NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

PPL ENERGYPLUS, LLC, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

LEE A SOLOMON, et al.,

Defendants.

Civil Action No.: 11-745

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

SHERIDAN, U.S.D.J.

This matter comes before the Court on three motions based upon preemption: Plaintiffs’

motion for summary judgment (ECF 88); a Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment by CPV Power

(ECF 98); and a motion for summary judgment by Nicholas Asselta, Joseph Fiordaliso, Jeanne Fox

and Lee Solomon (the Board of Public Utilities) (ECF 100). The Court has jurisdiction because the

issue arises out of the Federal Power Act (codified as amended 16 U.S.C. § 824 et seq.). 

On February 9, 2011, Plaintiffs, a consortium of utility companies and electric generator

companies filed a complaint alleging that the Long-Term Capacity Agreement Pilot Program Act

(P.L. 2011, c.9, approved Jan. 28, 2011, codified at N.J.S.A. 48:3-51,48:3-98.2 to -98.4)1 (“LCAPP

Act”) is preempted by the Supremacy Clause and the Commerce Clause of the United States

Constitution. Plaintiffs’ main contention is that the LCAPP Act violates Part II of the Federal Power

Act, which provides the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (“FERC”) with exclusive

jurisdiction to regulate wholesale electricitysales. More particularly, the federal question is whether

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the Board of Public Utilities of the State of New Jersey (BPU) was jurisdictionally preempted from

approving two new gas fired generators of electricity pursuant to the LCAPP Act due to

FERCcontrol. 

I.

The Plaintiffs are energy related companies such as PPL Energy Plus and Calpine Energy,

and some are New Jersey regulated utilities such as PSE&G and Atlantic City Electric Co. The

defendants are the Commissioners of the Board of Public Utilities (“BPU”). In addition to the

parties, the case focuses on the actions of two major entities – FERC and PJM Interconnection, LLC. 

For reasons unknown, neither entity is participating in this suit. 

About forty years ago, Congress and leaders of corporate and governmental energy providers

foresaw the need for utilities to purchase wholesale electric capacity. Evidently, purchase of future

energy capacity hedges against unexpected circumstances such as extreme weather or breakdown

of power plants. In this context, “capacity” is similar to energy “deposits” or “reserves.” Generally,

“capacity” includes commitments by generators to produce electricity when electricity is needed to

meet demand. Complaint, ¶ 32. Capacity is an important concept in the energy market due to the

substantial deviations between maximum energy demand and minimum energy demand. See U.S.

Dept. of Energy, A Primer on Electric Utilities, Deregulation, and Restructuring of U.S. Electricity

Markets, at A.4 (May 2002), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/primer.pdf. Additionally,

utilities are required by federal regulation to maintain a certain amount of capacity. Complaint, ¶ 32.

As explained at oral argument, generators are “ interconnected into a grid, and they generate power

that goes onto the grid. And they also make their excess capacity available, so that at times of peak

demand, capacity needs to be called on. It can be called on to deliver energy on the PJM grid.” (T.

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29, 24 through T. 30, 4).

To accomplish this, regional wholesale electric markets were established coordinating

between different states. New Jersey is part of a regional wholesale electricity market that includes

thirteen states. This market is administered by PJM Interconnection, LLC (PJM). At oral argument,

PJM was defined as “a private corporation . . . it operates pursuant to a tariff . . . which is filed and

approved by FERC. ” (T. 29, 12-24). The FERC controls the cost of energy and wholesale capacity

and some other services on the grid, which includes wholesale energy auction of PJM that is a

critical part of the issue here. (T. 29, 11-16).

More particularly, the PJM market is based on the demand of retail electricity customers

(residential, business and government) as calculated by PJM and load serving entities (LSE). In

1

order to serve the consumers, the LSEs purchase capacity and energy from PJM through the PJM

interstate grids, and PJM is paid the capacityprice. Generators sell their energy and capacity to PJM. 

The generators have no idea which LSE used the energy produced. As explained at oral argument

“you just put it (energy) into PJM and the electrons go wherever and nobody traces them, the same

thing is true with capacity.” (T. 31, 19-21) .

2

In order to determine the price of wholesale electric capacity, PJM conducts a base rate

capacityauction (sometimes referred to as BRA herein) using the “reliability pricingmodel” (RPM).

Under this model, the LSEs and generators buy and sell capacity three years in advance at the lowest

It is unclear how many plaintiffs are LSEs, but there are at least two, PSE&G and 1

Atlantic City Electric.

Mr. Kleinman, attorney for Defendant CPV Power Development, acknowledged 2

that if the LCAPP Act developed generators, only “some” of the energy produced would be

returned to New Jersey in the event of a transmission failure. The point is no one knows where

the energy is utilized.

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competitive price. 

In PJM capacity auctions, demand for capacity is determined by the amount of electricity

LSEs are expected to require in three years. The supply of capacity is determined by the bids of

electric generators, with each generator bidding an amount of capacity it is willing to sell at the price

it bids. The price of capacity is set by the intersection of supply and demand and is referred to as the

“clearing price.” That is, any generator that bids at or below the clearing price “clears” the auction

and receives the clearing price for its capacity. Any generator that bids above the clearing price fails

to “clear” the auction, and its capacity does not sell in the auction. The determination of whether

generators were above the clearing price is established by PJM and is called the MOPR screen

(minimum offer price rule). A generator must clear the MOPR screen in order to enter the auction

where wholesale energy capacity is sold. Once the capacity is sold to PJM, and hypothetically PJM

does not need a generator’s capacity, the generator “still get[s] the price for having your plant

standing by ready to go.” (T. 31, 1-2)

After the auction occurs, then PJM submits its wholesale electric capacity price to FERC for

approval as part of its tariff. For the most part, over the years FERC has approved the auction

process and implementation of the RPM model as an appropriate tool to determine wholesale

capacity price. 

Although RPM, on its face, appears to be a simple point where price meets demand, it is

more complex in that there are some variables or scenarios which may impact the process. One

variable is that many generation plants are very old and/or antiquated and may be out of service.

Apparently, the BPU has determined that such an event may likely happen, and New Jersey residents

are at risk that shortages and outages could occur. Since 2007, the BPU implored PJM and FERC

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to change the way the auctions are conducted. As the BPU sees it, the auction price does not allow

for new generation to be created because development costs can not be recouped at auction due to

the MOPR screen. According to the BPU, this occurs because PJM is too inflexible, and it will not

adjust the MOPR screen to factor in new development construction costs. If an unforeseen repair

or upgrade becomes necessary to any one of the antiquated or old generation plants, the capacity

purchased may not be available, and another generator must produce more energy. As a result, more

energymust come to New Jersey from another generator, and there may be insufficient transmission

equipment to convey the energy to an LSE in New Jersey. According to the BPU, such

circumstances are not adequately addressed through the PJM auction, because the best method to

resolve the issue is through the creation of new, more local, generators. 

The lack of transmission facilities is a concern of the BPU, for which there is factual support. 

In a hearing before the BPU, several PJM or PSE&G representatives testified about the lack of

transmission facilities. See, PSE&G application for Susquehanna-RoselandTransmission Line, BPU

Docket No. EM 9010035. Esam A. F. Khadr, Director – Electric Delivery Planning of PSE&G

reviewed PJM’s planning studies. Mr. Khadr agreed with PJM’s finding that overloaded circuits

delivering energy to New Jersey beginning in 2012 would require PJM and the transmission facility

owners to “reduce transmission system voltages (brown-outs) or implement rolling black-outs for

network transmission service customers.” Id. at p. 10. In addition, Mr. Herling, Vice President of

Planning for PJM prepared annual reports “to analyze the electric supply needs of customers.” Id.

at 12 (this report is abbreviated RTEP). In the 2007 RTEP, there were 23 violations identified to

occur to PSE&G customers. Id at 13. Violations are various deficiencies in service and reliability. 

These violations are based on a “five-year and fifteen-year baseline analysis to assess compliance

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with reliability criteria. Id. Reliability refers to the delivery of electricity to customers in the

amounts desired and within acceptabilitystandardsforfrequency, duration and magnitude of outages

and other adverse conditions or events . Id. at 14. Mr. Herling noted that “the PJM transmission

system is rapidly reaching the point where short term incremental fixes will no longer be sufficient

to mitigate identified reliability criteria violations.” Id. at 13. These reliability findings were known

since at least 2007. As a result, the BPU is concerned about whether sufficient energy will be

delivered to New Jerseyresidents, and whetherNew Jerseyutilities could obtain regulatoryapproval

for construction of new transmission facilities if needed in the future. To resolve these predicaments,

the BPU focused on construction of new generators wherebytransmission infrastructure needs could

be met, and not overburdened. The BPU posits that New Jersey’s best course of action is to permit

new development of local generation rather than struggling with transmission issues in the future. 

As Mr. Kleinman stated, the LCAPP Act was enacted so that New Jersey has a “predictable stream

and be able to build a power plant in the State of New Jersey, which we may need if the next

hurricane, the next thunderstorm, the next forest fire, the next whatever, knocks down transmission.”

(T. 38, 23 through T. 39, 1). The financial predicament that occurs with the BPU analysis is that new

generators must finance construction costs in the amount of tens of millions of dollars. To do so, new

generators can not clear the MOPR screen because their price is too high compared to older

generators who do not have such finance costs. At the present time, most financial institutions will

not finance new generators in New Jersey if the MOPR screen blocks new generation from

competing with the other generators at the auction. PJM disagrees with the BPU assessment and

argues that its auction and rules have incorporated changes which allow new generators to clear the

MOPR screen when the demand exceeds capacity – but that has not yet occurred. On the other

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hand, the BPU contends that as time passes, and obsolescence of older generators increases, PJM’s

inaction to update generation capability will become apparent. 

As noted above, the State of New Jersey and the BPU became leery about meeting energy

demands of the future without relief from PJM or FERC due to the lack of transmission issues, and

enacted the LCAPP Act in order to overcome that issue through the development of more local

generation. On January 28, 2011, the New Jersey legislature enacted the LCAPP Act to foster new

electric generation, and to provide New Jersey with new generation capacity. The LCAPP Act has

several purposes. It requires a competitive selection process to foster the development of 2,000 MW

of new base load or mid-merit electric power generation facilities in order to “ensure sufficient

generation is available to the region, and thus to the users in the State in a timely and orderly

manner.” N.J.S.A. §48:3-98.2(d). In addition, the statute authorized the “BPU to order New Jersey’s

public utilities to enterinto long-term financial agreements with new generators selected bythe BPU

from its competitive solicitation process. N.J.S.A. 48:3-98.2 et seq. The law works as follows: First,

the BPU selects a limited number of electric generation companies for entry into a pilot program . 

3

The BPU bases its selections on criteria included in the Act. Second, these electric generation

companies enter into irrevocable, long-term contracts with each of New Jersey’s electric public

utilities. These contracts, or standard offer capacity agreements (“SOCAs”), guarantee the stateselected electric generation companies a fixed price for electric capacity. In exchange for the price

guarantee, the LCAPP Act requires the state-selected generation companies to sell their capacity at 

PJM auctions. The SOCA operates to insulate the state-selected generation companies from losses

The use of the term “pilot program” kindles notions that the State of New Jersey

3

may consider the development of more generators if the pilot program works. Neither party has

indicated that, and nothing herein speaks to that proposition. 

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at the PJM auction who bid below the MOPR screen. Additionally, the utilities are also allegedly

insulated from losses because any SOCA payment may be passed onto the New Jersey ratepayers

through future rate increases.

Under the SOCA, a new generator is compelled to bid at the PJM auction “at the lowest

commercially reasonable price under the RPM rules,” i.e. clear the MOPR screen. Evidently, the

SOCA sets the minimum floor capacity price, and thereafter the utilities must pay the difference

between the PJM auction price and the new generator’s actual costs for any applicable delivery year. 

Under the LCAPP Act, LSE’s (utilities) and new generators entered into SOCAs earlier this

year, and each LSE signed same under protest . In May, 2012, PJM held an auction in which two 4

SOCA generators cleared the MOPR screen and bid at auction. The PJM auction price was $167.00

per megawatt/day. Under the SOCA, one selected generator will receive a guaranteed fixed price of

$286.00 in its first year of operation under the SOCA (T. 13, 17-22). The difference is $119.00 (T.

24, 11-17). In addition to present SOCA payments, the guaranteed price steadily increases each year

of the 15-year contract, topping off at $432.65 in the final year. Although the LCAPP Act anticipates

the costs of SOCA contracts will be passed on to the utilities’ ratepayer customers, the BPU

acknowledges that there is no guarantee that the utilities will recover the full costs. 

At oral argument, the Plaintiffs focused their presentation on wholesale capacity pricing as

the main area of preempted activity; but there are other aspects of pricing over which the BPU has

control and which should be mentioned. In addition to the wholesale capacity price, the BPU 

regulates other components of the price that consumers pay for electricity. According to Mr.

The Court is uncertain what the term “under protest” means; but to the extent 4

SOCA’s are referred to as agreements, it is questionable whether there was a meeting of the

minds.

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Kleinman, “the utility is guaranteed that it will get from its consumers in the rates, what it needs to

meet its obligations in the wholesale markets..” (T. 33, 3-7). Included in electric rates are the PJM

cost (T. 33, 8), wires and connections (T. 33, 18), electrons (energy usage) (T. 33,22) and contract

for differences (T. 34,1) The BPU considers all of these costs when it approves rates. The SOCA

contract falls within the last category (T. 34, 6). 

On November 17, 2011, FERC held hearings to review the PJM auction procedure and to

determine whether any charges were required in light of the LCAPP Act. Many generators believed

the LCAPPAct would undermine the competitiveness of the auction, and theyrequested the hearing. 

In light of same, FERC made some changes so that the competitiveness of the auction remained

robust, displeasing the BPU. FERC concluded in paragraph 206: 

206. We also reject the New Jersey Rate Counsel argument that the

Commission lacks jurisdiction to subject new self-supply to a

mitigated price determination that may prevent the resource from

being used to satisfy a load serving entity's capacity. As pointed out

with respect to the state exemption, the Commission is not infringing

on the sovereignty of the state, but is merely regulating the wholesale

prices charged in the capacity market. Load serving entities are free

to contract with any generator they choose to supply power. The

MOPR affects only the price that such a generator will be permitted

to bid into the capacity market, which may affect the ultimate

wholesale price to be paid to all resources, including generation,

demand response, and energy efficiency. 

See PJM Interconnection,L.L.C.PJM Power Providers Group v. PJM Interconnection, L.L.C., 2011

WL 5895396 (FERC). The adversity and tension between the BPU and FERC is shown within the

quoted paragraph as they quarrel over whose action should take precedence when determining

whether a competitive market (federal concern) or the planning for sufficient supply of generation

(state concern) are at issue.

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II.

The issue presented is whether the LCAPP Act is void due to the doctrine of preemption.

Preemption arises when a state “is deprived of their power to act” because “it is in direct conflict

with federal law.” O’Reilly, Federal Preemption of State and Local Law, American Bar Association,

p. 1 (2006). The preemption doctrine is rooted in the Supremacy Clause of the United States

Constitution. See Gade v. Nat’l Solid Wastes Mgmt. Ass’n, 505 U.S. 88, 108 (1992). It states:

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be

made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be

made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme

Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound

thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any state to the

Contrary notwithstanding.

U.S. Const. Art. VI, cl. 2.

In other words, preemption concerns the allocation of power between state and federal action,

that is, whether state law conflicts with valid federal law. City Of Charleston, South Carolina v. A

Fisherman's Best, Inc., 310 F. 3d 155, 168 (4 Cir. 2002). Federal law that raises preemption may th

be the Constitution itself or a valid Act of Congress. Id. at 168-69. Regulations of a federal agency

may have the same effect. Id. “The ultimate touchstone of preemption analysis is the intent of

Congress.” Id. at 169. The issue is not whether the Court favors a particular state or federal policy,

but rather, the Court must determine whether the state action (enactment of the LCAPP Act),

“interferes with or is contrary to the laws of Congress . . .” Id. at 169, citing Wisconsin Pub.

Intervenor v. Mortier, 501 U.S. 597, 604, 111 S.Ct. 2476, 115 L.Ed.2d 532 (1991). As Justice

Blackmun summed up the law:

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The circumstances in which federal law pre-empts state regulation are

familiar. A pre-emption question requires an examination of

congressional intent. Of course, Congress explicitly may define the

extent to which its enactments pre-empt state law. In the absence of

explicit statutory language, however, Congress implicitly may

indicate an intent to occupy a given field to the exclusion of state law.

Such a purpose properly may be inferred where the pervasiveness of

the federal regulation precludes supplementation by the States, where

the federal interest in the field is sufficiently dominant, or where "the

object sought to be obtained by the federal law and the character of

obligations imposed by it . . . reveal the same purpose." Finally, even

where Congress has not entirely displaced state regulation in a

particular field, state law is pre-empted when it actually conflicts with

federal law. Such a conflict will be found "'when it is impossible to

comply with both state and federal law, Florida Lime & Avocado

Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U. S. 132, 142-143 (1963), or where the

state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment of the full

purposes and objectives of Congress, Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U. S.

52, 67 (1941).'"

Schneidewind v. ANR Pipeline Co., 485 U.S. 293, 299 (U.S. 1988) (citations omitted). 

Here, the LCAPP Act is alleged to be in conflict with PJM’s auction of wholesale capacity. 

That is, the LCAPP Act requires the SOCA generators to bid the lowest commercially reasonable

price when utilities are reimbursing SOCA generators through the terms of the SOCA. In turn, the

SOCA requires utilities to pay the difference between the PJM price and the gas powered generators’

actual costs, if any. As a result, the question is whether the LCAPP Act, which allows the SOCA

generator to bid below cost due to SOCA reimbursement, artificiallylowers auction prices, defeating

federal competitiveness concerns. 

Plaintiffs allege that the LCAPP Act is preempted because it (1) intrudes on FERC’s

exclusive jurisdiction to regulate wholesale electricity transactions (field preemption), and (2) erects

obstacles to the FERC’s achievement of its regulatory goals in the wholesale electricity markets

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(conflict preemption). Complaint, ¶¶ 88-89. “Under the Supremacy Clause, federal law may

supersede state law in several different ways.” Hillsborough County, Fla. v. Automated Med. Labs.,

Inc., 471 U.S. 707, 713 (1985). Generally it is subdivided into express or implied preemption. 

According to Plaintiffs, the primary issue revolves around a subcategory of implied preemption

known as field preemption. Despite Plaintiffs’ contention, preemption is often difficult to

characterize, and the different categories of preemption are not “rigidly distinct”. N.E. Hub

Partners, L.P. v. CNG Transmission Corporation, 239 F. 3d 333, 348 (3d Cir. 2001). See e.g.,

Chamber of Commerce v. Brown, 554 U.S. 60 (2008) (field preemption); Nash v. Florida Indus.

Comm’n, 389 U.S. 235 (1967). Field preemption and conflict preemption involve similar, but not

identical, inquiries. Field preemption exists when either “the nature of the regulated subject matter

permits no other conclusion,” or when “Congress has unmistakably so ordained.” Florida Lime &

Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul, 373 U.S. 132, 142 (1963). Conflict preemption exists when the state

law “stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives

of Congress.” Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 67 (1941). Either finding requires a determination

of the record and context of the challenged state and federal laws. See e.g., Pacific Gas & Elec. v.

State Energy Res. Conservation &Dev. Comm’n, 461 U.S. 190, 203-23 (1983); Perez v. Campbell,

402 U.S. 637, 644-48 (1971).

Regarding preemption, both Plaintiffs and Defendants agree that Congress, by enacting the

Federal Power Act, delegated exclusive authorityto FERC concerning regulation of the transmission

and sale at wholesale of electric energy in interstate commerce. The open question is whether the

LCAPP Act intrudes on the FERC’s exclusive authority, or if it is an obstacle to achieving federal

objectives. In evaluating such situations, the Court must consider a number of factors. Professor

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O’Reilly enumerated the factors, as: 

a. Is this a traditional area of authority exercised by the federal government?

b. Has congress expressed an intent that federal law be exclusive?

c. Is there an important traditional state interest served?

d. Do the state regulations interfere with comprehensive federal regulatory authority?

and

e. Is the state regulation an obstacle to a federal goal, or what aspects of the state law 

directly conflict with or frustrate the accomplishment of the federal statutory

objectives?

See O’Reilly, p. 65-75. In considering these factors, the ultimate goal is to determine Congress’s

intent on whether Congress sought to preempt all state action. Reviewing the factors lends some,

but not conclusive, insight as to the issue. 

A. Is there a traditional area of authority exercised by the federal government?

Congress granted federal authority to FERC to regulate wholesale energy capacity. The

Federal Power Act reads “federal regulation of matters relating to generation to the extent provided

in this subchapter and subchapter III of this chapter and of that part of such business which consists

of the transmission of electric energy in interstate commerce and the sale of such energy at wholesale

in interstate commerce is necessary in the public interest . . .” 16 U.S.C. § 824(a). Since enactment

of the Federal Power Act, FERC has exercised control of pricing of wholesale energy capacity.

B. Has Congress expressed an intent that Federal law be exclusive?

Congress has never declared that the federal government would be the exclusive regulator

of the transmission of electric energy. The Federal Power Act limits federal authority “to extend only

to those matters which are not subject to regulation by the States.” 16 U.S.C. § 824. Here, one of

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those areas is state regulation of planning and/or generation of energy to supply to meet the needs

of New Jersey residents. Although Plaintiffs seek to limit this matter to pricing, there is a

concomitant power to make certain there is a sufficient supply of energy for New Jersey residents . 

5

It appears to be a right reserved to the State in many instances. 

C. Is there an important traditional State interest being served?

For years, the New Jersey legislature delegated to the BPU authority over “all services

necessary for the transmission and distribution of electricity . . . including but not limited to safety,

reliability . . . shall remain the jurisdiction of the BPU. The BPU shall also maintain the necessary

jurisdiction with regard to the production of electricity . . . to assure the reliability of electricity . .

. supply to retail customers in the State.” N.J.S.A. 48:2-13(d). The declaration of state policy was

most likely (in some form) operative at the time of enactment of the Federal Power Act. There is

little or nothing in the Federal Power Act which required the state to relinquish any of its authority

over the planning or generation of a sufficient supply of electricity to either FERC or PJM.

Moreover, the BPU’s rationale to act is somewhat understandable in light of the statements made

by PJM officials at the BPU hearing in 2007 indicating that brownouts or blackouts may result due

to transmission failures by the year 2012. Although PJM’s and FERC’s position has changed about

such violations of reliability for various reasons, the BPU’s position has not. Here, there may be an

important state interest similar to the regulation of production of gas. See Northwest Central

Pipeline Corporation v. State Corporation Commission of Kansas, 489 U.S. 493 (1989). 

In addition, (and the record is not clear) PJM may consider itself as chief of 5

planning/generation through the wholesale energy auction. My review of federal and state

statutes does not show that regulation of planning is delegated to PJM. The issue has not been

briefed. 

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In addition to the long term power of BPU to regulate generation planning, it also has some

authority in setting the price of energy. Although PJM mayset wholesale capacity price by an annual

auction. The second part of the costs are set by the BPU. These costs include but are not limited to 

“wires and interconnections,” and contracts for alternatives (SOCA). Hence, when it comes to

pricing, federal and state regulators in some ways share or have concurrent authority.

The Plaintiffs argue that the doctrine of field preemption applies. “Field preemption may

occur when the federal scheme of regulation of a defined field is so persuasive that Congress must

have intended to have no room in that field for the state to supplement it with their own rules.” 

O’Reilly at p. 70. Plaintiffs argue field preemption applies due to a federal statutory mandate for a

wholesale capacity auction. See Pacific Gas v. State Energy Resources Conserv. & Dev. Comm 'n,

461 U.S. 190 (1983). See also N.E. Hub Partners, L.P. v. CNG Transmission Corporation, 239 F.

3d 333 (3d Cir. 2001). It appears to the Court, from looking at the powers vested with FERC and

with those vested in the BPU, that both have the authority to act in a manner to carry out their

responsibilities to the ratepayers.

In N.E. Hub, FERC issued a certificate of public convenience for the construction of a natural

gas storage facility in which it examined “numerous technical, safety, and environmental issues.”

Id. at 336. Pennsylvania authorities sought to revisit the issues considered by FERC. Evidently,

FERC had reviewed about thirty separate issues over a long period of time concerning the

construction process. Due to Pennsylvania’s rehashing of FERC’s previously decided issues, N.E.

Hub filed suit requesting declaratory judgment that the Natural Gas Act preempted Pennsylvania’s

review process. One of the issues was whether the state regulatory process is susceptible of

preemption by conflict or by field occupation. Id. at 346. That issue was remanded for review to the

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District Court. The Third Circuit noted:

different categories of preemption are not rigidly distinct. Indeed,

field pre-emption may be understood as a species of conflict

pre-emption: A state law that falls within a pre-empted field conflicts

with Congress' intent (either express or plainly implied) to exclude

state regulation.

Id. at 348 (quoting English v. General Elec. Co., 496 U.S. 72, 79 n. 5, 110 S.Ct. 2270, 2275 n. 5, 110

L.Ed.2d 65 (1990). As Judge Greenberg noted, “our ultimate task in any pre-emption case is to

determine whether state regulation is consistent with the structure and purpose of the statute as a

whole.” N.E. Hub. at 348, quoting Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Ass'n, 505 U.S. 88

(1992). For certain, “the dichotomy between the two types of preemption [conflict and field] is not

so sharp in practical terms as the legal categorization makes it appear....” Id. This lack of sharpness

arises here. In N.E. Hub, there were thirty substantive issues decided by FERC through its review

process which illustrate the comprehensive nature of FERC’s dominion over the construction

process. In contrast, here there is one annual auction of wholesale capacity by PJM with FERC’s

approval of a tariff, and there are a host of other regulatory matters handled by the BPU on a daily

basis including planning of generation supply. As a result, N.E. Hub is similar since it was remanded

to District Court so it could find the legitimate balance of state/federal authority in the construction

process.

 D. Do the state regulations interfere with comprehensive federal regulatory authority

and Is the State Regulation an Obstacle to Reaching a Federal Goal?

Here, the use of the word “obstacle” raises issues of fact. Generally, summary judgment is

appropriate under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) when the moving party demonstrates that there is no genuine

issue of material fact and the evidence establishes the moving party’s entitlement to judgment as a

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matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). Here, where there are three

motions for summary judgment, and the parties dispute the facts of whether the LCAPP Act is an

obstacle to a competitive auction. 

Here, the facts determining what constitutes an obstacle required careful consideration. Some

of the facts are disputed, and some other facts are derived from the opinions of experts whose

conclusions have not been subject to cross-examination. The disputed facts are contained within

Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts (ECF No. 100-1), and Plaintiffs' Statement of Material

Facts Precluding Judgment (ECF 124-1). Since there are disputed facts in determining whether an

obstacle exists, summary judgment is inappropriate. Several examples of disputed facts are set forth

below:

* Compare Paragraph 7 of Plaintiff statement which concludes “the LCAPP Act will

suppress energy prices by more than $1.5 billion (ECF 124-1) with Paragraph 20 of defendants’

statement which concludes “Assuming that the SOCA units engage the FERC-authorized MOPR

exception process, their capacity could clear the BRA in a manner that has no adverse effect upon

the competitive price produced by the auction.” (ECF 100-1). 

* Compare Paragraph 8 of Plaintiffs’ statement which declares that “The actual effects

of the LCAPP Act have already begun to distort the PJM energy and capacitymarket, thus interfering

with FERC's market-based-rate policies. The LCAPP Act influenced Calpine's decision to forego

new generation at its Edgemoor, Delaware facility” (ECF 124-1, para. 8) with Paragraph 17 of

Defendants’ statement where it asserts in pertinent part: 

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The treatment of SOCA capacity will therefore be identical to the

treatment afforded all other new generation capacity offered into the

BRA (base rate auction), with no distinction between state-sponsored

and privately developed generation capacity.

* Compare Paragraph 12 of Plaintiffs’ statement wherein it claims: “the MOPR screen

applies only until the generator clears one auction, after which the screen is removed entirely” with

Paragraph 16 of Defendants’ statement which asserts “this price mitigation will now subject SOCA

capacity to the prospect of not clearing the BRA, since the increased mitigated price could likely

exceed the BRA clearing price.” And again in paragraph 20, when discussing “the unit-specific

exception process” within the BRA it states “the generator could offer into the BRA and clear, or

not clear, depending upon the final resource clearing price emerging from the auction”. (emphasis

added). At any rate, how the MOPR screen actually works is an important issue to clarify; despite

the fact that the evidence presented is contradictory. A factual dispute is genuine if it would affect

the outcome of the suit. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Here all three

of the above facts could affect the outcome, i.e. any one of the facts could represent an obstacle. 

In addition to the above questions of fact, there are also the opinions of experts which must

be evaluated on the basis of credibility and reliability. For instance, in paragraphs 9 and 10 of

Plaintiffs’ Statement of Material Facts (ECF 124-1), the testimony of Mr. Cregg is relied upon. He

states:

The LCAPP Act was a very important factor in PS Power’s decisionmaking regarding its investments in units in PJM and that “we had a

much worse market construct given LCAPP than not having

LCAPP,” and “current market signals suggest that it was

uneconomical to build generation in New Jersey before LCAPP . . .

and the LCAPP Act made this situation worse.

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Mr. Cregg’s conclusion is broad, and any conscientious trier of fact must assess the scope of Mr.

Cregg’s statement to determine its trustworthiness. To assess Mr. Cregg’s statement in a summary

judgment motion is inadequate. In conclusion, there are disputed facts and a need to access the

trustworthiness of expert testimony. As such, all motions for summary judgment on preemption are

denied. Most notably, there is an issue of fact as to whether the LCAPP Act is an obstacle to the

achievement of the federal goal of a competitive auction; and expert testimony must be thoroughly

evaluated. This is an important matter of governmental delegation of state and federal authority. The

disputed facts must be resolved and the opinions of experts must be thoroughly reviewed. This is

best accomplished at trial.

ORDER

For the reasons set forth in the above memorandum;

IT IS on this 28 day of September, 2012; th

ORDERED that by Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment (ECF 88) is denied; and it is

further

ORDERED that the Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment by CPV Power (ECF 98) is

denied; and it is further 

ORDERED that the motion for summary judgment by Nicholas Asselta, Joseph Fiordaliso,

Jeanne Fox and Lee Solomon (the Board of Public Utilities) (ECF No. 100) is denied. 

s/Peter G. Sheridan 

PETER G. SHERIDAN, U.S.D.J. 

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