HOUSEHOLD DATA                                                                                         HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES                                                                                       ANNUAL AVERAGES

3.  Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race

(Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
                                                                     1998                                            
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
                                                                  Civilian labor force                               
                                                                                                                     
                         Civilian                                                                                    
  Age, sex, and race    noninsti-                                   Employed                   Unemployed            
                         tutional           Percent                                                             Not  
                        populati-              of                                                               in   
                            on      Total  populati-           Percent            Nonagri-           Percent   labor 
                                               on      Total      of      Agri-   cultural  Number     of      force 
                                                              populati-  culture industri-            labor          
                                                                  on                 es               force          
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
         TOTAL                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....  205,220  137,673      67.1  131,463      64.1    3,378   128,085    6,210      4.5   67,547 
    16 to 19 years.....   15,644    8,256      52.8    7,051      45.1      261     6,790    1,205     14.6    7,388 
      16 to 17 years...    7,895    3,335      42.2    2,762      35.0      131     2,631      573     17.2    4,560 
      18 to 19 years...    7,749    4,921      63.5    4,289      55.3      130     4,159      632     12.8    2,828 
    20 to 24 years.....   17,593   13,638      77.5   12,557      71.4      339    12,218    1,081      7.9    3,955 
    25 to 54 years.....  117,450   98,718      84.1   95,258      81.1    2,105    93,153    3,459      3.5   18,732 
      25 to 34 years...   38,778   32,813      84.6   31,394      81.0      718    30,676    1,419      4.3    5,964 
        25 to 29 years.   18,622   15,808      84.9   15,061      80.9      350    14,711      747      4.7    2,815 
        30 to 34 years.   20,156   17,006      84.4   16,333      81.0      368    15,965      672      4.0    3,150 
      35 to 44 years...   44,299   37,536      84.7   36,278      81.9      791    35,486    1,258      3.4    6,763 
        35 to 39 years.   22,449   18,899      84.2   18,232      81.2      433    17,800      666      3.5    3,550 
        40 to 44 years.   21,850   18,637      85.3   18,045      82.6      358    17,687      592      3.2    3,213 
      45 to 54 years...   34,373   28,368      82.5   27,587      80.3      596    26,991      782      2.8    6,005 
        45 to 49 years.   18,804   15,923      84.7   15,477      82.3      345    15,132      446      2.8    2,881 
        50 to 54 years.   15,569   12,445      79.9   12,109      77.8      251    11,858      336      2.7    3,124 
    55 to 64 years.....   22,296   13,215      59.3   12,872      57.7      396    12,477      343      2.6    9,081 
      55 to 59 years...   12,219    8,494      69.5    8,279      67.8      217     8,062      216      2.5    3,725 
      60 to 64 years...   10,077    4,721      46.8    4,594      45.6      179     4,415      127      2.7    5,356 
    65 years and over..   32,237    3,847      11.9    3,725      11.6      277     3,448      122      3.2   28,391 
      65 to 69 years...    9,387    2,111      22.5    2,042      21.8      121     1,921       69      3.3    7,276 
      70 to 74 years...    8,560    1,068      12.5    1,036      12.1       84       953       31      2.9    7,492 
      75 years and over   14,290      668       4.7      647       4.5       73       574       21      3.2   13,622 
                                                                                                                     
          Men                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....   98,758   73,959      74.9   70,693      71.6    2,553    68,140    3,266      4.4   24,799 
    16 to 19 years.....    7,968    4,244      53.3    3,558      44.7      204     3,355      686     16.2    3,724 
      16 to 17 years...    4,059    1,728      42.6    1,398      34.4      103     1,294      330     19.1    2,331 
      18 to 19 years...    3,909    2,516      64.4    2,161      55.3      100     2,060      355     14.1    1,393 
    20 to 24 years.....    8,804    7,221      82.0    6,638      75.4      276     6,362      583      8.1    1,583 
    25 to 54 years.....   57,724   53,002      91.8   51,274      88.8    1,569    49,705    1,728      3.3    4,722 
      25 to 34 years...   19,094   17,796      93.2   17,097      89.5      549    16,548      699      3.9    1,298 
        25 to 29 years.    9,139    8,477      92.8    8,102      88.6      267     7,835      375      4.4      662 
        30 to 34 years.    9,955    9,319      93.6    8,995      90.4      282     8,713      324      3.5      636 
      35 to 44 years...   21,857   20,242      92.6   19,634      89.8      600    19,034      609      3.0    1,614 
        35 to 39 years.   11,083   10,310      93.0    9,995      90.2      335     9,660      314      3.1      773 
        40 to 44 years.   10,774    9,933      92.2    9,638      89.5      265     9,374      294      3.0      841 
      45 to 54 years...   16,773   14,963      89.2   14,544      86.7      420    14,124      420      2.8    1,810 
        45 to 49 years.    9,212    8,364      90.8    8,132      88.3      247     7,885      232      2.8      848 
        50 to 54 years.    7,561    6,599      87.3    6,412      84.8      173     6,239      187      2.8      962 
    55 to 64 years.....   10,649    7,253      68.1    7,052      66.2      283     6,769      201      2.8    3,396 
      55 to 59 years...    5,879    4,609      78.4    4,484      76.3      152     4,332      125      2.7    1,270 
      60 to 64 years...    4,771    2,644      55.4    2,568      53.8      131     2,437       76      2.9    2,127 
    65 years and over..   13,613    2,240      16.5    2,171      15.9      222     1,949       69      3.1   11,373 
      65 to 69 years...    4,304    1,204      28.0    1,165      27.1       98     1,068       39      3.2    3,100 
      70 to 74 years...    3,770      623      16.5      606      16.1       66       540       17      2.7    3,148 
      75 years and over    5,539      413       7.5      400       7.2       59       341       13      3.2    5,126 
                                                                                                                     
         Women                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....  106,462   63,714      59.8   60,771      57.1      825    59,945    2,944      4.6   42,748 
    16 to 19 years.....    7,676    4,012      52.3    3,493      45.5       57     3,435      519     12.9    3,664 
      16 to 17 years...    3,835    1,607      41.9    1,364      35.6       27     1,337      242     15.1    2,229 
      18 to 19 years...    3,840    2,405      62.6    2,128      55.4       30     2,098      277     11.5    1,435 
    20 to 24 years.....    8,790    6,418      73.0    5,919      67.3       64     5,856      498      7.8    2,372 
    25 to 54 years.....   59,725   45,716      76.5   43,984      73.6      537    43,448    1,732      3.8   14,010 
      25 to 34 years...   19,683   15,017      76.3   14,298      72.6      169    14,128      720      4.8    4,666 
        25 to 29 years.    9,483    7,330      77.3    6,959      73.4       83     6,876      371      5.1    2,153 
        30 to 34 years.   10,200    7,687      75.4    7,339      71.9       86     7,252      348      4.5    2,513 
      35 to 44 years...   22,442   17,294      77.1   16,644      74.2      191    16,453      650      3.8    5,149 
        35 to 39 years.   11,366    8,589      75.6    8,237      72.5       98     8,140      352      4.1    2,776 
        40 to 44 years.   11,077    8,704      78.6    8,407      75.9       94     8,313      298      3.4    2,372 
      45 to 54 years...   17,600   13,405      76.2   13,043      74.1      176    12,867      362      2.7    4,195 
        45 to 49 years.    9,592    7,559      78.8    7,345      76.6       97     7,248      214      2.8    2,033 
        50 to 54 years.    8,008    5,846      73.0    5,697      71.1       78     5,619      148      2.5    2,162 
    55 to 64 years.....   11,646    5,962      51.2    5,820      50.0      113     5,708      141      2.4    5,685 
      55 to 59 years...    6,340    3,885      61.3    3,795      59.9       65     3,730       90      2.3    2,455 
      60 to 64 years...    5,306    2,077      39.1    2,025      38.2       48     1,977       51      2.5    3,230 
    65 years and over..   18,625    1,607       8.6    1,554       8.3       55     1,499       53      3.3   17,018 
      65 to 69 years...    5,084      907      17.8      877      17.2       23       853       31      3.4    4,176 
      70 to 74 years...    4,790      445       9.3      430       9.0       18       413       15      3.3    4,344 
      75 years and over    8,752      255       2.9      247       2.8       14       233        8      3.1    8,497 

See footnotes at end of table.
 





HOUSEHOLD DATA                                                                                         HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES                                                                                       ANNUAL AVERAGES

3.  Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race - Continued

(Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
                                                                     1998                                            
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
                                                                  Civilian labor force                               
                                                                                                                     
                         Civilian                                                                                    
  Age, sex, and race    noninsti-                                   Employed                   Unemployed            
                         tutional           Percent                                                             Not  
                        populati-              of                                                               in   
                            on      Total  populati-           Percent            Nonagri-           Percent   labor 
                                               on      Total      of      Agri-   cultural  Number     of      force 
                                                              populati-  culture industri-            labor          
                                                                  on                 es               force          
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
         WHITE                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....  171,478  115,415      67.3  110,931      64.7    3,160   107,770    4,484      3.9   56,064 
    16 to 19 years.....   12,439    6,965      56.0    6,089      48.9      250     5,839      876     12.6    5,475 
      16 to 17 years...    6,264    2,860      45.7    2,436      38.9      125     2,311      424     14.8    3,404 
      18 to 19 years...    6,176    4,105      66.5    3,653      59.2      125     3,529      451     11.0    2,071 
    20 to 24 years.....   14,138   11,244      79.5   10,512      74.4      319    10,193      731      6.5    2,895 
    25 to 54 years.....   97,028   82,210      84.7   79,710      82.2    1,953    77,757    2,500      3.0   14,818 
      25 to 34 years...   31,286   26,707      85.4   25,729      82.2      674    25,055      978      3.7    4,578 
        25 to 29 years.   14,998   12,894      86.0   12,369      82.5      328    12,041      525      4.1    2,104 
        30 to 34 years.   16,288   13,813      84.8   13,360      82.0      346    13,014      453      3.3    2,475 
      35 to 44 years...   36,610   31,221      85.3   30,320      82.8      730    29,590      901      2.9    5,389 
        35 to 39 years.   18,517   15,690      84.7   15,221      82.2      394    14,827      469      3.0    2,828 
        40 to 44 years.   18,093   15,532      85.8   15,099      83.5      336    14,763      433      2.8    2,561 
      45 to 54 years...   29,132   24,282      83.4   23,662      81.2      549    23,113      620      2.6    4,850 
        45 to 49 years.   15,794   13,489      85.4   13,146      83.2      319    12,827      343      2.5    2,305 
        50 to 54 years.   13,338   10,793      80.9   10,516      78.8      230    10,286      277      2.6    2,545 
    55 to 64 years.....   19,231   11,548      60.1   11,272      58.6      370    10,902      276      2.4    7,682 
      55 to 59 years...   10,532    7,428      70.5    7,258      68.9      201     7,057      170      2.3    3,103 
      60 to 64 years...    8,699    4,120      47.4    4,014      46.1      169     3,845      106      2.6    4,579 
    65 years and over..   28,642    3,448      12.0    3,347      11.7      269     3,079      101      2.9   25,194 
      65 to 69 years...    8,162    1,879      23.0    1,822      22.3      117     1,705       57      3.0    6,282 
      70 to 74 years...    7,599      971      12.8      945      12.4       81       864       26      2.6    6,628 
      75 years and over   12,882      598       4.6      580       4.5       70       510       18      3.0   12,284 
                                                                                                                     
          Men                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....   83,352   63,034      75.6   60,604      72.7    2,376    58,228    2,431      3.9   20,317 
    16 to 19 years.....    6,386    3,614      56.6    3,103      48.6      194     2,909      510     14.1    2,773 
      16 to 17 years...    3,233    1,487      46.0    1,233      38.1       99     1,134      254     17.1    1,747 
      18 to 19 years...    3,153    2,127      67.5    1,870      59.3       95     1,775      257     12.1    1,026 
    20 to 24 years.....    7,170    6,063      84.6    5,659      78.9      259     5,400      405      6.7    1,106 
    25 to 54 years.....   48,354   44,930      92.9   43,635      90.2    1,444    42,191    1,295      2.9    3,424 
      25 to 34 years...   15,644   14,770      94.4   14,259      91.1      514    13,745      512      3.5      874 
        25 to 29 years.    7,495    7,059      94.2    6,781      90.5      251     6,531      278      3.9      436 
        30 to 34 years.    8,149    7,711      94.6    7,477      91.8      263     7,214      234      3.0      438 
      35 to 44 years...   18,310   17,157      93.7   16,715      91.3      550    16,166      441      2.6    1,153 
        35 to 39 years.    9,269    8,719      94.1    8,492      91.6      303     8,189      227      2.6      550 
        40 to 44 years.    9,041    8,438      93.3    8,223      91.0      247     7,976      215      2.5      603 
      45 to 54 years...   14,400   13,003      90.3   12,661      87.9      381    12,281      342      2.6    1,397 
        45 to 49 years.    7,840    7,198      91.8    7,013      89.5      227     6,786      185      2.6      642 
        50 to 54 years.    6,561    5,805      88.5    5,649      86.1      154     5,495      157      2.7      756 
    55 to 64 years.....    9,286    6,415      69.1    6,251      67.3      263     5,988      164      2.6    2,872 
      55 to 59 years...    5,120    4,078      79.7    3,976      77.7      140     3,837      102      2.5    1,042 
      60 to 64 years...    4,167    2,337      56.1    2,275      54.6      124     2,151       62      2.7    1,830 
    65 years and over..   12,155    2,013      16.6    1,955      16.1      216     1,740       58      2.9   10,143 
      65 to 69 years...    3,785    1,072      28.3    1,039      27.4       94       945       33      3.1    2,714 
      70 to 74 years...    3,374      568      16.8      554      16.4       64       490       14      2.5    2,806 
      75 years and over    4,996      373       7.5      362       7.2       57       305       11      2.9    4,624 
                                                                                                                     
         Women                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....   88,126   52,380      59.4   50,327      57.1      784    49,543    2,053      3.9   35,746 
    16 to 19 years.....    6,053    3,351      55.4    2,986      49.3       55     2,930      365     10.9    2,702 
      16 to 17 years...    3,031    1,373      45.3    1,203      39.7       26     1,177      171     12.4    1,657 
      18 to 19 years...    3,023    1,977      65.4    1,783      59.0       30     1,753      195      9.8    1,045 
    20 to 24 years.....    6,969    5,180      74.3    4,853      69.6       60     4,793      327      6.3    1,789 
    25 to 54 years.....   48,674   37,281      76.6   36,075      74.1      509    35,566    1,205      3.2   11,393 
      25 to 34 years...   15,642   11,937      76.3   11,470      73.3      160    11,310      467      3.9    3,705 
        25 to 29 years.    7,503    5,835      77.8    5,588      74.5       78     5,510      247      4.2    1,668 
        30 to 34 years.    8,139    6,102      75.0    5,883      72.3       83     5,800      220      3.6    2,036 
      35 to 44 years...   18,300   14,064      76.9   13,604      74.3      180    13,424      460      3.3    4,236 
        35 to 39 years.    9,248    6,970      75.4    6,728      72.8       91     6,638      242      3.5    2,278 
        40 to 44 years.    9,052    7,094      78.4    6,876      76.0       89     6,787      218      3.1    1,958 
      45 to 54 years...   14,732   11,279      76.6   11,001      74.7      168    10,832      279      2.5    3,453 
        45 to 49 years.    7,955    6,291      79.1    6,133      77.1       92     6,041      158      2.5    1,663 
        50 to 54 years.    6,777    4,988      73.6    4,867      71.8       76     4,791      120      2.4    1,790 
    55 to 64 years.....    9,944    5,133      51.6    5,021      50.5      107     4,914      112      2.2    4,811 
      55 to 59 years...    5,412    3,350      61.9    3,282      60.6       62     3,220       69      2.1    2,062 
      60 to 64 years...    4,532    1,783      39.3    1,739      38.4       46     1,694       44      2.4    2,749 
    65 years and over..   16,486    1,435       8.7    1,392       8.4       53     1,339       43      3.0   15,051 
      65 to 69 years...    4,377      808      18.5      783      17.9       23       761       24      3.0    3,569 
      70 to 74 years...    4,225      403       9.5      391       9.3       17       374       12      2.9    3,822 
      75 years and over    7,885      225       2.9      218       2.8       13       205        7      3.1    7,660 

See footnotes at end of table.
 





HOUSEHOLD DATA                                                                                         HOUSEHOLD DATA
ANNUAL AVERAGES                                                                                       ANNUAL AVERAGES

3.  Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by age, sex, and race - Continued

(Numbers in thousands)
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
                                                                     1998                                            
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
                                                                  Civilian labor force                               
                                                                                                                     
                         Civilian                                                                                    
  Age, sex, and race    noninsti-                                   Employed                   Unemployed            
                         tutional           Percent                                                             Not  
                        populati-              of                                                               in   
                            on      Total  populati-           Percent            Nonagri-           Percent   labor 
                                               on      Total      of      Agri-   cultural  Number     of      force 
                                                              populati-  culture industri-            labor          
                                                                  on                 es               force          
                                                                                                                     
                                                                                                                     
         BLACK                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....   24,373   15,982      65.6   14,556      59.7      138    14,417    1,426      8.9    8,391 
    16 to 19 years.....    2,443    1,017      41.6      736      30.1        8       728      281     27.6    1,427 
      16 to 17 years...    1,241      370      29.8      246      19.8        4       241      124     33.6      871 
      18 to 19 years...    1,202      646      53.8      490      40.8        3       487      156     24.2      556 
    20 to 24 years.....    2,546    1,797      70.6    1,496      58.8       14     1,482      301     16.8      749 
    25 to 54 years.....   14,466   11,727      81.1   10,943      75.6      100    10,843      784      6.7    2,739 
      25 to 34 years...    5,221    4,332      83.0    3,967      76.0       30     3,936      366      8.4      889 
        25 to 29 years.    2,547    2,081      81.7    1,896      74.4       12     1,884      185      8.9      466 
        30 to 34 years.    2,673    2,251      84.2    2,070      77.4       18     2,053      181      8.0      422 
      35 to 44 years...    5,510    4,531      82.2    4,238      76.9       41     4,196      294      6.5      979 
        35 to 39 years.    2,840    2,328      82.0    2,161      76.1       28     2,132      167      7.2      512 
        40 to 44 years.    2,670    2,204      82.5    2,077      77.8       13     2,064      126      5.7      467 
      45 to 54 years...    3,735    2,863      76.7    2,739      73.3       28     2,711      125      4.3      872 
        45 to 49 years.    2,180    1,741      79.8    1,657      76.0       15     1,642       84      4.8      440 
        50 to 54 years.    1,555    1,123      72.2    1,082      69.6       13     1,069       41      3.6      432 
    55 to 64 years.....    2,224    1,163      52.3    1,118      50.3       13     1,105       45      3.9    1,060 
      55 to 59 years...    1,222      749      61.3      720      59.0        9       712       28      3.8      473 
      60 to 64 years...    1,002      415      41.4      398      39.7        4       393       17      4.1      587 
    65 years and over..    2,695      278      10.3      262       9.7        3       259       16      5.6    2,417 
      65 to 69 years...      881      152      17.3      144      16.3        2       142        9      5.7      728 
      70 to 74 years...      731       70       9.6       66       9.1      -          66        4      5.7      660 
      75 years and over    1,083       55       5.1       52       4.8        1        51        3      5.4    1,028 
                                                                                                                     
          Men                                                                                                        
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....   10,927    7,542      69.0    6,871      62.9      118     6,752      671      8.9    3,386 
    16 to 19 years.....    1,201      488      40.7      341      28.4        7       335      147     30.1      712 
      16 to 17 years...      623      181      29.1      120      19.2        3       116       61     33.9      442 
      18 to 19 years...      578      307      53.1      221      38.3        3       218       86     27.9      271 
    20 to 24 years.....    1,166      837      71.8      686      58.8       11       675      151     18.0      329 
    25 to 54 years.....    6,536    5,519      84.4    5,178      79.2       87     5,091      341      6.2    1,018 
      25 to 34 years...    2,335    2,034      87.1    1,886      80.8       25     1,861      148      7.3      301 
        25 to 29 years.    1,126      966      85.8      889      79.0       10       879       77      7.9      160 
        30 to 34 years.    1,209    1,068      88.3      997      82.5       15       982       71      6.7      141 
      35 to 44 years...    2,520    2,142      85.0    2,008      79.7       37     1,971      133      6.2      378 
        35 to 39 years.    1,293    1,106      85.5    1,034      80.0       25     1,009       72      6.5      187 
        40 to 44 years.    1,227    1,036      84.5      974      79.4       12       963       62      5.9      191 
      45 to 54 years...    1,682    1,343      79.9    1,284      76.3       25     1,259       60      4.4      339 
        45 to 49 years.      989      818      82.7      780      78.8       13       767       39      4.7      171 
        50 to 54 years.      693      525      75.8      504      72.7       37       492       21      4.0      168 
    55 to 64 years.....      956      548      57.3      524      54.8       11       513       24      4.5      408 
      55 to 59 years...      533      353      66.1      339      63.5        8       331       14      3.9      181 
      60 to 64 years...      423      196      46.3      185      43.7        4       181       11      5.5      227 
    65 years and over..    1,068      150      14.0      142      13.3        3       139        8      5.2      918 
      65 to 69 years...      365       80      21.9       77      21.0        1        75        3      4.1      286 
      70 to 74 years...      303       36      12.0       34      11.2      -          34        2      6.6      266 
      75 years and over      400       34       8.4       31       7.9        1        30        2     (1)       367 
                                                                                                                     
         Women                                                                                                       
                                                                                                                     
  16 years and over....   13,446    8,441      62.8    7,685      57.2       20     7,665      756      9.0    5,005 
    16 to 19 years.....    1,243      528      42.5      395      31.8        1       393      134     25.3      714 
      16 to 17 years...      618      189      30.6      126      20.4        1       125       63     33.2      429 
      18 to 19 years...      624      339      54.4      268      43.0      -         268       71     20.9      285 
    20 to 24 years.....    1,380      960      69.6      810      58.7        3       807      150     15.7      419 
    25 to 54 years.....    7,930    6,209      78.3    5,766      72.7       13     5,753      443      7.1    1,721 
      25 to 34 years...    2,886    2,298      79.6    2,081      72.1        5     2,076      218      9.5      588 
        25 to 29 years.    1,421    1,115      78.4    1,007      70.8        2     1,005      108      9.7      306 
        30 to 34 years.    1,465    1,183      80.8    1,074      73.3        3     1,071      110      9.3      281 
      35 to 44 years...    2,991    2,390      79.9    2,230      74.6        5     2,225      160      6.7      601 
        35 to 39 years.    1,547    1,222      79.0    1,127      72.8        3     1,124       95      7.8      325 
        40 to 44 years.    1,444    1,167      80.9    1,103      76.4        1     1,102       65      5.5      276 
      45 to 54 years...    2,053    1,520      74.0    1,455      70.9        4     1,452       65      4.3      533 
        45 to 49 years.    1,191      922      77.4      877      73.6        2       875       45      4.9      269 
        50 to 54 years.      862      598      69.4      578      67.1        1       577       20      3.3      264 
    55 to 64 years.....    1,268      615      48.5      594      46.9        2       592       21      3.4      652 
      55 to 59 years...      688      396      57.6      382      55.4        1       380       15      3.7      292 
      60 to 64 years...      579      219      37.8      213      36.8        1       212        6      2.7      360 
    65 years and over..    1,626      128       7.9      120       7.4      -         120        8      6.1    1,498 
      65 to 69 years...      515       72      14.1       67      13.0      -          67        5      7.4      443 
      70 to 74 years...      428       34       7.9       32       7.6      -          32        2     (1)       394 
      75 years and over      683       22       3.2       21       3.1      -          21        1     (1)       661 

  1 Data not shown where base is less than 35,000.
  NOTE:  Beginning in January 1998, data reflect new composite estimation procedures and revised population controls
used in the household survey.