# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 5- 25 90

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el la nt

v.

Kay lo Onea l Ro el an dt

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll ee

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa - Dav en po rt

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Su bm it te d: Jan ua ry

14 , 20 16 Fil ed : J un e 3 0, 2 01 6

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Befo re MUR PHY, SMITH, an d B ENTON, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ BENTON, Circu it Ju dg e.

A po li ce of

fic er st op pe d an d fri sk ed Kay lo One al Ro el an dt

. Fi nd in g a gu n in
hi s po ck et , th e of

fic er arre st ed hi m fo r be in g a fel on in po ss es si on of a fir earm

. Se e 18 U.S.C. §§ 92 2( g) (1 )
, 92 4( a) (2 )

. Ro el an dt m ov ed to su pp res s ev id en ce of th e gu n,
arg ui ng th e of

fic er ha d no reas on ab le su sp ic io n to st op h i m. Th e di st ric t co ur t

su pp res se d th e ev id en ce. The Uni te d St at es ap pe al s. Hav in g juri sd ic t i o n u nd er 18 U.S.C. § 3 73 1, t hi s co ur t re ve rs es an d re m an ds

.On a Decem be r ni gh t, Ro el an dt was walk in g at a ve ry fas t pa ce th ro ug h a hi gh

cri m e area to ward hi s ho m e (k no wn to po li ce). It was co ld ; he was weari ng a ho od ed

s weat sh irt wit h th e ho od up

. His ha nd s were in hi s swe at sh irt po ck et s. H e w a s

co nt in ua ll y

lo ok in g a ro un d (“ hi s hea d lo ok ed li ke it was on a swi ve l” ). Seei ng th is

“ od d,” “ ex tre m el y ne rv ou s” be ha vi or , Offi cer B r ya n B ut t ci rcl ed th e bl oc k. He
lo ok ed di rect ly at Ro el an dt
, reco gn iz in g hi m as a co nv ic te d f e lo n an d “ ha rd co re”

m em be r of th e Sav ag e Life ga ng . ( Offi cer B u tt , a m em be r of th e st reet cri m es un it
, pa rti ci pa te d in “ ga ng in te l l i g e n c e ga th eri ng .”) He kn ew th at ab ou t th ree m on th s be fo re, a co nf

id en ti al in fo rm an t to ld po li ce th at Ro el an dt was carr y in g a gu n. He al so kn ew th at ab ou t an ho ur or two earl ie r, an ot he r m em be r of th e ga ng (an d cl os e fri en d
of Ro el an dt ) su st ai ne d a gu ns ho t wo un d a nd was a dm it te d t o a ho sp it al ab ou t t hr ee

m il es away . Office r Bu tt di d n ot kn ow an y ot he r de ta il s.

Bec au se Offi cer Bu tt was in pl ai n c l o t h e s an d an un m ark ed car, he as ke d
Offi cer Ja rrad Co ck sh oo t (i n u ni fo rm an d a m ark ed car) to co m e fi nd Ro el an dt an d

pe rfo rm a pe de st ria n st op

. Fi nd in g Ro el an dt , Of fic er Co ck sh oo t st op pe d h is car in
th e m id dl e of th e st reet , qu ic kl y ex it ed
, an d walk ed to ward Ro el an dt sa y in g, “ W ha t’s

up m an ” an d as ki ng , “ Can y ou pu ll y ou r ha nd s ou t of y ou r po ck et s fo r m e? ”
Ro el an dt co m

pl ie d. Ask ed whe re he was go in g , R o e l an dt rep li ed
, “ To th e cri b.”
Offi cer Co ck sh oo t sa w Ro el an dt ’s ha nd ex pa nd an d na rro w as he pu ll ed hi s ha nd ou t of hi s po ck et

. He pu t Ro el an dt ’s h an ds be hi nd hi s ba ck
, p a tt ed hi m do wn, an d fel t a h ard ob ject i n h is po ck et

—a l oa de d 9 m

m pi st ol

.

Thi s co ur t rev ie ws de no vo th e di st ric t co ur t’s de te rm in at io n of reas on ab l e

su sp ic io n an d it s fin di ng s of fact fo r c l ear erro r, gi vi ng “ du e weig ht to in fere nc es dr awn fro m th os e fact s by res id en t jud ge s an d l o c a l la w en fo rcem en t of fic ers .”
Unit ed Sta te s v. J

on es , 60 6 F .3d 96 4, 9 66 (8t h C ir. 2 01 0)

.

“ [A]n of fic er m ay , co ns is te nt w i t h t he Fo ur th Am en dm en t, co nd uc t a br ie f,
in ve st ig at or y st op whe n th e of f i c e r ha s a reas on ab le
, art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n th at

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-cri m in al act iv it y is afo ot .” Unit ed Sta te s v. C

or nel iu s , 3 91 F.3 d 96 5, 96 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 ), qu ot in g Il

li no is v. Wa rd

lo w , 5 28 U.S. 1 19 , 1 23 (2 00 0)

. “ Afte r a s u sp ect is
la wfu ll y st op pe d, an off

ic er m ay in so m e ci rcu m st an ces co nd uc t a p at -d own sea rch
fo r weap on s” if th e of

fic er ha s “ reas on ab le
, art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n th at th e su sp ect is

arm ed an d da ng ero us .” Unit ed St at es v. Tro gd on , 78 9 F.3 d 90 7, 91 0 (8 th Ci r. 20 15 ).
Thi s cou rt exa m in es “ th e ‘tot al it y of th e ci rcu m st an ces ’ of each cas e to se e whe th er th e de ta in in g of

fic er ha s a ‘part ic ul ari zed a n d o b je ct iv e ba si s’ fo r su sp ect in g le ga l

wro ng do in g.” Unit

ed St at es v. Ar vi zu , 53 4 U.S. 26 6, 27 3 (2 00 2)

. Eve n “ a se rie s of

act s, each of th em pe rh ap s in no cen t in it se lf,” “ ta ke n to ge th er,” m ay warra nt fu rth er in ve st ig at io n. Terr

y v. Ohi o , 39 2 U.S. 1 , 22 (19 68 ).

Ro el an dt cl ai m s th at hi s co nd uc t was who ll y in no cen t, an d t h e in fo rm at io n ab ou t hi s ass oc ia te be in g s ho t h ad no th in g t o d o with hi m

. Offi cer But t agre ed th at
Ro el an dt ’s cl ot hi ng , ha nd s in hi s swe at sh irt po ck et s, a n d f a s t pa ce were co ns is te nt wit h th e weat he r. Howev er, he te st ifi ed Ro el an dt ’s ne rv ou s be ha vi or was su sp ic io us be cau se of hi s qu ic k pa ce an d hi s co ns ta nt lo ok in g aro un d. Offi cer Co ck sh oo t, aware th at Ro el an dt an d th e as so ci at e sh ot were “ cl os e fri en ds ,” te st ifi ed ab ou t th e

re ta liat or y sh oo ti ng s be twee n riv al ga ng s, sa y in g, “ If th ere’s a sh oo ti ng fro m on e si de
, it ’s go in g t o b e wit hi n a week or s o.”

The to ta li ty of th e ci rcu m st an ces su pp or t the of fi ce r’s reas on ab le su sp ic io n th at
Ro el an dt w a s e n g a g e d in th e cri m in al act iv it y of po ss es si ng a fir earm

. A kn own fel on an d ga ng m em

be r, he was walk in g qu ic kl y th ro ug h a hi gh -cri m e area an d

su sp ic io us ly lo ok in g aro un d. Se e Unit ed St at es v. St ewa rt , 63 1 F.3 d 45 3, 45 7- 58 (8 th
Ci r. 20 11 ) (d efen da nt ’s pr es en ce at ni gh t in a hi gh -cri m e area su pp or te d reas on ab le

su sp ic io n)

. Bo th of

fic ers were fam il ia r wit h pa st rep or ts th at Ro el an dt ha d a gu n. Id

. (d efen da nt ’s pr io r fel on y co nv ic ti on an d hi st or y of vi ol en t be ha vi or su p p or te d

reas on ab le su sp ic io n)

. A fel lo w ga ng m em be r, an d cl os e fri en d, was ad m it te d to th e ho sp it al wit h a gu ns ho t wou nd jus t ho ur s be fo re. Se e Co rn el iu s , 39 1 F.3 d 96 5, 96 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 ) (co ns id eri ng , on reas on ab le su sp ic io n to st op , of fic ers ’ kn owl ed ge of

-3

-de fen da nt ’s ga ng an d na rco ti cs affi li at io ns ). Alt ho ug h th e of fic ers di d no t kn ow th e de ta il s of th e sh oo ti ng , th ey kn ew ga n g m em be rs of te n en ga ge d in ret al ia to ry sh oo ti ng s. Se e U

n i te d St at es v. Co rt ez , 44 9 U.S. 41 1, 41 8 (1 98 1) (ex pl ai ni ng th at whe n as se ss in g th e to ta li ty of th e ci rcu m st a n c e s , p o l ic e m ay rel y on “ in fo rm at io n fro m po li ce rep or ts , if su ch are av ai la bl e, an d co ns id erat io n of th e m od es or pa tt ern s of op erat io n o f cer ta in ki nd s o f la wbr eak ers ”); Unit ed Sta te s v. Feli ci an o , 45 F.3d
1 0 7 0
, 1 0 74 (7 th Ci r. 19 95 ) (“ Kno wled ge of ga ng as so ci at io n an d rece nt rel ev an t cri m in al co nd uc t, whi le of do ub tfu l evi de nt ia ry va lu e in vi ew of th e st ric tu res ag ai ns t

pr ov in g gu il t by as so ci at io n or by a pr ed is po si t i o n b a s e d on pa st cri m in al act s, is a
pe rm is si bl e co m

po ne nt of t he art ic ul ab le su sp ic io n re qu ire d fo r a Ter ry st op .”).

The act of oc cas io na ll y lo ok in g aro un d, acco m pa ni ed on ly by co nd uc t typic al
of a br oa d cat eg or y of in no cen t pe op le
, m ay no t in di cat e cri m in al act iv it y

. Se e Rei d

v. Geo rg ia
, 44 8 U.S. 43 8, 44 1 (1 98 0) ; Unit ed St at es v. Cr aw fo rd
, 89 1 F.2 d 68 0, 68 1 (8 th Ci r. 19 89 ). Ro el an dt in vo ke s th e Jo ne s cas e, whe re th is co ur t di sa pp ro ve d of a
st op whe re “ to o m an y pe op le fit th is de sc r i p t i o n f or it to jus ti fy a reas on ab le

su sp ic io n of cri m in al act iv it y .” Jo nes , 60 6 F.3 d at 96 7 (b rack et s om it te d)

. Howev er, al th ou gh Ro el an dt ’s im m ed ia te act s ar e li ke Jo ne s’s ac ts , th e p ol ic e h ere a ls o k ne w of Ro el an dt ’s cri m in al hi st or y , hi s ga ng affi li at io n, th e lo cal pa tt ern of ret al ia to ry
ga ng sh oo ti ng s, an d th e sh oo ti ng of hi s cl os e as so ci at e th at ve ry ev en in g. Ro el an dt ’s

act s, al th ou gh la rg el y “ co ns is te nt wit h in no cen t be ha vi or ,” whe n ta ke n to ge th er wit h
al l of th e fact s an d ci rcu m st an ces kn o w n t o t h e of fic ers , “ [g av e] ris e to reas on ab le

su sp ic io n.” Se e St

ewa rt , 6 3 1 F

. 3 d at 45 7. Se e al so Ar vi zu , 53 4 U.S. at 27 5- 76 (rec og ni zi ng jud ic ia l reas on ab le -s us pi ci on rev ie w m us t co ns id er an of

fic er’s

as se ss m en t of th e si tu at io n in li gh t of tra in in g an d fam il ia rit y wit h th e cu st om s of th e

area ’s in ha bi ta nt s; “ a to ta li ty o f th e ci rcu m st an ces ap pr oa ch m ay ren de r ap pe ll at e

rev ie w les s ci rcu m sc rib ed by prece de nt th an ot he rwis e”).

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The di st ric t co ur t’s gr an t of Ro el an dt ’s m ot io n to su pp res s is rev ers ed
, an d th e

cas e rem an de d fo r fu rth er p ro ceed in gs co ns is te nt wit h t hi s o pi ni on

.

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