# Patent

## Title
Variable valve timing apparatus executing reference position learning and control method thereof

## Abstract

A current value of an intake valve phase calculated based on a sensor output is smoothed along the direction of time axis in accordance with a smoothing factor, whereby a phase detection value is detected. At the time of reference position learning, the smoothing factor is set to a value larger than at the time of normal control, so that the degree of smoothing in the smoothing process of phase detection value becomes smaller. Therefore, it is possible to detect more quickly that the intake valve timing has reached the reference timing at the time of reference position learning based on the phase detection value, than when a common smoothing factor is set both for the normal control and for the reference position learning.

## Background
This nonprovisional application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-094882 filed with the Japan Patent Office on Mar. 30, 2006, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a variable valve timing apparatus. In particular, the invention relates to a variable valve timing apparatus having a mechanism that changes the timing at which a valve is opened/closed by an amount of change according to an operation amount of an actuator.
2. Description of the Background Art
A VVT (Variable Valve Timing) apparatus has conventionally been known that changes the timing at which an intake valve or an exhaust valve is opened/closed, that is, the opening/closing phase (crank angle) according to an operating condition. Generally, in the variable valve timing apparatus, the phase is changed by rotating a camshaft, which opens/closes the intake valve or exhaust valve, relative to a sprocket or the like. The camshaft is rotated by an actuator such as a hydraulic or electric motor.
In order to accurately control the valve opening/closing phase (valve timing) using such a variable valve timing apparatus, it is necessary to prevent error in detecting the actual phase of valve opening/closing. In order to reduce the detection error, it has been a common practice to set the valve opening/closing phase at a prescribed reference position that is limited mechanically, and to learn the error in the detected value of valve opening/closing phase at that time as an offset.
In an intake valve driving apparatus disclosed in Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2004-340013), target working angle and target phase are set by adding a learning correction value or values, whereby variation in variable valve control is corrected. Particularly, according to Patent Document 1, the effect of suppressing variation is improved when the learning operation for updating the learning correction value is done on a low-speed, low-load side.
In a variable valve timing apparatus disclosed in Patent Document 2 (Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2004-156461), reference position of the valve timing is learned under prescribed learning conditions (for example, every time engine operation starts), to ensure detection accuracy of the actual valve timing. Further, according to the disclosure, when learning is not complete, it is determined that the detection accuracy is low, and the rate of change in valve timing is limited. Consequently, damage to the apparatus caused by a movable portion hitting a stopper or the like at high speed can be prevented.
As one type of variable valve timing apparatus, a mechanism has been used in which, when an actuator operating a movable portion for changing the valve timing is stopped, the movable portion is urged by a spring or the like, or operation of the movable portion is limited by a lock-pin or the like, so that the valve timing is automatically returned to the reference position. In such a mechanism, the reference position learning is naturally done at the time of such return.
In a variable valve timing apparatus having such a mechanism that the valve timing is changed by an amount in accordance with the operation amount of the actuator and the valve timing is fixed when the actuator is stopped, it is necessary to execute the reference position learning for ensuring accuracy in detecting actual valve timing, in consideration of protection of apparatuses as well as operation energy (power consumption) of the actuator. Specifically, it is preferred that the reference position learning is completed in as short a time as possible, while ensuring accuracy in learning. Patent Documents 1 and 2 mentioned above do not describe any specific contents of reference position learning from such a viewpoint.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to complete the reference position learning for ensuring accuracy in detecting the valve timing in the variable valve timing apparatus in a shorter time period while ensuring accuracy in learning.
The present invention provides a variable valve timing apparatus for changing a timing of opening/closing at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve provided in an engine, including an actuator, a changing mechanism, a phase detecting portion, an actuator operation amount setting portion, and a reference position learning portion. The actuator operates the variable valve timing apparatus. The changing mechanism is configured to change the opening/closing timing by an amount of change in accordance with an operation amount of the actuator, and also configured such that the change in the opening/closing timing is mechanically limited at a reference timing, at least during the reference position learning. The phase detecting portion calculates an opening/closing timing detection value used for controlling the opening/closing timing, by smoothing opening/closing timing calculated based on a sensor output, along the time axis. The actuator operation amount setting portion sets the operation amount of the actuator based on a deviation between a target value and the opening/closing timing detection value detected by the phase detecting portion, in normal control. The reference position learning portion is configured to generate an actuator operation command so that the opening/closing timing is changed to the reference timing, and when the opening/closing timing reaches the reference timing, to learn the reference value of detected value of the opening/closing timing, in response. Further, the reference position learning portion includes a detecting portion for detecting that the opening/closing timing has reached the reference timing when the amount of change in the opening/closing timing detection value detected by the phase detecting portion attains to approximately zero. The phase detecting portion includes a switching portion that sets a degree of smoothing when the opening/closing timing is smoothed along the time axis, smaller at the time of reference position learning than at the time of normal control.
Alternatively, the present invention provides a variable valve timing apparatus for changing a timing of opening/closing at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve provided in an engine, including an actuator, a changing mechanism, and a control unit. The actuator operates the variable valve timing apparatus. The changing mechanism is configured to change the opening/closing timing by an amount of change in accordance with an operation amount of the actuator, and also configured such that the change in the opening/closing timing is mechanically limited at a reference timing, at least during the reference position learning. The control unit is configured to execute a phase detecting operation of calculating an opening/closing timing detection value used for controlling the opening/closing timing, by smoothing opening/closing timing calculated based on a sensor output along the time axis, an actuator operation amount setting operation of setting the operation amount of the actuator based on a deviation between a target value and the opening/closing timing detection value detected by the phase detecting operation, in normal control, and a reference position learning operation of generating an actuator operation command so that the opening/closing timing is changed to the reference timing, and when the opening/closing timing reaches the reference timing, learning the reference value of the opening/closing timing detection value in response, at the time of reference position learning. Further, the control unit sets a degree of smoothing when the opening/closing timing is smoothed along the time axis, smaller at the time of reference position learning operation than at the time of normal control, and detects that the opening/closing timing has reached the reference timing when the amount of change in the detected value of opening/closing timing detected by the phase detecting operation becomes approximately zero.
The present invention provides a method of controlling a variable valve timing apparatus for changing a timing of opening/closing at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve provided in an engine, including a phase detecting step and a reference position learning step. The variable valve timing apparatus includes an actuator operating the variable valve timing apparatus, and a changing mechanism. The changing mechanism is configured to change the opening/closing timing by an amount of change in accordance with an operation amount of the actuator, and also configured such that the change in the opening/closing timing is mechanically limited at a reference timing, at least during the reference position learning. At the phase detecting step, an opening/closing timing detection value used for controlling the opening/closing timing is calculated by smoothing opening/closing timing calculated based on a sensor output along the time axis. At the reference position learning step, an actuator operation command is generated so that the opening/closing timing is changed to the reference timing, and when the opening/closing timing reaches the reference timing, the reference value of detected value of opening/closing timing is learned in response, at the time of reference position learning. The reference position learning step includes a detecting step of detecting that the opening/closing timing has reached the reference timing when the amount of change in the opening/closing timing detection value detected at the phase detecting step attains to approximately zero. The phase detecting step includes a switching step of setting a degree of smoothing when the opening/closing timing is smoothed along the time axis, smaller at the time of reference position learning than at the time of normal control, in which the operation amount of the actuator is set based on a deviation between a target value of the opening/closing timing and the detected value of the opening/closing timing detected at the phase detecting step.
According to the variable valve timing apparatus or the control method thereof, the degree of smoothing in the smoothing process along the time axis for stabilizing the opening/closing timing detection value is set smaller at the time of reference position learning than at the time of normal control. Therefore, it is possible to detect more quickly that the opening/closing timing has reached the reference timing at the time of reference position learning, than when the degree of smoothing is set commonly. Further, at the time of reference position learning, not the opening/closing timing detection value itself detected by the phase detecting portion but the amount of change thereof is used for determination. Therefore, even when the degree of smoothing in the process of smoothing the opening/closing timing detection value is made smaller, it is possible to detect with high accuracy that the opening/closing timing has reached the reference timing. Therefore, it becomes possible to complete the reference position learning in a shorter time period while ensuring accuracy in learning, and hence to reduce energy consumption (power consumption).
Preferably, in the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with the present invention, the reference position learning portion generates the operation command to make approximately constant the operation amount of the actuator during the reference position learning. Alternatively, the control unit generates the operation command to make approximately constant the operation amount of the actuator during the reference position learning operation.
Preferably, in the method of controlling the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with the present invention, the reference position learning step includes the step of generating the actuator operation command to make approximately constant the operation amount of the actuator during the reference position learning.
According to the variable valve timing apparatus or the control method thereof, as the amount of operation of the actuator is made approximately constant during the reference position learning, the amount of change in the opening/closing timing (valve timing) can also be made approximately constant. Therefore, even when the degree of smoothing is set small in the smoothing process at the time of reference position learning, there is only a small influence on the detection of opening/closing timing.
Preferably, the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with the present invention further includes a power supply stopping portion. The changing mechanism is configured to change the opening/closing timing by a first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of the actuator when the opening/closing timing is in a first region, and to change the opening/closing timing by a second amount of change larger than the first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of the actuator when the opening/closing timing is in a second region different from the first region, and the reference timing is provided in the first region. The power supply stopping portion stops power supply to the actuator, when learning by the reference position learning portion is completed in response to the detection by the detecting portion. Alternatively, the control unit stops power supply to the actuator, when detecting that the opening/closing timing has reached the reference timing.
More preferably, the method of controlling the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with the present invention further includes a power supply stopping step. The changing mechanism is configured to change the opening/closing timing by a first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of the actuator when the opening/closing timing is in a first region, and to change the opening/closing timing by a second amount of change larger than the first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of the actuator when the opening/closing timing is in a second region different from the first region, and the reference timing is provided in the first region. In the power supply stopping step, power supply to the actuator is stopped when learning at the reference position learning step is completed, in response to the detection at the detecting step.
According to the variable valve timing apparatus or the control method thereof described above, the opening/closing timing (valve timing) at the completion of reference position learning is in a region (first region) where the amount of change in opening/closing timing is small relative to the actuator operation amount. Therefore, the opening/closing timing at this time can be maintained even if the power supply to the actuator is stopped at the end of the reference position learning. Therefore, when the power supply to the actuator is stopped at the end of reference position learning, wasteful power consumption and heat build-up of the apparatus thereafter can more reliably be prevented.
Further, in the variable valve timing apparatus and the control method thereof in accordance with the present invention, in each changing mechanism, the reference timing is provided corresponding to the limit position of variable range of the opening/closing timing changed by the changing mechanism.
According to the variable valve timing apparatus or the control method thereof, the reference position learning can be executed without adding any special mechanism, by utilizing the limit position (such as the phase of most retarded angle) of the variable range of opening/closing timing (valve timing).
Alternatively, or more preferably, in the variable valve timing apparatus or the control method thereof, the actuator is implemented by an electric motor, and the operation amount of the actuator is difference in rotation speed of the electric motor relative to the rotation speed of a camshaft driving the valve of which opening/closing timing is to be changed.
According to the variable valve timing apparatus or the control method thereof, in a configuration in which an electric motor is the actuator and the operation amount of the actuator is difference in rotation speed of the electric motor relative to the rotation speed of a camshaft of which rotation is stopped as the engine stops, the reference position learning can be completed in a shorter time while ensuring accuracy in learning, and the power consumption can be reduced.
Therefore, a main advantage of the present invention is that the reference position learning for ensuring accuracy in detecting the valve timing in the variable valve timing apparatus can be completed in a shorter time period while ensuring accuracy in learning.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of an engine of a vehicle on which the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is mounted.
FIG. 2 shows a map defining the phase of an intake camshaft.
FIG. 3 is a cross section showing an intake VVT mechanism.
FIG. 4 is a cross section along A-A in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a (first) cross section along B-B in FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a (second) cross section along B-B in FIG. 3.
FIG. 7 is a cross section along C-C in FIG. 3.
FIG. 8 is a cross section along D-D in FIG. 3.
FIG. 9 shows the reduction gear ratio of the intake VVT mechanism as a whole.
FIG. 10 shows a relation between the phase of a guide plate relative to a sprocket and the phase of an intake camshaft.
FIG. 11 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a control structure of intake valve phase by the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with the present embodiment.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating rotation speed control of an electric motor as the actuator of the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with the present embodiment.
FIG. 13 is a flowchart representing an operation of the valve phase detecting portion.
FIG. 14 illustrates speed control of the electric motor.
FIG. 15 is a flowchart representing the reference position learning in the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a diagram of waveforms at the time of reference position learning shown in FIG. 15.



DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
With reference to the drawings, embodiments of the present invention will be hereinafter described. In the following description, like components are denoted by like reference characters. Their names and functions are also the same. Therefore, detailed description thereof will not be repeated.
Referring to FIG. 1, a description is given of an engine of a vehicle on which a variable valve timing apparatus is mounted, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
An engine 1000 is a V-type 8-cylinder engine having a first bank 1010 and a second bank 1012 each including a group of four cylinders. Here, application of the present invention is not limited to any engine type, and the variable valve timing apparatus that will be described in the following is applicable to an engine of the type different from the V-type 8 cylinder engine.
Into engine 1000, air is sucked from an air cleaner 1020. The quantity of sucked air is adjusted by a throttle valve 1030. Throttle valve 1030 is an electronic throttle valve driven by a motor.
The air is supplied through an intake manifold 1032 into a cylinder 1040. The air is mixed with fuel in cylinder 1040 (combustion chamber). Into cylinder 1040, the fuel is directly injected from an injector 1050. In other words, injection holes of injector 1050 are provided within cylinder 1040.
The fuel is injected in the intake stroke. The fuel injection timing is not limited to the intake stroke. Further, in the present embodiment, engine 1000 is described as a direct-injection engine having injection holes of injector 1050 that are disposed within cylinder 1040. However, in addition to direct-injection (in-cylinder) injector 1050, a port injector may be provided. Moreover, only the port injector may be provided.
The air-fuel mixture in cylinder 1040 is ignited by a spark plug 1060 and accordingly burned. The air-fuel mixture after burned, namely exhaust gas, is cleaned by a three-way catalyst 1070 and thereafter discharged to the outside of the vehicle. The air-fuel mixture is burned to press down a piston 1080 and thereby to rotate a crankshaft 1090.
At the top of cylinder 1040, an intake valve 1100 and an exhaust valve 1110 are provided. Intake valve 1100 is driven by an intake camshaft 1120. Exhaust valve 1110 is driven by an exhaust camshaft 1130. Intake camshaft 1120 and exhaust camshaft 1130 are coupled by such parts as a chain and gears to be rotated at the same rotation speed (one-half the rotation speed of crankshaft 1090). The rotation speed of a rotating body such as a shaft is generally represented by the number of rotations per unit time (typically, number of rotations per minute: rpm).
Intake valve 1100 has its phase (opening/closing timing) controlled by an intake VVT mechanism 2000 provided to intake camshaft 1120. Exhaust valve 1110 has its phase (opening/closing timing) controlled by an exhaust VVT mechanism 3000 provided to exhaust camshaft 1130.
In the present embodiment, intake camshaft 1120 and exhaust camshaft 1130 are rotated by the VVT mechanisms to control respective phases of intake valve 1100 and exhaust valve 1110. Here, the phase control method is not limited to the one described above.
Intake VVT mechanism 2000 is operated by an electric motor 2060 (shown in FIG. 3). Electric motor 2060 is controlled by an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) 4000. The current and voltage of electric motor 2060 are detected by an ammeter (not shown) and a voltmeter (not shown) and the measurements are input to ECU 4000.
Exhaust VVT mechanism 3000 is hydraulically operated. Here, intake VVT mechanism 2000 may be hydraulically operated while exhaust VVT mechanism 3000 may be operated by an electric motor.
To ECU 4000, signals indicating the rotation speed and the crank angle of crankshaft 1090 are input from a crank angle sensor 5000. Further, to ECU 4000, signals indicating respective phases of intake camshaft 1120 and exhaust camshaft 1130 (phase: the camshaft position in the rotational direction) are input from a cam position sensor 5010.
Furthermore, to ECU 4000, a signal indicating the water temperature (coolant temperature) of engine 1000 from a coolant temperature sensor 5020 as well as a signal indicating the quantity of intake air (quantity of air taken or sucked into engine 1000) of engine 1000 from an airflow meter 5030 are input.
Based on these signals input from the sensors as well as a map and a program stored in a memory (not shown), ECU 4000 controls the throttle opening position, the ignition timing, the fuel injection timing, the quantity of injected fuel, the phase of intake valve 1100 and the phase of exhaust valve 1110, for example, so that engine 1000 is operated in a desired operating state.
In the present embodiment, ECU 4000 determines the phase of intake valve 1100 based on the map as shown in FIG. 2 that uses the engine speed NE and the intake air quantity KL as parameters. A plurality of maps for respective coolant temperatures are stored for determining the phase of intake valve 1100.
In the following, a further description is given of intake VVT mechanism 2000. Here, exhaust VVT mechanism 3000 may have the same configuration as that of intake VVT mechanism 2000 as described below, or each of intake VVT mechanism 2000 and exhaust VVT mechanism 3000 may have the same configuration as that of intake VVT mechanism 2000 as described below.
As shown in FIG. 3, intake VVT mechanism 2000 includes a sprocket 2010, a cam plate 2020, a link mechanism 2030, a guide plate 2040, reduction gears 2050, and electric motor 2060.
Sprocket 2010 is coupled via a chain or the like to crankshaft 1090. The rotation speed of sprocket 2010 is half the rotation speed of crankshaft 1090, as in the case of intake camshaft 1120 and exhaust camshaft 1130. Intake camshaft 1120 is provided concentrically with the rotational axis of sprocket 2010 and rotatable relative to sprocket 2010.
Cam plate 2020 is coupled to intake camshaft 1120 with a pin (1) 2070. Cam plate 2020 rotates, in sprocket 2010, together with intake camshaft 1120. Here, cam plate 2020 and intake camshaft 1120 may be integrated into one unit.
Link mechanism 2030 is comprised of an arm (1) 2031 and an arm (2) 2032. As shown in FIG. 4, which is a cross section along A-A in FIG. 3, a pair of arms (1) 2031 is provided within sprocket 2010 so that the arms are point symmetric to each other with respect to the rotational axis of intake camshaft 1120. Each arm (1) 2031 is coupled to sprocket 2010 so that the arm can swing about a pin (2) 2072.
As shown in FIG. 5, which is a cross section along B-B in FIG. 3, and as shown in FIG. 6 showing the state where the phase of intake valve 1100 is advanced with respect to the state in FIG. 5, arms (1) 2031 and cam plate 2020 are coupled by arms (2) 2032.
Arm (2) 2032 is supported such that the arm can swing about a pin (3) 2074 and with respect to arm (1) 2031. Further, arm (2) 2032 is supported such that the arm can swing about a pin (4) 2076 and with respect to cam plate 2020.
A pair of link mechanisms 2030 causes intake camshaft 1120 to rotate relative to sprocket 2010 and thereby changes the phase of intake valve 1100. Thus, even if one of the paired link mechanisms 2030 should be damaged or broken, the other link mechanism can be used to change the phase of intake valve 1100.
Referring back to FIG. 3, at a surface of each link mechanism 2030 (arm (2) 2032) that is a surface facing guide plate 2040, a control pin 2034 is provided. Control pin 2034 is provided concentrically with pin (3) 2074. Each control pin 2034 slides in a guide groove 2042 provided in guide plate 2040.
Each control pin 2034 slides in guide groove 2042 of guide plate 2040, to be shifted in the radial direction. The radial shift of each control pin 2034 causes intake camshaft 1120 to rotate relative to sprocket 2010.
As shown in FIG. 7, which is a cross section along C-C in FIG. 3, guide groove 2042 is formed in the spiral shape so that rotation of guide plate 2040 causes each control pin 2034 to shift in the radial direction. Here, the shape of guide groove 2042 is not limited to this.
As control pin 2034 is shifted further in the radial direction from the axial center of guide plate 2040, the phase of intake valve 1100 is retarded to a greater extent. In other words, the amount of change of the phase has a value corresponding to the operation amount of link mechanism 2030 generated by the radial shift of control pin 2034. Alternatively, the phase of intake valve 1100 may be advanced to a greater extent as control pin 2034 is shifted further in the radial direction from the axial center of guide plate 2040.
As shown in FIG. 7, when control pin 2034 abuts on an end of guide groove 2042, the operation of link mechanism 2030 is restrained. Therefore, the phase in which control pin 2034 abuts on an end of guide groove 2042 is the phase of the most retarded angle or the most advanced angle.
Referring back to FIG. 3, in guide plate 2040, a plurality of depressed portions 2044 are provided in its surface facing reduction gears 2050, for coupling guide plate 2040 and reduction gears 2050 to each other.
Reduction gears 2050 are comprised of an outer teeth gear 2052 and an inner teeth gear 2054. Outer teeth gear 2052 is fixed with respect to sprocket 2010 so that the gear rotates together with sprocket 2010.
Inner teeth gear 2054 has a plurality of protruded portions 2056 thereon that are received in depressed portions 2044 of guide plate 2040. Inner teeth gear 2054 is supported rotatably about an eccentric axis 2066 of a coupling 2062 formed eccentrically with respect to an axial center 2064 of an output shaft of electric motor 2060.
FIG. 8 shows a cross section along D-D in FIG. 3. Inner teeth gear 2054 is provided such that a part of the teeth thereof meshes with outer teeth gear 2052. When the rotation speed of the output shaft of electric motor 2060 is identical to the rotation speed of sprocket 2010, coupling 2062 and inner teeth gear 2054 rotate at the same rotation speed as that of outer teeth gear 2052 (sprocket 2010). In this case, guide plate 2040 rotates at the same rotation speed as that of sprocket 2010 and accordingly the phase of intake valve 1100 is maintained.
When electric motor 2060 causes coupling 2062 to rotate about axial center 2064 and relative to outer teeth gear 2052, inner teeth gear 2054 as a whole accordingly revolves about axial center 2064 while inner teeth gear 2054 rotates about eccentric axis 2066. The rotational motion of inner teeth gear 2054 causes guide plate 2040 to rotate relative to sprocket 2010 and thus the phase of intake valve 1100 is changed.
The phase of intake valve 1100 is changed by reduction of the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 (operation amount of electric motor 2060) by reduction gears 2050, guide plate 2040 and link mechanism 2030. Here, the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 may be increased to change the phase of intake valve 1100. On the output shaft of electric motor 2060, a motor rotation angle sensor 5050 is provided, which outputs a signal indicating an angle of rotation (position of the output shaft in the rotating direction) of the output shaft. Motor rotation angle sensor 5050 is generally configured to generate a pulse signal every time the output shaft of electric motor rotates by a prescribed angle. Based on the output of motor rotation angle sensor 5050, the rotation speed of the output shaft of electric motor 2060 (hereinafter also simply referred to as rotation speed of electric motor 2060) can be detected.
As shown in FIG. 9, the reduction gear ratio R(θ) of intake VVT mechanism 2000 as a whole, that is, the ratio of rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 to the amount of phase-change, may have a value according to the phase of intake valve 1100. In the present embodiment, as the reduction gear ratio R(θ) is higher, the amount of phase-change with respect to the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 is smaller.
In the case where the phase of intake valve 1100 is in a first region (6001) from the most retarded angle to CA (1), the reduction gear ratio of intake VVT mechanism 2000 as a whole is R (1). In the case where the phase of intake valve 1100 is in a second region (6002) from CA (2) (CA (2) is advanced with respect to CA (1)) to the most advanced angle, the reduction gear ratio of intake VVT mechanism 2000 as a whole is R (2) (R (1)>R (2)).
In the case where the phase of intake valve 1100 is in a third region (6003) from CA (1) to CA (2), the reduction gear ratio of intake VVT mechanism 2000 as a whole changes at a predetermined rate of change ((R (2)−R (1))/(CA (2)−CA (1)).
Based on the configuration as described above, intake VVT mechanism 2000 of the variable valve timing apparatus of the present embodiment functions as described below.
When the phase of intake valve 1100 (intake camshaft 1120) is to be advanced, electric motor 2060 is operated to rotate guide plate 2040 relative to sprocket 2010, thereby advancing the phase of intake valve 1100 as shown in FIG. 10.
When the phase of intake valve 1100 is in the first region between the most retarded angle and CA (1), the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 is reduced at reduction gear ratio R (1) and the phase of intake valve 1100 is advanced.
In the case where the phase of intake valve 1100 is in the second region between CA (2) and the most advanced angle, the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 is reduced at reduction gear ratio R (2) and the phase of intake valve 1100 is advanced.
When the phase of intake valve 1100 is to be retarded, the output shaft of electric motor 2060 is rotated relative to sprocket 2010 in the direction opposite to the direction when the phase thereof is to be advanced. As in the case of advancing the phase, when the phase is to be retarded and the phase of intake valve 1100 is in the first region between the most retarded angle and CA (1), the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 is reduced at reduction gear ratio R (1) and the phase is retarded. Further, when the phase of intake valve 1100 is in the second region between CA (2) and the most advanced angle, the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 is reduced at reduction gear ratio R (2) and the phase is retarded.
Accordingly, as long as the direction of the relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 is the same, the phase of intake valve 1100 can be advanced or retarded for both of the first region between the most retarded angle and CA (1) and the second region between CA (2) and the most advanced angle. Here, for the second region between CA (2) and the most advanced angle, the phase can be more advanced or more retarded. Thus, the phase can be changed over a wide range.
Further, since the reduction gear ratio is high for the first region between the most retarded angle and CA (1), a large torque is necessary, for rotating the output shaft of electric motor 2060 by a torque acting on intake camshaft 1120 as engine 1000 operates. Therefore, even if electric motor 2060 generates no torque as in the case where electric motor 2060 is stopped, rotation of the output shaft of electric motor 2060 caused by the torque acting on intake camshaft 1120 can be prevented. Therefore, a change of the actual phase from a phase determined under control can be restrained.
As described above, in intake VVT mechanism 2000, as there is the reduction gear ratio R(θ), unintended change in phase is less likely when power supply to electric motor 2060 as the actuator is stopped. This effect is particularly well achieved in the first region that covers the phase of the most retarded angle.
When the phase of intake valve 1100 is in the third region between CA (1) and CA (2), the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 is reduced at a reduction gear ratio that changes at a predetermined rate of change, which may result in advance or retard in phase of intake valve 1100.
Accordingly, when the phase changes from the first region to the second region or from the second region to the first region, the amount of change of the phase with respect to the rotation speed of relative rotation between the output shaft of electric motor 2060 and sprocket 2010 can be increased or decreased gradually. In this way, a sudden stepwise change of the amount of change in phase can be restrained, to thereby restrain a sudden change in phase. Accordingly, phase controllability can be improved.
As discussed above, in the intake VVT mechanism for the variable valve timing apparatus in the present embodiment, when the phase of the intake valve is in the region from the most retarded angle to CA (1), reduction gear ratio of intake VVT mechanism 2000 as a whole is R (1). When the phase of the intake valve is in the region from CA (2) to the most advanced angle, the reduction gear ratio of intake VVT mechanism 2000 as a whole is R (2), which is lower than R (1). Thus, as long as the rotational direction of the output shaft of the electric motor is the same, the phase of the intake valve can be advanced or retarded for both of the regions, namely the first region between the most retarded angle and CA (1) and the second region between CA (2) and the most advanced angle. Here, for the second region between CA (2) and the most advanced angle, the phase can be advanced or retarded to a greater extent. Therefore, the phase can be changed over a wide range. Further, for the first region between the most retarded angle and CA (1), the reduction gear ratio is high and therefore, it is possible to prevent rotation of the output shaft of the electric motor by the torque acting on the intake camshaft as the engine is operated. Thus, a change of the actual phase from a phase determined under control can be restrained. Accordingly, the phase can be changed over a wide range and the phase can be controlled accurately.
Next, the structure for controlling the phase of intake valve 1100 (hereinafter also simply referred to as the intake valve phase) will be described in detail.
Referring to FIG. 11, as already described with reference to FIG. 1, engine 1000 is configured such that power from crankshaft 1090 is transmitted to intake camshaft 1120 and exhaust camshaft 1130 through sprockets 2010 and 2012, respectively, by means of a timing chain 1200 (or a timing belt). Further, on the outer circumferential side of intake camshaft 1120, a cam position sensor 5010 is attached, for outputting a cam angle signal Piv, at every prescribed cam angle. On the outer circumferential side of crankshaft 1090, a crank angle sensor 5000 is attached, for outputting a crank angle signal Pca, at every prescribed crank angle. Further, on a rotor (not shown) of electric motor 2060, a motor rotation angle sensor 5050 is attached, for outputting a motor rotation angle signal Pmt, at every prescribed rotation angle. The cam angle signal Piv, crank angle signal Pca and motor rotation angle signal Pmt are input to ECU 4000.
Further, based on the outputs of sensors detecting the state of engine 1000 and on operation conditions (pedal operation of the driver, current vehicle speed and the like), ECU 4000 controls the operation of engine 1000 so that required output of engine 1000 can be attained. As a part of engine control, ECU 4000 sets phase target values of intake valve 1100 and exhaust valve 1110, based on the map shown in FIG. 2.
Further, ECU 4000 generates a rotation speed command value Nmref of electric motor 2060 as the actuator of intake VVT mechanism 2000 such that the phase of intake valve 1100 reaches the target phase. The rotation speed command Nmref is determined corresponding to the rotation speed of output shaft of electric motor 2060 relative to sprocket 2010 (intake camshaft 1120), as will be described later. The difference in rotation speed of electric motor 2060 relative to intake camshaft 1120 corresponds to the operation amount of actuator. Motor EDU (Electronic Drive Unit) 4100 controls the rotation speed of electric motor 2060, in accordance with the rotation speed command Nmref from ECU 4000.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating rotation speed control of electric motor 2060 as the actuator of intake VVT mechanism 2000 in accordance with the present embodiment.
Referring to FIG. 12, valve phase detecting portion 6005 calculates the currently detected intake valve phase IV(θ) (hereinafter also denoted as phase detection value IV(θ)), based on senor outputs. Actuator operation amount setting portion 6000 controls the intake valve phase, using electric motor 2060 as the actuator. Actuator operation amount setting portion 6000 includes a camshaft phase-change amount calculating portion 6020, a relative rotation speed setting portion 6030, a switching portion 6035, a camshaft rotation speed detecting portion 6040 and a rotation speed command value generating portion 6050.
Further, a learning control portion 6100 is provided, for learning the reference position of the intake valve phase. The operations of actuator operation amount setting portion 6000, valve phase detecting portion 6005 and learning control portion 6100 are realized by executing a control process in accordance with a prescribed program stored in advance in ECU 4000 at every prescribed control period.
First, an operation of valve phase detecting portion 6005 will be described using the flowchart of FIG. 13.
Referring to FIG. 13, at step S10, ECU 4000 calculates the current value of intake valve phase IVθ based on sensor outputs (for example, crank angle signal Pca from crank angle sensor 5000, cam angle signal Piv from cam position sensor 5010 and motor rotation angle signal Pmt from rotation angle sensor 5050 of electric motor 2060).
By way of example, at step S10, the current value of intake valve phase IVθ may be calculated by converting, when cam angle signal Piv is generated, time difference of cam angle signal Piv from the generation of crank angle signal Pca to the rotation phase difference between crankshaft 1090 and intake camshaft 1120 (first phase calculating method).
In intake VVT mechanism 2000, it is possible to accurately trace the phase-change amount of intake valve based on the operation amount (relative rotation speed ΔNm) of electric motor 2060 as the actuator. Specifically, based on the outputs of various sensors, the actual relative rotation speed ΔNm is calculated, and by an operation (for example, in accordance with expression (2) described later) based on the calculated actual relative rotation speed ΔNm, the amount of change of the intake valve phase per unit time (control period) can be calculated. Therefore, the current value of intake valve phase IVθ at step S10 may be successively calculated by accumulating the phase-change amount (second phase calculating method). At step S10, ECU 4000 may calculate the current value of intake valve phase IVθ by appropriately using the first and second phase calculating methods, in consideration of stability in engine speed or computational load.
At step S20, ECU 4000 determines whether it is the time of reference position learning or not. If it is in normal control (NO at step S20), ECU 4000 sets, at step S30, a smoothing factor ks to a normal value k1. If it is the time of reference position learning (YES at step S20), ECU 4000 sets the smoothing factor ks to a prescribed value k2, which is larger than the normal value k1 at step S40.
At step S50, ECU 4000 calculates the phase detection value IV(θ) in accordance with Equation (1) below, by a smoothing process along the direction of time axis, using the smoothing factor ks set at step S30 or S40.

IV(θ)=IV(θ)#+ks·(IVθ−IV(θ)#)  (1)

In Equation (1), IV(θ)# represents the phase detection value IV(θ) of the last control period. Further, the smoothing factor ks (k1, k2) is set within the range of 0≦ks≦1.
By the operation of Equation (1), the phase detection value IV(θ) is updated such that not the current value IVθ of intake valve phase as it is but only a part of the difference between the last phase detection value IV(θ)# and the current value IVθ of intake valve phase in accordance with the smoothing factor ks is reflected on the control. Therefore, the smoothing process along the time axis that prevents unstable control operation, which may be caused by abrupt change in phase detection value due to noise or the like during measurement, can be realized. Here, the smaller the smoothing factor ks, the smaller the degree of said difference reflected on the updating of the phase detection value IV(θ), and the degree of smoothing along the time axis becomes larger. Therefore, at the time of reference position learning at which the smoothing factor ks is set relatively large, the degree of smoothing in the smoothing process becomes small.
Camshaft phase-change amount calculating portion 6020 has a calculating portion 6022 and a necessary phase-change amount calculating portion 6025. Calculating portion 6022 calculates deviation ΔIV(θ) in phase, (ΔIV(θ)=IV(θ)−IV(θ)r), between the phase detection value IV(θ) calculated by valve phase detecting portion 6005 and the target phase IV(θ)r of intake valve 1100.
Necessary phase-change amount calculating portion 6025 calculates the necessary amount of change Δθ of intake camshaft 1120 of this control period, in accordance with the deviation ΔIV(θ) calculated by calculating portion 6022.
By way of example, the maximum value Δθmax of phase-change amount Δθ in a single control period is set in advance, and necessary phase-change amount calculating portion 6025 determines the phase-change amount Δθ in accordance with the phase deviation ΔIV(θ) within the range up to the maximum value Δθmax. Here, the maximum value Δθmax may be a prescribed fixed value, or it may be variably set by necessary phase-change amount calculating portion 6025 in accordance with the state of operation (rotation speed, amount of intake air and the like) of engine 1000 or the magnitude of phase deviation ΔIV(θ).
Relative rotation speed setting portion 6030 calculates relative rotation speed ΔNm of the output shaft of electric motor 2060 relative to the rotation speed of sprocket 2010 (intake camshaft 1120), necessary to generate the phase-change amount Δθ calculated by necessary phase-change amount calculating portion 6025. By way of example, the relative rotation speed ΔNm is set to a positive value (ΔNm>0) when the intake valve phase is to be advanced, set to a negative value (ΔNm<0) when the intake valve phase is to be retarded, and set to approximately zero (ΔNm=0) when the current intake valve phase is to be maintained.
Here, the relation between the phase-change amount Δθ per unit time ΔT corresponding to the control period and the relative rotation speed ΔNm is represented by the following expression (2). In expression (2), R(θ) represents reduction gear ratio that changes in accordance with the intake valve phase, shown in FIG. 9.

Δθ∝ΔNm·360°·(1/R(θ))·ΔT  (2)

Therefore, relative rotation speed setting portion 6030 may calculate the relative rotation speed ΔNm of electric motor 2060 for generating the camshaft phase-change amount Δθ required in control period ΔT, in accordance with an operation of expression (2).
Camshaft rotation speed detecting portion 6040 calculates the rotation speed of sprocket 2010, that is, the actual rotation speed IVN of intake camshaft 1120 as one-half the rotation speed of crankshaft 1090. Camshaft rotation speed detecting portion 6040 may be configured to calculate the actual rotation speed IVN of intake camshaft 1120 based on the cam angle signal Piv from cam position sensor 5010. Generally, however, the number of cam angle signals output per one rotation of intake camshaft 1120 is smaller than the number of crank angle signals output per one rotation of crankshaft 1090. Therefore, by detecting the camshaft rotation speed IVN based on the rotation speed of crankshaft 1090, detection accuracy can be improved.
Switching portion 6035 is arranged between rotation speed command value generating portion 6050 and relative rotation speed setting portion 6030 and learning control portion 6100. Switching portion 6035 inputs the relative rotation speed ΔNm set by relative rotation speed setting portion 6030 to rotation speed command value generating portion 6050 except when the reference position learning by learning control portion 6100 is being executed. The reference position learning in accordance with the present embodiment will be described in detail later.
Rotation speed command value generating portion 6050 adds the actual rotation speed IVN of intake camshaft 1120 detected by camshaft rotation speed detecting portion 6040 and the relative rotation speed ΔNm input from switching portion 6035 to generate rotation speed command value Nmref of electric motor 2060. Therefore, during operations including the normal operation, other than at the time of reference position learning, the rotation speed command value Nmref of electric motor 2060 is generated based on the relative rotation speed ΔNm set by relative rotation speed setting portion 6030. At the time of reference position learning, the rotation speed command value Nmref of electric motor 2060 is generated based on the relative rotation speed ΔNm0 set by learning control portion 6100. The rotation speed command value Nmref generated by rotation speed command value generating portion 6050 is transmitted to motor EDU 4100.
Motor EDU 4100 is connected to a power source 4200 through a relay circuit 4250. On/off of relay circuit 4250 is controlled by a control signal SRL. Generally, power source 4200 is formed by a secondary battery that can be charged when the engine operates. Therefore, by turning off the relay circuit 4250, power supply to electric motor 2060 can be stopped.
Motor EDU 4100 executes rotation speed control such that the rotation speed of electric motor 2060 matches the rotation speed command value Nmref. By way of example, motor EDU 4100 controls switching of a power semiconductor device (such as a transistor) such that the power supplied to electric motor 2060 (as represented by motor current Imt) from a power source 4200 is controlled in accordance with deviation in rotation speed (Nref−Nm) of actual rotation speed Nm of electric motor 2060 from the rotation speed command value Nmref Specifically, the duty ratio of switching operation of such power semiconductor device is controlled. It is noted that the power supply to electric motor 2060 can be stopped by control of motor EDU 4100.
Particularly, in order to improve motor controllability, motor EDU 4100 controls duty ratio DTY as the amount of adjustment in rotation speed control in accordance with the following equation (3).

DTY=DTY(ST)+DTY(FB)  (3)

In Equation (3), DTY(FB) is a feedback term based on the deviation in rotation speed mentioned above and a control operation (typically, general P control, PI control or the like) with a prescribed control gain.
In Equation (3), DTY(ST) is a preset term set based on the rotation speed command value Nmref of electric motor 2060 and the set relative rotation speed ΔNm, as shown in FIG. 14.
Referring to FIG. 14, duty ratio characteristic 6060 corresponding to the motor current value required when relative rotation speed ΔNm=0, that is, when electric motor 2060 is to be rotated at the same rotation speed as that of sprocket 2060 with respect to rotation speed command value Nmref(ΔNm=0), is set in advance as a table. Then, DTY(ST) in Equation (3) is set by relative addition/subtraction of a current value corresponding to the relative rotation speed ΔNm to/from the reference value in accordance with duty ratio characteristic 6060. By such rotation speed control that the power supply to electric motor 2060 is controlled by the combination of preset term and feedback term, motor EDU 4100 allows the rotation speed of electric motor 2060 to quickly follow any change in rotation speed command value Nmref, as compared with simple feedback control, that is, the rotation speed control simply by the term DTY(FB) of Equation (3).
(Reference Position Learning in Accordance with an Embodiment of the Present Invention)
In order to improve accuracy in detecting the phase of intake camshaft 1120, intake VVT mechanism 2000 performs reference position learning of the intake valve phase, using learning control portion 6100, when prescribed conditions instructing learning are satisfied. In the present embodiment of the invention, the reference position learning is done in a region where the reduction gear ratio R (θ) is large. Specifically, the reference position learning is done by causing the intake valve phase to reach the most retarded angle.
Referring to FIG. 12, learning control portion 6100 sets the relative rotation speed ΔNmθ of electric motor 2060 as the actuator operation amount for performing reference position learning, in response to a learning instructing signal that is turned “on” when prescribed conditions instructing learning are satisfied. At the time of reference position learning, switching portion 6035 inputs the output of learning control portion 6100 to rotation speed command value generating portion 6050, and therefore, based on the relative rotation speed ΔNm0 set by learning control portion 6100, the rotation speed command value Nmref of electric motor 2060 is generated.
During reference position learning in which electric motor 2060 operates in accordance with the relative rotation speed ΔNm0, learning control portion 6100 determines whether the intake valve phase has reached the most retarded angle (for example, 0°) as the reference phase, based on the phase detection value IV(θ) detected by valve phase detecting portion 6005.
When it is detected that the intake valve phase has reached the reference phase, learning control portion 6100 ends the learning operation, and sets the phase detection value IV(θ) at that time as phase learning value θln.
The phase learning value θln calculated in this manner is reflected on the calculation of phase detection value IV(θ) by valve phase detecting portion 6005 thereafter. By way of example, valve timing is controlled regarding the relative difference between the phase detecting value IV(θ) obtained by valve phase detecting portion 6005 and the phase learning value θln described above as the difference between the actual intake valve phase and the reference phase (that is, 0°) at the time of reference position learning. Specifically, the phase learning value θln is reflected on the calculation of phase deviation Δ IV(θ) at calculating portion 6022.
FIG. 15 shows a flowchart representing the reference position learning in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 16 shows operation waveforms at the time of reference position learning. The reference position learning routine in accordance with the flowchart of FIG. 15 is executed at a prescribed period by ECU 4000, as a part of valve timing control by intake VVT mechanism 2000.
Referring to FIG. 15, at step S100, ECU 4000 determines whether prescribed learning execution conditions are satisfied or not. As described with reference to FIG. 9, in intake VVT mechanism 2000 in accordance with the present embodiment, possibility of unintended phase change is low when power supply to electric motor 2060 as the actuator is stopped, because of the reduction gear ratio R(θ). Therefore, by storing the phase detection values IV(θ), which are successively detected in ECU 4000, in a memory area (such as an SRAM: Static Random Access Memory) that retains the stored contents even when the ignition switch is off (when the operation is stopped), it becomes unnecessary to perform the reference position learning every time the engine is started. When such an arrangement is adopted, the conditions for executing learning of step S100 may be satisfied when the contents stored in the memory are cleared, for example, at the time of battery change or the like. Alternatively, in order to improve accuracy in detecting the intake valve phase, the conditions for executing learning of step S100 may be satisfied every time the engine is started.
When the conditions for executing learning are not satisfied (NO at step S100), ECU 4000 ends the process, as the reference position learning is not instructed.
On the other hand, when the conditions for executing learning are satisfied (YES at step S100), ECU 4000 turns “on” the learning instructing signal input to learning control portion 6100 (FIG. 12), and executes the reference position learning through the steps following step S110.
At step S110, ECU 4000 sets the relative rotation speed ΔNm0 of electric motor 2060, as the actuator operation amount for performing the reference position learning. The relative rotation speed ΔNm0 is set to a value for changing the intake valve phase to the most retarded angle (0°) as the reference phase. Specifically, in the present embodiment, the relative rotation speed ΔNm0 is set to a prescribed negative value. This corresponds to the operation of learning control portion 6100 in response to turning “on” of the learning instructing signal shown in FIG. 12.
Referring to FIG. 16, when the conditions for executing leaning are satisfied and the learning instructing signal is turned “on” at time point t0, electric motor 2060 operates in accordance with relative rotation speed command value ΔNm0 (<0), whereby the phase detection value IV(θ) is retarded at a constant rate.
When the actual intake valve phase attains to the most retarded angle (0°) at time point t1, operation of link mechanism 2030 is locked, and the amount of change in intake valve phase becomes approximately zero. At this time, the relative rotation speed of electric motor 2060 also becomes approximately zero.
When there is an offset error in the phase detection value IV(θ), the actual intake valve phase reaches the most retarded angle before IV(θ)=0, and the relative rotation speed of electric motor 2060 attains to zero and the change in phase detection value IV(θ) stops. Therefore, whether the actual intake valve phase has reached the most retarded angle as the reference phase or not can be detected based on the amount of change in phase detecting value IV(θ),that is, the phase-change amount attaining to ≈0.
In response, the reference position learning is completed, and a learning complete flag is turned “on”. The phase detection value IV(θ) at this time is stored as the phase learning value θln, and reflected on calculation of phase detection values IV(θ) thereafter.
Further, in response to completion of reference position learning, typically control signal SRL is turned “off” and relay circuit 4250 is turned “off”. Thus, power supply to electric motor 2060 is stopped.
Again referring to FIG. 15, in order to realize the operation after time point t0 of FIG. 16, ECU 4000 executes following steps S120 to S160.
At step S120, ECU 4000 detects a change in intake valve phase by the operation of electric motor 2060 in accordance with relative rotation speed ΔNm0. This corresponds to calculation of phase detection value IV(θ) by valve phase detecting portion 6005. As described above, at the time of reference position learning, the degree of smoothing in the smoothing process in calculating the phase detection value IV(θ) is set smaller than in the normal control.
Further, at step S130, ECU 4000 calculates the amount of phase-change based on the detection of intake valve phase at step S120. At step S140, ECU 4000 compares the phase-change amount calculated at step S130 with a determination value θ0. The determination value θ0 is set to a prescribed value near zero, so as to enable detection that the phase-change amount reached approximately zero.
When the phase-change amount ≧θ0 (NO at step S140), ECU 4000 determines that the actual intake valve phase has not yet reached the reference phase (most retarded angle), and at step S150, continues power supply to electric motor 2060, thereby to continue reference position learning. Specifically, between time points t0 and t1 of FIG. 16, step S150 is executed.
When the phase-change amount <θ0 (YES at step S140), ECU 4000 determines, at step S160, that the actual intake valve phase has reached the reference phase (most retarded angle), and completes reference position learning. Based on the phase detection value IV(θ) at this time, the phase learning value θln is calculated. Then, at step S170, ECU 4000 stops power supply to electric motor 2060, typically by turning off the relay circuit 4250. Specifically, at time point t1 of FIG. 16, steps S160 and S170 are executed.
After power supply to electric motor 2060 is stopped in response to completion of reference position learning, power supply to electric motor 2060 is resumed after a prescribed time period or in response to a request of operation to the variable valve timing apparatus, typically by turning on relay circuit 4250 again. In this manner, the valve timing can be controlled based on highly accurate detection of intake valve phase, reflecting the result of reference position learning.
As described above, in the variable valve timing apparatus in accordance with the present embodiment, at the time of reference position learning, the degree of smoothing along the time axis in the smoothing process in calculation of the phase detection value IV(θ) by valve phase detecting portion 6005 is set smaller than in the normal control. Therefore, it is possible to detect more quickly that intake valve phase has reached the reference phase (most retarded angle) based on the phase detection value IV(θ). Specifically, the reference position learning can be completed earlier than when the smoothing factor ks is set commonly for the normal control and for the reference position learning.
Further, at the end of reference position learning, the phase detection value IV(θ) itself is not used for control, and what is necessary is to detect that the amount of change in intake valve phase changes from a constant value (between time points t1 to t2 of FIG. 16) to approximately zero (time t2 of FIG. 16). Therefore, even when the degree of smoothing is set smaller in the smoothing process at the time of reference position learning, it is possible to detect with high accuracy the completion of reference position learning. Therefore, it is possible to complete the reference position learning in a shorter time period while ensuring learning accuracy, and thus, power consumption of electric motor 2060 as the actuator can be reduced.
In the present embodiment, the intake valve phase at the end of reference position learning is set to the most retarded angle included in the region of high reduction gear ratio. Therefore, after completion of learning, even when electric motor 2060 as the actuator is controlled not very accurately, possibility of any change from the valve timing phase at the completion of learning is low and therefore, power supply to the electric motor 2060 can be stopped in response to the completion of reference position learning. Thus, power consumption can be reduced and the apparatus can be protected, when reference position learning is executed. Further, at the completion of reference position learning at which the amount of change in intake valve phase is approximately zero, it is in a locked state, and therefore, increase in motor current is expected. Therefore, by stopping power supply, the effect of reducing power consumption can be improved.
The reference position may not be the most retarded angle, when a mechanism such as a lock pin is provided for mechanically limiting the change in the intake valve phase at the reference phase at the time of reference position learning. It is possible, however, by setting the reference phase in the reference position learning at the phase corresponding to the limit position of variable range of intake valve phase (most retarded angle/most advanced angle) as in the present embodiment, to execute the reference position learning without adding any special mechanism such as the lock pin.
In the embodiment described above, the learning control portion 6100 of FIG. 12 or steps S110 to S160 of FIG. 15 correspond to the “reference position learning means (step)” of the present invention, and valve phase detecting portion 6005 of FIG. 12 or steps S10 to S50 of FIG. 13 correspond to the “phase detecting means (step)” of the present invention. Particularly, step S140 (FIG. 15) corresponds to the “detecting means (step)” of the present invention, step S40 (FIG. 13) corresponds to the “switching means (step)” of the present invention, and step S170 (FIG. 15) corresponds to the “power supply stopping means (step)” of the present invention.
Although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation, the spirit and scope of the present invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A variable valve timing apparatus for changing a timing of opening/closing at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve provided in an engine, comprising:
an actuator operating said variable valve timing apparatus;
a changing mechanism configured to change the opening/closing timing, by an amount of change in accordance with an operation amount of said actuator, and further configured such that the change in said opening/closing timing is mechanically limited at a reference timing, at least during reference position learning;
phase detecting means for detecting an opening/closing timing detection value to be used for controlling said opening/closing timing, by smoothing the opening/closing timing calculated based on a sensor output along the direction of time axis;
an actuator operation amount setting portion for setting the operation amount of said actuator based on a deviation between said opening/closing timing detection value detected by said phase detecting means and a target value, at the time of normal control; and
reference position learning means for generating an actuator operation command so that said opening/closing timing is changed to said reference timing, and when said opening/closing timing reaches said reference timing, learning a reference value of said opening/closing timing detection value in response; wherein
said reference position learning means includes
detecting means for detecting, when an amount of change in said opening/closing timing detection value by said phase detecting means becomes approximately zero, that said opening/closing timing has reached said reference timing; and
said phase detecting means includes switching means for setting degree of smoothing for smoothing said opening/closing timing along the direction of the time axis smaller at the time of said reference position learning than at said normal control.

2. The variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said reference position learning means generates said operation command such that the operation amount of said actuator is made approximately constant at the time of said reference position learning.

3. The variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said changing mechanism is configured to change said opening/closing timing by a first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of said actuator when said opening/closing timing is in a first region, and to change said opening/closing timing by a second amount of change larger than said first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of said actuator when said opening/closing timing is in a second region different from said first region; and
said reference timing is provided in said first region;
said variable valve timing apparatus further comprising
power supply stopping means for stopping power supply to said actuator when the learning operation by said reference position learning means is terminated, in response to the detection by said detecting means.

4. The variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said reference timing is provided corresponding to the limit position of variable range of said opening/closing timing changed by said changing mechanism.

5. The variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said actuator is implemented by an electric motor, and the operation amount of said actuator is difference in rotation speed of said electric motor relative to the rotation speed of a camshaft driving the valve of which opening/closing timing is to be changed.

6. A variable valve timing apparatus for changing a timing of opening/closing at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve provided in an engine, comprising:
an actuator operating said variable valve timing apparatus;
a changing mechanism for changing said opening/closing timing, by an amount of change in accordance with an operation amount of said actuator and configured such that the change in said opening/closing timing is mechanically limited at a reference timing, at least during reference position learning; and
a control unit for controlling said actuator; wherein
said control unit is configured to execute a phase detecting operation of detecting an opening/closing timing detection value to be used for controlling said opening/closing timing by smoothing the opening/closing timing calculated based on a sensor output along the direction of time axis, an actuator operation amount setting operation of setting the operation amount of said actuator based on a deviation between said opening/closing timing detection value detected by said phase detecting operation and a target value at the time of normal control, and a reference position learning operation of generating an actuator operation command so that said opening/closing timing is changed to said reference timing, and when said opening/closing timing reaches said reference timing, learning a reference value of said opening/closing timing detection value in response, and
said control unit sets degree of smoothing for smoothing said opening/closing timing along the direction of the time axis smaller at the time of said reference position learning operation than at said normal control, and detects, when an amount of change in said opening/closing timing detection value obtained by said phase detecting operation becomes approximately zero, that said opening/closing timing has reached said reference timing.

7. The variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
said control unit generates said operation command such that the operation amount of said actuator is made approximately constant in said reference position learning operation.

8. The variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
said changing mechanism is configured to change said opening/closing timing by a first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of said actuator when said opening/closing timing is in a first region, and to change said opening/closing timing by a second amount of change larger than said first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of said actuator when said opening/closing timing is in a second region different from said first region, and said reference timing is provided in said first region; and
said control unit stops power supply to said actuator when detecting that said opening/closing timing has reached said reference timing at the time of said reference position learning.

9. The variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
said reference timing is provided corresponding to the limit position of variable range of said opening/closing timing changed by said changing mechanism.

10. The variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 6, wherein
said actuator is implemented by an electric motor, and the operation amount of said actuator is difference in rotation speed of said electric motor relative to the rotation speed of a camshaft driving the valve of which opening/closing timing is to be changed.

11. A method of controlling a variable valve timing apparatus for changing a timing of opening/closing at least one of an intake valve and an exhaust valve provided in an engine; wherein
said variable valve timing apparatus includes
an actuator operating said variable valve timing apparatus, and
a changing mechanism configured to change said opening/closing timing, by an amount of change in accordance with an operation amount of said actuator, and further configured such that the change in said opening/closing timing is mechanically limited at a reference timing, at least during reference position learning;
said control method comprising
a phase detecting step of detecting an opening/closing timing detection value to be used for controlling said opening/closing timing by smoothing said opening/closing timing calculated based on a sensor output along the direction of time axis; and
a reference position learning step of generating an actuator operation command so that said opening/closing timing is changed to said reference timing, and when said opening/closing timing reaches said reference timing, learning a reference value of the detection value of said opening/closing timing in response; wherein
said reference position learning step includes
a detecting step of detecting, when an amount of change in said opening/closing timing detection value at said phase detecting step becomes approximately zero, that said opening/closing timing has reached said reference timing; and
said phase detecting step includes
a switching step of setting degree of smoothing for smoothing said opening/closing timing along the direction of the time axis smaller at the time of said reference position learning than a normal control, in which the operation amount of said actuator is set based on a deviation between said opening/closing timing detection value detected at said phase detecting step and a target value of said opening/closing timing.

12. The method of controlling a variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein
said reference position learning step includes a step of generating said actuator operation command such that the operation amount of said actuator is made approximately constant at the time of said reference position learning.

13. The method of controlling a variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein
said changing mechanism is configured to change said opening/closing timing by a first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of said actuator when said opening/closing timing is in a first region, and to change said opening/closing timing by a second amount of change larger than said first amount of change in accordance with the operation amount of said actuator when said opening/closing timing is in a second region different from said first region, and said reference timing is provided in said first region;
said control method further comprising
a power supply stopping step of stopping power supply to said actuator when the learning at said reference position learning step is completed, in response to the detection at said detecting step.

14. The method of controlling a variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein
said reference timing is provided corresponding to the limit position of variable range of said opening/closing timing changed by said changing mechanism.

15. The method of controlling a variable valve timing apparatus according to claim 11, wherein
said actuator is implemented by an electric motor, and the operation amount of said actuator is difference in rotation speed of said electric motor relative to the rotation speed of a camshaft driving the valve of which opening/closing timing is to be changed.