J

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COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

Appellant

v.

CARLOS PEREZ : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 1392 EDA 2017 Appeal from the Order April 5, 2017 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division a t No(s): MC

- 51

- CR

- 0005268

- 2017

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., GANTMAN, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J.,

OLSON, J., KUNSELMAN, J., NICHOLS, J., MURRAY, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J. OPINION BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED OCTOBER 0 7 , 2019
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania appeals from the order , entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, dismissing charges of first

degree murder 1 and possession of an instrument of crime (“PIC”) 2 agai nst

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a).

2 The Commonwealth, in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, raised the issue, whether “the lower court erred in holding that evidence indicating the defendant fatally stabbed the victim was insufficient for a prima facie case of murder and related offenses.” Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) Statem ent, 4/25/17, at 1. The Commonwealth, however, failed to include any argument relevant to the dismissal of Perez’s PIC charge in its brief to a panel of this Court or in its substituted brief before this Court en banc. Accordingly, we consider any claim related to Perez’s PIC charge abandoned on appeal

. See Commonwealth v. Rodgers , 604 A.2d 1228, 1239 (Pa. Super. 1992) (“We must deem an issue abandoned where it has been identified on appeal but not properly deve loped in the appellant’s brief.”).J

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Carlos Perez after a second preliminary hearing

. After careful review, we affirm

. At approximately 1:00 a.m. on August 21, 2016, Andrew Hazelton and
Hector Martinez went to Bleu Martini, a bar in Philadelphia

. N.T. First Preliminary Hearing, 3/22/17, at 4

– 5. They made their way to “ a small[,] confined area” where the two men split from one another. Id. at 5

– 8

. Martinez talked to a friend , while Hazelton danced with a woman “ five to eight” feet from Martinez

. Id. at 5

– 7. Perez , already at Bleu Martini, was seated at a table approximately four feet from where Hazelton was dancing

. Id. at 8 . At approximately 1:50 a.m , M arquis McN air, a bouncer at Bleu Martini, spotted Hazelton and Perez pushing one another. N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing , 4/5/17, at 22

– 27. The two men were shoving one another in the center of two groups, comprised of between five and fifteen people each , when McNair stepped in and separated them

. Id. at 27, 54

– 55. Hazelton told McNair that he and Perez knew one another and that everything was “cool.” Id. at 59. McNair did not see any weapons or broken bottles following this initial altercation

. Id. at 61. McNair and a second bouncer continued to monitor the area , standing approximately ten to fifteen feet from Hazelton and Perez

. Id. at 32.
A few minutes later, Hazelton and Perez began shoving one another again. Id. at 3 4

. McNair saw Perez and Hazelton pushing one another, and witnessed Perez make an “ arm mo vement ” towards Hazelton’s neck, but heJ

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neither saw Perez stab Hazelton, nor observed a weapon of any kind in Perez’s hands. Id. at 62

– 64, 76. However, when McNair and his colleague stepped in to break up the second shoving match, he heard a woman excla im, “ they cut him[.]” Id. at 3 5 , 4 8 . McNair then noticed Hazelton holding his neck. Id. at 66 , 77

– 78 . When Hazelton removed his hand from his neck, blood began

“ gushing out[.]” Id. at 35

. Martinez only noticed something amiss when the two bouncers moved to separate Hazelton and Perez. N.T. First Preliminary Hearing, 3/22/17, at 9, 33

– 34. When Martinez saw Hazelton emerge from the crowd holdin g his neck, he followed Hazelton outside. Id. Hazelton tried to speak, but was unable to do so, due to th e severity of his wound. Id. at 10. Martinez applied pressure to Hazelto n’s neck in an attempt to sta nch the bleeding. Id. at 34

– 35

. Shortly thereafter, Martinez saw Perez exit Bleu Martini. Id. at 35. Martinez , who assumed Perez played a role in Haz elton ’s injury because of the blood on Perez’s shirt , punched Perez in the face. Id. at 11, 35 . Perez went back into Bleu Martini. Id. at 11. McNair began clearing patrons out of the club shortly after separating Perez and Hazelton because it was near ing Bleu Martini’s 2:00 a.m. closing
time . N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 36. He encountered Perez walking around the club in a tank top, and asked Perez why he was not wearing a shirt , as doing so violated Bleu Martini’s dress code

. Id. at 36

– 37

. Perez told McNair he took his shirt off and threw it in the bathroom trashcanJ

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after it got covered with blood

. Id. at 39

– 40. McNair then escorted Perez to the bathroom to retrieve the shirt. Id. at 39

– 40. Perez stayed at the bar under the supe rvision of Bleu Martini security, not in connection with the killing, but because of the $600 he owed on his bar tab

. Id. at 92, 100. At approximately 2:00 a.m., a pedestrian on Second Street alerted Philadelphia Police Officer Charles Stone to the stab bing. Id. at 85. Upon entering Bleu Martini, the staff directed Officer Stone towards Perez , who was seated alone in a booth. Id . at 86

– 88. Perez initially denied any involvement in the fight

. Id. at 90

– 92. W hen Officer Stone asked why he was not wea ring a shirt, Perez retrieved his bloody shirt from under the booth

. Id. When Officer Stone asked how he got blood on his shirt, Perez said he got hit. Id. at 9 2

. Officer Stone consulted with detectives, who ordered Perez be brought to the police station

. Id. The police were unable to find the weapon used to cut Hazelton’s throat

. Id. at 103. Hazelton died at the hospital later that day. N.T. First Preliminary Hearing, 3/22/17, at 37. The medical examiner’s of fice determined Hazelton ’s death resulted from the stab wound he sustained to his neck, which severed his jugular vein and trachea. Id. at 37. O n February 23, 2017 , police arrested
Perez in connection with Hazelton’s death, and on February 24, 2017, Pere z was arraigned on charges of first

- degree murde r and PIC. On March 22, 2017, the Commonwealth presented its case to Philadelphia Municipal Court Judge Thomas Gehret. In addition to Martinez’sJ

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testimony, the Commonwealth moved the following exhibits i nto evidence: Martinez’s August 2 1 , 2016 statement to police (C

- 1); Martinez’s September 29, 2016 statement to police (C

- 2); a photo array shown to Martinez during his second statement to police (C

- 3); the medical examiner’s report stating Hazelton’s caus e of death as a stab wound sustained to neck (C

- 4); a trace laboratory report of Perez’s shirt (C

- 5); and a DNA laboratory report indicating the blood found on Perez’s shirt belonged to Hazelton (C

- 6)

. At the conclusion of the hearing, Judge Gehret dismis sed Perez’s charges for lack of evidence. The Commonwealth refiled charges later that day. Perez was subsequently brought before the Court of C ommon Pleas, the Honorable Kath ryn Streeter L ewis presiding , where, in addition to McNair’s and Officer Stone’s testimony , the Commonwealth introduced the following exhibits into evidence: a picture of Bleu Martini ’s interior (C

- 1); McNair’s statement to police from February 8, 2017 (C

- 2); pictures of Perez’s bloody shirt (C

- 3); and the statement of Officer Stone from August 22, 2017 (C

- 4)

. Judge Lew i s d ismissed the charges against Perez on the grounds that “the Commonwealth was unable to prove at a prima facie level that it was [Perez] who stabbed and killed [ Hazelton].” Pa .R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion, 7/28/ 17 , at 9. The Commonwealth timely appealed and a divided three

- judge panel of this Court quashed its appeal as interlocut ory. On June 18, 2018, the Commonwealth filed a petition for reargument en banc. On August 8, 2018,J

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w e withdrew our previous panel dec ision and granted the Commonwealth’s petition. The Commonwealth raises the following questions for our review: 1) Whether the Commonwealth’s appeal is from an interlocutory order or a final order, after the Philadelphia trial court twice concluded that the C o mmonwealth failed to establish a prima facie case of the charges against [Perez] and dismissed the charges. 2) Properly viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, did the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom establish a prima facie c ase of murder and related offenses, where [Perez] provoked two altercations with the victim moments before he was fatally stabbed in the neck, and then tried to flee the scene, conceal evidence, and lie to police about his involvement? Brief of Appellant, at 4. In its first argument, the Commonwealth asserts that Philadelphia Local Rule of Criminal Procedure 520(H) 3 render s Judge Lewis’ order dismissing charges against Perez final , rather than interlocutory. As a general rule, subject to certain exceptions not presently at issue , 4 this Court’s jurisdiction is limited to appeals from final orders

. See

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 3 Philadelphia Criminal Rule 500 was renumbered Rule 520 effective July 21, 2014. See Phil.Crim.R. 520(H). 4 The Commonwealth seeks to establish jurisdiction under Pa.R.A.P. 341, governing final orders, not Pa.R.A.P . 311(d), which sets forth the right to an interlocutory appeal where the Commonwealth certifies in its notice of appeal that an order terminates or substantially handicap s the prosecution. See Brief of Appellant, at 1; see also Commonwealth v. Malinowski , 671 A.2d 674, 678 (Pa. Super. 1996) (finding Commonwealth’s failure to certify ruling terminated or substantially handicapped prosecution rendered Superior Court without jurisdiction to hear otherwise valid interlocutory appeal as of right).J

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Commonwealth v. Scarborough , 64 A.3d 602, 607 (Pa. 2013) (“As a general rule . . . appellate courts only have jurisdiction over appeals taken from a final order.”). Our courts have long held “[a] finding by a committing magistrate that the Commonwealth has failed to establish a prima facie case is not a final determination, such as an acquittal, and only entitles the accused to his liberty for the present, leaving him subject to re[

- ]arrest.” Commonwealth v. Hetherington , 331 A.3d 205, 208 (Pa. 1975) ; cf. Commonwealth v. Thorpe , 701 A.3d 488, 490 (Pa. 1997) ( allowing Commonwealth’s appeal after third preliminary hearing , as subsequent re arrest would be prohibited by due process )

. Ordinarily, following the failure to present a prima facie case, “if the [C]ommonwealth deems itself aggrieved by [the magistrate’s] decision[ ,] it may bring the matter again before an y other officer empowered to hold preliminary hearings.” Hetherington , supra at 208 (emphasis added)

. However, our Supreme Court found the Hetherington logic inapplicable to the dismissal of homicide charges in Philadelphia County , owing to Philadelphia Local Criminal Rule s 520(H ) and 605. See Commonwealth v. Prado , 393 A.2d 8, 9

– 10 (Pa. 1978) ( “ As a result [of Rules 520(H) and 605] the Hetherington approach of seeking a review by another judicial officer is not available in Philadelphia.”) (quotation om itted). Rule 520(H) reads, in relevant part, as follows: 520 (H) Appeal by Way of Re - Arrest.J

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When a re

- arrest is taken in the nature of an appeal by the Commonwealth from an earlier dismissal, the Judge assigned to the Common Pleas Court Motion Court shall hold the Preliminary Arraignment. The Preliminary Hearing shall likewise be scheduled in th e Common Pleas Court Motions Court, within three to ten days after preliminary arraignment. Phil.Crim.R. 520(H). Rule 605 provides, in relevant part, as follows : Rule 605 Motions Court/Criminal Calendar Program and Homicide Cases. All Pretrial Motions Applicable to cases in the Criminal Calendar Program or Homicide Program will be scheduled by the applicable Calendar Judge and heard by the Motions Court Judge assigned to that program . 5 Phil.Crim.R. 605.

“ Under Philadelphia Criminal Rules [520](H) an d 605, therefore, only the assigned Motions Court Judge m ay review a request for re[

- ]arrest in a homicide case.” P

r a do , supra at 10. Orders dismissing homicide charges following re

- arrest are , therefore, deemed final in the context of Rules 520(H) and 605 , as the “prosecution is effectively barred from re[

- ]arresting [an appellant] because of the provisions of the Philadelphia Criminal Rules that only the assigned Motions Court Judge may review such a request

. ” Prado ,

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 5 When eva luated in P r a do , Rule 605 featured slightly different wording , which stated, in relevant part, “the Felony Jury or Homicide Program [;] ” the current iteration states , “Criminal Calendar Program or Homicide Program.” Pr a do , supra at 10; and Phil.Crim.R . 605. All other relevant text remains the same. Id.J

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supra at 10 ; see also Commonwealth v. Weigle , 997 A.2d 306, 308 n.5 (Pa. 2000) (“ under Philadelphia County Local Criminal Rule [520] (H), Common Pleas Motions Court judges ’ orders discharging an accused or denying a re [

- ] arrest petition constitute final orders subject to appellate
review. ”)

. 6 The instant order , issued by the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas Motions Court, dismissed homicide charges against Perez following his re arrest and a second preliminary hearing . N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 115. In li ght of our Supreme Court’s holding in Prado , establishing the preclusive effect of Rule s 520(H) and 605 on th e Commonwealth’s ability to seek review by another judge following the dismissal of homicide charges

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 6 Though the Weigle C ourt ’s pronouncement concerning the effect of Rule 520(H) on the finality of an order is instructive, it is also dictum

. See in re L.J. 79 A.3d 1073, 1081 (Pa. 2013) (noting wh ere Pennsylvania Supreme Court “simply volunteered the discussion [and] the issue was not litigated by the parties . . . the statement was non

- binding dicta and stare decisis [did] not apply.”); see also Weigle , supra at 308 (offering footnote 5 to explain statement that “the Commonwealth could have appealed the dismissal of the robbery charges, but it did not do so .”) (emphasis added). Prado is, therefore, the only binding case law concerning the relationship between Rule 520(H) and finality. Prado , supr a at 10. We note, though Prado proceeded from a distinct procedural posture, wherein the Commonwealth appealed after the court dismissed a petition for re

- arrest following a second preliminary hearing, its holding controls the instant case; the Prado court found “the court’s orders discharging the appellee and refusing the prosecution’s petition for re[

- ]arrest are final orders subject to appellate review.” Id. (emphasis added). Our Supreme Court’s use of the plural indicates, in the context of Rule 520(H), both orders dismissing charges and those denying re

- arrest are final. Id.J

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from Motions Court , we find Judge Lewis’ dismissal of charges against Perez
constitute s a final order subject to review by this Court. Prado , supra at 10

. Finding that this Court has jurisdiction over the instant matter, we proceed to consider whether the evidence presented at Perez’s hearing was sufficient to establish a prima facie case of first

- degree murder. Brief of Appellant, at 1. The evidentiary su fficiency of the Commonwealth’s case, or lack thereof, is a question of law; as such, our scope of review is plenary. Commonwealth
v. Karetn y , 880 A.2d 505, 528 (Pa. 2005). We have previously described the well

- settled principles governing preliminary hearings , as well as the Commonwealth ’s concomitant burden, as follows: The purpose of a preliminary hearing is to determ ine whether the Commonwealth has made out a prima facie case for the offenses charged. A prima facie case consists of evidence, read in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, that sufficiently establishes both the commission of a crime and that the accused is probably the perpetrator of that crime

. [ 7 ]

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 7 Perez contends he

— not the Commonwealth

— is owed all reasonable inferences

. See B rief of Appellee, at 10

– 11 (“ [T] he Commonwealth is not

. . . entitled to have the facts v iewed by t h is Court in a light most favorable to them [sic]

. . . if any reasonable inferences are due, they should be made in a light most favorable to Appellee and not the Commonwealth. ” ) (emphasis in original). In doing so, Perez plainly misunderstands both the definition and the pu rpose of a preliminary hearing

— a hearing designed to prevent “a person from being imprisoned . . . for a crime with which there is no evidence of his connection ”

— which is “not a trial in any sense of the word.” Commonwealth ex rel. Maisenhelder v. Rundle , 198 A.2d 565, 567 (Pa. 1964) ; see Commonwealth v. Santos , 876 A.2d 360, 363 (Pa. 2005) (“[T]he evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth so that inferences that would support a guilty verdict are given effect.”) (emphasisJ

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- . . . The Commonwealth establishes a prima facie case when it produces evidence [] that, if accepted as true, would warrant the trial judge to allow the case to go to a jury. The Commonwealth need not prove the elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt; rather, the prima facie standard requires evidence of the existence of each and every element of the crime charged. Moreover, the weight and credibility of the evidence ar e not factors at this stage, and the Commonwealth need only demonstrate sufficient probable cause to believe the person charged has committed the offense. Commonwealth v. Ouch , 199 A.3d 918, 923 (Pa. Super. 2018) (emphasis added) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
At the prima facie level , “ [i]nferences reasonably drawn from the evidence of record which would support a verdict of guilty are to be given effect, and the evidence must be read in the light mos t favorable to the Commonwealth’ s cas e. ” Id. (emphasis added). Though a judge presiding over a preliminary hearing necessarily views the evidence through a sharply different lens than her counterpart at trial, the standard by which we assess the permissibility of evidentiary inferences rema ins consistent at both stages : “Evidentiary inferences, like criminal presumptions, are constitutionally infi rm unless the inferred fact is more likely than not to flow from the proved fact on

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ added) . It is not for this Court to revisit longstanding pillars of criminal jurisprudence. See Commonwealth v. Montini , 712 A.2d 761, 769 (Pa. Super. 1998) (Johnson, J. Concurring) (“The Superior Court is an e rror[

- ]correcting court and we are obliged to apply the decisional law as determined by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.”).J

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which it is made to depend.” See Commonwealth v. McBride , 595 A.2d 589, 591 (Pa. 1991) (finding quantum of evidence sufficient to require defendant stand trial for criminal trespass).
In the instant case, it is therefore the Commonwealth’s burden to establish support

— either by direct evidence or inferen ces reasonably drawn therefrom

— for the existence of each element of first

- degree murder, as well

as probable cause to believe Perez committed the offense. Ouch , supra at 923; McBride , supra at 591. Murder is defined , in relevant part, as follows: § 2502. Murder (a) Murder of the first degree. -- A criminal homicide constitutes murder of the first degree when it is committed by an intentional killing.

. . . . “Intentional killing.” Killing by means of poison, or by lying in wait, or by any other kind of willful, deliberate and premeditated killing. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502 (a), (d)

“ It is well

- established that to convict a defendant of first

- degree murder, the Commonwealth must show that the defendant killed another person with the specific intent to kill that person and malice aforethought. ” Commonwealth v. Santos , 876 A.2d 360, 363 (Pa. 2005). “S pecific intent to kill can be established through circumstantial evidence, such as the use of a deadly weapo n on a vital part of the victim’ s body .” Commonwealth v. Mattison , 82 A.3d 386, 392 (Pa. 2013).J

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Neither the parties involv ed nor the court below dispute that , for purposes of a preliminary hearing, the circumstances surrounding Hazelton’s death make out the elements of first

- degree murder

. See Brief of Appellant , at 19 (“The preliminary hearing court concluded that the Commonwealth satisfied the [elements of first

- degree murder in] its prima facie case because the evidence showed that the victim was unlawfully killed by a stab wound to the neck.”); see a lso Brief of Appellee, at 11 ( “[T] he parties in the case at bar are in agreement that a crime did occur [.]”). The sole issue befor e this Court, therefore, is whether the evidence, “read in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, ” shows “that the acc used is probably the perpetrator of [the] crime.” Ouch , supra 923. The Commonwealth argues the following evidence provides probable

cause showing Perez killed Hazelton : (1) Perez and Hazelton engaged in two shoving match es before Hazelton received his fa tal wound; (2) Perez moved his arm towards Hazelton’s neck before Hazelton was stabbed ; (3) Perez attempted to leave Bleu Martini after the stabbing; (4) Perez twice tried to discard his blood

- stained shirt; and (5) Perez did not tell police he had Hazelto n’s blood on his shirt

. See Brief of Appellant, at 17, 19

– 24. From this evidence, the Commonwealth posits two key inferences from which it asks this Court to hold Perez for trial

. Id. at 19

– 21. First, the Commonwealth asks us to infer the stabbing “could only have resulted from [Perez’s] use of a deadly weapon” because of the temporal proximity betweenJ

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Perez’s arm movement and Hazelton receiving his neck wound. Id. a t 19. Secondly, the Commonwealth claims Perez’s “subsequent guilty behavior and

e fforts to conceal his role in the murder . . . supported the reasonable inference of his culpability.” Id. at 20

. We find neither of the Commonwealth’s proposed inferences s upported by evidence of record. See Prado , supra at 10

– 11 (finding inference of defendant’s identity as killer unavailable to Commonwealth in absence of evidence establishing defendant’s actions at time of killing, motive to kill, or murder weapon used); and compare Commonwealth v. Styler , 600 A.2d 1300, 1302 (Pa. Super. 1991) ( affor ding inference of intent to kill from statement indicating use of weapon was deliberate response to victim’s conduct ) with Commonwealth v. Austin , 575 A.2d 141, 145 (Pa. Super. 1990) ( denying inference of intent to kill based on evidence of record stating killer swung knife at victim rather tha n deliberately plunging it into victim ). The Commo nwealth’s first inference, that only Perez was capable of stabbing Hazelton because of the proximity in time between the second shoving match and the stabbing , rests entirely on McNair ’s testimony

. 8 Brief

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 8 The Commonwealth argues both Martinez and McNair testified to Perez engaging in “two separate physical altercations with the v ictim[.]” Brief of Appellant, at 19. We note Martinez’ t estimony indicates he did not see the first altercation or the stabbing

. See N.T. First Preliminary Hearing, 3/22/17, at 9 (mentioning only second altercation); see also id. at 27 (Q. [Y]ou didn’t see anyone get stabbed, did you? A. No, I did not. Q. You don’t know if it was a male or female that inflicted the wound; do you? A. Yes. Q. It could have been a female; right? A. Yes.”).J

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of Appellant, at 19. McNair

— who was directly monitoring Perez and Hazelton after the first shoving match

— did not see Hazelton get stabbed. S ee N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 63 (Q. Okay. But you didn’t see anything happen to the victim during this pushing match? A. I didn’t see no stabbing, basically. Q. That’s what I’m asking you. You didn’t see none of that; right? A. No, I didn’t see that.”) . McNair only realized Hazelton had been stabb ed after an unknown woman shouted “they cut him” “a couple of seconds” after McNair separated the two. Id. at 78; see also id. at 66 (“Q. Okay when she said [ ‘ they cut him ’ ], yo u did not see the Spanish guy [ Perez], did you? A. N o, I was facing the bla ck guy [Hazelton ], basically. Q. You don’t know where the Spanish guy was, do you? A. At that moment, no, because I was right there facing the black guy.”)

. At some point during the second altercation, before McNair noticed Hazelton had been stabbed, he saw Perez make an “arm movement [ 9 ] ” towards Hazelton’s “neck area.” Id. at 76. Enough time elapse d following the arm m ovement for McNair to separate Hazelton and Perez. Id. at 77. Moreover, McNair never saw anyone, including Perez, in possession of an item that could have been used as a weapon at any point, nor did he hear any breaking glass. See id. at 61

– 62. T he police never recovered a weapon. See

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 9 Nothing in t he notes of testimony sheds clarity on the “a rm movement ” described by McNair

. N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 76.J

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id. at 103. Finally , the record shows that the second, critical confrontation took place in the midst of between ten and thirty people facing off against one another. 10 See N.T. 55 (Q. How many people were in each group? A. . . . [I]t wasn’t more than 15; and it wasn’t less than five, like it was . . . two groups of people.” ). Accepting McNair’s testimony as true, we are nonetheless unable to find it more likely than not that Hazelton’s wound resulted from Perez’s use of a deadly weapon, as there are no facts

— be it a weapon located at Bleu Martini or on Perez’s person, clarifying testimony from the woman whose cries brought Hazelton’s injury to McNair’s attention, footage from Bleu Martini’s video security system, or actions evincing a motive on Perez’s p art

— to supplement McNair’s description of a furtive arm movement, the results of which he did not see. Prado, supra at 10

– 11 ; Ouch , supra at 923; McBride , supra at 591. The Commonwealth’s second inference, that Perez subsequently engaged in “guilty behavi or and efforts to conceal his role in the murder [which] supported the reasonable inference of his culpability[,]” rests on an inapposite reading of the record. See Brief of Appellant, at 20. Specifically, the Commonwealth’s analysis of the legal implica tions of flight following a

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 10 The Commonwealth argues there is “nothing in the record to suggest that there wer e ‘30 people’ in the small loung e space where the victim was stabbed.” Brief of Appellant, at 22. McNair’s testimony belies that assertion. See N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 54

– 56.J

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crime and concealing evidence rests on the assumption that Perez fled or concealed evidence

. See i d . (citing Commonwealth v. Rizzuto , 777 A.2d 1069, 1078 (Pa. 2001) (fleeing scene of crime can demonstrate consciousness of guilt ) and Commonwealth v. Dollman , 541 A.2d 319, 322 (Pa. 1988) (concealing evidence can prove accused’s intent or state of mind)). Though the C ommonwealth asserts Perez fled and concealed evidence, the record shows he stayed at Bleu Martini’s premises and cooperated with bar security and the police. Martinez saw Perez “coming outside [with] blood on his shirt.” N.T. First Preliminary Hearing, 3/22/17, at 10. Martinez then “made an assumption” that Perez had stabbed Hazelton, and punched him in the face. Id. at 11. Perez then went back inside Bleu Martini

. Id. McNair noticed Perez walking inside Bleu Martini because he was in violation of the dress code , not because of his behavior during or after the second pushing match

. See N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 36

– 37 (“I seen the Spanish guy in a tank top basically and the rules to the club is like you must have a shirt on. So I was like, sir where’s your shirt?”) . Perez admitted the blood on his shirt came from “an incident” in the club and that the shirt was in the bathroom trashcan

. Id. at 39. When McNair demanded Perez retrieve the shirt, he complied. Id. at 39

– 40. When Officer Stone arrived, Perez was the lone patron left at Bleu
Martini

. Id. at 92. Th e s ecurity staff detained Perez because of the $600 he owed on his tab, not because they thought he was involved in stabbingJ

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Hazelton. See id. at 92, 100 (“Q. [] So you go in, you see my client, and they tell you that he got a $600 tab; right? A. Yes. Q. That’s why he was held there, wasn’t it? A. Right.”). When Officer Stone asked Perez where his shirt was, Perez again proved compliant, retrieving his bloody shirt from under the
seat. Id. at 90

– 92. Officer Stone subsequently asked Per ez how the blood got there, and Perez “just said he got hit” without admitting he was involved in a fight. Id. at 92.
Perez ’s actions contrast sharply with the factual circumstances surrounding the Commonwealth’s proffered case law concern ing flight, wher ein defendants actually left the scene of the crime

. See Brief of Appellant, at 20 (citing Rizzuto , supra at 1075

– 78 , (finding flight evinced consciousness of guilt where defendant told his friend he was responsible for assaulting n eighbor and was “on the run[.]” ) ) . Likewise, Perez’s behavior is clearly distinguishable from the cases the Commonwealth presents to illustrate the legal implications of concealing evidence , which detail defendants destroying evidence of wrongdoing

. See id. (citing Commonwealt h v. Truong , 36 A.3d 592, 600 (Pa. Super. 2012) (en banc) ( inferring consciousness of guilt from bucket of bloody rags defendant used to clean room where he killed his father ) and Commonwealth v. Gonzalez , 858 A.2d 1219, 1223 (Pa. Super. 2004) ( inferring consciousness of guilt where defendant shot victim in van, left body in van, procured gasoline , and lit van on fire )). As Perez stayed at the scene of the crime, cooperated with clubJ

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staff, and complied with police, we are unable to find it reas onable to infer Perez’s actions betrayed a consciousness of guilt

. See Ouch , supra at 923. We are likewise unable to infer a consciousness of guilt from Perez’s words, which the Commonwealth asserts constitute a false denial to police. Brief of Appella nt, at 21. The testimony in question , recounted by Officer Stone , reads as follows: Q. What did you ask [Perez]?
A. I asked him how did the blood get on there [] and he said when he was fighting, you know, he got hit and that’s how the blood got on ther e. Q. Did [Perez] admit to you that he was fighting?
A. No, he just said he got hit. N.T. Second Preliminary Hearing, 4/5/17, at 9 1

– 92 (emphasis added). While DNA evidence later showed it to be Hazelton’s blood on Perez’s shirt , Perez offered an extremely limited answer to Officer Stone , which, in light of his otherwise cooperative behavior, can hardly be said to have “[misle d ] the police investigation and to obfuscate his participation in the crime.” See Commonwealth v. Calloway , 459 A.2d 795, 799 (Pa. Super. 1983) (offering three statements to police denying involvement in robbery, in spite of co

- conspirator testifying to defendant’s role in robbery, constituted false denial) . Perez’s near non

- answer fails to constitute a false denial under th e Commonwealth’s own proffered case law. See Brief of Appellant , at 21 (citing Commonwealth v. Glass , 405 A.2d 1236, 1242 (Pa. 1979) ( denyingJ

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knowledge of victim ’ s injury where defendant admitted to being at scene of crime moments before and moments after stabbing constituted false denial ) and Commonwealth v. Martin , 640 A.2d 921, 926 (Pa. Super. 1994) ( asserting spots on ceiling were juice, in light of history of abusing child, and
DNA test revealing spots were child’s blood , constituted false denial ) )

. Perez’s words, therefore, form an improper basis for inferring consciousness of guilt. Ouch , supra at 923 In sum, we find the law proh ibits this Court from accepting the Commonwealth’s inferences as reasonably drawn from the record. See Ouch , supra at 92 3 (requiring the court accept “inferences reasonably drawn from the record”); see also McBride , supra at 591 (finding evidentiary inferences “constitutionally infirm unless the inferred fact is more likely than not to flow from the proved fact on which it is made to depend.”). We have reviewed the full record and accept ed all facts in evidence without ma king an assessment as to weight or credibility; even read in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the evidence before us simply does not permit a finding that Perez “ is probably the perpetrator of [the] crime.” Ouch , supra 923. The record before us details a senseless quarrel and a tragic killing , but fails to furnish us with a sufficient quantum of evidence to link the two events at a prima facie level

. See id. Order affirmed.J

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President Judge Panella, President Judge Emeritus Gantman and J udge Murray join this Opinion. Judge Nichols concurs in the result. Judge Olson files a Concurring and Dissenting Opinion in which President Judge Emeritus Bender, Judge Kunselman and Judge McLaughlin join. Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 10/7/19