NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

 

:

TIM MCGEACHY, et al., :

:

Plaintiff, :

:

v. :

:

OSCAR AVILES, etc., et al., :

:

Defendants. :

 :

Civil No. 10-3562 (JLL)

OPINION

APPEARANCES:

TIM MCGEACHY, #233318

ELIJAH COOK

ANTHONY WILLIAMS, #219339

LUCIUS SMITH, #235786

ELVIS FERATONIC, #225399

DARRYL DENMARK, #219826

DURAN WILLIAMS, #228179

ROMULO GREGORIO, #225363

SEAN HARRIS, #233077

SIHEEN LEGRANDE

HAKEEM LESTER, #230904

TIREKE CHISOLM, #229611

ANTHONY ROSE, #228418

SAM H. CAMPBELL, #222744

NEALSON CONNELL, #212238

WOODROW MILLER, #229325

SALAHDIN TRUWELL, #223106

DWIGHT MCGEACHY, #215460

DEVON CARTER, #222831

JAHMAL JOHN, #229166

LEON SMITH, #213471

WILLIAM CROWLEY

MARC RICCARD, #231700

RONALD LAWRENCE,#230924

RUBEN ACOSTA, #235638

NICGUAN SCOTT, #220832

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 1 of 19 PageID: 123 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 1 of 19 PageID: 7
DARNELL REEVES, #220828

LEONARDO BUCCHERI, #214091

RAYMOND PERRY, #218463

Hudson County Correctional Center

35 Hackensack Avenue

Kearny, NJ 07032 

LINARES, District Judge:

Plaintiff, Tim McGeachy and 28 other pretrial detainees at Hudson County Correctional

Center (“HCCC”), have submitted a Complaint styled as a putative class action against Warden

Oscar Aviles, the County of Hudson County, and HCCC. Plaintiffs did not prepay the $350

filing fee. No plaintiff submitted a (certified) six-month prison account statement, which is

required before this Court can grant in forma pauperis status, and only one plaintiff - Tim

McGeachy - submitted an affidavit of poverty, which is also required for a prisoner who seeks

permission to proceed in forma pauperis. As explained fully below, this Court will: (1) deny

Tim McGeachy’s application to proceed in forma pauperis without prejudice as incomplete

because plaintiff McGeachy did not submit a six-month prison account statement; (2)

administratively terminate this action without prejudice to reopening in accordance with the

terms of this Opinion; (3) direct the Clerk to open 28 new cases in the name of each plaintiff

other than plaintiff McGeachy; and (4) administratively terminate each of those cases, without

prejudice to reopening each case in accordance with the terms of this Opinion. 

I. BACKGROUND

The Complaint is signed by 29 pretrial detainees confined at HCCC but written by

plaintiff Tim McGeachy. The Complaint asserts generally that, since January 1, 2010, pretrial

detainees housed in Unit C-5-East have been confined for approximately 17 hours a day, two

2

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 2 of 19 PageID: 124 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 2 of 19 PageID: 8
men in each 12" X 8" cell, without access to outdoor recreation, even though none have been

charged with or found guilty of a disciplinary infraction. The Complaint further alleges that

access to the law library is limited to 10 pretrial detainees per week and that this is inadequate for

pretrial detainees seeking to do necessary legal research. Finally, the Complaint asserts that there

is no access to Muslim services or classes, protestant worship service is conducted in Spanish

only, and there is no access to Jewish or Catholic services for pretrial detainees on the C-5-East

cell block. Although the Complaint is styled as a class action brought on behalf of similarly

situated plaintiffs, the Complaint does not define the members of the putative class or set forth

specific regarding what happened to each plaintiff that violated his constitutional rights under 42

U.S.C. § 1983. For violation of plaintiffs’ constitutional rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the

Complaint seeks declaratory relief, injunctive relief, compensatory damages of $100,000,000.00,

and punitive damages of fifty million dollars. (Docket Entry #1.) 

II. RULE 20 AND IFP PRISONER PLAINTIFFS

The filing fee for a civil complaint is $350.00. The Clerk can not file a civil complaint

unless the person seeking relief pays the entire $350.00 filing fee in advance or applies for and is

granted in forma pauperis status pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. See Local Civil R. 5.1(f) (“Any

papers received by the Clerk without payment of such fees as may be fixed by statute or by the

Judicial Conference of the United States for the filing thereof shall be marked ‘received’ and the

date and time of receipt shall be noted thereon”). When a prisoner seeks permission to file a civil

complaint in forma pauperis, the Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA"), Pub. L. No. 104-134,

§§ 801-810, 110 Stat. 1321-66 to 1321-77 (April 26, 1996), requires the prisoner to submit an

affidavit that includes a statement of all assets and that the person is unable to pay such fees or

3

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 3 of 19 PageID: 125 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 3 of 19 PageID: 9
give security therefor, together with a certified copy of the trust fund account statement for the

six month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint, obtained from the

appropriate official of each prison at which the prisoner is or was confined. See 28 U.S.C. §

1915(a)(2). If a prisoner is granted permission to file a complaint in forma pauperis, then the 1

PLRA requires the Court to assess the $350.00 filing fee against the prisoner, and to collect the

fee by directing the agency having custody of the prisoner to deduct monthly installment

payments from the prisoner's prison account equal to 20% of the preceding month’s income

credited to the account for each month that the balance of the account exceeds $10.00. See 28

U.S.C. § 1915(b). In addition, if the Court grants the prisoner permission to proceed in forma

pauperis, then the PLRA requires the Court to screen the complaint for dismissal and to sua

sponte dismiss (without service or ordering an answer) any claim that is frivolous or malicious,

fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from an

defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). 

In this case, the Clerk can not file the Complaint because plaintiffs did not prepay the

$350 filing fee and this Court is not granting in forma pauperis status to any plaintiff prisoner. 

Although plaintiff McGeachy requested permission to proceed in forma pauperis, his application

will be denied as incomplete because he submitted an affidavit of income and assets, but he did

not submit a certified copy of his trust fund account statement for the six month period

immediately preceding the filing of the complaint, as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2). This

 If a prisoner has, on three or more occasions while incarcerated, brought an action or 1

appeal in a federal court that was dismissed as frivolous or malicious, for failure to state a claim

upon which relief may be granted, or because it seeks monetary relief from immune defendants,

then the prisoner may not bring another action in forma pauperis unless he or she is in imminent

danger of serious physical injury. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).

4

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 4 of 19 PageID: 126 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 4 of 19 PageID: 10
Court will deny McGeachy’s application to file the Complaint without prepayment of the filing

fee without prejudice, and direct the Clerk to administratively terminate this case. Since no other

plaintiff either prepaid the $350 filing fee or submitted an affidavit of income and assets, together

with a certified six-month prison account statement, the Complaint cannot be filed in behalf of

any named plaintiff at this time. However, this Court will explain the relevant law in order to

enable plaintiffs to decide whether to proceed individually or jointly, or at all. 

As previously stated, the Complaint was signed by 29 plaintiffs. Rule 20 of the Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure governs permissive joinder of plaintiffs. The rule provides in relevant

part:

(1) Plaintiffs. Persons may join in one action as plaintiffs if:

(A) they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the

alternative with respect to or arising out of the same transaction,

occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences; and

(B) any question of law or fact common to all plaintiffs will arise

in the action.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(1). 

Joinder under Rule 20 is discretionary and, “[i]n exercising its discretion, the District

Court must provide a reasoned analysis that comports with the requirements of the Rule, and that

is based on the specific fact pattern presented by the plaintiffs and claims before the court. It is

insufficient for a court to rely on general assumptions regarding the circumstances of

incarceration.” Hagan v. Rogers, 570 F. 3d 146, 157 (3d Cir. 2009). 

Where more than one prisoner seeks to join in a complaint against a government official

or entity, the plaintiffs may prepay the $350 filing fee or seek in forma pauperis status. See Local

5

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 5 of 19 PageID: 127 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 5 of 19 PageID: 11
Civil R. 5.1(f). In the event that plaintiffs prepay the filing fee, then the complaint will be filed

as a paid complaint, and the Court will screen the complaint to identify cognizable claims and, as

required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915A, dismiss any claim in the compliant that is frivolous, malicious,

or fails to state a cliam upon which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief from an

immune defendant. The Court will also determine whether joinder of plaintiffs is warranted

under Rule 20 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure with respect to each claim raised in the

complaint. See Hagan, 570 F. 3d at 152-57; Fed. R. Civ. P. 20. 

In the event that multiple prisoners seek to join as plaintiffs and they do not prepay the

$350 filing fee, then each plaintiff must submit a complete application to proceed in forma

pauperis if he desires the complaint to be filed in his behalf. In that case, if the Court permits

more than one prisoner to join as plaintiff under Rule 20, then the Court is required to collect a

$350 filing fee from each plaintiff prisoner by directing the agency having custody of each 

prisoner to deduct the filing fee in monthly installments from each prisoner’s account as if each

prisoner were filing his own individual complaint. See Hagan, 570 F. 3d at 150 (“[F]iling fees

should be assessed against any [prisoner] plaintiff permitted to join under Rule 20 as though each

prisoner was proceeding individually”). The Court is also required to screen the complaint for

dismissal and to sua sponte dismiss (without service or ordering an answer) any claim that is

frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary

relief from an defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B),

1915A. 

6

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 6 of 19 PageID: 128 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 6 of 19 PageID: 12
III. CLASS CERTIFICATION

The Complaint submitted is styled as a class action, although no class is defined. Class

certification is governed by Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure after the Court

determines that the complaint will not be dismissed under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(d)(2)(B) and

1915A. Under Rule 23, a person may not sue as a class representative unless the Court

determines by order to certify the action as a class action, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c), after finding

that the prerequisites set forth in Rule 23(a) and (b) are satisfied. Such a determination is 2

 Rule 23(a) and (b) provide: 2

(a) Prerequisites. One or more members of a class may sue or be sued

as representative parties on behalf of all members only if:

(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is

impracticable;

(2) ther are questions of law or fact common to the class;

(3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical

of the claims or defenses of the class; and

(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the

interests of the class.

(b) Types of Class Actions. A class action may be maintained if Rule

23(a) is satisfied and if:

(1) prosecuting separate actions by or against individual class

members would create a risk of:

(A) inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to

individual class members that would establish incompatible

standards of conduct for the party opposing the class; or

(B) adjudications with respect to individual class members that, as a

practical matter, would be dispositive of the interests of the other members

(continued...)

7

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 7 of 19 PageID: 129 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 7 of 19 PageID: 13
generally made by motion in an adversary context after service of the complaint. Finally, “a

court that certifies a class must appoint class counsel.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1). See Hagan, 3

570 F. 3d at 159 (“[I]t is plain error to permit [an] imprisoned litigant who is unassisted by

(...continued) 2

not parties to the individual adjudications or would substantially impair or

impede their ability to protect their interests;

(2) the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply

generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory

relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole; or

(3) the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class

members predominate over any questions affecting only individual

members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for

fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy. The matters pertinent

to these findings include:

(A) the class members’ interests in individually controlling the

prosecution or defense of separate actions;

(B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy

already begun by or against class members;

(C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the

claims in the particular forum; and

(D) the likely difficulties in managing a class action.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a) and (b).

 This Court has the authority to appoint pro bono counsel only if the class representatives 3

are proceeding in forma pauperis and they have unsuccessfully attempted to obtain an attorney. 

See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1) (where a plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis, “[t]he court may

request an attorney to represent any person unable to afford counsel”); Local Civil Rules,

Appendix H. However, even where the Court determines that appointment of pro bono counsel

is warranted under § 1915(e)(1), “courts have no authority to compel counsel to represent an

indigent civil litigant.” Tabron v. Grace, 6 F. 3d 147, 157, n.7 (3d Cir. 1993) (“We have no

doubt that there are many cases in which district courts seek to appoint counsel but there is

simply none willing to accept appointment”). 

8

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 8 of 19 PageID: 130 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 8 of 19 PageID: 14
counsel to represent his fellow inmates in a class action”) (quoting Oxendine v. Williams, 509 F.

2d 1405, 1407 (4th Cir. 1975)). 

While the determination of whether to certify a class is to be made by order as early as

practicable, see R. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(1)(A), it is generally premature to order the certification

of a class of pro se prisoners until after the filing of the complaint, the screening of the complaint

for sua sponte dismissal under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A, the service of the

complaint on defendants, the appointment of pro bono counsel, and the filing of a motion for

class certification. See Hagan, 570 F. 3d at 159 (District Court’s order denying certification of

class of prisoners was premature where entered prior to service and decision as to whether to

appoint pro bono counsel); Link v. Mercedes-Benz of North America, Inc., 550 F. 2d 860, 864

(3d Cir. 1976) (Although “Rule 23(c)(1) provides that the determination must be made ‘as soon

as practicable[,]’ [t]hat does not necessarily mean at the onset of the litigation. The designation

should be made at a time when the trial court has had adequate opportunity to acquaint itself with

the case and the complexities likely to be encountered in its disposition”). 

IV. ADMINISTRATIVE TERMINATION and REOPENING

As explained above, this Court will deny the application to proceed in forma pauperis

filed by plaintiff McGeachy without prejudice because he did not submit a certified copy of his

six-month prison account statement, as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b). Because none of the

other 28 plaintiffs prepaid the $350 filing fee or applied for in forma pauperis status, and this

Court is denying McGeachy’s in forma pauperis application, this Court will direct the Clerk to

administratively terminate Civil No. 10-3562 (JLL) without filing the Complaint (Docket Entry

#1), which has been docketed as “received.” However, this Court will reopen Civil No. 10-3562

9

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 9 of 19 PageID: 131 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 9 of 19 PageID: 15
(JLL) if either of the following occurs within 30 days of the date of the entry of this Order: (1)

prepayment of the $350 filing fee, in which case this Court will screen the Complaint for

dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A and, if the Complaint survives dismissal, determine if joinder

of plaintiffs is warranted under Rule 20; or (2) plaintiff McGeachy submits a certified prison

account statement for the period from November 2010 through April 2011 in support of his

application to proceed in forma pauperis, in which case this Court will decide McGeachy’s

application to proceed in forma pauperis and, if granted, screen the Complaint for dismissal

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A.

The Court notes that, since the submission of the Complaint, several inmates, in addition

to plaintiff McGeachy, have written to the Clerk inquiring as to the status of the case. (Docket

Entry Nos. 3-11.) As noted previously, however, the Complaint does not set forth facts stating

what happened to each of these individual plaintiffs. While this Court has not screened the

Complaint for dismissal for failure to state a claim (since it has not been filed), the absence of

specific facts stating what happened to each individual plaintiff raises serious questions

concerning the viability of the Complaint. Under these circumstances and in light of the fact that

each of the 29 plaintiffs will be required to pay the filing fee if they elect to proceed in forma

pauperis and proceed, individually or jointly, this Court will direct the Clerk to open 28 new

cases, one in the name of each plaintiff other than McGeachy. Thus, each plaintiff will have an

opportunity to respond to this Opinion, to advise the Court how he would like to proceed (if at

all), and to set forth his own specific facts in the event that he elects to pursue relief, individually

10

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 10 of 19 PageID: 132 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 10 of 19 PageID: 16
or jointly. This Court will also direct the Clerk to forward to each plaintiff a blank prisoner 4

application to proceed in forma pauperis and blank prisoner civil rights complaint form, and to

administratively terminate each case without prejudice to reopening within 30 days. 

Although this Court has not formally screened the Complaint for dismissal, this Court

notes that, as written, the Complaint does not assert enough non-conclusory facts to state a claim

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 on behalf of each plaintiff under the pleading standard announced in

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937 (2009), and the applicable constitutional standard for each

claim. To survive dismissal under Iqbal, “a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.’ A claim has facial

plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable

 A statement of facts is similar to a newspaper article. Facts straightforwardly and 4

specifically state what happened, when and where it happened, and who did what to whom. For

example, stating that a defendant was deliberately indifferent is a conclusion, not a fact, since

facts specify what that defendant did, to whom, when and where. Moreover, to establish that a

person is liable under § 1983 as defendant, “a plaintiff must plead that each Government-official

defendant, through the official’s own individual actions, has violated the Constitution.” Iqbal,

129 S. Ct. at 1948. “Government officials may not be held liable for the unconstitutional

conduct of their subordinates,” and supervisors cannot be found liable for knowledge and

acquiescence in their subordinates’ misbehavior. Id. at p. 1948-49. And “a local government

may not be sued under § 1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents. Instead, it

is when execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by

those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that

the government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.” Monell v. Dept. of Social Services of

City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). To state a § 1983 claim against a municipality, a

complaint “must identify a custom or policy, and specify what exactly that custom or policy

was,” McTernan v. City of York, PA, 564 F. 3d 636, 658 (3d Cir. 2009), and specify facts

showing a “direct causal link between a municipal policy or custom and the alleged

constitutional deprivation, Jiminez v. All American Rathskeller, Inc., 503 F. 3d 247, 249 (3d Cir.

2007) (quoting City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 385 (1989)). “[A] single incident of

police misbehavior by a single policeman is insufficient as sole support for an inference that a

municipal policy or custom caused the incident.” Brown v. City of Pittsburgh, 586 F. 3d 263,

292 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 832 (1985) (Brennan,

J., concurring).

11

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 11 of 19 PageID: 133 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 11 of 19 PageID: 17
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.' ” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949

(citation omitted). The Third Circuit instructs that, to determine the sufficiency of a complaint

under the pleading regime established by Iqbal, 

a court must take three steps: First, the court must “tak[e] note of

the elements a plaintiff must plead to state a claim.” Iqbal, 129 S.

Ct. at 1947. Second, the court should identify allegations that,

“because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the

assumption of truth.” Id. at 1950. Finally, “where there are wellpleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity

and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an

entitlement for relief.” Id. 

Santiago v. Warminster Township, 629 F. 3d 121, 130 (3d Cir. 2010); see also Fowler v. UPMC

Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 210-211 (3d Cir. 2009) (“a complaint must do more than allege the

plaintiff's entitlement to relief. A complaint has to “show” such an entitlement with its facts”)

(emphasis supplied). To assist plaintiffs in deciding whether to pursue relief, individually or

jointly, this Court will briefly outline the relevant constitutional standards.

A. Conditions of Confinement 

The Complaint states that pretrial detainees generally were confined for approximately 17

hours a day, two persons to an 8" X 12" call, without outdoor recreation, but the Complaint does

not set forth facts for each (or any) particular plaintiff. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment prohibits punishment of a pretrial detainee prior to an adjudication of guilt in

accordance with due process of law. See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 (1979); Hubbard v.

Taylor, 399 F.3d 150, 166 (3d Cir. 2005). As the Supreme Court explained,

if a particular condition or restriction of pretrial detention is

reasonably related to a legitimate governmental objective, it does

not, without more, amount to “punishment.” Conversely, if a

restriction or condition is not reasonably related to a legitimate

12

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 12 of 19 PageID: 134 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 12 of 19 PageID: 18
goal - if it is arbitrary or purposeless - a court permissibly may

infer that the purpose of the governmental action is punishment

that may not constitutionally be inflicted upon detainees qua

detainees.

Bell, 441 U.S. at 539 (footnote and citation omitted).

The maintenance of security, internal order, and discipline are essential goals which at

times require “limitation or retraction of . . . retained constitutional rights.” Bell, 411 U.S. at

546. “Restraints that are reasonably related to the institution’s interest in maintaining jail

security do not, without more, constitute unconstitutional punishment, even if they are

discomforting and are restrictions that the detainee would not have experienced had he been

released while awaiting trial.” Id. at 540. The Fourteenth Amendment standard of

unconstitutional punishment, like the Eighth Amendment’s cruel and unusual punishments

standard, contains both an objective component and a subjective component:

Unconstitutional punishment typically includes both objective and

subjective components. As the Supreme Court explained in

Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294 . . . (1991), the objective component

requires an inquiry into whether “the deprivation [was] sufficiently

serious” and the subjective component asks whether “the officials

act[ed] with a sufficiently culpable state of mind[.]” Id. at 298 . . . . 

The Supreme Court did not abandon this bipartite analysis in Bell,

but rather allowed for an inference of mens rea where the

restriction is arbitrary or purposeless, or where the restriction is

excessive, even if it would accomplish a legitimate governmental

objective.

Stevenson v. Carroll, 495 F. 3d 62, 68 (3d Cir. 2007).

To satisfy the objective component, an inmate must show that he was subjected to

genuine privation and hardship over an extended period of time. See Bell, 441 U.S. at 542

(confining pretrial detainees “in such a manner as to cause them to endure genuine privations and

13

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 13 of 19 PageID: 135 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 13 of 19 PageID: 19
hardship over an extended period of time might raise serious questions under the Due Process

Clause as to whether those conditions amounted to punishment”); Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678,

686-87 (1978) (“the length of confinement cannot be ignored in deciding whether the

confinement meets constitutional standards. A filthy, overcrowded cell and a diet of ‘grue’ might

be tolerable for a few days and intolerably cruel for weeks or months”); Hubbard, 538 F. 3d at

235 (holding that triple celling of pretrial detainees and use of floor mattresses did not violate

Due Process because the inmates “were not subjected to genuine privations and hardship over an

extended period of time”); Piskanin v. Hammer, 269 Fed. App’x 159, 162-63 (3d Cir. 2008)

(placement of pretrial detainee on suicide watch for brief six day period, during which time he

could not contact counsel or file a habeas petition, did not amount to punishment prior to

adjudication of guilt); Foreman v. Lowe, 261 Fed. App’x 401 (3d Cir. 2008) (immigration

detainee’s confinement in maximum security did not violate due process). 

B. Free Exercise of Religion

The Complaint asserts generally that HCCC does not provide Muslim, Jewish or Catholic

services, and that Protestant services are in Spanish only, but fails to specify what happened to

each plaintiff. The First Amendment provides that "Congress shall make no law respecting an

establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . ." U.S. Const. amend. I. The

Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment prohibits prison officials from denying an inmate

“a reasonable opportunity of pursuing his faith.” See Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 & n.2

(1972). However, the mere assertion of denial of religious services does automatically trigger

violation of the Free Exercise Clause in the prison context. If a prisoner’s request is “not the

result of sincerely held religious beliefs, the First Amendment imposes no obligation on the

14

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 14 of 19 PageID: 136 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 14 of 19 PageID: 20
prison to honor that request.” See Sutton v. Rasheed, 323 F. 3d 236, 250 (quoting DeHart v.

Horn, 227 F. 3d 47, 52 (3d Cir. 2000)). Secular views are not protected by the Free Exercise

Clause, and “[o]nly beliefs which are both sincerely held and religious in nature are protected

under the First Amendment.” Sutton, 323 F. 3d at 251 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). Thus, the facts asserted in a complaint must show that a prisoner’s request for religious

services is based on his own sincerely held religious belief. Id.

Even where religious beliefs are sincerely held, “the constitutional rights that prisoners

possess are more limited in scope than the constitutional rights held by individuals in society at

large.” Shaw v. Murphy, 532 U.S. 223, 229 (2001) (quoting Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 822

(1987)). Although “prisoners do not forfeit all constitutional protections,” it is settled that “[t]he

fact of confinement as well as the legitimate goals and policies of the penal institution limits

these retained constitutional rights.” Bell, 441 U.S. at 546. Moreover, in deciding an inmate’s

First Amendment challenge, a court must recognize that “judgments regarding prison security

‘are peculiarly within the province and professional expertise of corrections officials, and, in the

absence of substantial evidence in the record to indicate that the officials have exaggerated their

response to these considerations, courts should ordinarily defer to their expert judgment in such

matters.’” Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 86 (1987) (quoting Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 827

(1974)). Prison administrators, “who are actually charged with and trained in the running of the

particular institution under examination” are the best arbiters of the need for specific prison

regulations to maintain institutional safety and promote prisoner rehabilitation. Bell v. Wolfish,

441 U.S. 520, 562 (1979); see also Pell v. Procunier, 417 U.S. 817, 827 (1974) (courts should

ordinarily defer to their expert judgment unless officials exaggerate the legitimacy of the interest

15

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 15 of 19 PageID: 137 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 15 of 19 PageID: 21
behind the regulation). To guarantee due deference is shown to prison officials, courts examine

the constitutionality of prison regulations using a reasonableness standard set forth in Turner v.

Safley, 482 U.S. 78, (1987). “[W]hen a prison regulation impinges on inmates’ constitutional

rights, the regulation is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.” 482

U.S. at 89. Turner requires courts to weigh four factors in determining reasonableness: “whether

the regulation has a ‘valid, rational connection’ to a legitimate governmental interest; whether

alternative means are open to inmates to exercise the asserted right; what impact an

accommodation of the right would have on guards and inmates and prison resources; and

whether there are any ‘ready alternatives’ to the regulation.” Overton v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126,

132 (2003) (quoting Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-91); see also Fraise v. Terhune, 283 F.3d 506 (3d Cir.

2002). Furthermore, “the burden is not on the state to prove the validity of the challenged prison

regulation but instead is on the inmate to disprove it.” Williams, 343 F.3d at 217 (citing Overton

v. Bazzetta, 539 U.S. 126 (2003)).

For example, In O’Lone v. Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342 (1987), Muslim inmates challenged a

New Jersey classification regulation which prohibited inmates assigned to outside work details

from returning to the prison during the day except in the case of an emergency on Free Exercise

grounds because it prevented Muslims assigned to outside work details from attending Juma

services on Fridays. The Supreme Court rejected the Free Exercise claim, deferring to the

determination of prison administrators that a rule preventing inmates from returning from outside

work details was rationally related to security and rehabilitative concerns relating to work: 

There are, of course, no alternative means of attending Jumu’ah;

respondents’ religious beliefs insist that it occur at a particular

time. But the very stringent requirements as to the time at which

16

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 16 of 19 PageID: 138 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 16 of 19 PageID: 22
Jumu’ah may be held may make it extraordinarily difficult for

prison officials to assure that every Muslim prisoner is able to

attend that service. While we in no way minimize the central

importance of Jumu’ah to respondents, we are unwilling to hold

that prison officials are required by the Constitution to sacrifice

legitimate penological objectives to that end.

Id. at 351-52; see also Fraise v. Terhune, 383 F.3d 506 (3d Cir. 2002) (rejecting inmates’ free

exercise challenge to regulation designating Five Percent Nation as a security threat group and

directing members’ confinement in a security threat group unit); Williams v. Morton, 343 F.3d

212, 218 (3d Cir. 2003) (rejecting prisoners’ free exercise claim and finding “that providing

vegetarian meals, rather than Halal meals with meat, is rationally related to the legitimate

penological interests in simplified food service, security, and staying within the prison’s

budget”). 

C. Access to Courts

The Complaint asserts that access to the law library is generally inadequate for pretrial

detainees to do legal research, but provides no facts showing that the inadequate access caused

actual injury to each plaintiff. Under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, prisoners retain a

right of access to the courts. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 346 (1996); Monroe v. Beard,

536 F. 3d 198, 205 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, Stover v. Beard, 129 S. Ct. 1647 (2008). “Where

prisoners assert that defendants’ actions have inhibited their opportunity to present a past legal

claim, they must show (1) that they suffered an ‘actual injury’ - that they lost a chance to pursue a

‘nonfrivolous’ or ‘arguable’ underlying claim; and (2) that they have no other ‘remedy’ that may

be awarded as recompense’ for the lost claim other than in the present denial of access suit.” 

Monroe at 205 (quoting Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 415 (2002)). To establish

17

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 17 of 19 PageID: 139 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 17 of 19 PageID: 23
standing, “[t]he complaint must describe the underlying arguable claim well enough to show that

it is ‘more than mere hope,’ and it must describe the ‘lost remedy.’” Monroe at 205-206 (quoting

Christopher at 416-17). For example, in Monroe, the United States Court of Appeals for the

Third Circuit affirmed dismissal of inmates’ access to the courts claim for failure to state a claim:

In this case, the defendants confiscated all of the plaintiffs’ . . .

legal materials, including their legal briefs, transcripts, notes of

testimony, exhibits, copies of reference books, treatises, journals,

and personal handwritten notes. In their initial pleadings, the

plaintiffs’ claim rested solely on the ground that the defendants

confiscated their legal materials, contraband and non-contraband

alike. That claim, on its face, was insufficient to state a claim

under Harbury. So too were their subsequent amendments, which

alleged that they lost the opportunity to pursue attacks of their

convictions and civil rights claims but did not specify facts

demonstrating that the claims were nonfrivolous. Nor did they

maintain that they had no other remedy to compensate them for

their lost claims. Even liberally construing their complaints as we

must do for pro se litigants, they do not sufficiently allege that they

have suffered actual injury.

Monroe, 536 F. 3d at 206 (citations and footnote omitted).

18

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 18 of 19 PageID: 140 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 18 of 19 PageID: 24
V. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, this Court will: (1) deny Tim McGeachy’s application to proceed

in forma pauperis without prejudice as incomplete because plaintiff McGeachy did not submit a

six-month prison account statement; (2) administratively terminate this action without prejudice

to reopening in accordance with the terms of this Opinion; (3) direct the Clerk to open 28 new

cases in the name of each plaintiff who signed the Compliant (other than plaintiff McGeachy);

and (4) administratively terminate each of those cases, without prejudice to reopening each case

in accordance with the terms of this Opinion.

/s/ Jose L. Linares 

JOSE L. LINARES, U.S.D.J.

Dated: May 18, 2011

19

Case 2:10-cv-03562-JLL -CCC Document 25 Filed 05/18/11 Page 19 of 19 PageID: 141 Case 2:11-cv-02987-JLL-CCC Document 2 Filed 05/18/11 Page 19 of 19 PageID: 25