UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-4957

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

LEILA VARETTA HECTOR, a/k/a Leila Varretta Hector, a/k/a Leila Varetta

Hector-Dykes, a/k/a Rita Hector,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 20-4052

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

ROY LEE DYKES,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 20-6414

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

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v.

LEILA VARETTA HECTOR, a/k/a Leila Varretta Hector, a/k/a Leila Varetta 

Hector-Dykes, a/k/a Rita Hector,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 20-6467

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

ROY LEE DYKES,

Defendant - Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at Big 

Stone Gap. James P. Jones, District Judge. (2:18-cr-00003-JPJ-PMS-1; 2:18-cr-00003-

JPJ-PMS-2)

Submitted: January 31, 2022 Decided: February 9, 2022

Before MOTZ, AGEE, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: James R. Theuer, JAMES R. THEUER, PLLC, Norfolk, Virginia; Peter L.

Goldman, SABOURA, GOLDMAN & COLOMBO, P.C., Alexandria, Virginia, for 

Appellants. Daniel P. Bubar, Acting United States Attorney, Roanoke, Virginia, M.

Suzanne Kerney-Quillen, Special Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE 

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UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Abingdon, Virginia, for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PER CURIAM:

A jury convicted Roy Lee Dykes and Leila Varretta Hector (collectively, 

“Defendants”), a married couple, of conspiring to distribute and possess with intent to 

distribute a variety of controlled substances (Count 1s), in violation of 21 U.S.C. 

§§ 841(b)(1), 846. The jury additionally convicted Defendants of distribution and 

possession with intent to distribute, “as a principal and aider and abettor,” more than 5 

grams of methamphetamine (Count 16s), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and Dykes 

alone of 16 additional counts of distribution and possession with intent to distribute various 

controlled substances. Defendants appeal from their convictions and respective sentences, 

which both included orders of forfeiture and a money judgment.

On appeal, Defendants argue that the district court erred by (1) improperly 

instructing the jury; (2) denying their motions for mistrials and their postjudgment and 

postsentencing motions for a new trial; and (3) entering a money judgment. Dykes 

additionally challenges the district court’s denial of a motion in limine to exclude certain 

firearms evidence, and Hector challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support her 

conviction on Count 16s. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.

I.

First, Dykes argues that the district court erred in denying his motion in limine in 

which he sought to exclude evidence of firearms and ammunition recovered during a search 

of Defendants’ home. Dykes contends that the evidence was improper character evidence 

unrelated to the charged crimes. The Government, on the other hand, argues that the 

evidence was intrinsic to the charged drug offenses because it was directed toward showing 

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Dykes’ involvement in the drug trade. We review the denial of a motion in limine for 

abuse of discretion. United States v. Hornsby, 666 F.3d 296, 309 (4th Cir. 2012). We 

further review evidentiary rulings for harmless error and will not reverse the district court’s 

ruling so long as we “can say with fair assurance, after pondering all that happened without 

stripping the erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not substantially 

swayed by the error.” United States v. Burfoot, 899 F.3d 326, 340 (4th Cir. 2018) (internal 

quotation marks omitted).

Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) provides that “[e]vidence of any other crime, 

wrong, or act is not admissible to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a 

particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” Fed. R. Evid. 

404(b)(1). “The Rule 404(b) inquiry, however, applies only to evidence of other acts that 

are extrinsic to the one charged. Acts intrinsic to the alleged crime do not fall under Rule 

404(b)’s limitations on admissible evidence.” United States v. Palacios, 677 F.3d 234, 

244-45 (4th Cir. 2012). “[U]ncharged conduct is intrinsic [if it] arose out of the same series 

of transactions as the charged offense, or if evidence of the uncharged conduct is necessary 

to complete the story of the crime on trial.” United States v. Siegel, 536 F.3d 306, 316 

(4th Cir. 2008) (cleaned up). Regarding conspiracy offenses in particular, “the 

[G]overnment is permitted to present evidence of acts committed in furtherance of the 

conspiracy even though they are not all specifically described in the indictment.” Palacios, 

677 F.3d at 245 (internal quotation marks omitted).

It is well established that firearms are “tools of the trade” in drug trafficking. United 

States v. Manigan, 592 F.3d 621, 629 (4th Cir. 2010); see United States v. Lomax, 293 F.3d 

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701, 705 (4th Cir. 2002) (describing ways firearms may further drug trafficking in context 

of determining whether firearm had requisite connection to drug trafficking to support 

§ 924(c) offense); United States v. Ricks, 882 F.2d 885, 892 (4th Cir. 1989) (“[E]vidence

of firearms is relevant in narcotics conspiracy cases.”). A Government witness testified, 

based on his training and experience, to the connection between weapons and the drug 

trade, and Dykes himself admitted that he had previously traded drugs for a firearm. 

Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Dykes’ motion in limine and in admitting the challenged evidence.

II.

Next, Dykes and Hector each challenge the district court’s jury instructions. Dykes 

contends that the court erred by declining to issue a jury instruction on his proffered public 

authority defense. Hector argues that the court erred by failing to fully instruct the jury on 

the elements of a drug conspiracy. We discern no error in the court’s instructions.

A.

The “public authority defense” is an affirmative defense that requires a defendant 

to establish that he reasonably relied on the actual authority of a government official to 

authorize his otherwise illegal actions. United States v. Fulcher, 250 F.3d 244, 253-54 (4th 

Cir. 2001) (explaining that a defendant’s alleged reliance on apparent authority of official 

is insufficient). At trial, Dykes sought to argue that he conducted his illicit drug activities 

on the orders of a Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) agent named Ronnie Baffo. 

“A defendant is entitled to an instruction as to any recognized defense for which there 

exists evidence sufficient for a reasonable jury to find in his favor.” United States v. Ricks, 

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573 F.3d 198, 200 (4th Cir. 2009) (cleaned up). However, where there is insufficient 

evidence to support an element of an affirmative defense, the district court “can refuse to 

instruct the jury on the . . . defense.” United States v. Sarno, 24 F.3d 618, 621 (4th Cir. 

1994). “A district court’s refusal to instruct the jury on . . . a defense presents a question 

of law that we review de novo.” Ricks, 573 F.3d at 200 (citing United States v. Perrin, 45 

F.3d 869, 871 (4th Cir. 1995)).

After Dykes testified at trial that he had been acting as a confidential informant for 

Baffo, the Government presented evidence that Baffo did not exist; that Dykes had never 

served as a DEA informant; and that the DEA does not provide drugs to informants for 

distribution. In declining to instruct the jury on the public authority defense, the district 

court explained that even if the jury were to believe Dykes’ refuted testimony, he had not 

produced any evidence that Baffo had the actual authority to authorize him to engage in 

otherwise criminal acts. Because relying on the apparent authority of a government agent 

is insufficient as a matter of law to establish a public authority defense, see Fulcher, 250 

F.3d at 253-54, the district court did not err in declining to instruct the jury on the defense.

B.

Next, Hector argues that the district court reversibly erred by failing to include 

“interdependence” as an essential element of a drug conspiracy in its instructions to the 

jury. See United States v. Stewart, 256 F.3d 231, 250 (4th Cir. 2001) (listing elements of 

conspiracy offense as “(1) an agreement with another person to violate the law, 

(2) knowledge of the essential objectives of the conspiracy, (3) knowing and voluntary 

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involvement, and (4) interdependence among the alleged conspirators”). But see United 

States v. Burgos, 94 F.3d 849, 857 (4th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (listing elements of conspiracy 

offense as “(1) an agreement to [accomplish the unlawful drug activity] existed between 

two or more persons; (2) the defendant knew of the conspiracy; and (3) the defendant 

knowingly and voluntarily became a part of this conspiracy”).

A jury instruction is not erroneous if, “in light of the whole record, [it] adequately 

informed the jury of the controlling legal principles without misleading or confusing the 

jury to the prejudice of the objecting party.” United States v. Miltier, 882 F.3d 81, 89 (4th 

Cir. 2018). Where, as here, the defendant failed to object in the district court, we review 

for plain error. United States v. Cowden, 882 F.3d 464, 475 (4th Cir. 2018). To 

demonstrate plain error, Hector must show that an error: (1) occurred, (2) was plain, and 

(3) affected her substantial rights. Id. Even if Hector meets this standard, we will exercise 

our discretion to correct the error only if it “seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or 

public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (cleaned up).

The fact that Stewart and Burgos articulate the elements of conspiracy differently 

does not automatically render them inconsistent. See United States v. Ray, 61 F. App’x 37,

57 (4th Cir. 2003) (No. 00-4409) (argued but unpublished) (describing the cases as “two 

equally correct formulations of the same basic elements of conspiracy”). The key inquiry, 

then, is whether the jury instructions “adequately informed the jury of the controlling legal 

principles without misleading or confusing the jury to the prejudice of the objecting party.” 

Miltier, 882 F.3d at 89. Here, the court explained that in order to convict Defendants of 

the charged conspiracy, the jury needed to find:

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[(1)] That at some time during the dates charged, two or more persons entered 

into an agreement or understanding; [(2)] That the purpose or object of the 

agreement was to do one or more of the criminal purposes charged; and 

[(3)] That the defendant voluntarily joined the conspiracy knowing of its 

purpose and intending to help accomplish that purpose.

(J.A. 1999).

1

 The court also advised the jury that mere presence at a crime scene was 

insufficient to establish a conspiracy. These instructions sufficiently informed the jury of 

the necessary elements of a conspiracy and were neither misleading nor confusing. 

Accordingly, the district court did not plainly err in instructing the jury.

III.

Hector next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting her conviction on 

Count 16s for distribution and possession with intent to distribute more than 5 grams of 

methamphetamine “as a principal and aider and abettor.” She contends that the 

Government failed to establish more than her “mere presence” at the transaction at issue. 

Because Hector did not file a Fed. R. Crim. P. 29 motion for a judgment of acquittal in the 

district court, we review this claim for plain error only. United States v. Wallace, 515 F.3d 

327, 331-33 (4th Cir. 2008).

“A defendant bringing a sufficiency challenge must overcome a heavy burden,” as 

reversal is “confined to cases where the prosecution’s failure is clear.” United States v. 

Palomino-Coronado, 805 F.3d 127, 130 (4th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

We will uphold a jury’s verdict if, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Government, substantial evidence supports it. Burfoot, 899 F.3d at 334. In reviewing the 

1 “J.A.” refers to the joint appendix filed by the parties in this appeal.

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evidence, we ask whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements 

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Robinson, 855 F.3d 265, 268 

(4th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted).

To convict a defendant of possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance 

in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), the Government must prove “that a defendant 

(1) possessed a controlled substance; (2) knew of the possession; and (3) intended to 

distribute the controlled substance.” United States v. Ath, 951 F.3d 179, 188 (4th Cir.), 

cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 2790 (2020). A conviction for distribution of a controlled substance 

requires proof that “(1) the defendant knowingly or intentionally distributed the controlled 

substance alleged in the indictment, and (2) at the time of such distribution the defendant 

knew that the substance distributed was a controlled substance under the law.” United 

States v. Howard, 773 F.3d 519, 526 (4th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up). “A defendant is guilty 

of aiding and abetting if [she] has knowingly associated [herself] with and participated in 

the criminal venture.” Burgos, 94 F.3d at 873 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Participation in every stage of an illegal venture is not required, only 

participation at some stage accompanied by knowledge of the result and 

intent to bring about that result. The same evidence establishing a 

defendant’s participation in a conspiracy may support a conclusion that a 

defendant participated in the principal’s unlawful intent to possess and 

distribute drugs, thereby proving guilt of aiding and abetting as well.

Id. (cleaned up).

Here, the jury heard testimony from a coconspirator, James Cleghorne, that Hector 

“was the money” in the charged conspiracy, explaining that “[n]othing was taken care of, 

nothing was done that didn’t at least get asked or brought up to [Hector.]” (J.A. 663). 

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Cleghorne further testified that he had sold methamphetamine to Hector on multiple 

occasions and that Hector also provided him with oxycodone and hydrocodone and would 

deduct the cost of the drugs from Cleghorne’s pay for construction work he performed for 

Defendants. There was also evidence that Dykes referred customers seeking prescription 

pills to Hector.

Although Dykes testified that he kept Hector out of his narcotics business, he 

simultaneously stated that Hector would collect drug money on his behalf because Dykes 

believed that she was protected by his alleged “agreement” with Baffo. The jury also heard 

testimony that Hector routinely exited Dykes’ vehicle immediately before a drug sale and 

returned to the vehicle immediately after the sale had been completed; a Government 

witness testified that this was so routine that law enforcement officers considered it “a 

signal” that a drug sale was about to occur. Specifically with regard to the sale of 

methamphetamine charged in Count 16s, Hector accompanied Dykes to Virginia in a 

vehicle containing over 80 grams of methamphetamine, and she falsely told investigators 

that the almost $5,000 in marked bills from the sale, which were recovered from her purse,

was gambling money.

The jury was explicitly instructed that mere presence at the scene of a crime was 

insufficient to establish aiding and abetting liability, and the jury is presumed to have 

followed this instruction. United States v. Zelaya, 908 F.3d 920, 930 (4th Cir. 2018). 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, a rational factfinder

“could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

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Robinson, 855 F.3d at 268 (internal quotation marks omitted). Hector has therefore failed 

to establish plain error in the jury’s verdict on the basis of insufficient evidence.

IV.

During trial, Dykes and Hector each moved for a mistrial as the result of a 

Government witness’s statement. In response to defense counsel’s question on crossexamination that “[Hector] never admitted knowledge of what her husband did, did she?”, 

the witness responded,

No, she did not. She just said that she knows he did things and that she was 

attracted to him because he’d been in prison before and was kind of a bad 

guy. But that as far as specific knowledge of this activity, she just said that 

she tried to mind her own business.

(J.A. 601). Although neither Dykes nor Hector objected to the testimony, the district court 

immediately issued a curative instruction, telling the jury to ignore the witness’s answer 

beyond his acknowledgment that Hector had never admitted to the knowledge. The district 

court denied the motions for mistrials, and Defendants subsequently filed postjudgment 

motions for a new trial on the same ground, which the court also denied. Defendants 

challenge the denial of their respective motions. In addition, Defendants challenge the 

denials of additional motions for a new trial on the basis of new evidence.

Under the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, “[a] district court retains discretion 

to grant a new trial if doing so is in the interest of justice.” United States v. Millender, 970 

F.3d 523, 531 (4th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Fed. R. Crim. P. 

33(a). However, “[a] trial court should exercise its discretion to award a new trial 

sparingly, and a jury verdict is not to be overturned except in the rare circumstance when 

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the evidence weighs heavily against it.” Burfoot, 899 F.3d at 340 (internal quotation marks 

omitted). We review both “a district court’s denial of a motion for a mistrial and for a new 

trial for abuse of discretion.” United States v. Saint Louis, 889 F.3d 145, 155 (4th Cir. 

2018). In order to establish an abuse of discretion, Defendants must show prejudice; 

prejudice does not “exist[], however, if the jury could make individual guilt determinations 

by following” cautionary instructions given by the court. United States v. Wallace, 515 

F.3d 327, 330 (4th Cir. 2008). When cautionary instructions are given, “[w]e presume that 

juries follow [them.]” United States v. Johnson, 587 F.3d 625, 631 (4th Cir. 2009).

A.

Dykes contends that the district court’s curative instruction following the witness’s 

statement was “vague and amorphous” and failed to properly guard against prejudice. 

Hector similarly argues that the comment denied her a fair trial by unfairly placing her 

character into evidence. The statement, although unfortunate, was a “singular stray 

reference” to Dykes’ prior incarceration. See United States v. Smith, 919 F.3d 825, 841 

n.12 (4th Cir. 2019) (rejecting contention that “passing reference by a Government witness 

to [defendant] being previously ‘locked up’ . . . amount[ed] to prejudicial testimony 

requiring a mistrial”). The district court immediately issued a curative instruction, and the 

court later reminded the jury in its instructions that the jury could not refer to any statement 

that the court had ordered it to disregard. The jury is presumed to have followed these 

instructions. Johnson, 587 F.3d at 631. Moreover, Dykes himself later testified to his prior 

felony convictions, ameliorating the potential prejudicial effect—informing the jury of 

Dykes’ criminal history—that the statement may have had. Because neither Dykes nor

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Hector has demonstrated that the district court’s prompt curative instruction was 

insufficient to protect against any potential prejudice, we discern no abuse of discretion in 

the district court’s denial of Defendants’ motions for mistrials and for a new trial based on 

the testimony.

B.

We similarly find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying 

Dykes’ second postjudgment and Hector’s postsentencing motions for a new trial based on 

newly discovered evidence. In order for new evidence to warrant a new trial:

(a) the evidence must be, in fact, newly discovered, i.e., discovered since the 

trial; (b) facts must be alleged from which the court may infer diligence on 

the part of the movant; (c) the evidence relied on must not be merely 

cumulative or impeaching; (d) it must be material to the issues involved; and 

(e) it must be such, and of such nature, as that, on a new trial, the newly 

discovered evidence would probably produce an acquittal.

United States v. Custis, 988 F.2d 1355, 1359 (4th Cir. 1993). A new trial may be granted 

solely on the basis of newly discovered impeachment evidence only in “an exceptional rare 

case.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). This exception is narrow in scope, applying, 

for example, where the Government’s case rested entirely on the uncorroborated testimony 

of a single witness later discovered to have “lied consistently in a string of previous cases.” 

United States v. Robinson, 627 F.3d 941, 949 (4th Cir. 2010). Because the evidence 

proffered by Defendants—a local newspaper article about another drug conspiracy case 

involving a man who Dykes alleged set him up at the behest of the Government; inmate 

statements that other inmates said Cleghorne believed Dykes to be working with the police 

and that Cleghorne was retaliating against Dykes and Hector; and a vague allegation that 

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individuals were impersonating law enforcement agents in Georgia—does not meet this 

standard, the district court did not abuse its discretions in denying the motions.

V.

Finally, Defendants contend that the district court’s money judgment of forfeiture 

violates the principle established in United States v. Honeycutt, 137 S. Ct. 1626, 1633, 1635 

(2017), that a coconspirator who did not personally obtain proceeds of the crime cannot be 

held jointly and severally liable.2

 Any person convicted of a drug offense punishable by a 

term of imprisonment in excess of one year “shall forfeit to the United States . . . any 

property constituting, or derived from, any proceeds the person obtained, directly or 

indirectly, as the result of such violation.” 21 U.S.C. § 853(a)(1). We review the district 

court’s legal conclusions underlying a forfeiture calculation de novo and its factual findings 

for clear error. United States v. Oregon, 671 F.3d 484, 490 (4th Cir. 2012).

In Honeycutt, the Supreme Court explained that “[f]orfeiture pursuant to § 853(a)(1)

is limited to property the defendant himself actually acquired as the result of the crime.” 

137 S. Ct. at 1635. Here, however, in seeking the money judgment, the Government 

emphasized that it sought the judgment against both Defendants because “[t]he weight of 

evidence is that they worked together to manage their mobile narcotics buffet, with Dykes 

focused principally on sales and Hector on bookkeeping and related communications on 

the back end.” (J.A. 2080). The district court did not clearly err in its decision to adopt 

2 Neither Dykes nor Hector raise any argument about the district court’s calculation 

of the amount of the money judgment.

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this basis as its findings of fact and in concluding that both Dykes and Hector obtained the 

proceeds from the conspiracy. See United States v. Cingari, 952 F.3d 1301, 1306 (11th 

Cir. 2020) (upholding joint and several liability against married couple under different 

forfeiture provision and differentiating from Honeycutt because “Honeycutt turned on the 

employer-employee relationship: the employer, as owner of the business, obtained the 

profits [of illegal sales]; the salaried employee never saw the fruits of his criminal labor” 

contrasted with the Cingaris, a married couple “who jointly operated their fraudulent 

business”).

VI.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s judgments and the orders denying Dykes’ 

and Hector’s motions for a new trial. We dispense with oral argument because the facts 

and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and 

argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

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