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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAI#I

---o0o---

 

AC, Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

AC, Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant,

and

CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT AGENCY, STATE OF HAWAI#I,

Respondent/Defendant.

 

SCWC-12-0000808

CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS

(CAAP-12-0000808; FC-P NO. 11-1-6307)

NOVEMBER 28, 2014

RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, AND McKENNA, JJ., AND

CIRCUIT JUDGE TRADER, IN PLACE OF ACOBA, J., RECUSED,

WITH POLLACK, J., CONCURRING SEPARATELY

OPINION OF THE COURT BY RECKTENWALD, C.J.

This case requires us to consider the circumstances

under which a family court can limit the time for trial on a

Electronically Filed

Supreme Court

SCWC-12-0000808

28-NOV-2014

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petition to determine custody over minor children. Father and

Mother, who were never married, are the biological parents of two

minor children, Son and Daughter. Mother and Father eventually

separated, and Father sought custody of Son and Daughter. The

instant appeal arises out of Father’s Petition for Custody,

Visitation and Support Orders After Voluntary Establishment of

Paternity, which sought sole physical and legal custody of the

children, and sought to exclude Mother from visitation. 

Prior to and during the pendency of the proceedings on

Father’s petition, Father and Mother filed several competing

petitions for orders of protection against each other. The

family court granted Father’s petition for an order of protection

against Mother. Thereafter, Father relocated with Son and

Daughter to Texas without obtaining prior authorization of the

family court.

The family court considered Mother’s and Father’s

competing custody petitions during a trial that lasted

approximately three hours on June 25, 2012. It appears from the

record that the family court had set a three-hour limit

beforehand. Although Father was able to present his evidence,

the family court cut short Mother’s evidence despite her motion

for additional time, and awarded sole legal and physical custody

to Father. A divided panel of the Intermediate Court of Appeals

(ICA) affirmed that decision. 

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Mother asserts that the family court erred by strictly

enforcing a preset time limit that was too short given the

complexity of the case, and excluded critical testimony bearing

upon the best interests of Son and Daughter. We agree with

Mother. While trial courts are given considerable discretion in

managing their calendars, the family court’s strict enforcement

of the time limit here unduly curtailed Mother’s ability to

present evidence relevant to the proper determination of the

children’s best interests. Accordingly, we vacate the ICA

majority’s decision and remand to the family court for further

proceedings.

I. Background

The following factual background is taken from the

record on appeal.

Mother and Father apparently began dating in 2005 and

had two children together: Son, who was born in 2005, and

Daughter, who was born in 2008. Mother and Father separated in

2009, and Mother thereafter lived with Son, Daughter, and

Mother’s child from a previous relationship (“Older Son”). 

Father subsequently married another woman and lived with his wife

and Stepdaughter in Texas. In the summer of 2011, Father, his

wife, and Stepdaughter relocated to Hawai#i. 

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A. Family court proceedings 

Upon relocating to Hawai#i, Father filed a petition for

an order of protection against Mother on behalf of himself, Son,

Daughter, and Stepdaughter. The family court issued a temporary

restraining order. Approximately one month later, Father filed a

Petition for Paternity or for Custody, Visitation and Support

Order After Voluntary Establishment of Paternity, which is the

subject of the instant appeal. Father’s custody petition sought

full physical and legal custody of Son and Daughter, and sought

to preclude visitation by Mother due to allegations of

“[r]eckless child endangerment and neglect and failure to provide

a safe and enriching environment for the children.” 

Mother filed a competing custody petition, also seeking

full physical and legal custody of Son and Daughter. Mother also

filed a petition for an order of protection against Father on

behalf of herself, Son, Daughter, and Older Son. The family

court issued a temporary restraining order on behalf of Mother

and Older Son. 

At the conclusion of a trial on Mother’s and Father’s

petitions for an order of protection, the family court denied

Mother’s petition on the grounds that Mother was not credible and

did not establish her need for an order of protection. The

family court granted Father an order of protection against

Mother, but removed Son and Daughter from the order. The family

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court found there was past domestic abuse and a threat of harm to

Father from Mother, but that there were no safety concerns for

Son and Daughter. Since Son and Daughter were already in the

custody of Father, no custody orders were entered at the time. 

Thereafter, Mother filed a motion to modify visitation,

which sought to change the third party responsible for

supervising her visitation with Son and Daughter. Mother

complained that her visits were supervised by the pastor of

Father’s church and held at the pastor’s apartment, where the

children “were required to do church related activities for the

first hour” of the two-hour visit. Mother also declared that she

was prohibited from giving the children food or taking pictures

with them. During a subsequent visit, the pastor presented

Mother with a document entitled “Visitation Rules” that purported

to set forth rules imposed by the family court judge, including

that Mother had to speak English at all times, that conversations

between Mother and the children must be audible to supervising

personnel, and that Mother’s two-hour visits were to include one

hour of “class work” for the children. 

According to Mother, two days after the visit involving

the “Visitation Rules,” police officers arrested her after Father

notified them she had violated the family court’s temporary

restraining order. The day after Mother was released from

custody, she had another visit with Son and Daughter, during

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which police officers again arrived, this time informing Mother

that Father had reported her for violating the temporary

restraining order and had provided the time and place of her

visit with the children. 

On the same day Mother’s motion to modify visitation

was filed, the family court held a return hearing regarding the

State Custody Investigation Unit’s (CIU) report on the custody of

the children. Father was not present at the hearing, and his

counsel informed the court that he had relocated with Son and

Daughter to Texas. Father did not have the court’s permission to

remove Son and Daughter from Hawai#i, and the family court’s

minutes reflect that removal of the children was in violation of

the court’s order. Father was ordered to return the children to 1

Hawai#i within 30 days unless an order allowing relocation

pending trial was granted before then. 

The family court scheduled Mother’s and Father’s

custody petitions for a “half-day trial.” The record does not

reflect the basis for this limitation, or whether either party

voiced any concern about it. 

The CIU report noted Mother’s and Father’s “concerns”

regarding the other’s parenting. For example, Father was

The family court minutes state that, “Court noted Mother has not 1

filed a motion for sanctions against Father for removing the children from the

state of HI but the Court does find Father did violate the Court’s order by

doing so.” The family court’s order prohibiting the removal of the children

from Hawai#i is not included in the record on appeal. 

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concerned that Mother did not emphasize education, was physically

and emotionally abusive (particularly when “menstruating or

pregnant”), abused drugs and alcohol, lied, was unstable, and

exposed the children to a “sexual lifestyle.” Father also

expressed concern that Older Son was a danger to Son and

Daughter, but the CIU noted that a case involving allegations of

sexual assault by Older Son against Son and Daughter had been

closed by HPD and that the prosecutor’s office had declined to

accept the case. Father reported four incidents of domestic

violence by Mother against Father. 

Mother expressed her concern that Father had extreme

anger issues, was abusive, did not provide a good example to the

children, did not provide the children with educational

activities despite his claim that he homeschooled them, had

unstable relationships with women, and was never the children’s

primary caretaker. Mother reported over 50 incidents of domestic

violence by Father against Mother. Mother also alleged that

Father was abusive to Older Son. 

The CIU report indicated that interviews with the

children could not be conducted because Father and the children

had relocated to Texas. According to the report, the CIU also

could not conduct a home visit with Father due to his relocation. 

Additionally, no home visit with Mother could be conducted

because she had relocated to Washington, and later to Sweden. 

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Nevertheless, the CIU report recommended that Father have sole

legal and physical custody of the children, and be permitted to

relocate with the children to Texas, with Mother allowed

unsupervised visitation. 

Father subsequently filed a motion to allow the

children to remain in Texas, which the family court granted. 

Father was awarded temporary sole legal and physical custody

pending trial, with Mother allowed telephone and internet visits. 

The CIU was ordered to interview the children and to prepare a

supplementary report prior to trial. The children were never

interviewed. 

Prior to trial, Mother submitted a witness list that

included nine lay witnesses and two expert witnesses. Father

submitted a witness list that included three lay witnesses. 

The family court held a bench trial on the competing

custody petitions. At the start of trial, the court did not

address the length of trial or state on the record the amount of

time available for trial. The court stated that it was most

interested in testimony regarding the respective abilities of

Mother and Father to care for Son and Daughter, so that it could

determine “whether or not you’re the right choice as a dad or

you’re the right choice as a mom to have the custody.” 

Father testified that he lived with his mother, wife of

three years, Stepdaughter, and Son and Daughter in Texas, where

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he cared for Son and Daughter during the day and worked at night

providing security and other services at a restaurant. Father

stated that he could financially provide for the children in

Texas because of his “massive support system in Texas.” 

Father testified that Son and Daughter told him they

had been sexually abused while in Mother’s custody, and that the

children are currently receiving psychological counseling for the

alleged abuse. Father stated his fear that Son and Daughter

would be exposed to “things of a sexual nature” if Mother were to

have unsupervised visitation with Son and Daughter. According to

Father, Mother came to the United States as a “mail order bride”

from Russia, and had worked as a stripper, escort, and masseuse. 

Father asked that Mother only be allowed supervised visitation of

children if he was awarded custody because he was very concerned

that Mother would take the children to Estonia or Sweden. 

Father called no additional witnesses. The court noted

that by this point Father had used 50 minutes of the time

allocated, and Mother had used 25 minutes in cross-examining

Father, which was the court’s first indication on the record

regarding how much time was available for the proceedings.

Mother’s first witness was a male friend who had known

Mother for fourteen years and considered her a very good parent. 

He testified that he visited Mother in Hawai#i several times and

that it appeared the children were properly fed, clothed, and

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washed. He recounted several times when Mother stayed with him

after complaining of abuse by Father. On one occasion, he

noticed bruises on her arms that he attributed to Father’s

physical abuse of her. 

The court custody investigator who prepared the CIU

report testified next. The investigator recalled Mother’s

allegations that Father abused her, including incidents in which

Father almost killed her by strangulation or suffocation, but the

investigator was not sure whether she believed Mother. The

investigator also recalled Mother’s 15-year-old Older Son telling

her that Father physically abused Mother three times per week. 

The abuse purportedly involved Father slapping, punching, and

throwing things at Mother. Older Son told the investigator that

he saw Mother with bruises and black eyes, and that Father had

once chased him with a handgun. Next, the investigator related

her interview with Older Son’s father, who allegedly had observed

Mother with black eyes and bruises. 

The investigator also testified about her interview

with Father’s former wife, who told the investigator that Father

had shoved, hit, and kicked her, and had pointed a gun at her

during their relationship. Father’s former wife also told the

investigator that, after their relationship had ended, Father

falsely accused her of physically abusing their children. 

Father’s former wife feared Father would retaliate against her

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for telling the investigator about these issues. The

investigator also acknowledged that she had not personally

visited Father’s home in Texas to investigate or verify the

children’s living conditions there. 

Before Mother’s counsel called her next witness, the

court warned him that time for witness testimony would be

limited, stating: “We’re going to finish this case at 4:30

today, so, Counsel, use your time wisely. Because if we don’t

get to an opportunity to hear from your client, that will be

based upon your choice.” 

The next witness, a former neighbor of Mother’s,

testified that her children often played with Mother’s children,

and that the children appeared to be well cared for. The

neighbor opined that Mother was a very good mother, and that she

observed no behavioral or emotional problems with Son or

Daughter. At the conclusion of the neighbor’s testimony, the

court again warned of time constraints, and the following

exchange occurred:

THE COURT: Okay. By my count you guys are

about equal on time. So, um, who’s your next witness?

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Okay. Next would be

[another friend of Mother’s].

THE COURT: Because we will end and make a

decision by 4:30, so you have 32 minutes. That

includes cross-examination.

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Another friend of Mother’s testified that he had known

Mother for approximately nine years, and that he had also

observed bruises on Mother’s body. 

Mother then testified on direct examination that she

wanted sole physical and legal custody of Son and Daughter and

had provided for the children in the best way she could. Mother

feared she would have no relationship with Son and Daughter if

Father gained sole custody of them. Mother testified that she

had lived with Father in Texas but left with the children for

Hawai#i in 2009 because he was physically and emotionally

abusive. As Mother explained the children’s schooling in

Hawai#i, their daily routines, and weekend activities, the court

interrupted and the following exchange between the court and

Mother’s counsel occurred:

THE COURT: Counsel, you have two minutes left.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I’m going to

move for an extension of time. Um, the reason is -- -

THE COURT: Throughout -- okay. Tell me why

because I know that each and every step of this trial

I told you it was going to be equal amount of time. 

We started at 4:04, and breaking down the remainder of

time into 4:30, which the court said we would be done

[sic], that split equally.

Now if he finishes his cross-examination early,

then you have the balance of that time. But each and

every of the other witnesses I said we’re running on a

time crunch. Um, you know, I gave you that

opportunity. You still decided to call the other

witnesses. So --

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: I understand.

THE COURT: -- we’re gonna --

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[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: I understand, Your Honor.

But each witness was important, and that witness had

something to say about domestic violence.

THE COURT: I understand. But you still -- we

still have the time constraints that we do have. You

knew about them. So, as counsel, you were permitted

to use time as you felt, uh, you needed to use them

best. So I allowed you to do that. So continue. Use

the rest of your time wisely.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Um, so what is -- is the

motion -- you’re not ruling at this time?

THE COURT: Well, I cannot go beyond 4:30.

(Emphasis added).

Mother testified that she did not intend to flee the

country with her children. As Mother was testifying about how

infrequently she had been able to speak to the children, the

court again interrupted and ordered Mother’s counsel to stop

direct examination:

THE COURT: Okay, Counsel, you’re over your time. 

You have one more question.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Um, is it sufficient being

able to see your kids only on phone and on Skype? Is

that enough for you? 

THE WITNESS: Of course not.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Thank you.

THE COURT: That was your last question.

THE WITNESS: (Inaudible) never was part --

THE COURT: Okay. Hold on, ma’am.

Now -- I mean we went -- you had to 4:17 and

were given three minutes to 4:20.

Counsel, cross-examination.

As Father’s counsel was cross-examining Mother, the

court interjected and told the parties that the testimony was

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over:

THE COURT: One last question.

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: Thank you.

Um, [Mother], you’ve heard your ex tell this

court all of the things he’s done in Texas, all of the

improvements the children have made, their living

situation, the support network, the socialization

network, the activities network. Please tell this

judge what you heard that would require him to remove

the children from [Father] and give them to you.

THE WITNESS: The difference is that (inaudible)

the paper and which is I --

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: I’m asking --

THE COURT: Okay. That’s it.

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: -- what’s happened in Texas

--

THE COURT: Wait. Hold on. Testimony is over.

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: Thank you, Judge.

THE COURT: It’s 4:30. Please have a seat,

ma’am.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor --

THE COURT: Yes.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: -- again I would renew my

motion for an extension of time. Three hours is not

enough for this trial. This trial involves complex

issues.

THE COURT: Why -- why didn’t -- why wasn’t that

motion done prior to trial today? We brought somebody

back from Texas. I’ve ordered the two children back

here. This isn’t like we have local people here where

we can continue it, you know, in a week or two. It

would be at his expense.

[FATHER’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, it was enough

for us.

THE COURT: So we -- I mean this is something

that if we were going to go and expand this for more

than the time allotted today, that’s why I kept on

trying to tell you get -- you know, to the -- I wanted

to hear about the two parents. I wanted to hear from

dad. I wanted to hear from mom. I wanted to hear

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from the custody evaluator. Unfortunately the other

three witnesses took up time that otherwise could have

been allocated to mom.

But if there was some other situation, I may be

inclined. But we have dad flying back here from

Texas. I ordered the two children. They flew back

from Texas. To have them come back another time

because the allocation of time wasn’t properly used

would be unfair to especially the children. So with

that -- that being said, um, the request for an

extension of trial time is -- is denied.

During Mother’s closing argument, Mother revisited the

issue of Father’s alleged domestic violence, and the following

exchange occurred:

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Further there is evidence

in this case that father is abusive, that father was

abusive to [Mother], to [Older Son], and he exposed

the children to his anger and violence.

This is a concern that needs to be taken

seriously. Mother is --

THE COURT: How was -- how was that proven?

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: That was proven through the

testimony of witnesses and through the interview.

THE COURT: What witnesses? ‘Cause I don’t have

-- my notes don’t indicate any witness said that they

either got a statement from father or actually saw him

physically abuse mother.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: We had several witnesses

who stated that they observed mother with bruises.

THE COURT: But they never said how she got

them.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: They were immediately after

separating from father. The circumstantial evidence

shows that those injuries were from father. She left

father in an emotional state and then they saw her

with the bruises right afterward.

[Older Son] is the best witness as to the abuse. 

He was there and his report is in the investigations

reported.

THE COURT: Where is [Older Son] today to

testify? He’s old enough to testify.

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[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: [Older Son] is in Sweden. 

And that was not done.

Mother moved for a guardian ad litem to be appointed

for the children, and there was further discussion about Father’s

alleged abuse and the amount of time allowed for trial:

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Now if the court is not

inclined to award custody to mother, I would suggest

due to the complexity of this case that a GAL be

appointed for these children. When the children are

returned to Hawai#i, a GAL can meet with them.

They can sort through the issues. Because

really we haven’t heard from the kids. We haven’t. 

Through this whole case we haven’t heard from the

kids. We haven’t through this whole case we haven’t

heard from the kids. And that’s an important issue.

Mother’s willing to pay for half. Father makes

three thousand dollars per month. If he could pay for

half of this, I think it would be the best solution

for determining the final outcome in this case.

THE COURT: Okay. And, Counsel, then with

respect to that issue, father filed his petition

August 10, 2011. Mother filed her petition August 26,

2011. We’re close to the end of June 2011 [sic],

about ten months later. Why hasn’t the request for a

GAL with respect to the children ever been made for

the last ten months?

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Due to the circumstances of

this case, we did not know that father was going to

take the children to Texas.

THE COURT: Okay. You guys knew as soon as

December 2011. In fact it’s almost June 25th. It’s

six months to the day you’ve known that father had

children in Texas. We came here for a motion I

believe in March. Uh, mom’s motion was denied. 

Father’s motion for temporary relocation pending trial

was granted given the kids[’] current therapy

treatment.

But at that time there was no request for an

extension of the trial date or to move it. There was

no request to expand the amount of time to see if we

could get multiple dates to have a trial. There was

no request for a guardian ad litem to be appointed for

the kids. All of those things I could have addressed

and would have addressed had all of these issues been

brought up instead of the day of trial. So --

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[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: But it is not too late, you

know.

THE COURT: The trial is over.

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: But the request is being

made now as part of my closing that a GAL be

appointed.

THE COURT: An oral -- an oral motion without a

written motion is being made now?

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: That is correct. And it’s

based on the circumstances of what happened in this

case. The request before --

THE COURT: What circumstances are you basing

that on now that you didn’t know three or six months

ago?

[MOTHER’S COUNSEL]: Since the May 21st, two

thousand -- well, since the report came back that this

custody investigation would not be conducted, an

interview on the phone. So the report May 21, 2012.

THE COURT: Okay. So that’s more than a month

from now. Why didn’t you put in a request for an exparte motion to shorten time? That’s more than four

weeks. And then that way I wouldn’t have had [Father]

and the kids flown back here if we were going to push

this trial off so that we can get all of this done.

But I specifically ordered him at his own expense to

fly the kids back.

The court awarded Father sole physical and legal

custody of Son and Daughter, explaining that this is “a very

complex case on which I have to make a decision based upon the

best interests of the children. And right now the only evidence

that I have before me is I have -- although we have allegations,

we have no convictions for any domestic abuse against father.” 

In the family court’s November 30, 2012 Findings of

Fact and Conclusions of Law, the family court found that Father

and the court custody investigator were credible witnesses, but

Mother was not. The family court further found that it was in

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Son’s and Daughter’s best interests to award to Father their sole

physical and legal custody, with Mother having reasonable

visitation. The family court also determined that Mother’s oral

motions during closing argument to extend the trial and to

appoint a guardian ad litem were untimely and were therefore

denied. The family court’s decision was set forth in an

August 23, 2012 Order Re: Custody, Visitation, and Support Orders

After Voluntary Establishment of Paternity, awarding sole legal

and physical custody of Son and Daughter to Father. 

C. ICA appeal

In her opening brief, Mother argued the family court

erred in restricting the trial time of each party. Citing Doe v.

Doe, 98 Hawai#i 144, 155, 156, 44 P.3d 1085, 1096, 1097 (2002),

in which this court cautioned “that adherence to a time schedule

must be tempered by the circumstances of the proceeding as it

unfolds, since circumstances cannot always be accurately

predicted ahead of time,” Mother argued that “she could have

described [Father’s] ‘extreme anger issues’ and how he was

‘excessively abusive to her, her older son and [Son],” if

permitted to complete her testimony. Mother maintained that she

had intended to call the Honolulu Police Department detective who

investigated Father’s sexual abuse allegations against Mother’s

Older Son to testify regarding the lack of evidence to support

Father’s allegations. 

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Father filed, through counsel, a notice that he opposed

all relief sought by Mother but would not be submitting an

Answering Brief. 

In a Summary Disposition Order, a majority of the ICA

affirmed the family court’s August 23, 2012 Order. Specifically,

the ICA held that the family court did not err in limiting the

time at trial and denying Mother’s oral motion to extend trial. 

According to the ICA, Doe was distinguishable from the instant

case on the following grounds:

In the case before us, Father testified but did

not present any other witnesses, whereas in Doe v.

Doe, the majority of the time was used in direct and

cross-examination of the father’s witnesses.

Also, in this case, when the family court warned

Mother’s counsel that time was running out, counsel

did not question Mother regarding any alleged

violence, but instead, asked about Son and Daughter’s

passports, whether Mother intended to remain in the

country, and other questions unrelated to the issue of

family violence.

The ICA then noted that Mother made no offer of proof

and gave no specifics as to the type of testimony expected of

Mother or remaining witnesses other than that they “had something

to say about domestic violence.” The majority contrasted this

with the situation in Doe, where the mother asserted that

remaining witnesses had direct personal knowledge of the father’s

abusive personality and submitted affidavits describing personal

accounts of witnessing assaultive behavior. Finally, the ICA

concluded that Mother’s case was not harmed by her inability to

call the detective to testify about the lack of evidence

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supporting Father’s allegations that Older Son sexually abused

Son and Daughter, as this testimony would be duplicative of

information already in the custody investigation report. 

In a dissenting opinion, Chief Judge Nakamura concluded

that the question of custody was too important and the proper

determination of the children’s best interests too complex for

the family court to inflexibly limit the time for trial. Noting

that Father and Mother presented diametrically opposing claims

and evidence regarding each other’s fitness as a parent, Chief

Judge Nakamura pointed out that the family court could only

determine the best interests of Son and Daughter by resolving

those conflicting claims and evidence, which turned on the family

court’s assessment of whether Father or Mother was more credible. 

Chief Judge Nakamura concluded that the family court could not

properly determine the best interests of the children while

cutting short Mother’s case and precluding her from introducing

additional evidence on her and Father’s fitness as parents, and

their history of family violence. 

II. Standard of Review

A trial court has discretion to set reasonable time

limits for trial. Doe v. Doe, 98 Hawai#i 144, 155, 44 P.3d 1085,

1096 (2002); Hawai#i Rules of Evidence (HRE) Rule 611 (1993). 

Accordingly, limitations on the time set for trial are reviewed

for abuse of discretion. A court abuses its discretion if it

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“clearly exceed[s] the bounds of reason or disregard[s] rules or

principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a

party litigant.” Amfac, Inc. v. Waikiki Beachcomber Inv. Co., 74

Hawai#i 85, 114, 839 P.2d 10, 26 (1992).

III. Discussion

Mother argues that the family court erred in limiting

the time for testimony and thereby excluding testimony bearing on

the best interests of Son and Daughter. Mother acknowledges that

the family court had authority and discretion to set a reasonable

time limit for trial, but argues that such authority must be

tempered with due regard for the rights of litigants and the best

interests of children. For the reasons set forth below, we

conclude the family court abused its discretion in limiting the

time for trial to three hours. 

Our decision in Doe v. Doe is highly instructive. In

Doe, the family court set a half-day evidentiary hearing on a

mother’s and father’s competing custody motions. 98 Hawai#i at

146, 44 P.3d at 1087. Proceeding first, the father and all of

his witnesses were able to testify. Id. at 147, 44 P.3d at 1088. 

Though the mother was able to testify regarding alleged abusive

behavior by the father, when she tried to call her next witness,

the family court interrupted her and stated, “I think your time

is up,” then concluded the proceedings. Id. Mother did not

object. Id. at 147, 154, 44 P.3d at 1088, 1095. The family

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court later granted the father’s custody motion while denying the

mother’s motion, thereby confirming sole legal and physical

custody of the child to the father, with visitation rights to the

mother. Id. at 148, 44 P.3d at 1089. The mother thereafter

filed a motion for new trial, reconsideration, and/or relief from

judgment, seeking an opportunity to present her witnesses’

testimonies to the court, which the family court denied. Id.

On appeal, this court acknowledged that “the court had

the authority to set a reasonable time limit for trials and

hearings.” Id. at 154, 44 P.3d at 1096. However, this court

also noted that the family court’s denial of the motion for new

trial “resulted in the exclusion of testimony of witnesses

bearing upon the issue of family violence and, inferentially, the

best interest of [the c]hild.” Id. More specifically, this

court noted that the mother had submitted affidavits indicating

that her witnesses would have testified about the father’s

alleged abuse of the mother and its effect on the child. Id. at

156, 44 P.3d at 1097. Concluding that “[e]vidence supporting

such allegations was pertinent to whether Father should have sole

legal and physical custody of [the c]hild[,]” this court vacated

in part the family court’s ruling, and remanded for further

proceedings on the mother’s alternative custody motion. Id. at

158, 44 P.3d at 1099. Notably, this court cautioned the family

court that “adherence to a time schedule must be tempered by the

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circumstances of the proceeding as it unfolds, since such

circumstances cannot always be accurately predicted ahead of

time.” Id. at 156, 44 P.3d at 1097.

Here, as in Doe, the half-day limitation on the time

for trial was set well in advance. The excluded testimony

related to alleged abuse and had a direct bearing on the best

interest of the child. See id. at 154-55, 44 P.3d at 1096-97. 

Nevertheless, the ICA concluded that Doe is “unlike the instant

case” for four reasons: (1) in Doe, the majority of trial time

was used in direct and cross-examination of the father’s

witnesses, whereas here, Father did not present any other

witnesses; (2) here, Mother’s counsel was advised that time was

running out, but did not question Mother regarding any alleged

violence; (3) Mother bore the burden to overcome the rebuttable

presumption that Son and Daughter should not be placed in her

custody; and (4) Mother’s counsel provided no offer of proof

regarding the further testimony that would be provided by Mother

or her remaining witnesses. 

None of these factual distinctions override the

critical similarity between Doe and the instant case: that “the

family court’s ruling resulted in the exclusion of testimony of

witnesses bearing upon the issue of family violence and,

inferentially, the best interests of [the children].” Doe, 98

Hawai#i at 154, 44 P.3d at 1096. As this court has long held, in

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child custody cases, “a guiding principle for family courts in

awarding custody under Hawai#i law is the best interest of the

child.” HRS § 571-46 (Supp. 2011); Doe, 98 Hawai#i at 155, 44 P.

3d at 1096. “Thus, in custody proceedings, ‘the paramount

consideration . . . is the best interests of the child.’” Doe,

98 Hawai#i at 156, 44 P.3d at 1097 (emphasis added) (quoting In

re Doe, 52 Haw. 448, 453, 478 P.2d 844, 847 (1970)); see also

Fujikane v. Fujikane, 61 Haw. 352, 354, 604 P.2d 43, 45 (1979)

(“The critical question to be resolved in any custody proceeding

is what action will be in the best interests of the child.”

(citation omitted)); Yee v. Yee, 48 Haw. 439, 441, 404 P.2d 370,

372 (1965) (“In any custody proceeding, the welfare of the minor

children is of paramount consideration.” (citation omitted));

Dacoscos v. Dacoscos, 38 Hawai#i 265 (Haw. Terr. 1948) (stating

that, in custody cases, the “general rule [is] that the welfare

of the child has paramount consideration”). Here, as in Doe, the

main issue is whether the excluded testimony was pertinent to the

bests interests of the children. 

The similarity between the instant case and Doe with

respect to this critical issue supersedes differences between the

two cases regarding other important issues, such as whether one

party called more witnesses than the other or had more time to

present its case. Moreover, Mother’s decision to question

witnesses about matters other than Father’s alleged domestic

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violence does not render Doe inapplicable to the instant case. 

As discussed infra, Mother was able to elicit testimony that

addressed the best interests of the child. The ICA also sought

to distinguish this case from Doe on the basis that Mother,

unlike the mother in Doe, had to overcome the rebuttable

presumption that the children should not be placed in her

custody. This distinction also does not render Doe inapplicable. 

Doe’s holding does not depend on the existence or allocation of a

rebuttable presumption against custody, nor do we find any

principled reason to so hold. Finally, the ICA sought to

distinguish this case from Doe by pointing out that the mother in

Doe asserted that her remaining witnesses had direct personal

knowledge of the father’s abusive behavior, while no specific

offer of proof had been made regarding remaining witnesses in the

instant case. But here, Mother herself was one of the remaining

witnesses. She would have had personal knowledge of the domestic

violence allegedly committed against her by Father, and had said

so in statements included in the CIU report and briefly on the

witness stand before the court prematurely stopped her

testimony. No offer of proof was thus necessary in the instant 2

Additionally, to the extent the ICA suggested that further 2

testimony on domestic violence would be duplicative of the CIU report, it

should be noted that the family court’s assessment of the domestic violence

issue depended on the credibility of Mother and Father, which would be

difficult to determine absent Mother’s testimony on this issue. Also, as the

family court acknowledged in court, no direct evidence of family violence by

(continued...)

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case to indicate to the family court that Mother had personal

knowledge of Father’s alleged assaultive behavior. In short, Doe

is applicable here despite the factual distinctions noted by the

ICA.

Similar to this court in Doe, other state courts have

held that judges must be cautious in imposing time limits in

family law cases involving the custody of children: 

The public and private interests in cases involving

the custody and care of children are enormous. There

are few other matters which exceed the interests of a

spouse pursuing a claim for custody or primary care

of a child. Furthermore, the public has an abiding

interest in the future of its children, and the

State, by implication, is a quasi-party to each

dissolution action. . . .

. . . Justice cannot always be achieved within the

orderly environment of an assembly line. The

importance of evidence is often not understood until

all the evidence is heard. Thus, judges must not

sacrifice their primary goal of justice by rigidly

adhering to time limits in the name of efficiency.

In re Marriage of Ihle, 577 N.W.2d 64, 67-68 (Iowa App.

1998)(citations omitted); see also In re Marriage of Finer, 893

P.2d 1381 (Colo. App. 1995) (holding that litigants are entitled

to have sufficient time to make an orderly presentation of their

case, regardless of overcrowded dockets and a trial court’s

obligation to move matters before it as rapidly as possible).

Federal courts have similarly held that time limits on

witness testimony must be informed and justified, and

(...continued) 2

Father was introduced by testimony from other witnesses, and Mother presumably

could have provided such testimony.

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sufficiently flexible to ensure a fair trial. The Court of

Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has noted that, “Although district

courts have discretion to impose rules to expedite completion of

trials, we caution that they must not adhere so rigidly to time

limits as to sacrifice justice in the name of efficiency.” Gen.

Signal Corp. v. MCI Telecomms. Corp., 66 F.3d 1500, 1509 (9th

Cir. 1995). The Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has held

that “a district court should impose time limits only when

necessary, after making an informed analysis based on a review of

the parties’ proposed witness lists and proffered testimony, as

well as their estimates of trial time.” Duquesne Light Co. v.

Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 66 F.3d 604, 610 (3d Cir. 1995). 

Here, the family court’s rigid time limits do not

appear to reflect an informed analysis of the time necessary to

afford each party a full and fair opportunity to present their

case. The family court decided on February 13, 2012 that time

for trial would be half a day, starting at 1:30 p.m. Thus, the

court limited the time for trial more than four months before

Mother and Father submitted their respective witness lists on

June 15 and June 18, 2012. The record reflects that the family

court set the time limit after a conference with the parties’

counsel regarding the return of the CIU report, but contains no

clear indication that the court made an informed decision on

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trial time after consulting with the parties, or that the parties

agreed to the time limit. 

In addition, pursuant to Doe, the family court was

required to consider the “circumstances of the proceeding as it

unfold[ed],” id. at 156, 44 P.3d at 1097, in determining whether

Mother had sufficient time to present her case. Instead, the

family court adhered to the time schedule imposed long before

trial began or the number of expected witnesses was established,

and did so even after it became apparent that Mother would be

unable to fully present her case. While Mother did not object to

the three-hour time limit prior to trial, or move for more time

prior to the court’s warnings that her limited time was running

out, neither did the mother in Doe. See 98 Hawai#i at 147, 44

P.3d at 1089. Furthermore, the family court here should have

reasonably foreseen that three hours might not be enough time to

conclude a trial that the court readily conceded was “a very

complex case on which I have to make a decision based upon the

best interests of the children.” Doe states that “if counsel

believe that relevant evidence must be heard after the time set

for the hearing has expired, they must move for an extension of

time.” Doe, at 154, 44 P.3d at 1095. In the instant case,

Mother orally moved for an extension of time but the court denied

the motion. 

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Indeed, the family court’s reasons for prematurely

ending the testimony were not justified under the circumstances

of this case. First, the family court explained its decision to

halt testimony and deny Mother’s motion to extend time by saying

that Mother had been warned of time constraints and chose to call

other witnesses. However, to the extent the family court made

this determination based on its belief that Mother wasted time on

unnecessary witnesses, we disagree. Each witness provided

relevant testimony on two critical issues: (1) Mother’s ability

to care for Son and Daughter, and (2) Father’s alleged physical

abuse of Mother. Indeed, the family court had noted that it

wanted to hear testimony on how Mother cared for Son and

Daughter. 

The testimony on Mother’s ability to provide

appropriate care and Father’s alleged history of domestic

violence and false allegations bears directly on the paramount

consideration in the custody proceedings, i.e., the best

interests of Son and Daughter. For example, pursuant to HRS

§ 571-46(a)(9), the protective order awarded to Father against

Mother on December 9, 2011, after a finding that there was past

domestic abuse and a threat of harm to Father from Mother created

“a rebuttable presumption that it is detrimental to the child and

not in the best interest of the child to be placed in sole

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custody, joint legal custody, or joint physical custody with

[Mother].” Moreover, Father testified that he sought treatment

for Son and Daughter after they told him that Older Son and one

or more of Older Son’s friends had physically and sexually abused

them, and that Father referred the matter to the police for

investigation. Father had also alleged that Mother physically

abused Father, and had obtained a protective order against

Mother. 

Given the presumption created by HRS § 571-46(a)(9),

that custody should not go to Mother, Mother had to demonstrate

she posed no threat to Son and Daughter, and that placing them in

her care and custody would not be detrimental to their best

interests. In this regard, Mother’s questioning of the court

custody investigator was necessary because it elicited testimony

to discredit Father’s allegations of abuse. As the investigator

testified, Father’s former wife related that Father had similarly

accused her of abuse after their relationship ended. 

Mother’s witnesses also provided corroboration of her

own allegations that Father had physically abused her, which

likewise bore directly on the issue of the children’s best

interests. After all, Father’s protective order did not negate

the domestic violence allegations by Mother and Older Son against

Father, or the reasonable inferences that could be drawn from the

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testimony of Mother’s witnesses who described her bruises

following disputes with Father. Further, Mother’s questioning of

the court custody investigator elicited testimony on how Father

had physically abused his former wife, who was afraid that Father

would retaliate against her for her participation in the instant

case. 

Additionally, Mother used her trial time to establish

that the CIU report was flawed, and its recommendations suspect,

because the investigator had not observed Father’s interactions

with Son and Daughter or verified their living conditions in

Texas before recommending that Father have sole physical and

legal custody of Son and Daughter. As the investigator admitted,

a home visit is one of the most important steps in a custody

investigation, but one was never done here. The investigator

also acknowledged that she had not interviewed the children and

thus had “no idea how the children are doing in Texas[.]” In

short, Mother’s witnesses offered relevant testimony on issues

essential for the trial court to consider before making its

custody determination. 

Second, the family court justified its decision to not

schedule further proceedings out of concern that requiring

Father, Son, and Daughter to return to Hawai#i from Texas would

pose a hardship to them. Nevertheless, that hardship must be

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balanced with Mother’s right to have a fair and reasonable

opportunity to present her case, especially when the custody and

future of two of her children were at stake. After Mother moved

for an extension of time and briefly explained why previous

witnesses had been necessary, the court responded, “Well, I

cannot go beyond 4:30.” Mother later renewed the motion to

extend time, stating that “[t]hree hours is not enough for this

trial. This trial involves complex issues.” The court stated

that Mother had chosen to call witnesses who took up time that

could have been allocated to Mother, and that Father and the

children had come from Texas for the trial. The court denied the

motion for more time and stated that, “To have them come back

another time because the allocation of time wasn’t properly used

would be unfair to especially the children.” The family court

further indicated that “if there was some other situation, I may

be inclined [to grant an extension of time],” but that it was not

willing to do so in the instant case because the court had

ordered Father, Son, and Daughter to fly to Hawai#i from Texas

for the proceedings. There is no indication that the family

court considered any other options, such as requiring Mother to

pay a portion of Father’s travel expenses, rather than rigidly

enforcing its time limit, despite its clear recognition that this

case was complex. Nor is there any indication on the record that

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Father objected to the prospect of returning for additional

proceedings. 

Important constitutional interests provide additional

reason for providing parents a full and fair opportunity to

present their case in custody decisions. Indeed, a parent’s

right to the “care, custody and control” of his or her child is a

fundamental liberty interest protected by the United States

Constitution. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)

(“[T]he interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of

their children is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty

interests recognized by this Court.”). This court has also

recognized that independent of the United States Constitution

“parents have a substantive liberty interest in the care,

custody, and control of their children protected by the due

process clause of article 1, section 5 of the Hawai#i

Constitution.[ ] Parental rights guaranteed under the Hawai#i

3

Constitution would mean little if parents were deprived of the

custody of their children without a fair hearing.” In re Doe, 4

Article 1, section 5 of the Hawai#i Constitution provides that 3

“[n]o person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due

process of law, nor be denied the equal protection of the laws, nor be denied

the enjoyment of the person’s civil rights or be discriminated against in the

exercise thereof because of race, religion, sex or ancestry.”

The Concurring Opinion proposes a bright-line rule under which any

4

time limits in child custody cases involving allegations of domestic violence

would be unconstitutional. Concurring Opinion (Concur. Op. at 40-42] 

(continued...)

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99 Hawai#i 522, 533, 57 P.3d 447, 458 (2002).

Given the important constitutional interests and the

factual circumstances of this case, the court’s enforcement of

its time limit was not reasonable. As Mother notes in her

application, additional time for testimony would have allowed her

to describe Father’s “extreme anger issues” and abuse of her and

Older Son, including more than 50 alleged incidents of domestic

violence, some of which included choking, suffocation, punching,

(...continued) 4

Respectfully, it does not appear that any other court has adopted, or even

considered, the bright-line rule proposed by the Concurring Opinion. In fact,

an overwhelming number of jurisdictions have recognized that trial courts have

the discretion to set reasonable time limits in child custody cases, but that

discretion must be balanced against a party’s due process rights to a fair and

reasonable opportunity to be heard. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Ihle, 577

N.W.2d at 67 (holding that it is within the discretion of the trial court to

apply limits to the length of trial, provided the decision comports with due

process considerations); In re ARF, 307 P.3d 852 (Wyo. 2013) (trial court’s

decision to limit paternity action, in which father sought child custody and

support, to a one-day trial in which parties would be afforded 160 minutes to

present their case did not violate father’s due process right to a meaningful

hearing); Goodwin v. Goodwin, 618 So. 2d 579 (La. Ct. App. 1993) (“The due

process clauses of the Louisiana Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment to

the United States Constitution guarantee[] litigants a right to a fair

hearing. However, ‘due process’ does not mean litigants are entitled to an

unlimited amount of the court’s time.”); Young v. Pitts, 335 S.W.3d 47, 60

(Mo. Ct. App. 2011) (in case involving allegations of sexual abuse, court held

that “time limitations placed on presentation of evidence are matters within

the motion court’s discretion and will only be reversed for an abuse of that

discretion”); Moore v. Moore, 757 So. 2d 1043, 1046 (Miss. Ct. App. 2000) (in

case involving allegations of domestic violence, court held father’s due

process rights were not violated by trial court’s time limitations); Wolgin v.

Wolgin, 719 S.E.2d 196, 199 (N.C. Ct. App. 2011); Varnum v. Varnum, 586 A.2d

1107, 1115 (Vt. 1990)(in case involving allegations of domestic violence,

court held father’s due process rights were not violated by trial court’s time

limitations); cf. Hicks v. Commonwealth, 805 S.W.2d 144, 151 (Ky. Ct. App.

1990) (“A trial court clearly has the power to impose reasonable time limits

on the trial of both civil and criminal cases in the exercise of its

reasonable discretion. As long as these trial time limits are not arbitrary

or unreasonable we will not disturb the court’s decision on review.” (citation

omitted)).

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slapping, “body slamming,” and rape. Additional time would also

have allowed Mother to rebut Father’s accusations that she abused

Son and Daughter, and that Older Son sexually abused Son and

Daughter. Mother further asserts that additional time would have

allowed the police detective to testify regarding the lack of

evidence to support Father’s allegations that Older Son abused

Son and Daughter. 

Finally, we note that Mother and Father presented

diametrically opposing evidence with regard to each other’s

fitness as a parent. Both Father and Mother raised claims of

abuse by the other, but none of the custody evaluators or medical

practitioners involved in this case were able to resolve these

claims. Father testified at some length regarding the children’s

schooling, extracurricular activities, and the therapy they

received for having been abused. However, because Father moved

the children to Texas, the state custody evaluators were never

able to speak with children or evaluate their living situation or

behavior with Father. Father also did not provide any

corroborating evidence with regard to the children’s welfare in

his care. While such corroboration is not necessary for a court

to determine the best interests of a child, the absence of any

corroboration in this case highlights the fact that the family

court’s determination hinged on the credibility of Mother and

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Father. 

In order for the court to determine the best interests

of the children, it needed to properly consider the competing

evidence on each party’s fitness as a parent. Excluding further

witness testimony on behalf of Mother prevented the family court

from considering relevant evidence. In other words, by cutting

short Mother’s testimony, the family court curtailed its own

opportunity to fairly judge Mother’s credibility and properly

decide how the best interests of Son and Daughter could be

served. Under these circumstances, the three-hour time limit

unreasonably deprived Mother of a fair opportunity to present her

case and prevented the family court from being able to determine

the best interests of the children in this case.

Although the family court can set reasonable time

limits to a trial in a child custody case involving allegations

of domestic violence, the time limits must be based upon an

informed analysis of the time necessary to afford the parties a

full and fair opportunity to present their case. And when a

party moves for an extension of time in such cases, the family

court must consider whether the proposed testimony is pertinent

to the best interests of the child when deciding whether or not

to grant the motion. By adhering to a rigid time limit, cutting

short Mother’s testimony and denying Mother’s motion to extend

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trial time for testimony regarding issues of family violence and

their bearing on the best interests of Son and Daughter, the

family court abused its discretion and “‘disregarded rules or

principles of law or practice to the substantial detriment of a

party litigant[,]. . . and its decision . . . clearly exceeded

the bounds of reason.” Doe, at 156, 44 P.3d at 1097. 5

The Concurring Opinion also concludes the Hawai#i Rules of 5

Evidence (HRE) and the Hawai#i Family Court Rules (HFCR) do not permit the

family court to impose reasonable time limits. 

The Concurring Opinion states that the use of time limits is not

provided for by the Hawai#i Rules of Evidence (HRE), citing in particular to

HRE Rule 611 and Weinstein’s Federal Evidence to maintain that HRE and the

Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) Rule 611 “do[] not empower the court to use

those restrictions to limit non-cumulative, probative evidence.” Concur. Op.

at 11 (citing 4 Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein’s Federal

Evidence § 611.02[2][b][ii] (2d ed. 2014)). Weinstein explains in regard to

Rule 611 that “Time limits on the presentation of evidence may be imposed to

avoid wasting time and to ensure that a case is speedily and efficiently

heard,” so long as the trial court does not abuse its discretion by

“exclud[ing] non-cumulative, probative evidence because its introduction would

take longer than the court had set aside for trial.” 4 Jack B. Weinstein &

Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein’s Federal Evidence § 611.02[2][b][ii] (2d ed.

2014). In fact, the Vermont Supreme Court has read Vermont’s equivalent of

Rule 611 as granting trial courts the ability to set reasonable time limits on

the presentation of evidence at trial. See Varnum v. Varnum, 586 A.2d 1107,

1115 (Vt. 1990) (“We think that the power granted by Rule 611(a) includes the

authority to set reasonable limits on the consumption of time in examining

witnesses. We agree with the observation of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court

that counsel left to their own devices may ‘proceed at a pedestrian pace

unsuited to times when court calendars are crowded and the costs of litigation

to the parties and to the taxpayer are unreasonably high.’” (citations

omitted)). 

The Concurring Opinion also concludes that the Hawai#i Family

Court Rules (HFCR) implicitly disallow the use of time limits, when those

rules are compared to the Hawai#i Rules of Civil Procedure (HRCP), and in

particular, HRCP Rule 16, which authorizes the court to establish time limits. 

Concur. Op. at 17-20. Although HFCR Rule 16 does not include an express

provision regarding time limits, the absence of a specific provision should

not be read to preclude the family court from setting reasonable time limits

under certain circumstances. HFCR Rule 16 in fact omits other paragraphs in

HRCP Rule 16 that refer to powers that clearly are not denied by implication

based on their exclusion from HFCR Rule 16 (e.g., HRCP Rule 16(c)(11) allows

the court to take appropriate action with respect to “the disposition of

pending motions.”). Moreover, HFCR Rule 16 has a catch-all provision that

(continued...)

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IV. Conclusion

We hold that the family court abused its discretion in

denying Mother’s motion for additional trial time. Thus, we

vacate the ICA’s August 27, 2013 judgment and the family court’s

August 23, 2012 order, and remand to the family court for further

proceedings.

Micky Yamatani

for petitioner

Michael A. Glenn

for respondent

/s/ Mark E. Recktenwald

/s/ Paula A. Nakayama

/s/ Sabrina S. McKenna

/s/ Rom A. Trader

(...continued) 5

authorizes the family court to take appropriate action with respect to “(7)

Such other matters as may aid in the disposition of the action.” The catchall provision grants the family court the necessary flexibility to do what is

appropriate in each case, which may include setting reasonable time limits in

certain situations. 

Indeed, the Rules Committee, when it proposed the amendments to

HFCR Rule 16, and this Court, when it adopted the rule, were likely aware of

the fact that family court judges could impose reasonable time limits on child

custody proceedings. If the Committee or this Court intended to disallow the

use of reasonable time limits, HFCR Rule 16 could have clearly said so. In

the absence of express language precluding the family court’s use of

reasonable time limits, we decline to read such a prohibition into HFCR Rule

16. 

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