FOURTH DIVISION

April 7, 2011

No. 1-09-2472

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.

)

v. ) 04 CR 28307

)

JOSE RIVERA, )

)

Defendant-Appellant. ) Honorable

) Lawrence W. Terrell,

) Judge Presiding.

JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Presiding Justice Gallagher and Justice Pucinski concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

After a jury trial, defendant Jose Rivera was convicted of three counts of predatory

criminal sexual assault, three counts of criminal sexual assault, and five counts of aggravated

criminal sexual abuse arising out of conduct with his 13-year-old stepdaughter and her middle

school classmate. Defendant was also convicted of one count of possession of child pornography. 

The trial court sentenced defendant to 75 years’ imprisonment. On appeal, defendant contends

that: (1) his motion to suppress custodial statements was improperly denied; (2) certain plearelated statements were improperly admitted; (3) the evidence was insufficient to sustain his

convictions; (4) the trial court failed to comply with Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (Ill. S. Ct. R.

431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007)); (4) his defense counsel was improperly disqualified; (5) his right to a

public trial was violated; (6) certain evidence and testimony lacked proper foundation; (7) certain

prior consistent statements were admitted to improperly bolster the credibility of witnesses; (8) a
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fatal variance existed between his indictment and the proof offered at trial; (9) defense counsel

was ineffective; and (10) statements made during the State’s closing argument were improper. 

For the reasons discussed at length below, we reverse and remand for a new trial.

I. BACKGROUND

Edys Rivera testified that when she married defendant in 1993, she already had a twoyear-old daughter, J.M. Defendant had two other daughters, Evelyn and Maria, from a prior

relationship who would visit every other weekend. Mrs. Rivera and defendant had a son together

and, along with J.M., they lived in three different towns in the west suburbs of Chicago. During

this period, she worked as a receptionist from 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. every weekday and 8 a.m. to 6

p.m. every other Saturday, while defendant was a computer technician and worked from 4 a.m. to

12 p.m during the week. 

In the fall of 2004, Evelyn came to live with her father and his “second” family. Shortly

thereafter, on October 22, 2004, Mrs. Rivera was driving home from work when she received a

phone call from the Franklin Park police. She was told that her two daughters were at the station

and Mrs. Rivera was told to go to the police station alone. She immediately phoned her husband

at that time to inform him of the situation. After arriving at the police station, Mrs. Rivera was

informed of a police investigation which involved allegations of a sexual nature between defendant

and her 13-year-old daughter, J.M. She signed a consent form permitting the police to search the

family apartment. 

Mrs. Rivera accompanied the police to the apartment for the search and, upon entering,

she noticed a burning smell in the kitchen and “burned stuff” in the sink, even though the sink was
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in normal condition in the morning. She also noticed that the living room computer, which was

assembled and “in working order” in the morning, was on the floor and disassembled. Mrs.

Rivera admitted that she only occasionally used the computer and only defendant knew the

password to access the computer. During the search, the police recovered, among other things,

parts of a computer, a camcorder, a camera, and various digital storage media. Later that day,

condoms were recovered from defendant’s jacket pocket. She testified that defendant had never

used condoms in their intimate relationship.

Defendant’s stepdaughter, J.M., testified that she was born on October 21, 1990. J.M.

stated that in the spring of 2002, when she was 12, she had several unusual conversations with

defendant in his room while her mother was at work. During these conversations, defendant told

J.M. that he could help her start a modeling career and form a band with his daughters and

another daughter of a friend. He said J.M would make “a lot of money.” Defendant told J.M. not

to tell her mother because he wanted to “surprise her.” Defendant also told J.M. that he signed a

modeling contract for her and that an individual named Cindy would arrange for photo shoots and

get J.M. clothing. Apparently to that end, defendant took several measurements of J.M. in his

room. 

After several conversations, defendant eventually persuaded J.M. that, as a part of her

contract, she needed to test condoms and some lotion. J.M. indicated that the lotion was intended

to be put on her body and defendant would lick it off. As for the condoms, defendant would put

one on and J.M. would perform oral sex on him. Although J.M. did not want to test the products,

defendant told her it was necessary in order to launch her modeling and music career. J.M.
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testified that she told defendant she did not want to test the lotions because she did not want

defendant touching her, but would test the condoms if she had to. As a demonstration, defendant

retrieved a plastic grocery bag, put it over his penis, and told J.M., “What you do now is the exact

same thing you’re going to do when we have the condom on.” Defendant instructed J.M. to

kneel and to put her mouth on his penis and “move [her] head backward and forward.” J.M.

complied and defendant continued to instruct her. After approximately 10 minutes, defendant

removed the bag and J.M. left the room. 

J.M. testified that although she was disgusted, she felt she did not have a choice because

her career depended on it. The next day, J.M. was in defendant’s room again and was told to do

the same thing she did before with the grocery bag and she complied. After that day, J.M.

testified that defendant would have her perform oral sex on him while he wore a condom once or

twice a week. J.M. did not inform her mother because defendant told her that if she ever told her

mother, she would disown J.M. and she would be placed into foster care. 

In the summer of 2003, J.M. and her family were in the process of moving to Hillside,

Illinois. J.M. and defendant continued to have conversations about modeling and her band, with

defendant stating that they just had to give it time. At one point, J.M. was told by her mother that

if she continued to misbehave at school and in the house, J.M. would be sent to “boot camp.” 

Defendant later took J.M. to see their new house at Hillside. Once there, he told J.M. that if she

did not want to go to boot camp, she could perform oral sex on him at that time and he would

later talk to her mother. Defendant drove to a nearby drug store and purchased condoms, and the

two went into the basement of the Hillside house where J.M. performed oral sex on defendant. 
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After moving to Hillside, J.M. would perform oral sex on defendant throughout the summer

according to defendant’s requests. J.M. testified that the frequency of the acts varied from one to

three times a week, depending on whether her brother or mother was home and defendant’s work

schedule. Defendant’s advances also changed during this time, as he began performing oral sex

on J.M., touching and licking her breasts, recording videos of the acts, as well as taking photos of

J.M. unclothed. 

On one occasion in the summer of 2003, defendant initiated vaginal intercourse with J.M.,

with the penetration lasting a minute and her screaming in pain. Defendant then abandoned his

attempt and made J.M. perform oral sex on him instead. In July 2003, J.M. told defendant she

was “sick and tired of everything” and she was “not going to do anything anymore.” Defendant

then informed J.M. that Cindy was going to sue J.M. and her mother for $200,000. J.M. told

defendant that she “would rather be touched by a girl,” and in response, defendant told her that if

she could find another girl to make a video with, he would “let [J.M] off the hook for a good two

weeks.” J.M. spoke to a close friend, J.T., and told her she needed help. After hearing an

explanation of the situation, J.T. agreed to help but told J.M., “make sure he doesn’t talk to me,

make sure he doesn’t touch me.” J.M. then testified as to one distinct occasion when J.T. came

over, where defendant had J.M. and J.T. perform oral sex on defendant and how the acts were

recorded with a camcorder. J.M. could not remember if sexual acts occurred on other occasions

that J.T. visited.

Once J.M. started seventh grade, she stated that the sexual acts had increased up to five

times a week. Defendant would have J.M. feed her brother and put him in his room, after which
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J.M. would perform sexual acts for defendant. J.M. testified she continued to perform sexual acts

because defendant informed her that if she stopped, Cindy would continue to sue J.M. and her

mother. After seventh grade, J.M and her family moved to Franklin Park. Defendant continued

to have J.M. perform oral sex on him approximately three or four times a week, telling J.M. that

Cindy was requiring J.M. to do so to “pay off what you owe [Cindy].” At the Franklin Park

residence, defendant would use a webcam to make recordings of the sexual acts to, under J.M.’s

belief, send to Cindy. J.M. testified that on one occasion, when she was unwilling to accede to

defendant’s demand for oral sex, she was told to speak to a woman on the phone whom defendant

said was Cindy. “Cindy” told J.M., “listen to your stepfather, he is a good man, just listen to what

he says and do what he is telling you to do.” 

As J.M. started eighth grade, she attempted to stay away from her house as much as

possible but defendant still had J.M. perform sexual acts approximately every other Saturday

while her mother was at work. On October 11, 2004, defendant told J.M. it was time to make

another video, but J.M. refused. Shortly thereafter, J.M. and defendant had a conversation where

he threatened a confrontation with Cindy the following Friday, October 22, 2004. Defendant

stated that Cindy would be at the residence when J.M. returned from school and warned her that

she was “screwed over now.” That same day, J.M. wrote a note to a friend relating her fears of

being sued, wanting another chance, and wanting to run away. Later that day, J.M. talked with

Rosanne Zuccaro, the substitute social worker, and told her what had been happening with

defendant, which led school officials to contact the local police.

J.M.’s friend, J.T., testified that she was born on May 6, 1990. During the summer of
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2003, J.T. testified that she spoke to her friend nearly every day on the phone. During one phone

conversation, J.M. asked her for help because “she had to do some modeling and her step-dad

was the one doing it and she needed help in order to get out of it,” but was otherwise not specific. 

Not long thereafter, on a summer afternoon, J.T. was visiting J.M. at her house when defendant

called his step-daughter to the basement. After 30 to 45 minutes, J.T. went to the basement to

look for her. J.M. ran up to J.T., told her to relax and then blindfolded her. J.M. took her hand

and placed it on defendant’s penis and told her to give defendant oral sex, which she did. J.T. was

eventually told to stop by J.M., and her blindfold was taken off. Defendant told J.T. not to tell

anyone because he had her parents’ “account numbers,” and that if she told anyone, her parents

would not be able to buy a house and he would take her away from her parents. J.T. testified she

visited three more times over that summer, and defendant had her and J.M. perform various

sexual acts. She stated that she did not tell anyone because she was scared her parents would be

taken away from her and that her parents would lose their house. J.T. and J.M. did not see each

other anymore after the last incident, although they spoke occasionally over the phone. J.T.

further testified that she did not tell anyone what had happened until she was contacted by the

Franklin Park police in October 2004.

Roseanne Zuccaro testified that on October 22, 2004, she was a teacher at Hester Junior

High School in Franklin Park. On that day, Zuccaro was checking her mailbox in the school’s

office at around 2:30 p.m. when she was asked to fill in for the school’s social worker. Zuccaro

entered the social worker’s office and saw that J.M. was upset. After being asked what was

wrong, J.M. said that she had made movies involving sexual acts with her stepfather and that she
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did not want to make the movies anymore. Zuccaro and J.M. discussed the situation until 3 p.m.,

when she told J.M. it was okay to go to volleyball practice. Unsure as to her responsibilities since

she was filling in for the social worker, Zuccaro spoke to the assistant principal, prompting

notification of the local police department and the retrieval of J.M. from volleyball practice.

Detective Vito Busse testified that on October 22, 2004, he was working as an evidence

technician in the investigation for the underlying case. He testified that upon entering defendant’s

residence, he saw a disassembled computer on the floor that was missing a hard drive. He

recovered a number of items from the residence, including a compact disc labeled “Jose’s Stuff,” a

digital camera, a camcorder, various computer disks and components, and a few videotapes which

Detective Busse later learned contained recordings of various family events. Detective Busse also

testified that it appeared something had been burnt in the kitchen sink. He also observed black

material, similar to what was in the kitchen sink, on a toilet seat and a nearby pink towel.

Brad Giglio testified that in October 2004, he was an assistant State’s Attorney (ASA)

assigned to the child exploitation unit. He interviewed both J.M. and J.T. at separate times, and

subsequently met with defendant. During a meeting at around 9 p.m. on October 23, 2004,

defendant was read his rights and signed a Miranda waiver form. He asked Giglio for guarantees

that he would not go to “jail” if he decided to talk about what happened. Giglio responded that

he could not give a guarantee because he did not want defendant’s statements to be coerced or

otherwise based on some sort of promise, resulting in defendant terminating the interview.

Detective Michael Jones testified that on October 22, 2004, he was assigned to the

investigation of the underlying case. At around 4:30 p.m. and 5 p.m., J.M. and her mother
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respectively arrived at the station. Defendant arrived at 6 p.m., sweating and breathing heavily,

and was taken to an interview room. Defendant was read his rights and agreed to speak with

Detective Jones. During this time, Detective Jones also learned of the second alleged victim, J.T.,

and at approximately 2:40 a.m. on October 23, 2004, Detective Jones stated to defendant that

“his troubles had just gotten bigger.” Defendant asked Detective Jones what guarantees could be

made if he gave a confession. Detective Jones stated he could not make any promises and

defendant responded he would give a confession but needed another glass of water. Right around

this time, an attorney, Michael Clancy, appeared at the station and met with defendant who signed

a form indicating that he would not speak with the police. Some 18 hours later, at around 9 p.m.,

Jones said that defendant again indicated he would give a confession if he was guaranteed no jail

time. Detective Jones was with Giglio and testified similarly to the events that Giglio described. 

John Griffin, Jr., also testified for the State. He stated that he was an investigator for the

State’s Attorney’s office in Cook County for 13 years as of the time of this particular

investigation. At the time of trial, he worked for the Secret Service of the United States. He

testified he had been employed in computer analysis work for approximately five years and had

experience examining computers and computer components in a variety of cases, including child

pornography, computer hacking, credit card fraud, and bank fraud. He also testified that he has

examined at least 100,000 files or video clips of child pornography. The trial court declared

Griffin to be an expert in the area of computer forensic analysis. Griffin testified that he was

asked to analyze a compact disc labeled “Jose’s Stuff,” and two internal hard drives for child

pornography. He testified that the two hard drives contained various documents and several
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pornographic images; however, the images were of adults. On the compact disc, Griffin testified

that it contained various videos, images, music, and documents. He testified that one filed was

named, “13-year-old give head,” which caught his attention. He offered his opinion that the video

contained a “young adolescent performing fellatio on a male subject” and that the male “looked to

be older than her.” He also opined that the female was “small in stature” with “underdeveloped

breasts,” and believed the individual in the video was “a juvenile”. 

On behalf of defendant, Dora Hernandez testified first. She stated she was the mother of

defendant’s two daughters. She testified that defendant, pursuant to a court order, would pick up

his daughters every Saturday at noon and bring them to back to Hernandez on Sunday evenings. 

She acknowledged that there were some Saturdays when he did not pick them up, usually due to

a special occasion. She also stated defendant was a “wonderful father.” Both Evelyn and Maria

testified as well. They stated that they would visit defendant on the weekends and that they never

saw or heard about anything inappropriate occurring between defendant and J.M. Defendant’s

mother, Ramona LaCourt, testified that she would see her grandchildren regularly on the

weekends and J.M. never complained about defendant. Defendant’s aunt, J.J. LaCourt-Grant also

testified that she saw J.M. regularly and that she never complained about defendant.

Defendant testified on his own behalf. He testified that he worked for a technological

company where he served as a supervisor in a department that dealt with circuit boards. The

daughters he had with Dora Hernandez would visit every Saturday and Sunday he was not

working. He testified he only saw J.T. once or twice when he lived in Berwyn. When living at

Berwyn, defendant built two computers for the household, but one of the computers broke after
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the family moved to Hillside. When at Hillside, defendant testified that he and Mrs. Rivera began

to have personal and financial problems, and were discussing getting divorced. At that time,

defendant was seeing an individual named Cindy. 

Defendant and Mrs. Rivera sold their Hillside house due to their personal and financial

problems and moved to Franklin Park in an effort to rekindle their relationship. While living in

Franklin Park, on October 20, 2004, defendant testified that he brought Evelyn to his house to

have her live with him because her grades were declining and he believed a change of environment

could be beneficial. Defendant testified that Mrs. Rivera was unhappy with the situation and the

two fought, and so Evelyn stayed with his aunt that night. On October 21, defendant registered

Evelyn in the local school and drove her to school the next day, the day defendant was also called

to the Franklin Park police department.

Defendant specifically denied all of the testimony of the two girls about the sexual acts

that were related in the State’s case-in-chief. He also denied the rather involved testimony about

the musical group, lotion and condom testing, and the potential modeling career for his stepdaughter. Defendant further denied asking for guarantees regarding probation and imprisonment

from then-ASA Giglio or Detective Jones. He explained that the computer in Franklin Park was

disassembled because he was attempting to replace the hard drive. Defendant also explained that

the burning smell in the kitchen, as well as the ashes in the sink and on a towel, were from an

attempt to light a candle in the bedroom to create a romantic atmosphere for his wife. He had lit

a piece of paper and walked toward the bedroom, but before being able to light the candle, he

turned around back to the kitchen and threw the burning paper into the sink. On cross-
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examination, however, defendant stated he successfully lit the candle.

Defendant was found guilty by the jury of three counts of predatory criminal sexual

assault, three counts of criminal sexual assault, five counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse,

and one count of child pornography. The trial court sentenced defendant to 75 years’

imprisonment. This timely appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Motion to Suppress

Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress statements

he made to the police. In reviewing a motion to suppress, this court is presented with questions of

law and fact. People v. Terry, 379 Ill. App. 3d 288, 292 (2008). We give great deference to

factual findings by the trial court and will only reverse such findings if they are against the

manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Cosby, 231 Ill. 2d 262, 270-71 (2008). We, however,

review the trial court's legal determination of whether suppression is warranted under those facts

de novo. Terry, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 292.

Defendant filed a motion to suppress which alleged that: (1) defendant was arrested by the

Franklin Park police department; (2) defendant was subsequently questioned; (3) attorney Michael

Clancy met with defendant; (4) defendant, in the presence of Clancy and Detective Jones, asserted

his right to remain silent; (5) defendant signed a written assertion of his Miranda rights in the

presence of Clancy and Detective Jones; and (6) defendant was subsequently questioned and

made statements in violation of Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981).

Evidence presented at the hearing on the motion to suppress revealed the following
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sequence of events: Detective Jones and Deputy Chief Jack Krecker met with defendant at 6:06

p.m. on October 22, 2004. Defendant was read his Miranda rights, which defendant indicated he

understood. He waived his rights through a signed and initialed form and subsequently engaged

in a number of conversations. Clancy received a call at 1:30 a.m. on October 23, 2004, from

defendant’s uncle and was subsequently retained by him on behalf of defendant. Clancy arrived at

the Franklin Park police department at 3:15 a.m, and met with defendant shortly thereafter. 

Defendant discussed his Miranda rights with Clancy and initialed and signed a written assertion of

his Miranda rights. Clancy left the police department at 3:34 a.m.

At 5:15 p.m., Detective Page entered the lockup area of the police department to take a

photo of defendant for use in a photo array. Detective Page did not speak to defendant, but

defendant did ask if Detective Jones was in the station. Detective Page answered affirmatively,

and defendant asked if he could speak to Detective Jones. Detective Page said, “okay” and

relayed the information to Detective Jones. At 9:14 p.m., Detective Jones and ASA Giglio met

with defendant. Detective Jones asked defendant if he wanted to speak to them and defendant

answered affirmatively. Defendant was again read his Miranda rights, which he waived,

memorialized by a signed and initialed waiver form. Giglio asked defendant if he had met with an

attorney, and defendant answered yes. Giglio also asked defendant if he was self-initiating the

instant conversation, and defendant said yes. Defendant spoke to Detective Jones and Giglio until

around 9:43 p.m., at which point defendant requested to call his attorney. Defendant was able to

reach his aunt and mother, but was unable to reach Clancy, and was then returned to his cell by

the police without further conversation. At 10:55 p.m., Clancy returned to the police station and
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although defendant denied speaking to the police, Clancy advised defendant to not speak and then

reinvoked defendant’s Miranda rights. Defendant argues that he did not reinitiate contact with

the police prior to the evening conversation occurring on October 23, 2004, but that instead the

police did when Detective Page entered his cell to take a photograph. 

Edwards held that a defendant, “having expressed his desire to deal with the police only

through counsel, is not subject to further interrogation by the authorities until counsel has been

made available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or

conversations with the police.” Edwards, 451 U.S. at 484-85. Whether a defendant reinitiates

contact is subject to a double-pronged inquiry. First, we must determine whether the defendant,

rather than the police, initiated the conversation in a manner evincing a “willingness and a desire

for a generalized discussion about the investigation.” Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039,

1045-46 (1983). If it is determined that the defendant did reinitiate contact, the next inquiry is

whether the defendant, by his or her initiation of such a conversation, coupled with the totality of

the other circumstances, knowingly and intelligently waived his right to the presence of counsel

and his right to remain silent during custodial interrogation. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. at 1046.

Defendant points solely to People v. Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d 382 (1995), in support of his

argument that he did not reinitiate contact with the police. Olivera, however, is readily

distinguishable. In Olivera, the defendant, after participating in a lineup, asked a detective, “

‘what happened[?]’ ” Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d at 387. The detective responded that the defendant was

“ ‘positively identified.’ ” Id. The detective testified the defendant “ ‘stated that he wanted to

know what happens next. I told him I wanted to advise him of his rights, and I advised him of his
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rights at that time.’ ” Id. Defendant subsequently gave a statement. Our supreme court noted

that the defendant’s initial question of “what happened” was insufficient to establish, on

defendant's part, “a willingness and a desire for a generalized discussion concerning the

investigation,” failing to satisfy the first prong of the analysis. Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d at 390-91. 

Furthermore, the detective’s response that the defendant had been positively identified was “one

that could and did elicit further comment by the defendant.” Id. at 391.

The exchange between Detective Page and defendant was in a entirely different context

than the one in Olivera. Defendant’s first statement to Detective Page, without any prompting,

was whether Detective Jones was still in the station. Upon discovering that Detective Jones was

still present, defendant requested to speak with Detective Jones. From this simple exchange, it is

apparent that defendant unilaterally evidenced a willingness and a desire for a generalized

discussion concerning the investigation. In Olivera, however, the defendant was subject to a

lineup, after which he asked what had happened. There is no indication the defendant in Olivera

had any initial desire to actually speak with the police regarding the investigation until

immediately after the detective indicated to the defendant that he had been positively identified. 

Had the detective in Olivera indicated to the defendant was not identified, one could reasonably

believe that the defendant’s subsequent response would be considerably different. Here,

Detective Page’s comments were neutral in character, in that they only confirmed the presence of

an individual that defendant already wished to speak to, as opposed to a comment imputing guilt

upon defendant, as was the case in Olivera. We also note that defendant explicitly acknowledged

that he was self-initiating the conversation with Detective Jones. Accordingly, the trial court’s
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determination that defendant reinitiated contact was not against the manifest weight of the

evidence. 

Having confirmed that defendant reinitiated contact with the police, we must determine

whether defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his right to the presence of counsel and his

right to remain silent during custodial interrogation. Given the totality of the circumstances, this

court finds that the trial court’s determination that defendant’s waiver was made knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily. Defendant had been explained his Miranda rights on multiple

occasions in written and oral form, including through a conversation with his attorney. Prior to

the reinitiated conversation with Detective Jones, defendant was reread his Miranda rights and

asked if he understood the rights, and he signed and initialed a written waiver form. Defendant

was also asked by Giglio whether defendant had met with his attorney and was nevertheless selfinitiating the conversation, to which defendant responded affirmatively. Furthermore, defendant

has an associate’s degree in a technological field, therefore creating little, if any, doubt that he

understood his rights. Finally, it is clear defendant understood he was free to terminate the

conversation at any point, as it appears he himself terminated the conversation and requested to

speak to his attorney. After our own review of the record, we find that the motion to suppress, in

the context that it was argued, was properly denied.

As an adjunct to this contention, defendant also argues that he was denied his right to a

fair trial when the trial court allowed testimony that the conversations were “terminated,” because

they constituted improper comments on defendant’s postarrest silence under Doyle v. Ohio, 426

U.S. 610 (1976). Doyle held the State's use of a defendant's silence, at the time of arrest and after
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receiving Miranda warnings, for impeachment purposes violated the due process clause of the

fourteenth amendment. Id. at 619. As a threshold matter, we note that defendant never objected

to any comments or questions at trial relating to the termination of the conversations and did not

include the issue in his posttrial motion. Defendant, however, urges us to examine this under the

plain error doctrine.

Under the plain error doctrine, we will review unpreserved error when either (1) the

evidence is closely balanced, regardless of the seriousness of the error; or (2) the error is serious,

regardless of the closeness of the evidence. People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 186-87 (2005). 

The first step of plain error analysis is deciding whether any error has occurred. People v.

Walker, 232 Ill. 2d 113, 124-25 (2009). If an error is deemed to have occurred, we turn to the

prongs of the plain error analysis. 

Defendant points to a number of references concerning the alleged misuse of defendant’s

postarrest silence. On a variety of occasions during their respective testimonies, Giglio and

Detective Jones noted that defendant “terminated” an interview. Defendant claims that it “could

not have been lost on the jury after repeated references that Defendant terminated the

interrogation that he had invoked his right to silence.” While we agree that it is generally error to

comment on a defendant's postarrest silence, “ ‘[i]t is not error to elicit a complete recitation of

police procedure, even if the recitation includes reference to a defendant's exercise of his

constitutional rights, so long as the recitation is not argued to be indicative of guilt.’ ” People v.

Leak, 398 Ill. App. 3d 798, 820 (2010) (quoting People v. Lindgren, 111 Ill. App. 3d 112, 117

(1982)). First, there were no comments that defendant explicitly exercised any constitutional
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rights. While certain witnesses did indicate that some interviews were “terminated,” it only served

to establish a timeline of events for the sake of clarity as opposed to any suggestion of guilt. 

More importantly, the State never argued or intimated that the “termination” of interviews was an

indicia of guilt or otherwise attempted to focus the jury on defendant’s silence. After a careful

review of the record, including the dialogue between the State and its witnesses, we find no error

here.

B. Plea-related Custodial Statements

Defendant further attacks the substance of the admitted conversations with police by

contending that the State violated his right to a fair trial because the conversations were evidence

of his attempts to plea bargain, as he offered to confess if he were to receive only probation. Rule

402(f) provides that, “[i]f a plea discussion does not result in a plea of guilty, *** neither the plea

discussion nor any resulting agreement, plea, or judgment shall be admissible against the

defendant in any criminal proceeding.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 402(f) (eff. July 1, 1997). Defendant

acknowledges that he failed to preserve this issue on appeal as he did not object to the usage of

the statements at trial, but urges us to overlook his forfeiture.

As stated above, we must first determine whether any error occurred as part of a plain

error analysis, which requires us now to examine whether defendant’s statements were plearelated. Our supreme court, in People v. Friedman, 79 Ill. 2d 341 (1980), established a twoprong test to determine whether a statement is an inadmissible plea-related statement. A

statement is a plea-related and inadmissible if: (1) the defendant exhibited a subjective expectation

to negotiate a plea; and (2) the expectation was reasonable under the totality of the objective
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circumstances. Friedman, 79 Ill. 2d at 351. The “characterization of a statement as plea-related

is fact specific, and courts may consider a variety of factors in making this determination.” People

v. Jones, 219 Ill. 2d 1, 27 (2006).

At trial, various State witnesses noted that while defendant was in custody, he repeated

during a series of interviews that, in exchange for his “confession,” he wanted “guarantees” that

he would receive probation as opposed to imprisonment. Giglio remarked on this various times,

including testifying that defendant “was adamant about not wanting to do any jail, about wanting

to get probation. He said he would talk to us about what we were there to talk to him about if he

had those guarantees.” Detective Jones also stated that defendant asked “if he gave a confession

what guarantees would he have,” and that defendant “wanted to know that he had guarantees that

he was not going to go to jail if he spoke to us.” Detective Jones also remarked that, during the

same conversation, defendant stated, “I will give you a confession. Just go get me another glass

of water.” Finally, during closing arguments, the State reiterated Detective Jones’ testimony, that

“the defendant said if he gave a confession, what guarantees did he have.” The State argued

during opening statements that defendant had attempted “to broker a deal with the police in

exchange for telling them what really happened,” and then later argued defendant’s statements

were “inculpatory” and “admissions of guilt.”

The appropriate inquiries here are whether defendant exhibited a subjective expectation to

negotiate a plea and whether his expectations were reasonable under the totality of the objective

circumstances. We answer both inquiries affirmatively. We first acknowledge that our supreme

court has noted that “offers to cooperate, without more, do not constitute plea negotiations or
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offers to enter into plea negotiations.” People v. Hart, 214 Ill. 2d 490, 507 (2005). The factual

scenario presented here, however, indicates defendant offered much more than mere cooperation. 

The State primarily relies upon Hart in arguing no plea-related statements were made, but the

defendant there suggested only that he “might be willing to cooperate with Detective Beck.” 

Hart, 214 Ill. 2d at 511. The supreme court, in finding that the “rudiments of the negotiation

process” were not present, found significant that the defendant only desired to know what

Detective Beck and no one else could do, that no contact was made with the State’s Attorney,

and the defendant did not state what “cooperation” entailed nor specify what he would require in

exchange for cooperation. Id. at 511. In the case at bar, however, defendant did not speak only

to Detective Jones regarding guarantees, but also to ASA Giglio, whom defendant believed was

prosecuting the matter. Defendant was clearly attempting to bargain for a specific sentence, and

specified that his cooperation would consist of a confession to the crimes he was being held for. 

While we note that a confession, in certain circumstances, might not be equivalent to a plea of

guilty, defendant here specifically requested a guarantee that he would receive probation as

opposed to any imprisonment if he confessed. From that, it is apparent to this court that

defendant was negotiating a circumvention of the trial process and willing to subject himself to

sentencing, that is, plead guilty, if it could be guaranteed he would receive probation. The

rudiments of the negotiation process are clearly present here. 

This case is more analogous to the facts in Friedman as opposed to Hart. In Friedman,

testimony by a State’s Attorney investigator was elicited that the defendant, over the phone,

provided an unsolicited statement where he inquired about “making a deal” and stated, “ ‘If I'm
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convicted, I would rather go to a Federal prison as opposed to a State prison,’ ” to which the

witness responded with, “ ‘I have no control over that, talk to Mr. Rosenberg.’ ” Friedman, 79

Ill. 2d at 350. The supreme court held that was sufficient to constitute a plea-related statement. 

Id. at 352. We find the defendant’s statements here to be the legal equivalent of those in

Friedman. We accordingly find that defendant exhibited a subjective expectation to negotiate a

plea, and under the totality of the objective circumstances discussed above, defendant’s

expectations of negotiation were reasonable and the statements were, therefore, inadmissible.

Having found that an error did occur, we must now determine whether such an error

warrants reversal. We find that it does under the second prong of the plain error doctrine. First,

the fact that little negotiation actually took place is of little importance, as our supreme court has

held that “an offer to enter negotiation is indistinguishable from a statement made at an advanced

stage of the negotiation process in terms of its impact upon a jury.” Friedman, 79 Ill. 2d at 352. 

Second, and most importantly, this court and our supreme court have held that testimony relating

such information has a “devastating effect” and is prejudicial even in the presence of

overwhelming evidence against the defendant. Id. at 352; see People v. Hoerer, 375 Ill. App. 3d

148, 154 (2007); People v. Ousley, 297 Ill. App. 3d 758, 764 (1998); see also People v. Hill, 78

Ill. 2d 465, 472 (1980). We believe this assessment is applicable under the specific facts of this

case. Defendant’s plea-related statements were offered by two State witnesses and also argued

with emphasis during the State’s closing arguments. Given the potentially devastating effect of

such testimony and the impossible task of parsing out what actual effect it had on the jury, we

must reverse defendant’s convictions and remand for a trial on this issue. The State must refrain,
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during retrial, from introducing any of the plea-related statements detailed above.

Because we reverse on this issue, certain issues on appeal have been rendered moot, but

we will address any issue that could occur again on retrial or otherwise provide guidance in future

proceedings.

C. Double Jeopardy 

Because we reverse on the grounds stated above, we are now bound to consider the

double jeopardy implications of our finding that the use of inadmissible plea-related statements

warrants reversal. The double jeopardy clause prohibits retrial for the purpose of affording the

prosecution another opportunity to supply evidence which it failed to present in the first

proceeding. Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 11 (1978). It does not, however, preclude retrial

where a conviction has been set aside because of an error in the proceedings leading to the

conviction. People v. Mink, 141 Ill. 2d 163, 173-74 (1990). Furthermore, “retrial is permitted

even though evidence is insufficient to sustain a verdict once erroneously admitted evidence has

been discounted, and for the purposes of double jeopardy all evidence submitted at the original

trial may be considered when determining the sufficiency of the evidence.” Olivera, 164 Ill. 2d at

393 (citing Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33 (1988)).

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the appropriate standard of review is

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense were proven beyond a

reasonable doubt. People v. Pollock, 202 Ill. 2d 189, 217 (2002) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)).
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We first consider defendant’s convictions related to J.M. and J.T. After viewing the

relevant evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that a rational trier of fact

could have found defendant guilty of the charges related to J.M. and J.T. beyond a reasonable

doubt. However, this determination is not binding on retrial and is not intended to express an

opinion concerning defendant's guilt or innocence. Accordingly, we find no double jeopardy

impediment to retrial as to any of defendant’s convictions directly related to J.M. and J.T. 

We next consider defendant’s conviction of possession of child pornography under section

11-20.1(a)(6) of the Criminal Code of 1961. 720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(6) (West 2008). A person

commits the offense of child pornography under section 11-20.1(a)(6), who:

“with knowledge of the nature or content thereof, possesses any film, videotape,

photograph or other similar visual reproduction or depiction by computer of any child or

severely or profoundly mentally retarded person whom the person knows or reasonably

should know to be under the age of 18 or to be a severely or profoundly mentally retarded

person, engaged in any activity described in subparagraphs (i) through (vii) of paragraph

(1) of this subsection[.]” 720 ILCS 5/11-20.1(a)(6) (West 2008).

We find defendant’s conviction based on section 11-20.1(a)(6) to be problematic. The evidence

presented in support of defendant’s conviction on this charge was primarily based upon

possession of a compact disc, labeled “Jose’s Stuff,” which contained a video clip allegedly

depicting a minor performing oral sex on a male. The video clip was viewed by the jury during

the State’s case-in-chief. Most of the remaining evidence in support of the pornography charge

came in testimony by John Griffin, Jr., who was employed as an investigator with the State’s
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Attorney’s Office at the time of this investigation. 

 Defense counsel stipulated that he was an expert, but only in the area of computer

forensic analysis. The relevant testimony Griffin offered follows:

“[GRIFFIN]: There was a particular video that says, ‘13-year-old give head’, so

that was a red flag for me.

[STATE]: In fact, you were looking for child pornography, is that correct?

A: I was, ma’am.

Q: And ‘13-year-old give head’ alerted you?

A: Absolutely.

Q: Okay. Did you, in fact, watch that video that was titled, ‘13-year-old give

head’?

A: I did, ma’am.

Q: And could you please describe to the Ladies and Gentlemen of the Jury what

you observed in that video?

A: I observed a young – seemed to be a young adolescent performing fellatio on a

male subject, he looked to be older than her, his head was not in the video, he was laying

back on the bad or sofa, she was on her knees, and I can tell she was small in stature,

underdeveloped breasts.

Q: Did you believe the female depicted in that video was a juvenile?

A: I did, ma’am.”

Griffin reiterated similar testimony on redirect examination.
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We first acknowledge that “in determining child pornography, based upon its everyday

experiences, a trier of fact can determine from a photograph whether a child is under ‘the age of

sixteen.’ ” People v. Schubert, 136 Ill. App. 3d 348, 354 (1985). In other words, images and

videos speak for themselves in determining whether such media constitutes child pornography. 

See People v. Phillips, 346 Ill. App. 3d 487, 497 (2004); People v. Thomann, 197 Ill. App. 3d

488, 497-98 (1990). With this in mind, after reviewing the record and viewing the video at issue,

this court has made a number of troubling observations. The video was 11 seconds long, lacked

audio, and was recorded at a low resolution. The female subject is fully clothed with a sweater

and evident bra undergarment at the very beginning. The male participant is never seen, except

for his penis, which is visible for the approximately seven seconds of recorded fellatio. Although

the female had apparently removed her sweater prior to the sex act, only her shoulders, face and

right hand are visible during the fellatio portion of the video. Nothing beneath her shoulders is

observed and there is nothing which would indicate whether her breasts were “underdeveloped.” 

Most importantly, the female subject is not obviously adolescent or juvenile in appearance. 

As to Griffin, the defense stipulated he was an expert in computer forensics only. 

Although we acknowledge Griffin testified to an extensive background in computer forensics as it

related to child pornography, he was not a recognized expert in human figures, anatomy,

medicine, or any field that might translate to an expert ability to determine the age of an individual

by observing a brief video clip. Essentially, although he was permitted to testify, over objection,

as to the age of the individual in the video clip, he was in no better position to determine the age

of the individual depicted in the video at hand than the jury or this court. We also note that while
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we afford great deference to jury determinations on credibility and demeanor of witnesses, as they

are in a superior position to a reviewing court in observing witnesses while testifying (see People

v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 114-15 (2007)), the primary evidence here is a video clip which the

jury is in no better position to view than this court. We are not suggesting the jury is still not

afforded substantial deference as the trier of fact; however, where certain evidence does not

involve credibility determinations or observations of demeanor, the deference afforded is logically

less.

Also troubling is the fact that, contrary to Griffin’s testimony, the file name from the disc

did not putatively contain the age of the female participant. Rather, it was numbered 13 in a long

list of numbered videos and photographs, with the literal file name being “13givehead.” The

abbreviation “y.o.” is not in the video title, or anywhere on the disk itself. On the disk’s

enumerated contents, it was preceded by images numbered 1 through 12 and followed by an

image numbered 015-0015, with no suggestion that any others included subjects who were ages 1

through 15. The jury viewed only file 13 and none of the other numbered files. The prejudicial

effect of specifically identifying the female in this video as a “13-year-old” is obvious in this case

where defendant was accused of aggravated sexual abuse of two girls that specific age,

particularly where there is nothing on the video to outwardly suggest that the participant in the

sex act was that age. The State compounded this problem by attempting to deride any possible

“coincidence” during closing argument: “There’s a coincidence that there’s some child

pornography on here with a young girl, like, you know, a juvenile performing oral sex on a guy. 

Wow, that’s a coincidence. That’s kind of the same thing that these girls have been talking
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about.” 

Allowing this testimony and argument, despite the absence of any evidence that the female

in the video clip was, in fact, a 13-year-old, was error. We are, however, bound to consider all

evidence in a light most favorable to the State, including erroneously admitted evidence for

purposes of a double jeopardy analysis. Even after doing so, however, a simple viewing of the

video clip itself creates reasonable doubt as to defendant’s conviction on this specific charge. It is

the judgment of this court that the protections of double jeopardy on the child pornography count

preclude any retrial on that charge. Obviously, the video may not be shown on retrial.

D. Supreme Court Rule 431(b)

Defendant contends that the trial court failed to properly question the prospective jurors

regarding whether they understood and accepted certain principles, as required by Supreme Court

Rule 431(b). Ill. S. Ct. R. 431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007). Defendant does not dispute that he failed to

object to this alleged error. Nonetheless, he asserts that a Rule 431(b) violation requires

automatic reversal or that reversal is required under the plain error doctrine. 

Rule 431(b) is a codification of our supreme court’s decision in People v. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d

472 (1984), which held that the trial court erred by refusing the defendant’s request to ask the

venire about four fundamental principles of law. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d at 476-78. The four Zehr

principles are that (1) the defendant is presumed innocent; (2) the defendant must be proved guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt; (3) the defendant is not required to produce any evidence; and (4) the

defendant’s failure to testify cannot be held against him. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d at 477. Pursuant to

Rule 431(b), the trial court must address the Zehr principles, even in the absence of a specific
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request by the defendant and “shall ask each potential juror, individually or in a group, whether

that juror understands and accepts” those principles, and “[t]he court's method of inquiry shall

provide each juror an opportunity to respond to specific questions concerning the principles set

out in this section.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 431(b) (eff. May 1, 2007).

This issue has been rendered moot, as we have already determined that the Rule 402(f)

violation discussed above warrants reversal and any jury on retrial will presumably have an

entirely different composition of individuals. Nevertheless, we note that during voir dire of the

instant case, the trial court addressed the potential jurors as a group and stated each Zehr

principle but erred by not asking the potential jurors whether they understood and accepted the

principles as required by Rule 431(b). Any potential error on retrial can be easily avoided by a

simple recitation of the Rule 431(b) principles and a subsequent confirmation that the jurors

understand and accept them.

E. Disqualification of Defense Counsel Michael Clancy

Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in disqualifying his originally

retained attorney, Michael Clancy, from representing defendant at trial. While the issue is moot,

we believe there exists a possibility that similar issue could arise on retrial and thus will comment

on it. The relevant facts are as follows: Clancy was retained by defendant while he was in

custody at the Franklin Park Police station on October 22, 2004, and he subsequently filed a

number of pleadings on behalf of defendant. On October 30, 2006, Clancy filed a motion to

suppress statement which alleged: (1) On October 27, 2004, Clancy met with defendant at the

Franklin Park police department; (2) defendant, in the presence of Clancy and Detective Jones,
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asserted his right to remain silent; (3) defendant signed a written assertion of his Miranda rights in

the presence of Clancy and Detective Jones; and (4) was questioned and made statements in

violation of Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981).

A hearing on the motion to suppress was held nearly two years later. Just prior to the

hearing, however, the State moved to disqualify Clancy. The trial court found that the “written

motion actually renders Michael Clancy as a material witness,” and subsequently disqualified him

and ordered Michael Goggin to substitute on the motion to suppress. After the hearing, Goggin

requested that the circuit court reconsider Clancy’s disqualification but the request was denied. 

Goggin filed a motion to reconsider Clancy’s disqualification on August 7, 2008, but the motion

was denied, as was Goggin’s later attempt to renew the motion just prior to trial. 

There is a presumption in favor of a defendant’s choice of counsel; however, the sixth

amendment right to choose one’s own counsel is not absolute, and chosen counsel may be

disqualified if a serious potential for a conflict of interest exists. People v. Holmes, 141 Ill. 2d

204, 217 (1990). In determining whether a conflict of interest exists such that counsel must be

disqualified, a trial court engages in a two-step analysis. First, the trial court must first determine

whether an actual conflict of interest exists or there is a showing of “ ‘serious potential for

conflict’ ” between an attorney’s interest and his or her client. People v. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d 354,

361 (2004) (quoting Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 164 (1988)). If a conflict is found,

the next determination is whether the interests threatened by the conflict overcome the

presumption favoring defendant's chosen counsel. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d at 361. The trial court may

consider various factors in making this determination, including: (1) the defendant's interest in
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having the undivided loyalty of counsel; (2) the State's right to a fair trial; (3) the appearance of

impropriety should the jury learn of the conflict; (4) the probability that continued representation

by counsel of choice will provide grounds for overturning a conviction; and (5) whether the

State's claim that a conflict warrants disqualification is the result of overreaching. Ortega, 209 Ill.

2d at 361-62.

We review a trial court’s finding of a serious potential for conflict under the abuse of

discretion standard. People v. Collins, 382 Ill. App. 3d 149, 153 (2008). “An abuse of discretion

occurs where the trial court's ruling is arbitrary, fanciful or where no reasonable person would

take the view adopted by the trial court.” People v. Childress, 338 Ill. App. 3d 540, 545 (2003).

As a threshold matter, defendant cites to Burnette v. Terrell, 232 Ill. 2d 522 (2009), in

support of his assertion that the trial court failed to appropriately consider the aforementioned

Ortega factors. While we agree that a complete lack of any reasoning within the record for

disqualification would render meaningful review of the instant issue impossible, a trial court need

not explicitly engage in a specific evaluation of each Ortega factor on the record when making its

determination. People v. White, 395 Ill. App. 3d 797, 828 (2009).

We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion here. As stated, a trial court may

disqualify defense counsel where there is serious potential for a conflict of interest. Given that a

considerable amount of the State’s evidence involved events occurring within the police station

and that Clancy had previously testified during a motion to suppress, the trial court correctly

found, after hearing multiple arguments from the State and defendant, that “it is likely that the

State could call Attorney Clancy as a witness under a more credible factual scenario.” Clancy had
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already testified to certain events occurring at the Franklin Park police department and the State

believed there was potential Clancy may be required to testify as to other surrounding events,

which the trial court agreed with. We do not find this determination to be arbitrary, fanciful, or

such that no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court, especially when

considering the State’s case and defendant’s theory at trial that challenged the veracity of various

individuals at the police department. Although the State did not call Clancy as a witness in the

original proceedings, we find that to be irrelevant as we decline to engage in a hindsight analysis

in determining whether a trial court properly exercised its discretion. Accordingly, the trial court

did not err here.

Furthermore, we find that the sole case defendant relies on in support of his argument is

distinguishable. In People v. James, this court reversed the trial court’s disqualification of a

defendant’s attorney. People v. James, 368 Ill. App. 3d 433, 437 (2006). In James, a

defendant’s original jury was deadlocked on a serious charge but a codefendant was acquitted in a

separate trial. The defendant discharged his attorneys and retained codefendant’s attorneys. 

Defendant’s new attorneys conducted an interview with codefendant, which was memorialized in

a written report prepared by codefendant’s new counsel. Just prior to trial, it was revealed the

codefendant would be called as a defense witness. The State subsequently moved to disqualify

defendant’s attorney, arguing that should codefendant testify inconsistently, the State would be

forced to call defendant’s attorneys as witnesses. The trial court granted the motion and this

court reversed. However, the basis for the reversal was based on a number of factors: (1) codefendant had waived any attorney-client privilege between him and defendant’s attorneys and
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any accompanying confidentiality; (2) the potential for defendant’s attorneys to be called as

witnesses was highly speculative as no report of the interview existed in the record; and (3)

codefendant’s new counsel could have testified as to the content of the interview if needed. Put

simply, none of those factors exist here and we therefore find James to be factually unpersuasive.

F. Right to a Public Trial

Defendant next contends he was denied his right to a public trial when nonwitness family

members were allegedly excluded from the courtroom. Again, because we have reversed on a

separate issue, we find that this issue is moot and any discussion relating to it would provide no

guidance to the parties or the trial court on retrial. Accordingly, we decline to address it.

G. Foundation of Visual Recording of Alleged Child Pornography

Defendant next contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting a visual

recording without a proper foundation. The visual recording was evidence offered only in

support the charge of possession of child pornography, a charge which we have determined is

subject to a double jeopardy impediment. Because the visual recording had no bearing on

defendant’s remaining convictions that have no similar impediment, we find this contention to be

moot and decline to address it.

H. Mrs. Rivera’s Testimony Regarding Defendant’s Computer

Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in allowing Mrs. Rivera to “opine” that

defendant’s computer was “in working order.” Defendant argues that no foundation was offered

to support her conclusion. Again, defendant acknowledges that he did not properly preserve this

issue on appeal, but because it is evidentiary in nature and may arise again on retrial, we are
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inclined to comment on it.

We believe that this is not a foundation issue, but whether her testimony was proper as a

lay witness. Turning to the testimony in question, Mrs. Rivera was asked by the State, “As far as

you know when you left that morning, the computer was assembled and in working order; is that

right?” To which she answered, “Correct.” This court finds that the testimony did not offer an

opinion, but merely her personal observations. A lay witness may properly testify to observations

or sensory perceptions, although the offering of opinions or interpretation of those observations

are generally improper. People v. McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d 919, 934 (2006). From the context

of the testimony and evidence presented, Mrs. Rivera was simply stating that, although the

computer later appeared disassembled, the computer was fully assembled before she departed for

work that day. She offered absolutely no interpretation or opinion as to why the computer was

disassembled, which would have been inadmissible. Instead, it was defendant who testified as to

the reasons for disassembly. Defendant himself testified that on October 22, 2004, the computer

in question was in working order and that he only disassembled the computer because the hard

drive was making a noise. In any event, we find that it was not improper for Mrs. Rivera to

testify that, to her knowledge and observation, a computer appeared to be fully assembled and in

working order, so long as she refrained from attempting to explain why the computer later

appeared to be disassembled.

I. Prior Consistent Statement

Defendant next contends that the trial court erroneously admitted a note written by J.M.

as a prior consistent statement which improperly bolstered her credibility. At trial, J.M. testified
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that she had reached out to a friend, E.S., on the same day she spoke to a school teacher, Ms.

Zuccaro. As to E.S., J.M. testified she had sent a note to her, and the State introduced the note

as an exhibit which the trial court admitted into evidence. Defendant asserts this was in error.

Again, defendant did not preserve this issue for review on appeal, but as it is an evidentiary matter

that may occur again on retrial, we will address it.

As a general matter, statements made prior to trial are inadmissible for the purpose of

corroborating trial testimony or rehabilitating a witness. People v. Cuadrado, 214 Ill. 2d 79, 90

(2005). Prior consistent statements, however, are admissible in two circumstances: (1) where

there is a charge that the witness has recently fabricated the testimony, or (2) where the witness

has a motive to testify falsely. People v. Heard, 187 Ill. 2d 36, 70 (1999). In either circumstance,

the prior consistent statement must have been made before the alleged fabrication or motive to lie

arose. Id. at 70. 

Defendant argues the note to E.S. was inadmissible because it served as repetition of

J.M.’s testimony, improperly bolstering her credibility. After an examination of the note, J.M.’s

testimony, and defendant’s claims at trial, we agree. First, we note that the State asserts that the

note was admissible under section 115-10 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 as a child

sex victim outcry statement. 725 ILCS 5/115-10 (West 2008). Section 115-10 requires, among

other things, that such testimony is admissible if “the out of court statement was made before the

victim attained 13 years of age or within 3 months after the commission of the offense, whichever

occurs later, but the statement may be admitted regardless of the age of the victim at the time of

the proceeding.” 725 ILCS 5/115-10(b)(3) (West 2008). The note was written on October 22,
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2004, and defendant’s birthday falls on October 21, 1990, therefore J.M. was too old for the note

to be admissible due to her age. Furthermore, a careful examination of the record indicates that it

was never clearly established when the last sexual act between defendant and J.M. occurred and

thus the note was also not admissible pursuant to the “within 3 months after the commission of

the offense” language of section 115-10. See People v. McDade, 345 Ill. App. 3d 912, 915

(2004) (continuing offenses, such as predatory criminal sexual assault, are not completed until the

last act was accomplished). Accordingly, the State’s argument that the note was admissible at the

original proceedings under section 115-10 is misguided.

Furthermore, we agree that some of the content of the note is repetitive of testimony J.M.

had previously given. Among the statements in letter are that a “lady is going to sue,” J.M’s mom

would be taken away, J.M. was scared, and that “if this lady does what she says she’s gona [sic]

do I won’t be living here in Franklin Park any longer.” To the extent the letter repeats J.M.’s

testimony, it is inadmissible. Although it is true that, at trial, defendant argued that J.M.’s

allegations were fabricated or had a motive to testify falsely, the prior consistent statement must

pre-date the fabrication or motive to lie. People v. McWhite, 399 Ill. App. 3d 637, 641 (2010). 

Here, defendant’s theory at trial suggested a motive to lie existed due to Evelyn moving into the

family’s residence, which occurred before the note at question was written. We further do not

find anything, nor has the State presented any argument that there is anything, in the evidence to

suggest that the statement in question qualifies for admission under any exception. See People v.

Deavers, 220 Ill. App. 3d 1057, 1073 (1991).

It is important to note that this analysis is based solely on the specific circumstances of the
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original proceeding. We are not holding that the note in question would never be admissible or

that mentioning the fact the note was written is inadmissible. Furthermore, our comments on this

issue are intended to be merely instructive in future proceedings in the instant matter, as we

acknowledge that the note in question may very well be admissible under slightly different

circumstances.

J. Fatal Variance of Count XIII

Defendant next contends that he was not found guilty of criminal sexual assault beyond a

reasonable doubt, specifically count XIII of the indictment, where he was charged with two acts

of assault involving contact of a penis with a vagina for different time periods, but J.M. testified

only to one act of contact. The State agrees. Because we have remanded for a retrial, this issue

has become moot. However, we briefly note that defendant’s contention here is correct. Count

XIII charges defendant with criminal sexual assault, alleging contact between defendant’s penis

and J.M.’s vagina on or about October 21, 2003 to October 10, 2004. J.M.’s testimony directly

contradicted this allegation, as she testified defendant made contact between his penis and her

vagina only once during the summer of 2003. Therefore, defendant was improperly found guilty

of this offense.

K. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

Defendant advances a number of arguments as to how his counsel was ineffective at trial. 

Because we have reversed and remanded for a new trial on other grounds, we find defendant’s

arguments to be moot and decline to address them.

L. Police Report Admissibility
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Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence contained in a

police report. Police reports are generally inadmissible hearsay. People v. Shinohara, 375 Ill.

App. 3d 85, 113 (2007). They can be used, however, for purposes of impeachment or refreshing

a witness’ recollection. People v. Williams, 240 Ill. App. 3d 505, 506 (1992). 

Here, we acknowledge that defendant was the first to ask Detective Jones to refer to his

police report in the instant case. Defense counsel asked Detective Jones, on cross-examination, a

series of questions concerning a conversation he had with J.T. For example, defense counsel

asked whether J.T. informed Detective Jones that she was afraid her parents were going to lose

her house or mentioned defendant ever picking her up with his truck. Detective Jones stated he

could not recall and was subsequently asked to refer to his police report to refresh his memory,

after which he stated he did not remember J.T. relating such information to him. On redirect, the

State revisited the conversation between J.T. and Detective Jones, inquiring about other

statements J.T. related. Initially, the State referred to the police report in asking whether J.T.

made a particular statement to Detective Jones, such as, “Doesn’t the report also say [J.T.] said

she was afraid Cindy would sue her family?” and “the report that counselor indicated talks about

this Cindy person, correct?” However, the vast majority of the redirect did not reference the

police report and only inquired as to the conversation that took place between J.T. and Detective

Jones.

While we might find that continued references to a police report would be improper, it is

clear that the State was merely relating other portions of the conversation that occurred between

him and J.T. On cross-examination, defense counsel had elicited portions of the same
1-09-2472

38

conversation between Detective Jones and J.T., using the police report to refresh his memory. 

The State was simply attempting to do the same in an attempt to introduce the remaining balance

of the conversation that had occurred, which is acceptable. See People v. Stevens, 255 Ill. App.

3d 812, 815 (1992) (holding that where defense counsel had elicited portions of a conversation

between police officer and rape victim, police officer could properly testify to the remaining

balance of the conversation). After a careful analysis of the testimony, we find no error occurred

here.

M. State’s Closing Argument

Defendant next contends that it was error when the State directed to jury to conduct its

own handwriting comparison of the writing on the compact disc labeled “Jose’s Stuff,” and the

signature on a Miranda waiver. This issue is also moot as a result of our determination that a

retrial is warranted, but given the nature of the contention we are inclined to briefly comment.

During closing arguments, the State argued:

“But when you look at this ‘Jose’s Stuff,’ if you really want to know the audacity of the

defendant, take a look at his Miranda waiver too. Now, I’m not a handwriting person,

but that’s a pretty distinctive J that he signed when he admitted he signed his name Jose

Rivera. The same J is on ‘Jose’s Stuff.’ ” 

We have held that a “trier of fact may examine handwriting exemplars to determine the source of

questioned handwriting but in the first instance the comparison must be made in open court and in

the defendant's presence.” People v. Hoover, 87 Ill. App. 3d 743, 748 (1980). This, however,

did not occur. Furthermore, while it is not improper for the jury to draw reasonable inferences
1-09-2472

39

from the evidence, we find it improper for the State to directly opine as to the similarities between

what was written on a compact disc and a Miranda waiver, particularly where no handwriting

expert testified at trial. Similar comments should be avoided at retrial.

III. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we reverse defendant’s convictions and remand for a new trial based on the

improper admittance of plea-related statements at trial. The principles of double jeopardy do not

preclude retrial as to any charges relating to J.T. and J.M., however, we have found double

jeopardy does preclude retrial as to defendant’s child pornography charge. To reiterate, plearelated statements and evidence in support of only the child pornography charge should not be

admitted upon retrial. Our analysis of other evidentiary issues we have commented on are

intended to be instructive, but not necessarily controlling, in future proceedings, as we

acknowledge different circumstances may alter the ultimate admissibility of evidence at retrial.

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County

and remand for a new trial.

Reversed and remanded.
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REPORTER OF DECISIONS – ILLINOIS APPELLATE COURT

(Front Sheet to be Attached to Each Case)

Plea se Use

Following

Form:

Complete

TITLE

of Case

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.

)

v. ) 04 CR 28307

)

JOSE RIVERA, )

)

Defendant-Appellant. ) Honorable

) Lawrence W. Terrell,

) Judge Presiding.

Docket No.

COURT

Opinion

Filed

No. 1-09-2472

Appellate Court of Illinois

First District, FOURTH Division

April 7, 2011

(Give month, day and year)

JUSTICES JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Gallagher, P.J., and Pucinski, J., concurred in the judgment and opinion.

APPEAL

from the

Circuit Ct.

of Cook

County.

Lower Court and Trial Judge(s) in form indicated in the margin:

The Lawrence W. Terrell, Judge Presiding.
1-09-2472

41

For

APPELLAN

TS,

John Doe, of

Chicago.

For

APPELLEE

S,

Smith and

Smith of

Chicago,

Joseph

Brown, (of

Counsel)

Also add

attorneys for

third-party

appellants

or

appellees.

Indicate if attorney represents APPELLANTS or APPELLEES and include

attorneys of counsel. Indicate the word NONE if not represented.

Attorneys for Defendant-Appellant:

Donna Hickstein-Foley

Foley & Foley

9644 S. Hamilton Ave. 

Chicago, IL 60643-1631

773.881.3800

Attorneys for Plaintiff/Appellee:

Anita Alvarez, State’s Attorney

Alan Spellberg, Peter Fischer, ASA’s of Counsel

Room 309- Daley Center

Chicago, IL 60602