National Compensation Survey: 

Employee Benefits in Private Industry 

in the United States, 2000 

______________________________________________________________________________________ 

U.S. Department of Labor 

Elaine L. Chao, Secretary 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 

Kathleen P. Utgoff, Commissioner 

January 2003 

Bulletin 2555
iii 

Preface

his bulletin presents findings of the 2000 Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS) survey of the incidence of selected employee benefit plans in private industry establishments and detailed provisions of health care and retirement income plans. Data in this bulletin are from the National Compensation Survey and replace publications 

known as Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Private 

Establishments, Employee Benefits in Small Private Establishments, and Employee Benefits in State and Local Governments. Future publications of benefits data will include 

all private industry and State and local government establishments. 

 The public may access Employee Benefits Survey data 

through the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ World Wide Web 

site at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/home.htm. Questions on 

the data in this publication should be referred to the staff of 

the National Compensation Survey at (202) 606-6199 or 

via E-mail: OCLTINFO@bls.gov. Sensory impaired individuals may obtain information in this publication upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1-800-877-8339. 

T
v 

Contents

Page 

Chapter 1. Results of the 2000 survey....................................................................................................... 1 

 Worker characteristics.......................................................................................................................... 1 

 Establishment characteristics................................................................................................................ 1 

 Definitions............................................................................................................................................ 2 

Chapter 2. Health benefits......................................................................................................................... 10 

Chapter 3. Retirement income benefits ..................................................................................................... 54 

Chapter 4. Benefits by selected characteristics.......................................................................................... 78 

Appendixes: 

 A. Technical note ................................................................................................................................ 85 

 B. Survey response.............................................................................................................................. 90

Tables: 

 

All employees, private industry 

1. Selected benefits: Percent participating ......................................................................................... 4 

2. Other benefits: Percent eligible..................................................................................................... 5 

3. Medical care benefits: Percent required to contribute and average employee contribution.......... 6 

4. Medical care benefits: Percent required to contribute to individual coverage and amount 

 and type of contributions............................................................................................................ 7 

5. Medical care benefits: Percent required to contribute to family coverage and amount 

 and type of contributions............................................................................................................ 8 

Full-time employees, private industry 

Short-term disability: 

6. Method of funding ......................................................................................................................... 9 

Medical care: 

 Coverage for: 

7. Selected services by type of plan............................................................................................ 13 

8. Selected services in non-HMOs.............................................................................................. 14 

9. Alternatives to hospital care in non-HMOs ............................................................................ 15 

10. Mental health and substance abuse treatments in non-HMOs................................................. 16 

11. Selected services in HMOs..................................................................................................... 17 

12. Alternatives to hospital care in HMOs.................................................................................... 17 

13. Mental health and substance abuse treatment in HMOs ......................................................... 18 

14. Fee arrangement and financial intermediary.................................................................................. 19

15. Summary of selected features in HMOs......................................................................................... 20 

16. Amount of individual deductibles in non-HMOs........................................................................... 21 

17. Relationship of individual and family deductibles in non-HMOs.................................................. 22 

18. Coinsurance rates in non-HMOs.................................................................................................... 23 

19. Out-of-pocket expense provisions in non-HMOs .......................................................................... 24 

20. Maximum benefit provisions in non-HMOs .................................................................................. 26 

21. Averages for major medical provisions in non-HMOs .................................................................. 27 

 22. Selected features in preferred provider organizations.................................................................... 28 
vi 

Contents—Continued 

 Page 

23. Coinsurance rate comparisons of PPO plans with other service providers ................................... 28 

24. Availability of managed care benefits ........................................................................................... 29 

25. Availability of selected cost containment features in non-HMOs.................................................. 29 

26. Prehospitalization certification requirements in non-HMOs ......................................................... 30 

27. Second surgical opinion provisions in non-HMOs ........................................................................ 30 

28. Copayment provisions for hospital room and board in non-HMOs............................................... 31 

29. Types of limitations on extended care facilities in non-HMOs...................................................... 31 

30. Limitations on days of extended care facilities in HMOs.............................................................. 32 

31. Extent of coverage for extended care facilities in HMOs.............................................................. 32 

32. Extend of coverage for surgical services in non-HMOs ................................................................ 33 

33. Extent of coverage for physician’s office visits in HMOs ............................................................ 33 

34. Summary of coverage for outpatient prescription drug benefits.................................................... 34 

35. Brand name drug provisions in non-HMOs................................................................................... 34 

36. Brand name drug provisions in HMOs .......................................................................................... 35 

37. Comparison of mental health benefits with other coverages ......................................................... 35 

 Limits on: 

 38. Alcohol abuse treatment benefits ........................................................................................... 36 

 39. Mental health coverage in HMOs ........................................................................................... 36 

 40. Mental health care coverage in non-HMOs............................................................................. 37 

 41. Relationship between provisions for alcohol and drug treatment benefits ..................................... 37 

 42. Relationship of substance abuse benefits to other coverages ........................................................ 38 

 Limits on: 

 43. Alcohol abuse treatment benefits ........................................................................................... 39 

 44. Drug abuse treatment benefits ................................................................................................ 40 

 45. Alcohol abuse treatment in HMOs ......................................................................................... 41 

 46. Drug abuse treatment in HMOs .............................................................................................. 42 

 47. Alcohol abuse treatment in non-HMOs .................................................................................. 43 

 48. Drug abuse treatment in non-HMOs ....................................................................................... 44 

 49. Pre-existing condition provisions in non-HMOs............................................................................. 45 

 

Dental care: 

 50. Fee arrangement and financial intermediary .................................................................................. 45 

 51. Coverage for selected procedures ................................................................................................. 46 

 52. Percent of charges paid by plan for selected procedures................................................................ 48 

 53. Amount of individual deductible ................................................................................................... 50 

 54. Relationship of yearly family deductibles to yearly individual deductibles .................................. 50 

 55. Services covered by deductible provisions .................................................................................... 51 

 56. Maximum benefit provisions ........................................................................................................ 51 

 57. Maximum benefit provisions for orthodontic care ........................................................................ 52 

 58. Pretreatment authorization ............................................................................................................ 52 

Vision care: 

 59. Coverage for selected services ...................................................................................................... 53 

Defined benefit plans: 

 60. Summary of plan provisions ......................................................................................................... 58 

 61. Primary formula and availability of alternate formula ................................................................... 58 

 62. Terminal earnings formulas .......................................................................................................... 59 

 63. Definition of terminal earnings ...................................................................................................... 59 

 64. Types of earnings included in earnings-based formulas................................................................. 60

 65. Integration with Social Security .................................................................................................... 60 
vii 

Contents—Continued 

 Page 

 66. Maximum benefit provisions ........................................................................................................ 61 

 67. Postretirement survivor benefits ................................................................................................... 61 

 68. Preretirement survivor benefits ..................................................................................................... 62 

 69. Requirements for normal retirement ............................................................................................. 62 

 70. Requirements for early retirement ................................................................................................. 63 

 71. Early retirement reduction ............................................................................................................ 63 

 72. Method of calculating disability retirement benefits ..................................................................... 64 

 73. Requirements for disability retirement .......................................................................................... 64 

 74. Vesting requirements .................................................................................................................... 65 

 75. Eligibility requirements ................................................................................................................. 65 

 76. Availability of lump-sum benefits at retirement ............................................................................ 66 

Defined Contribution Benefits 

Savings and thrift plans: 

 77. Summary of provisions ................................................................................................................. 67 

 78. Transfer and rollover provisions.................................................................................................... 67 

 79. Maximum employee contributions ................................................................................................ 68 

 80. Method of determining pretax contributions ................................................................................. 68 

 81. Maximum pretax employee contributions ..................................................................................... 69 

 82. Method of employer matching contributions ................................................................................ 69 

 83. Employee contributions by employer specified matching percentage............................................ 70 

 84. Investment choices ........................................................................................................................ 71 

 85. Types of investments allowed in plans permitting employees to choose investments ................... 72 

 86. Frequency of investment changes ................................................................................................. 73 

 87. Withdrawal availability ................................................................................................................. 74 

 88. Vesting provisions ........................................................................................................................ 74 

401(k) salary reduction plans: 

 89. Transfer and rollover provisions ................................................................................................... 75 

 90. Maximum pretax employee contributions ..................................................................................... 75 

 91. Investment choices ........................................................................................................................ 76 

 92. Withdrawal availability ................................................................................................................. 77 

 93. Vesting requirements .................................................................................................................... 77 

 

Full-time employees, private industry: 

 94. Summary: Participation in selected benefits ................................................................................. 79 

 95. Other benefits: Eligibility for specified benefits .......................................................................... 80 

Part-time employees, private industry: 

 96. Summary: Participation in selected benefits ................................................................................. 81 

 97. Other benefits: Eligibility for specified benefits .......................................................................... 82 

All employees, private industry, selected characteristics: 

 98. Summary: Participation in selected benefits ................................................................................. 83 

 99. Other benefits: Eligibility for specified benefits .......................................................................... 84 

Appendix tables: 

Table A-1. Survey scope: Full-time employees.................................................................................. 88 

Table A-2. Survey scope: Part-time employees.................................................................................. 89
1 

Chapter 1. Results of the 2000 Survey

 aid time off was the most prevalent benefit available to 

workers in private establishments in 2000. Paid vacations were available to 80 percent of employees and paid 

holidays to 77 percent of employees in private industry. 

 In 2000, 52 percent of employees in private industry 

participated in medical care plans. Forty-eight percent were 

covered by retirement benefits of at least one type, either a 

defined benefit plan (19 percent) or a defined contribution 

plan (36 percent), with approximately 7 percent of employees enrolled in both types of plans. Life insurance was 

available to over half of all employees in private industry. 

Short- and long-term disability benefits were less common; 

they were available to 34 and 26 percent of employees, respectively. 

Other benefits frequently offered in private industry include non-production bonuses (offered to 48 percent of 

employees) and work-related educational assistance (available to 38 percent). Among benefits less often available to 

employees were severance pay (available to 20 percent of 

employees), job-related travel accident insurance (15 percent), and long-term care insurance (7 percent). 

Of the 52 percent of private sector workers with medical care coverage, premiums were fully paid by the employer for 32 percent of those with single coverage plans 

and 19 percent of those with family coverage. The majority 

of medical plan participants were required to contribute a 

flat monthly amount, averaging $54.40 for single coverage 

and $179.75 for family coverage. 

Access to most benefits, as well as the availability of 

fully paid medical care and the amount of required contributions to the cost of medical care, varied by worker and 

establishment characteristics. 

Worker characteristics 

Benefits coverage varied by occupational group, full- and 

part-time status, and union and nonunion status. Of the 

three occupational groups for which data are presented, 

professional, technical, and related employees generally 

had the greatest incidence of coverage. Retirement benefits 

covered 66 percent of professional, technical, and related 

employees, compared with 50 percent of clerical and sales 

employees and 39 percent of blue-collar and service employees. 

Payment of premiums for medical care coverage also 

varied by employee characteristics. Thirty-eight percent of 

blue-collar and service workers covered by medical care 

benefits had their coverage fully paid for by their employers, compared with 25 percent of professional, technical, 

and related employees and 28 percent of clerical and sales 

employees. 

Establishment characteristics 

Benefit incidence varied by establishment employment 

size. For example, 65 percent of workers in establishments 

with 100 employees or more (medium and large establishments) were covered by retirement benefits compared with 

33 percent of employees in small establishments (those 

with fewer than 100 workers). The difference in coverage 

for paid time off benefits was smaller: 86 percent of employees in medium and large establishments had paid holiday benefits, for example, compared with 70 percent in 

small establishments. 

The incidence of fully paid coverage for medical care 

was similar in small establishments to that in medium and 

large establishments. Average monthly employee contributions for single coverage averaged $60.12 in small establishments and $49.56 in medium and large establishments. 

Coverage for benefits also varied by industry. Retirement benefits covered 57 percent of workers in goodsproducing industries, compared with 45 percent in serviceproducing industries. Long-term disability coverage also 

was more widespread in goods-producing industries, covering 31 percent of employees compared with 24 percent of 

employees in service-producing industries. Short-term disability benefits covered 45 percent of employees in goodsproducing industries and 30 percent of those in serviceproducing industries. 

P
2 

Definitions

Paid holidays 

Holidays are days of special religious, cultural, or patriotic 

significance on which work and business ordinarily ceases. 

Workers typically receive time-off from work, at full or 

partial pay, for a specified number of holidays each year. 

Some employers also include “personal holidays,” such as 

an employee’s birthday or “floating holidays” that vary 

from year-to-year as determined by the employer or employee. When a holiday falls on a scheduled day off, such 

as a Saturday or Sunday, another day off is often substituted. The following are typical paid holidays: 

 New Years Day; 

 Memorial Day; 

 Independence Day; 

 Labor Day; 

 Thanksgiving Day; and 

 Christmas Day. 

Paid vacations 

Vacations are time-off from work, normally taken in days 

or weeks. Vacation benefits usually start after a length-ofservice requirement is fulfilled. The amount of time-off 

may vary based on an employee’s service with the employer or it may be a fixed number of days per year. The 

time-off is usually paid at an employee’s normal hourly rate 

or salary. 

Disability benefits 

Short-term disability (STD) benefits provide for salary replacement, most often partial pay, for a 6- to 12- month period. Benefits are either paid as a percentage of employee 

earnings, such as 50 percent of pre-disability earnings, or a 

flat dollar amount. STD benefits can vary by the amount of 

pre-disability earnings, length of service with the establishment, or length of disability. 

Long-term Disability (LTD) benefits provide a monthly 

cash amount to eligible employees who, due to illness or 

injury, are unable to work for an extended period of time. 

Benefits are usually paid as a fixed percent of pre-disability 

earnings up to a set limit. Most participants have a waiting 

period of 3 or 6 months, or until sick leave and STD benefits end, before benefit payments begin. LTD payments 

generally continue until retirement, a specified age, or for a 

period that varies by the employee’s age at the time of disability. 

Survivor benefits 

Life insurance provides a benefit in the event of death or 

dismemberment. Benefits are usually distributed as a lump 

sum but can also be paid out in the form of an annuity. 

Accidental death and dismemberment insurance (AD&D). 

Often referred to as double indemnity, this type of life insurance plan provides benefits to the employee or the employee’s beneficiary in the event of accidental death or 

bodily dismemberment. The AD&D benefit commonly 

equals the basic life insurance benefit in the case of death 

and a portion of the life benefit for dismemberment. 

Survivor income benefits provide a monthly income to surviving members of a deceased employee’s family. These 

benefits are in addition to other benefits, such as basic life 

insurance and survivor pension benefits. Survivor income 

payments are generally a percentage of the employee’s pay 

or a flat dollar amount. Benefits usually continue for 24 

months, although some continue until a specific event occurs, such as the surviving spouse remarries or reaches age 

65, or surviving children reach a given age. 

Educational assistance benefits provide to the employee 

full or partial payment for tuition, books, or other related 

expenses. This benefit can be of two categories: (1) general knowledge that is non-work related or (2) particular 

knowledge or skills that are work-related. 

Subsidized commuting provides full or partial payment 

for the cost of an employee's commute to work via public 

transportation, a company sponsored van pool, discount 

subway fares, or bus tokens. Use of a company car does 

not qualify as subsidized commuting. 

Non-wage cash benefits 

Nonproduction cash bonuses are cash payments outside of 

regular pay or commissions to employees as part of an established practice or a formal plan that is based upon factors such as attainment of general goals. 

Supplemental Unemployment Benefits, financed by the employer, provide weekly payments that supplement State unemployment insurance payments given to laid-off employees or employees with shortened work weeks. These plans 

are almost always found in the auto and steel industries. 
3 

Severance pay is a lump sum or installment cash payment 

made to employees permanently separated from the company. Severance pay also includes technological severance 

pay: pay given to employees permanently separated from 

employment due to technological changes or plant closings. 

 

Travel accident insurance provides payments in the event 

of the death or injury of an employee who is traveling on 

company business. Travelers insurance is a specific form 

of accidental death and dismemberment insurance. 

Family benefits

Child care provides for the cost, either fully or partially, of 

caring for an employee’s children in a nursery, day care 

center, or by a baby-sitter. Provided care can be in facilities either on or off the employer’s premises. 

Adoption assistance provides financial aid to reimburse all 

or part of the cost of adopting a child. 

Long-term care insurance pays full or partial benefits for 

long-term (more than one year) custodial care, extended to 

active employees, retirees, parents of active employees, or 

to dependents of active employees and retirees. 

Health promotion programs

Wellness programs are independent of health insurance 

plans and offer employees two or more of the following 

benefits: 

• Smoking cessation clinics 

• Exercise/physical fitness programs 

• Weight control programs 

• Nutrition education 

• Hypertension tests 

• Periodic physical examinations 

• Stress management courses 

• Back care courses 

• Life style assessment tests 

Fitness centers, financed in whole or part by the employer, 

either on or off the work site. 

Flexible work place is a formal program that allows employees who would otherwise work at the establishment to 

work either some or all of their work schedule at home. 

A Note on the Tables 

 The majority of the tables presented throughout this bulletin indicate the percent 

of all employees, or of a selected group of employees, covered by particular benefits and 

benefit features. Understanding the group of employees about whom data are being presented is the key to using these tables; this information is contained in the first row of each 

table. Some tables indicate the percent of all employees covered by the survey who have a 

certain benefit; other tables show the percent of employees covered by a certain benefit 

who have a certain plan feature. Rows where there are no participants reported are deleted 

from the tables. 

 For example, table 1 indicates that 51 percent of all full-time employees were 

covered by a medical care plan. In chapter 2, most of the tables present data on the percent of full-time workers with medical care who are in plans with certain provisions. 

Workers with medical care equal 100 percent in these tables, with smaller percentages indicating the availability of plan features. For example, in table 14, 100 percent refers to 

those workers with medical care plans, and 9 percent indicates those workers with medical 

care covered by a traditional fee-for-service plan. 

 Another type of table estimate presented throughout the bulletin displays average 

benefit values rather than percentages of workers. These averages are presented for all 

covered workers; averages exclude workers without the plan provision. 

 Data calculations are discussed in more detail in the appendices. 
4

Table 1. Summary: Participation in selected employee benefit programs, full-time

and part-time employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

(In percent)

Benefit All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and related

employees

Clerical

and sales

employees

Blue-collar

and

 service

 employees

Paid time off:

Holidays ............................................ 77 84 80 72

Vacations .......................................... 80 87 80 77

Disability benefits1:

Short-term disability ........................ 33 49 32 27

Long-term disability insurance ........ 25 50 27 14

Survivor benefits:

Life insurance ............................... 54 75 52 47

Accidental death and

dismemberment .......................... 41 58 38 36

Survivor income benefits .............. 2 3 2 2

Health care benefits:

Medical care ................................. 51 63 50 47

Dental care ................................... 29 42 29 24

Vision care .................................... 17 24 17 15

Outpatient prescription drug

coverage ..................................... 49 61 47 45

Retirement income benefits:

All retirement2 ................................... 48 65 49 39

Defined benefit ............................. 19 26 18 17

Defined contribution3 .................... 36 52 40 26

Savings and thrift ...................... 26 41 27 20

Deferred profit sharing .............. 8 10 10 5

Employee stock ownership ....... 2 2 3 1

Money purchase pension ......... 4 6 5 2

Stock bonus .............................. 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Simplified employee pension .... 1 1 1 1

Cash or deferred arrangements:

With employer contributions ..... 30 47 31 22

No employer contributions ........ 10 15 10 8

1 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident

insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now only includes plans that either

specify a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all

insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans available on a per disability basis as well as the

unfunded per disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance,

reported in years prior to the 1995 survey, only included insured, self-insured, and state-mandated

plans providing per disability benefits at less than full pay. 2 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. The total is

less than the sum of the individual items because many employees participated in both types of plans. 3 The total is less than the sum of the individual items because some employees participated in

more than one type of plan. 4 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where applicable, dash

indicates that no data were reported.
5

Table 2. Other benefits: Eligibility for specified benefits, full-time and

part-time employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

(In percent)

Benefit All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and related

employees

Clerical

and sales

employees

Blue-collar

and

service

employees

Income continuation plans:

Severance pay ...................... 20 35 24 12

Supplemental unemployment

benefits ............................... 1 1 1 1

Family benefits:

Employer assistance for child

care ..................................... 4 11 5 2

Employer provided funds .. 2 4 3 1

On-site child care .............. 2 6 1 1

Off-site child care .............. 1 3 2 1 ( )

Adoption assistance ............. 5 12 5 2

Long-term care insurance ..... 7 14 7 4

Flexible workplace ................ 5 12 4 1

Health promotion programs:

Wellness programs ............... 18 35 17 11

Fitness center ....................... 9 19 10 4

Miscellaneous benefits:

Job-related travel accident

insurance ............................ 15 30 15 9

Nonproduction bonuses ........ 48 52 48 46

Subsidized commuting ......... 3 6 3 2

Education assistance:

Job-related ........................ 38 62 37 28

Not job-related .................. 9 19 8 6

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where

applicable, dash indicates that no data were reported.
6

Table 3. Medical care benefits: Percent of participants required to contribute and average employee

contribution, private industry, National Compensation Survey,1 2000

Characteristics

Single Coverage Family Coverage

Employee

contributions not

required

Employee

contributions

required

Average2

flat

monthly

contribution in

dollars

Employee

contributions not

required

Employee

contributions

required

Average2

flat

monthly

contribution in

dollars

Total ...................................................... 32 68 $54.40 19 81 $179.75

Worker characteristics:3

Professional, technical, and related

employees4 ......................................... 25 75 54.32 15 85 183.51

Clerical and sales employees4 ............. 28 72 54.14 16 84 187.07

Blue-collar and service employees4 ..... 38 62 54.63 23 77 172.69

Union .................................................... – – – – – –

Nonunion .............................................. 27 73 55.63 13 87 185.79

Full time ................................................ 31 69 53.93 19 81 180.16

Part time ............................................... – – – – – –

Establishment characteristics:

Goods-producing .................................. 36 64 57.59 25 75 189.76

Service-producing ................................. 30 70 53.34 17 83 176.41

1-99 workers ......................................... 34 66 60.12 19 81 182.32

100 workers or more ............................. 30 70 49.56 20 80 177.47

1 The survey covers all 50 States and the District of

Columbia. Collection was conducted between February and

December 2000. The average reference period was July

2000. 2 The average is presented for all covered workers and

excludes workers without the plan provision. Averages are for

plans stating a flat monthly cost. 3 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or

part-time schedule based on the definition used by each

establishment. Union workers are those whose wages are

determined through collective bargaining. 4 A classification system including about 480 individual

occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian

economy. See the Technical Note for more information.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees

in this category or data do not meet publication criteria.
7

Table 4. Medical care benefits: Percent of participants, by amount and type of

employee contribution for individual coverage, private industry, National

Compensation Survey,1 2000

Type and amount of

contribution

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and related

employees2

Clerical and

sales

employees2

Blue-collar

and service

employees2

Number with contributory

coverage (in thousands) ......... 37,961 10,913 11,306 15,742

Percent

Total with contributory coverage 100 100 100 100

Flat monthly amount ............. 79 76 77 81

Less than $5.00 ................ 3 ( ) 3 () 1 3 ( )

$5.00 - 9.99 ...................... 2 3 1 1

$10.00 - 14.99 .................. 3 3 4 3

$15.00 - 19.99 .................. 6 7 5 7

$20.00 - 29.99 .................. 11 10 9 12

$30.00 - 39.99 .................. 13 12 13 15

$40.00 - 49.99 .................. 12 15 11 12

$50.00 - 59.99 .................. 6 6 9 4

$60.00 - 69.99 .................. 5 3 5 6

$70.00 - 79.99 .................. 5 3 5 6

$80.00 - 89.99 .................. 4 3 4 4

$90.00 - 99.99 .................. 1 3 () 1 1

$100.00 - 124.99 .............. 3 2 3 4

$125.00 or greater ............ 7 10 5 7

Dollar amount unspecified 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

Composite rate4 .................... 2 3 2 3

Varies5 .................................. 5 5 5 4

Flexible benefits6 .................. 8 12 7 7

Percent of earnings .............. 3 ( ) 3 () – 3 ( )

Exists, but unknown .............. 6 4 9 5

1 The survey covers all 50 States and the

District of Columbia. Collection was conducted

between February and December 2000. The

average reference period was July 2000. 2 A classification system including about 480

individual occupations is used to cover all workers

in the civilian economy. See the Technical Note

for more information. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 A composite rate is a set contribution

covering more than one benefit area, for example,

health care and life insurance. Cost data for

individual plans cannot be determined. 5 Based on worker attributes. For example,

employee contributions may vary based on

earnings, length of service, or age. 6 Amount varies by options selected under a

"cafeteria plan" or employer-sponsored

reimbursement account.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual

items may not equal totals. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category.
8

Table 5. Medical care benefits: Percent of participants, by amount and type of

employee contribution for family coverage,1 private industry, National Compensation

Survey,2 2000

Type and amount of

contribution

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and related

employees3

Clerical and

sales

employees3

Blue-collar

and service

employees3

Number (in thousands) with

contributory coverage ............. 44,822 12,276 13,207 19,338

Percent

Total with contributory coverage 100 100 100 100

Flat monthly amount ............. 81 79 80 84

Less than $20.00 .............. 1 1 1 1

$20.00 - 29.99 .................. 2 2 2 2

$30.00 - 39.99 .................. 2 2 1 3

$40.00 - 49.99 .................. 2 3 1 2

$50.00 - 59.99 .................. 4 3 3 5

$60.00 - 69.99 .................. 3 3 2 3

$70.00 - 79.99 .................. 4 4 3 4

$80.00 - 89.99 .................. 5 5 4 4

$90.00 - 99.99 .................. 3 3 3 3

$100.00 - 124.99 .............. 9 10 10 8

$125.00 - 149.99 .............. 5 6 7 4

$150.00 - 174.99 .............. 10 8 10 12

$175.00 - 199.99 .............. 5 3 4 6

$200.00 - 224.99 .............. 4 5 3 4

$225.00 - 249.99 .............. 3 2 4 3

$250.00 - 274.99 .............. 5 3 6 5

$275.00 - 299.99 .............. 3 1 4 3

$300.00 or greater ............ 13 15 13 11

Composite rate4 .................... 2 2 1 2

Varies5 .................................. 4 5 5 4

Flexible benefits6 .................. 7 11 6 6

Percent of earnings .............. 7 ( ) 7 () – 7 ( )

Exists, but unknown .............. 5 3 8 4

1 If the amount of contribution varied by either

size or composition of family, the rate for an

employee with a spouse and one child was used. 

For a small percentage of employees, the

employee contributes the same amount for single

and family coverage. 2 The survey covers all 50 States and the

District of Columbia. Collection was conducted

between February and December 2000. The

average reference period was July 2000. 3 A classification system including about 480

individual occupations is used to cover all workers

in the civilian economy. See the Technical Note

for more information. 4 A composite rate is a set contribution

covering more than one benefit area, for example,

health care and life insurance. Cost data for

individual plans cannot be determined. 5 Based on worker attributes. For example,

employee contributions may vary based on

earnings, length of service, or age. 6 Amount varies by options selected under a

"cafeteria plan" or employer-sponsored

reimbursement account. 7 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual

items may not equal totals. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category.
9

Table 6. Short-term disability: Method of funding,

full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of funding

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

short-term disability ................ 33,589 10,932 13,545

Percent

Total with short-term disability .. 100 100 100

Unfunded1 ............................ 10 12 4

Insured .................................. 30 30 32

Self-insured .......................... 36 34 38

Legally required .................... 14 12 14

Unknown ............................... 11 11 11

Other ..................................... 2 ( ) 2 () 1

1 Includes per disability sick leave plans, formerly reported

under sick leave. 2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Data were insufficient to show clerical and sales workers

separately. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this

category, or data do not meet publication criteria.
10 

Chapter 2. Health Benefits

 he National Compensation Survey collects information 

on a variety of health benefits, including medical, prescription drug, dental, and vision care. Definitions of major plan types, key provisions, and related terms follow. 

Medical Care 

Medical care plans provide services or payments for services rendered in the hospital or by a physician. Those 

plans that provide only dental, vision, or prescription drug 

coverage are tabulated separately and described in their 

specific sections. Common plan types are fee-for-service 

plans, preferred provider organizations (PPOs), exclusive 

provider organizations (EPOs), and health maintenance organizations (HMOs).

Health Care Plans and Systems 

Traditional fee-for-service plans: Indemnity and conventional indemnity plans. A type of medical plan that reimburses the patient and/or provider as expenses are incurred 

and allows the participant the choice of any provider without effect on reimbursement. 

Preferred provider organization (PPO) plan. An indemnity plan where coverage is provided to participants 

through a network of selected health care providers (such 

as hospitals and physicians). The enrollees may go outside 

the network, but would incur larger costs in the form of 

higher deductibles, higher coinsurance rates, or nondiscounted charges from the providers. 

Exclusive provider organization (EPO) plan. A more restrictive type of preferred provider organization plan under 

which employees must use providers from the specified 

network of physicians and hospitals to receive coverage; 

there is no coverage for care received from a non-network 

provider except in an emergency situation. 

Note: The above three categories collectively are referred 

to as non-Health Maintenance Organizations or “nonHMOs” in a number of data tables. 

Health maintenance organization (HMO). A health care 

system that assumes both the financial risks associated with 

providing comprehensive medical services (insurance and 

service risk) and the responsibility for health care delivery 

in a particular geographic area to HMO members, usually 

in return for a fixed, prepaid fee. Financial risk may be 

shared with the providers participating in the HMO. 

Group Model HMO. An HMO that contracts with a single 

multi-specialty medical group to provide care to the HMO's 

membership. The group practice may work exclusively 

with the HMO, or it may provide services to non-HMO patients as well. The HMO pays the medical group a negotiated, per capita rate, which the group distributes among its 

physicians, usually on a salaried basis. 

Staff Model HMO. A type of closed-panel HMO (where 

patients can receive services only through a limited number 

of providers) in which physicians are employees of the 

HMO. The physicians see patients in the HMO's own facilities. 

 

Network Model HMO. An HMO model that contracts with 

multiple physician groups to provide services to HMO 

members; may involve large single and multi-specialty 

groups. The physician groups may provide services to both 

HMO and non-HMO plan participants. 

Individual Practice Association (IPA) HMO. A type of 

health care provider organization composed of a group of 

independent practicing physicians who maintain their own 

offices and band together for the purpose of contracting 

their services to HMOs. An IPA may contract with and 

provide services to both HMO and non-HMO plan participants. 

Managed care plans. Managed care plans generally provide comprehensive health services to their members, and 

offer financial incentives for patients to use the providers 

who belong to the plan. Examples of managed care plans 

include: 

• Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 

• Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and 

• Exclusive provider organizations (EPOs). 

Managed care provisions. Features within health plans 

that provide insurers with a way to manage the cost, use, 

and quality of health care services received by group members. Examples of managed care provisions include: 

Preadmission certification. An authorization for hospital 

admission given by a health care provider to a group memT
11 

ber prior to their hospitalization. Failure to obtain a preadmission certification in non-emergency situations reduces 

or eliminates the health care provider’s obligation to pay for 

services rendered. 

Utilization review. The process of reviewing the appropriateness and quality of care provided to patients. Utilization 

review may take place before, during, or after the services 

are rendered. 

Preadmission testing. A requirement designed to encourage patients to obtain necessary diagnostic services on an 

outpatient basis prior to non-emergency hospital admission. 

The testing is designed to reduce the length of a hospital 

stay. 

 

Non-emergency weekend admission restriction. A requirement that imposes limits on reimbursement to patients 

for non-emergency weekend hospital admissions. 

Second surgical opinion. A cost-management strategy that 

encourages or requires patients to obtain the opinion of another doctor after a physician has recommended that a nonemergency or elective surgery be performed. Programs 

may be voluntary or mandatory in that reimbursement is 

reduced or denied if the participant does not obtain the second opinion. Plans usually require that such opinions be 

obtained from board-certified specialists with no personal 

or financial interest in the outcome. 

Hospital audit program. Some fee-for-service plans contain provisions that provide financial incentives for participants who uncover overcharges in their hospital bills.

Limitations on coverage 

Maximum plan dollar limit. The maximum amount payable by the insurer for covered expenses for the insured and 

each covered dependent while enrolled in the health plan. 

• Plans can have a yearly and/or a lifetime maximum 

dollar limit. 

• The most typical of maximums is a lifetime amount of 

$1 million per individual. 

Maximum out-of-pocket expense. The maximum dollar 

amount a group member is required to pay out of pocket 

during a year. Until this maximum is met, the plan and 

group member shares in the cost of covered expenses. After the maximum is reached, the insurance carrier pays all 

covered expenses, often up to a lifetime maximum. (See 

previous definition.) 

Deductible. A fixed dollar amount during the benefit period, usually a year, that an insured person pays before the 

insurer starts to make payments for covered medical services. Plans may have both individual and family deductibles. 

• Some plans may have separate deductibles for specific 

services. For example, a plan may have a hospitalization deductible per admission. 

• Deductibles may differ if services are received from an 

approved provider or if received from providers not on 

the approved list. 

Coinsurance. A form of medical cost sharing in a health insurance plan that requires an insured person to pay a stated 

percentage of medical expenses after the deductible 

amount, if any, is paid. 

 

• Once any deductible amount and coinsurance are paid, 

the insurer is responsible for the rest of the reimbursement for covered benefits up to allowed charges: the 

individual is responsible for any charges in excess of 

what the insurer determines to be “usual, customary 

and reasonable”. 

• Coinsurance rates may differ if services are received 

from an approved provider (i.e., a provider with whom 

the insurer has a contract or an agreement specifying 

payment levels and other contract requirements) or if 

received by providers not on the approved list. 

Multi-employer health plan. Generally, an employee health 

benefit plan maintained pursuant to a collective bargaining 

agreement that includes employees of two or more employers. These plans are also known as Taft-Hartley plans or 

jointly administered plans. They are subject to federal but 

not State law (although States may regulate any insurance 

policies that they buy). They often self-insure. 

Premium. Agreed-upon fees paid for coverage of medical 

benefits for a defined benefit period. Premiums can be 

paid by employers, unions, employees, or shared by both 

the insured individual and the plan sponsor. 

Self-insured plan. A plan offered by employers who directly assume the major cost of health insurance for their 

employees. Some self-insured plans bear the entire risk. 

Other self-insured employers insure against large claims by 

purchasing stop-loss coverage. Some self-insured employers contract with insurance carriers or third party administrators for claims processing and other administrative services; other self-insured plans are self-administered. 

Minimum Premium Plans (MPP) are included in the selfinsured health plan category. All types of plans can be financed on a self-insured basis. 

Stop-loss coverage. A form of reinsurance for self-insured 

employers that limits the amount the employers will have to 

pay for each person’s health care (individual limit) or for 

the total expenses of the employer (group limit). 
12 

Alternatives to hospitalization 

Alternatives to hospitalization are offered as a means of reducing costs. 

Extended care facilities. These facilities provide skilled 

nursing care, rehabilitation, and convalescent services to 

patients who require less intensive treatment than that provided in a hospital. 

Home health care. Such care programs provide skilled 

nursing and related services to patients in their own homes. 

Hospice care. These services provide nursing care and 

psychological support to terminally ill patients and their 

families, either on an inpatient basis or in the patient’s 

home. 

Mental health and substance abuse treatment 

Mental health and substance abuse services include inpatient and outpatient care for psychiatric conditions and alcohol or drug dependency. The coverage for these conditions is generally more restrictive than that for general 

medical conditions. 

Detoxification. This treatment involves supervised care by 

medical personnel designed to reduce or eliminate the 

symptoms of chemical dependency. Treatment can occur 

on an inpatient or outpatient basis. 

Rehabilitation services. These services are intended to alter the behavior of substance abusers. They are usually 

provided after detoxification is complete. Treatment can 

occur on an inpatient or outpatient basis. 

Prescription Drugs 

Prescription drug plans provide coverage for outpatient 

prescription drugs. Prescription drugs dispensed during a 

hospital stay are covered with hospital miscellaneous 

charges. 

Name brand drugs. These are drugs that once were or still 

are under patents. 

Generic drugs. Once a drug’s patent has expired, some 

plans provide more generous coverage for same-formula 

generic drugs than for brand name drugs. Generic drugs 

are used as a cost-containment measure by some plans. 

Mail order drugs. Used as a cost containment measure, 

some plans use mail order pharmacies that typically provide 3-month supplies of maintenance drugs. 

Dental Care 

Dental care plans provide services or payments for preventive and restorative care and related dental services. 

Preventive services. Such services include routine exams 

and x-rays. 

Restorative services. These services include fillings, dental 

surgery, endodontics (root canal therapy), periodontics 

(treatment of gum disease), crowns, and prosthetics (replacement of missing teeth with bridgework or dentures). 

Orthodontia services. Services for the correction of malpositioned teeth. 

Pretreatment authorization. When a procedure is expected 

to exceed a certain cost, such as $300, pretreatment authorization must be obtained by the patient, usually from 

the dental claims administrator, before reimbursement will 

be made. 

Vision Care 

Vision care plans provide coverage for eyeglasses, and 

with few exceptions, eye exams and contact lenses. 
13

Table 7. Medical care benefits: Coverage for selected services by type of plan, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Categories of care

All employees

Professional, technical,

and 

 related employees

Clerical and sales

employees

Blue-collar and service

employees

All

plans

NonHMO

plans

HMO

plans

All

plans

NonHMO

plans

HMO

plans

All

plans

NonHMO

plans

HMO

plans

All

plans

NonHMO

plans

HMO

plans

Number of employees (in

thousands) .......................... 52,627 32,733 19,895 13,833 8,269 5,564 14,890 9,180 5,709 23,905 15,283 8,622

Percent

Hospital room and board .......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Inpatient surgery ....................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Outpatient surgery1 .................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Inpatient physician visits ........... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Office physician visits ............... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Diagnostic X-ray and laboratory 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Extended care2 ......................... 77 76 79 72 71 74 76 74 78 81 80 83

Home health care2 .................... 85 81 91 83 79 90 84 79 92 86 83 92

Hospice care ............................. 66 68 62 64 66 60 64 68 56 68 69 66

Inpatient mental health ............. 93 93 91 93 93 93 91 91 92 93 95 90

Outpatient mental health .......... 93 90 97 92 87 99 92 88 98 93 93 94

Inpatient alcohol detoxification3 94 92 98 95 92 99 94 91 99 95 93 97

Inpatient alcohol rehabilitation4 80 81 76 79 81 76 80 82 76 80 81 77

Outpatient alcohol

rehabilitation4 ...................... 85 84 87 85 81 90 84 82 87 86 87 86

Inpatient drug detoxification3 .... 94 92 98 94 91 99 94 91 99 94 92 97

Inpatient drug rehabilitation4 ..... 79 81 76 78 80 76 80 82 76 79 80 77

Outpatient drug rehabilitation4 .. 84 83 87 84 80 90 83 81 87 85 85 84

Hearing care5 ........................... 34 11 - 35 11 - 32 11 - 34 12 - 

Physical exam .......................... 82 73 98 83 72 99 82 71 99 82 74 98

Well-baby care .......................... 84 76 97 86 78 98 84 77 96 83 76 97

Immunization and inoculation ... 61 47 84 64 49 86 61 45 86 59 48 80

1 Charges incurred in the outpatient department of a hospital and

outside the hospital. 2 Some plans provide this care only to a patient who was previously

hospitalized and is recovering without need of the extensive care provided

by a general hospital. 3 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse.

4 Rehabilitation is designed to alter abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 5 Plans provide, as a minimum, coverage for hearing examination

expenses.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

 Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data

do not meet publication criteria.
14

Table 8. Non-health maintenance organizations: Coverage for

selected sevices, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All

 employees

Professional,

technical,

 and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

 and

service

employees

Percent

Hospital room and board

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 6 7 11 3

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 4 7 3 4

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 13 19 11 10

Major medical only2 .............. 77 66 75 83

Inpatient surgery

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 16 21 17 13

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 3 () 1 3 ( ) 3 ( )

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 3 5 4 3

Major medical only2 .............. 80 73 79 85

Outpatient surgery4

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 15 21 16 11

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 2 2 1 2

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 8 10 7 8

Major medical only2 .............. 75 67 76 79

Inpatient physician visits

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 15 21 16 10

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 5 6 4 6

Major medical only2 .............. 80 72 79 84

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 8. Non-health maintenance organizations: Coverage for

selected sevices, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000 — Continued

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All

 employees

Professional,

technical,

 and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

 and

service

employees

Percent

Office physician visits

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 20 21 26 16

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 42 41 40 45

Major medical only2 .............. 38 38 34 39

Diagnostic x-ray and

laboratory

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 15 21 16 12

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 1 1 1 3 ( )

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 6 4 7 6

Major medical only2 .............. 78 74 76 82

1 Separate limits apply to individual categories of care; e.g., separate

limits or benefits for hospitalization. Limits may be set in terms of dollar or

day ceilings on benefits, a requirement that the participant pay a percentage

of costs (coinsurance), or a requirement that the participant pay a specific

amount (deductible or copayment) before reimbursement begins or services

are rendered. 2 Major medical limits apply to all benefits under the plan, not selected

individual benefits. Major medical limits are deductibles and coinsurance

percentages that must be paid by the participant before any plan benefits

begin, and overall limits on plan benefits that can be paid. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 Charges incurred in the outpatient department of a hospital and outside

of the hospital.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
15

Table 9. Non-health maintenance organizations: Coverage for

alternatives to hospital care, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All 

employees

Professional,

technical,

and 

related 

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar 

and

service

employees

Percent

Extended care1

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 1 1 1 1

Subject to separate limits

only2 ............................... 14 20 18 10

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 60 55 61 62

Major medical only3 .............. 25 24 20 27

Home health care1

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 8 11 8 6

Subject to separate limits

only2 ............................... 9 13 11 6

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 50 48 51 51

Major medical only3 .............. 33 29 30 36

Hospice care

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 11 13 9 11

Subject to separate limits

only2 ............................... 7 8 11 3

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 34 38 36 32

Major medical only3 .............. 48 41 43 53

1 Some plans provide this care only to a patient who was previously

hospitalized and is recovering without need of the extensive care provided by

a general hospital. 2 Separate limits apply to individual categories of care; e.g., separate

limits or benefits for extended care. Limits may be set in terms of dollar or

day ceilings on benefits, a requirement that the participant pay a percentage

of costs (coinsurance), or a requirement that the participant pay a specific

amount (deductible or copayment) before reimbursement begins or services

are rendered. 3 Major medical limits apply to all benefits under the plan, not selected

individual benefits. Major medical limits are deductibles and coinsurance

percentages that must be paid by the participant before any plan benefits

begin, and overall limits on plan benefits that can be paid.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
16

Table 10. Non-health maintenance organizations: Coverage

for mental health and substance abuse, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Percent

Inpatient mental health

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 2 2 4 2

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 10 12 15 7

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 77 75 73 80

Major medical only2 .............. 10 11 8 11

Outpatient mental health

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 1 1 1 1

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 18 19 22 16

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 80 80 76 83

Major medical only2 .............. 1 1 1 1

Inpatient alcohol

detoxification3

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 3 3 4 2

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 10 12 14 7

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 72 70 69 75

Major medical only2 .............. 15 15 13 16

Inpatient alcohol

rehabilitation4

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 2 1 4 2

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 12 14 16 9

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 82 82 77 85

Major medical only2 .............. 3 3 3 4

Outpatient alcohol

rehabilitation4

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 5 () 1 1 -

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 17 19 23 12

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 83 79 76 88

Major medical only2 .............. 5 () 1 5 ( ) 5 ( )

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 10. Non-health maintenance organizations: Coverage

for mental health and substance abuse, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000 —

Continued

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Percent

Inpatient drug detoxification3

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 3 3 4 2

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 10 12 14 7

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 72 71 69 75

Major medical only2 .............. 15 15 13 16

Inpatient drug rehabilitation4

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 2 1 4 2

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 12 13 16 9

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 82 82 77 86

Major medical only2 .............. 3 3 3 4

Outpatient drug

rehabilitation4

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 5 () 1 1 -

Subject to separate limits

only1 ............................... 16 19 23 11

Subject to separate limits

plus major medical .......... 83 80 76 89

Major medical only2 .............. 5 () 1 5 ( ) 5 ( )

1 Separate limits apply to individual categories of care; e.g., separate

limits or benefits for inpatient mental health. Limits may be set in terms of

dollar or day ceilings on benefits, a requirement that the participant pay a

percentage of costs (coinsurance), or a requirement that the participant pay a

specific amount (deductible or copayment) before reimbursement begins or

services are rendered. 2 Major medical limits apply to all benefits under the plan, not selected

individual benefits. Major medical limits are deductibles and coinsurance

percentages that must be paid by the participant before any plan benefits

begin, and overall limits on plan benefits that can be paid. 3 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 4 Rehabilitation is designed to alter abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 5 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
17

Table 11. Health maintenance organizations: Coverage for

selected services, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All 

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar 

and

service

employees

Percent

Hospital room and board

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 59 56 60 59

Subject to limits1 ................... 41 44 40 41

Inpatient surgery

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 84 88 84 80

Subject to limits1 ................... 16 12 16 20

Outpatient surgery2

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 67 72 72 60

Subject to limits1 ................... 33 28 28 40

Inpatient physician visits

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 85 89 85 82

Subject to limits1 ................... 15 11 15 18

Office physician visits

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 7 9 4 7

Subject to limits1 ................... 93 91 96 93

Diagnostic x-ray and

laboratory services

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 81 83 80 80

Subject to limits1 ................... 19 17 20 20

1 Limits may be set in terms of dollar or day ceilings on benefits, a

requirement that the participant pay a percentage of costs (coinsurance), or a

requirement that the participant pay a specific amount (deductible or

copayment) before reimbursement begins or services are rendered. 2 Charges incurred in the outpatient department of a hospital and outside

of the hospital.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 12. Health maintenance organizations: Coverage for

alternatives to hospital care, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Percent

Extended care1

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 15 18 14 14

Subject to limits2 ................... 85 82 86 86

Home health care1

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 66 71 71 61

Subject to limits2 ................... 34 29 29 39

Hospice care

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 52 50 44 58

Subject to limits2 ................... 48 50 56 42

1 Some plans provide this care only to a patient who was previously

hospitalized and is recovering without need of the extensive care provided by

a general hospital. 2 Limits may be set in terms of dollar or day ceilings on benefits, a

requirement that the participant pay a percentage of cost (coinsurance), or a

requirement that the participant pay a specific amount (deductible or

copayment) before reimbursement begins or services are rendered.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
18

Table 13. Health maintenance organizations: Coverage for

mental health and substance abuse treatment, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Percent

Inpatient mental health

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 10 11 7 12

Subject to limits1 ................... 90 89 93 88

Outpatient mental health

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 3 3 1 3

Subject to limits1 ................... 97 97 99 97

Inpatient alcohol

detoxification2

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 24 21 25 25

Subject to limits1 ................... 76 79 75 75

Inpatient alcohol

rehabilitation3

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 7 10 8 5

Subject to limits1 ................... 93 90 92 95

Outpatient alcohol

rehabilitation3

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Subject to limits1 ................... 100 100 100 100

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 13. Health maintenance organizations: Coverage for

mental health and substance abuse treatment, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000 — Continued

Category of care and extent of

coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Percent

Inpatient drug detoxification2

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 24 21 25 25

Subject to limits1 ................... 76 79 75 75

Inpatient drug rehabilitation3

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 7 10 8 5

Subject to limits1 ................... 93 90 92 95

Outpatient drug

rehabilitation3

Total with coverage .................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Subject to limits1 ................... 100 100 100 100

1 Limits may be set in terms of dollar or day ceilings on benefits, a

requirement that the participant pay a percentage of cost (coinsurance), or a

requirement that the participant pay a specific amount (deductible or

copayment) before reimbursement begins or services are rendered. 2 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 3 Rehabilitation is designed to alter abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 4 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
19

Table 14. Medical care benefits:1 Fee arrangement and

financial intermediary, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Fee arrangement

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

medical care ....................... 52,627 13,833 14,890 23,905

Percent

Total with medical care ............. 100 100 100 100

Traditional fee-for-service2 ... 9 9 9 8

Self insured3 ..................... 4 6 5 3

With administrative

services contract4 ... 3 3 3 2

Without administrative

services contract ..... 5 () 1 1 5 ( )

Not determinable .......... 1 2 2 1

Fully insured ..................... 4 3 4 5

Combined financing .......... 5 ( ) 5 () - -

Preferred provider

organization6 .................. 51 49 50 53

Self insured3 ..................... 30 32 25 32

With administrative

services contract4 ... 22 24 18 24

Without administrative

services contract ..... 3 3 2 4

Not determinable .......... 5 5 5 4

Fully insured ..................... 19 15 22 20

Combined financing .......... 2 1 3 1

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 14. Medical care benefits:1 Fee arrangement and

financial intermediary, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000 — Continued

Fee arrangement

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Percent

Total with medical care

Health maintenance

organization7 .................. 38 40 38 36

Self insured3 ..................... 5 6 5 4

Fully insured ..................... 33 34 33 32

Other8 ................................... 2 2 2 2

1 Plans providing services or payments for services rendered in the

hospital or by a physician. Excludes plans that provided only dental, vision,

or prescription drug coverage. 2 These plans pay for specific medical procedures as expenses are

incurred. 3 Includes plans that are financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, plans

financed through contributions to a trust fund established to pay benefits, and

plans operating their own facilities if at least partially financed by employer

contributions. Includes plans that are administered by a commercial carrier

through Administrative Services Only (ASO) contracts. 4 An arrangement where an establishment pays the cost of benefits, but

hires another establishment to handle administrative services. 5 Less than 0.5 percent. 6 A preferred provider organization (PPO) is a group of hospitals and

physicians that contracts to provide comprehensive medical services. To

encourage use by organization members, the health care plan limits

reimbursement rates when participants use nonmember services. 7 Delivers comprehensive health care on a prepayment rather than

fee-for-service basis. 8 Includes exclusive provider organizations, which are groups of hospitals

and physicians that contract to provide comprehensive medical services. 

Participants are required to obtain services from members of the organization

in order to receive plan benefits.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
20

Table 15. Health maintenance organizations: Summary of

selected features, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Selected

features

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in HMO

plans ................................... 19,895 5,564 5,709 8,622

Percent

Total in HMO plans ................... 100 100 100 100

Model type:

Group/staff1 ...................... 14 13 11 16

Individual practice

association2 ................ 38 42 39 35

Mixed model ..................... 26 25 31 22

Not determinable .............. 23 20 19 27

Point of service feature3 ....... 44 46 45 41

Limit on copayments4 ........... 30 31 29 29

Preventive dental care5 ........ 12 13 17 9

1 Care is provided at centralized locations. 2 Care is provided by doctors working out of their offices. 3 Enrollees may obtain care from non-HMO providers, with limited

reimbursement. 4 In these plans, HMOs limit the dollar amount the individual pays, after

which coverage is in full. For example, there is a copayment limit of $1,000

after which the HMO covers all services at 100 percent. 5 Includes dental examinations and/or x-rays only.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
21

Table 16. Non-health maintenance organizations: Amount and type of individual deductible,1 full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Deductible2

All employees Professional, technical,

and related employees

Clerical and sales

employees

Blue-collar and service

employees

All

nonHMO

plans3

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans3

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans3

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans3

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans .................. 32,733 4,593 26,959 8,269 1,222 6,740 9,180 1,374 7,440 15,283 1,997 12,779

Percent

Total in non-HMO plans ............ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Deductible specified ............. 72 94 70 65 94 63 70 98 67 78 92 76

Deductible on an annual

basis4 .......................... 72 94 70 65 94 63 69 98 66 77 92 76

Based on earnings5 ...... 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 6 ( )

Flat dollar amount ......... 71 91 69 63 93 61 68 96 66 76 87 75

Less than $100 ......... 1 4 6 () 1 5 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 () 1 5 6 ( )

$100 .......................... 5 8 5 4 8 3 5 8 5 6 8 6

$101 - $149 .............. 6 () 3 6 ( ) 6 () 1 6 ( ) 6 () 3 - 6 () 4 6 ( )

$150 .......................... 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 2

$151 - $199 .............. 6 () - 6 () - - - 6 () - 6 ( ) 6 () - 6 ( )

$200 .......................... 17 25 16 20 40 17 14 32 11 16 11 18

$201 - $249 .............. 6 () - 1 1 - 2 - - - 6 () - 6 ( )

$250 .......................... 16 28 14 12 19 11 16 29 15 17 33 15

$251 - $299 .............. - - - - - - - - - - - -

$300 .......................... 9 5 11 6 4 6 10 3 12 11 7 12

Over $300 ................. 20 17 21 19 15 21 20 19 21 20 18 21

Other ................................. 1 - 1 6 () - 6 () 1 - 1 1 - 1

No deductible ........................ 28 5 29 35 6 37 30 2 33 22 6 24

Not determinable .................. 6 () 1 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 () - 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 () 2 6 ( )

Average7

Average annual deductible ....... $334 $362 $331 $336 $344 $333 $345 $370 $340 $328 $366 $326

1 The deductible is the amount of covered expenses that an individual

must pay before any charges are paid by the medical care plan. 

Deductibles that apply separately to a specific category of expense, such as

a deductible for each hospital admission, were excluded from this

tabulation. 2 Amount of deductible described is for each insured person. However,

many plans contain a maximum family deductible. In some plans, the

individual and the family deductibles are identical. If the deductible applied

only to dependents’ coverage, it was not tabulated. 3 These plans include fee-for-service, preferred provider organizations,

and exclusive provider organizations. Data are not shown separately for

exclusive provider organizations.

4 Deductibles are calculated on an annual basis, with the enrollee

responsible for satisfying a new deductible requirement each plan year. 5 These plans have deductibles that vary by the amount of the

participant’s earnings. 6 Less than 0.5 percent. 7 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude

workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

 Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
22

Table 17. Non-health maintenance organizations: Relationship of individual and family deductibles,1 full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Relationship of individual and

family deductibles

All employees Professional, technical,

and related employees

Clerical and sales

employees

Blue-collar and service

employees

All

nonHMO

plans2

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans2

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans2

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans2

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans .................. 32,733 4,593 26,959 8,269 1,222 6,740 9,180 1,374 7,440 15,283 1,997 12,779

Percent

Total with non-HMO plans ........ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Individual and family

deductibles specified ...... 65 74 65 60 82 59 62 87 60 70 61 72

Family deductible is

multiple of individual

deductible3 .................. 61 72 61 56 78 55 58 84 56 66 60 67

2 times .......................... 31 43 28 32 39 32 31 50 28 30 41 27

2.5 times ....................... 2 - 2 2 - 2 1 - 2 2 - 2

3 times .......................... 26 20 29 20 28 20 24 23 25 31 14 35

Specified number of

individual deductibles

must be met to satisfy

family deductible4 ....... 4 2 4 4 4 4 3 3 4515

Less than 3 individual

deductibles ............. 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 5 () 2

3 individual deductibles 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 () 3

More than 3 individual

deductibles ............. - - - - - - - - - - - -

No individual and/or family

deductible ....................... 34 24 34 40 17 41 38 12 40 29 37 27

Not determinable .................. 5 () 1 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 () - 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 () 2 5 ( )

1 Deductibles are calculated on an annual basis with the enrollee

responsible for satisfying a new deductible requirement each plan year. 2 These plans include fee-for-service, preferred provider organizations,

and exclusive provider organizations. Data are not shown separately for

exclusive provider organizations. 3 For example, the individual deductible requirement is $100 while the

family deductible requirement is $300. Includes some multiples not shown

separately.

4 For example, the individual requirement is $100 and three individual

deductibles must be met to satisfy the family requirement. 5 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

 Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
23

Table 18. Non-health maintenance organizations: Coinsurance rates, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Coinsurance

All employees Professional, technical,

and related employees

Clerical and sales

employees

Blue-collar and service

employees

All

nonHMO

plans1

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Feeforservice

plans

Preferred

provider

organizations

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans .................. 32,733 4,593 26,959 8,269 1,222 6,740 9,180 1,374 7,440 15,283 1,997 12,779

Percent

Total with non-HMO plans ........ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

With coinsurance2 ................ 76 92 74 69 97 67 74 89 73 80 90 79

Coinsurance rate3

80 percent ..................... 40 76 35 39 87 32 42 69 39 39 74 35

85 percent ..................... 4 1 3 2 4 () 2 3 4 () 3 5 2 4

90 percent ..................... 30 8 35 28 7 32 25 7 30 34 10 39

Other percent ................ 2 7 1 1 3 4 ( ) 3 14 1 2 4 1

Without coinsurance5 ........... 24 8 26 31 3 33 26 11 27 20 10 21

1 These plans include fee-for-service, preferred provider organizations,

and exclusive provider organizations. Data are not shown separately for

exclusive provider organizations. 2 Represents the initial coinsurance in plans that have 100 percent

coverage after the individual pays a specified dollar amount toward

expenses. For example, the plan pays 80 percent until the individual’s

out-of-pocket expenses reach $1,000, and then coverage is at 100 percent. 3 A few plans have more than one coinsurance rate. In those cases,

the coinsurance rate shown is that which applies to the majority of benefits

under the plan. Includes variable coinsurance rates not shown separately. 4 Less than 0.5 percent. 5 Includes plans with overall benefit limitations, such as maximum dollar

amounts and deductibles, where the coinsurance rate is 100 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.

 Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
24

Table 19. Non-health maintenance organizations: Maximum out-of-pocket expense provisions,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Type and

amount of

out-of-pocket

expense

provision

All employees

Professional,

technical, and

related

employees

Clerical and

sales

employees

Blue-collar and

service

employees

All

nonHMO

plans1

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Preferred

provider

organizations

Number (in thousands) with

non-HMO plans .................. 32,733 26,959 8,269 6,740 9,180 7,440 15,283 12,779

Percent

Total with non-HMO plans ........ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

With limit on out-of-pocket

expense .......................... 80 81 77 78 78 79 83 84

With an annual dollar

maximum on

out-of-pocket

expense2 .................... 77 77 75 76 73 73 80 80

Per individual:

Less than $400 ......... 3 3 4 3 4 3 2 2

$400 .......................... 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2

$401 - $499 .............. 1 1 2 2 - - 3 ( ) 3 ( )

$500 .......................... 6 7 7 8 6 7 6 6

$501 - $999 .............. 11 9 11 9 9 5 13 12

$1000 ........................ 15 15 12 12 14 14 18 17

$1,001 - $1,499 ........ 6 7 7 8 4 5 6 8

$1,500 ....................... 10 10 12 14 11 12 7 8

$1,501 - $1,999 ........ 4 4 3 3 5 6 4 4

$2,000 ....................... 8 8 7 8 8 7 9 9

Greater than $2,000 10 10 7 7 10 10 12 12

Per family:

Less than $1,000 ...... 5 4 7 6 5 4 3 3

$1,000 ....................... 4 5 6 6 3 4 4 4

$1,001 - $1,999 ........ 9 8 11 10 9 7 8 8

$2,000 ....................... 8 5 8 6 7 5 9 5

$2,001 - $2,999 ........ 5 6 5 6 3 3 6 8

$3,000 ....................... 9 10 5 6 8 9 12 13

Greater than $3,000 23 25 23 26 23 26 22 24

No family maximum .. 9 9 6 5 9 10 10 10

Family maximum

cannot be

computed4 .......... 5 5 4 5 4 4 6 5

Annual maximum on

out-of-pocket expense

based on earnings ...... 3 () 1 3 ( ) 3 () 1 1 3 ( ) 3 ( )

Annual maximum on

out-of-pocket expense

varies by coinsurance

rate5 ............................ 3 3 2 2 4 5 2 3

Other ................................. 3 ( ) 3 () - - - - 3 ( ) 3 ( )

No out-of-pocket expense

required6 ......................... 10 10 13 12 13 13 7 7

No limit on out-of-pocket

expense .......................... 8 7 9 8 7 7 8 8

Not determinable .................. 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

See footnotes at end of table.
25

Table 19. Non-health maintenance organizations: Maximum out-of-pocket expense provisions,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000 — Continued

Type and

amount of

out-of-pocket

expense

provision

All employees

Professional,

technical, and

related

employees

Clerical and

sales

employees

Blue-collar and

service

employees

All

nonHMO

plans1

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Preferred

provider

organizations

All

nonHMO

plans1

Preferred

provider

organizations

Average7

Average annual dollar

maximum on individual

out-of-pocket expense ........ $1,469 $1,506 $1,254 $1,260 $1,476 $1,526 $1,574 $1,618

Average annual dollar

maximum on family

out-of-pocket expense ........ 3,165 3,297 2,787 2,869 3,329 3,542 3,278 3,398

1 These plans include fee-for-service, preferred

provider organizations, and exclusive provider

organizations. Data are not shown separately for

fee-for-service or exclusive provider organizations. 2 Deductible amounts were excluded from

computation of the out-of-pocket dollar limits. With rare

exceptions, an out-of-pocket limit was specified on an

annual basis. Few workers were in plans where the

expense limit applied to a disability or a period other

than a year. Charges for certain services, such as

mental health care, may not be counted toward the

out-of-pocket maximum. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 These are plans where a family maximum is

stated in such a way that it cannot be computed. For

example, the individual out-of-pocket expense is limited

to $1,000 per year, and the family out-of-pocket 

expense is limited to three individuals. The family

out-of-pocket expense cannot be computed because

each of the three individuals must separately reach an

out-of-pocket limit of $1,000. Thus, if two individuals

each reach $1,000 in their out-of-pocket expenses, and

two other family members reach $900 and $800

respectively in out-of-pocket expenses, the family

out-of-pocket limit would not have been met. A family

dollar maximum cannot be computed in this example. 5 Some plans reimburse medical expenses at more

than one coinsurance rate. They impose a limit on

out-of-pocket expenses by specifying a maximum on

covered medical expenses beyond which all expenses

are paid at 100 percent. 6 All covered expenses are paid at 100 percent. 7 The average is presented for all covered workers;

averages exclude workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items

may not equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates

no employees in this category, or data do not meet

publication criteria.
26

Table 20. Non-health maintenance organizations: Maximum benefit

provisions, full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Maximum1 All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

non-HMO plans .................. 32,733 8,269 9,180 15,283

Percent

Total with non-HMO plans ........ 100 100 100 100

With maximum limits ............. 63 60 58 67

Lifetime maximum only2 ... 61 60 57 65

Under $500,000 ............ 1 1 3 () 2

$500,000 ....................... 1 1 1 2

$1,000,000 .................... 32 27 32 36

$1,500,000 .................... 4 6 4 3

$2,000,000 .................... 13 16 11 14

More than $2,000,000 .. 7 4 10 7

Annual or disability

maximum only ............ 1 1 1 2

Both lifetime and annual or

disability maximums ... 3 ( ) 3 () - 3 ( )

Other maximum ................ 3 () - - 3 ( )

Without maximum limits ........ 33 35 36 30

Not determinable .................. 4 4 6 3

Average4

Average lifetime maximum ....... $1,657,680 $1,529,649 $1,828,424 $1,630,773

1 Maximum described is for each insured person. Where the maximum differed for

employees and dependents, the employee maximum was tabulated. 2 Includes other lifetime maximum limits not shown separately. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude workers without the

plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
27

Table 21. Non-health maintenance organizations: Average major medical

provisions, full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Average1 All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and sales

employees

Bluecollar and

service

employees

Annual deductible2

Individual .............................. $334 $336 $345 $328

Family ................................... 799 793 848 776

Annual out-of-pocket expense

maximum3

Individual .............................. 1,469 1,254 1,476 1,574

Family ................................... 3,165 2,787 3,329 3,278

Lifetime maximum4 ................... 1,657,680 1,529,649 1,828,424 1,630,773

1 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude workers without the

plan provision. 2 The deductible is the amount of covered expenses that an individual or family must pay

before any charges are paid by the medical care plan. Deductibles that apply separately to a

specific category of expense, such as a deductible for each hospital admission, were excluded

from this tabulation. 3 The out-of-pocket expense maximum is the amount an individual or family must pay

before the plan will pay 100 percent of additional charges. Deductible amounts were excluded

from computation of the out-of-pocket dollar limits. Usually, out-of-pocket limits were specified

on an annual basis. Charges for certain services, such as mental health care, may not be

counted toward the out-of-pocket maximum. 4 The maximum is the total amount of expenses that the plan will pay. Maximum

described is for each insured person. Where the maximum differed for employees and

dependents, the employee maximum was tabulated.

NOTE: Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet

publication criteria. 
28

Table 22. Preferred provider organizations:1 Summary of

selected features, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of services

and incentives

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in PPO

plans ................................... 26,959 6,740 7,440 12,779

Percent

Total with PPO plans ................ 100 100 100 100

Services subject to PPO

incentive:

Hospital room and board .. 93 92 93 93

Surgery ............................. 94 96 94 92

Physician’s in-hospital

visits ............................ 94 96 94 92

Office visits ....................... 92 96 90 91

Outpatient prescription

drugs ........................... 37 43 35 35

Type of PPO incentives:2

Coinsurance rate differs ... 91 91 90 91

Lower annual deductible ... 58 60 57 57

Higher lifetime maximum

benefit limit ................. 10 12 9 8

Lower catastrophic

maximum limit ............. 70 77 68 68

Lower hospital deductible 18 17 19 19

Office visits copayment ..... 65 66 66 64

Outpatient prescription

drugs copayment ........ 18 21 16 17

Discounted for PPO3 ........ 30 31 28 30

Not determinable .............. 4 3 5 5

1 A preferred provider organization (PPO) is a group of hospitals and

physicians that contract to provide comprehensive medical services. To

encourage use by organization members, the health care plan limits

reimbursement rates when participants use nonmember services. 2 Sum of individual items is greater than the total because many plan

participants were in plans with more than one incentive. 3 The amount of total expenses incurred by the individual is discounted

under the PPO. For example, under the non-PPO, total expenses are

$10,000; under the PPO, total expenses are discounted by 10 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

note meet publication criteria.

Table 23. Preferred provider organizations:1 Coinsurance rate

for preferred service providers versus other service providers,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Coinsurance

rate comparison

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in PPO

plans ................................... 26,959 6,740 7,440 12,779

Percent

Total with PPO plans ................ 100 100 100 100

Overall coinsurance rate

differs .............................. 91 91 90 91

100 vs 80 .......................... 14 16 16 13

90 vs 80 ............................ 8 12 7 7

100 vs 70 .......................... 5 9 6 3

90 vs 70 ............................ 22 16 22 25

80 vs 70 ............................ 5 2 7 5

80 vs 60 ............................ 17 11 18 20

80 vs 50 ............................ 4 7 4 3

Other coinsurance rate ..... 15 17 12 16

Overall coinsurance rate

does not differ ................. 8 8 8 8

Not determinable .................. 2 1 3 1

1 A preferred provider organization (PPO) is a group of hospitals and

physicians that contract to provide comprehensive medical services. To

encourage use by organization members, the health care plan limits

reimbursement rates when participants use nonmember services.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria. 
29

Table 24. Medical care benefits: Availability of managed care

benefits, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Managed care plan

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

medical care ....................... 52,627 13,833 14,890 23,905

Percent

Total with medical care ............. 100 100 100 100

With managed care benefits 96 97 97 95

Traditional fee-for-service

with managed care

features1 ..................... 5 6 6 3

Preferred provider

organization2 .............. 51 49 50 53

Exclusive provider

organization3 .............. 2 2 2 2

Prepaid health

maintenance

organization4 .............. 38 40 38 36

Without managed care ......... 3 2 3 4

Not determinable .................. 1 1 1 1

1 Fee-for-service plans with preadmission certification or mandatory

second surgical opinion features. 2 A preferred provider organization (PPO) is a group of hospitals and

physicians that contract to provide comprehensive medical services. To

encourage use by organization members, the health care plan limits

reimbursement rates when participants use nonmember services. 3 An exclusive provider organization is a group of hospitals and

physicians that contract to provide comprehensive medical services. 

Participants are required to obtain services from members of the organization

to receive plan benefits. 4 A health maintenance organization provides a prescribed set of benefits

to enrollees for a fixed payment.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 25. Non-health maintenance organizations: Availability

of selected cost containment features, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Cost containment

features

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans .................. 32,733 8,269 9,180 15,283

Percent

Total with non-HMO plans ........ 100 100 100 100

With cost containment

features ........................... 72 67 68 77

Preadmission certification

requirement ................ 63 60 62 64

Utilization or concurrent

review ......................... 39 36 36 43

Preadmission testing ........ 26 23 20 30

Nonemergency weekend

admission restriction ... 9 7 7 11

Hospital audit program ..... 5 3 3 7

Without cost containment

feature ............................ 25 28 29 20

Data not available ................. 3 5 3 3

NOTE: Sum of individual items may be greater than the total because many

participants were in plans with more than one type of cost containment

feature. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or

data do not meet publication criteria.
30

Table 26. Non-health maintenance organizations: 

Prehospitalization certification requirements, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000

Preadmission

requirements

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

preadmission certification ... 20,483 4,929 5,702 9,851

Percent

Total with preadmission

certification ......................... 100 100 100 100

Plan does not impose

penalty ............................ 6 4 7 7

Plan does impose penalty .... 94 96 93 93

No benefit ......................... 5 7 3 5

Deductible on hospital

admission ................... 45 47 45 43

Less than $200 ............. 4 7 3 3

$200 - $299 .................. 13 10 17 12

$300 - $399 .................. 4 3 3 5

$400 - $499 .................. 3 4 4 1

$500 or greater ............. 21 24 19 21

Reduced coinsurance ....... 24 25 23 24

Without a maximum

dollar penalty .......... 17 18 16 18

With a maximum dollar

penalty .................... 6 7 6 7

Reduced coinsurance and

separate deductible

per admission ............. 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( )

Other ................................. 2 2 1 3

Penalty not determinable .. 18 15 21 18

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 27. Non-health maintenance organizaiotns: Second

surgical opinion provisions, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Second surgical

opinion requirements

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans .................. 32,733 8,269 9,180 15,283

Percent

Total with non-HMO plans ........ 100 100 100 100

With second surgical opinion

program .......................... 44 45 34 49

With no penalties for

non-compliance .......... 34 38 24 37

With penalties for

non-compliance .......... 10 7 9 12

No second surgical opinion

program1 ......................... 52 47 62 48

Not determinable .................. 5 9 4 3

1 Includes plans in which documentation does not detail a second

surgical opinion program. By definition, managed care plans, such as

preferred provider organizations, integrate second surgical opinion programs

as part of their structure. These managed care plans are quite often

responsible for initiating the second surgical opinion program. When this

occurs, that program was not tabulated.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no empoyees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
31

Table 28. Health maintenance organization: Hospital room and 

board coverage copayment provisions,1 full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of copayment provision

All

employees

Professional,

technical, and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Blue-collar and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

separate copayment ........... 5,349 1,701 1,489 2,160

Percent

Total with separate copayment 100 100 100 100

Per confinement ................... 79 83 72 80

$50 .................................... 1 1 1 1

$100 .................................. 23 28 29 14

$150 .................................. 1 1 3 -

$200 .................................. 6 8 8 3

$250 .................................. 16 20 9 17

$300 .................................. 4 2 () 4 6

$400 .................................. 4 - 1 9

$500 .................................. 14 15 6 19

Greater than $500 ............ 2 () 1 - 2 ( )

Other ................................. 10 8 12 11

Limited to maximum amount

per year3 ......................... 10 4 9 15

Copayment per year ............. 2 3 2 () 2

Copayment per day .............. 21 17 27 20

1 A copayment is the amount of

covered expenses that an individual

must pay before any charges are paid

by the medical care plan. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 Limits placed on the maximum

copayment an individual pays during

the year. For example, an individual is

subject to a copayment of $100 per

confinement with a limit of $300 per

year.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of

individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no

employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria. 

Table 29. Non-health maintenance organizations: Types of

limitations on extended care facilities, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of limit

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans with

extended care benefits ....... 24,866 5,857 6,835 12,174

Percent

Total in non-HMO plans with

extended care benefits ....... 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 1 1 1 1

Subject to limits other than

major medical1 ................ 75 75 79 72

Limit on days .................... 67 67 73 64

Limit on dollars ................. 7 4 6 10

Separate coinsurance ....... 9 7 7 10

Limited to maximum

percentage rate of

prior hospital

confinement ................ 7 8 7 7

Other limits ....................... 2 3 1 1

Major medical limits only ...... 25 24 20 27

1 Major medical limits apply to all benefits under the plan, not selected

individual benefits. Major medical limits are deductibles and coinsurance

percentages that must be paid by the participant before any plan benefits

begin, and overall limits on plan benefits that can be paid.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than the total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
32

Table 30. Non-health maintenance organizations: Limitations

on days of extended care facilities coverage, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000

Day limits

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans with day

limits on extended care ....... 16,715 3,939 4,980 7,795

Percent

Total in non-HMO plans with

day limits on extended care 100 100 100 100

First dollar coverage1 for a

limited number of days

per confinement .............. 5 2 4 6

Major medical coverage2 for

a limited number of days

per confinement .............. 19 23 17 18

First dollar coverage1 for a

limited number of days

per year .......................... 23 34 28 15

Major medical coverage2 for

a limited number of days

per year .......................... 52 39 49 61

60 days ............................. 15 16 16 15

90 days ............................. 3 2 4 3

100 days ........................... 11 7 10 13

120 days ........................... 13 10 14 14

Other ................................. 10 4 4 16

First dollar coverage1 for a

limited number of days

per lifetime ...................... 3 () 1 3 () -

Major medical coverage2 for

a limited number of days

per lifetime ...................... 1 1 2 3 ( )

1 Includes plans in which all expenses were reimbursed for the full

semiprivate room rate, up to a specified dollar amount. 2 Major medical limits apply to all benefits under the plan, not selected

individual benefits. Major medical limits are deductibles and coinsurance

percentages that must be paid by the participant before any plan benefits

begin, and overall limits on plan benefits that can be paid. 3 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no empoyees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 31. Health maintenance organizations: Extent of

coverage for extended care facilities, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in HMO

plans with extended care

benefits ............................... 15,744 4,119 4,455 7,170

Percent

Total in HMO plans with

extended care benefits ....... 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 15 18 14 14

Day limit ................................ 71 63 68 77

Per year1 .......................... 56 52 50 62

100 days ....................... 26 25 25 28

Per confinement ............... 15 11 18 15

Per lifetime ........................ 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )

A limit other than

a day limit applies ........... 14 19 18 9

1 Other day limit periods are not shown separately. 2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
33

Table 32. Non-health maintenance organizations: Extent of 

coverage for surgical services , full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of surgery and extent of

coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans with

inpatient surgery ................. 32,733 8,269 9,180 15,283

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans with

outpatient surgery ............... 32,733 8,269 9,180 15,283

Percent

Inpatient surgery

Total in non-HMO plans with

inpatient surgery ............. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ................... 16 21 17 13

Subject to limits other than

major medical ............. 4 6 4 3

Dollar limit ..................... 1 1 () 2 1

Separate coinsurance ... 1 2 1 1

Separate deductible ...... 1 1 1 () 1

Other limit ..................... 1 2 1 1 ( )

Major medical limits only2 80 73 79 85

Outpatient surgery3

Total in non-HMO plans with

outpatient surgery ........... 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ................... 15 21 16 11

Subject to limits other than

major medical ............. 10 12 8 10

Dollar limit ..................... 1 1 () 2 1

Separate coinsurance ... 2 2 1 3

Separate deductible ...... 6 7 4 6

Other limit ..................... 1 3 1 1 ( )

Major medical limits only2 75 67 76 79

1 Less than 0.5 percent. 2 Major medical limits apply to all benefits under the plan, not selected

individual benefits. Major medical limits are deductibles and coinsurance

percentages that must be paid by the participant before any plan benefits

begin, and overall limits on plan benefits that can be paid. 3 Charges incurred in the outpatient department of a hospital and outside

of the hospital.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than the total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.

Table 33. Health maintenance organizations: Extent of

coverage for physician’s office visits, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of

coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in HMO

plans with physician’s office

visits coverage .................... 19,895 5,564 5,709 8,622

Percent

Total in HMO plans with

physician’s office visits

coverage ............................. 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ....................... 7 9 4 7

Subject to a copayment1 ...... 92 90 95 91

Less than $5 .................... 4 7 5 3

$5 ..................................... 11 12 11 11

$10 ................................... 47 42 52 46

$15 .................................... 23 23 23 24

More than $15 ................. 5 4 4 7

Unspecified copayment .... 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 () -

Subject to other limits only .... 1 1 1 2

Not determinable .................. 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )

1 Includes other copayments not shown seperately. 2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
34

Table 34. Outpatient prescription drug benefits: Summary of

coverage, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Selected

features

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number of employees (in

thousands) with outpatient

prescription drug coverage 50,464 13,380 14,112 22,972

Percent

Total with outpatient

prescription drug

coverage ....................... 100 100 100 100

Coverage for brand name drugs 99 99 99 99

Higher reimbursement for

generic drugs ...................... 78 78 84 74

Coverage for mail order drugs1 64 64 64 65

Higher reimbursement for

prescriptions filled at

selected pharmacies ........... 42 45 39 42

1 Programs that provide drugs for maintenance purposes, that is, drugs

required on a continuous basis.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than the total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of coverage. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet

publication criteria.

Table 35. Outpatient prescription drug benefits: Brand name

drug provisions in non-health maintenance organizations,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Type of coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number of employees (in

thousands) in non-HMO

plans with outpatient brand

name drug coverage ........... 31,304 8,024 8,540 14,739

Percent

Total in non-HMO plans

with outpatient brand

name drug coverage ..... 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ........................... 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 () -

Covered with limits:

Subject to the major medical

limits of plan .................... 59 58 54 63

Subject to copayment per

prescription2 ................... 57 53 63 56

Less than $10.00 .............. 7 6 4 10

$10.00 ............................... 13 15 16 9

$15.00 ............................... 18 15 22 18

More than $15.00 ............. 14 10 17 14

Unspecified copayment .... 2 1 1 () 3

Subject to a separate yearly

deductible ....................... 7 9 8 6

Subject to a separate

coinsurance rate ............. 9 8 8 10

Subject to a separate yearly

maximum ........................ 4 1 () 4 5

Difference in cost between

generic and brand name

drugs3 ............................. 15 15 14 15

Other ..................................... 4 8 4 3

Not determinable .................. 4 4 4 4

1 Less than 0.5 percent. 2 Includes copayment amounts not shown separately. 3 In these plans, the participant is required to use a generic equivalent

when available; if a generic equivalent is not chosen, the individual must pay

the difference in total cost between the brand name and generic drug plus

any required copayment. For example, if an individual is subject to a $5

copayment for generic drugs and the brand name equivalent is purchased,

the individual must pay the difference in total cost between the brand name

and generic drug, plus the $5 copayment.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than the total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of coverage. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not

meet publication criteria.
35

Table 36. Outpatient prescription drug benefits: Brand name

drug provisions in health maintenance organizations, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000

Type of coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number of employees (in

thousands) in HMO plans

with outpatient brand name

drug coverage ..................... 18,611 5,207 5,490 7,913

Percent

Total in HMO plans with

outpatient brand name

drug coverage ............... 100 100 100 100

Covered in full ........................... 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( )

Covered with limits:

Subject to copayment per

prescription2 ................... 68 73 73 62

Less than $10.00 .............. 6 8 5 5

$10.00 ............................... 26 27 30 23

$15.00 ............................... 20 23 23 15

$20.00 ............................... 7 7 5 8

More than $20.00 ............. 1 () - 1 ( ) 1 ( )

Unspecified copayment .... 6 3 4 8

Subject to a separate yearly

deductible ....................... 4 4 6 3

Subject to a separate yearly

maximum ........................ 2 1 2 3

Difference in cost between

generic and brand name

drugs3 ............................. 20 19 21 19

Other ..................................... 8 8 7 10

Not determinable .................. 6 3 2 10

1 Less than 0.5 percent. 2 Includes copayment amounts not shown separately. 3 In these plans, the participant is required to use a generic equivalent

when available; if a generic equivalent is not chosen, the individual must pay

the difference in total cost between the brand name and generic drug plus

any required copayment. For example, if an individual is subject to a $5

copayment for generic drugs and the brand name equivalent is purchased,

the individual must pay the difference in total cost between the brand name

and generic drug, plus the $5 copayment.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than the total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of coverage. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet

publication criteria.

Table 37. Mental health care benefits: Comparison of 

coverage for hospital room and board and outpatient care with

other illnesses, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Relationship to

coverage for

other illnesses

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Percent

Inpatient care

Total covered ...................... 100 100 100 100

Covered the same .................... 13 13 11 14

Covered differently ................... 87 87 89 86

Outpatient care1

Total covered ...................... 100 100 100 100

Covered the same .................... 6 7 4 7

Covered differently ................... 94 93 96 93

1 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient

department of a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient

clinic, day-night treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by

location of treatment, the location offering the most beneficial coverage was

tabulated.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
36

Table 38. Mental health care benefits: Separate limits on

coverage, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical, and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient mental health care

benefits ............................... 48,739 12,866 13,564 22,309

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient mental health

care benefits ....................... 48,712 12,691 13,710 22,311

Percent

Inpatient care

Total with mental health care

benefits ........................... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits1 ........... 15 15 13 15

Subject to separate limits2 85 85 87 85

Days ............................. 76 72 77 77

Dollars .......................... 10 9 9 10

Coinsurance ................. 13 11 15 13

Copayment ................... 3 4 4 3

Other3 ........................... 4 5 5 3

Outpatient care4

Total with mental health care

benefits ........................... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits1 ........... 7 8 5 9

Subject to separate limits2 93 92 95 91

Days ............................. 72 74 75 70

Dollars .......................... 15 15 10 17

Coinsurance ................. 20 16 21 21

Copayment ................... 30 35 32 25

Other3 ........................... 16 10 20 17

1 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits; they

also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major medical limits of

the plan. 2 Separate limitations indicate that mental health care benefits are more

restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan limits inpatient

mental health care to 30 days per year, that plan contains separate limits. The

total is less than the sum of the individual items because many plans had more

than one type of limitation. 3 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments and

coinsurances for mental health care and all other illnesses. For example,

outpatient mental health care had a 50 percent coinsurance payment while office

visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 4 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient department of

a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient clinic, day-night

treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by location of treatment,

doctor’s office care was tabulated.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some participants

were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable, dash indicates

no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication criteria.

Table 39. Mental health care benefits: Separate limits on coverage

in health maintenance organizations, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical, and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient mental health care

benefits ............................... 18,171 5,189 5,229 7,752

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient mental health

care benefits ....................... 19,206 5,499 5,610 8,098

Percent

Inpatient care

Total with mental health care

benefits ........................... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits1 ........... 15 16 11 16

Subject to separate limits2 85 84 89 84

Days ............................. 77 73 81 77

Dollars .......................... 7 5 7 8

Coinsurance ................. 10 6 15 9

Copayment ................... 5 6 5 4

Other3 ........................... 2 3 2 2

Outpatient care4

Total with mental health care

benefits ........................... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits1 ........... 9 11 5 10

Subject to separate limits2 91 89 95 90

Days ............................. 77 74 81 75

Dollars .......................... 8 6 5 12

Coinsurance ................. 6 5 9 5

Copayment ................... 44 48 47 39

Other3 ........................... 8 7 11 7

1 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits; they

also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major medical limits of

the plan. 2 Separate limitations indicate that mental health care benefits are more

restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan limits inpatient

mental health care to 30 days per year, that plan contains separate limits. The

total is less than the sum of the individual items because many plans had more

than one type of limitation. 3 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments and

coinsurances for mental health care and all other illnesses. For example,

outpatient mental health care had a 50 percent coinsurance payment while office

visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 4 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient department of

a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient clinic, day-night

treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by location of treatment,

doctor’s office care was tabulated.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some participants

were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable, dash indicates

no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication criteria.
37

Table 40. Mental health care benefits: Separate limits on coverage

in non-health maintenance organizations, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical, and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient mental health care

benefits ............................... 30,568 7,676 8,335 14,557

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient mental health

care benefits ....................... 29,506 7,192 8,100 14,214

Percent

Inpatient care

Total with mental health care

benefits ........................... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits1 ........... 15 14 15 15

Subject to separate limits2 85 86 85 85

Days ............................. 75 72 74 77

Dollars .......................... 11 11 11 11

Coinsurance ................. 15 13 15 15

Copayment ................... 2 2 4 2

Other3 ........................... 5 6 7 3

Outpatient care4

Total with mental health care

benefits ........................... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits1 ........... 7 5 5 8

Subject to separate limits2 93 95 95 92

Days ............................. 70 75 72 66

Dollars .......................... 19 21 13 20

Coinsurance ................. 28 25 30 30

Copayment ................... 20 25 21 18

Other3 ........................... 22 13 27 23

1 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits; they

also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major medical limits of

the plan. 2 Separate limitations indicate that mental health care benefits are more

restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan limits inpatient

mental health care to 30 days per year, that plan contains separate limits. The

total is less than the sum of the individual items because many plans had more

than one type of limitation. 3 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments and

coinsurances for mental health care and all other illnesses. For example,

outpatient mental health care had a 50 percent coinsurance payment while office

visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 4 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient department of

a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient clinic, day-night

treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by location of treatment,

doctor’s office care was tabulated.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some participants

were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable, dash indicates

no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication criteria.

Table 41. Alcohol and drug abuse treatment benefits: 

Relationship between provisions, full-time employees, National

Compensation Survey, private industry, 2000

Relationship of

coverage

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

medical care ....................... 52,627 13,833 14,890 23,905

Percent

Total .......................................... 100 100 100 100

Covered together1 ................ 78 74 76 81

Covered separately but with

the same limits3 .............. 1 3 1 2 ( )

Other4 ................................... 14 16 15 12

Not determinable .................. 7 6 8 7

1 These are plans where all limits that apply to alcohol abuse treatment

also apply to drug abuse treatment. When care is received for one of these

types of treatment, it reduces the availability of care from the other. For

example, if alcohol and drug abuse treatments are limited to 30 days per year

and 20 days are used for alcohol abuse treatment, then there are 10 days left

for drug abuse treatment. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 These are plans where alcohol and drug abuse treatments are subject

to separate but identical limits. For example, alcohol abuse treatment is

limited to 30 days per year and drug abuse treatment is limited to a separate

30 days per year. 4 Includes plans where alcohol abuse treatment coverage differs from

drug abuse treatment coverage.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
38

Table 42. Substance abuse treatment benefits: Relationship

to coverage for other illnesses, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Relationship to

coverage for

other illnesses

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Percent

Alcohol abuse

Total with inpatient

detoxification1 ................. 100 100 100 100

Covered the same .................... 26 27 26 25

Covered differently ................... 74 73 74 75

Total with inpatient

rehabilitation2 ................ 100 100 100 100

Covered the same .................... 7 8 8 6

Covered differently ................... 93 92 92 94

Total with outpatient

rehabilitation3 ................ 100 100 100 100

Covered the same .................... 8 12 6 8

Covered differently ................... 92 88 94 92

Drug abuse

Total with inpatient

detoxification1 ................. 100 100 100 100

Covered the same .................... 26 26 25 26

Covered differently ................... 74 74 75 74

Total with inpatient

rehabilitation2 ................ 100 100 100 100

Covered the same .................... 7 7 8 6

Covered differently ................... 93 93 92 94

Total with outpatient

rehabilitation3 ................ 100 100 100 100

Covered the same .................... 8 11 6 8

Covered differently ................... 92 89 94 92

1 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 2 Rehabilitation is designed to alter the abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 3 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient

department of a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient

clinic, day-night treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by

location of treatment, the location offering the most beneficial coverage was

tabulated.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
39

Table 43. Alcohol abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits

on coverage, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient detoxification

benefits ............................... 49,703 13,074 14,030 22,598

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 41,868 10,908 11,918 19,043

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 44,840 11,710 12,468 20,661

Percent

Inpatient detoxification1

Total with inpatient

detoxification benefits ..... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 27 29 27 27

Subject to separate limits3 73 71 73 73

Days ............................. 53 53 55 52

Dollars .......................... 27 22 23 33

Coinsurance ................. 7 8 8 7

Copayment ................... 3 4 3 3

Other4 ........................... 5 5 7 4

Inpatient rehabilitation5

Total with inpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 8 9 9 6

Subject to separate limits3 92 91 91 94

Days ............................. 67 68 67 67

Dollars .......................... 32 26 28 38

Coinsurance ................. 11 10 13 10

Copayment ................... 5 6 5 4

Other4 ........................... 7 6 9 5

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 43. Alcohol abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits

on coverage, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000 — Continued

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Outpatient rehabilitation

Total with outpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 9 12 7 8

Subject to separate limits3 91 88 93 92

Days ............................. 61 63 64 59

Dollars .......................... 34 29 30 39

Coinsurance ................. 16 12 17 18

Copayment ................... 21 25 25 17

Other4 ........................... 17 11 23 17

1 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 2 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits;

they also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major

medical limits of the plan. 3 Separate limitations indicate that alcohol abuse treatment benefits are

more restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan

limits inpatient rehabilitation care to 30 days per year, but the limit on

inpatient care for any other type of illness is greater than 30 days per year,

the plan contains separate limits. The total is less than the sum of the

individual items because many plans had more than one type of limitation. 4 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments

and coinsurances for alcohol abuse treatment and all other illnesses. For

example, outpatient alcohol abuse treatment had a 50 percent coinsurance

payment while office visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 5 Rehabilitation is designed to alter the abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
40

Table 44. Drug abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits on

coverage, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient detoxification

benefits ............................... 49,553 13,050 13,979 22,524

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 41,607 10,847 11,879 18,881

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 44,402 11,644 12,429 20,329

Percent

Inpatient detoxification1

Total with inpatient

detoxification benefits ..... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 27 28 27 27

Subject to separate limits3 73 72 73 73

Days ............................. 54 54 55 52

Dollars .......................... 27 22 24 33

Coinsurance ................. 7 7 8 7

Copayment ................... 3 4 3 3

Other4 ........................... 5 5 7 4

Inpatient rehabilitation5

Total with inpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 7 8 9 6

Subject to separate limits3 93 92 91 94

Days ............................. 68 69 68 67

Dollars .......................... 32 26 28 38

Coinsurance ................. 11 10 13 10

Copayment ................... 5 6 5 4

Other4 ........................... 7 6 9 6

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 44. Drug abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits on

coverage, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000 — Continued

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Outpatient rehabilitation6

Total with outpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 8 11 6 8

Subject to separate limits3 92 89 94 92

Days ............................. 62 64 64 59

Dollars .......................... 34 29 30 39

Coinsurance ................. 16 12 17 17

Copayment ................... 21 25 24 17

Other4 ........................... 17 11 23 17

1 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 2 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits;

they also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major

medical limits of the plan. 3 Separate limitations indicate that drug abuse treatment benefits are

more restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan

limits inpatient rehabilitation care to 30 days per year, but the limit on

inpatient care for any other type of illness is greater than 30 days per year,

the plan contains separate limits. The total is less than the sum of the

individual items because many plans had more than one type of limitation. 4 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments

and coinsurances for drug abuse treatment and all other illnesses. For

example, outpatient drug abuse treatment had a 50 percent coinsurance

payment while office visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 5 Rehabilitation is designed to alter the abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 6 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient

department of a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient

clinic, day-night treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by

location of treatment, the location offering the most beneficial coverage was

tabulated.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
41

Table 45. Alcohol abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits

on coverage in health maintenance organizations, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient detoxification

benefits ............................... 19,547 5,499 5,652 8,396

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 15,196 4,233 4,357 6,606

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 17,405 5,032 4,967 7,406

Percent

Inpatient detoxification1

Total with inpatient

detoxification benefits ..... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 40 42 38 40

Subject to separate limits3 60 58 62 60

Days ............................. 43 42 46 42

Dollars .......................... 15 11 15 19

Coinsurance ................. 4 4 5 3

Copayment ................... 5 8 4 3

Other4 ........................... 5 4 4 6

Inpatient rehabilitation5

Total with inpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 11 17 13 6

Subject to separate limits3 89 83 87 94

Days ............................. 68 61 67 73

Dollars .......................... 22 16 20 27

Coinsurance ................. 10 8 14 8

Copayment ................... 10 12 10 8

Other4 ........................... 7 4 6 9

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 45. Alcohol abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits

on coverage in health maintenance organizations, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000 — Continued

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Outpatient rehabilitation6

Total with outpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 17 22 11 17

Subject to separate limits3 83 78 89 83

Days ............................. 61 57 64 62

Dollars .......................... 22 17 20 27

Coinsurance ................. 6 4 7 7

Copayment ................... 32 30 37 29

Other4 ........................... 10 8 15 8

1 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 2 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits;

they also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major

medical limits of the plan. 3 Separate limitations indicate that alcohol abuse treatment benefits are

more restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan

limits inpatient rehabilitation care to 30 days per year, but the limit on

inpatient care for any other type of illness is greater than 30 days per year,

the plan contains separate limits. The total is less than the sum of the

individual items because many plans had more than one type of limitation. 4 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments

and coinsurances for alcohol abuse treatment and all other illnesses. For

example, outpatient alcohol abuse treatment had a 50 percent coinsurance

payment while office visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 5 Rehabilitation is designed to alter the abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 6 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient

department of a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient

clinic, day-night treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by

location of treatment, the location offering the most beneficial coverage was

tabulated.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
42

Table 46. Drug abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits on

coverage in health maintenance organizations, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient detoxification

benefits ............................... 19,547 5,499 5,652 8,396

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 15,196 4,233 4,357 6,606

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 17,269 5,032 4,967 7,270

Percent

Inpatient detoxification1

Total with inpatient

detoxification benefits ..... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 39 40 37 39

Subject to separate limits3 61 60 63 61

Days ............................. 44 44 47 42

Dollars .......................... 15 11 15 19

Coinsurance ................. 4 4 5 3

Copayment ................... 5 8 4 3

Other4 ........................... 5 4 4 6

Inpatient rehabilitation5

Total with inpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 10 15 11 6

Subject to separate limits3 90 85 89 94

Days ............................. 68 64 68 71

Dollars .......................... 22 16 20 27

Coinsurance ................. 10 8 14 8

Copayment ................... 10 12 10 8

Other4 ........................... 7 4 6 9

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 46. Drug abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits on

coverage in health maintenance organizations, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000 — Continued

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Outpatient rehabilitation6

Total with outpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 16 20 10 17

Subject to separate limits3 84 80 90 83

Days ............................. 62 59 66 62

Dollars .......................... 22 17 20 28

Coinsurance ................. 5 4 7 5

Copayment ................... 31 29 36 29

Other4 ........................... 10 8 15 8

1 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 2 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits;

they also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major

medical limits of the plan. 3 Separate limitations indicate that drug abuse treatment benefits are

more restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan

limits inpatient rehabilitation care to 30 days per year, but the limit on

inpatient care for any other type of illness is greater than 30 days per year,

the plan contains separate limits. The total is less than the sum of the

individual items because many plans had more than one type of limitation. 4 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments

and coinsurances for drug abuse treatment and all other illnesses. For

example, outpatient drug abuse treatment had a 50 percent coinsurance

payment while office visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 5 Rehabilitation is designed to alter the abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 6 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient

department of a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient

clinic, day-night treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by

location of treatment, the location offering the most beneficial coverage was

tabulated.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
43

Table 47. Alcohol abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits

on coverage in non-health maintenance organizations,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient detoxification

benefits ............................... 30,155 7,575 8,378 14,202

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 26,672 6,675 7,560 12,437

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 27,435 6,679 7,501 13,255

Percent

Inpatient detoxification1

Total with inpatient

detoxification benefits ..... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 19 20 20 19

Subject to separate limits3 81 80 80 81

Days ............................. 60 61 60 59

Dollars .......................... 35 29 29 41

Coinsurance ................. 10 10 10 9

Copayment ................... 2 1 2 3

Other4 ........................... 6 6 9 3

Inpatient rehabilitation5

Total with inpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 6 4 7 6

Subject to separate limits3 94 96 93 94

Days ............................. 67 72 68 64

Dollars .......................... 38 33 32 44

Coinsurance ................. 12 11 13 11

Copayment ................... 2 2 2 3

Other4 ........................... 7 8 11 4

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 47. Alcohol abuse treatment benefits: Separate limits

on coverage in non-health maintenance organizations,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000 — Continued

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Outpatient rehabilitation6

Total with outpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 3 4 4 3

Subject to separate limits3 97 96 96 97

Days ............................. 61 67 63 57

Dollars .......................... 41 38 36 46

Coinsurance ................. 23 19 24 25

Copayment ................... 14 21 17 10

Other4 ........................... 21 14 28 21

1 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 2 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits;

they also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major

medical limits of the plan. 3 Separate limitations indicate that alcohol abuse treatment benefits are

more restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan

limits inpatient rehabilitation care to 30 days per year, but the limit on

inpatient care for any other type of illness is greater than 30 days per year,

the plan contains separate limits. The total is less than the sum of the

individual items because many plans had more than one type of limitation. 4 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments

and coinsurances for alcohol abuse treatment and all other illnesses. For

example, outpatient alcohol abuse treatment had a 50 percent coinsurance

payment while office visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 5 Rehabilitation is designed to alter the abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 6 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient

department of a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient

clinic, day-night treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by

location of treatment, the location offering the most beneficial coverage was

tabulated.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
44

Table 48. Drug abuse treatment benefits: Limits on coverage

in non-health maintenance organizations, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient detoxification

benefits ............................... 30,006 7,551 8,328 14,128

Number (in thousands) with

inpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 26,411 6,614 7,521 12,275

Number (in thousands) with

outpatient rehabilitation

benefits ............................... 27,133 6,612 7,462 13,059

Percent

Inpatient detoxification1

Total with inpatient

detoxification benefits ..... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 20 20 20 20

Subject to separate limits3 80 80 80 80

Days ............................. 60 61 61 59

Dollars .......................... 35 29 29 41

Coinsurance ................. 9 10 10 9

Copayment ................... 3 2 2 3

Other4 ........................... 6 6 9 3

Inpatient rehabilitation5

Total with inpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 6 4 8 6

Subject to separate limits3 94 96 92 94

Days ............................. 67 73 68 64

Dollars .......................... 38 33 32 45

Coinsurance ................. 11 11 13 11

Copayment ................... 2 2 3 3

Other4 ........................... 7 8 11 4

See footnotes at end of table.

Table 48. Drug abuse treatment benefits: Limits on coverage

in non-health maintenance organizations, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000 —

Continued

Coverage limitation

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Outpatient rehabilitation6

Total with outpatient

rehabilitation benefits ...... 100 100 100 100

No separate limits2 ........... 3 4 4 3

Subject to separate limits3 97 96 96 97

Days ............................. 62 68 64 58

Dollars .......................... 41 38 36 46

Coinsurance ................. 23 19 24 24

Copayment ................... 15 21 17 10

Other4 ........................... 22 14 28 22

1 Detoxification is the systematic use of medication and other methods

under medical supervision to reduce or eliminate the effects of substance

abuse. 2 These include plans that provide coverage without any separate limits;

they also include plans that provide coverage subject to only the major

medical limits of the plan. 3 Separate limitations indicate that drug abuse treatment benefits are

more restrictive than benefits for other treatments. For example, if a plan

limits inpatient rehabilitation care to 30 days per year, but the limit on

inpatient care for any other type of illness is greater than 30 days per year,

the plan contains separate limits. The total is less than the sum of the

individual items because many plans had more than one type of limitation. 4 These are plans when comparisons were made between copayments

and coinsurances for drug abuse treatment and all other illnesses. For

example, outpatient drug abuse treatment had a 50 percent coinsurance

payment while office visits for other illnesses had a $10 copayment. 5 Rehabilitation is designed to alter the abusive behavior in patients once

they are free of acute physical and mental complications. 6 Includes treatment in one or more of the following: outpatient

department of a hospital, residential treatment center, organized outpatient

clinic, day-night treatment center, or doctor’s office. If benefits differed by

location of treatment, the location offering the most beneficial coverage was

tabulated.

NOTE: Sum of individual items is greater than total because some

participants were in plans with more than one type of limit. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
45

Table 49. Non-health mantenance organizations: Pre-existing

condition provisions,1 full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Pre-existing

condition

provisions

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) in

non-HMO plans .................. 32,733 8,269 9,180 15,283

Percent

Total with non-HMO plans ........ 100 100 100 100

Pre-existing condition clause 49 50 43 52

No pre-existing condition

clause ............................. 43 39 48 42

Not determinable .................. 8 10 9 6

1 A pre-existing condition is any ailment present at the time the

participant enrolls in the plan. Plans will typically deny or limit coverage of

such conditions for a specific time period following enrollment.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 50. Dental care benefits: Fee arrangement and financial

intermediary, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Fee arrangement

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

dental care .......................... 30,352 9,202 8,783 12,367

Percent

Total with dental care ............... 100 100 100 100

Traditional fee-for-service1 ... 60 59 57 63

Self insured2 ..................... 38 31 34 46

Fully insured ..................... 19 27 18 15

Combined financing .......... 3 2 5 2

Preferred provider

organization3 .................. 25 26 26 23

Self insured2 ..................... 13 12 13 14

Fully insured ..................... 12 14 13 9

Health maintenance

organization4 .................. 15 14 17 14

Self insured2 ..................... 3 2 3 3

Fully insured ..................... 12 12 13 10

Other6 ................................... 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 () -

1 These plans pay for specific dental procedures as expenses are

incurred. 2 Includes plans that are financed on a pay-as-you-go basis, plans

financed through contributions to a trust fund established to pay benefits, and

plans operating their own facilities if at least partially financed by employer

contributions. Includes plans that are administered by a commercial carrier

through Administrative Services Only (ASO) contracts. 3 A preferred provider organization (PPO) is a group of hospitals and

dentists that contracts to provide comprehensive dental services. To

encourage use of organization members, the dental care plan limits

reimbursement rates when participants use nonmember services. 4 Delivers comprehensive dental care on a prepayment rather than

fee-for-service basis. 5 Less than 0.5 percent. 6 Includes exclusive provider organizations, which are groups of hospitals

and dentists that contract to provide comprehensive dental services. 

Participants are required to obtain services from members of the organization

in order to receive plan benefits.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
46

Table 51. Dental care benefits: Coverage for selected procedures, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Extent of coverage

Type of dental procedure

Exams X-rays Surgery1 Fillings Periodontal care

Endodontics Crowns ProstheticsOrthodontia2

Number (in thousands) with

dental care .............................. 30,352 30,352 30,352 30,352 30,352 30,352 30,352 30,352 30,352

Professional, technical, and

related employees .......... 9,202 9,202 9,202 9,202 9,202 9,202 9,202 9,202 9,202

Clerical and sales employees 8,783 8,783 8,783 8,783 8,783 8,783 8,783 8,783 8,783

Blue-collar and service

employees ...................... 12,367 12,367 12,367 12,367 12,367 12,367 12,367 12,367 12,367

Percent

All employees

Total ................................ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Covered3 .............................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 99 68

In full4 ............................... 15 15 37541 5 ( ) 5 ( )

Scheduled cash allowance 446666656

Subject to copayment6 ..... 2 1 7 5 7 8 9 9 11

Percent of usual,

customary and

reasonable charge ...... 80 80 84 82 82 83 84 85 59

Other7 ............................... 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 () 1 5 ( ) 5 () 1 1 1

Not covered .......................... - - 5 () - 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 1 1 28

Not determinable .................. - - 5 () - - - - - 4

Professional, technical, and

related employees

Total ................................ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Covered3 .............................. 100 100 100 100 99 100 98 98 67

In full4 ............................... 13 14 14111 5 ( ) 5 ( )

Scheduled cash allowance 336666658

Subject to copayment6 ..... 3 2 10 8 10 11 11 11 10

Percent of usual,

customary and

reasonable charge ...... 81 81 83 82 82 83 81 82 55

Other7 ............................... 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 () 2

Not covered .......................... - - 5 () - 1 5 ( ) 2 2 27

Not determinable .................. - - 5 () - - - - - 6

See footnotes at end of table.
47

Table 51. Dental care benefits: Coverage for selected procedures, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000 — Continued

Extent of coverage

Type of dental procedure

Exams X-rays Surgery1 Fillings Periodontal care

Endodontics Crowns ProstheticsOrthodontia2

Percent

Clerical and sales employees

Total ................................ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Covered3 .............................. 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 98 67

In full4 ............................... 17 16 5 10 8811 5 ( )

Scheduled cash allowance 225455546

Subject to copayment6 ..... 224445769

Percent of usual,

customary and

reasonable charge ...... 80 80 87 83 84 84 87 88 60

Other7 ............................... 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 () 1 5 ( ) 5 () 1 1 2

Not covered .......................... - - 5 () - 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 2 2 29

Not determinable .................. - - 5 () - - - - - 4

Blue-collar and service

employees

Total ................................ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Covered3 .............................. 100 100 99 100 99 100 100 100 70

In full4 ............................... 15 15 4752 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( )

Scheduled cash allowance 556676665

Subject to copayment6 ..... 1 1 7 4 7 9 9 9 14

Percent of usual,

customary and

reasonable charge ...... 79 79 82 82 81 83 84 84 61

Other7 ............................... 5 ( ) 5 () 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Not covered .......................... - - 5 () - 1 - 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 28

Not determinable .................. - - 5 () - - - - - 2

1 Excludes plans that limited coverage to accidental injuries, removal

of impacted wisdom teeth, or repair of jaw. 2 Participants were included as having coverage for orthodontia in

cases where benefits were limited to children. 3 Sum of individual items is greater than total because some

participants were in plans with more than one limit. 4 Includes plans that paid the full cost with no deductible or maximum

dollar amount. 5 Less than 0.5 percent. 6 Participant pays a specific amount per procedure and plan pays all

remaining expenses. In the case of orthodontia, the copayment is

generally applied once per lifetime. 7 Includes plans that provide care based on an incentive schedule or

discounted benefit. An incentive schedule is a reimbursement

arrangement in which the percentage of dental expenses paid by the plan

increases if regular dental appointments are scheduled. Discounted

benefits are available if obtained from an approved provider.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal

totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category,

or data do not meet publication criteria. 
48

Table 52. Dental care benefits: Percent of charges paid by plan for selected procedures, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Percent of usual, customary,

and reasonable charge

Type of dental procedure

Exams X-rays Surgery1 Fillings Periodontal care

Endodontics Crowns ProstheticsOrthodontia

Number of employees (in

thousands) in dental plans

with coverage based on a

percentage of charges ............ 24,158 24,323 25,442 24,960 24,935 25,211 25,507 25,662 17,811

Professional, technical,

and related employees 7,433 7,447 7,636 7,545 7,580 7,612 7,464 7,569 5,020

Clerical and sales

employees .................. 6,983 7,059 7,645 7,248 7,343 7,393 7,673 7,707 5,237

Blue-collar and service

employees .................. 9,743 9,816 10,161 10,167 10,012 10,206 10,370 10,387 7,554

Percent

All employees

Total with dental care based

on a percentage of

charges2 ......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

50 ...................................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 3 7 5 67 71 87

60 ...................................... - - 3 ( ) 3 () 1 3 ( ) 13 13 6

80 ...................................... 12 13 70 69 66 67 9 8 3

1004 .................................. 82 80 8 10 89432

Professional, technical, and

related employees

Total with dental care based

on a percentage of

charges2 ......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

50 ...................................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 4 3 7 6 68 70 87

60 ...................................... - - 3 ( ) 3 () 1 3 ( ) 15 16 5

80 ...................................... 8 9 67 68 64 65 5 4 3

1004 .................................. 89 87 13 14 13 14 8 8 3

Clerical and sales employees

Total with dental care based

on a percentage of

charges2 ......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

50 ...................................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 6 3 9 7 71 74 88

60 ...................................... - - 1 1 1 1 11 11 8

80 ...................................... 13 14 74 73 71 71 11 8 1

1004 .................................. 80 79 4556322

See footnotes at end of table.
49

Table 52. Dental care benefits: Percent of charges paid by plan for selected procedures, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000 — Continued

Percent of usual, customary,

and reasonable charge

Type of dental procedure

Exams X-rays Surgery1 Fillings Periodontal care

Endodontics Crowns ProstheticsOrthodontia

Percent

Blue-collar and service

employees

Total with dental care based

on a percentage of

charges2 ......................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

50 ...................................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 2 5 3 65 69 86

60 ...................................... - - 3 ( ) 3 () 1 3 ( ) 13 13 4

80 ...................................... 14 14 69 66 65 66 10 11 5

1004 .................................. 79 76 7 10 79312

1 Excludes plans that limited coverage to accidental injuries, removal

of impacted wisdom teeth, or repair of jaw. 2 Includes other percentages not presented separately. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 Includes plans that paid 100 percent of charges, but imposed a

deductible and limited payment to a maximum dollar amount.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal

totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category,

or data do not meet publication criteria.
50

Table 53. Dental care benefits: Amount of individual

deductibles,1 full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of deductible

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

dental care ............................ 30,352 9,202 8,783 12,367

Percent

Total with dental care ........... 100 100 100 100

Subject to separate dental

deductible2 ........................ 70 75 68 68

Yearly deductible only .... 68 73 67 65

$25 .......................... 20 22 17 20

$50 .......................... 39 43 40 35

Other ....................... 9 8 10 10

Lifetime deductible only .. 1 1 3 () 2

Both yearly and lifetime

deductibles ............... 1 1 3 () 1

No deductible .......................... 30 25 32 32

Not determinable .................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 () –

Average4

Average employee yearly

deductible ............................. $48 $46 $50 $47

1 Amount of deductible described is for each insured person. In some

plans, the individual and family deductibles are identical. Excludes separate

deductibles for orthodontic procedures. 2 A single deductible may not apply to all covered dental procedures. If

separate deductibles applied to different procedures, the sum of the deductible

amounts was tabulated. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude

workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not

meet publication criteria.

Table 54. Dental care benefits: Relationship of yearly family

deductibles to yearly individual deductibles, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey,

2000

Relationship

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

dental care .......................... 30,352 9,202 8,783 12,367

Percent

Total with dental care ......... 100 100 100 100

With individual and family

deductible ........................... 48 53 48 44

Family deductible is:

2 times individual

deductible ................... 11 11 10 10

3 times individual

deductible ................... 35 41 35 32

Other ................................. 2 1 3 2

No individual or family

deductible ........................... 52 47 52 56

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
51

Table 55. Dental care benefits: Services covered by

deductible1 provision, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Categories of care

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

dental deductible .................. 20,838 6,796 5,941 8,102

Percent

Total with a dental deductible 100 100 100 100

All categories2 ........................ 15 13 12 20

All except exams and x-rays ... 53 58 56 46

All except exams, x-rays, and

orthodontia ........................ 22 22 19 25

All except orthodontia ............. 7 2 11 7

Other3 ..................................... 3 5 2 3

1 Includes plans with both a yearly deductible only, and a yearly and

lifetime deductible. 2 This applies to all categories of care covered by the plan. The

categories of dental care are exams, x-rays, surgery, fillings, periodontal care,

endodontics, crowns, prosthetics, and orthodontia. 3 Includes other category combinations.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not

meet publication criteria.

Table 56. Dental care benefits: Maximum benefit provisions,1

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Dollar amount2

All

 employees

Professional,

technical,

 and

related

employees

Clerical

 and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

 and

service

 employees

Number (in thousands) with

dental care .......................... 30,352 9,202 8,783 12,367

Percent

Total with dental care ......... 100 100 100 100

Yearly maximum specified3 ...... 81 84 80 78

Less than $1,000 .................. 4 6 4 3

$1,000 ................................... 35 34 35 37

$1,001-$1,499 ...................... 4 4 4 5

$1,500 ................................... 28 30 30 27

Greater than $1,500 ............. 8 11 8 6

No yearly maximum .................. 19 16 19 22

Maximum provision not

determinable ....................... 4 ( ) 4 () 1 4 ( )

Average5

Average yearly maximum ......... $1,275 $1,297 $1,280 $1,253

1 Includes all covered dental procedures except orthodontia. Amount of

maximum specified is for each insured person. 2 Coverage for dental procedures may also be subject to scheduled

allowance, deductible, or coinsurance provisions in addition to maximum

dollar limitations. 3 If separate yearly maximums applied to different procedures, the sum

of the maximums was tabulated. Maximums applied to dental expenses only. 4 Less than 0.5 percent. 5 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude

workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
52

Table 57. Orthodontic care benefits: Maximum benefit

provisions, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Dollar amount1

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

orthodontic care .................. 21,885 6,682 6,265 8,938

Percent

Total with orthodontic care 100 100 100 100

Lifetime maximum specified .... 76 78 74 76

Less than $1,000 .................. 7 5 9 8

$1,000 ................................... 33 26 35 38

$1,001-$1,499 ...................... 5 5 3 6

$1,500 ................................... 22 30 19 17

Greater than $1,500 ............. 8 11 7 7

Dollar amount unspecified .... 2 () 1 2 ( ) 2 ( )

No lifetime maximum ................ 18 14 20 21

Provision not determinable ....... 5 8 6 3

Average3

Average lifetime maximum ....... $1,227 $1,335 $1,187 $1,177

1 Coverage for orthodontia procedure may also be subject to scheduled

allowance, deductible, or coinsurance provisions in addition to maximum

dollar limitations. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude

workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 58. Dental care benefits: Pretreatment authorization

provisions, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Preauthorization

provision

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

dental care .......................... 30,352 9,202 8,783 12,367

Percent

Total with dental care ......... 100 100 100 100

Preauthorization required ......... 49 46 46 52

Minimum expense requiring

preauthorization:

Less than $200 ................. 5 4 4 7

$200-$299 ........................ 17 20 17 14

$300 or more .................... 21 16 22 24

Dollar amount unspecified 6 7 3 8

Preauthorization not required ... 40 37 44 39

Provision not determinable ....... 12 17 10 9

Average1

Average minimum expense

requiring preauthorization ... $261 $260 $265 $260

1 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude

workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
53

Table 59. Vision care benefits: Coverage for selected services, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Type of vision benefit Total Covered1 Covered

in full

Scheduled

allowance

Copayment Other2 Not

covered

Not

determinable

Percent

All employees

Eye exam .............................. 100 99 20 29 45 14 1 -

Contact lenses3 .................... 100 95 3 67 19 28 4 1

Eyeglasses ........................... 100 100 12 55 24 28 - -

Professional, technical,

and

related employees

Eye exam .............................. 100 99 24 35 37 19 1 -

Contact lenses3 .................... 100 95 2 75 13 35 2 3

Eyeglasses ........................... 100 100 15 59 21 34 - -

Clerical and sales

employees

Eye exam .............................. 100 100 22 24 48 14 4 () -

Contact lenses3 .................... 100 95 5 61 25 27 4 4 ( )

Eyeglasses ........................... 100 100 12 52 27 24 - -

Blue-collar and service

employees

Eye exam .............................. 100 99 16 28 49 11 1 -

Contact lenses3 .................... 100 95 3 65 19 24 5 -

Eyeglasses ........................... 100 100 9 53 25 26 - -

1 The total is less than the sum of individual items because

many participants are in plans with more than one type of

limitation. 2 Includes plans subject to coinsurance and retail discount. 3 Includes plans that provide coverage for elected contact

lenses; medically necessary contact lenses, i.e., cataract surgery,

is normally provided under the surgical portion of the medical plan

and is not described in this table. 4 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in

this category.
54 

Chapter 3. Retirement Income Benefits

 efined benefit pension plans provide employees with 

guaranteed retirement benefits based on predetermined benefit formulas. A participant’s retirement age, 

length of service, and preretirement earnings may affect the 

benefits received. Definitions, key provisions, and related 

terms follow. 

Benefit formulas 

Terminal earnings formulas. Benefits are based on a percentage of average earnings during a specified number of 

years at the end of a worker’s career (or when earnings are 

highest) multiplied by the number of years of service recognized by the plan. 

Career-earnings formulas. Benefits are based on a percentage of an average of career earnings for every year of 

service recognized by the plan. 

Dollar amount formulas. Benefits are based on a dollar 

amount for each year of service recognized by the plan. 

Cash account formulas. Benefits are computed as a percent 

of each employee’s account balance. Employers specify a 

contribution, and a rate of interest on that contribution, that 

will provide a predetermined amount at retirement. 

Percent of contribution formulas. Benefits are based on 

employer, and, occasionally, employee contributions. 

Benefits equal a percent of total contributions. 

Normal retirement 

Normal retirement is the age at which plan participants 

could retire and receive all accrued benefits. 

Early retirement 

Early retirement is the age (or a combination of age and 

service) at which plan participants could retire and receive 

all accrued benefits less a reduction for the years prior to 

their normal retirement age. 

Benefit payment methods 

Payments from defined benefit plans may be in the form of 

a straight-life annuity, joint-and-survivor annuity, percent 

of unreduced accrued benefit, or a lump sum. 

Straight life annuity. A periodic payment made for the life 

of the retiree, with no additional payments to survivors. 

Joint and survivor annuity. The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) requires defined benefit pension plans that offer an annuity as a payment option 

to provide a qualified joint and survivor annuity (QJSA) as 

the normal benefit payment for married participants. A 

QJSA is an immediate annuity for the life of the participant 

and a survivor annuity for the life of the participant’s 

spouse. The amount of the survivor annuity may not be 

less than 50 percent nor more than 100 percent of the 

amount payable during the time that the participant and 

spouse are both alive. The annuity payable for the life of 

the participant is lower than that for a straight-life annuity. 

To account for the increased length of time over which 

payments will be made, this reduction may be a percent of 

the straight-life benefit, such as 10 percent, or based on the 

life expectancy of the participant and spouse (the so-called 

actuarial reduction). 

Percent of unreduced accrued benefit. Under this method, 

the participant’s pension is not reduced to adjust for survivor benefits. The participant will receive an amount equal 

to the straight-life annuity and the spouse will receive a 

proportion of that amount, often 50 percent, should the participant die. 

Lump-sum payment. The participant may opt for a fulllump sum, with no further benefits received from the plan. 

If a plan provides for a partial lump-sum payment, the participant will usually receive a reduced annuity as well. 

Vesting 

Vesting refers to the amount of time a participant must 

work before earning a nonforfeitable right to a retirement 

benefit. Once vested, the accrued benefit is retained even if 

the worker leaves the employer before reaching retirement 

age. 

Cliff vesting. No vesting occurs until an employee satisfies 

the service requirements for 100-percent vesting, for example after 5 years. 

Graduated vesting. An employee’s nonforfeitable percentage of employer contributions increases over time until 

vesting reaches 100 percent. 

D
55 

Integration with Social Security 

Defined benefit plans may “integrate” retirement benefits 

with Social Security benefits. Under this approach the employer’s contribution to Social Security (FICA taxes) is 

taken into account when computing plan benefits. Integration may be accomplished by an offset or a step-rate 

method. 

Offset. Part of a participant’s Social Security benefit is 

subtracted from the benefit otherwise payable by the plan. 

The maximum allowable offset is half of the annual Social 

Security benefit. 

Step-rate. Lower benefit rates are applied to earnings up to 

the specified taxable Social Security wage base (i.e., the 

earnings subject to Social Security tax) in a given year. 

Portability 

Portability is a participant’s ability to maintain and transfer 

accumulated pension benefits when changing jobs. Portability provisions in defined benefit plans generally cover 

portability of assets, portability of credited service, or both. 

Portability of assets. Participants can withdraw their accumulated pension benefits and/or transfer them to another 

retirement arrangement. 

Portability of credited service. Participants are allowed to 

count the years of service with a previous employer when 

determining benefits from a later employer. 

Disability retirement 

Retirement resulting from a totally disabling injury or illness before a participant’s eligibility for early or normal retirement. Plans providing disability retirement benefits 

may have a service requirement of 10 years or more. Benefits may be immediate or deferred. 

Post-retirement pension increases 

Benefits received by retired participants may be adjusted to 

account for loss of purchasing power due to inflation. 

Some plans specify automatic cost-of-living increases, usually based on changes in the Consumer Price Index. Some 

employers provide discretionary or ad hoc increases to adjust retiree benefits for inflation. 

Defined Contribution Plans 

Defined contribution plans are retirement plans that specify 

the level of employer contributions and place those contributions into individual employee accounts. 

Plan types 

Savings and thrift plans. A retirement plan under which 

employees may contribute a predetermined portion of earnings (usually pretax) to an individual account, all or part of 

which the employer matches. Employers may match a 

fixed percent of employee contributions or a percent that 

varies by length of service, the amount of employee contribution, or other factors. Contributions are invested as directed by the employee or employer. Although usually designed as a long-term savings vehicle, savings and thrift 

plans may allow pre-retirement withdrawals and loans. 

Deferred profit-sharing plans. A retirement plan under 

which a company credits a portion of company profits to 

employees’ accounts. Plans may set a fixed formula for 

sharing profits, but this is not a requirement. Most plans 

hold money in employee accounts until retirement, disability, or death. 

Money purchase pension plans. A retirement plan under 

which fixed employer contributions, typically calculated as a 

percentage of employee earnings, are allocated to individual

employee accounts. Some plans may allow employee contributions, but employees are usually not required to make any 

contributions. Employers may also make profit-sharing contributions to these plans at their discretion. 

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). A retirement plan 

under which the employer pays a designated amount, often 

borrowed, into a fund which then invests primarily in company stock. Any debt incurred in the purchase of the stock is 

repaid by the company. Stock is then distributed to employees according to an allocation formula. 

Investment choices 

Company stock. Employees receive equity in the company 

that sponsors the defined contribution plan. 

Common stock fund. A professionally managed fund that 

invests in the common stock of a variety of companies. 

Fixed interest securities. Bonds and other non-Federal instruments that pay a fixed interest rate over a period of 

time. 

Diversified investments. Any professionally managed fund 

that invests in more than one type of equity or debt instrument. 

 

U.S. Government securities. Treasury Bills, Treasury 

Notes, and Savings Bonds that pay a fixed rate of interest 

guaranteed by the U.S. government. 

Guaranteed Investment Contract (GIC). An investment 

vehicle offered by insurance companies that guarantee the 
56 

principal and a fixed rate of return for a specified time period. 

Money market fund. A professionally managed mutual 

fund that buys high-quality, short-term notes, or certificates 

of deposit. The fund sells shares to investors who receive 

regular payments of interest. 

Certificate of deposit. A receipt issued by banks or savings and loans associations for a deposit of funds. Interest 

accrues on the amount deposited and is paid at maturity. 

Withdrawals, loans, and distributions 

Withdrawals. Prior to normal payout (usually at retirement), defined contribution plan participants may be allowed to withdraw all or a portion of the money in their 

accounts. While most early withdrawals incur tax penalties, hardship withdrawals do not. (See below.) To avoid 

tax penalties, many plans have loan provisions that allow 

employees to borrow from their accounts, with interest, 

for a specified period of time. 

Hardship withdrawals. Employees are usually not penalized when money is withdrawn as a result of a hardship 

often defined as a death or illness of a family member, 

education expenses, sudden uninsured losses, or a need to 

prevent eviction from one’s primary residence. 

Loans. Defined contribution plans may allow participants 

to borrow money, with interest, from their accounts. Loan 

amounts are often limited to a portion of the account balance. They usually have to be repaid within 5 years, but 

longer payment periods may apply for home purchase or 

renovation loans. 

Transfers/rollovers. A rollover is a direct payment of plan 

benefits from a defined contribution plan into an IRA or 

another employer’s plan. In a direct rollover, the employee 

is not taxed on the payment until it is later withdrawn or 

distributed. 

Distribution. At retirement, defined contribution plans 

normally allow for payout in the form of a lump sum, a lifetime annuity, or installments over a specified period. 

While there is no tax penalty if the distribution takes place 

after age 59 1/2, the distribution is subject to ordinary income tax. 

Lump-sum distribution. An immediate disbursement of 

employer and employee contributions and any investment 

earnings. 

Annuity. Annuities are a form of distribution that provides 

periodic payments for various periods of time. Straight-life 

annuities provide payments, usually monthly, for the lifetime of a retiree. Joint-and-survivor annuities provide 

payments to a retiree, and upon the retiree’s death, payments to a surviving spouse. 

Installment payments. Employees receive payments from 

the employer at fixed intervals, for example equal payments 

over 5 years. 

Vesting 

Vesting is the amount of time an individual must work before earning a nonforfeitable right to a retirement benefit. 

Once vested, the accrued benefit is retained even if the 

worker leaves the employer before reaching retirement age. 

While defined contribution plans are subject to the same 

vesting rules under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act as defined benefit plans, vesting schedules vary. 

Vesting schedules only apply to employer contributions; 

employee contributions (including pretax contributions) are 

always 100-percent vested. 

Immediate full vesting. Employees are immediately eligible to receive 100 percent of employer contributions. 

Graduated vesting. An employee’s nonforfeitable percentage of employer contributions increases over time until 

vesting reaches 100 percent. 

Cliff vesting. No vesting occurs until an employee satisfies 

the service requirements for 100-percent vesting, for example after 5 years. 

Class-year vesting. Employees become fully vested in employer contributions made during a specific period after a 

period of time, often 3 years. 

Employer contribution methods 

Specified matching percent. Common in savings and thrift 

plans, the employer matches a specified percent of employee contributions. The matching percent can vary by 

length of service, amount of employee contribution, and 

other factors.

Fixed percent of profits formula. Common in deferred 

profit-sharing plans, the employer contributes a fixed percent of total annual profits to the plan. For example, no 

matter what the level of profits, 5% are contributed to the 

plan. Profits may include those for the entire company or 

just those in a specific business unit. A variation of this 

formula is when employers set aside a “reserve amount” of 

profits, for example $1,000,000, and only pay a fixed percent on those profits above this amount into the employees’ 

defined contribution plan. 

Percentage of employee earnings. Common in money purchase plans, the employer contributes a fixed percent of 

each employee’s earnings into their individual account. 
57 

Related plans and terms 

Stock bonus plans. Contributions are placed in a trust fund 

that invests in securities, including those of the employing 

company. These plans are either financed by the employer, 

or jointly by the employer and employee. Upon retirement 

or separation from the company, proceeds from the trust 

fund are paid out to eligible employees in the form of company stock or cash. 

TIAA-CREF Affiliation. TIAA-CREF plans are provided to 

employees at educational institutions and non-profit educational associations. They are most commonly money purchase plans but may contain matching formulas. 

Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 401(k) plans. Plan 

that allows employees to make pre-tax contributions into 

deferred compensation plans via salary reduction agreements. These arrangements are often associated with savings and thrift and other defined contribution plans. 

Discretionary profit sharing contributions. Money purchase pension and savings and thrift plans may have features whereby the plan sponsor makes payments to the 

plan, in addition to their usual contributions, directly from 

company profits. 
58

Table 60. Defined benefit plans: Summary of plan provisions,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Provisions

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

Basic provisions

Employee contribution

required .......................... 5 - - - 

Benefits based on earnings .. 61 59 67 60

Benefits integrated with

Social Security ................ 41 35 49 40

Benefits subject to

maximum1 ...................... 35 - - - 

Early retirement benefits

available ......................... 77 69 78 81

Disability retirement benefits

available ......................... 69 - - - 

Availability of lump sum

benefits at retirement ...... 43 44 51 37

Automatic cost-of-living

increase .......................... 7 4 6 9

Other provisions

Early retirement supplement

available ......................... 12 - - - 

Minimum benefits provision .. 3 3 3 4

Early retirement requires

employer approval .......... 2 1 2 () 3

Deferred vested benefits

available prior to normal

retirement age ................ 85 80 83 89

Lump-sum postretirement

survivor benefits ............. 2 ( ) - - - 

Lump-sum preretirement

survivor benefits ............. 2 2 1 2

Full pension restored if

spouse predeceases

retiree ............................. 17 13 19 19

1 Provisions that restrict benefits, such as limits on the number of years

of service included in benefit computations. 2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or

data do not meet publication criteria.

Table 61. Defined benefit plans:1 Primary formula and

availability of alternative formula, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Benefit

formula2

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

Percent of terminal earnings 48 47 48 50

With alternative formula .... 15 15 12 16

Percent of career earnings ... 13 12 19 10

With alternative formula .... 2 4 1 1

Dollar amount formula .......... 14 9 9 21

With alternative formula .... 1 - 1 1

Percent of contribution

formula ............................ 3 () - - 1

Cash account ........................ 23 31 23 18

With alternative formula .... 6 6 5 7

Other ..................................... 1 1 2 1

1 Cash balance retirement plans are a defined benefit plan in which an

account is maintained for each participant, with employer contributions based

on employee earnings, plus interest, being credited to that account. Cash

balance plans generally do not have provisions for many of the features

found in traditional defined benefit plans. Due to the increase in the

incidence of cash balance plans, the prevalence of some defined benefit plan

provisions has declined from earlier surveys. 2 Alternative formulas are generally designed to provide a minimum

benefit for employees with short service or low earnings. 3 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or do not

meet publication criteria.
59

Table 62. Defined benefit plans: Terminal earnings formulas,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Terminal earnings

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

terminal earnings formula ... 9,278 2,705 2,469 4,104

Percent

Total with terminal earnings

formula ................................ 100 100 100 100

Flat percent per year of

service ............................ 34 38 37 31

Percent per year varies ........ 62 59 63 63

By service ......................... 14 16 13 12

By earnings ....................... 35 30 36 38

By earnings and service ... 13 13 14 12

Other ..................................... 4 3 1 () 6

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 63. Defined benefit plans: Definition of terminal

earnings, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Period of 

terminal

earnings

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

terminal earnings formula ... 9,278 2,705 2,469 4,104

Percent

Total with terminal earnings

formula ................................ 100 100 100 100

One year ............................... 1 1 () 1 1

Three years .......................... 13 16 15 10

Five years ............................. 82 79 82 83

Other period2 ........................ 5 5 3 6

1 Less than 0.5 percent. 2 Formulas based on earnings during period other than 3 or 5 years’

service, or period not immediately before retirement (for example, first 5 of

last 10 years’ service).

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
60

Table 64. Defined benefit plans: Types of earnings included in

earnings-based formulas, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Type

of

earnings

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

earnings-based formula ...... 11,778 3,408 3,451 4,919

Percent

Total with earnings-based

formula ................................ 100 100 100 100

Straight-time earnings only ... 45 56 33 47

Straight-time earnings plus

other earnings ................. 55 44 67 53

Overtime ........................... 42 37 44 43

Shift differentials ............... 20 18 19 21

Commissions .................... 31 19 49 25

NOTE: Sums of individual items may be greater than totals because more

than one type of earnings may be included in this definition. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet

publication criteria.

Table 65. Defined benefit plans:1 Integration with Social

Security, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Intregration

with Social

Security

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit pension ...... 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit

pension ............................... 100 100 100 100

With integrated formula ........ 41 35 49 40

Step-rate excess2 ............. 32 27 40 31

Social Security

breakpoint ............... 29 24 38 25

Dollar amount

breakpoint ............... 3 2 2 5

Offset by Social Security3 9 9 9 10

Without integrated formula ... 59 65 51 60

1 Cash balance retirement plans are a defined benefit plan in which an

account is maintained for each participant, with employer contributions based

on employee earnings, plus interest, being credited to that account. Cash

balance plans generally do not have provisions for many of the features

found in traditional defined benefit plans. Due to the increase in the

incidence of cash balance plans, the prevalence of some defined benefit plan

provisions has declined from earlier surveys. 2 Formula applies lower benefit rate to earnings subject to FICA (Social

Security) taxes or below a specific dollar breakpoint. 3 Benefit as calculated by formula is reduced by portion of primary Social

Security payments, for example, 50 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
61

Table 66. Defined benefit plans: Maximum

benefit provisions, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Maximum

benefit1 All employees2

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100

Subject to maximum ............. 35

Limit on years of credited

service ........................ 34

Less than 30 ................. 6

30 .................................. 9

31 - 34 .......................... 1

35 .................................. 9

40 .................................. 8

Greater than 40 ............ 2

Other maximum3 .............. 1

Not subject to maximum ....... 65

Average4

Average credited service

maximum (in years) ............ 33.3

1 These maximum provisions are independent of

Internal Revenue Code ceilings on pensions payable

from defined benefit plans. 2 Data for professional, technical, and related

employees, clerical and sales employees, and

blue-collar and service employees were not publishable

this year due to a high nonresponse rate. 3 The benefit yielded under the formula is limited to

a percent of terminal earnings or to a flat dollar amount. 4 The average is presented for all covered workers;

averages exclude workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Sums of individual items may not equal totals

because some benefit formulas contain a limit on years

of credited service and another maximum provision. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this

category, or data do not meet publication criteria.

Table 67. Defined benefit plans: Postretirement survivor

benefits, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Survivor

benefit

provisions

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

With postretirement survivor

benefits ........................... 99 100 99 99

Joint and survivor annuity1 99 100 99 99

50 percent only ............. 15 16 19 13

51 - 99 percent only ...... 4 1 2 7

Retiree choice of

percentages ............ 76 76 77 76

Highest:

50 percent ............. 1 2 2 ( ) 2 ( )

51 - 99 percent ..... 4 5 2 () 5

100 percent ........... 72 69 76 70

Not determinable .......... 4 8 1 4

Not determinable .................. 1 - 1 1

1 An annuity that provides income during the lifetime of both the retiree

and the surviving spouse. The accrued pension will usually be actuarially

reduced at retirement because of the longer time that payments are expected

to be made. Employees and their spouses are required to waive the spouse

annuity in writing if they desire a pension during the employee’s lifetime only

or another option offered by the plan, such as guarantee of payment for a

specified period. 2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
62

Table 68. Defined benefit plans:1 Preretirement survivor

benefits, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Survivor

benefit

provisions

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

With preretirement survivor

benefits2 ......................... 95 95 99 93

Equivalent to

joint-and-survivor

annuity3 ...................... 84 79 87 86

50 percent of

employee’s pension 71 61 77 75

With additional

employee cost5 ... 1 4 ( ) 4 () 3

Other percent of

employee’s

pension6 ................. 2 1 1 3

Employee choice of

percent .................... 7 9 7 5

With additional

employee cost5 ... 1 2 4 () 1

Not determinable .......... 4 8 2 3

Percent of accrued

benefits ....................... 9 14 8 5

Other7 ............................... 2 1 3 2

No preretirement survivor

benefits ........................... 5 5 1 7

1 Cash balance retirement plans are a defined benefit plan in which an

account is maintained for each participant, with employer contributions based

on employee earnings, plus interest, being credited to that account. Cash

balance plans generally do not have provisions for many of the features

found in traditional defined benefit plans. Due to the increase in the

incidence of cash balance plans, the prevalence of some defined benefit plan

provisions has declined from earlier surveys. 2 Survivor annuity is based upon the benefit the employee would have

received if retirement had occurred on the date of death. 3 The spouse annuity is computed as if the employee had retired with a

joint-and-survivor annuity. That is, the accrued pension is first reduced

because of the longer time that payments were expected to be made to both

the retiree and the surviving spouse. The spouse’s share is then the

specified percent of the reduced amount. 4 Less than 0.5 percent. 5 Plan reduces the accrued employee pension benefit for each year

survivor protection is in force. 6 Other percentages range from 51 to 100 percent of retiree’s pension. 7 Includes annuity based on a dollar amount formula or percent of

earnings.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 69. Defined benefit plans:1 Requirements for normal

retirement, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Selected requirements

for normal

retirement2

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

No age requirement .................. 11 15 10 8

Less than 20 years of service 5 11 3 1

30 years of service ............... 6 4 7 7

At age 55 .................................. 4 5 7 2

No service requirement ........ 1 1 2 3 ( )

1 - 29 years of service .......... 3 4 5 1

30 years of service ............... 3 () - - 1

At age 60 .................................. 10 16 7 8

No service requirement ........ 2 2 2 2

1 - 29 years of service .......... 8 15 5 5

At age 62 .................................. 21 18 16 26

No service requirement ........ 1 1 2 1

5 years of service ................. 7 7 4 9

10 years of service ............... 11 7 9 14

20 years of service ............... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

At age 65 .................................. 49 41 55 51

No service requirement ........ 30 24 39 29

5 years of service ................. 15 12 15 17

10 years of service ............... 2 4 3 () 3

Sum of age plus service4 .......... 3 4 5 2

Equals less than 80 .............. 1 3 () 2 1

Equals 81 - 89 ...................... 2 3 2 2

1 Cash balance retirement plans are a defined benefit plan in which an

account is maintained for each participant, with employer contributions based

on employee earnings, plus interest, being credited to that account. Cash

balance plans generally do not have provisions for many of the features

found in traditional defined benefit plans. Due to the increase in the

incidence of cash balance plans, the prevalence of some defined benefit plan

provisions has declined from earlier surveys. 2 Normal retirement is defined as the point at which the participant could

retire and immediately receive all accrued benefits by virtue of service and

earnings, without reduction due to age. If a plan had alternative age and

service requirements, the earliest age and associated service were tabulated;

if one alternative did not specify an age, it was the requirement tabulated. 

Some age and service requirements are not shown separately. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 In some plans, participants must also satisfy a minimum age or service

requirement.

NOTE: Because of rounding and because some age and service

requirements are not shown separately, sums of individual items may not

equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this

category, or data do not meet publication criteria.
63

Table 70. Defined benefit plans:1 Requirements for early

retirement, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Selected requirements

for early

retirement2

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ................ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan ...... 100 100 100 100

With early retirement available ..... 77 69 78 81

No age requirement .................. 10 5 5 16

30 years of service ............... 7 5 4 11

Less than age 55 ...................... 9 9 13 7

No service requirement4 ....... 3 ( ) 3 () - -

5 years of service ................. 2 1 3 2

10 years of service ............... 3 4 4 2

15 years of service ............... 2 3 2 1

25 years of service ............... 2 2 4 1

At age 55 .................................. 50 45 55 49

No service requirement4 ....... 1 3 1 1

5 years of service ................. 29 26 30 29

10 years of service ............... 13 10 18 11

15 years of service ............... 6 4 6 7

At age 60 .................................. 2 3 1 1

At age 62 .................................. 1 - - 2

Early retirement not available ....... 23 31 22 19

1 Cash balance retirement plans are a defined benefit plan in which an

account is maintained for each participant, with employer contributions based on

employee earnings, plus interest, being credited to that account. Cash balance

plans generally do not have provisions for many of the features found in

traditional defined benefit plans. Due to the increase in the incidence of cash

balance plans, the prevalence of some defined benefit plan provisions has

declined from earlier surveys. 2 Early retirement is defined as the point at which a worker could retire and

immediately receive accrued benefits based on service and earnings but

reduced for each year prior to normal retirement age. If a plan had alternative

age and service requirements, the earliest age and associated service were

tabulated; if one alternative did not specify an age, it was the requirement

tabulated. Many age and service breaks are not shown separately. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 Where no service requirement is specified for early retirement, the service

required for full vesting, usually 5 years, applies.

NOTE: Because of rounding and because many age and service breaks are not

shown separately, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet

publication criteria.

Table 71. Defined benefit plans: Early retirement reduction,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Early

retirement

reduction1

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

early retirement available ... 14,729 3,974 4,042 6,714

Percent

Total with early retirement

available ............................. 100 100 100 100

Uniform percentage

reduction2 ....................... 31 27 35 31

Reduction varies ................... 57 53 59 58

By service ......................... 2 3 3 () 3

By age .............................. 55 50 59 56

Reduction differs each

year4 ....................... 31 26 38 30

Reduction differs by age

bracket5 .................. 24 24 21 25

Other reduction6 ................... 8 9 5 9

Not determinable .................. 4 11 1 2

1 Reduction for each year prior to normal retirement. 2 In specific cases, uniform percentage reductions may approximate

actuarial reductions, such as early retirement at age 55 with a reduction of 6

percent per year between age 55 and the plan’s normal retirement age of 62. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 Reduction schedule is related to actuarial assumptions of the life

expectancy at age that pension payments begin. 5 Rate of reduction is held constant within age brackets, but differs

among brackets, sometimes in approximation of an actuarial table. For

example, benefits may be reduced by 6 percent for each year between age

60 and the plan’s normal retirement age, and by 3 percent for each year

retirement precedes age 60. Also includes some plans that reduce benefits

arithmetically for each year immediately below normal retirement age and

actuarially below a specified age, usually 55. 6 Reduced amount was not derived from normal retirement formula.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
64

Table 72. Defined benefit plans: Method of calculating

disability retirement benefits, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Benefit

provisions

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

With disability retirement

available ......................... 69 65 66 73

Immediate disability

retirement1 .................. 45 45 33 52

Unreduced normal

benefits2 ................. 25 27 20 27

Reduced normal

benefits3 ................. 15 17 13 14

Other than normal

benefits4 ................. 5 1 1 10

Deferred disability

retirement ................... 24 20 33 22

With benefits based on:

Service when

disabled .............. 4 4 7 2

Service to retirement

age ...................... 20 16 26 20

Disability retirement not

available ......................... 28 27 34 25

Not determinable .................. 3 8 1 1

1 Immediate disability pensions may be supplemented by additional

allowances until an employee reaches a specified age or becomes eligible for

Social Security. 2 The disabled worker’s pension is computed under the plan’s normal

benefit formula and is paid as if retirement had occurred on the plan’s normal

retirement date, either based on years of service actually completed or

projected to a later date. 3 The disabled worker’s pension is computed under the plan’s normal

benefit formula, based on years of service actually completed, and then

reduced for early receipt. 4 The disabled worker’s benefit is not computed by the plan’s normal

benefit formula. The methods used include flat amount benefits, dollar

amount formulas, percent of unreduced normal benefits less Social Security,

and percent of earnings formula both with and without Social Security offsets.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 73. Defined benefit plans: Requirements for disability

retirement, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Requirements for

disability

retirement1

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

With disability retirement

available ......................... 69 65 66 73

No minimum requirements 9 6 13 9

No age requirement .......... 29 25 20 37

Age and/or service

requirement ................ 35 31 23 44

Receipt of long-term

disability insurance

benefits2 ..................... 21 24 25 17

Minimum vesting

requirement3 ............... 3 4 3 3

Disability retirement not

available ......................... 28 27 34 25

Not determinable .................. 3 8 1 1

1 Non-occupational disability retirement is defined as the point at which

participants retire due to an injury or illness before eligibility for early or

normal retirement benefits. 2 Receipt of long-term disability insurance benefits provides a monthly

benefit to employees, who due to illness or injury, are unable to work for an

extended period of time. Benefit payments usually begin after 3 or 6 months

of disability and continue until retirement age is reached, or for a specified

number of months, depending on the employee’s age at the time of the

disability. 3 An employee may be entitled to pension benefits after satisfying vesting

service requirements, usually 5 years.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
65

Table 74. Defined benefit plans: Vesting requirements,

full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Vesting

requirements

All

employees1

Professional,

technical, and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100

Immediate full vesting ........... 2 ( ) 2 () -

Cliff vesting3 ......................... 93 97 93

With full vesting:

At any age .................... 88 92 92

Less than 5 years ..... 1 1 1

5 years ...................... 85 90 90

10 years .................... 1 1 1

After specified age4 ...... 6 5 1

5 years ...................... 6 5 1

Graduated vesting5 ............... 7 3 7

With full vesting after:

Less than 7 years ......... 6 3 5

7 years .......................... 1 - 1

1 Provisions for blue-collar and service employees were not

publishable this year due to a high nonresponse rate. Data for this

occupational group, however, are included in the estimates for all

employees. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 Under a cliff vesting schedule, an employee is not entitled to any

benefits accrued under a pension plan until satisfying the requirement

for 100-percent vesting. 4 Sponsors may exclude years of service completed before age 18

from counting towards satisfaction of minimum vesting standards. 5 Graduated vesting schedules give an employee rights to a

gradually increasing share of pension benefits determined by years of

service, eventually reaching 100-percent vesting status.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal

totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category,

or data do not meet publication criteria.

Table 75. Defined benefit plans: Eligibility requirements,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Eligibility

requirements1

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

Plan participation available to

new employees ............... 100 100 100 100

With minimum age and/or

service requirement2 ...... 74 72 85 68

Service requirement only .. 29 34 24 28

Less than 1 year ........... 5 6 6 4

1 year ............................ 23 28 17 24

More than 1 year .......... 1 - 1 1

Age 21 requirement3 ........ 44 37 61 38

No service ..................... 6 5 3 8

1 year ............................ 37 30 56 30

No minimum age or service

requirement .................... 26 28 15 32

Average4

Average service requirement (in

months) ............................... 11.8 11.3 11.7 12.1

1 Excludes administrative time lags. 2 May include other age and/or service requirements not shown

separately. 3 The Internal Revenue Code requires that nearly all plans must allow

participation to full-time employees who have reached the age of 21 and who

have completed one year of service. Plans that provide immediate vesting of

accrued benefits may require up to three years. Church plans are exempt

from the Internal Revenue Code. 4 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude

workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
66

Table 76. Defined benefit plans:1 Availability of lump sum

benefits at retirement, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Option

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

defined benefit plan ............ 19,225 5,794 5,179 8,252

Percent

Total with defined benefit plan .. 100 100 100 100

With lump sum available ....... 43 44 51 37

Full lump sum available .... 42 43 49 36

Limited to specified

amount2 .................. 4 4 6 3

No limit .......................... 37 39 43 33

Partial lump sum with

reduced annuity .......... 1 1 2 1

No lump sum available ......... 53 47 46 61

Not determinable .................. 4 8 3 2

1 Cash balance retirement plans are a defined benefit plan in which an

account is maintained for each participant, with employer contributions based

on a percentage of employee earnings, plus interest, being credited to that

account. Cash balance plans generally provide for a lump-sum payment

option at retirement usually not found in traditional defined benefit plans. Due

to the increase in the incidence of cash balance plans, the prevalence of

some defined benefit plan provisions has declined from earlier surveys. 2 Plan allows a full lump sum up to a maximum dollar amount.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
67

Table 77. Savings and thrift plans: Summary of provisions,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Item

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903 8,920 7,896 10,088

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100 100 100 100

Pre-tax contributions allowed 99 99 99 100

Transfer/rollover

contributions allowed ...... 72 74 71 71

Employee choice of

investments for employee

contributions ................... 91 91 91 92

Employee choice of

investments for employer

contributions ................... 65 67 63 64

Immediate full vesting ........... 25 25 20 28

Withdrawals permitted .......... 50 48 47 54

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 78. Savings and thrift plans: Transfer and rollover

provisions,1 full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Item

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903 8,920 7,896 10,088

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100 100 100 100

Transfers/rollovers allowed ... 72 74 71 71

Transfers/rollovers not

allowed ........................... 22 20 23 22

Not determinable .................. 6 6 6 7

1 Participants are allowed to transfer/rollover contributions and earnings

from a previous employer’s plan.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
68

Table 79. Savings and thrift plans: Maximum

employee contributions,1 full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Maximum employee

contributions

All

employees2

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903 8,920 7,896

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100 100 100

Percent of employee

earnings .......................... 90 89 91

5 percent or less ............... 3 () 1 3 ( )

6 percent ........................... 1 1 3 ( )

8 percent ........................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

10 percent ......................... 5 8 7

12 percent ......................... 4 6 5

13 percent ......................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

14 percent ......................... 2 3 () 1

15 percent ......................... 37 33 34

16 percent ......................... 16 17 19

17 percent ......................... 6 6 5

18 percent ......................... 4 4 3

19 percent ......................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

20 percent ......................... 9 10 9

20.01 - 24.99 percent ....... 3 2 6

25 percent or more ........... 2 1 1

Specified dollar amount ........ 1 1 1

Up to the Internal Revenue

Code limit ........................ 9 10 9

Average4

Average maximum contribution

(percent of earnings) .......... 15.8 15.4 15.8

1 Includes contributions that are not matched by the employer. 

If maximum contributions vary, such as by length of service, the

highest possible contribution was tabulated. 2 Provisions for blue-collar and service employees were not

publishable this year due to a high nonresponse rate. Data for this

occupational group, however, are included in the estimates for all

employees. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages

exclude workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in

this category, or data do not meet publication criteria.

Table 80. Savings and thrift plans: 

Method of determining pretax

contributions, full-time employees,

private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Pretax contributions

All

employees1

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100

Pretax contributions allowed 99

All contributions 2 .............. 91

Some Contributions .......... 8

Pretax contributions not

allowed ........................... -

Not determinable .................. 1

1 Provisions for professional, technical, and

related employees, clerical and sales emloyees,

and blue-collar and service employees were not

publishable this year due to a high nonresponse

rate. Data for these occupational groups, however,

are included in the estimates for all employees. 2 The plan documents specify that all

contributions must or may be pretax. 

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual

items may not equal totals. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or

data do not meet publication criteria.
69

Table 81. Savings and thrift plans: Maximum pretax

employee contributions,1 full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Maximum pretax contributions

All

employees2

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans that

allow pretax contributions ... 26,705 8,842 7,822

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans that allow pretax

contributions ....................... 100 100 100

Percent of employee

earnings .......................... 90 89 91

5 percent or less ............... 3 () 1 3 ( )

6 percent ........................... 1 1 3 ( )

8 percent ........................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

10 percent ......................... 7 9 9

12 percent ......................... 4 6 5

13 percent ......................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

14 percent ......................... 2 3 () 1

15 percent ......................... 38 34 35

16 percent ......................... 19 20 22

17 percent ......................... 2 2 3

18 percent ......................... 3 3 2

19 percent ......................... 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( )

20 percent ......................... 7 8 6

20.01 - 24.99 percent ....... 3 1 6

25 percent or more ........... 2 1 1

Not determinable .............. 1 1 1

Specified dollar amount ........ 1 1 1

Up to the Internal Revenue

Code limit ........................ 9 10 9

Average4

Average maximum pretax

contribution (percent of

earnings .............................. 15.6 15.3 15.5

1 Includes contributions that are not matched by the employer. 

If maximum contributions vary, such as by length of service, the

highest possible contribution was tabulated. 2 Provisions for blue-collar and service employees were not

publishable this year due to a high nonresponse rate. Data for this

occupational group, however, are included in the estimates for all

employees. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 4 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages

exclude workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not

equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in

this category, or data do not meet publication criteria.

Table 82. Savings and thrift plans: Methods of employer

matching contributions, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Employer matching rates

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903 8,920 7,896 10,088

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100 100 100 100

Specified matching percent1 69 73 69 67

Varies by service .................. 4 4 4 5

Varies by amount of

contribution ..................... 8 7 5 10

Varies by profit level ............. 1 2 () 1 2 ( )

Other ..................................... 2 1 1 3

Not determinable .................. 16 15 19 15

1 Plans where the employer matches a specified percent of employee

contributions. For example, the employer matches 50 percent of employee

earnings up to 6 percent. 2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
70

Table 83. Savings and thrift plans: Employee contributions by

employer specified matching percentage, full-time employees, private

industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Employee contribution1 Total2

Specified matching percentage

1 - 49 50 51 - 99 100

Percent

All employees3

Total4 .................................... 100 14 40 21 25

Under 2 percent ................ 1 5 () 1 - -

2 percent ........................... 3 - 1 5 () 1

3 percent ........................... 6 1 3 1 2

4 percent ........................... 19 5 6 - 8

5 percent ........................... 15 1 2 4 7

Greater than 5 percent ..... 56 7 26 17 6

Professional, technical, and

related employees

Total4 .................................... 100 16 38 18 28

Under 2 percent ................ 1 1 5 () - -

2 percent ........................... 2 - 5 ( ) 5 () 2

3 percent ........................... 7 2 4 5 () 2

4 percent ........................... 25 6 8 - 11

5 percent ........................... 9 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 () 7

Greater than 5 percent ..... 56 7 26 17 6

Clerical and sales employees

Total4 .................................... 100 13 41 22 25

2 percent ........................... 1 - 1 5 () 1

3 percent ........................... 5 5 () 2 5 () 2

4 percent ........................... 17 3 7 - 7

5 percent ........................... 15 1 2 7 5

Greater than 5 percent ..... 61 8 28 15 10

1 Employee may contribute a percent of salary up to a specified maximum; ceilings

on contributions to be matched by employers generally are lower. 2 Total includes workers with an employer matching percentage of greater than 100

percent, but those matching percentages are not presented separately. 3 Provisions for blue-collar and service employees were not publishable this year

due to a high nonresponse rate. Data for this occupational group, however, are

included in the estimates for all employees. 4 Includes other employee contribution rates not shown separately. 5 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet

publication criteria.
71

Table 84. Savings and thrift plans: Investment choices, full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Investment choices

All employees

Professional,

technical, and

related

employees

Clerical and

sales

employees

Blue-collar and

service

employees

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903 26,903 8,920 8,920 7,896 7,896 10,088 10,088

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Employee permitted to

choose investments ........ 91 65 91 67 91 63 92 64

Two choices ...................... 2 1 2 1 2 1 () 2 1

Three choices ................... 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 5

Four choices ..................... 1 1 1 1 () 1 1 1 1

Five choices ...................... 9 7 9 8 8 6 9 8

Six choices ....................... 6 3 6 4 9 4 4 2

Seven choices .................. 7 5 10 9 3 3 7 4

Eight choices .................... 5 1 2 1 7 2 6 2

Nine choices ..................... 6 6 5 4 10 10 5 5

Ten choices ...................... 11 9 11 8 12 10 11 9

More than ten choices ...... 22 15 25 18 18 12 23 15

Not determinable .............. 19 15 20 13 21 17 18 14

Employee not permitted to

choose investments ........ 5 31 6 30 5 32 3 32

Not determinable .................. 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 4

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no

employees in this category, or data do not meet publication criteria.
72

Table 85. Savings and thrift plans: Types of investments allowed in plans permitting employees to choose investments,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Investment

All employees

Professional,

technical, and

related employees

Clerical and sales

employees

Blue-collar and

service employees

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903 26,903 8,920 8,920 7,896 7,896 10,088 10,088

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Total with employee

investment choice

allowed ........................... 91 65 91 67 91 63 92 64

Company stock ................. 38 20 35 22 37 17 41 21

Common stock fund .......... 62 44 62 48 57 39 66 45

Long-term interest bearing

securities .................... 59 42 57 45 56 38 62 43

Diversified stock and bond

fund ............................. 63 44 61 46 60 39 68 45

Government securities ...... 12 7 11 7 11 6 14 8

Guaranteed investment

contracts ..................... 6 5 7 6 5 4 6 5

Money market funds ......... 32 22 28 21 36 25 32 20

Certificates of deposit ....... 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 () 1 1 ( )

Other2 ............................... 4 3 5 4 3 3 5 4

Determined by trustee ...... 1 1 () 1 1 2 1 () 1 1 ( )

Not determinable .............. 22 18 23 17 24 21 20 16

Investment choice not

allowed ........................... 5 31 6 30 5 32 3 32

Investment choice not

determinable ................... 4 4 4 3 4 4 5 4

1 Less than 0.5 percent. 2 Includes purchase of life insurance, annuities, real estate,

mortgage, and deposits in credit unions or savings accounts.

NOTE: Sums of individual items do not equal totals because employees

are often offered a number of investment choices. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet

publication criteria.
73

Table 86. Savings and thrift plans: Frequency of investment changes,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Item

All employees1

Professional,

technical, and

related employees

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903 26,903 8,920 8,920

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100 100 100 100

Total with employee

investment choice

allowed ........................... 91 65 91 67

At any time ........................ 68 50 66 50

Specified number of times

per year ...................... 16 9 14 9

One ............................... 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )

Two ............................... 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )

Four .............................. 8 6 6 4

Five or more ................. 8 3 8 4

Other ................................. 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )

Not determinable .............. 7 6 11 8

Investment choice not

allowed ........................... 5 31 6 30

Investment choice not

determinable ................... 4 4 4 3

1 Provisions for clerical and sales emloyees and blue-collar and service employees were

not publishable this year due to a high nonresponse rate. Data for these occupational groups,

however, are included in the estimates for all employees. 2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do not meet publication

criteria.
74

Table 87. Savings and thrift plans: Withdrawal availability,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Withdrawal provision

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903 8,920 7,896 10,088

Percent

Total with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100 100 100 100

Withdrawals permitted .......... 50 48 47 54

Any reason ....................... 21 20 20 23

Hardship reasons only1 .... 29 29 28 31

Withdrawals not permitted .... 40 43 41 37

Not determinable .................. 10 9 12 9

1 Hardship reasons may include death or illness of a family member,

education expenses, sudden uninsured losses, or purchase of a primary

residence.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 88. Savings and thrift plans: 

Vesting requirements, full-time

employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Vesting requirements

All

employees1

Number (in thousands) with

savings and thrift plans ....... 26,903

Percent

Total with with savings and thrift

plans ................................... 100

Immediate full vesting ........... 25

Cliff vesting2 ......................... 23

With full vesting after:

1 - 2 years ..................... 2

3 - 4 years ..................... 8

5 years .......................... 12

More than 5 years ......... 1

Graduated vesting3 ............... 46

With full vesting after:

4 years or less .............. 14

5 years .......................... 21

6 years .......................... 9

7 years .......................... 3

Class year vesting4 ............... 1

With each class vested

after:

2 years .......................... 5 ( )

More than 3 years ......... 1

Other ..................................... 1

Not determinable .................. 4

1 Provisions for professional, technical, and

related employees, clerical and sales employees,

and blue-collar and service employees were not

publishable this year due to a high nonresponse

rate. Data for these occupational groups, however,

are included in the estimates for all employees. 2 Under cliff vesting, an employee is not

entitled to any benefits until satisfying requirements

for 100 percent vesting. 3 Under graduated vesting, an employee’s

rights to benefits increase with length of service,

eventually reaching 100 percent. 4 Under class year vesting, employee

contributions for a given year (class) become

nonforfeitable after meeting vesting requirements. 

Subsequent contributions must meet similar

requirements. 5 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual

items may not equal totals. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or

data do not meet publication criteria.
75

Table 89. 401(k) salary reduction plans: Transfer and rollover

provisions,1 full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Item

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

401(k) salary reduction

plans ................................... 30,178 9,969 9,061 11,147

Percent

Total with 401(k) salary

reduction plans ................... 100 100 100 100

Transfers/rollovers allowed ... 70 73 68 69

Transfers/rollovers not

allowed ........................... 24 22 26 24

Not determinable .................. 6 5 6 7

1 Participants are allowed to transfer/rollover contributions and earnings

from a previous employer’s plan.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 90. 401(k) salary reduction plans: Maximum pretax

employee contributions,1 full-time employees, private industry,

National Compensation Survey, 2000

Maximum pretax contributions

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

401(k) salary reduction

plans ................................... 30,178 9,969 9,061 11,147

Percent

Total with 401(k) pretax salary

reduction plans ................... 100 100 100 100

Percent of employee

earnings .......................... 84 85 83 85

5 percent or less ............... 1 1 2 ( ) 2 ( )

6 percent ........................... 1 1 2 () 1

8 percent ........................... 1 2 1 2 ( )

10 percent ......................... 6 8 8 2

12 percent ......................... 3 5 4 1

13 percent ......................... 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )

14 percent ......................... 2 2 () 1 4

15 percent ......................... 37 34 34 42

16 percent ......................... 17 18 19 15

16.01 - 16.99 percent ....... 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 () -

17 percent ......................... 2 2 2 1

17.01 - 17.99 percent ....... 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 () -

18 percent ......................... 3 3 2 4

19 percent ......................... 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )

20 percent ......................... 6 7 5 6

20.01 - 24.99 percent ....... 3 1 5 3

25 percent or more ........... 2 1 1 3

Specified dollar amount ........ 1 1 1 1

Up to the Internal Revenue

Code limit ........................ 15 14 16 14

Average3

Average maximum pretax

contribution (percent of

earnings) ............................. 15.3 15.0 15.1 15.7

1 Includes contributions that are not matched by the employer. If

maximum contributions vary, such as by length of service, the highest

possible contribution was tabulated. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 The average is presented for all covered workers; averages exclude

workers without the plan provision.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.
76

Table 91. 401(k) salary reduction plans: Investment choices, full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation

Survey, 2000

Investment choices for

employer contributions

All employees

Professional,

technical, and

related employees

Clerical and sales

employees

Blue-collar and

service employees

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Employee

contributions

Employer

contributions

Number (in thousands) with

401(k) salary reduction

plans ................................... 30,178 30,178 9,969 9,969 9,061 9,061 11,147 11,147

Percent

Total with 401(k) salary

reduction plans ................... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Employee permitted to

choose investments ........ 88 64 89 65 88 62 89 63

Two choices ...................... 2 1 () 2 1 2 1 () 2 1

Three choices ................... 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 4

Four choices ..................... 1 1 1 1 () 2 1 2 2

Five choices ...................... 8 6 8 7 7 5 9 7

Six choices ....................... 6 3 6 4 8 3 4 2

Seven choices .................. 6 5 9 8 3 2 6 4

Eight choices .................... 5 1 2 1 6 2 6 2

Nine choices ..................... 6 6 5 5 9 9 5 4

Ten choices ...................... 10 8 10 7 10 8 10 8

More than ten choices ...... 21 13 24 16 16 10 21 14

Not determinable .............. 22 17 21 14 24 20 20 17

Employee not permitted to

choose investments ........ 7 32 8 32 7 32 6 32

Not determinable .................. 5 4 3 3 5 6 5 4

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria. 
77

Table 92. 401(k) salary reduction plans: Withdrawal

availability, full-time employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Withdrawal provision

All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and

related

employees

Clerical

and

sales

employees

Bluecollar

and

service

employees

Number (in thousands) with

401(k) salary reduction

plans ................................... 30,178 9,969 9,061 11,147

Percent

Total with 401(k) salary

reduction plans ................... 100 100 100 100

Withdrawals permitted .......... 49 48 45 51

Any reason ....................... 19 18 17 21

Hardship reasons only1 .... 30 31 28 30

Withdrawals not permitted .... 43 44 44 41

Not determinable .................. 9 8 10 8

1 Hardship reasons may include death or illness of a family member,

education expenses, sudden uninsured losses, or purchase of a primary

residence.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 

Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category, or data do

not meet publication criteria.

Table 93. 401(k) salary reduction plans: 

Vesting requirements, full-time

employees, private industry, National

Compensation Survey, 2000

Vesting requirements

All

employees1

Number (in thousands) with

401(k) salary reduction

plans ................................... 30,178

Percent

Total with 401(k) salary

reduction plans ................... 100

Immediate full vesting ........... 24

Cliff vesting2 ......................... 24

With full vesting after:

1 -2 years ...................... 2

3 - 4 years ..................... 8

5 years .......................... 14

More than 5 years ......... 1

Graduated vesting3 ............... 46

With full vesting after:

4 years or less .............. 16

5 years .......................... 20

6 years .......................... 8

7 years .......................... 3

Class year vesting4 ............... 1

With each class vested

after:

2 years .......................... 5 ( )

More than 3 years ......... 1

Other ..................................... 1

Not determinable .................. 3

1 Provisions for professional, technical, and

related employees, clerical and sales emloyees,

and blue-collar and service employees were not

publishable this year due to a high nonresponse

rate. Data for these occupational groups, however,

are included in the estimates for all employees. 2 Under cliff vesting, an employee is not

entitled to any benefits until satisfying requirements

for 100 percent vesting. 3 Under graduated vesting, an employee’s

rights to benefits increase

 with length of service, eventually reaching 100

percent. 4 Under class year vesting, employee

contributions for a given year (class) become

nonforfeitable after meeting vesting requirements. 

Subsequent contributions must meet similar

requirements. 5 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual

items may not equal totals. Where applicable,

dash indicates no employees in this category, or

data do not meet publication criteria.
78 

Chapter 4. Benefits by Selected Characteristics

 his chapter presents data on the frequency of employee 

benefits by major industry segment, union status, and 

full- and part-time employment. Key definitions are provided below. 

Industry 

Employee benefits are presented by two major industry divisions: Goods producing and service producing. 

Goods producing. Included are such industries as manufacturing, mining, and construction. 

Service producing. Included are such industries as transportation, communications, electric, gas and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and 

real estate; and services. 

Union status 

Occupations are categorized as union or nonunion at the 

time of data collection. To be categorized as union, an occupation must meet the following criteria: 1) A labor organization must be recognized as the bargaining agent for 

workers in the occupation; 2) wage and salary rates must be 

determined through collective bargaining or negotiations; 

and 3) settlement terms must be embodied in a signed, mutually binding collective bargaining agreement. 

Part-time and full-time status 

Employees are classified as full-time or part-time in accordance with the practices of surveyed establishments. 

T
79

Table 94. Summary: Participation in selected employee benefit programs,

full-time employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

(In percent)

Benefit All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and related

employees

Clerical

and sales

employees

Blue-collar

and

 service

 employees

Paid time off:

Holidays ............................................ 87 90 93 83

Vacations .......................................... 91 92 94 88

Disability benefits1:

Short-term disability ........................ 39 54 38 32

Long-term disability insurance ........ 31 56 34 17

Survivor benefits:

Life insurance ............................... 65 82 66 57

Accidental death and

dismemberment .......................... 50 64 48 44

Survivor income benefits .............. 2 3 3 2

Health care benefits:

Medical care ................................. 61 69 62 57

Dental care ................................... 35 46 37 30

Vision care .................................... 21 26 21 18

Outpatient prescription drug

coverage ..................................... 59 66 59 55

Retirement income benefits:

All retirement2 ................................... 55 70 59 46

Defined benefit ............................. 22 29 22 20

Defined contribution3 .................... 42 57 48 31

Savings and thrift ...................... 31 44 33 24

Deferred profit sharing .............. 9 10 13 6

Employee stock ownership ....... 2 2 3 1

Money purchase pension ......... 4 6 6 3

Stock bonus .............................. 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( ) 4 ( )

Simplified employee pension .... 1 1 1 1

Cash or deferred arrangements:

With employer contributions ..... 35 51 38 27

No employer contributions ........ 11 16 11 9

1 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident

insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now only includes plans that either

specify a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all

insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans available on a per disability basis as well as the

unfunded per disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance,

reported in years prior to the 1995 survey, only included insured, self-insured, and state-mandated

plans providing per disability benefits at less than full pay. 2 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. The total is

less than the sum of the individual items because many employees participated in both types of plans. 3 The total is less than the sum of the individual items because some employees participated in

more than one type of plan. 4 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where applicable, dash

indicates that no data were reported.
80

Table 95. Other benefits: Eligibility for specified benefits, full-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

(In percent)

Benefit All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and related

employees

Clerical

and sales

employees

Blue-collar

and

service

employees

Income continuation plans:

Severance pay ...................... 23 38 26 14

Supplemental unemployment

benefits ............................... 1 1 1 2

Family benefits:

Employer assistance for child

care ..................................... 5 11 5 2

Employer provided funds .. 2 4 3 1

On-site child care .............. 2 6 2 1

Off-site child care .............. 1 3 2 1 ( )

Adoption assistance ............. 6 13 6 2

Long-term care insurance ..... 8 15 8 5

Flexible workplace ................ 5 14 5 1

Health promotion programs:

Wellness programs ............... 21 37 19 13

Fitness center ....................... 10 20 11 5

Miscellaneous benefits:

Job-related travel accident

insurance ............................ 17 32 16 10

Nonproduction bonuses ........ 51 55 52 48

Subsidized commuting ......... 3 6 4 2

Education assistance:

Job-related ........................ 44 66 44 33

Not job-related .................. 11 20 10 7

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where

applicable, dash indicates that no data were reported.
81

Table 96. Summary: Participation in selected employee benefit programs,

part-time employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

(In percent)

Benefit All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and related

employees

Clerical

and sales

employees

Blue-collar

and

 service

 employees

Paid time off:

Holidays ............................................ 39 48 41 36

Vacations .......................................... 39 52 35 39

Disability benefits1:

Short-term disability ........................ 12 12 13 11

Long-term disability insurance ........ 4 10 3 2

Survivor benefits:

Life insurance ............................... 11 24 9 10

Accidental death and

dismemberment .......................... 8 16 8 7

Survivor income benefits .............. 1 - 1 1

Health care benefits:

Medical care ................................. 13 28 12 12

Dental care ................................... 6 12 7 4

Vision care .................................... 4 11 4 3

Outpatient prescription drug

coverage ..................................... 13 26 11 11

Retirement income benefits:

All retirement2 ................................... 18 32 18 15

Defined benefit ............................. 6 11 7 5

Defined contribution3 .................... 12 18 14 9

Savings and thrift ...................... 8 16 9 5

Deferred profit sharing .............. 3 6 2 3

Employee stock ownership ....... 2 1 2 2

Money purchase pension ......... 1 3 2 1

Simplified employee pension .... 1 4 () 1 1

Cash or deferred arrangements:

With employer contributions ..... 9 22 9 6

No employer contributions ........ 6 10 5 6

1 The definitions for paid sick leave and short-term disability (previously sickness and accident

insurance) were changed for the 1995 survey. Paid sick leave now only includes plans that either

specify a maximum number of days per year or unlimited days. Short-term disability now includes all

insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans available on a per disability basis as well as the

unfunded per disability plans previously reported as sick leave. Sickness and accident insurance,

reported in years prior to the 1995 survey, only included insured, self-insured, and state-mandated

plans providing per disability benefits at less than full pay. 2 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. The total is

less than the sum of the individual items because many employees participated in both types of plans. 3 The total is less than the sum of the individual items because some employees participated in

more than one type of plan. 4 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where applicable, dash

indicates that no data were reported.
82

Table 97. Other benefits: Eligibility for specified benefits, part-time

employees, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

(In percent)

Benefit All

employees

Professional,

technical,

and related

employees

Clerical

and sales

employees

Blue-collar

and

service

employees

Income continuation plans:

Severance pay ...................... 10 14 17 5

Supplemental unemployment

benefits ............................... 1 () 1 1 -

Family benefits:

Employer assistance for child

care ..................................... 3 11 2 1

Employer provided funds .. 1 5 1 1 ( )

On-site child care .............. 1 4 1 1

Off-site child care .............. 1 2 1 1 ( )

Adoption assistance ............. 2 3 2 1

Long-term care insurance ..... 2 6 2 1

Flexible workplace ................ 2 2 2 2

Health promotion programs:

Wellness programs ............... 7 17 8 4

Fitness center ....................... 5 12 6 3

Miscellaneous benefits:

Job-related travel accident

insurance ............................ 9 13 13 5

Nonproduction bonuses ........ 36 33 31 39

Subsidized commuting ......... 1 3 2 1 ( )

Education assistance:

Job-related ........................ 15 38 15 10

Not job-related .................. 3 8 3 1

1 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where

applicable, dash indicates that no data were reported.
83

Table 98. Percent of workers participating in selected benefits, by worker and establishment

characteristics, private industry, National Compensation Survey,1 2000

Characteristics

Retirement benefits Health care benefits

All Defined

benefit

Defined

contribution

Medical

care

Dental

care Vision care

Total .................................................. 48 19 36 52 29 17

Worker characteristics:2

Professional, technical, and related

employees3 ..................................... 66 27 53 64 42 24

Clerical and sales employees3 ......... 50 18 40 50 30 17

Blue-collar and service employees3 39 17 27 47 24 15

Full time ............................................ 55 22 42 61 35 21

Part time ........................................... 18 6 12 13 6 4

Union ................................................ 83 69 38 75 53 41

Nonunion .......................................... 44 14 36 49 27 15

Establishment characteristics:

Goods-producing .............................. 57 – 44 – 33 20

Service-producing ............................. 45 18 33 48 28 17

1-99 workers ..................................... 33 8 27 43 19 10

100 workers or more ......................... 65 33 46 61 41 26

Characteristics

Survivor benefits Disability benefits

Life

insurance

Accidental

death and

dismemberment

Survivor

income

benefits

Short-term

disability

Long-term

disability

Total .................................................. 54 41 2 34 26

Worker characteristics:2

Professional, technical, and related

employees3 ..................................... 76 58 3 50 51

Clerical and sales employees3 ......... 52 39 2 32 27

Blue-collar and service employees3 47 36 2 28 14

Full time ............................................ 65 50 2 39 31

Part time ........................................... 11 8 1 12 4

Union ................................................ 82 66 6 69 28

Nonunion .......................................... 51 39 2 30 25

Establishment characteristics:

Goods-producing .............................. 69 58 3 45 31

Service-producing ............................. 50 36 2 30 24

1-99 workers ..................................... 37 24 2 22 13

100 workers or more ......................... 75 62 3 47 40

1 The survey covers all 50 States and the District of

Columbia. Collection was conducted between February and

December 2000. The average reference period was July

2000. 2 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or

part-time schedule based on the definition used by each

establishment. Union workers are those whose wages are

determined through collective bargaining.

3 A classification system including about 480 individual

occupations is used to cover all workers in the civilian

economy. See the Technical Note for more information.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may

not equal totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no

employees in this category or data do not meet publication

criteria.
84

Table 99. Percent of workers with access to selected benefits, by worker and establishment characteristics, private industry, National

Compensation Survey,1 2000

Characteristics Paid

vacations

Paid

holidays

Employer assistance for child care

Adoption

assistance

Long-term

care

insurance

Flexible

work place Total2

Employer

provided

funds

On-site

child care

Off-site

child care

Total .................................................. 80 77 4 2 2 1 5 7 5

Worker characteristics:3

Professional, technical, and related

employees4 ..................................... 88 85 11 4 6 3 12 14 12

Clerical and sales employees4 ......... 80 80 5 3 1 2 5 7 4

Blue-collar and service employees4 77 73 2 1 1 5 () 2 4 1

Full time ............................................ 91 87 5 2 2 1 6 8 5

Part time ........................................... 39 39 3 1 1 1 2 2 2

Union ................................................ 93 89 8 6 2 5 ( ) 5 15 3

Nonunion .......................................... 79 76 4 2 2 1 5 6 5

Establishment characteristics:

Goods-producing .............................. 89 89 2 1 5 ( ) 5 () 6 5 4

Service-producing ............................. 78 74 5 2 3 1 4 8 5

1-99 workers ..................................... 73 70 1 5 ( ) 5 () 1 1 5 2

100 workers or more ......................... 89 86 9 4 4 2 9 10 7

Characteristics

Non-wage cash payments

Subsidized

commuting

Education assistance

Travel

accident

insurance

Health promotion

benefits

Nonproduction

bonuses

Supplemental

unemployment

benefits

Severance

pay

Work

related

Non-work

related Wellness

programs

Fitness

centers

Total .................................................. 48 1 20 3 38 9 15 18 9

Worker characteristics:3

Professional, technical, and related

employees4 ..................................... 52 1 35 6 62 19 30 35 19

Clerical and sales employees4 ......... 48 1 24 3 37 8 15 17 10

Blue-collar and service employees4 46 1 12 2 28 6 9 11 4

Full time ............................................ 51 1 23 3 44 11 17 21 10

Part time ........................................... 36 5 ( ) 10 1 15 3 9 7 5

Union ................................................ 38 8 31 2 57 18 23 38 11

Nonunion .......................................... 49 5 ( ) 19 3 36 8 14 16 9

Establishment characteristics:

Goods-producing .............................. 51 4 21 1 45 14 19 19 10

Service-producing ............................. 47 5 ( ) 20 4 36 8 14 17 9

1-99 workers ..................................... 49 5 ( ) 11 2 26 3 5 6 4

100 workers or more ......................... 46 2 32 5 52 17 28 31 16

1 The survey covers all 50 States and the District of Columbia. Collection was

conducted between February and December 2000. The average reference period

was July 2000. 2 The total may be less than the sum of individual items because some

employees were receiving more than one type of employer assistance for child

care. 3 Employees are classified as working either a full-time or part-time schedule

based on the definition used by each establishment. Union workers are those

whose wages are determined through collective bargaining. 4 A classification system including about 480 individual occupations is used to

cover all workers in the civilian economy. See the Technical Note for more

information. 5 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Where

applicable, dash indicates no employees in this category or data do not meet

publication criteria.
85 

Appendix A. Technical Note

 he National Compensation Survey (NCS) benefit 

incidence and provisions series provides information 

on availability and detailed provisions of employee benefit 

plans. The portion of the NCS sample from which estimates on employee benefits are made covers all privatesector establishments in the United States, with the exception of farms and private households. 

Scope of survey 

The 2000 NCS benefits incidence survey obtained data 

from 1,436 private industry establishments, representing 

over 107 million workers; of this number, nearly 86 million 

were full-time workers and the remainder--nearly 22 million--were part-time workers. (See tables A-1 and A-2). 

The NCS uses the establishment’s definition of full- and 

part-time status. For purposes of this survey, an establishment is an economic unit that produces goods or services, a 

central administrative office, or an auxiliary unit providing 

support services to a company. For private industries, the 

establishment is usually at a single physical location. 

 Data in Appendix B indicate the estimated number of 

full- and part-time employees within the scope of the survey, the number of responding sample establishments, and 

the number of sampled (and responding) occupational 

quotes within those establishments that are actually studied 

for each major industry division. Occupational quotes are 

narrowly defined occupations sampled within an establishment. 

Occupational groups 

Narrowly defined occupations selected for study are classified into one of the following three broad occupational 

groups: 

Professional, technical, and related. Includes professional, 

technical, executive, administrative, managerial, and related occupations. 

Clerical and sales. Includes clerical, administrative support, and sales occupations. 

Blue-collar and service. Includes precision production, 

craft, and repair occupations; machine operators and inspectors; transportation and moving occupations; handlers, 

equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers; and service occupations. 

 Excluded from the survey are self-employed persons, 

proprietors, major stockholders, members of a corporate 

board who are not otherwise officers of the corporation, 

volunteers, unpaid workers, family members who are paid 

token wages, the permanently disabled, partners in unincorporated firms, and U.S. citizens working overseas. 

Benefit areas 

BLS requests that establishments provide data for sampled 

occupations on work schedules and plan details in each of 

the following benefit areas: Paid holidays, paid vacations, 

short-term disability benefits, long-term disability insurance, medical care, dental care, vision care, life insurance, 

defined benefit pension plans, and defined contribution 

plans. 

 Data are also collected on the incidence of the following additional benefits: Severance pay, supplemental unemployment benefits, travel accident insurance, nonproduction cash bonuses, child care, adoption assistance, longterm care insurance, flexible workplace, wellness programs, fitness centers, job-related and non-job-related educational assistance, and subsidized commuting. 

Sample design and data collection 

The sample for this survey was selected using a three-stage 

design. The first stage involved the selection of areas. The 

NCS sample consists of 154 metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan areas that represent the Nation’s 326 metropolitan statistical areas (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget) and the remaining portions of the 50 

States. Metropolitan areas are either Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) or Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical 

Areas (CMSAs), as defined by the Office of Management 

and Budget, in 1994. Nonmetropolitan areas are counties 

that do not fit the metropolitan area definition. 

In the second stage, the sample of establishments was 

drawn from the sampling frame, which is comprised of 

State Unemployment Insurance reports from the 50 States 

and the District of Columbia. The sampling frame is first 

stratified by industry and establishment size. The number 

of sample establishments allocated to each stratum is approximately proportional to the stratum employment. Each 

sampled establishment was selected within a stratum with a 

probability proportional to its employment. Use of this 

technique means that the larger an establishment’s employment, the greater its chance of selection. Weights were apT
86 

plied to each establishment when the data were tabulated so 

that each establishment represents similar units (in terms of 

industry and employment size) in the economy that were 

not selected for collection. 

The third stage of sample selection was a probability 

sample of occupations within a sampled establishment. 

Identification of the occupations for which data were to be 

collected was a four-step process: 

1. Probability-proportional-to-size selection of establishment jobs. 

2. Classification of jobs into occupations based on the 

Census of Population system. 

3. Characterization of jobs as full-time versus parttime, union versus nonunion, and time versus incentive. 

4. Determination of the level of work of each job. 

 

 Bureau field economists visit or contact sampled establishments by telephone to collect data for the survey. To 

reduce the reporting burden, respondents are asked to provide documents describing their defined benefit pensions, 

defined contribution plans, and medical, dental, and vision 

care plans. BLS analyzes these plans in Washington to garner the required data on plan provisions. 

Data calculation 

Tabulations in this bulletin show the percent of all employees who receive specified benefits, such as paid holidays or 

medical care, as well as information on the provisions of 

many of these benefits. To present provision data, tabulations generally indicate the percent of all employees receiving a benefit (participants) who are covered by specified 

features. For example, a tabulation may show the percent 

of workers with medical care benefits who are covered by a 

health maintenance organization. 

 The majority of tables in the bulletin indicate the percent of employees covered by a particular benefit plan or 

provision. In addition, average benefit provisions_such as 

the average annual deductible in a health care plan_are presented. In some cases, tabulations indicate both the percent 

of employees with a given provision and the average value 

of that provision. For example, tabulations indicate the percent of employees in fee-for-service medical care plans 

who must pay selected deductibles (such as $100, $150, 

and $200 per year), as well as the average deductible. (All 

tabulations of averages include only those employees actually covered by the provision being averaged.) 

 Most tables in this bulletin also include the number of 

employees receiving the benefit. This provides the reader 

with additional information on the prevalence of various 

benefit plans and provisions. 

 

Survey estimation methods 

The survey design uses an estimator that assigns the inverse 

of each sample unit’s probability of selection as a weight to 

the unit’s data at each of the stages of sample selection. 

Three weight-adjustment factors are applied to the establishment data. The first factor is introduced to account for 

establishment non-response, a second factor for occupational non-response, and a third poststratification factor is 

introduced to adjust the estimated employment totals to actual counts of the employment by industry for the survey 

reference date. 

 The general form of the estimator for a population total 

Y is: 

Y f f

P

Y f

P

i i

i

ij ij

j ij

o

i

n i

= = =

∑ ∑ 2 1

1 1

 

’

where, 

 n’ = number of responding sample establishments; 

 oi = occupation sample size selected from the ith establishment; 

 Yij= value for the characteristics of the jth selected occupation in the ith selected establishment; 

 Pi = the probability of including the ith establishment 

in the sample; 

 Pij = the probability of including the jth occupation in 

the sample of occupations from the ith establishment; 

 f1i = weight adjustment factor for nonresponse for the 

i

th establishment; 

 fij = weight adjustment factor for nonresponse for the 

j

th occupation in the ith establishment; 

 f2i = weight adjustment factor for poststratification totals for the ith establishment. 

 Appropriate employment or establishment totals are 

used to calculate the proportion, mean, or percentage that is 

desired. 

Reliability of estimates 

The statistics in this bulletin are estimates derived from a 

sample of usable occupation quotes selected from the responding establishments. They are not tabulations based on 

data from all employees in private establishments within 

scope of the survey. Consequently, the data are subject to 

sampling and nonsampling errors. 

Sampling errors are the differences that can arise between results derived from a sample and those computed 

from observations of all units in the population being studied. When probability techniques are used to select a sample, statistical measures called “standard errors” can be cal- 
87 

culated to measure possible sampling errors. No estimates 

of sample error were calculated for this survey. 

Nonsampling errors also affect survey results. They can 

be attributed to many sources: Inability to obtain information about all establishments in the sample; definitional difficulties; differences in the interpretation of questions; inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct 

information; mistakes in recording or coding the data; and 

other errors of collection, response, processing, coverage, 

and estimation for missing data. 

 Computer edits of the data and professional review of 

both individual and summarized data reduce the nonsampling errors in recording, coding, and processing the data. 

However, to the extent that the characteristics of nonrespondents are not the same as those of respondents, nonsampling errors are introduced in the development of estimates. 
88

Table A-1. Number of establishments and full-time occupational quotes studied and estimated number of full-time

workers within scope of survey, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Industry division1

Number of

establishments

studied

Number of occupational quotes studied2

Total

Professional,

technical,

 and related

Clerical and

sales

Blue-collar and

service

All industries ............................. 1,436 5,303 1,712 1,498 2,093

Manufacturing ....................... 230 1,167 384 171 612

Nonmanufacturing ................ 1,206 4,136 1,328 1,327 1,481

Mining ............................... 10 56 20 15 21

Construction ..................... 103 326 37 46 243

Transportation,

communications,

electric, gas, and

sanitary services ......... 108 434 132 127 175

Wholesale trade ................ 98 365 80 155 130

Retail trade ....................... 210 467 38 211 218

Finance, insurance, and

real estate ................... 204 736 256 382 98

Services ............................ 473 1,752 765 391 596

Estimated number of full-time workers within scope of survey

All industries ............................. 85,939,757 20,138,724 23,915,459 41,885,575

Manufacturing ....................... 17,615,070 4,203,918 2,247,392 11,163,761

Nonmanufacturing ................ 68,324,687 15,934,806 21,668,068 30,721,814

Mining ............................... 529,374 108,851 103,727 316,796

Construction ..................... 6,739,146 859,881 810,444 5,068,821

Transportation,

communications,

electric, gas, and

sanitary services ......... 5,645,304 1,081,902 1,690,055 2,873,347

Wholesale trade ................ 6,397,563 949,322 2,870,686 2,577,556

Retail trade ....................... 13,399,681 789,083 4,892,649 7,717,949

Finance, insurance, and

real estate ................... 6,726,927 2,354,808 3,628,647 743,472

Services ............................ 28,886,692 9,790,958 7,671,859 11,423,874

1 As defined in the 1987 edition of the Standard Industrial

Classification Manual, U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 

Industry data are shown for informational purposes only and are

subject to larger than normal sample error. See section on reliability

of estimates. 2 These figures refer to all respondents to the survey, whether or

not they provided data for all items studied. See the section on

survey response.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal

totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this

category, or data do not meet publication criteria.
89

Table A-2. Number of establishments and part-time occupational quotes studied and estimated number of part-time

workers within scope of survey, private industry, National Compensation Survey, 2000

Industry division1

Number of

establishments

studied

Number of occupational quotes studied2

Total

Professional,

technical,

 and related

Clerical and

sales

Blue-collar and

service

All industries ............................. 1,436 951 170 342 439

Manufacturing ....................... 230 19 1 5 13

Nonmanufacturing ................ 1,206 932 169 337 426

Mining ............................... 10 1 - - 1

Construction ..................... 103 6 - 2 4

Transportation,

communications,

electric, gas, and

sanitary services ......... 108 38 1 17 20

Wholesale trade ................ 98 22 2 6 14

Retail trade ....................... 210 341 11 156 174

Finance, insurance, and

real estate ................... 204 81 4 62 15

Services ............................ 473 443 151 94 198

Estimated number of part-time workers within scope of survey

All industries ............................. 21,598,520 2,452,695 7,440,166 11,705,659

Manufacturing ....................... 746,244 42,813 88,657 614,774

Nonmanufacturing ................ 20,852,276 2,409,882 7,351,509 11,090,885

Mining ............................... 10,693 - - 10,693

Construction ..................... 129,714 - 34,770 94,945

Transportation,

communications,

electric, gas, and

sanitary services ......... 1,085,261 5,011 277,121 803,129

Wholesale trade ................ 596,948 61,218 135,613 400,117

Retail trade ....................... 9,890,429 353,941 4,190,897 5,345,591

Finance, insurance, and

real estate ................... 728,287 56,882 504,819 166,585

Services ............................ 8,410,944 1,932,829 2,208,290 4,269,825

1 As defined in the 1987 edition of the Standard Industrial

Classification Manual, U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 

Industry data are shown for informational purposes only and are

subject to larger than normal sample error. See section on reliability

of estimates. 2 These figures refer to all respondents to the survey, whether or

not they provided data for all items studied. See the section on

survey response.

NOTE: Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal

totals. Where applicable, dash indicates no employees in this

category, or data do not meet publication criteria.
90 

Appendix B. Survey Response

Survey response 

 ata for the 2000 National Compensation Survey 

benefits series were collected from February to December, reflecting an average reference period of July. Respondents were asked for information as of the time of data 

collection contact. 

The following summary is a composite of establishment 

responses to the survey: 

 Establishments Number 

 In sample: 2,763 

 Out of business and out of scope 368 

 Refusing to respond 914 

 Responding fully 

 or partially 1,436 

 The responding establishments yielded 5,303 occupational observations (quotes) for which data were collected. 

 There were four procedures used to adjust for missing 

data from partial and full refusals. First, imputations for the 

number of plan participants are made for cases in which 

this number is not reported (approximately 35 percent of 

participants in medical plans, 36 percent in retirement 

plans, and about 15 percent of participants in all other types 

of plans). 

 Each of these participant values is imputed by selecting 

a similar plan from another establishment. 

 Second, imputations for plan provisions were made 

when they are not available in a responding establishment. 

These plan provisions are imputed by selecting a plan from 

another establishment with similar characteristics. Provisions from this selected plan are then used to represent the 

missing data. 

 For establishments that refuse, or are unable to provide 

the minimum amount of usable data, a weight adjustment is 

made using the sample unit employment. This technique 

assumes that the mean value of the nonrespondents equals 

the mean value of the respondents at some “detailed” cell 

level. These cells are defined in a manner that groups establishments together that are homogeneous with respect to 

the characteristics of interest. In most cases, these cells are 

the same as those used for sample selection. 

 For establishments that refuse, or are unable to provide 

data for a specific occupation, a similar cell approach is 

used to make adjustments to the sampled occupation 

weights in responding establishments. The characteristics 

of interest include the major occupation group of the unreported occupations. 

 Data on some benefit areas, such as paid sick leave and 

flexible benefits, did not meet publication standards. They 

are expected to be published in the future. 

Availability of Survey Data 

The tables published in this bulletin present the major findings of the National Compensation Survey about employee 

benefits in private industry establishments. Survey data are 

also available in research articles, special bulletins and reports, and short publications. These research materials 

have been published in Compensation and Working Conditions, a quarterly publication that can be accessed online at 

http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cwchome.htm, or in 

Monthly Labor Review, which can be accessed at 

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/mlrhome.htm. Both periodicals can be searched by topic using the online index. 

D