1 

Household healthcare spending: comparing estimates from the Consumer 

Expenditure Survey and the National Health Expenditure Accounts, 

2013-2016 

Ann C. Foster 

Healthcare spending has continued to increase in dollar amount and as a share of household 

expenditures, regardless of whether the economy is expanding or contracting. The only exception 

was 2015 when average household healthcare spending was more than that in 2014 ($4,342 

compared with $4,290), but accounted for a slightly lower share of household spending (7.8 

percent compared with 8.0 percent in 2014). (See chart 1.) For this reason, an understanding of

the data sets that measure healthcare spending is crucial. Two major sources of healthcare 

spending data are the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CE) and the 

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA).1 

This article compares annual aggregate CE and NHEA household healthcare expenditures from 

2013 to 2016. For each year examined, CE-NHEA spending ratios were calculated for all 

relevant categories. 

Findings show the following: 

• CE-NHEA ratios for total healthcare ranged from 0.74 to 0.87.

• After 2013, CE-NHEA ratios increased dramatically for total health insurance and for

private health insurance.

• The highest CE-NHEA ratios were for premium payments to the Medicare

Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Fund (1.04 to 1.19).

• The lowest CE-NHEA ratios were for medical supplies and nonprescription drugs (0.45

to 0.47).

Data sources and methodology

Conducted continuously since 1980, the CE has two components, a quarterly Interview Survey 

and a weekly Diary Survey. Each component has an independent sample of consumer units.2

 

Most CE healthcare expenditures come from the Interview Survey. Exceptions are 

nonprescription drugs, nonprescription vitamins, and topicals and dressings, part of the medical 

supplies and nonprescription drugs category, and repair of medical equipment, part of the 

medical equipment category. Information on these four expenditures come from the Diary 

Survey. The CE collects information on all spending categories, which includes food, clothing, 

housing, and transportation, as well as healthcare,

3

 among others. 

The NHEA are the official estimates of total healthcare spending in the United States. Dating

back to 1960, the NHEA measure annual aggregate U.S. spending for healthcare goods and 

services, public health activities, program administration, the net cost of private insurance, and 

research and other investment related to healthcare.

4

 
2 

CE healthcare data represent household payments (after reimbursement) made directly to 

hospitals and other providers of care, and to insurance companies, for private group and 

individual health insurance coverage.

5

 Payments to the Federal government for Medicare Part B 

and Part D coverage are also included. Like the CE, NHEA household healthcare spending 

includes direct payments (net of any reimbursement) to providers and to third-party insurers.6

The CE obtains information from individual consumer units, while the NHEA uses secondary 

data sources, such as the Services Annual Survey and the Economic Census, both produced by 

the U.S. Census Bureau.7 The CE and NHEA also differ in how spending is categorized. In the 

CE, spending is categorized by the type of service provided, while in the NHEA, the type of 

establishment providing the service generally determines what is included in a spending 

category. For example, the CE has separate categories for inpatient hospitalization and other 

medical services (outpatient hospital care, emergency room services, etc.), but the NHEA places 

these services in its hospital care category.

The CE and the NHEA differ in the populations they cover. The CE is designed to represent the 

U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population and excludes those living in institutions, such as a 

nursing homes or prisons, and active-duty members of the U.S. Armed Forces living on base. 

The NHEA covers the larger resident population, which includes all persons, both military and 

civilian, living in the United States. In 2016, for example, the population covered by the CE was 

318.7 million compared with the 322 million covered by the NHEA.8 

Adjustments were made to the spending categories so that CE and NHEA components would be 

as comparable as possible. For example, the CE eye care services category was combined with 

the other professional services category to better align the data with the NHEA other professional 

services category.9 

The NHEA estimates were adjusted so that they refer to the same population concept as the CE. 

A multiplier was computed for each year covered by the research by calculating the ratio of the 

population covered by the CE to the population covered by the NHEA.10 This method accounts 

for differences in population size, not for spending differences in the populations covered by the 

two data sources. CE-NHEA spending ratios were then computed. 

Findings 

Table 1 shows CE estimates of aggregate expenditures for healthcare and CE-NHEA healthcare

spending ratios. In 2016, CE aggregate medical care expenditures were $593.0 billion or 87 

percent of the NHEA estimate of $679.9 billion.

11 

The lowest CE-NHEA ratios were for medical supplies and nonprescription drugs (0.45 to 0.47). 

This is mainly due to the difference in the items in the CE and the NHEA categories. For 

example, the CE medical supplies and nonprescription drugs category includes spending on adult 

diapers; nonprescription drugs; nonprescription vitamins; and topicals and dressings. 
3 

NHEA spending in this category is represented by the NHEA other nondurable medical products 

category which includes these items, as well as heating pads; sun lamps; syringes and needles; 

and home testing kits which are part of the CE medical equipment category. 

The CE physicians’services, lab tests or x-rays, and other medical care services categories were 

combined into the physician and clinical services category to provide a better alignment with the 

NHEA physician and clinical services category. The NHEA category includes physicians’ 

offices, outpatient care centers, such as HMOs and freestanding clinics, and the portion of 

medical and diagnostic laboratories services that are billed directly to the patient (rather than 

through a physician or clinic). CE-NHEA ratios for physician and clinical services ranged from 

.56 to .62.12 

In the CE, physicians’ charges that are part of an inpatient hospital bill are included in the 

hospital care category. All other physicians’ charges are part of the physician and clinical 

services category. In the NHEA, physicians’ services provided in an inpatient or outpatient 

hospital setting, HMO (health maintenance organization), or freestanding clinic could be 

included in the physician and clinical services category depending on the nature of the 

relationship (for example: contract or salaried employee) the physician has with the particular 

entity. This means that some inpatient charges included in the CE hospital care category could be 

included in the NHEA physician and clinical services category. Similarly, some hospital 

outpatient physicians’ charges could be part of the NHEA physician and clinical services 

category not the NHEA hospital care category.13

The CE physician and clinical services category includes ambulance services, emergency room 

services, and outpatient hospital care. In the CE, emergency room services and outpatient care 

could be provided by a hospital, HMO, or free-standing clinic. The NHEA physician and clinical 

services category includes care provided by HMOs or freestanding clinics; emergency room 

services and outpatient care provided in a hospital setting are included in the hospital care 

category. Similarly, the CE lab tests or x-rays category includes treatment by hospitals, HMOs, 

and freestanding clinics, while the NHEA category places lab tests or x-rays provided by a 

hospital in the hospital care category. In the NHEA, ambulance charges are not part of the 

physician and clinical services category.14

The CE-NHEA ratios for premium payments to the Medicare SMI Trust Fund have been quite 

similar over time, with a range of 1.04 to 1.19. This is probably because of the way the CE 

Interview Survey accounts for Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance) premium payments. 

Respondents are asked about the number of household members enrolled in Medicare. Each 

person with Medicare coverage is assumed to have Medicare Part A (Hospital Insurance) and is 

then assigned the standard Medicare Part B monthly premium ($121.80 in 2016).15 The CE does 

not take into account low-income beneficiaries with state buy-in status whose Part B premiums 

are paid by Medicaid. The NHEA subtracts these amounts from premiums paid to the Medicare 

SMI. In 2014, 18.5 percent of Medicare SMI enrollees had state buy-in status for Part B and/or 

Part D benefits. Accounting for these subsidies in the CE would reduce CE-NHEA ratios for 

SMI premiums.

16 
4 

In contrast, the CE does not take into account those Medicare beneficiaries with relatively high 

incomes ($85,000 for a single person and $170,000 for a married couple) who are required to pay 

a greater share of Part B costs. Because the proportion of Medicare enrollees subject to this 

income-related premium is low (6 percent in 2015), CE-NHEA ratios in Table 1 would probably 

not have increased much if the additional premiums paid were taken into account. Changes 

mandated by the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA), however, 

indicate that not accounting for these premiums will have a greater influence on CE-NHEA 

ratios in future years.

17 

Under Part D, individuals eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid receive a low-income subsidy 

for Medicare drug plan premiums. Also, MACRA mandated higher premiums for Part D 

enrollees with relatively high incomes. These factors would not affect CE-NHEA ratios for 

Medicare SMI premiums because CE respondents with Part D stand-alone coverage provide 

information about the monthly premium paid after any reimbursement is taken into account.18 

CE-NHEA ratios for total health insurance ranged from .82 to 1.05 and while the ratios for 

private health insurance ranged from .78 to 1.05. For both categories, the substantial increase in 

CE-NHEA ratios from 2013 to 2014 is because more consumer units reported health insurance 

expenditures in 2014 than in 2013 because of an improvement in interview survey questions 

about spending on health insurance.19 

CE-NHEA ratios for prescription drug spending ranged from 0.76 to .95. The NHEA 

prescription drugs category includes spending on items from retail outlets and mail-order 

pharmacies only, while the CE category also includes items obtained from other sources, such as 

health maintenance organization and outpatient hospital pharmacies. 

 

CE-NHEA hospital care ratios ranged from .45 to .55. These ratios reflect the fact that the CE 

category includes spending for inpatient care only while the NHEA category includes outpatient 

care, outpatient pharmacy purchases, and hospital-based home health and nursing home care.20 

Conclusions

Because of an improvement in CE survey questions about health insurance spending, CE-NHEA 

ratios for total health insurance and private health insurance were substantially higher in 2014 

than in 2013; the 2014 CE-NHEA ratio for total healthcare increased as a result. 

 

The highest CE-NHEA ratios were for premiums paid to the Medicare SMI Trust Fund, while 

the lowest ratios were for medical supplies and nonprescription drugs. Although some alignment 

of the CE and NHEA data sets was possible, differences in definitions, sources, and methods 

appear to be responsible for differences in the estimates. 

 

 
5 

Table 1. Comparison of aggregate household healthcare expenditures: Consumer Expenditure Survey and National Health

Expenditure Accounts, 2013-2016

Consumer Expenditure Survey1

Ratio of Consumer Expenditure Survey to 

National Health Expenditure Accounts2

Expenditure Category (in Billions)

2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016

Health care, total 454.1 540.5 554.6 593.0 0.74 0.87 0.85 0.87

Health insurance, total 280.2 364.3 382.4 409.4 0.82 1.05 1.03 1.05

 Private insurance 219.2 299.3 313.4 326.8 0.78 1.05 1.02 1.02

 Medicare SMI3 61.0 64.9 69.0 82.6 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.19

Medical commodities, total 76.1 80.3 73.7 79.5 0.65 0.66 0.59 0.62

 Prescription drugs............ 40.4 41.9 34.4 38.4 0.94 0.95 0.76 0.86

 Medical supplies and 

 nonprescription drugs.............. 24.0 25.4 25.8 28.0 0.46 0.47 0.45 0.47

 Medical equipment.................... 11.7 13.0 13.5 13.1 0.51 0.57 0.59 0.53

Medical services, total................... 97.9 96.1 98.5 104.1 0.65 0.63 0.64 0.65

 Professional services.................. 80.3 81.4 81.4 88.3 0.69 0.68 0.66 0.68

 Physician and clinical

 services 32.6 32.1 31.3 36.2 0.62 0.60 0.56 0.62

 Dental services....................... 33.3 35.7 36.5 36.8 0.74 0.78 0.77 0.75

 Other professional services 14.4 13.5 13.6 15.2 0.74 0.65 0.62 0.67

 Hospital care............................ 17.6 14.7 17.1 15.9 0.53 0.45 0.55 0.49

1 Consumer Expenditure Survey data exclude nursing home care spending.

2 National Health Expenditure Accounts data exclude home health care; nursing home care; employee and self-employment 

 contributions and voluntary premiums paid for Medicare Part A; the medical portion of property and casualty insurance; and

 other health, residential, and personal care expenditures.

3 Premiums paid to the Medicare Supplementary Insurance Trust Fund for Part B and Part D coverage.

NOTE: Sums may not equal totals due to rounding. Expenditure categories have been adjusted to make the two data sources

 as comparable as possible.

SOURCE: The National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA) data used to compute CE-NHEA ratios are from the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Downloads, "NHE Tables,"

https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-andReports/NationalHealthExpendData/nationalHealthAccountsHistorical.html

Because retrospective adjustments to NHEA data are made when new data are issued, CE-NHEA ratios may differ from

those published in previous years.
6 

7/6/18 

Acknowledgments: The author wishes to thank Cathy A. Cowan, Aaron C. Catlin, and Nathan 

A. Espinosa of the Office of the Actuary, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, for their 

helpful comments and suggestions. 

 

Notes

1

 See Ann C. Foster, “Household healthcare spending in 2014,” Beyond the Numbers: Prices and 

Spending, vol. 5. no. 13 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2016), 

http://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-5/household-healthcare-spending-in-2014.htm 

2

 In the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE), the consumer unit is the entity on which expenditure reports 

are collected. Consumer units include families, single persons living alone or sharing a household with 

others but who are financially independent, or two or more persons living together who share expenses. 

While "consumer unit" is the proper technical term for the purposes of the CE, it is often used 

interchangeably with "household" or "family" for convenience. 

3 See BLS Handbook of Methods “Consumer Expenditures and Income,” last modified date February 25, 

2016, http://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/cex/home.htm 

4 See “National Health Expenditure Accounts: Methodology Paper, 2016: Definitions, Sources, and 

Methods,” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Dataand-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/NationalHealthExpendData/Downloads/DSM-16.pdf 

 

 

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Mean expenditure

Expenditure share

Chart 1. Household healthcare spending as a share of total household 

spending, 2007-2016

Mean expenditure Expenditure share
7 

 5

 Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), individuals are able to purchase private insurance coverage from 

Federal and state-run health insurance marketplaces. Although this coverage was effective on January 1, 

2014, the CE did not begin collecting information about marketplace coverage until the 2015 survey year. 

6

 In the CE, out-of-pocket healthcare expenses are any unreimbursed expenses paid directly to the 

provider of care or to a third-party insurer. The CE classification is similar to the NHEA sponsor concept 

where household spending includes amounts paid directly to the providers of care, such as hospitals and 

pharmacies, as well as premiums paid to a third party for private insurance and Medicare minus any 

reimbursements. For more information, see “National Health Expenditure Accounts: Methodology Paper, 

2016: Definitions, Sources, and Methods,” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Op.Cit. 

7 Every 5 years the NHEA undergoes a comprehensive revision that includes the incorporation of newly 

available source data, methodological and definitional changes, and benchmark estimates from the U.S. 

Census Bureau’s Economic Census which is available for years ending in 2 and 7. During these 

comprehensive revisions, the entire NHEA time series is subject to revision. For more information on 

changes in methods, definitions, and source data that were introduced in the 2014 comprehensive 

revision, see Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, “Summary of 2014 Comprehensive Revision to 

the National Health Expenditure Accounts,” 

https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-andReports/NationalHealthExpendData/Downloads/benchmark2014.pdf 

 

The 2014 revision reflected in this article and in Ann C. Foster, “Household healthcare spending: 

comparing the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the National Health Expenditure Accounts, 2012-

2015,” https://www.bls.gov/cex/nhe-compare-201215.pdf and Ann C. Foster, “Household healthcare 

spending: comparing the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the National Health Expenditure Accounts, 

2011-2014,” https://www.bls.gov/cex/nhe_compare_201114.pdf are not strictly comparable to earlier 

articles that used NHEA data based on the 2009 revision – “Household healthcare spending: comparing 

the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the National Health Expenditure Accounts, 2009-2012,” 

http://www.bls.gov/cex/nhe_compare_200912.pdf and Ann C. Foster, “Household healthcare spending: 

comparing the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the National Health Expenditure Accounts,” 

http://www.bls.gov/cex/nhe_compare_200710.pdf

Earlier CE-NHEA comparisons based on the 2002 Economic Census include “Consumer Expenditure 

Survey compared with National Health Expenditure Accounts,” Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2006-

2007, Report 1021, http://www.bls.gov/cex/twoyear/200607/csxnhe.pdf and Ann C. Foster, “Out-ofpocket healthcare expenditures: a comparison,” Monthly Labor Review, February 2010, pp. 3-19, 

http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2010/02/art1full.pdf. The estimates in these works are not strictly 

comparable with estimates based on the 2009 or the 2014 revisions.

8 See U.S. Census Bureau, Population and Housing Unit Estimate Glossary for definitions of civilian 

noninstitutionalized population, 

https://www.census.gov/glossary/#term_Civiliannoninstitutionalizedpopulation and resident population, 

https://www.census.gov/glossary/#term_Residentpopulation.

9 The CE data used in this research are unpublished integrated data showing the most detailed (least 

aggregated) breakdowns available. The NHEA data were obtained from the Centers for Medicare & 

Medicaid Services, Downloads, “NHE Tables,” 

https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-andReports/NationalHealthExpendData/nationalHealthAccountsHistorical.html
8 

 

When the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services publish NHEA data for subsequent years, data from 

previous years are often revised. The NHEA data cited in this research are those released with the 2016 

estimates on December 6, 2017. Because of these revisions, data for 2012-2015 that were released with 

the 2015 estimates on December 6, 2016 and used in “Household healthcare spending: comparing the 

Consumer Expenditure Survey and the National Health Expenditure Accounts, 2011-2015,” Op.Cit., and 

may not be the same as comparable estimates released in 2015. The 2012-2016 CE data are the same in 

both studies. 

10 This method has been used in previous CE data comparison research. For more information, see Ann 

C. Foster, “Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures: a comparison,” Op.Cit. and Thesia I. Garner, George 

Janini, William Passero, Laura Paszkiewicz, and Mark Vendemia, “The CE and the PCE: a comparison,” 

Monthly Labor Review, September 2006, pp. 20-46, http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/09/art3full.pdf. 

The multipliers used for the years 2013–2016 were: 

 2013 2014 2015 2016 

 0.986271 0.986493 0.991373 0.989722 

11 CE estimates exclude spending on nursing home care. NHEA estimates were adjusted to exclude home 

health care; nursing home care provided in freestanding nursing homes and continuing care retirement 

communities; employee and self-employed contributions and voluntary premiums paid for Medicare Part 

A (Hospital Insurance); the medical portion of property and casualty insurance; and other health, 

residential, and personal care expenditures. Some out-of-pocket spending on home health and nursing 

home care could not be excluded from NHEA estimates because they are included in spending on hospital 

services and could not be separated out. 

12 In earlier CE-NHEA comparison articles, the CE lab tests and x-rays; and other medical care services 

categories were part of the hospital care category. This change was made in Ann C. Foster, “Household 

healthcare spending: comparing the Consumer Expenditure Survey and the National Health Expenditure 

Accounts, 2011-2015, Op.Cit., to better align the CE professional services category with the NHEA 

professional services category which include services rendered in establishments of health professionals. 

For more information, see “National Health Expenditure Accounts: Methodology Paper, 2016: 

Definitions, Sources, and Methods,” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Op.Cit. 

13 See “National Health Expenditure Accounts: Methodology Paper, 2016: Definitions, Sources, and 

Methods,” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Ibid. 

14 The NHEA includes ambulance charges in the other health, residential, and personal care expenditures. 

For more information, see “National Health Expenditure Accounts: Methodology Paper, 2016: 

Definitions, Sources, and Methods,” Ibid. 

15 The Social Security Act allows some people not otherwise eligible for Medicare Part A (Hospital 

Insurance) to obtain coverage by paying a monthly premium. In 2016, the standard monthly premium was 

$411, with a reduced premium of $226 for individuals with 30 quarters of covered employment. For 

more information, see “2017 Annual Report of the Boards of Trustees of the Federal Hospital Insurance 

and the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Funds,” July 13, 2017, Centers for Medicare & 

Medicaid Services, pp. 199-201, https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/StatisticsTrends-and-Reports/ReportsTrustFunds/Downloads/TR2017.pdf 

It should be noted that the NHEA includes employee and self-employed contributions paid to the 

Medicare HI Trust Fund and voluntary premiums paid to the HI Trust Fund for Part A coverage. In the 
9 

 

CE, employee and self-employed contributions to the HI trust funds are treated as deductions from 

income for Social Security purposes, while information about voluntary Part A premiums is not collected.

16 The latest available data indicate that in 2015, average monthly enrollment in Medicare Part B was 51.7 

million. Of these, 9.5 million (18.4 percent) had state buy-in status, with Medicaid providing assistance

with Medicare Part B premiums. For more information, see Table I.2 and Table I.19 in “2016 CMS 

Statistics Reference Booklet,” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, March 2017, 

https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/CMSStatistics-Reference-Booklet/Downloads/2016_CMS_Stats.pdf 

 

17 According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, in 2015, an estimated 6 percent (2.9 million) of the 50.8 

million Medicare Part B enrollees, paid income-related premiums. The proportion was projected to 

increase to 8.3 percent by 2019. This is because the income levels have not been indexed for inflation, so 

that more enrollees will be subjected to the income-related premium. For more information, see Juliette 

Cubanski and Tricia Neuman, “Medicare’s Income-Related Premiums: A Data Note,” Kaiser Family 

Foundation, June 3, 2015, 

http://kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/medicares-income-related-premiums-a-data-note/

Although the income thresholds that determine income related premium payments are frozen through 

2019, they will increase about 2 percent in 2020, after which they will be indexed for inflation. For more 

information, see Juliette Cubanski and Tricia Neuman, “Medicare’s Income-Related Premiums Under 

Current Law and Proposed Changes,” Issue Brief, Kaiser Family Foundation, November 2017, 

https://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/medicares-income-related-premiums-under-current-law-andproposed-changes/

18 For more information about the income-related Part D premium, see Juliette Cubanski and Tricia 

Neuman, “Medicare’s Income-Related Premiums: A Data Note, and Juliette Cubanski and Tricia 

Neuman, “Medicare’s Income-Related Premiums under Current Law and Proposed Changes.” 

19 The proportion of households reporting quarterly spending on health insurance increased from 65.5 

percent in 2013 to 68.0 percent in 2014. After cognitive testing, the BLS concluded that the new 

questions produced better estimates. For Interview Survey sample respondents who reported health 

insurance spending using both the old and new questions, mean spending increased 26.2 percent using the 

new questions. For more information, see “Consumer Expenditures – 2014,” Note on health insurance, 

USDL-15-1696, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 3, 2015, 

https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cesan_09032015.pdf 

 

20 In the CE, hospital-based outpatient care is part of the physician and clinical services category, while 

outpatient pharmacy purchases are part of the prescription drugs category. Because the NHEA includes 

these charges in the hospital care category, it would decrease the CE-NHEA ratio. The CE does not 

collect information about expenses for home health care whether provided by a hospital or separate entity. 

Although home health care provided by freestanding agencies was subtracted from the NHEA total, it was 

not possible to separate hospital based home health care from the NHEA hospital care category. A 

similar situation occurred for nursing home care. The inclusion of home health and nursing home care in 

the hospital care category would increase the CE-NHEA ratio for hospital care.