HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES ANNUAL AVERAGES

Table 45. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by

occupation and industry

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry

2004

Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing Federal

minimum wage

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At 

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

OCCUPATION

Management, professional, and related occupations ................................... 13,743 39 27 66 0.7 

 Management, business, and financial operations occupations ................ 3,750 14 2 16 .4

 Management occupations .................................................................... 2,120 12 1 13 .6

 Business and financial operations occupations .................................... 1,630 2 1 3 .2

 Professional and related occupations ....................................................... 9,993 25 25 50 .5

 Computer and mathematical occupations ............................................ 762 – 1 2 .2

 Architecture and engineering occupations ........................................... 952 1 2 3 .3

 Life, physical, and social science occupations ..................................... 414 1 1 2 .5

 Community and social services occupations ........................................ 717 2 1 4 .5

 Legal occupations ................................................................................. 281 – – – –

 Education, training, and library occupations ......................................... 2,024 8 11 19 1.0

 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ................ 777 8 6 13 1.7

 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ............................... 4,065 4 3 7 .2

Service occupations ..................................................................................... 16,381 1,238 256 1,494 9.1

 Healthcare support occupations ............................................................... 2,460 21 12 32 1.3

 Protective service occupations ................................................................. 1,823 20 4 25 1.3

 Food preparation and serving related occupations .................................. 6,236 1,036 147 1,183 19.0

 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ................. 3,608 63 39 102 2.8

 Personal care and service occupations .................................................... 2,254 97 54 151 6.7

Sales and office occupations ........................................................................ 20,650 104 146 250 1.2

 Sales and related occupations ................................................................. 7,512 66 76 143 1.9

 Office and administrative support occupations ......................................... 13,139 37 69 107 .8

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations .................. 9,368 24 26 50 .5

 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ............................................... 603 10 11 22 3.6

 Construction and extraction occupations .................................................. 5,430 7 6 14 .3

 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ................................... 3,335 6 9 15 .4

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ...................... 13,796 78 66 144 1.0

 Production occupations ............................................................................ 7,708 36 18 55 .7

 Transportation and material moving occupations ..................................... 6,087 42 47 89 1.5

See footnotes at end of table.

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HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA

ANNUAL AVERAGES ANNUAL AVERAGES

Table 45. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing Federal minimum wage by

occupation and industry — Continued

(Numbers in thousands)

Occupation and industry

2004

Workers paid hourly rates Total at or below prevailing Federal

minimum wage

Total

Below

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

At 

prevailing

Federal

minimum

wage

Number

Percent of

hourly-paid

workers

INDUSTRY

Private sector ................................................................................................ 64,708 1,423 467 1,889 2.9

 Agriculture and related industries ............................................................... 623 9 10 19 3.1

 Nonagriculture and related industries ......................................................... 64,085 1,413 457 1,870 2.9

 Mining ...................................................................................................... 312 – 1 1 .2

 Construction ............................................................................................ 5,552 10 8 17 .3

 Manufacturing .......................................................................................... 10,388 38 23 61 .6

 Durable goods ..................................................................................... 6,397 20 8 29 .4

 Nondurable goods ............................................................................... 3,991 18 15 32 .8

 Wholesale and retail trade ....................................................................... 12,456 85 96 181 1.5

 Wholesale trade ................................................................................... 2,038 7 10 16 .8

 Retail trade .......................................................................................... 10,418 78 86 165 1.6

 Transportation and utilities ...................................................................... 2,915 13 7 21 .7

 Transportation and warehousing ......................................................... 2,431 12 7 20 .8

 Utilities ................................................................................................. 485 1 – 1 .2

 Information ............................................................................................... 1,472 4 10 15 1.0

 Publishing, except Internet ............................................................... 328 – 2 3 .8

 Motion pictures and sound recording ............................................... 204 3 7 10 4.8

 Broadcasting, except Internet ........................................................... 228 – – – –

 Telecommunications ......................................................................... 600 1 1 2 .3

 Financial activities ................................................................................... 3,453 13 20 33 1.0

 Finance and insurance ........................................................................ 2,429 8 10 18 .7

 Finance ........................................................................................... 1,581 3 6 9 .6

 Insurance ........................................................................................ 848 5 4 9 1.1

 Real estate and rental and leasing ...................................................... 1,025 6 10 15 1.5

 Professional and business services ........................................................ 5,461 37 24 61 1.1

 Professional and technical services .................................................... 2,249 5 9 14 .6

 Management, administrative, and waste services ............................... 3,212 32 15 47 1.5

 Education and health services ................................................................. 11,022 76 62 137 1.2

 Educational services ............................................................................ 1,263 13 21 34 2.7

 Health care and social assistance ....................................................... 9,759 62 41 103 1.1

 Leisure and hospitality ............................................................................. 8,095 1,066 176 1,242 15.3

 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ..................................................... 1,198 45 20 65 5.4

 Accommodation and food services ...................................................... 6,897 1,021 156 1,177 17.1

 Accommodation ............................................................................... 1,037 35 9 44 4.2

 Food services and drinking places .................................................. 5,860 986 147 1,133 19.3

 Other services1 ........................................................................................ 2,959 71 31 101 3.4

 Other services, except private households .......................................... 2,470 36 27 63 2.5

 Other services, private households ..................................................... 489 35 4 39 7.9

Public sector ................................................................................................. 9,231 60 53 114 1.2

 Federal goverment ................................................................................... 1,781 8 11 20 1.1

 State government ..................................................................................... 2,347 15 17 32 1.4

 Local government ..................................................................................... 5,103 37 25 62 1.2

1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

 NOTE: The prevailing Federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour in

2004. Data are for wage and salary workers, excluding the incorporated

self-employed. They refer to a person’s earnings on their sole or principal job,

and pertain only to workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and

other nonhourly workers are not included. The presence of workers with

hourly earnings below the minimum wage does not necessarily indicate

violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act, as there are exceptions to the

minimum wage provisions of the law. In addition, some survey respondents

might have rounded hourly earnings to the nearest dollar, and, as a result,

reported hourly earnings below the minimum wage even though they earned

the minimum wage or higher. Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised

population controls used in the household survey. 

263