without permission. This information is available 

to sensory-impaired individuals on request. Voice phone: 

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339.

Reliability of the Estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and 

nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire 

population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample 

estimates may differ from the “true” population values they 

represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies 

depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. 

There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, 

that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 

1.6 standard errors from the true population value because 

of sampling error. BLS analyses generally are conducted at 

the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling 

error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, 

inability to obtain information for all respondents in the 

sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide 

correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data. CPS data also are affected by nonsampling 

error. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown, but 

special studies have been conducted to quantify some sources 

of such error in the CPS. For further discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating 

standard errors, see the Household Data technical documentation provided at http://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.

htm#reliability.

Concepts and Definitions

Concepts used in this report are defined below.

Civilian noninstitutional population. The civilian noninstitutional population includes people 16 years of age and 

older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not confined to institutions (for example, 

correctional facilities and residential nursing and mental 

health care facilities) and who are not on active duty in 

the Armed Forces.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed.

Employed persons. Employed persons are those who, during 

the survey week, (a) did any work at all as paid civilians; (b) 

worked in their own business or profession or on their own 

farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a 

family business; or (d) were temporarily absent from their jobs 

because of illness, vacation, bad weather, or another reason.

Unemployed persons. Unemployed persons are those who 

had no employment during the survey week, were available 

for work at that time, and made specific efforts to find employment sometime in the prior 4 weeks. Workers laid off 

from their former jobs and awaiting recall did not need to be 

looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Civilian labor force participation rate. This rate is the civilian labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional 

population.

Employment-population ratio. This ratio represents the 

proportion of the population that is employed.

Unemployment rate. This rate represents the number of 

unemployed persons as a percent of the civilian labor force.

Race. White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms 

used to describe race. People in these categories are those 

who selected that race group only. Data for the remaining 

race categories—American Indian or Alaska Native, Native 

Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islanders, and people who selected 

more than one race category—are included in totals but are 

not shown separately because the number of survey respondents was too small to develop estimates of sufficient quality 

for publication. In the survey process, race is determined by 

the household respondent.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to people 

who identified themselves in the survey as being Spanish, 
97

Hispanic, or Latino. People whose ethnicity is identified as 

Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Family. A family is a group of two or more people residing 

together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption. 

Families are classified either as married-couple families or 

as families maintained by women or men without spouses. 

Families include those with children under 18 in the home 

and those without children under 18.

Self-employed workers. Self-employed workers are those 

who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, 

trade, or farm. Unincorporated self-employed are included in 

the self-employed category. Self-employed workers whose 

businesses are incorporated are included with wage and 

salary workers.

Wage and salary workers. These are workers who receive 

wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece 

rates. This includes employees in both the private and public 

sectors. Union membership and earnings data of wage and 

salary workers exclude all self-employed workers, both those 

with incorporated businesses and those with unincorporated 

businesses.

Hourly paid workers. Workers who are paid an hourly wage 

are a subset of wage and salary workers. Historically, workers 

paid an hourly wage have made up approximately three-fifths 

of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of median usual 

weekly earnings in this report are based on the earnings of 

all workers—those paid by the hour and those paid a salary 

or on some other basis.

Usual weekly earnings. Data are collected on wages and 

salaries before taxes and other deductions and include any 

overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the 

principal job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings of 

self-employed workers are excluded, regardless of whether 

their businesses are incorporated. Prior to 1994, respondents 

were asked to report earnings per week. Since January 1994, 

respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for 

them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice 

monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they 

usually earn in the reported period. Earnings reported on a 

basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. 

The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the 

respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are 

instructed to define the term as “more than half the weeks 

worked during the past 4 or 5 months.”

Median weekly earnings. The median is the amount that 

divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups: 

one having earnings above the median and the other having 

earnings below the median. The BLS estimating procedure 

for determining the median of an earnings distribution places 

each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a 

$50-wide interval that is centered on a multiple of $50. The 

value of the median is estimated through a linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Over-the-year 

changes in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the 

overall group boundary. The most common reasons for this 

possible anomaly follow: (1) There could be a change in the 

relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the medians 

of both 16- to 24-year-olds and those 25 years and over may 

rise, but if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts 

for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median 

could actually fall. (2) There could be a large change in the 

shape of the distribution of reported earnings. This could be 

caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded 

values, for example, $300, $400, or $500. An estimate lying 

in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster, or 

“spike,” tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median 

for a multipeaked distribution that shifts over time. As such 

a distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move 

at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively 

more time to move through a frequently reported interval but, 

once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move 

relatively quickly to the next frequently reported earnings 

interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate 

such irregular movements of the measures; however, users 

should be cautious of these effects when evaluating shortterm changes in the medians, and in ratios of the medians.

Hours at work. These are the actual hours worked (at all 

jobs) during the survey reference week. For example, people 

who normally work 40 hours a week but were off during the 

Columbus Day holiday would be reported as working 32 

hours, even if they were paid for the holiday.

Usual hours, or usual full- or part-time status. Data on people 

“at work” exclude those who were temporarily absent from 

a job and therefore classified in the zero-hours worked category, “with a job but not at work.” These are workers who 

were absent from their jobs for the entire week for reasons 

such as bad weather, vacation, illness, or involvement in a 

labor dispute. To differentiate a person’s normal schedule 

from his or her activity during the reference week, workers 

also are classified according to their usual full- or part-time 

status. In this context, full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more (at all jobs combined) per week. 

This group includes workers who worked less than 35 hours 

in the reference week for either economic or noneconomic 

reasons and those who were temporarily absent from work. 

Similarly, part-time workers are those who usually work less 

than 35 hours per week (at all jobs), regardless of the number 

of hours worked in the reference week. This may include 

some people who actually worked more than 34 hours in 

the reference week, as well as those who were temporarily 

absent from work.
98

Occupation and industry. This information applies to the job 

held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs 

are classified in the occupation and industry in which they 

worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational 

and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 

2002 Census Occupational Classification system and the 

2007 Census Industrial Classification system, which are 

derived from the 2000 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2007 North American Industry 

Classification (NAICS). Additional information about 

these classifications is available online at http://www.

bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

Work experience. These data reflect work activity during the 

calendar year and are obtained from the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the Current Population 

Survey. Estimates of people who worked were based on 

“yes” responses to the following questions in the ASEC: 

“Did you work at a job or business at any time during [the 

survey reference year]?” or “Did you do any temporary, 

part-time, or seasonal work even for a few days during 

[the survey reference year]?” Since the reference period is 

a full year, the number of people with some employment 

or unemployment greatly exceeds the average levels for 

any given month, which are based on a 1-week reference 

period, and the corresponding annual averages of monthly 

estimates.

Poverty classification. Poverty statistics presented in this 

report are based on definitions developed by the Social 

Security Administration in 1964 and revised by the Federal 

interagency committees in 1969 and 1981. These definitions 

originally were based on the Department of Agriculture’s 

Economy Food Plan and reflected the different consumption 

requirements of families, based on factors such as family size 

and the number of children under 18 years of age. The actual 

poverty thresholds vary in accordance with the makeup of the 

family. Poverty thresholds are updated each year to reflect 

changes in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). The thresholds do not vary geographically. For 

more information on poverty data and thresholds, see http://

www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.html.