IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-0142

Filed August 31, 2022

CONNER NICHOLAS RIEHM,

Petitioner-Appellant,

vs.

KAYLA MICHELLE WASSON,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Joel Dalrymple, 

Judge.

Conner Riehm appeals the order modifying physical care of his child. 

AFFIRMED.

Kevin D. Engels of Correll, Sheerer, Benson, Engels, Galles & Demro, PLC, 

Cedar Falls, for appellant.

John J. Wood of Beecher, Field, Walker, Morris, Hoffman & Johnson, P.C., 

Waterloo, for appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Ahlers, JJ.
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AHLERS, Judge.

Conner Riehm and Kayla Wasson have one child together—a son born in 

2016. The parties entered into a stipulated and court-approved parenting 

agreement in 2017, under which they agreed to joint legal custody and joint

physical care of the child. In 2020, the mother filed a petition for modification 

seeking sole legal custody and physical care of the child. After a modification trial, 

the district court ordered continuing joint legal custody but placed physical care 

with the mother. The court granted visitation to the father on every other weekend,

every other Wednesday overnight, and alternating weeks in the summer. The 

court also ordered the father to pay child support consistent with the new physicalcare arrangement. The father appeals the modification of physical care and child 

support. The mother seeks appellate attorney fees.

The mother and father never married, so their dispute over physical care is 

governed by Iowa Code chapter 600B (2020). The same standards that apply to 

modification between formerly married parties also apply to parents who never 

married. Iowa Code § 600B.40(2) (stating Iowa Code § 598.41 “shall apply” when 

“determining the visitation or custody arrangements of a child born out of 

wedlock”). We review a modification of physical care action de novo. Christy v. 

Lenz, 878 N.W.2d 461, 464 (Iowa 2016). We give weight to the fact findings of the 

district court, especially as to the credibility of witnesses, but we are not bound by 

them. Id. When a parent with joint physical care seeks to modify the decree to 

place the child in that parent’s physical care, we apply well-established principles:

Courts can modify the custody and care provisions of a dissolution 

decree only when there has been “a substantial change in 

circumstances since the time of the decree, not contemplated by the 
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court when the decree was entered, which was more or less 

permanent, and relates to the welfare of the child.” Melchiori v. Kooi, 

644 N.W.2d 365, 368 (Iowa Ct. App. 2002). The parent seeking to 

change the physical care provision has a heavy burden and must 

show the ability to offer superior care. Id. Where there is an existing 

order for joint physical care, both parents have been found to be 

suitable primary care parents. Id. at 369. If it is determined the joint 

physical care agreement needs to be modified, the physical care 

provider should be the parent “who can administer most effectively 

to the long-term best interests of the children and place them in an 

environment that will foster healthy physical and emotional lives.” In 

re Marriage of Walton, 577 N.W.2d 869, 871 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998).

In re Marriage of Berns, No. 13-0013, 2013 WL 4009678, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. 

Aug. 7, 2013).

The mother points to the father’s history of injuring the child by physical 

discipline as a change in circumstances justifying a change in physical care. The

first injury inflicted on the child occurred in 2018. The mother noticed a handshaped bruise on the child’s buttocks while bathing him. The father admitted he 

had spanked the child’s bare buttocks earlier in the day during his parenting time. 

The mother took the child to the emergency room where a doctor confirmed the 

bruising was consistent with the child being spanked on the bare buttocks. The 

injury led to a child abuse investigation by the Iowa Department of Human 

Services (DHS). The DHS report from the investigation states the father initially 

denied injuring the child but later admitted to spanking the child’s bare buttocks. 

The DHS report also states that the father agreed he would not spank the child in 

the future. Based on the circumstances, no additional action was taken.

If the 2018 incident had been the end of it, we would agree with the father 

that the isolated incident would not warrant modification of physical care. But the 

2018 incident was not the end of it. In 2020, the then-four-year-old child returned 
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from the father’s care with a bruised cheek and a chipped tooth. This led to another 

DHS investigation and a police investigation. At the modification hearing, the 

father provided the following explanation for the child’s injuries:

Q. What happened in March of 2020? A. We were on a bike 

ride and we were maybe, like, two, two blocks from home, and [the

child] would stop pedaling. And I kind of didn’t know how I was going 

to get him home, I guess, and so I kind of gave him a swat on the—

we were both at a stop and he wouldn’t pedal. I gave him a swat on 

the butt.

Q. How did you give him a swat on the butt if he was on his 

bike? A. Just, like, the top of his butt pretty much.

Q. Is he still sitting on the bike seat? A. Yes.

Q. Okay. What happened when you did that? A. He lost his 

balance and he tipped over and then he hit his face on my bicycle. 

Notes from the DHS investigation show the father provided a similar explanation 

at the time. The notes also state the father asserted “he has every right to spank 

his son.”

In contrast to the father’s version of the incident, the record shows the child 

consistently provided a different explanation of the 2020 injuries. When the mother

discovered the injuries, the child said the father “hit him in the face and grabbed 

his mouth and told him to stop talking.” The DHS notes state the child, when asked 

about the father, said, “Hit me in the face, grabbed me.” A doctor’s note states the 

child, when asked what happened, said the father “put his hand in [the child’s] 

mouth so [the child] wouldn’t talk anymore.” The child underwent a forensic 

interview as part of the police investigation, and notes from that interview state the 

child said the father “hit his ‘head’ with his hands while on a bike ride” and the child 

“gestured on his body as being hit on his ‘belly’ by” the father. 

In resolving the conflicting versions of how the injury occurred, it is worth 

noting that the DHS investigator witnessed the child’s bruised cheek and chipped 
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tooth but did not see other injuries on the child, including on the palms and arms—

areas one might expect to see signs of scrapes or other injuries from the child 

trying to break his fall if the event had occurred as described by the father. We 

also note that the police investigation of the injury resulted in the father being 

charged with child endangerment. The father entered an Alford plea to the childendangerment charge. See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37–38 (1970) 

(permitting a criminal defendant to enter a guilty plea without admitting guilt by 

acknowledging strong evidence of guilt and voluntarily, knowingly, and 

understandingly agreeing to allow the court to consider such strong evidence of 

guilt in accepting the guilty plea). The court imposed a deferred judgment and 

placed the father on probation.1

On our de novo review, the father’s explanation of the 2020 injury is difficult 

to believe. According to the father, he spanked the child’s buttocks while the child 

was seated on a bicycle, which made the child fall towards the father face-first into 

the father’s bicycle with enough force to cause a bruised cheek and chipped tooth 

without causing injury to the child’s palms or other areas of his body that would be 

consistent with bracing himself from the fall. The child’s explanation, that the father

hit him in the mouth, is more straightforward, plausible, and consistent with the 

corroborating evidence. 

Even accepting the father’s explanations of the child’s injuries, the father’s 

behavior is concerning. Since entry of the initial decree, the father bruised the 

1 At the modification trial, the district court took judicial notice of the minutes of 

testimony from the child-endangerment proceeding without objection. We have 

considered the same minutes. 
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child while attempting to use physical discipline in 2018. This first injury led to DHS 

involvement, during which the father seemingly recognized the problems with his 

ability to properly utilize physical discipline and agreed to refrain from using

physical discipline in the future. Nevertheless, the father again injured the child 

while using physical discipline in 2020. This injury was serious enough to generate 

a child-endangerment charge, and the evidence against the father was so strong 

that he agreed it supported finding him guilty via entry of his Alford plea.

As noted earlier, the father resisted criticism of his actions by insisting that 

he had the right to discipline his child with corporal punishment. We agree with 

him that he has that right. See State v. Benson, 919 N.W.2d 237, 242 (Iowa 2018) 

(acknowledging a parent’s right to use corporal punishment). However, that right 

has limits. It is limited by “moderation and reasonableness.” Id. (quoting State v. 

Arnold, 543 N.W.2d 600, 603 (Iowa 1996)). When the conduct crosses “the line of 

reasonable correction, [the] conduct becomes criminal.” Id. (quoting Arnold, 543 

N.W.2d at 603). The father crossed the line into criminality here. He has 

demonstrated a pattern of using excessive discipline despite warnings and a 

promise not to do so. This pattern of excessive discipline presents a substantial 

change in circumstances justifying a change in physical care.

Turning to the child’s best interests, the father’s pattern of excessive

discipline again raises concerns. Spanking the child for stopping during a blockslong bicycle ride shows the father does not have a proper understanding of a fouryear-old child’s capabilities, when to use discipline, or how much discipline to use.

2

 

2 We make this observation using the father’s version of events to show that even 

under that unbelievable narrative, he showed a remarkable lack of judgment. As 
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The father does not raise any concerns with the mother’s parenting, and, during 

the trial, he acknowledged she is a good mother. We note the mother admitted

she moved “about three” times and was briefly married to a man with criminal and 

substance-abuse issues since the initial custody order. However, she now lives 

with her boyfriend of almost one year and she has held the same employment for 

over one year—demonstrating her increased stability. The mother acknowledged 

she “made a lot of bad decisions in” her past, but her testimony shows increasing 

stability in her life. Placing physical care of the child with the mother is in the child’s 

best interests. She has shown the ability to provide superior care to the child. See 

In re Marriage of Lehman, No. 21-0468, 2021 WL 5919046, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. 

Dec. 15, 2021) (noting the lesser burden to change physical care when starting 

from joint physical care and permitting such change upon showing of superior or 

better ability to care for the child). Therefore, we affirm the modification of physical 

care. 

As for the father’s challenge to the child support, the challenge is limited to 

the assertion that child support should be changed if physical care were returned 

to joint physical care. As we have determined physical care is properly placed with 

the mother, the condition upon which the father bases his challenge has not been 

met, so we also affirm the modification of child support to reflect that the mother 

now has physical care of the child. 

previously noted, we find more persuasive the evidence that the 2020 episode 

involved the father striking the child in the mouth for talking. This too demonstrates

improper use of excessive discipline, as confirmed by the successful criminal 

charge against the father.
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The mother requests appellate attorney fees based on her status as the 

prevailing party on appeal. See Iowa Code § 600B.26. We may award appellate 

attorney fees as a matter of discretion. In re Marriage of Hoffman, 891 N.W.2d 

849, 852 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016). “In determining whether to award appellate 

attorney fees, we consider the needs of the party making the request, the ability of 

the other party to pay, and whether the party making the request was obligated to 

defend the decision of the trial court on appeal.” Id. (quoting In re Marriage of 

Kurtt, 561 N.W.2d 385, 389 (Iowa Ct. App. 1997)). While the mother prevailed on 

appeal, she acknowledges both parties have similar incomes, and the father

testified he is already paying a significant amount of legal and other debt. We deny 

the mother’s request for appellate attorney fees.

AFFIRMED.